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Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
http://wn.com/Abū_Rayhān_al-Bīrūnī -
Al-Kindi
http://wn.com/Al-Kindi -
Al-Razi
http://wn.com/Al-Razi -
Alhazen
http://wn.com/Alhazen -
Antoine Lavoisier
.
http://wn.com/Antoine_Lavoisier -
Christopher Glaser
http://wn.com/Christopher_Glaser -
Democritus
http://wn.com/Democritus -
Dmitri Mendeleev
http://wn.com/Dmitri_Mendeleev -
Epicurus
http://wn.com/Epicurus -
Francis Bacon
http://wn.com/Francis_Bacon -
Friedrich Wöhler
http://wn.com/Friedrich_Wöhler -
Georg Ernst Stahl
http://wn.com/Georg_Ernst_Stahl -
Gilbert N. Lewis
http://wn.com/Gilbert_N_Lewis -
Humphry Davy
http://wn.com/Humphry_Davy -
John Dalton
John Dalton FRS (6 September 1766 – 27 July 1844) was an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist. He is best known for his pioneering work in the development of modern atomic theory, and his research into colour blindness (sometimes referred to as Daltonism, in his honour).
http://wn.com/John_Dalton -
Joseph Priestley
http://wn.com/Joseph_Priestley -
Josiah Willard Gibbs
Josiah Willard Gibbs (February 11, 1839 – April 28, 1903) was an American theoretical physicist, chemist, and mathematician. He devised much of the theoretical foundation for chemical thermodynamics as well as physical chemistry. As a mathematician, he invented vector analysis (independently of Oliver Heaviside). Yale University awarded Gibbs the first American Ph.D. in engineering in 1863, and he spent his entire career at Yale. His thesis was entitled: On the Form of the Teeth of Wheels in Spur Gearing.
http://wn.com/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs -
Jöns Jacob Berzelius
http://wn.com/Jöns_Jacob_Berzelius -
Jābir ibn Hayyān
http://wn.com/Jābir_ibn_Hayyān -
Linus Pauling
http://wn.com/Linus_Pauling -
Lucretius
http://wn.com/Lucretius -
Morris Kline
http://wn.com/Morris_Kline -
Paracelsus
http://wn.com/Paracelsus -
Pliny the Elder
http://wn.com/Pliny_the_Elder -
Primo Levi
Primo Michele Levi (pronounced ; July 31, 1919 – April 11, 1987) was a Jewish-Italian chemist and writer. He was the author of two novels and several collections of short stories, essays, and poems, but is best known for If This Is a Man, his account of the year he spent as a prisoner in the Auschwitz concentration camp in Nazi-occupied Poland. The book has been described as one of his best books, by one of the most important writers of the twentieth century.
http://wn.com/Primo_Levi -
René Descartes
http://wn.com/René_Descartes -
Robert Boyle
Robert Boyle FRS was a natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor, also noted for his writings in theology. He is best known for Boyle's law. Although his research and personal philosophy clearly has its roots in the alchemical tradition, he is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry. Among his works, The Sceptical Chymist is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry.
http://wn.com/Robert_Boyle -
Saracen
Saracen was a term used by the ancient Romans to refer to people who inhabited the deserts near the Roman province of Syria and who were distinct from Arabs. The term was later applied to Arab peoples and by the time of European chroniclers during the time of the Crusades came to be synonymous with Muslim.
http://wn.com/Saracen -
Stuart Warren
Stuart Warren is a British organic chemist and author of chemistry textbooks aimed at university students.
http://wn.com/Stuart_Warren -
Will Durant
William James Durant (November 5, 1885 – November 7, 1981) was a prolific American writer, historian, and philosopher. He is best known for The Story of Civilization, 11 volumes written in collaboration with his wife Ariel and published between 1935 and 1975. He was earlier noted for The Story of Philosophy, written in 1926, which one observer described as "a groundbreaking work that helped to popularize philosophy."
http://wn.com/Will_Durant
- Susperia
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karaoke
Life as it is, is not enough
There is much to be done
And behold, twist of fate
Increasing hate
Hey mother chemistry
What have you got for me
I need a shot, a kick, a dirty flick
I'm on fire
True desire
I need to get high
I need to get low
I need the system
To let me go
Can't someone just tell me the truth
can't you hold on to me
If I were to come home all dressed up
would you then take me in or laugh at my face
Please forgive all I said
don't erase my legacy
I know for a fact that you wouldn't let me in
cause I'm just the unwanted son
Can't someone just pick me up
can't you clean my memory
I know that you cried the last time that you saw me
but I couldn't help it or feel you
Hey mother chemistry
What have you got for me
I need a shot, a kick, a dirty flick
I'm on fire
True desire
I need to get high
I need to get low
I need the system
To let me go
Can't someone just tell me the truth
can't you hold on to me
If I were to come home all dressed up
would you then take me in or laugh at my face
Please forgive all I said
don't erase my legacy
I know for a fact that you wouldn't let me in
cause I'm just the unwanted son
Can't someone just pick me up
can't you clean my memory
I know that you cried the last time that you saw me
but I couldn't help it or feel you
Signal transmitted
Message received
Reaction making impact
Invisibly
Elemental telepathy
Exchange of energy
Reaction making contact
Mysteriously
Eye to I
Reaction burning hotter
Two to one
Reflection on the water
H to O
No flow without the other
Oh but how
Do they make contact
With one another?
Electricity? Biology?
Seems to me it's Chemistry
Emotion transmitted
Emotion received
Music in the abstract
Positively
Elemental empathy
A change of synergy
Music making contact
Naturally
One, two, three
Add without subtraction
Sound on sound
Multiplied reaction
H to O
No flow without the other
Oh, but how
Do we make contact
Can't seem to understand
The attraction makes you turn
Stuperfied by her glare
Just addicted to burns
Can I, can I
Feel your, can I
What I want you to say always begs me to stay
I can't seem to get it right
What I want you to say always begs me to stay
To night I won't
Don't you give me that
My time look at where we at
My time is wasted cause you are useless
Same nothing different to last time
Your second skin, over now
Just addicted to burns
my heart is on my sleeve my head is in the sand
i said how did we end up here? you said happenstance
but i didn't understand so i made other plans
i ran to the ocean washed the blood off of my hands
i washed away my tears washed away ten years
washed away the empty space in-between my ears
and you said all that i mean is that you and me
didn't meet because of fate but rather probability
and you said the truth's like corn and lies are like weeds
you said the schroedinger equation collapsed perfectly
and i said mercy me be patient please
'cause i don't know a goddam thing about the birds and the bees
i just know what i'm like and i'm like what i see
even though it's hard to see because you just blinded me
and if there's one thing i learned in chemistry
it's that the gain of electrons is reduction, obviously
but you can't see electrons without machines
and you can't tell from my inflection if i'm being mean
and i don't know if i can take you seriously
sometimes elections depend on the absentees
and my family and my friends
and all the little kids that love me make me strong
and no matter how this ends
i know i'll never ever ever be alone
some day i'll be an old lady
with a big dress and an apron
a babushka and bare feet
i'll be out in my garden
on my hands and knees
and i'll be singing a song
that is really sad and sweet
mommy and daddy your baby is grown
and the smell of the cold, wet dirt reminds me home
I remember when I found out about chemistry
It was a long, long way from here
I was old enough to want it but younger than I wanted to be
Suddenly my mission was clear
So for awhile I conducted experiments
And I was amazed by the things I learned
From a fine fine girl with nothing but good intentions and a
Bad tendency to get burned
All about chemistry
Won't you show me everything you know
Ah wonder what you do to me
Oh-oh-oh-oh-oh, oh
Some time later I met a young graduate
When I had nobody to call my own
I told her I was looking for somebody to appreciate
And I just couldn't do it alone
So for awhile we conducted experiments
In an apartment by the River Road
And we found out that the two things we put together had a
Bad tendency to explode
All about chemistry
Won't you show me everything you've learned
I'll memorize everything you do to me so I can
Teach it when it comes my turn
Fine spring day, California waves
Sweet Pacific scenes through the
Windows of airplanes and hotel rooms
So when I find myself alone and unworthy
I think about all of the things I learned from the
Fine fine women with nothing but good intentions and a
Bad tendency to get burned
All about chemistry
Won't you show me everything you know
Ah wonder what you do to me
Oh-oh-oh-oh-oh, oh
All about chemistry
Won't you show me everything you've learned
I'll memorize everything you do to me so I can
Teach it when it comes my turn
It's all about chemistry
It's all about chemistry
Oh-oh-oh-oh-oh, oh
It's all about chemistry
It's all about chemistry
Tonights the night
I'm feelin free yeah
My bodies callin can
You hear it no hesitating
Let's enjoy this (gonna make my way to you)
I can tell your curiouse by lookin in your eyes I won't mind (I won't mind no) if you come movin close come touch me don't be shy (don't be shy don't be shy) I'm what ya like
[x2:]
Ya know you can feel the sensual chemistry rising high
Said ya know miss energy
Feel the tension strait from my remedy got chemistry senusual chemistry
[Repeat]
Got chemistry
(Letsgo let's go let's go [x2])
I like it if you rub up on me
Garentee I'll fufill you
Fantasy just one night that I need (let me take you home with me) I can tell your curious by look in your eyes I won't mind if you movin close come touch me don't be shy I'm what ya like
[x2:]
Ya know you can feel the sensual chemistry rising high
Said ya know miss energy
Feel the tension strait from my remedy got chemistry senusual chemistry
[Bridge:]
Sensual chemisty got me on it got me on it sensual chemistry got me on it got me on it ohoh oooooooh (no miss energy) sensual chemistry
[x6:]
Ya know you can feel the sensual chemistry rising high
Said ya know miss energy
bleeding from the heart for some time now
should have left that spark alone chemistry's at fault on my own
now there's a reason that the speaker is blown
i can't stop yelling
at the top of my voice
at the top of my lungs
at the top of my voice
never thought you'd say the time has come
You're my woman
And I'm your man
There ain't nothing left to understand
You dial my number
But you don't know why
Love is playing with your virgin mind
Welcome to our chemistry baby
Finally you can feel like a lady
Darlin, it's too good to explain
Welcome to our chemistry baby
You wake up feeling
Like a million dollar bills
You try to concentrate, baby
But you can't sit still
You tell your mother
You tell all your friends
That you and your lover are making love till the end
You blow my mind
All the time
This must be the place.
I can tell by your glare.
I wouldn't touch you on a dare.
Seven months to June and even then, so what?
My mouth is open, my book is shut.
My air guitar is out of tune.
My stupid hair is so '82 to you.
At least I don't fit in.
Corner me in Chemistry.
It's all just simple math to me.
Call me your names.
Make them stick.
I'll laugh until I am sick.
Glad that that's all through.
Got better friends to do.
Just can't remember where I left them.
I'll see you all in class.
Not if I ditch first.
Expect the best, accept the worst.
Walk until your blush subsides.
Drink beneath the 405 in the ivy and think about that girl.
Two grades below.
She pierced her nose way before it was cool.
Some older guy with a motorbike picks her up after school.
This school's a living hell.
I work and don't get paid.
I smoke a lot but can't get laid.
Sit and stare, it's all we do.
All my friends are broken, too.
Sparks were flyin? the day we met
One look and the flame was lit
In this chemistry
Pure and simple chemistry
Right then and there I felt myself fallin?
I heard a voice inside me callin?
Undeniably
Truly, unmistakably
But I?m not fool enough
To call this feelin? love
This is just the wait and see
The findin? out what?s meant to be
Chemistry, a temporary insanity
Lets people like you and me
Take on chances and dream our dreams
And we don?t know
What lies down the road
But, boy, it feels good to me
Ooh, chemistry
You shake my world like an earthquake, baby
One kiss and I go crazy
And I feel it start
A chain reaction down to my heart
Only you can make me feel that way
Do what you do that takes my breath away
Just one more time
And make it last all night
We?ll take it one day at a time
And see what we find
It may soon be love
But for now it got us
Chemistry, a temporary insanity
Lets people like you and me
Take on chances and dream our dreams
And we don?t know
What lies down the road
But, boy, it feels good to me
Ooh, chemistry
Chemistry, a temporary insanity
That lets people like you and me
Take on chances and dream our dreams
And we don?t know
What lies down the road
But, boy, it feels good to me
Ooh, chemistry
Oh, boy, it feels good to me
Maybe It’s the chemistry,
The sparks that fly from you to me
I touch your skin, I feel alive
Been searching for you every night.
Where am I supposed to go?
I’m hoping that you won’t say no
We’ve got all the time in the world.
It must be the chemistry, tonight
I hope you that know
I won’t let you go this time
It must be the chemistry, between you and I
I hope that you know
I won’t let you go this time
Underneath the starry sky,
You can bring me back to life.
I touch your skin, I feel alive
Been searching for you every night.
Take me somewhere I don’t know,
Watch all the people down below,
I think I'm falling for this girl I know
She's so amazing, met her at my last show
And now I'm crazy for her and can't let go
Oh woah oh oh no
I hope she's feeling the same way that I do
And when she sees me, she gets butterflies too
Cos there's no way that I'm gonna make it through
If our love's not true
So someone tell me now
How do I know if she feels the same?
What do I do if she just won't say?
Baby I want you, is that okay?
How do I make her see, we got the chemistry?
I asked her round and we watched a movie
But couldn't tell her what she's done to me
I hope one day that she will finally see
Oh woah oh baby
Does she like star wars? I guess the answer's no
I wish I knew more 'cause now I'm here alone
She walked out the door and then she rang my phone
I think she's got me sewn
So someone tell me now
How do I know if she feels the same?
What do I do if she just won't say?
Baby I want you, is that okay?
How do I make her see, we got the chemistry?
Does she wake up at night like I do?
Thinking of me but scared to say too
In case I say girl I don't want you
How do I make her see we got the chemistry
And I can't shake this feeling now
I hope she's figured out
She's the one for me
We got that chemistry
How do I make her see?
How do I know if she feels the same?
What do I do if she just won't say?
Baby I want you, is that okay?
How do I make her see, we got the chemistry?
Does she wake up at night like I do?
Thinking of me but scared to say too
In case I say girl I don't want you
How do I make her see we got the chemistry
I think I'm falling for this girl I know
This must be the place.
I can tell by your glare.
I wouldn't touch you on a dare.
Seven months to June and even then, so what?
My mouth is open, my book is shut.
My air guitar is out of tune.
My stupid hair is so '82 to you.
At least I don't fit in.
Corner me in Chemistry.
It's all just simple math to me.
Call me your names.
Make them stick.
I'll laugh until I am sick.
Glad that that's all through.
Got better friends to do.
Just can't remember where I left them.
I'll see you all in class.
Not if I ditch first.
Expect the best, accept the worst.
Walk until your blush subsides.
Drink beneath the 405 in the ivy and think about that girl.
Two grades below.
She pierced her nose way before it was cool.
Some older guy with a motorbike picks her up after school.
This school's a living hell.
I work and don't get paid.
I smoke a lot but can't get laid.
Sit and stare, it's all we do.
All my friends are broken, too.
It’s all about chemistry
Nobody’s ever got
What you get from me
There isn’t a thing I’m not
Ready to be
You bring out the best in me
Nobody’s ever got
What you get from me
Let the music be a part of you
When we’re flying
When we’re flying
Let the music be a part of you
When we’re flying
Like we do
I feel it intensively
Something I can’t explain
The pulse inside of me
It hollers out your name
Right in this beat
Baby this is insane
It’s all inside of me
It’s something I can’t explain
Let the music be a part of you
When we’re flying
When we’re flying
Let the music be a part of you
When we’re flying
Like we do
When we’re flying
You I want, You I need
Girl you I want, you
Oh you I need, you I want
You I need, you
Oh just as you walked in
My eyes were on you watching
Just in case you felt the same feeling
To speak your mind like I'm revealing
Oh you looked at me and honestly
I felt you had a vibe for my company
And personally this must be destiny
You have an interest that brought out,
The best things in me
[Chorus]
Oh it's chemistry,
Between you and me
Feel the energy,
We were meant to be together forever you see
I've got the remedy,
Like coke with Hennessey,
Chemistry
I've got a crush on you
Ain't gonna rush on you
No fight no fuss on you
Just need that bus on you
Now I give you my time ...
Of all these thoughts in mind
I'm fine so lets in twine
[Chorus]
Oh just as you walked in
My eyes were on you watching
Just incase you felt the same feeling
To speak your mind like I'm revealing
Oh you looked at me and honestly
I felt you had a vibe for my company
And personally this must be destiny
You have an interest that brought out,
The best things in me
[Chorus]
Girl you I want, you I need
Oh you I want, you
Oh you I need, you I want
Oh you I need, you
Girl you I want
You I want
ALBUMS
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Go Alone
- Period
- Once Again
- あの日…feat.童子-T
- 夜明け～DAWN～
- Life goes on～side K～
- All My Love
- I'll steal your heart
- Our Story
- Trico…
- Life goes on～side D～
- あの頃…feat.CHEMISTRY
- Crossing
- Heaven Can Wait
- Overture
- 空の奇跡
- 君のキス
- This Night
- 砂の扉
- 約束の場所
- 輝く夜
- Hold On
- ai no wa
- Daydream
- 遠影 feat. John Legend
- Deep Inside of You
- 最期の川
- ココロとコトバ
- PIECES OF A DREAM
- Point of No Return
- You Go Your Way
- 君をさがしてた～New Jersey United～
- FLOATIN'
- It Takes Two
- SOLID DREAM
- MOVE ON
- My Gift to You (feat. S.O.S.)
- アシタヘカエル
- Us
- YOUR NAME NEVER GONE
- Now or Never (feat. m-flo)
- You Got Me
- Here I am (chemistry brothers mix by NIRGILIS)
- キミがいる (MATALLY New Era Mix)
- Two As One (DEPAPEPE Remix)
- nothing (Takagi Masakatsu Remix)
- Wings of Words (alas de palabras)
- 伝説の草原 (Patrick Stump Remix)
- 涙のあと (breakthough Remix)
- almost in love (Tomita Lab. Remix)
- Grind For Me (PUM PUM Mix CHEMISTRY feat. BOY-KEN)
- Long Long Way (韻シスト Mix)
- believin' (Tahiti 80 Remix)
- Dance With Me/f GAKU-MC (United Fellows MIx)
- for... (pf Ver. feat. 山下洋輔)
- Change the World (Dub Mix)
- Here I am
- キミがいる
- Two As One
- nothing
- Wings of Words
- 伝説の草原
- 涙のあと
- almost in love
- Grind For Me
- Long Long Way
- believin'
- Dance With Me (feat.GAKU-MC)
- for...
- Intro-lude
- Us
- YOUR NAME NEVER GONE
- my Rivets
- This age
- Bound for Identity～dear friend～
- ～Street Sounds of Naples, Italy～
- meaning of tears
- Ordinary hero
- Now or Never (feat. m-flo)
- So in Vain
- 赤い雲 白い星
- ～Interlude～
- アシタヘカエル
- いとしい人
- Prelude
- ココロノドア
- why
- 白の吐息 (Full Length)
- STEP TO FAR
- Monologue
- Forget-Me-Not
- グッドバイからはじめよう
- チャイム
- 月夜 (サントリーホール ライブバージョン)
- My Gift to You (サントリーホール ライブバージョン)
- Intro-lude～You're My Second to None～
- It Takes Two
- STILL ECHO
- My Gift to You
- Running Away
- BACK TOGETHER AGAIN～@Electric Lady Studio, NYC～
- No Color Line
- FLOATIN'
- SOLID DREAM
- Let's Get Together Now（Tokyo Calling）Interlude～@Yuigahama, KAMAKURA～
- RIPTIDE
- 月夜
- マイウェイ
- 君をさがしてた～New Jersey United～
- Intro-lude ～The Way We Are～
- 合鍵
- PIECES OF A DREAM
- 愛しすぎて
- BROTHERHOOD (by KAWABATA and DABO)
- Point of No Return
- C'EST LA VIE
- You Go Your Way (Album Version)
- Rewind
- 君をさがしてた～The Wedding Song～
- 星たちの距離 (by 堂珍嘉邦 & KEIKO LEE)
- Motherland
Send this Playlist by SMS
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Chemistry 1A - Lecture 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 49:21
- Published: 20 Jan 2010
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
General Chemistry
http://wn.com/Chemistry_1A_Lecture_1
Introduction to Chemical Engineering | Lecture 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 48:09
- Published: 18 Aug 2008
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Professor Channing Robertson of the Stanford University Chemical Engineering Department gives an introductory lecture, outline, and background for the course. Introduction to Chemical Engineering (E20) is an introductory course offered by the Stanford University Engineering Department. It provides a basic overview of the chemical engineering field today and delves into the applications of chemical engineering. Stanford Chemical Engineering Department: cheme.stanford.edu Stanford University: www.stanford.edu Stanford University Channel on YouTube: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Introduction_to_Chemical_Engineering_|_Lecture_1
[SAT2 - Chemistry] Lecture 1: Introduction To Chemistry
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:01
- Published: 26 Nov 2010
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
introduction to chemistry
http://wn.com/_SAT2_Chemistry_Lecture_1_Introduction_To_Chemistry
Chemistry 3B - Lecture 06: Aromatic Compounds II
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 76:17
- Published: 21 Aug 2007
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
Chemistry 3B: Chemical Structure and Reactivity. Spring 2006. Professor Peter Vollhardt. Chemistry 3B represents the second semester of the standard organic chemistry series at UC Berkeley. It covers conjugation, aromatic chemistry, carbonyl compounds, carbohydrates, amines, carboxylic acids, amino acids, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acid chemistry. Ultraviolet spectroscopy and mass spectrometry will be introduced. Organic chemistry is a specific discipline within the subject of chemistry. It is the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen, which may contain any number of other elements, such as nitrogen,...
http://wn.com/Chemistry_3B_Lecture_06_Aromatic_Compounds_II
Online Chemistry Lecture - Relative Melting Point
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:01
- Published: 29 Jun 2009
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Video taken from an Online Chemistry course provided by Ecampus at Oregon State University. The topic of this lecture is on relative melting points by Dr. Richard Nafshun. You can enroll in full length classes at ecampus.oregonstate.edu
http://wn.com/Online_Chemistry_Lecture_Relative_Melting_Point
Cell Potentials and Free Energy _ MIT Chemistry Lecture(23).0.12 V for reaction=106 V potential.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:33
- Published: 30 Nov 2009
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
MIT PROVES FREE ENERGY 0.12 V for reaction. Lecture 23. A MUST SEE MIT / Chemistry Cell Potentials and Free Energy By Christopher Cummins,SEE FULL Lecture 23 oN YOUTUBE AND academicearth.org/lectures/cell-potentials-and-free-energy
http://wn.com/Cell_Potentials_and_Free_Energy_MIT_Chemistry_Lecture23012_V_for_reaction=106_V_potentialmp4
Online Chemistry Lecture - Polymers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:33
- Published: 29 Jun 2009
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Video taken from an Online Chemistry course provided by Ecampus at Oregon State University. The topic of this lecture is on Polymers by Dr. Richard Nafshun. You can enroll in full length classes at ecampus.oregonstate.edu
http://wn.com/Online_Chemistry_Lecture_Polymers
[AP - Chemistry] Lecture 1: Atomic Structure
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Published: 29 Nov 2010
- Updated: 05 Oct 2012
This Chapter has briefly reviewed the structure of the atom and the atomic theory. This includes some history about how the electron, proton, and neutron were discovered and characterized.
http://wn.com/_AP_Chemistry_Lecture_1_Atomic_Structure
Chemistry 1A - Lecture 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 51:04
- Published: 02 Sep 2011
- Updated: 22 Sep 2012
General Chemistry
http://wn.com/Chemistry_1A_Lecture_4
UPSC online preparation (Virtual classroom) :Periodic table 1 (Chemistry lecture)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:36
- Published: 07 Oct 2011
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
For online entire set of detailed lectures for UPSC (CSAT, CDS, NDA, IIT-JEE, MPSC etc) visit "www.m2k-education.com". or Call 91-9221849650
http://wn.com/UPSC_online_preparation_Virtual_classroom_Periodic_table_1_Chemistry_lecture
Sugar: The Bitter Truth
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 89:28
- Published: 30 Jul 2009
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
NEW series with Dr. Lustig "The Skinny on Obesity" www.uctv.tv Robert H. Lustig, MD, UCSF Professor of Pediatrics in the Division of Endocrinology, explores the damage caused by sugary foods. He argues that fructose (too much) and fiber (not enough) appear to be cornerstones of the obesity epidemic through their effects on insulin. Series: UCSF Mini Medical School for the Public [7/2009] [Health and Medicine] [Show ID: 16717] More videos about sugar: www.uctv.tv
http://wn.com/Sugar_The_Bitter_Truth
Chemical Curiosities: Surprising Science and Dramatic Demonstrations
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 69:43
- Published: 16 Feb 2012
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Professor Chris Bishop, presenter of the 2008 Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, leads us through a spectacular tour of the curious, and sometimes surprising, world of chemistry. Visit the Ri Channel for more information and footnotes: richannel.org
http://wn.com/Chemical_Curiosities_Surprising_Science_and_Dramatic_Demonstrations
Benzene (Aromatic) Chemistry: Lecture.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 81:03
- Published: 11 May 2011
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
www.franklychemistry.co.uk is my YouTube website. Thanks for visiting! We consider the structure of benzene, electrophilic substitution reactions Nitration, Halogenation, Alkylation and Acylation. We consider reduction of nitrobenzene to phenylamine at its subsequent change to benzene diazonium chloride etc. We consider phenol. We contrast aromatic reactions with similar aliphatic reactions Frank Scullion Presentation and Production: Frank Scullion
http://wn.com/Benzene_Aromatic_Chemistry_Lecture
Chemistry 1A - Lecture 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 54:01
- Published: 05 Sep 2012
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
General Chemistry
http://wn.com/Chemistry_1A_Lecture_5
Chemistry 1A - Lecture 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:35
- Published: 31 Aug 2011
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
General Chemistry
http://wn.com/Chemistry_1A_Lecture_3
Chemistry 1A - Lecture 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 49:55
- Published: 22 Jan 2010
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
General Chemistry
http://wn.com/Chemistry_1A_Lecture_2
Chemistry Lecture on Valence Bond Theory (CHM 1045)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 64:53
- Published: 03 Dec 2011
- Updated: 11 Jun 2012
Chemistry Lecture on Valence Bond Theory (CHM 1045) by Dr Eileen D. Johann
http://wn.com/Chemistry_Lecture_on_Valence_Bond_Theory_CHM_1045
Chemistry 106 Lecture 01
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 54:48
- Published: 10 Jun 2008
- Updated: 28 Sep 2012
Chemistry 106 Spring 2008 Lecture 01 Professor Michael Kenney Schmitt Auditorium 1/14/2008 intermolecular forces (Page 391), physical properties of solutions (Page 425)
http://wn.com/Chemistry_106_Lecture_01
Chemistry 1A - Lecture 38
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 49:33
- Published: 23 Apr 2012
- Updated: 15 May 2012
General Chemistry
http://wn.com/Chemistry_1A_Lecture_38
Thermodynamics Lecture- 1 , Chemistry
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:25
- Published: 11 Oct 2011
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
This is the first part of the lecture for understanding Thermodynamics in physical chemistry for preparing for JEE, AIEEE, BITS and other engineering exams. The lectures are taught by IITians themselves to help the aspirants. Collegepedia.in is uploading these lectures to help students learn in a better way. Visit collegepedia.in . We are on facebook as well. For rest of the videos, Check out our channel COLLEGEPEDIAIN on youtube
http://wn.com/Thermodynamics_Lecture_1_,_Chemistry
Inorganic chemistry lectures
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 61:03
- Published: 01 Sep 2009
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
In this video a bittersweet moment for the School of Chemistry, as Professors Peter Hubberstey and David Garner deliver their final lunchtime lectures on inorganic chemistry - reflecting on their life in academia and the work which has gained them international respect.
http://wn.com/Inorganic_chemistry_lectures
Online Chemistry Lecture - Spectator Ions
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Published: 29 Jun 2009
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
Video taken from an Online Chemistry course provided by Ecampus at Oregon State University. The topic of this lecture is on spectator ions by Dr. Richard Nafshun. You can enroll in full length classes at ecampus.oregonstate.edu
http://wn.com/Online_Chemistry_Lecture_Spectator_Ions
Chemistry Lecture Series 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 83:11
- Published: 20 Sep 2011
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
Ken Brown from Hope College talks about the chemistry behind blood glucose monitoring.
http://wn.com/Chemistry_Lecture_Series_2011
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Butterfingers - The Chemistry (Live MTV/WideScreen)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:59
- Published: 17 Apr 2010
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Butterfingers - The Chemistry (Live MTV/WideScreen) Upload By Team Group Thanks For Plays This Music Video.
http://wn.com/Butterfingers_The_Chemistry_Live_MTV_WideScreen
CHEMISTRY Premium Studio Live
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:48
- Published: 28 Jun 2012
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
1. TWO 2. 愛しすぎて (Aishi Sugite) 3. キスからはじめよう (Kiss Kara Hajimeyou) 4. Once Again 5. Go Alone
http://wn.com/CHEMISTRY_Premium_Studio_Live
Chemistry Live - Your Name Never Gone
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Published: 05 Mar 2011
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
Beautiful ballad by Japanese duo-Chemistry.
http://wn.com/Chemistry_Live_Your_Name_Never_Gone
CHEMISTRY - Point of No Return (J-WAVE LIVE 2000+11)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:08
- Published: 02 Jan 2012
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
CHEMISTRY Period Live Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood 4 OP
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Published: 17 Jun 2010
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
This is the 4 opening for Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood performed live. This song is great. Enjoy, comment abd rate please. This is made with INFO PROPOUSES . No copyright infringement intended. Rights are owned by Bones Studios, Chemistry, Panini, Aniplex, tv tokio,Office Augusta, funimation and its creator.
http://wn.com/CHEMISTRY_Period_Live_Fullmetal_Alchemist_Brotherhood_4_OP
![[HD LIVE]CHEMISTRY TWO](http://web.archive.org./web/20121019041215im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/YewqRbD7Omo/0.jpg "[HD LIVE]CHEMISTRY TWO")
[HD LIVE]CHEMISTRY TWO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:17
- Published: 07 Apr 2011
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
'06 CHEMISTRY 2006 TOUR fo(u)r ~Live at Saitama Super Arena~
http://wn.com/_HD_LIVE_CHEMISTRY_TWO
![CHEMISTRY - Independence cut [J-WAVE LIVE 2011] HD 1080p](http://web.archive.org./web/20121019041215im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/6PD8RUxKvus/0.jpg "CHEMISTRY - Independence cut [J-WAVE LIVE 2011] HD 1080p")
CHEMISTRY - Independence cut [J-WAVE LIVE 2011] HD 1080p
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:06
- Published: 21 Aug 2012
- Updated: 05 Oct 2012
I do not own this video, it was uploaded by wingedlovewave
http://wn.com/CHEMISTRY_Independence_cut_J-WAVE_LIVE_2011_HD_1080p
![[06] Queens of the Stone Age - Better Living Through Chemistry (Live @ Werchter 2011)](http://web.archive.org./web/20121019041215im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Nk6niWJHzV4/0.jpg "[06] Queens of the Stone Age - Better Living Through Chemistry (Live @ Werchter 2011)")
[06] Queens of the Stone Age - Better Living Through Chemistry (Live @ Werchter 2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:35
- Published: 20 Aug 2011
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Queens of the Stone Age - Better Living Through Chemistry (Live @ Werchter Festival, Belgium - 06-30-2011). Playlist: www.youtube.com Josh Homme Troy Van Leeuwen Dean Fertita Michael Shuman Joey Castillo
http://wn.com/_06_Queens_of_the_Stone_Age_Better_Living_Through_Chemistry_Live_@_Werchter_2011
October Organic Chemistry Live Review with Leah4sci
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:17
- Published: 05 Oct 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
leah4sci.com presents: This review session took place 8 Oct 2012 Sign up above to get an exclusive replay later this week If you find my organic chemistry tutorials of any value, then this review is for you. Instead of a short tutorial, this session will be a one hour Q&A style review where I will explain topics and worth through mechanisms submitted by you the student The session will be limited to just one hour, and questions answered in the order they are received, so hurry up and reserve your seat What if you don't get your question sent in time? 1- if you have a orgo question, 10 other students will likely have asked THE SAME QUESTION 2- orgo is not just about getting answers to your questions, but about learning from how others ask questions, seeing mechanisms worked through again and again, and continually reinforcing the material that you need to know Can't make it on Monday Afternoon? Register anyway! an exclusive replay will be made available to those on the list Register here: leah4sci.com See you on Monday!!
http://wn.com/October_Organic_Chemistry_Live_Review_with_Leah4sci
Butterfingers - The Chemistry (Live AIM)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:21
- Published: 20 Oct 2009
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
FULL FREE DOWNLOAD www.ziddu.com BUTTERFINGERS - THE CHEMISTRY (LIVE)
http://wn.com/Butterfingers_The_Chemistry_Live_AIM
CHEMISTRY-Ballad Medley
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:29
- Published: 05 Mar 2012
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
I DO NOT OWN THIS VIDEO. An extract from CHEMISTRY'S 2008 Tour "Face to FACE" 1. My Gift to You 2. You Go Your Way 3. 最後の夜4. 愛しすぎて5. 君をさがしてた
http://wn.com/CHEMISTRY-Ballad_Medley
Ooo Baby Baby CHEMISTRY
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Published: 09 Jul 2012
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Ooo Baby Baby from CHEMISTRY 10th Anniversary Tour -neon- No Copyright Infringement Intended I just want to share this amazing performance with those who do not have DVD, and hope them to buy original one after watching this video.
http://wn.com/Ooo_Baby_Baby_CHEMISTRY
![[Astrosexy] m-flo lovers CHEMISTRY](http://web.archive.org./web/20121019041215im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/5kiss5rcwlM/0.jpg "[Astrosexy] m-flo lovers CHEMISTRY")
[Astrosexy] m-flo lovers CHEMISTRY
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:22
- Published: 21 Jul 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
m-flo LIVE 2004「ASTRO MANTIC」より
http://wn.com/_Astrosexy_m-flo_lovers_CHEMISTRY
Queens of the Stone Age - Better Living Through Chemistry (live Rock Werchter 2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:12
- Published: 02 Jul 2011
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Queens of the stone age performing live @ Rock Werchter 2011 (30/06/2011) Josh Homme Troy Van Leeuwen Joey Castillo Michael Shuman Dean Fertita
http://wn.com/Queens_of_the_Stone_Age_Better_Living_Through_Chemistry_live_Rock_Werchter_2011
Betty White - Life With Elizabeth - The Chemistry Set
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:37
- Published: 18 Mar 2009
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
In this episode from 1954 Alvin is trying to make hand lotion with a children's chemistry set... This is of course bound to go wrong... ________________ From Wikipedia: Life With Elizabeth was a sitcom which aired from 1953 to 1955. The show starred Betty White and Del Moore and announcer Jack Narz. The most unusual feature of Life with Elizabeth is that it was divided into three 8 to 10 minute comic shorts — referred to as "incidents". Sometimes an entire incident might just consist of the two main characters talking to each other. Also unusual was the minimal theme music, which was played by a solo harpist who was partially visible on the opening title screen. Elizabeth and Alvin are a married couple who live an ordinary suburban life, but inevitably managed to get into predicaments. At the end of most predicaments, Alvin, in variable degrees of frustration, would say, "I shall leave you now, Elizabeth" and would walk out of sight. The announcer would say, "Elizabeth, aren't you ashamed?" She would slowly nod, but then, with a slightly devilish grin, would vigorously shake her head to indicate she wasn't.
http://wn.com/Betty_White_Life_With_Elizabeth_The_Chemistry_Set
UNKLE - Chemistry (Live)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:45
- Published: 08 Feb 2012
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
Music video by UNKLE performing Chemistry by UNKLE.
http://wn.com/UNKLE_Chemistry_Live
TRUE CHEMISTRY live 11.17.06
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:10
- Published: 30 Nov 2006
- Updated: 05 Jun 2012
true chemistry at marble slab
http://wn.com/TRUE_CHEMISTRY_live_111706
CHEMISTRY BACK TOGETHER AGAIN（live ver ）
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:34
- Published: 29 Sep 2009
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
QOTSA - Live (BDO 03) - (07) Better living through Chemistry
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:33
- Published: 17 Jan 2008
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
Queens of the Stone Age playing *Better living through Chemistry* live at the Big Day Out 2003 in Australia www.youtube.com Setlist: (01) Feel good Hit of the Summer (02) Go with the Flow (03) Gonna leave you (04) Song for the Deaf (05) Hangin' Tree (06) Song for the Dead (07) Better living through Chemistry (08) Tension Head (09) No one Knows --- My Band NME: www.myspace.com/nmeoppenheim
http://wn.com/QOTSA_Live_BDO_03_07_Better_living_through_Chemistry
Interpol - Rest My Chemistry live Amsterdam 2010 HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:53
- Published: 12 Jul 2011
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
Interpol - Rest My Chemistry live Amsterdam 2010 HD
http://wn.com/Interpol_Rest_My_Chemistry_live_Amsterdam_2010_HD
Queens Of The Stone Age - Better Living Through Chemistry
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:12
- Published: 06 Jun 2007
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
The best video of this song that I have seen.
http://wn.com/Queens_Of_The_Stone_Age_Better_Living_Through_Chemistry
CHEMISTRY-SOLID DREAM live on 1.9_ cut by aranpan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:51
- Published: 01 Jun 2010
- Updated: 22 Sep 2012
interpol Rest My Chemistry live Hovefestivalen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:59
- Published: 24 Jul 2007
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
interpol tocando rest my chemistry en vivo muy bueno!!
http://wn.com/interpol_Rest_My_Chemistry_live_Hovefestivalen
4:59
Butterfingers - The Chemistry (Live MTV/WideScreen)
Butterfingers - The Chemistry (Live MTV/WideScreen) Upload By Team Group Thanks For Plays ...
published: 17 Apr 2010
Author: TreAldMatVideo
Butterfingers - The Chemistry (Live MTV/WideScreen)
Butterfingers - The Chemistry (Live MTV/WideScreen) Upload By Team Group Thanks For Plays This Music Video.
26:48
CHEMISTRY Premium Studio Live
1. TWO 2. 愛しすぎて (Aishi Sugite) 3. キス{...
published: 28 Jun 2012
Author: wingedlovewave
CHEMISTRY Premium Studio Live
1. TWO 2. 愛しすぎて (Aishi Sugite) 3. キスからはじめよう (Kiss Kara Hajimeyou) 4. Once Again 5. Go Alone
4:51
Chemistry Live - Your Name Never Gone
Beautiful ballad by Japanese duo-Chemistry....
published: 05 Mar 2011
Author: fusabue
Chemistry Live - Your Name Never Gone
Beautiful ballad by Japanese duo-Chemistry.
6:08
CHEMISTRY - Point of No Return (J-WAVE LIVE 2000+11)
...
published: 02 Jan 2012
Author: wingedlovewave
CHEMISTRY - Point of No Return (J-WAVE LIVE 2000+11)
3:33
CHEMISTRY Period Live Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood 4 OP
This is the 4 opening for Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood performed live. This song is gre...
published: 17 Jun 2010
Author: Julio Rivera
CHEMISTRY Period Live Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood 4 OP
This is the 4 opening for Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood performed live. This song is great. Enjoy, comment abd rate please. This is made with INFO PROPOUSES . No copyright infringement intended. Rights are owned by Bones Studios, Chemistry, Panini, Aniplex, tv tokio,Office Augusta, funimation and its creator.
6:17
[HD LIVE]CHEMISTRY TWO
'06 CHEMISTRY 2006 TOUR fo(u)r ~Live at Saitama Super Arena~...
published: 07 Apr 2011
Author: virtuosomm
[HD LIVE]CHEMISTRY TWO
'06 CHEMISTRY 2006 TOUR fo(u)r ~Live at Saitama Super Arena~
5:06
CHEMISTRY - Independence cut [J-WAVE LIVE 2011] HD 1080p
I do not own this video, it was uploaded by wingedlovewave...
published: 21 Aug 2012
Author: Pratyawu
CHEMISTRY - Independence cut [J-WAVE LIVE 2011] HD 1080p
I do not own this video, it was uploaded by wingedlovewave
8:35
[06] Queens of the Stone Age - Better Living Through Chemistry (Live @ Werchter 2011)
Queens of the Stone Age - Better Living Through Chemistry (Live @ Werchter Festival, Belgi...
published: 20 Aug 2011
Author: QOTSAarchive
[06] Queens of the Stone Age - Better Living Through Chemistry (Live @ Werchter 2011)
Queens of the Stone Age - Better Living Through Chemistry (Live @ Werchter Festival, Belgium - 06-30-2011). Playlist: www.youtube.com Josh Homme Troy Van Leeuwen Dean Fertita Michael Shuman Joey Castillo
1:17
October Organic Chemistry Live Review with Leah4sci
leah4sci.com presents: This review session took place 8 Oct 2012 Sign up above to get an e...
published: 05 Oct 2012
Author: Leah4SciTutorials
October Organic Chemistry Live Review with Leah4sci
leah4sci.com presents: This review session took place 8 Oct 2012 Sign up above to get an exclusive replay later this week If you find my organic chemistry tutorials of any value, then this review is for you. Instead of a short tutorial, this session will be a one hour Q&A style review where I will explain topics and worth through mechanisms submitted by you the student The session will be limited to just one hour, and questions answered in the order they are received, so hurry up and reserve your seat What if you don't get your question sent in time? 1- if you have a orgo question, 10 other students will likely have asked THE SAME QUESTION 2- orgo is not just about getting answers to your questions, but about learning from how others ask questions, seeing mechanisms worked through again and again, and continually reinforcing the material that you need to know Can't make it on Monday Afternoon? Register anyway! an exclusive replay will be made available to those on the list Register here: leah4sci.com See you on Monday!!
5:21
Butterfingers - The Chemistry (Live AIM)
FULL FREE DOWNLOAD www.ziddu.com BUTTERFINGERS - THE CHEMISTRY (LIVE)...
published: 20 Oct 2009
Author: sostomato007
Butterfingers - The Chemistry (Live AIM)
FULL FREE DOWNLOAD www.ziddu.com BUTTERFINGERS - THE CHEMISTRY (LIVE)
15:29
CHEMISTRY-Ballad Medley
I DO NOT OWN THIS VIDEO. An extract from CHEMISTRY'S 2008 Tour "Face to FACE"...;
published: 05 Mar 2012
Author: mayonnaise230
CHEMISTRY-Ballad Medley
I DO NOT OWN THIS VIDEO. An extract from CHEMISTRY'S 2008 Tour "Face to FACE" 1. My Gift to You 2. You Go Your Way 3. 最後の夜4. 愛しすぎて5. 君をさがしてた
3:32
Ooo Baby Baby CHEMISTRY
Ooo Baby Baby from CHEMISTRY 10th Anniversary Tour -neon- No Copyright Infringement Intend...
published: 09 Jul 2012
Author: timejustfliesby
Ooo Baby Baby CHEMISTRY
Ooo Baby Baby from CHEMISTRY 10th Anniversary Tour -neon- No Copyright Infringement Intended I just want to share this amazing performance with those who do not have DVD, and hope them to buy original one after watching this video.
7:22
[Astrosexy] m-flo lovers CHEMISTRY
m-flo LIVE 2004「ASTRO MANTIC」より...
published: 21 Jul 2012
Author: SOMAGIC1120
[Astrosexy] m-flo lovers CHEMISTRY
m-flo LIVE 2004「ASTRO MANTIC」より
8:12
Queens of the Stone Age - Better Living Through Chemistry (live Rock Werchter 2011)
Queens of the stone age performing live @ Rock Werchter 2011 (30/06/2011) Josh Homme Troy ...
published: 02 Jul 2011
Author: F0rtyNuggets
Queens of the Stone Age - Better Living Through Chemistry (live Rock Werchter 2011)
Queens of the stone age performing live @ Rock Werchter 2011 (30/06/2011) Josh Homme Troy Van Leeuwen Joey Castillo Michael Shuman Dean Fertita
Vimeo results:
7:27
Notte Sento (English subtitles)
A girl misses her train to Milan and is set to wait overnight in Rome until dawn. However,...
published: 27 Oct 2008
Author: Daniele Napolitano
Notte Sento (English subtitles)
A girl misses her train to Milan and is set to wait overnight in Rome until dawn. However, a chance encounter with a guy changes her plans and the night lights of the capital turn into the background to a tender love story. An extraordinary chemistry made of knowing glances and small gestures fills the few instants that separate them both from the sunrise.
Short film made with 4500+ still photographs. Shot with a Canon EOS 30D camera.
Funded by the Seagate Creative Fund in 2008.
Italian language with English subtitles.
Official site: www.ilovecut.com/works/102
Become a fan here: http://facebook.com/nottesento
and here: http://facebook.com/ilovecut
You can find the song at the end here: http://tinyurl.com/metem-boreale
Versione italiana qui: http://vimeo.com/2196186
3:53
Devendra Banhart at the Rainbow House - Director's Cut
Starring real life couple Devendra Banhart and Rebecca Schwartz, the premise of the Oliver...
published: 19 Nov 2010
Author: Oliver Peoples
Devendra Banhart at the Rainbow House - Director's Cut
Starring real life couple Devendra Banhart and Rebecca Schwartz, the premise of the Oliver Peoples 2011 campaign is an exploration of authentic intimacy and sexuality. The love affair is explored in the one-of-a-kind masterpiece by architect John Lautner: Rainbow House. The contemporary California setting proved to be a perfect atmosphere to showcase the natural chemistry of the young, intriguing couple. Produced with acclaimed photographer and aspiring director Lisa Eisner, the short film will debut in early 2011 on the Oliver Peoples website.
2:19
Oxygen
This is Oxygen, produced at the Ringling College of Art + Design as my thesis for the depa...
published: 01 May 2009
Author: Christopher Hendryx
Oxygen
This is Oxygen, produced at the Ringling College of Art + Design as my thesis for the department of Computer Animation.
Learn a little bit of basic chemistry while watching Oxygen try to make friends in Element-ary school.
3:01
NOISY JELLY
Note : This project is a fully working prototype made with Arduino and Max/Msp, there are ...
published: 19 Mar 2012
Author: Raphaël Pluvinage
NOISY JELLY
Note : This project is a fully working prototype made with Arduino and Max/Msp, there are absolut no sound editing in the video...
More picture at this flickr set (http://www.flickr.com/photos/raphaelplu/sets/72157629621382055/)
And download the Project pdf here (http://pluvinage.eu/NOISYJELLY_presskit.pdf)
Noisy jelly is a game where the player has to cook and shape his own musical material, based on coloured jelly.
With this noisy chemistry lab, the gamer will create his own jelly with water and a few grams of agar agar powder. After added different color, the mix is then pour in the molds. 10 min later, the jelly shape can then be placed on the game board,and by touching the shape, the gamer will activate different sounds.
Technically, the game board is a capacitive sensor, and the variations of the shape and their salt concentration, the distance and the strength of the finger contact are detected and transform into an audio signal.
This object aims to demonstrate that electronic can have a new aesthetic, and be envisaged as a malleable material, which has to be manipulated and experimented.
Author: Raphaël pluvinage (http://pluvinage.eu and twitter (https://twitter.com/#!/rpluvina)
& Marianne Cauvard (http://mariannecauvard.fr)
at L'Ensci Les ateliers (http://ensci.com)
Project done in the semester course of François Azambourg and Clémentine Chambon
Thanks to Roland Cahen for his help (especially sorting out with Max/Msp)
Photo credit: Véronique HUYGHE
Music credit : "Whip it" of Devo
Youtube results:
8:37
Betty White - Life With Elizabeth - The Chemistry Set
In this episode from 1954 Alvin is trying to make hand lotion with a children's chemis...
published: 18 Mar 2009
Author: WMLandPassword
Betty White - Life With Elizabeth - The Chemistry Set
In this episode from 1954 Alvin is trying to make hand lotion with a children's chemistry set... This is of course bound to go wrong... ________________ From Wikipedia: Life With Elizabeth was a sitcom which aired from 1953 to 1955. The show starred Betty White and Del Moore and announcer Jack Narz. The most unusual feature of Life with Elizabeth is that it was divided into three 8 to 10 minute comic shorts — referred to as "incidents". Sometimes an entire incident might just consist of the two main characters talking to each other. Also unusual was the minimal theme music, which was played by a solo harpist who was partially visible on the opening title screen. Elizabeth and Alvin are a married couple who live an ordinary suburban life, but inevitably managed to get into predicaments. At the end of most predicaments, Alvin, in variable degrees of frustration, would say, "I shall leave you now, Elizabeth" and would walk out of sight. The announcer would say, "Elizabeth, aren't you ashamed?" She would slowly nod, but then, with a slightly devilish grin, would vigorously shake her head to indicate she wasn't.
3:45
UNKLE - Chemistry (Live)
Music video by UNKLE performing Chemistry by UNKLE....
published: 08 Feb 2012
Author: UNKLEVEVO
UNKLE - Chemistry (Live)
Music video by UNKLE performing Chemistry by UNKLE.
8:10
TRUE CHEMISTRY live 11.17.06
true chemistry at marble slab...
published: 30 Nov 2006
Author: TabulaRasaPictures
TRUE CHEMISTRY live 11.17.06
true chemistry at marble slab
5:34
CHEMISTRY BACK TOGETHER AGAIN（live ver ）
...
published: 29 Sep 2009
Author: wingedlove01
CHEMISTRY BACK TOGETHER AGAIN（live ver ）
Creative Commons / Billy Hathorn
Creative Commons / Sandstein
AP / Iranian Students News Agency, Mehdi Ghasemi
AP / Iranian Students News Agency, Mehdi Ghasemi
AP / Mehr News Agency, Mojtaba Heidari
Creative Commons / Sofia Gisberg
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / Rubashkyn
Creative Commons / MrPanyGoff
Creative Commons / Torinberl
Creative Commons / EMBaero
Creative Commons / Leew
Creative Commons / Mags D
Creative Commons / Experiment6
Creative Commons / Chiwara
Creative Commons / Rafio aumi
WN / Priya Dashini
WN / Priya Dashini
WN / Priya Dashini
WN / Priya Dashini
WN / Priya Dashini
WN / Priya Dashini
WN / Priya Dashini
WN / Priya Dashini
WN / Priya Dashini
Creative Commons / Dfscgt21
WN / Priya Dashini
WN / Priya Dashini
WN / Priya Dashini
Creative Commons / Andrevruas
Photo: GFDL / Daderot
18 Oct 2012
New Delhi: A white sperm whale looms on the background of the doodle on the Google home page on Thursday. The doodle commemorates the 161st anniversary of the...
Photo: AP / www.muslm.net
18 Oct 2012
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the self-described mastermind of the September 11 attacks, delivered a scathing anti-American diatribe at a military tribunal in what the judge called a "one-time occurrence"....
Photo: Creative Commons / Kansir
17 Oct 2012
(Reuters) - IBM posted a quarterly revenue miss and barely beat analyst expectations for earnings per share as customers put off spending on big ticket items and a stronger dollar hit the company's...
Photo: NARA
18 Oct 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Before swallowing a capsule and committing suicide this very same week in 1946, during the Nuremberg Trials Hermann Goering testified how Nazi Germany...
Photo: AP / Carolyn Kaster
17 Oct 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling On the very last day of the 1980 election, twelve percent of voters finally decided to vote for the Republican's presidential candidate Ronald Reagan....
The Examiner
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Intro to chemistry for teens program planned
17 Oct 2012
The News Tribune
An introduction to chemistry for teens is planned by the Richland Section of the American Chemical...(size: 0.7Kb)
The Oklahoman
By Darnell Mayberry | email...(size: 10.5Kb)
PhysOrg
An interdisciplinary collaboration between researchers at Case Western Reserve University and the University of Notre Dame has revealed a critical interaction that is occurring at this plasma-liquid interface in that the electrons in plasma actually serve to separate water, producing hydrogen gas....(size: 3.3Kb)
PhysOrg
So how do we figure out which chemicals are in the brain and what they're doing in real time? Chemist Leslie Sombers and her graduate student Leyda Lugo-Morales use an elegant approach that allows for real-time measurement of chemical fluctuations in the brain. They use voltammetry, which sounds...(size: 3.0Kb)
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The Inquisitr
Posted: October 15, 2012 When scientists selected a rock to test the Mars rover Curiosity‘s laser, they expected it to contain the same minerals as rocks found elsewhere on the Red Planet, but learned instead it was more similar to a rock found on Earth. The rock was chemically more akin to an...(size: 8.5Kb)
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Seminar throws spotlight on chemistry teaching
11 Oct 2012
The Times of India
ALLAHABAD: A seminar on teaching chemistry was organised at the department of chemistry, Ewing Christian College (ECC), on Thursday. The seminar was organised by students of ECC for students of all other degree colleges and universities. Attended by around 200 undergraduate students from various...(size: 2.4Kb)
The Examiner
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For other uses, see Chemistry (disambiguation).
Chemistry is the science of atomic matter, especially its chemical reactions, but also its composition, structure and properties.[1][2] Chemistry is concerned with atoms and their interactions with other atoms, and particularly with the properties of chemical bonds.
Chemistry is sometimes called "the central science" because it connects physics with other natural sciences such as geology and biology.[3][4] Chemistry is a branch of physical science but distinct from physics.[5]
The etymology of the word chemistry has been much disputed.[6] The genesis of chemistry can be traced to certain practices, known as alchemy, which had been practiced for several millennia in various parts of the world, particularly the Middle East.[7]
Contents |
Theory[link]
Traditional chemistry starts with the study of elementary particles, atoms, molecules,[8] substances, metals, crystals and other aggregates of matter. in solid, liquid, and gas states, whether in isolation or combination. The interactions, reactions and transformations that are studied in chemistry are usually a result of interaction between atoms, leading to rearrangments in the chemical bonds which hold atoms together. Such behaviors are studied in a chemistry laboratory.
The chemistry laboratory stereotypically uses various forms of laboratory glassware, but glassware is not central to chemistry, and a great deal of experimental (as well as applied/industrial chemistry) is done without it.
A chemical reaction is a transformation of some substances into one or more other substances.[9] The basis of such a chemical transformation is the rearrangment of electrons in the chemical bonds between atoms. It can be symbolically depicted through a chemical equation, which usually involves atoms as subjects. The number of atoms on the left and the right in the equation for a chemical transformation is equal (when unequal, the transformation by definition is not chemical, but rather a nuclear reaction or radioactive decay). The nature of chemical reactions a substance may undergo and the energy changes that may accompany it are constrained by certain basic rules, known as chemical laws.
Energy and entropy considerations are invariably important in almost all chemical studies. Chemical substances are classified in terms of their structure, phase as well as their chemical compositions. They can be analyzed using the tools of chemical analysis, e.g. spectroscopy and chromatography. Scientists engaged in chemical research are known as chemists.[10] Most chemists specialize in one or more sub-disciplines.
History[link]
Main article: History of chemistry
Ancient Egyptians pioneered the art of synthetic "wet" chemistry up to 4,000 years ago.[11] By 1000 BC ancient civilizations were using technologies that formed the basis of the various branches of chemistry such as; extracting metal from their ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, making pigments for cosmetics and painting, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, making cheese, dying cloth, tanning leather, rendering fat into soap, making glass, and making alloys like bronze.
The genesis of chemistry can be traced to the widely observed phenomenon of burning that led to metallurgy—the art and science of processing ores to get metals (e.g. metallurgy in ancient India). The greed for gold led to the discovery of the process for its purification, even though the underlying principles were not well understood—it was thought to be a transformation rather than purification. Many scholars in those days thought it reasonable to believe that there exist means for transforming cheaper (base) metals into gold. This gave way to alchemy and the search for the Philosopher's Stone which was believed to bring about such a transformation by mere touch.[12]
Greek atomism dates back to 440 BC, as what might be indicated by the book De Rerum Natura (The Nature of Things)[13] written by the Roman Lucretius in 50 BC.[14] Much of the early development of purification methods is described by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia.
A tentative outline is as follows:
- Alchemy in Greco-Roman Egypt [ – 642 CE], the earliest Western alchemists such as Mary the Jewess, Cleopatra the Alchemist, and Zosimos of Panopolis described early laboratory equipment. They are estimated to have lived between the first and third centuries.
- Islamic alchemy [642 CE – 1200], the Muslim conquest of Egypt; development of alchemy by Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Razi and others; Jābir modifies Aristotle's theories; advances in processes and apparatus.[15]
- European alchemy [1300 – present], Pseudo-Geber builds on Arabic chemistry.[citation needed] From the 12th century, major advances in the chemical arts shifted from Arab lands to western Europe.[15]
- Chemistry [1661], Boyle writes his classic chemistry text The Sceptical Chymist.
- Chemistry [1787], Lavoisier writes his classic Elements of Chemistry.
- Chemistry [1803], Dalton publishes his Atomic Theory.
- Chemistry [1869], Dmitri Mendeleev presented his Periodic table being the framework of the modern chemistry
The earliest pioneers of Chemistry, and inventors of the modern scientific method,[16] were medieval Arab and Persian scholars. They introduced precise observation and controlled experimentation into the field and discovered numerous Chemical substances.[17][verification needed]
"Chemistry as a science was almost created by the Muslims; for in this field, where the Greeks (so far as we know) were confined to industrial experience and vague hypothesis, the Saracens introduced precise observation, controlled experiment, and careful records. They invented and named the alembic (al-anbiq), chemically analyzed innumerable substances, composed lapidaries, distinguished alkalis and acids, investigated their affinities, studied and manufactured hundreds of drugs. Alchemy, which the Muslims inherited from Egypt, contributed to chemistry by a thousand incidental discoveries, and by its method, which was the most scientific of all medieval operations."[17]
The most influential Muslim chemists were Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber, d. 815), al-Kindi (d. 873), al-Razi (d. 925), al-Biruni (d. 1048) and Alhazen (d. 1039).[18] Their works became more widely known in Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, beginning with the Latin translation of Jābir’s Kitab al-Kimya in 1144. The contribution of Indian alchemists and metallurgists in the development of chemistry was also quite significant.[19]
For some practitioners, alchemy was an intellectual pursuit, over time, they got better at it. Paracelsus (1493–1541), for example, rejected the 4-elemental theory and with only a vague understanding of his chemicals and medicines, formed a hybrid of alchemy and science in what was to be called iatrochemistry. Similarly, the influences of philosophers such as Sir Francis Bacon (1561–1626) and René Descartes (1596–1650), who demanded more rigor in mathematics and in removing bias from scientific observations, led to a scientific revolution. In chemistry, this began with Robert Boyle (1627–1691), who came up with an equation known as Boyle's Law about the characteristics of gaseous state.[21]
Chemistry indeed came of age when Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794), developed the theory of Conservation of mass in 1783; and the development of the Atomic Theory by John Dalton around 1800. The Law of Conservation of Mass resulted in the reformulation of chemistry based on this law[citation needed] and the oxygen theory of combustion, which was largely based on the work of Lavoisier. Lavoisier's fundamental contributions to chemistry were a result of a conscious effort[citation needed] to fit all experiments into the framework of a single theory.
Lavoisier established the consistent use of the chemical balance, used oxygen to overthrow the phlogiston theory, and developed a new system of chemical nomenclature and made contribution to the modern metric system. Lavoisier also worked to translate the archaic and technical language of chemistry into something that could be easily understood by the largely uneducated masses, leading to an increased public interest in chemistry. All these advances in chemistry led to what is usually called the chemical revolution. The contributions of Lavoisier led to what is now called modern chemistry—the chemistry that is studied in educational institutions all over the world. It is because of these and other contributions that Antoine Lavoisier is often celebrated as the "Father of Modern Chemistry".[22] The later discovery of Friedrich Wöhler that many natural substances, organic compounds, can indeed be synthesized in a chemistry laboratory also helped the modern chemistry to mature from its infancy.[23]
The discovery of the chemical elements has a long history from the days of alchemy and culminating in the discovery of the periodic table of the chemical elements by Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907)[24] and later discoveries of some synthetic elements.
Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Joseph Priestley, Humphry Davy, Linus Pauling, Gilbert N. Lewis, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Robert Burns Woodward, and Fritz Haber also made notable contributions.
The year 2011 was declared by the United Nations as the International Year of Chemistry.[25] It was an initiative of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry , and of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization and involves chemical societies, academics, and institutions worldwide and relied on individual initiatives to organize local and regional activities.
Etymology[link]
Main article: Chemistry (etymology)
The word chemistry comes from the word alchemy, an earlier set of practices that encompassed elements of chemistry, metallurgy, philosophy, astrology, astronomy, mysticism and medicine; it is commonly thought of as the quest to turn lead or another common starting material into gold.[26] The word alchemy in turn is derived from the Arabic word al-kīmīā (الكيمياء), meaning alchemy. The Arabic term is borrowed from the Greek χημία or χημεία.[27][28] This may have Egyptian origins. Many believe that al-kīmīā is derived from χημία, which is in turn derived from the word Chemi or Kimi, which is the ancient name of Egypt in Egyptian.[27] Alternately, al-kīmīā may be derived from χημεία, meaning "cast together".[29]
An alchemist was called a 'chemist' in popular speech, and later the suffix "-ry" was added to this to describe the art of the chemist as "chemistry".
Definitions[link]
In retrospect, the definition of chemistry has changed over time, as new discoveries and theories add to the functionality of the science. Shown below are some of the standard definitions used by various noted chemists:
- Alchemy (330) – the study of the composition of waters, movement, growth, embodying, disembodying, drawing the spirits from bodies and bonding the spirits within bodies (Zosimos).[30]
- Chymistry (1661) – the subject of the material principles of mixed bodies (Boyle).[31]
- Chymistry (1663) – a scientific art, by which one learns to dissolve bodies, and draw from them the different substances on their composition, and how to unite them again, and exalt them to a higher perfection (Glaser).[32]
- Chemistry (1730) – the art of resolving mixed, compound, or aggregate bodies into their principles; and of composing such bodies from those principles (Stahl).[33]
- Chemistry (1837) – the science concerned with the laws and effects of molecular forces (Dumas).[34]
- Chemistry (1947) – the science of substances: their structure, their properties, and the reactions that change them into other substances (Pauling).[35]
- Chemistry (1998) – the study of matter and the changes it undergoes (Chang).[36]
Basic concepts[link]
Several concepts are essential for the study of chemistry; some of them are:[37]
Atom[link]
Main article: Atom
An atom is the basic unit of chemistry. It consists of a positively charged core (the atomic nucleus) which contains protons and neutrons, and which maintains a number of electrons to balance the positive charge in the nucleus. The atom is also the smallest entity that can be envisaged to retain the chemical properties of the element, such as electronegativity, ionization potential, preferred oxidation state(s), coordination number, and preferred types of bonds to form (e.g., metallic, ionic, covalent).
Element[link]
Main article: Chemical element
The concept of chemical element is related to that of chemical substance. A chemical element is specifically a substance which is composed of a single type of atom. A chemical element is characterized by a particular number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms. This number is known as the atomic number of the element. For example, all atoms with 6 protons in their nuclei are atoms of the chemical element carbon, and all atoms with 92 protons in their nuclei are atoms of the element uranium.
Although all the nuclei of all atoms belonging to one element will have the same number of protons, they may not necessarily have the same number of neutrons; such atoms are termed isotopes. In fact several isotopes of an element may exist. Ninety–four different chemical elements or types of atoms based on the number of protons are observed on earth naturally, having at least one isotope that is stable or has a very long half-life. A further 18 elements have been recognised by IUPAC after they have been made in the laboratory.
The standard presentation of the chemical elements is in the periodic table, which orders elements by atomic number and groups them by electron configuration. Due to its arrangement, groups, or columns, and periods, or rows, of elements in the table either share several chemical properties, or follow a certain trend in characteristics such as atomic radius, electronegativity, etc. Lists of the elements by name, by symbol, and by atomic number are also available.
Compound[link]
Main article: Chemical compound
A compound is a substance with a particular ratio of atoms of particular chemical elements which determines its composition, and a particular organization which determines chemical properties. For example, water is a compound containing hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of two to one, with the oxygen atom between the two hydrogen atoms, and an angle of 104.5° between them. Compounds are formed and interconverted by chemical reactions.
Substance[link]
Main article: Chemical substance
A chemical substance is a kind of matter with a definite composition and set of properties.[38] Strictly speaking, a mixture of compounds, elements or compounds and elements is not a chemical substance, but it may be called a chemical. Most of the substances we encounter in our daily life are some kind of mixture; for example: air, alloys, biomass, etc.
Nomenclature of substances is a critical part of the language of chemistry. Generally it refers to a system for naming chemical compounds. Earlier in the history of chemistry substances were given name by their discoverer, which often led to some confusion and difficulty. However, today the IUPAC system of chemical nomenclature allows chemists to specify by name specific compounds amongst the vast variety of possible chemicals.
The standard nomenclature of chemical substances is set by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). There are well-defined systems in place for naming chemical species. Organic compounds are named according to the organic nomenclature system.[39] Inorganic compounds are named according to the inorganic nomenclature system.[40] In addition the Chemical Abstracts Service has devised a method to index chemical substance. In this scheme each chemical substance is identifiable by a number known as CAS registry number.
Molecule[link]
Main article: Molecule
A molecule is the smallest indivisible portion of a pure chemical substance that has its unique set of chemical properties, that is, its potential to undergo a certain set of chemical reactions with other substances. However, this definition only works well for substances that are composed of molecules, which is not true of many substances (see below). Molecules are typically a set of atoms bound together by covalent bonds, such that the structure is electrically neutral and all valence electrons are paired with other electrons either in bonds or in lone pairs.
Thus, molecules exist as electrically neutral units, unlike ions. When this rule is broken, giving the "molecule" a charge, the result is sometimes named a molecular ion or a polyatomic ion. However, the discrete and separate nature of the molecular concept usually requires that molecular ions be present only in well-separated form, such as a directed beam in a vacuum in a mass spectrograph. Charged polyatomic collections residing in solids (for example, common sulfate or nitrate ions) are generally not considered "molecules" in chemistry.
The "inert" or noble chemical elements (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon) are composed of lone atoms as their smallest discrete unit, but the other isolated chemical elements consist of either molecules or networks of atoms bonded to each other in some way. Identifiable molecules compose familiar substances such as water, air, and many organic compounds like alcohol, sugar, gasoline, and the various pharmaceuticals.
However, not all substances or chemical compounds consist of discrete molecules, and indeed most of the solid substances that makes up the solid crust, mantle, and core of the Earth are chemical compounds without molecules. These other types of substances, such as ionic compounds and network solids, are organized in such a way as to lack the existence of identifiable molecules per se. Instead, these substances are discussed in terms of formula units or unit cells as the smallest repeating structure within the substance. Examples of such substances are mineral salts (such as table salt), solids like carbon and diamond, metals, and familiar silica and silicate minerals such as quartz and granite.
One of the main characteristic of a molecule is its geometry often called its structure. While the structure of diatomic, triatomic or tetra atomic molecules may be trivial, (linear, angular pyramidal etc.) the structure of polyatomic molecules, that are constituted of more than six atoms (of several elements) can be crucial for its chemical nature.
Mole and amount of substance[link]
Main article: Mole (unit)
Mole is a unit to measure amount of substance (also called chemical amount). A mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities (atoms, molecules or ions) as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram (or 12 grams) of carbon-12, where the carbon-12 atoms are unbound, at rest and in their ground state.[41] The number of entities per mole is known as the Avogadro constant, and is determined empirically. The currently accepted value is 6.02214179(30)×1023 mol−1 (2007 CODATA). One way to understand the meaning of the term "mole" is to compare and contrast it to terms such as dozen. Just as one dozen eggs contains 12 individual eggs, one mole contains 6.02214179(30)×1023 atoms, molecules or other particles. The term is used because it is much easier to say, for example, 1 mole of carbon, than it is to say 6.02214179(30)×1023 carbon atoms, and because moles of chemicals represent a scale that is easy to experience.
The amount of substance of a solute per volume of solution is known as amount of substance concentration, or molarity for short. Molarity is the quantity most commonly used to express the concentration of a solution in the chemical laboratory. The most commonly used units for molarity are mol/L (the official SI units are mol/m3).
Ions and salts[link]
Main article: Ion
An ion is a charged species, an atom or a molecule, that has lost or gained one or more electrons. Positively charged cations (e.g. sodium cation Na+) and negatively charged anions (e.g. chloride Cl−) can form a crystalline lattice of neutral salts (e.g. sodium chloride NaCl). Examples of polyatomic ions that do not split up during acid-base reactions are hydroxide (OH−) and phosphate (PO43−).
Ions in the gaseous phase are often known as plasma.
Acidity and basicity[link]
Main article: Acid–base reaction
A substance can often be classified as an acid or a base. There are several different theories which explain acid-base behavior. The simplest is Arrhenius theory, which states than an acid is a substance that produces hydronium ions when it is dissolved in water, and a base is one that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. According to Brønsted–Lowry acid-base theory, acids are substances that donate a positive hydrogen ion to another substance in a chemical reaction; by extension, a base is the substance which receives that hydrogen ion.
A third common theory is Lewis acid-base theory, which is based on the formation of new chemical bonds. Lewis theory explains that an acid is a substance which is capable of accepting a pair of electrons from another substance during the process of bond formation, while a base is a substance which can provide a pair of electrons to form a new bond. According to concept as per Lewis, the crucial things being exchanged are charges.[42][unreliable source?] There are several other ways in which a substance may be classified as an acid or a base, as is evident in the history of this concept [43]
Acid strength is commonly measured by two methods. One measurement, based on the Arrhenius definition of acidity, is pH, which is a measurement of the hydronium ion concentration in a solution, as expressed on a negative logarithmic scale. Thus, solutions that have a low pH have a high hydronium ion concentration, and can be said to be more acidic. The other measurement, based on the Brønsted–Lowry definition, is the acid dissociation constant (Ka), which measure the relative ability of a substance to act as an acid under the Brønsted–Lowry definition of an acid. That is, substances with a higher Ka are more likely to donate hydrogen ions in chemical reactions than those with lower Ka values.
Phase[link]
Main article: Phase (matter)
In addition to the specific chemical properties that distinguish different chemical classifications chemicals can exist in several phases. For the most part, the chemical classifications are independent of these bulk phase classifications; however, some more exotic phases are incompatible with certain chemical properties. A phase is a set of states of a chemical system that have similar bulk structural properties, over a range of conditions, such as pressure or temperature.
Physical properties, such as density and refractive index tend to fall within values characteristic of the phase. The phase of matter is defined by the phase transition, which is when energy put into or taken out of the system goes into rearranging the structure of the system, instead of changing the bulk conditions.
Sometimes the distinction between phases can be continuous instead of having a discrete boundary, in this case the matter is considered to be in a supercritical state. When three states meet based on the conditions, it is known as a triple point and since this is invariant, it is a convenient way to define a set of conditions.
The most familiar examples of phases are solids, liquids, and gases. Many substances exhibit multiple solid phases. For example, there are three phases of solid iron (alpha, gamma, and delta) that vary based on temperature and pressure. A principal difference between solid phases is the crystal structure, or arrangement, of the atoms. Another phase commonly encountered in the study of chemistry is the aqueous phase, which is the state of substances dissolved in aqueous solution (that is, in water).
Less familiar phases include plasmas, Bose-Einstein condensates and fermionic condensates and the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases of magnetic materials. While most familiar phases deal with three-dimensional systems, it is also possible to define analogs in two-dimensional systems, which has received attention for its relevance to systems in biology.
Redox[link]
Main article: Redox
It is a concept related to the ability of atoms of various substances to lose or gain electrons. Substances that have the ability to oxidize other substances are said to be oxidative and are known as oxidizing agents, oxidants or oxidizers. An oxidant removes electrons from another substance. Similarly, substances that have the ability to reduce other substances are said to be reductive and are known as reducing agents, reductants, or reducers.
A reductant transfers electrons to another substance, and is thus oxidized itself. And because it "donates" electrons it is also called an electron donor. Oxidation and reduction properly refer to a change in oxidation number—the actual transfer of electrons may never occur. Thus, oxidation is better defined as an increase in oxidation number, and reduction as a decrease in oxidation number.
Bonding[link]
Main article: Chemical bond
Atoms sticking together in molecules or crystals are said to be bonded with one another. A chemical bond may be visualized as the multipole balance between the positive charges in the nuclei and the negative charges oscillating about them.[44] More than simple attraction and repulsion, the energies and distributions characterize the availability of an electron to bond to another atom.
A chemical bond can be a covalent bond, an ionic bond, a hydrogen bond or just because of Van der Waals force. Each of these kind of bond is ascribed to some potential. These potentials create the interactions which hold atoms together in molecules or crystals. In many simple compounds, Valence Bond Theory, the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion model (VSEPR), and the concept of oxidation number can be used to explain molecular structure and composition.
Similarly, theories from classical physics can be used to predict many ionic structures. With more complicated compounds, such as metal complexes, valence bond theory is less applicable and alternative approaches, such as the molecular orbital theory, are generally used. See diagram on electronic orbitals.
Reaction[link]
Main article: Chemical reaction
When a chemical substance is transformed as a result of its interaction with another or energy, a chemical reaction is said to have occurred. Chemical reaction is therefore a concept related to the 'reaction' of a substance when it comes in close contact with another, whether as a mixture or a solution; exposure to some form of energy, or both. It results in some energy exchange between the constituents of the reaction as well with the system environment which may be designed vessels which are often laboratory glassware.
Chemical reactions can result in the formation or dissociation of molecules, that is, molecules breaking apart to form two or more smaller molecules, or rearrangement of atoms within or across molecules. Chemical reactions usually involve the making or breaking of chemical bonds. Oxidation, reduction, dissociation, acid-base neutralization and molecular rearrangement are some of the commonly used kinds of chemical reactions.
A chemical reaction can be symbolically depicted through a chemical equation. While in a non-nuclear chemical reaction the number and kind of atoms on both sides of the equation are equal, for a nuclear reaction this holds true only for the nuclear particles viz. protons and neutrons.[45]
The sequence of steps in which the reorganization of chemical bonds may be taking place in the course of a chemical reaction is called its mechanism. A chemical reaction can be envisioned to take place in a number of steps, each of which may have a different speed. Many reaction intermediates with variable stability can thus be envisaged during the course of a reaction. Reaction mechanisms are proposed to explain the kinetics and the relative product mix of a reaction. Many physical chemists specialize in exploring and proposing the mechanisms of various chemical reactions. Several empirical rules, like the Woodward-Hoffmann rules often come handy while proposing a mechanism for a chemical reaction.
According to the IUPAC gold book a chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical species".[46] Accordingly, a chemical reaction may be an elementary reaction or a stepwise reaction. An additional caveat is made, in that this definition includes cases where the interconversion of conformers is experimentally observable. Such detectable chemical reactions normally involve sets of molecular entities as indicated by this definition, but it is often conceptually convenient to use the term also for changes involving single molecular entities (i.e. 'microscopic chemical events').
Equilibrium[link]
Main article: Chemical equilibrium
Although the concept of equilibrium is widely used across sciences, in the context of chemistry, it arises whenever a number of different states of the chemical composition are possible. For example, in a mixture of several chemical compounds that can react with one another, or when a substance can be present in more than one kind of phase.
A system of chemical substances at equilibrium even though having an unchanging composition is most often not static; molecules of the substances continue to react with one another thus giving rise to a dynamic equilibrium. Thus the concept describes the state in which the parameters such as chemical composition remain unchanged over time. Chemicals present in biological systems are invariably not at equilibrium; rather they are far from equilibrium.
Energy[link]
Main article: Energy
In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances involved. Some energy is transferred between the surroundings and the reactants of the reaction in the form of heat or light; thus the products of a reaction may have more or less energy than the reactants.
A reaction is said to be exergonic if the final state is lower on the energy scale than the initial state; in the case of endergonic reactions the situation is the reverse. A reaction is said to be exothermic if the reaction releases heat to the surroundings; in the case of endothermic reactions, the reaction absorbs heat from the surroundings.
Chemical reactions are invariably not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy. The speed of a chemical reaction (at given temperature T) is related to the activation energy E, by the Boltzmann's population factor Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): e^{-E/kT}
- that is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T. This exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature is known as the Arrhenius equation.
The activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction can be in the form of heat, light, electricity or mechanical force in the form of ultrasound.[47]
A related concept free energy, which also incorporates entropy considerations, is a very useful means for predicting the feasibility of a reaction and determining the state of equilibrium of a chemical reaction, in chemical thermodynamics. A reaction is feasible only if the total change in the Gibbs free energy is negative, Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \Delta G \le 0 \,
- if it is equal to zero the chemical reaction is said to be at equilibrium.
There exist only limited possible states of energy for electrons, atoms and molecules. These are determined by the rules of quantum mechanics, which require quantization of energy of a bound system. The atoms/molecules in a higher energy state are said to be excited. The molecules/atoms of substance in an excited energy state are often much more reactive; that is, more amenable to chemical reactions.
The phase of a substance is invariably determined by its energy and the energy of its surroundings. When the intermolecular forces of a substance are such that the energy of the surroundings is not sufficient to overcome them, it occurs in a more ordered phase like liquid or solid as is the case with water (H2O); a liquid at room temperature because its molecules are bound by hydrogen bonds.[48] Whereas hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gas at room temperature and standard pressure, as its molecules are bound by weaker dipole-dipole interactions.
The transfer of energy from one chemical substance to another depends on the size of energy quanta emitted from one substance. However, heat energy is often transferred more easily from almost any substance to another because the phonons responsible for vibrational and rotational energy levels in a substance have much less energy than photons invoked for the electronic energy transfer. Thus, because vibrational and rotational energy levels are more closely spaced than electronic energy levels, heat is more easily transferred between substances relative to light or other forms of electronic energy. For example, ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation is not transferred with as much efficacy from one substance to another as thermal or electrical energy.
The existence of characteristic energy levels for different chemical substances is useful for their identification by the analysis of spectral lines. Different kinds of spectra are often used in chemical spectroscopy, e.g. IR, microwave, NMR, ESR, etc. Spectroscopy is also used to identify the composition of remote objects - like stars and distant galaxies - by analyzing their radiation spectra.
Emission spectrum of iron
The term chemical energy is often used to indicate the potential of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction or to transform other chemical substances.
Chemical laws[link]
Main article: Chemical law
Chemical reactions are governed by certain laws, which have become fundamental concepts in chemistry. Some of them are:
- Avogadro's law
- Beer-Lambert law
- Boyle's law (1662, relating pressure and volume)
- Charles's law (1787, relating volume and temperature)
- Fick's law of diffusion
- Gay-Lussac's law (1809, relating pressure and temperature)
- Le Chatelier's Principle
- Henry's law
- Hess's Law
- Law of conservation of energy leads to the important concepts of equilibrium, thermodynamics, and kinetics.
- Law of conservation of mass continues to be conserved in isolated systems, even in modern physics. However, special relativity shows that due to mass-energy equivalence, whenever non-material "energy" (heat, light, kinetic energy) is removed from a non-isolated system, some mass will be lost with it. High energy losses result in loss of weighable amounts of mass, an important topic in nuclear chemistry.
- Law of definite composition, although in many systems (notably biomacromolecules and minerals) the ratios tend to require large numbers, and are frequently represented as a fraction.
- Law of multiple proportions
- Raoult's Law
Subdisciplines[link]
Chemistry is typically divided into several major sub-disciplines. There are also several main cross-disciplinary and more specialized fields of chemistry.[49]
- Analytical chemistry is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Analytical chemistry incorporates standardized experimental methods in chemistry. These methods may be used in all subdisciplines of chemistry, excluding purely theoretical chemistry.
- Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals, chemical reactions and chemical interactions that take place in living organisms. Biochemistry and organic chemistry are closely related, as in medicinal chemistry or neurochemistry. Biochemistry is also associated with molecular biology and genetics.
- Inorganic chemistry is the study of the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. The distinction between organic and inorganic disciplines is not absolute and there is much overlap, most importantly in the sub-discipline of organometallic chemistry.
- Materials chemistry is the preparation, characterization, and understanding of substances with a useful function. The field is a new breadth of study in graduate programs, and it integrates elements from all classical areas of chemistry with a focus on fundamental issues that are unique to materials. Primary systems of study include the chemistry of condensed phases (solids, liquids, polymers) and interfaces between different phases.
- Neurochemistry is the study of neurochemicals; including transmitters, peptides, proteins, lipids, sugars, and nucleic acids; their interactions, and the roles they play in forming, maintaining, and modifying the nervous system.
- Nuclear chemistry is the study of how subatomic particles come together and make nuclei. Modern Transmutation is a large component of nuclear chemistry, and the table of nuclides is an important result and tool for this field.
- Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, mechanisms, and reactions of organic compounds. An organic compound is defined as any compound based on a carbon skeleton.
- Physical chemistry is the study of the physical and fundamental basis of chemical systems and processes. In particular, the energetics and dynamics of such systems and processes are of interest to physical chemists. Important areas of study include chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, statistical mechanics, spectroscopy, and more recently, astrochemistry.[50] Physical chemistry has large overlap with molecular physics. Physical chemistry involves the use of infinitesimal calculus in deriving equations. It is usually associated with quantum chemistry and theoretical chemistry. Physical chemistry is a distinct discipline from chemical physics, but again, there is very strong overlap.
- Theoretical chemistry is the study of chemistry via fundamental theoretical reasoning (usually within mathematics or physics). In particular the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is called quantum chemistry. Since the end of the Second World War, the development of computers has allowed a systematic development of computational chemistry, which is the art of developing and applying computer programs for solving chemical problems. Theoretical chemistry has large overlap with (theoretical and experimental) condensed matter physics and molecular physics.
Other disciplines within chemistry are traditionally grouped by the type of matter being studied or the kind of study. These include inorganic chemistry, the study of inorganic matter; organic chemistry, the study of organic (carbon based) matter; biochemistry, the study of substances found in biological organisms; physical chemistry, the study of chemical processes using physical concepts such as thermodynamics and quantum mechanics; and analytical chemistry, the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Many more specialized disciplines have emerged in recent years, e.g. neurochemistry the chemical study of the nervous system (see subdisciplines).
Other fields include agrochemistry, astrochemistry (and cosmochemistry), atmospheric chemistry, chemical engineering, chemical biology, chemo-informatics, electrochemistry, environmental chemistry, femtochemistry, flavor chemistry, flow chemistry, geochemistry, green chemistry, histochemistry, history of chemistry, hydrogenation chemistry, immunochemistry, marine chemistry, materials science, mathematical chemistry, mechanochemistry, medicinal chemistry, molecular biology, molecular mechanics, nanotechnology, natural product chemistry, oenology, organometallic chemistry, petrochemistry, pharmacology, photochemistry, physical organic chemistry, phytochemistry, polymer chemistry, radiochemistry, solid-state chemistry, sonochemistry, supramolecular chemistry, surface chemistry, synthetic chemistry, thermochemistry, and many others.
Chemical industry[link]
Main article: Chemical industry
The chemical industry represents an important economic activity. The global top 50 chemical producers in 2004 had sales of 587 billion US dollars with a profit margin of 8.1% and research and development spending of 2.1% of total chemical sales.[51]
Professional societies[link]
- American Chemical Society
- American Society for Neurochemistry
- Chemical Institute of Canada
- Chemical Society of Peru
- International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Royal Australian Chemical Institute
- Royal Netherlands Chemical Society
- Royal Society of Chemistry
- Society of Chemical Industry
- World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists
- List of chemistry societies
See also[link]
 |
Book: Chemistry |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
Main article: Outline of chemistry
- Common chemicals
- International Year of Chemistry
- List of chemists
- List of compounds
- List of important publications in chemistry
- List of software for molecular mechanics modeling
- List of unsolved problems in chemistry
- Periodic Systems of Small Molecules
- Periodic table
- Philosophy of chemistry
References[link]
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- ^ Is chemistry a branch of physics? a paper by Mario Bunge
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"Humboldt regards the Muslims as the founders of chemistry." - ^ Will Durant (1935): Our Oriental Heritage: Simon & Schuster:
"Something has been said about the chemical excellence of cast iron in ancient India, and about the high industrial development of the Gupta times, when India was looked to, even by Imperial Rome, as the most skilled of the nations in such chemical industries as dyeing, tanning, soap-making, glass and cement... By the sixth century the Hindus were far ahead of Europe in industrial chemistry; they were masters of calcination, distillation, sublimation, steaming, fixation, the production of light without heat, the mixing of anesthetic and soporific powders, and the preparation of metallic salts, compounds and alloys. The tempering of steel was brought in ancient India to a perfection unknown in Europe till our own times; King Porus is said to have selected, as a specially valuable gift from Alexander, not gold or silver, but thirty pounds of steel. The Moslems took much of this Hindu chemical science and industry to the Near East and Europe; the secret of manufacturing "Damascus" blades, for example, was taken by the Arabs from the Persians, and by the Persians from India."" - ^ Eagle, Cassandra T.; Jennifer Sloan (1998). "Marie Anne Paulze Lavoisier: The Mother of Modern Chemistry" (PDF). The Chemical Educator 3 (5): 1–18. DOI:10.1007/s00897980249a. http://www.springerlink.com/content/x14v35m5n8822v42/fulltext.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
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- ^ Mi Gyung Kim (2003). Affinity, that Elusive Dream: A Genealogy of the Chemical Revolution. MIT Press. p. 440. ISBN 0-262-11273-6.
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- ^ Timeline of Element Discovery - About.com
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Further reading[link]
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- Popular reading
- Atkins, P.W. Galileo's Finger (Oxford University Press) ISBN 0-19-860941-8
- Atkins, P.W. Atkins' Molecules (Cambridge University Press) ISBN 0-521-82397-8
- Kean, Sam. The Disappearing Spoon - and other true tales from the Periodic Table (Black Swan) London, 2010 ISBN 978-0-552-77750-6
- Levi, Primo The Periodic Table (Penguin Books) [1975] translated from the Italian by Raymond Rosenthal (1984) ISBN 978-0-14-139944-7
- Stwertka, A. A Guide to the Elements (Oxford University Press) ISBN 0-19-515027-9
- Introductory undergraduate text books
- Atkins, P.W., Overton, T., Rourke, J., Weller, M. and Armstrong, F. Shriver and Atkins inorganic chemistry (4th edition) 2006 (Oxford University Press) ISBN 0-19-926463-5
- Chang, Raymond. Chemistry 6th ed. Boston: James M. Smith, 1998. ISBN 0-07-115221-0.
- Clayden, Jonathan; Greeves, Nick; Warren, Stuart; Wothers, Peter (2001). Organic Chemistry (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850346-0.
- Voet and Voet Biochemistry (Wiley) ISBN 0-471-58651-X
- Advanced undergraduate-level or graduate text books
- Atkins, P.W. Physical Chemistry (Oxford University Press) ISBN 0-19-879285-9
- Atkins, P.W. et al. Molecular Quantum Mechanics (Oxford University Press)
- McWeeny, R. Coulson's Valence (Oxford Science Publications) ISBN 0-19-855144-4
- Pauling, L. The Nature of the chemical bond (Cornell University Press) ISBN 0-8014-0333-2
- Pauling, L., and Wilson, E. B. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics with Applications to Chemistry (Dover Publications) ISBN 0-486-64871-0
- Smart and Moore Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction (Chapman and Hall) ISBN 0-412-40040-5
- Stephenson, G. Mathematical Methods for Science Students (Longman) ISBN 0-582-44416-0
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