- published: 25 May 2011
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- author: kgaudry01050809
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- Accipitriformes
- Actinopterygii
- Adaptation
- Adaptive radiation
- Adelie Penguin
- African Scops Owl
- Agriculture
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- Geomagnetism
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- Gregory S. Paul
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- History of Italy
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- Journal of Zoology
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- Jurassic
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- Kevin Padian
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- Kokako
- Kyrgyzsaurus
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- Lez НуькӀ
- Liaoning
- Linnaean taxonomy
- List of bird genera
- List of birds
- List of fossil birds
- Lizard
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- Longisquama
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- Loriculus
- Lories and lorikeets
- Lucianosaurus
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- Megalancosaurinae
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- Messenger pigeon
- Metabolism
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- Microraptor
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- Modern birds
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- Mutualism (biology)
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- Nature (journal)
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- Orbit (anatomy)
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- Pelecaniformes
- Pelican
- Pellet (ornithology)
- Pelvis
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- Persian Empire
- Pest (organism)
- Pesticide
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- Phalaropes
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- Philip J. Currie
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- Photoreceptor cell
- Phylocode
- Phylogenetics
- Phytosauria
- Phytosauridae
- Piciformes
- Pigeon racing
- Pinna (anatomy)
- Pitohui
- Plover
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- Podicipediformes
- Polaris
- Polyandry
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- Polygyny
- Polynesia
- Popular culture
- Portal Birds
- Poukai
- Poultry
- Precambrian
- Precocial
- Predator
- Prion (bird)
- Procellariiformes
- Prolacerta
- Prolacertidae
- Promiscuity
- Protanystropheus
- Protecovasaurus
- Proterochampsa
- Proterochampsia
- Proterochampsidae
- Proterosuchidae
- Proterosuchus
- Protorosauria
- Protorosauridae
- Protorosaurus
- Pseudosuchia
- Psittacosis
- Pteroclidiformes
- Pterosauria
- PubMed Central
- PubMed Identifier
- Pygostyle
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- Raptor conservation
- Ratite
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- Red blood cells
- Red Kite
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- Reed Warbler
- Religious symbolism
- Reptile
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- Restless Flycatcher
- Retina
- Rhadinosuchidae
- Rhadinosuchus
- Rhynchosauria
- Rhynchosaurus
- Rifleman (bird)
- Ring-necked Pheasant
- Roadkill
- Roc (mythology)
- Rooster
- Safety in numbers
- Salmonellosis
- Salt gland
- Sandgrouse
- Sarcopterygii
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- Saurischia
- Sauropsida
- Scandinavia
- Scavenger
- Science (journal)
- Scops owl
- Screamer
- Seabird
- Season
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- Sex ratio
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- Shansisuchus
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- Sikannisuchus
- Silurian
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- Slow-wave sleep
- Smok
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- Snow Petrel
- Social status
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- Songbird
- Sooty Shearwater
- Sorberacea
- Sound
- South Polar Skua
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- Stanford University
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Alaska
Alaska (
i/əˈlæskə/) is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Alaska is the 4th least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's 722,718 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area.
Alaska was purchased from Russia on March 30, 1867, for $7.2 million ($120 million in today's[when?] dollars) at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km²). The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized (or incorporated) territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.
The name "Alaska" (Аляска) was already introduced in the Russian colonial period, when it was used only for the peninsula and is derived from the Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning "the mainland" or, more literally, "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed". It is also known as Alyeska, the "great land", an Aleut word derived from the same root.
wn.com/Alaska -
Antarctica
Antarctica
This map uses an orthographic projection, near-polar aspect. The South Pole is near the center, where longitudinal lines converge.
Antarctica (
i/æntˈɑrtɨkə/ or /ænˈtɑːktɨkə/) is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million km2 (5.4 million sq mi), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages at least 1 mile (1.6 km) in thickness.
Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 inches) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89 °C (−129 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Only cold-adapted organisms survive there, including many types of algae, animals (for example mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades), bacteria, fungi, plants, and protista. Vegetation where it occurs is tundra.
wn.com/Antarctica -
Boston
Boston (pronounced /ˈbɒstən/ or locally /ˈbɔstən/ (
listen)) is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper, covering only 48.43 square miles, had a population of 617,594 according to the 2010 U.S. Census. Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 7.6 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.
In 1630, Puritan colonists from England founded the city on the Shawmut Peninsula. During the late 18th century, Boston was the location of several major events during the American Revolution, including the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party. Several early battles of the American Revolution, such as the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Siege of Boston, occurred within the city and surrounding areas. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the peninsula. After American independence was attained Boston became a major shipping port and manufacturing center, and its rich history now helps attract many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone attracting over 20 million every year. The city was the site of several firsts, including America's first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and the first subway system in the United States (1897).
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California
California (pronouncedi/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
wn.com/California -
Chile
Chile (i/ˈtʃɪliː/ or /ˈtʃɪleɪ/), officially the Republic of Chile (Spanish: República de Chile [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈtʃile] ( listen)), is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Along with Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America that do not border Brazil. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas and Easter Island. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
Chile's distinctive shape—4,300 kilometres (2,700 mi) long and on average 175 kilometres (109 mi) wide—makes it the longest country in the world, north to south, with the fifth lengthiest coastline at over 78 thousand kilometers. The diverse climate of Chile ranges from the world's driest desert in the north—the Atacama—through a Mediterranean climate in the centre, humid subtropical in Easter Island, to an Oceanic climate, including alpine tundra and glaciers in the east and south. The northern desert contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources, and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands.
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Dinosaur
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period, approximately 230 million years ago, and became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for 135 million years, from the beginning of the Jurassic (about 200 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (65.5 million years ago), when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur groups at the close of the Mesozoic era. The fossil record indicates that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs during the Jurassic, and consequently they are considered a type of dinosaur in modern classification systems. Some birds survived the extinction event that occurred 65 million years ago, and continue the dinosaur lineage to the present day.
wn.com/Dinosaur -
Easter Island
Coordinates: 27°7′S 109°22′W / 27.117°S 109.367°W / -27.117; -109.367
Easter Island (Rapa Nui: Rapa Nui, Spanish: Isla de Pascua) is a Polynesian island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeasternmost point of the Polynesian Triangle. A special territory of Chile that was annexed in 1888, Easter Island is famous for its 887 extant monumental statues, called moai, created by the early Rapanui people. It is a World Heritage Site (as determined by UNESCO) with much of the island protected within Rapa Nui National Park. In recent times the island has served as a warning of the cultural and environmental dangers of overexploitation. Ethnographers and archaeologists also blame diseases carried by European colonizers and slave raiding of the 1860s for devastating the local peoples.
Easter Island is claimed to be the most remote inhabited island in the world.
The name "Easter Island" was given by the island's first recorded European visitor, the Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen, who encountered it on Easter Sunday 1722, while searching for Davis or David's island. Roggeveen named it Paasch-Eyland (18th century Dutch for "Easter Island"). The island's official Spanish name, Isla de Pascua, also means "Easter Island".
wn.com/Easter_Island -
Geomagnetism
Earth's magnetic field (also known as the geomagnetic field) is the magnetic field that extends from the Earth's inner core to where it meets the solar wind, a stream of energetic particles emanating from the Sun. It is approximately the field of a magnetic dipole tilted at an angle of 11 degrees with respect to the rotational axis—as if there were a bar magnet placed at that angle at the center of the Earth. However, unlike the field of a bar magnet, Earth's field changes over time because it is really generated by the motion of molten iron alloys in the Earth's outer core (the geodynamo). The Magnetic North Pole wanders, fortunately slowly enough that the compass is useful for navigation. At random intervals (averaging several hundred thousand years) the Earth's field reverses (the north and south geomagnetic poles change places with each other). These reversals leave a record in rocks that allow paleomagnetists to calculate past motions of continents and ocean floors as a result of plate tectonics. The region above the ionosphere, and extending several tens of thousands of kilometers into space, is called the magnetosphere. This region protects the Earth from cosmic rays that would strip away the upper atmosphere, including the ozone layer that protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
wn.com/Geomagnetism -
Liaoning
Coordinates: 41°06′N 122°18′E / 41.1°N 122.3°E / 41.1; 122.3
Liaoning (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 辽宁; traditional Chinese: 遼寧; pinyin: Liáoníng; Manchu: ᠯᡳᠶᠣᠣ ᠨᡳᠩ, Liyoo ning) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the northeast of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is "辽" (pinyin: liáo), a name taken from the Liao River that flows through the province. "Níng" means "peace". The modern province was established in 1907 as Fengtian province (奉天 pinyin: Fèngtiān; Postal map spelling: Fengtien; Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ, Abkai imiyangga) and the name was changed to Liaoning in 1929. Under the Japanese puppet Manchukuo regime, the province reverted to its 1907 name, but the name Liaoning was restored in 1945.
Liaoning is located in the southern part of the Northeast, and is often called "the Golden Triangle" because of its superior geographical location, with the Yellow Sea (Korea Bay) and the Bohai Sea in the south, North Korea in the southeast, Jilin province to the northeast, Hebei province to the west, and Inner Mongolia to the northwest. The Yalu River marks the border between North Korea and the province. It empties into the Korea Bay between Dandong, Liaoning and Sinŭiju, North Korea.
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Mughal era
The Mughal Empire, Shahan-e-Gurkhani, Shahan-e-Mughal, Sultanate-e-Mughliya, Daulat-e-Mughliya (Persian: شاهان گورکانی Shāhān-e Gūrkānī; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت; self-designation: گوركانى Gūrkānī ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. The Mughal Empire began in 1526; at the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent—extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south. According to "Babur-Nama", Kazakh tribal aristocracy along with number of other Turkic soldiers participated actively in the campaign of Babur, which made great influence over the development of Mughal Empire. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
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Persia
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
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Persian Empire
The Achaemenid Empire (/ækəˈmɛnɪˌdi/; Old Persian: Parsā, name of ruling dynasty: Haxāmanišiya) (c. 550–330 BCE), sometimes known as First Persian Empire, was an Iranian empire in Southwest Asia, founded in the 6th century BCE by Cyrus the Great who overthrew the Median confederation. It expanded to eventually rule over significant portions of the ancient world which at around 500 BCE stretched from the Indus Valley in the east, to Thrace and Macedon on the northeastern border of Greece making it the biggest empire the world had yet seen. The Achaemenid Empire would eventually control Egypt as well. It was ruled by a series of monarchs who unified its disparate tribes and nationalities by constructing a complex network of roads.
Calling themselves the Parsa after their original Aryan tribal name Parsua, Persians settled in a land which they named Parsua, bounded on the west by the Tigris River and on the south by the Persian Gulf. This became their heartland for the duration of the Achaemenid Empire. It was from this region that eventually Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II of Persia) would advance to defeat the Median, the Lydian, and the Babylonian Empires, opening the way for subsequent conquests into Egypt and Asia minor.
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Stanford University
Coordinates: 37°26′N 122°10′W / 37.43°N 122.17°W / 37.43; -122.17
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is an American private research university located in Stanford, California on an 8,180-acre (3,310 ha) campus near Palo Alto, California, United States. It is situated in the northwestern Silicon Valley, approximately 20 miles (32 km) northwest of San Jose and 37 miles (60 km) southeast of San Francisco.
Leland Stanford, a Californian railroad tycoon and politician, and his wife Jane Lathrop Stanford founded the university in 1891 in honor of their son, Leland Stanford, Jr., who died of typhoid two months before his 16th birthday. The university was established as a coeducational and nondenominational institution, but struggled financially after the senior Stanford's 1893 death and after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would become known as Silicon Valley. By 1970, Stanford was home to a linear accelerator, was one of the original four ARPANET nodes, and had transformed itself into a major research university in computer science, mathematics, natural sciences, and social sciences.
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Wales
Walesi/ˈweɪlz/ (Welsh: Cymru;Welsh pronunciation: [ˈkəm.rɨ] ( listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain,bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km2 (8,023 sq mi). Wales has over 1,200 km (750 mi) of coastline, including its offshore islands; the largest, Anglesey (Ynys Môn), is also the largest island in the Irish Sea. Wales is largely mountainous, with its highest peaks in the north and central areas, especially in Snowdonia (Eryri), which contains Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), its highest summit.
During the Iron Age and early medieval period, Wales was inhabited by the Celtic Britons. A distinct Welsh national identity emerged in the centuries after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations today. Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was recognised as King of Wales in 1057. Llywelyn ap Gruffydd's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England's conquest of Wales. The castles and town walls erected to ensure its permanence are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to what was to become modern Wales, in the early 15th century. Wales was subsequently annexed by England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 since when, excluding those matters now devolved to Wales, English law has been the legal system of Wales and England. Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party. Welsh national feeling grew over the century; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and The Welsh Language Society in 1962. The National Assembly for Wales, created in 1999 following a referendum, holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters.
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Alan Feduccia
Alan Feduccia is a paleornithologist, specializing in the origins and phylogeny of birds. He is now Professor Emeritus at the University of North Carolina. Feduccia's principal authored works include two books, The Age of Birds and The Origin and Evolution of Birds, and numerous papers in various ornithological and biological journals. Feduccia is best known for his criticisms of the widely-held view that birds originated from and are deeply nested within Theropoda, and are therefore living theropod dinosaurs. He has argued for an alternative theory in which birds share a common stem-ancestor with theropod dinosaurs among more basal archosaurian lineages, with birds originating from small arboreal archosaurs in the Triassic.
Feduccia graduated with a B.S. from Louisiana State University, taking ornithological expeditions to Honduras, El Salvador and Peru. He received his M.A. and Ph.D. (1969) from the University of Michigan.
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Borana people
The Borana Oromo, also called the Boran, are a pastoralist ethnic group living in southern Ethiopia (Oromia) and northern Kenya. They are a moiety of the Oromo people, the other being the Barentu Oromo.
Oromos in northern Kenya first entered the region from southern Ethiopia during a major migratory expansion in the late 10th century. They then differentiated into the cattle-keeping Borana and the camel-keeping Gabbra and Sakuye.
The Borana speak Borana (or afaani Boraana), which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family of languages. Roughly over 7 million people identify as Boranas.
It is believed that the Borana developed their own calendar around 300 BC. The Borana calendar is a lunar-stellar calendrical system, relying on astronomical observations of the moon in conjunction with seven particular stars or constellations. Borana Months (Stars/Lunar Phases) are Bittottessa (iangulum), Camsa (Pleiades), Bufa (Aldebarran), Waxabajjii (Belletrix), Obora Gudda (Central Orion-Saiph), Obora Dikka (Sirius), Birra (full moon), Cikawa (gibbous moon), Sadasaa (quarter moon), Abrasa (large crescent), Ammaji (medium crescent), and Gurrandala (small crescent).
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Bradley C. Livezey
Bradley Curtis Livezey (15 June 1954 – 8 February 2011) was an American ornithologist. His main research included the evolution of flightless birds, the ecology and the behaviour of steamer ducks, genetic analysis of birds, and avian diseases.
Livezey was born in Massachusetts but often moving, grew up mostly in Chicago. His interest in birds developed early. Livezey earned a Bachelor of Science at Oregon State University in 1976. In 1979 he earned his first Master of Science degree at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in wildlife ecology and in 1984 his second in mathematics at the University of Kansas. In 1985 he completed a Ph.D. with his thesis Systematics and flightlessness of steamer-ducks (Anatidae: Tachyeres) at the University of Kansas.
Livezey's research work dealt with controversial areas of bird phylogenetics and taxonomy. While Livezey's colleagues often used DNA analysis to support their research, Livezey demonstrated a more traditional approach, based on exhaustive studies of bone shape and other characteristics. His general interests included phylogenetic relationships of avian families, phylogenetic relationships of waterfowl, evolution of avian flightlessness, comparative osteology of birds, multivariate morphometrics, and avian paleontology.
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Carolus Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (Swedish original name Carl Nilsson Linnæus, 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné (help·info), was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology. Many of his writings were in Latin, and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus (after 1761 Carolus a Linné).
Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland, in southern Sweden. Linnaeus received most of his higher education at Uppsala University, and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730. He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738, where he studied and also published a first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands. He then returned to Sweden, where he became professor of botany at Uppsala. In the 1740s, he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals. In the 1750s and 60s, he continued to collect and classify animals, plants, and minerals, and published several volumes. At the time of his death, he was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe.
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Catullus
Gaius Valerius Catullus (ca. 84 BC – ca. 54 BC) was a Latin poet of the Republican period. His surviving works are still read widely, and continue to influence poetry and other forms of art.
Catullus came from a leading equestrian family of Verona in Cisalpine Gaul, and according to St. Jerome, he was born in the town. The family was prominent enough for his father to entertain Caesar, then proconsul of both Gallic provinces. In one of his poems Catullus describes his happy return to the family villa at Sirmio on Lake Garda near Verona. The poet also owned a villa near the fashionable resort of Tibur (modern Tivoli);; his complaints about his poverty described in his works do not reflect his life.
The poet appears to have spent most of his young adult years in Rome. His friends there included the poets Licinius Calvus, and Helvius Cinna, Quintus Hortensius (son of the orator and rival of Cicero) and the biographer Cornelius Nepos, to whom Catullus dedicated the extant libellus which is the basis of his fame. He appears to have been acquainted with the poet Marcus Furius Bibaculus. A number of prominent contemporaries appear in his poetry, including Cicero, Caesar and Pompey. According to an anecdote preserved by Suetonius, Caesar did not deny that Catullus's lampoons left an indelible stain on his reputation, but when Catullus apologized, he invited the poet for dinner the very same day.
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Charles Sibley
Charles Gald Sibley (August 7, 1917 – April 12, 1998) was an American ornithologist and molecular biologist. He had an immense influence on the scientific classification of birds, and the work that Sibley initiated has substantially altered our understanding of the evolutionary history of modern birds.
Sibley's taxonomy has been a major influence on the sequences adoped by ornithological organizations, especially the American Ornithologists' Union.
Charles Sibley is of no known family relation to renowned bird artist David Sibley.
Educated in California (A.B. 1940; Ph.D. 1948 in Zoology, University of California, Berkeley. Minor fields: Paleontology, Botany), he did his first fieldwork in Mexico in 1939 and 1941, then in Solomon Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea, and the Philippines during World War II while on leave from the U.S. Navy, in which he was Ensign to Lieutenant in the Communications and Medical Service Corps. He was based for much of the war at Emirau Island, in what is now New Ireland Province of Papua New Guinea. His first job after college was from 1948-1949 as Instructor in Zoology and Curator of Birds, University of Kansas, followed from 1949-1953 as Assistant Professor of Zoology, San Jose State College, California. From 1953-1965 he was Associate Professor then Professor of Zoology and director of the ornithological laboratory at Cornell. From 1965–1986 he was Professor of Biology and William Robertson Coe Prof. of Ornithology, Dept of Biology; and Curator of Birds at the Peabody Museum at Yale. From 1986–1992 he was Dean's Professor of Science and Professor of Biology at San Francisco State University, and from 1993 until his death he was Adjunct Professor of Biology at Sonoma State University.
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David Attenborough
Sir David Frederick Attenborough ( /ˈætənbərə/) OM, CH, CVO, CBE, FRS, FZS, FSA (born 8 May 1926) is a British broadcaster and naturalist.
His career as the face and voice of natural history programmes has endured for more than 50 years. He is best known for writing and presenting the nine Life series, in conjunction with the BBC Natural History Unit, which collectively form a comprehensive survey of all life on the planet. He is also a former senior manager at the BBC, having served as controller of BBC Two and director of programming for BBC Television in the 1960s and 1970s.
Attenborough is widely considered a national treasure in Britain, although he himself does not care for the term. He is a younger brother of director, producer and actor Richard Attenborough.
Attenborough was born in Isleworth, west London, but grew up in College House on the campus of the University College, Leicester, where his father, Frederick, was principal. He is the middle of three sons (his elder brother, Richard, became an actor and his younger brother, John, an executive at Italian car manufacturer Alfa Romeo). During World War II his parents also adopted two Jewish refugee girls from Europe.
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Dravidian people
Dravidian people or peoples or is a term used to refer to the diverse groups of people who natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. Populations of speakers of around 220 million are found mostly in Southern India. Other Dravidian people are found in parts of central India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan. The most populous Dravidian people are the Telugus, Tamils, Kannadigas and the Malayalis. Smaller Dravidian communities with 1–5 million speakers are the Tuluvas, Gonds and Brahui.
There are two definitions for Dravidian ethnicity which are generally divided between proposing that Dravidian people are an ethnic group in their own right, or Dravidian peoples are a collective group of ethnolinguistic ethnicities. The World Book encyclopedia, Volume 10 says: "Most southern Indians belong to the Dravidian ethnic group;" referring to them as one ethnic group, while the The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Volume 8; Volume 21 refers to 'Dravidian ethnic groups', suggesting the latter definition. Hence, depending on the definition and context, both 'Dravidian people' and 'Dravidian peoples' may be used.
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Ernst W. Mayr
Ernst Walter Mayr (July 5, 1904 – February 3, 2005) was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists. He was also a renowned taxonomist, tropical explorer, ornithologist, historian of science, and naturalist. His work contributed to the conceptual revolution that led to the modern evolutionary synthesis of Mendelian genetics, systematics, and Darwinian evolution, and to the development of the biological species concept.
Neither Charles Darwin nor anyone else in his time knew the answer to the species problem: how multiple species could evolve from a single common ancestor. Ernst Mayr approached the problem with a new definition for the concept of species. In his book Systematics and the Origin of Species (1942) he wrote that a species is not just a group of morphologically similar individuals, but a group that can breed only among themselves, excluding all others. When populations within a species become isolated by geography, feeding strategy, mate selection, or other means, they may start to differ from other populations through genetic drift and natural selection, and over time may evolve into new species. The most significant and rapid genetic reorganization occurs in extremely small populations that have been isolated (as on islands).
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Francis Willughby
Francis Willughby (sometimes spelt Willoughby) (22 November 1635 – 3 July 1672) was an English ornithologist and ichthyologist. He was a student, friend and colleague of the naturalist John Ray at Cambridge University, and shared some of his expeditions and interests. Ray saw Willughby's Ornithologia libri tres through the press after Willughby's sudden death.
Willughby was born at Middleton Hall, Warwickshire to Sir Francis Willoughby and Cassandra Ridgway. He studied at Bishop Vesey's Grammar School, Sutton Coldfield and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1667 he married Emma Barnard, daughter of Sir Henry Barnard of Bridgnorth and London. They had three children. The first child, Francis, died at the age of nineteen, while his daughter Cassandra Willoughby married the Duke Chandos, who was a patron of Mark Catesby. His second son was Thomas, who became Baron Middleton, one of ten peers created by Queen Anne.
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Gregory S. Paul
Gregory Scott Paul (24 December 1954) is an American freelance researcher, author and illustrator who works in paleontology, and more recently has examined sociology and theology. He is best known for his work and research on theropod dinosaurs and his detailed illustrations, both live and skeletal. Professionally investigating and restoring dinosaurs for three decades, Paul received an on-screen credit as dinosaur specialist on Jurassic Park and Discovery Channel's When Dinosaurs Roamed America and Dinosaur Planet. He is the author and illustrator of Predatory Dinosaurs of the World (1988), The Complete Illustrated Guide to Dinosaur Skeletons (1996), Dinosaurs of the Air (2001), The Princeton Field Guide To Dinosaurs (2010), Gregory S. Paul's Dinosaur Coffee Table Book (2010), and editor of The Scientific American Book of Dinosaurs (2000). Paul's recent research on the interactions of religion and society has received international press and media coverage.
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Homer
In the Western classical tradition, Homer ( /ˈhoʊmər/; Ancient Greek: Ὅμηρος, Hómēros) is the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and is revered as the greatest ancient Greek epic poet. These epics lie at the beginning of the Western canon of literature, and have had an enormous influence on the history of literature.
When he lived is unknown. Herodotus estimates that Homer lived 400 years before Herodotus' own time, which would place him at around 850 BC; while other ancient sources claim that he lived much nearer to the supposed time of the Trojan War, in the early 12th century BC. Modern researchers appear to place Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC.
The formative influence played by the Homeric epics in shaping Greek culture was widely recognized, and Homer was described as the teacher of Greece. Homer's works, which are about fifty percent speeches, provided models in persuasive speaking and writing that were emulated throughout the ancient and medieval Greek worlds. Fragments of Homer account for nearly half of all identifiable Greek literary papyrus finds.
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Jacques Gauthier
Jacques Armand Gauthier is a vertebrate paleontologist, comparative morphologist, and systematist, and one of the founders of the use of cladistics in biology.
He received a B.S. degree in Zoology at San Diego State University in 1973, a Masters of Science at the same institute in 1980, and a PhD in Paleontology from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1984. Currently he is a Professor of Geology and Geophysics and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology and Vertebrate Zoology at Yale University. His master's thesis, the content of which was published in 1982, is a classic work on the paleontology and phylogeny of the lizard clade Anguimorpha that remains a core reference for morphological research on Xenosauridae and Anguidae in particular. His PhD thesis constituted the first major cladistic analysis of Diapsida, as well as arguing for the monophyly of the dinosaurs. He followed this with an important paper on the origin of birds from theropods. This was the first detailed cladistic analysis of the theropod dinosaurs, and initiated a revolution in dinosaur phylogenetics, in which cladistics replaced the Linnaean system in the classification and phylogenetic understanding of the dinosaurs.
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John James Audubon
John James Audubon (Jean-Jacques Audubon) (April 26, 1785 – January 27, 1851) was a French-American ornithologist, naturalist, and painter. He was notable for his expansive studies to document all types of American birds and for his detailed illustrations that depicted the birds in their natural habitats. His major work, a color-plate book entitled The Birds of America (1827–1839), is considered one of the finest ornithological works ever completed. Audubon identified 25 new species and a number of new sub-species.
Jean-Jacques Audubon was born in Les Cayes in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) on his father's sugar plantation. He was the illegitimate (or natural) son of Lieutenant Jean Audubon, a French naval officer (and privateer) from the south of Britanny, and his mistress Jeanne Rabine, a 27 -year-old creole chambermaid from Les Touches in the same Province of Britanny (now in the modern région Pays de la Loire). They named the boy Jean Rabin. His mother died when the boy was a few months old, as she had suffered from tropical disease since arriving on the island. His father already had two mixed-race children by his mulatto housekeeper, Sanitte (described as a quadroon, meaning she was three-quarters European in ancestry). Following Jeanne Rabin's death, Jean Audubon renewed his relationship with Sanitte and had another daughter by her, named Rose. Sanitte also took care of the infant boy Jean.
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John Ray
John Ray (29 November 1627 – 17 January 1705) was an English naturalist, sometimes referred to as the father of English natural history. Until 1670, he wrote his name as John Wray. From then on, he used 'Ray', after "having ascertained that such had been the practice of his family before him".
He published important works on botany, zoology, and natural theology. His classification of plants in his Historia Plantarum, was an important step towards modern taxonomy. Ray rejected the system of dichotomous division by which species were classified according to a pre-conceived, either/or type system, and instead classified plants according to similarities and differences that emerged from observation. Thus he advanced scientific empiricism against the deductive rationalism of the scholastics. He was the first to give a biological definition of the term species.
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Jon Ahlquist
Jon Edward Ahlquist is an American molecular biologist and ornithologist who has specialized in molecular phylogenetics. He has collaborated extensively with Charles Sibley, primarily at Yale University. By 1987, both Ahlquist and Sibley had left Yale. In 1988, Ahlquist and Sibley were awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal by the National Academy of Sciences. In January 1991 (often listed as 1990), Charles Sibley and Ahlquist published Phylogeny and Classification of Birds, which presented a new phylogeny for birds based on DNA-DNA hybridisation techniques, known as the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy. At that time, he was an associate professor of zoology at Ohio University. In 1999, Ahlquist was retired (Ahlquist, 1999).
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Jon Edward Ahlquist
Jon Edward Ahlquist is an American molecular biologist and ornithologist who has specialized in molecular phylogenetics. He has collaborated extensively with Charles Sibley, primarily at Yale University. By 1987, both Ahlquist and Sibley had left Yale. In 1988, Ahlquist and Sibley were awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal by the National Academy of Sciences. In January 1991 (often listed as 1990), Charles Sibley and Ahlquist published Phylogeny and Classification of Birds, which presented a new phylogeny for birds based on DNA-DNA hybridisation techniques, known as the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy. At that time, he was an associate professor of zoology at Ohio University. In 1999, Ahlquist was retired (Ahlquist, 1999).
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Jonah
Jonah (Hebrew: יוֹנָה, Modern Yona Tiberian Yônā ; dove; Arabic: يونس, Yūnus or يونان, Yūnān; Greek/Latin: Ionas) is the name given in the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh/Old Testament) to a prophet of the northern kingdom of Israel in about the 8th century BC, the eponymous central character in the Book of Jonah, famous for being swallowed by a fish or a whale, depending on translation. The Biblical story of Jonah is also repeated, with minor changes, in the Qur'an.
Jonah son of Amittai appears in 2 Kings as a prophet from Gath-Hepher (a few miles north of Nazareth) active during the reign of Jeroboam II (c.786-746 BC), where he predicts that Jeroboam will recover certain lost territories.
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Kevin Padian
Kevin Padian (born 1951) is a Professor of Integrative Biology at the University of California, Berkeley, Curator of Paleontology, University of California Museum of Paleontology and President of the National Center for Science Education. Padian's area of interest is in vertebrate evolution, especially the origins of flight and the evolution of birds from theropod dinosaurs. He served as an expert witness for the plaintiffs in the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District trial, and his testimony was repeatedly cited in the court's decision.
Padian received a bachelor's degree in Natural Science and a Master of Arts degree in Teaching from Colgate University, and a Ph.D. from Yale University, where he focused on the evolution of flight in pterosaurs. In addition to his work at Berkeley, Padian taught science in high school and was principal author of the California Science Framework K–12. In 2003 he received Wonderfest's Carl Sagan Prize for Science Popularization.
He has cowritten several papers with John R. Horner and Armand de Ricqlès based on histological analysis of fossil bones from the UCMP as well as the Museum of the Rockies.
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Liaoning
Coordinates: 41°06′N 122°18′E / 41.1°N 122.3°E / 41.1; 122.3
Liaoning (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 辽宁; traditional Chinese: 遼寧; pinyin: Liáoníng; Manchu: ᠯᡳᠶᠣᠣ ᠨᡳᠩ, Liyoo ning) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the northeast of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is "辽" (pinyin: liáo), a name taken from the Liao River that flows through the province. "Níng" means "peace". The modern province was established in 1907 as Fengtian province (奉天 pinyin: Fèngtiān; Postal map spelling: Fengtien; Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ, Abkai imiyangga) and the name was changed to Liaoning in 1929. Under the Japanese puppet Manchukuo regime, the province reverted to its 1907 name, but the name Liaoning was restored in 1945.
Liaoning is located in the southern part of the Northeast, and is often called "the Golden Triangle" because of its superior geographical location, with the Yellow Sea (Korea Bay) and the Bohai Sea in the south, North Korea in the southeast, Jilin province to the northeast, Hebei province to the west, and Inner Mongolia to the northwest. The Yalu River marks the border between North Korea and the province. It empties into the Korea Bay between Dandong, Liaoning and Sinŭiju, North Korea.
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Māori people
The Māori (Māori pronunciation: [ˈmaːɔɾi], English: /ˈmaʊəri/) are the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand. The Māori originated with settlers from eastern Polynesia, who arrived in New Zealand in several waves of canoe voyages at some time before 1300 CE. Over several centuries in isolation, the Polynesian settlers developed a unique culture that became known as the "Māori", with their own language, a rich mythology, distinctive crafts and performing arts. Early Māori formed tribal groups, based on eastern Polynesian social customs and organisation. Horticulture flourished using plants they introduced, and later a prominent warrior culture emerged.
The arrival of Europeans to New Zealand starting from the 17th century brought enormous change to the Māori way of life. Māori people gradually adopted many aspects of Western society and culture. Initial relations between Māori and Europeans were largely amicable, and with the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 the two cultures coexisted as part of a new British colony. Rising tensions over disputed land sales led to conflict in the 1860s. Social upheaval, decades of conflict and epidemics of introduced disease took a devastating toll on the Māori population, which went into a dramatic decline. But by the start of the 20th century the Māori population had begun to recover, and efforts were made to increase their standing in wider New Zealand society. Traditional Māori culture has enjoyed a revival, and a protest movement emerged in the 1960s advocating Māori issues.
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Paul Ehrlich
Paul Ehrlich (help·info) (14 March 1854 – 20 August 1915) was a German scientist in the fields of hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy, and a Nobel laureate. He is noted for discovering the syphilis treatment salvarsan, the first drug targeted against a specific pathogen; and for his research in autoimmunity, calling it "horror autotoxicus". He coined the term chemotherapy and popularized the concept of a magic bullet.
Paul Ehrlich was born into a Jewish family in Strehlen, in the German Kingdom of Prussia, Province of Silesia (now in Poland). As a schoolboy (inspired by his cousin Karl Weigert who owned one of the first microtomes), he became fascinated by the process of staining microscopic tissue substances. He kept that interest during his studies at the universities of Breslau, Straßburg, Freiburg im Breisgau and Leipzig.
In his dissertation at the University of Leipzig, he picked up the topic again ("Contributions to the Theory and Practice of Histological Staining", Beiträge zur Theorie und Praxis der histologischen Färbung). He married Hedwig Pinkus (then aged 19) in 1883. The couple had two daughters, named Stephanie and Marianne. After his clinical education and habilitation ("The Need of the Organism for Oxygen", Das Sauerstoffbedürfnis des Organismus) at the Charité in Berlin in 1886, he received a call from Robert Koch to join the Institute of Infectious Diseases in Berlin (1891).
wn.com/Paul_Ehrlich -
Philip J. Currie
Philip John Currie, AOE (born March 13, 1949) is a Canadian palaeontologist and museum curator who helped found the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Drumheller, Alberta and is now a professor at the University of Alberta in Edmonton. In the 1980s he became the director of the Canada-China Dinosaur Project, the first cooperative palaeontological partnering between China and the West since the Central Asiatic Expeditions in the 1920s, and helped describe some of the first feathered dinosaurs. He is one of the primary editors of the influential Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs, and his areas of expertise include theropods (especially Tyrannosauridae), the origin of birds, and dinosaurian migration patterns and herding behavior. He was one of the models for palaeontologist Alan Grant in the film Jurassic Park.
Currie received his Bachelors of Science degree from the University of Toronto in 1972, a Masters of Science from McGill University in 1975, and a Ph.D. in biology (with distinction) from the same institution in 1981. Both his masters and Ph.D. theses were on synapsids and early aquatic diapsids.
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Birds, The (1963)
"Birds, The (1963)" Actors
- Rod Taylor
- Jessica Tandy
- Suzanne Pleshette
- Tippi Hedren
- Veronica Cartwright
- Ethel Griffies
- Charles Mcgraw
- Ruth Mcdevitt
- Lonny Chapman
- Joe Mantell
- Doodles Weaver
- Malcolm Atterbury
- John Mcgovern
- Karl Swenson
- Richard Deacon
"Birds, The (1963)" Director
Bird, A Filmography
Bird Filmography
Birds, The Filmography
- Swift
- Shawn Mullins
- The Blue Dogs
- Kathryn Williams
- Shade
- Richie Rich
- Holly Williams
- Starting Line
- Adrian Belew
- Elton John
- Linda Ronstadt
- Lisa Loeb
- Bic Runga
- Butthole Surfers
- Neil Young
- Kate Nash
- Bette Midler
- Crystal Castles
- Emiliana Torrini
- Lydia
- Shannon Wright
- Rasaq
- Over The Rhine
- Paul Weller
- Mock Orange
- Maggie Reilly
- Aztec Camera
- Daan
- Deas Vail
karaoke
I cast away everything I own for this feeling inside of me
live my life for my home I'll be safe rather than be left alone
feels like I can't live like I used to so I keep bringing new things
in this to improve the stature of my stance
at first glance it seems so hard to figure
protect my home I hate to but I'm forced to kill
two birds with one stone
so fly away
just fly away
fo find your place
while I stay
I can't stand these claws
reaching for my things
I'll clip your wings
you sing the same song all the other birds sing
pictures and memories take place
and in due time they wither away
and all that's left are the feeling that we had
in reverse
stay away while you are here
my life's not mine
when you look down from above
wishing you could fly with me
I'm bound by the same things
I'm not free
I'm just sticking to the path that belongs to me
Lover, there will be another one
Who'll hover over you beneath the sun
Tomorrow see the things that never come
Today
When you see me
Fly away without you
Shadow on the things you know
Feathers fall around you
And show you the way to go
It's over, it's over.
Nestled in your wings my little one
This special morning brings another sun
Tomorrow see the things that never come
Today
When you see me
Fly away without you
Shadow on the things you know
Feathers fall around you
And show you the way to go
It's over, it's over.
Birds, they're walking all around
Birds, they're making little sounds
Have you seen any birds today
I will blow those birds away
Birds, birds, birds, birds
Worms, they're sneaking underground
Worms, they're making tiny sounds
Dirt, is what they eat
Rocks and stones make a worm complete
Worms, worms, worms, worms
Birds, they're looking pretty cute
Birds, I see 'em, I shoot
Have you seen any birds today
I will blow those birds away
Birds, birds, birds, birds
(Neil Young)
Lover,
There will be another one
Who'll hover
Over you beneath the sun
Tomorrow
See the things that never come
Today
When you see me
Fly away without you
Shadow on the things you know
Feathers fall around you
And show you the way to go
It's over, it's over.
Nestled
In your wings my little one
This special
Morning brings another sun
Tomorrow
See the things
That never come
Today
When you see me
Fly away without you
Shadow on the things you know
Feathers fall around you
And show you the way to go
I'm turning of the look
From colours of reality
Penetrable, pleasant warmth
This one moment, while
Fly away from here
Touch a sun bean
Breath of wind
I see unblemished sky blue
And below mosaic of hue
Morning's stream of white
I'm penetrating these world by
sails
Only if like they are?
Maybe it's a sleep?!
But birds are swimming
continually
To all my hustler niggas
To all the muthafuckas out there that's rollin
You know what I'm talkin bout?
Fuckin with the birds...
Check this out
Bring me back a soda and I don't mean a Sprite
I need the armor hammer so my shit'll bounce right
I was cookin dope, bringin back full moons
Fuck till November, I be gone till June
Summer ain't shit if you ain't got the coke
Flipped a drop-top with the all-gold spokes
Oakland gettin money, nigga, fuck what you heard
Out of town niggas livin half a bird
What you fuckin with?
Tell em what you fuckin with
I'm pushin birds...
Seen my nigga in a Benz and he spin in a ditch
He be movin things for like 13.6
Try to tell his nigga how he hatin the game
Let's get them driver numbers, 18 a thing
Wanna-be niggas can't tell him shit
Two weeks pass, heard that nigga got hit
Found him in the hills with a dick in his mouth
Stupid muthafucka, game turned him out
Smoked
The nigga got smoked
Violated fuckin with them birds...
Niggas round the world screamin they want some
Used to get my shit from a straight Columb'
Cracker fucked around and locked the connect down
Now only Mex hold weight in the Town
Dippin in the thangs feelin cash for dubs
Now that's the type of shit that get your ass fucked up
I'm spendin big bread so I need the cream
Cook 10 zips, bring back 14
Heard em in a drop on the strenght of a ???
Holdin all that dough but I swear it ain't him
Niggas in the Town gettin mad at the rich
Learn the game, punk, buy your dope through a bitch
Cause I ain't fuckin with you
Snitch nigga, I ain't fuckin with you
Have your bitch get your birds...
I'm puttin up numbers so I'm changin the stats
You all know by now, yes, a nigga need gats
All my Israeli with the Gaza chops
Fully automatic, brand new in the box
A funny style nigga but his guns be good
He used to own a liquor store right up in the hood
Smelly muthafucka, sto' filled with nats
Never woulda thought he had the gats
Made his ass a offer at a thousand a bird
With this type of shit I knew his ass'll stay in fur
Either way it go I'm spendin loot
Cause niggas got the word that it's birds in the coop
And they stay in there
Nigga, AK's in there
Come and try to get my birds...
2.2 36 or a g
Hard or soft, that b-i-r-d
Man's best friend, nigga, fuck a dog
Never got to feed him, plus he bought me a hog
My bike worth 50, Benz worth a hun'
Unrecouped, I do this rap shit for fun
Don't get it twisted, nigga, catch it cause it's real
Had a presidential way 'fore I had a deal
Believe me
I'm born and raised with em
Nigga, I stays with em
Pluckin feathers off the birds...
To all my muthafuckin cola-rollers
Out of muthafuckin controllers
Understand me?
Get that bread, nigga
Crack pays
In so many muthafuckin ways
I used to sell $2 rocks
Nigga, $1.5 rocks, nigga
Lover, there will be another one
To hover over you beneath the sun
Tomorrow see the things that never come today
When you see me fly away without you
And shadow on the things you know
Feathers fall around you
And show you the way to go
It's over
Nestled in your wings, my little one
This special morning brings another sun
Tomorrow see the things that never come today
When you see me fly away without you
And shadow on the things you know
Feathers fall around you
And show you the way to go
It's over, it's over
Spend the day in your bed taking medicine
If that's the only thing that keeps you calm
Well one of these days you've gotta get up
And get out
There is a purpose for all of my sitting here
If you can't understand well you could
If you could just stretch your attention span
Now, for this song
I hope that this is what you will want
Cause my throat will be the first thing to go
And I hope that some day I'll hear everyone say
Is that all you've got
Turn it up keep it coming
Cause I've got the words
To keep the birds humming
Well there's gotta be something
There's gotta be something wrong
Well there's gotta be something
There's gotta be something wrong
Spend your life with a pen and a microphone
You wrote down everything that you could
In case someone gives them a second glance
Now for this long
I hope that this is what you will want
Cause my throat will be the first thing to go
And I hope I'll remember when everyone says
Is that all you've got
Turn it up keep it coming
Cause I've got the words
To keep the birds humming
Well there's gotta be something
There's gotta be something wrong
Well there's gotta be something
There's gotta be something wrong
With everyone
Is that all you got
Turn it up, keep it coming
Cause I got the words
To keep the birds humming
Well there's gotta be something
Well there's gotta be something wrong
Well there's gotta be something
Well there's gotta be something wrong
Is that all you got
Turn it up, keep it coming
Cause I got the words
To keep the birds humming
Well there's gotta be something
Well there's gotta be something wrong
Well there's gotta be something
Birds, birds everywhere I see
I wanna live like they do
I wanna be in their trees,
so heavenly
Bird, birds everywhere I go
I wanna know what they know
I wanna live in harmony,
so simply
Dear God, I know sometime I'm gonna die
and when I do I hope you'll give me one more try
up in the sky with those
Birds, birds everywhere I turn
looking down there's no boundaries
looking down there's no countries,
no misery
Dear God, I know sometime I'm gonna die
and when I do I hope you'll give me one more try
up in the sky with those
Birds, birds everywhere I see
I wanna live like they do
I wanna be in their trees,
There's some things I don't have now
Some things I don't talk about
These things are between myself and I
In my thick skull the joker hides
There's consequences I'm scared to taste
Cold hard truths I can't face
These days are different than the past
Reflections change in the looking glass
And everywhere I look there's something to learn
A sliver of truth from every bridge we burn
A hatful of quarters and a naked song
Don't answer the question of where we belong
How come birds
Don't fall from the sky when they die?
How come birds
Always look for a quiet place to hide
These words
Can't explain what I feel inside?
Like birds I need a quiet place to hide
These independent moves I make
This confidence I try to fake
You can hear the beating of my heart
But not a feather falling in the dark
And everything I hear never makes any sense
Another old prophet perched on the fence
A cupful of pencils and a self help guru
Lover, there will be another one
To hover over you beneath the sun
Tomorrow see the things that never come today
When you see me fly away without you
Shadow on the things you know
Feathers fall around you
And show you the way to go
It's over
It's over
Nestle in your wings my little one
A special morning brings another sun
Tomorrow see the things that never come today
When you see me fly away without you
Shadow on the things you know
Feathers fall around you and show you the way to go
It's over
It's over
We are birds we
Ran from the water.
And birds we take off
Over the ocean.
We fly in flock sometimes,
Fly in a V.
But we can fly solo,
I can tell you no.
And a sea fly lands on the edge of your footprint,
I'm closer to things on the ground.
There were flowers like lace
All covering paths, like the ones leading up to your door.
They were always there blooming and spreading.
Well how come I have never seen them before?
They grow in a garden or a wild field.
They're bright and their yellow.
Oh, you know.
You sung through all of my sorrows,
The closest that I could have found.
Now I have floated down
From the top of my tears, and
I'm closer to things on the ground.
And most of this room is empty,
And the furniture that is left is rearranged.
"And I can't play you my old songs," you said,
"My hand writing has changed."
The sofas are worn in,
And the foot stools are gone.
The lights set the room a glow.
And taking someone for granted sometimes,
One voice in is more than a sound.
It's like hitting myself in the face.
Now I'm closer to things on the ground.
We are birds we
Ran from the water.
And birds we take off
Over the ocean.
And we fly.
We fly.
We fly.
Take your time
Make peace with the day
Lie on the ground and think of me
Nevermind what people will say
Talking is thoughtless and cheap
I only said it to be kind
I wont pretend to be naive
And thoughts arrive...
Like leaves on the page
Trying and hoping to be
You and I like birds in a cage
Dreaming how once we were free
The evening closes on the
I saw you hiding in the eaves
Don't leave me hanging on the wire
A shadow underneath the trees
I only want you to be mine
I only want you to be free
If either one of us is right
It must be seen to be believed
I only want you to be mine
I only want you to be free
We been running strong
From the east to the west
We been banging fenders
To give you all the best
We been setting records in every state
Well their aint no car
Like a big V8
To the boys from the bush
we're back in town
Well the cars in the back and the shutters down
We're all heading for the Bathurst field
To see Brokky and the boys serving up a thrill
We've been feeling the heat
You can hear it cuss
We've been kissing the fences
Been choking on dust
We curse the rain
We curse the sand
We're running hot
Turn it on for the fans
To the boys from the bush
We're back in town
When the green flag drops
My foot goes down
We're all members of the horsepower sect
And the king of the mountain is the guy you've got to get
We work our cars
From go to whoa
It's the greatest race
It's the ultimate show
To the boys from the bush
we're back in town
Well the cars in the back and the shutters down
We're all hear we're the Bathurst Boys
And you can't hear richo above the noise
To the boys from the bush
we're back in town
When the big guns roar
It's shaking the ground
Steering straight and stay off the wall
You get the checked flag and your walking tall
You get the checked flag and your walking tall
Lover,
there will be another one
Who'll hover
over you beneath the sun
Tomorrow
see the things
that never come
Today
When you see me
Fly away without you
Shadow on the things you know
Feathers fall around you
And show you the way to go
It's over, it's over.
Nestled
in your wings my little one
This special
morning brings another sun
Tomorrow
see the things
that never come
Today
When you see me
Fly away without you
Shadow on the things you know
Feathers fall around you
And show you the way to go
She was waiting at the station
He was getting off the train
He didn't have a ticket
So he had to bum through the barriers again
Well, the ticket inspector saw him rushing through
He said, "Girl, you don't know
How much I missed you but we better run
'Cos I haven't got the funds to pay this fine"
She said fine
And so they ran out of the station
And jumped on to a bus
With two of yesterdays travel cards
And two bottles of Bud
And he said, "You look very nice"
Well, she wearing a skirt
And he thought she looked nice
And yeah, she didn't really care about anything else
'Cos she only wanted him to think
That she looked nice and he did
But he was looking at her, yeah, all funny in the eye
She said, "C'mon boy, tell me what you're thinking
Now don't be shy"
He said, "Alright I'll try"
"All the stars up in the sky and the leaves in the trees
All the broken bits that make you trip up
And grassy bits in between, all the matter in the world
That's how much that I like you"
She said, "What?", he said, "Let me try and explain again"
"Right, birds can fly so high
And they can shit on your head
Yeah, they can almost fly into your eye
And make you feel so scared"
"But when you look at them
And you see that they're beautiful
That's how I feel about you"
"Right, birds can fly so high
And they can shit on your head
Yeah, they can almost fly into your eye
And make you feel so scared"
"But when you look at them
And you see that they're beautiful
That's how I feel about you
Yeah, that's how I feel about you"
She said, "What?", he said, "You"
She said, "What are you talking about?"
He said, "You"
"Right birds can fly so high
And they can shit on your head
Yeah, they can almost fly into your eye
And make you feel so scared"
"But when you look at them
And you see that they're beautiful
That's how I feel about you"
"Right, birds can fly so high
And they can shit on your head
Yeah, they can almost fly into your eye
And make you feel so scared"
"But when you look at them
And you see that they're beautiful
That's how I feel about you
Right, that's how I feel about you"
She said, "Thanks, I like you, too"
"Oh, that's so heavy.
We're goanna do a, a Neil Young song.
Neil is so heavy.
Neil is so mellow and laid back.
I'm trying my best to be mellow and laid back.
You know, I have even gone organic.
Last week I ate an Earth Shoe.
Oh, did I sing the ballad yet?
Was it wonderful? Oh, did I sing it?
I didn't sing it, did I. Oh, so sorry."
Lover, there will be another one
to hover over you beneath the sun.
Tomorrow, see the things that never come
today.
And you see me fly away without you.
My shadow on the things you know.
My feathers fall all around you,
they show you the way to go.
It's over, baby. I say, it's over, baby.
Nestle in your wings my little one.
The special morning brings another sun.
Tomorrow, see the things that do not come
today.
And you see me fly away without you.
My shadow falling on the things you know.
My feathers, they fall all around you,
they show you the way to go.
Hey, baby. It's over, baby. It's over, baby.
I got to fly away. I got to fly away.
Gonna close my eyes and I will fly away.
You believe it now, fly away. I'm goin' to the sun, to fly away.
I'm gonna close my eyes and I will fly away.
Oh, one more time. Fly. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, fly away.
Close my eyes and I will fly away.
It's over, baby. It's over, baby.
My lover, there will be another one
to hover over you beneath the sun.
Tomorrow, see the things that do not come
today.
She will show you the way to go.
It's over. Thank god, it's over.
I'm gonna close my eyes and I will fly away.
Expose them to the air
Drag them by the hair
If you ask I'm feeling fine
Malignant to benign
Show up throw up into the womb
Show up throw up into the womb
Show up throw up into the womb
Show up throw up into the womb
Each breath is but a sigh
She never bat an eye
It's not polite to stare
Wool spun from her hair
Show up throw up into the womb
Show up throw up into the womb
Show up throw up into the womb
Show up throw up into the womb
Obedient and shy
With button nose and eyes
Recoil at his prayer
Let's stay awake and listen to the dark
Before the birds, before they all wake up
It's the ending of a play and soon begins another
Hear the leaves applaud the wind
See the sun come rising and white wings start to fly
Like strings of pearls in the fiery sky
I don't want to close my eyes
Don't want to leave the stage now
As the leaves applaud our stay
Lend me your wings and teach me how to fly
Show me when it rains, the place you go to hide
And the curtains draw again and bow, another day ends
I see your lips start moving. Spitting out some kind of poison
Through them. Come on, give me all your got now bird. Come
On, why you holding back your words. Always a mess, you
Want to change how I'm thinking. Well change me around,
I'm all yours. Come on, give it to me good now bird. Why are
You holding back your words. I've got to get back to the west
Coast. I'll miss your face though. So I won't even say it, with
You I couldn't fake it. Now it's your eyes their moving. Cutting
Through me for some damn reason. Come on, give me all
You got now bird. Come on, you know I've seen your worst. Now I'm
The mess, I've got to change how I'm thinking. Change me
Deep beneath the sound of your breath
I lay craving your death
This damp room full of concrete
Lonely i stand
And alone i will leave
There is no reason for your display
Now a dead cloud that's drawn clean
When all the birds have broken their wings
Oh mercy you
Oh mercy me
And all at once i turned
I follow your hand to our funeral bed
It echoes my name
When sorrow sings
It brings me no chance we'll ever mend
When all the noise is driven away
There's my love, now it's stained
Gallant words
You must refrain
Lonely i stand
And alone i will leave
There is no reason to your display
You're a fable
Now come clean
When all the birds have broken their wings
Oh mercy you
Oh mercy me
And all at once i turned
I follow your hand to our funeral bed
It echoes my name
When sorrow sings
It brings me no chance we'll ever mend
Walk, walk walk walk away
Burn, burn burn, burn into flames
Shy, shy, shy, shy away
Over this past
Over this pain
And all at once i turned
I follow your hand to our funeral bed
It echoes my name
When sorrow sings
Ay, I pull birds my nigga
I'm pullin' birds
I'm pullin' birds my nigga
I love birds birds birds birds
Birds
[Rasaq]
And I'm talkin' bout the goods
The ones that come in hurds, when I pull up to the curb
Birds, I might let her sip some syrup
Girl don't ya know, it's good for ya hips and curves
Birds, and I ain't talkin' bout the kind that chirp
It's the kind that's gettin' on a niggaz nerves
Birds, and I ain't talkin' bout the drugs
It's the kind that show me love, 'cause I'm rollin' on dubs
Birds, some in the hood, some in the burbs
Some talk country, some use proper words
I get em, I hit em, I dismiss 'em
Don't hug em, don't love em, I don't kiss 'em
She love em, she hug em, she don't listen
The jewelz glisten, call me an adittion
'cause if ya look around my sleeve, you might see two pigeons
I flip em, then flick em, don't trick 'em
Just trick em, she wishin', she wit 'em
She wishin', she get em, she pissed n she trippin
He spittin', he flippin', no trickin, no spendin, no dissin'
Just send her back home, with a bent back bone
Skirt the last gone, and then I'm back home
Lookin' for mo to mack on, lights camera action
I love birds birds birds birds
I love birds birds birds birds
Fall on me
Fall on me
Fall on me
Fall on me
Birds of a feather and a featherless cap
Poor lovers breed songs in a two-room flat
Moist hands fold to pray for a painless truth
We dance on the tracks of a train called Youth
Truth's on the table like a toxic spill
And we wrestle in the sheets with our own freewill
If we never shake hands with a phantom called Fame
I'll still have your picture in a picture frame
If you should fall
Fall on me, yeah
Fall on me
Fall on me, yeah
Fall on me
Forty-acre farm we can call our own
With a chocolate lab and no telephone
The full moon's leering in a lover's swoon
And the apple tree's swaying to a windy tune
(Save me I'm falling for you)
But we won't get to heaven if we just sit still
If we don't cry murder maybe no one will
We're riding tandem down Sycamore hill
If we hit the brakes we're gonna take a big spill
If you should fall
Fall on me, yeah
Fall on me
Fall on me, yeah
Fall on me
And if my hand were taken hold of
I'd slip away with you love
Slip away with you love
Slip away with you love
Slip away with you love
Slip away with you love
Slip away with you love
Slip away with you love
Slip away with you love
Slip away with you love
Slip away with you love
Slip away with you love
Slip away with you love
Birds of a feather and a featherless cap
Poor lovers breed songs in a two-room flat
Moist hands fold to pray for a painless truth
Lover, there will be another one
Who'll hover over you beneath the sun
Tomorrow see the things that never come
Today
When you see me
Fly away without you
Shadow on the things you know
Feathers fall around you
And show you the way to go
It's over, it's over.
Nestled in your wings my little one
This special morning brings another sun
Tomorrow see the things that never come
Today
When you see me
Fly away without you
Shadow on the things you know
Feathers fall around you
And show you the way to go
I take it you went to town. Saw all the sights to see.
Saw all the birds on the ground looking for things to
eat.
But I wasn't there and I couldn't be there. Probably
didn't care enough to know.
I can be wrong. I'm usually wrong. Guess I didn't know
but now I know.
Give you a hook baited with something that you say you
don't like.
Try it and like it, give it to a friend who doesn't think
about it but likes it anyway.
Gives it to a friend. That's how songs take off with a
couple of friends.
Driving around looking for a fight on a Saturday night
'cause that's the way I am.
But I'm not really that way. I've got a book and a pen.
See you keeping your eyebrows raised. Until that moment
the story aches.
Until that moment the pressure breaks. I sit back and
contemplate what I'm doing.
Something's always coming up and around.
Can you hold your feelings when you've been let down.
Lover, there will be another one
To hover over you beneath the sun
Tomorrow, see the things that never come today
When you see me fly away without you
Shadow on the things you know
Feathers fall around you
And show you the way to go
It's over, it's over...
Nestle in your wings my little one
The special morning brings another sun
Tomorrow, see the things that never come today
When you see me fly away without you
Shadow on the things you know
Feathers fall around you
And show you the way to go
Hey baby, baby, bring your love to me
Repeats the radio relentlessly
All day I dream a dream where feelings flee
In free formation
The sweetest sound reflects in saddened eyes
Defies description and identifies
The heart that hungers for the sudden skies
The souls migration
How sweet to fly, to touch the sky
To feel in the flow like the one who glides there
I feel we flew, we never knew
But to know is to go when your heart resides there
I take a winter coat and walk the square
The people gather and the birds they scare
Concrete and clay conspire to cage me there
Among the lost boys
Down in the streets I see the trees grow bare
Broken and battered in the thinning air
The birds are scattered and my footsteps there
I long for lost joy
How sweet to fly, to touch the sky
To feel in the flow like the one who glides there
I feel we flew, we never knew
But to know is to go when your heart resides there
How sweet to fly, to touch the sky
To feel in the flow like the one who glides there
I feel we flew, we never knew
What is that sound? sounds like funtell me why, why do these birds sing?
They sing because they don't know when they'll die
I've got a smile because I know they won't fly
Hey, take a look at these birds
They're so gay, make them go away
They sing because they don't know when they'll die
I've got a smile because I know they won't fly
Say it boy, I load my gun
Point at bird, bird falls down
But why did he have to sing?
They sing because they don't know when they'll die
I've got a smile because I know they won't fly
They sing because they don't know when they'll die
This is our true alarms
This is reality
We will do what we can
We are just figurines
With our theology that we don't understand
And we can't forget the beginning
When he set our broken wings
Oh God, how much does it take
For us to be loved
For us to be saved
We all are birds stuck inside our cage
Covered up with praise
And behind our saints, we hide our face
All the numbers come
Yeah, they're dialing in
But we can't but to compare ourselves again
I can't believe in this
This blue-lipped lifeless kiss
And we can't see past our thrones
We fight for life within
But our walls are wearing thin
Oh God, where have we gone
When I'm just one fighting indifference
Does it matter what I say
Oh God, how much does it take
For us to be loved
For us to be saved
We all are birds stuck inside our cage
Covered up with praise
And behind our saints, we hide our face
All the numbers come
Yeah, they're dialing in
But we can't but to compare ourselves again
It's not that there are ever bad intentions
It's more that we forgot where to call home
The important things that we don't know to mention
It's the uniform that we put on
The formula we have for love
Beautiful intentions
Formula for love
Beautiful intentions
Formula for love
It's not that there are ever bad intentions
(Beautiful intentions)
It's more that we forgot where to call home
(Formula for love)
The important things that we don't know to mention
(Beautiful intentions)
It's the uniform that we put on
(Formula for love)
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Disney Pixar ~ For the Birds ~ original
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
short film by Disney Pixar I made a copy of this video for my kids Jo, Jr, Rain, & Bain
http://wn.com/Disney_Pixar_~_For_the_Birds_~_original
Amazing! Bird sounds from the lyre bird - David Attenborough - BBC wildlife
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
For more brilliant natural history shows, exclusive to YouTube, head over to our brand-new channel Earth Unplugged! www.youtube.com Click here to watch in high quality!: www.youtube.com David Attenborough presents the amazing lyre bird, which mimics the calls of other birds - and chainsaws and camera shutters - in this video clip from The Life of Birds. This clever creature is one of the most impressive and funny in nature, with unbelievable sounds to match the beautiful pictures. BBC Worldwide Channel: www.youtube.com BBC Earth Channel: www.youtube.com For more Natural History: www.bbcearth.com
http://wn.com/Amazing!_Bird_sounds_from_the_lyre_bird_David_Attenborough_BBC_wildlife
For the birds
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
corto realizado por PIXAR
http://wn.com/For_the_birds
The Birds Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:11
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Trailer for the 1963 film "The Birds". A wealthy San Francisco playgirl pursues a potential boyfriend to a small Northern California town that slowly takes a turn for the bizarre when birds of all kinds suddenly begin to attack people there in increasing numbers and with increasing viciousness.
http://wn.com/The_Birds_Trailer
Alfred Hitchcock's"The Birds" in 1 minute, and 40 seconds.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:40
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
A mashup created by KJEveryday, in a tribute Alfred Hitchcock's magnificent film, The Birds.
http://wn.com/Alfred_Hitchcock'sThe_Birds_in_1_minute,_and_40_seconds
Frostie Dancing To Shake Your Tail Feather! ©Karla K. Larsson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Frostie can dance the socks off any bird on this planet! Frostie's Facebook Fan Page: www.facebook.com Frostie is a 22-year-old Bare-Eyed Cockatoo, otherwise known as a Little Corella, a parrot native to Australia. (Video by Karla K. Larsson - Paradise - California - USA - February 1, 2009.)
http://wn.com/Frostie_Dancing_To_Shake_Your_Tail_Feather!_©Karla_K_Larsson
Crows Attack the Students - The Birds (6/11) Movie CLIP (1963) HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
The Birds Movie Clip - watch all clips j.mp click to subscribe j.mp Melanie (Tippi Hedren) and Annie (Suzanne Pleshette) lead the screaming schoolchildren away as the murder of crows attacks. TM & © Universal (2012) Cast: Tippi Hedren, Suzanne Pleshette Director: Alfred Hitchcock MOVIECLIPS YouTube Channel: j.mp Join our Facebook page: j.mp Follow us on Twitter: j.mp Buy Movie: amzn.to Producer: Alfred Hitchcock Screenwriter: Daphne Du Maurier, Evan Hunter Film Description: The story begins as an innocuous romantic triangle involving wealthy, spoiled Melanie Daniels (Tippi Hedren), handsome Mitch Brenner (Rod Taylor), and schoolteacher Annie Hayworth (Suzanne Pleshette). The human story begins in a San Francisco pet shop and culminates at the home of Mitch's mother (Jessica Tandy) at Bodega Bay, where the characters' sense of security is slowly eroded by the curious behavior of the birds in the area. At first, it's no more than a sea gull swooping down and pecking at Melanie's head. Things take a truly ugly turn when hundreds of birds converge on a children's party. There is never an explanation as to why the birds have run amok, but once the onslaught begins, there's virtually no letup. "the birds","the birds clip","the birds part 1","the birds part 2","the birds and the bees","the birds trailer","the birds turn turn turn","the birds hitchcock","the birds part 2 the weeknd","tippi hedren","suzanne pleshette","eye glasses videos","horn videos",classics,"alfred hitchcock ...
http://wn.com/Crows_Attack_the_Students_The_Birds_6_11_Movie_CLIP_1963_HD
Pixar s Short Film For the Birds
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Pixar_s_Short_Film_For_the_Birds
Birds-of-Paradise Project Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:38
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
This fall, the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and National Geographic are bringing the Birds-of-Paradise Project to the public with a gorgeous coffee-table book (published October 23, 2012), a major exhibit at the National Geographic Museum (opening November 1), a documentary on the National Geographic Channel (airing at 10:00 pm ET/PT November 22), articles in the Cornell Lab's Living Bird magazine and National Geographic magazine, and National Geographic Live lectures across the country. Get an advance look now...and witness diverse strategies of evolution at work and experience one of nature's extraordinary wonders - up close. Filmed by Tim Laman, Eric Liner, and Ed Scholes.
http://wn.com/Birds-of-Paradise_Project_Trailer
The Birds - That's All I Need You For
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Rare footage of the UK MOD/RnB band The Birds, featuring Ron Wood, from the film "The Deadly Bees" (1966).
http://wn.com/The_Birds_That's_All_I_Need_You_For
The Birds Final Attack Sequence with Full Symphonic Score
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
The final climatic scene from the 1963 Motion Picture "The Birds". This is one of Hitchcock's most-noted action scenes accompanied with a full symphonic score written by Marc Parella in 1992 and performed by the Arizona State University Symphony Orchestra directed by Henry Charles Smith. The cue takes advantage of several preemptive and forecasting techniques. You know what's going to happen, but the music could fool you, until you know for sure. Equally important is the use of silence when Melanie (Tippi Hedren) opens the door. The final sequence is timed to a split second to coincide with the effects and quick edits. Ms. Hedren called the score for her famous scene "thrilling" and "exciting".
http://wn.com/The_Birds_Final_Attack_Sequence_with_Full_Symphonic_Score
Bird Songs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:53
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Here are presented the following bird songs (some names sound pretty weird, esp. to a German native speaker): 00:00 blackbird 00:31 blue tit 00:49 great tit 01:09 yellowhammer 01:38 hoopoe 01:49 skylark 02:12 nightingale 02:41 thrush nightingale 03:09 swift 03:24 chimney swallow 03:44 grey wagtail 04:05 chaffinch 04:19 sedge warbler 04:36 wren
http://wn.com/Bird_Songs
Genius Bird
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:08
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
An ornithologist devises a test to see how clever ravens really are. See All National Geographic Videos video.nationalgeographic.com
http://wn.com/Genius_Bird
Angry Birds Rio Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:27
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
Rovio and 20th Century Fox join forces to create a new game, Angry Birds Rio! The game will launch with 45 dedicated levels based on the highly-anticipated motion picture, with regular updates lined up for the future. The game will be available for download on smart phones and tablets worldwide. www.angrybirds.com Get the original Angry Birds - Get the iPhone version from iphone.angrybirds.com - Get the Nokia version from http - Get the Palm version from palm.angrybirds.com - Get Angry Birds for Android from http Become a Facebook fan: facebook.angrybirds.com Follow us on Twitter twitter.angrybirds.com Buy Angry Birds merchandise shop.angrybirds.com Video made by Kombo www.kombo.fi Audio made by Ari Pulkkinen www.aritunes.com
http://wn.com/Angry_Birds_Rio_Trailer
Axe-Wielding Bird ATTACKS!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:07
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Fight for the axe bird at thedebate.boards.net
http://wn.com/Axe-Wielding_Bird_ATTACKS!
Male birds show off their beauty to attract females - David Attenborough - BBC wildlife
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Many birds use elaborate displays to impress and attract a mate. In this clip we observe some of them in action. From the BBC.
http://wn.com/Male_birds_show_off_their_beauty_to_attract_females_David_Attenborough_BBC_wildlife
Lynyrd Skynyrd-Free bird
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:03
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
Awesome guitar solo at the end If I leave here tomorrow Would you still remember me? For I must be travelling on, now, cause theres too many places Ive got to see. But, if I stayed here with you, girl, Things just couldnt be the same. cause Im as free as a bird now, And this bird you can not change. Lord knows, I cant change. Bye, bye, its been a sweet love. Though this feeling I cant change. But please dont take it badly, cause lord knows Im to blame. But, if I stayed here with you girl, Things just couldnt be the same. Cause Im as free as a bird now, And this bird youll never change. And this bird you can not change. Lord knows, I cant change. Lord help me, I cant change (AWESOME GUITAR SOLO)
http://wn.com/Lynyrd_Skynyrd-Free_bird
Pleix - Birds
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Pleix - Birds GOTOGRADO.COM
http://wn.com/Pleix_Birds
Crows on the Playground - The Birds (5/11) Movie CLIP (1963) HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
The Birds Movie Clip - watch all clips j.mp click to subscribe j.mp Melanie (Tippi Hedren) smokes as flocks of crows quietly gather on the school playground behind her. TM & © Universal (2012) Cast: Tippi Hedren Director: Alfred Hitchcock MOVIECLIPS YouTube Channel: j.mp Join our Facebook page: j.mp Follow us on Twitter: j.mp Buy Movie: amzn.to Producer: Alfred Hitchcock Screenwriter: Daphne Du Maurier, Evan Hunter Film Description: The story begins as an innocuous romantic triangle involving wealthy, spoiled Melanie Daniels (Tippi Hedren), handsome Mitch Brenner (Rod Taylor), and schoolteacher Annie Hayworth (Suzanne Pleshette). The human story begins in a San Francisco pet shop and culminates at the home of Mitch's mother (Jessica Tandy) at Bodega Bay, where the characters' sense of security is slowly eroded by the curious behavior of the birds in the area. At first, it's no more than a sea gull swooping down and pecking at Melanie's head. Things take a truly ugly turn when hundreds of birds converge on a children's party. There is never an explanation as to why the birds have run amok, but once the onslaught begins, there's virtually no letup. "the birds","the birds clip","the birds part 1","the birds part 2","the birds and the bees","the birds trailer","the birds turn turn turn","the birds hitchcock","the birds part 2 the weeknd","tippi hedren","cigarette videos","purse videos",classics,"alfred hitchcock","fear videos","nature videos","playground videos","melanie ...
http://wn.com/Crows_on_the_Playground_The_Birds_5_11_Movie_CLIP_1963_HD
Elbow - The Birds
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:04
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
This 8 minute track is the album opener of Elbow's fifth album "Build A Rocket Boys!" released in 2011. This album has been critically acclaimed by most professional raters, getting an impressive 82/100 rating on Metacritic. "(Elbow frontman) Guy Garvey... makes something moving and original from the experience of the man on the street" (The Telegraph) "Elbow's artistic bravery (places them) in a different league to other purveyors of emotional atmospheric rock" (NME) "(This album) maximizes the use of light and shade" (Q Magazine) "(This is) by a large margin their quietest record to date, the closest thing to a Garvey solo album we've heard" (Pitchfork)
http://wn.com/Elbow_The_Birds
Garden birds,blackbird song
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Mr Blackbird sings to his friends Superior hoilday rental,ideal for Disneyland' www.magicalstay.com
http://wn.com/Garden_birds,blackbird_song
Angry Birds In-game Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:07
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
Available on iPhone: bit.ly Available on the Nokia N900: store.ovi.com The survival of the Angry Birds is at stake. Dish out revenge on the green pigs who stole the Birds eggs. Use the unique destructive powers of the Angry Birds to lay waste to the pigs fortified castles. Angry Birds features hours of gameplay, challenging physics-based castle demolition, and lots of replay value. Each of the 63 levels requires logic, skill, and brute force to crush the enemy. Protect wildlife, or play Angry Birds!
http://wn.com/Angry_Birds_In-game_Trailer
photo: AP / Jerome Delay
27 Nov 2012
M23 rebels controlling the eastern city of Goma in the DR Congo have said they are not about to withdraw as demanded by regional leaders. The rebels said on Tuesday there were still in charge of Goma, just hours after General Aronda Nyakairima, the head of the Ugandan military, was quoted by the Reuters news agency as saying that their leader, Sultani Makenga, had told him he would pull out of Goma and Sake ... 276 Source. ... Share ... News ... ;">....(size: 17.7Kb)
photo: UN / Jan Golinski
27 Nov 2012
Doha conference is warned that climate models do not yet take account of methane in thawing permafrost. Frozen ground in Siberia. Permafrost covers nearly a quarter of the northern hemisphere. Photograph. Francis Latreille/Corbis. The United Nations sounded a stark warning on the threat to the climate from methane in the thawing permafrost as governments met for the second day of climate change negotiations in Doha, Qatar ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)
photo: AP / Sepahnews
27 Nov 2012
WASHINGTON -- The drone wars are here. While President Obama ponders new legal and moral guidelines to govern America's growing use of armed robot aircraft, the world outside the White House is engaged in a revolutionary frenzy of building, arming and flying killer drones ... More than 50 countries operate surveillance drones and, increasingly, are fitting them with weapons. The U.S ... spy drone was shot down last December ... On Oct ... 988 miles ... ....(size: 8.4Kb)
photo: AP / George Osodi
25 Nov 2012
Twin suicide car bombs exploded Sunday at a church inside one of Nigeria's top military bases, killing at least 11 people and wounding another 30 in an embarrassing attack showing the continued insecurity that haunts Africa's most populous nation ... This attack in Jaji on Sunday, however, happened inside a barracks home to the Armed Forces Command and Staff College, one of the country's most important military colleges ... Gen ... ___ ... ....(size: 4.1Kb)
photo: UN / Rick Bajornas
28 Nov 2012
By Victor Kotsev. Thursday is shaping up as a big day in Palestinian history. Exactly 65 years after the United Nations resolution partitioning British Mandatory Palestine was adopted (and rejected at the time by the Arabs), the General Assembly will vote on Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas's proposal for non-member state status for Palestine within the borders of the period between the 1948 and the 1967 wars ... Â. Palestinian horizon....(size: 16.8Kb)
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
28 Nov 2012
This is one of a series presented by the National Aviary, which works to inspire respect for nature through an appreciation of birds ... A few simple additions to your backyard can transform it into an attractive winter habitat for birds and other wildlife, and bring nature to your doorstep to observe and enjoy ... You can supplement bird diets with a quality seed mix in a tray placed on the snow ... Old or moldy seed is unhealthy for birds....(size: 3.4Kb)
The Gleaner
28 Nov 2012
In Antigua, Lester Bird, 74, was soundly beaten for the leadership of the Antigua Labour Party (ALP) by his deputy and the ALP's chairman, Gaston Brown ... From universal adult suffrage in 1951, except for five years from 1971, and again since 2004, the ALP and the Birds have been at the helm of government in Antigua and Barbuda - the senior Bird, then Lester Bird as deputy, then de facto PM before his formal assumption of the job....(size: 3.6Kb)
Wall Street Journal
28 Nov 2012
HELSINKI—In December, a new indoor children's activity park based on the Angry Birds videogame will open in the Finnish resort town of Vuokatti, representing the latest addition to the small Arctic ski retreat's growing list of attractions. Rovio Entertainment Ltd.'s popular Angry Birds game franchise has become an unusual but key selling point for playground equipment maker Lappset Group Oy, which designed the park....(size: 5.3Kb)
BBC News
28 Nov 2012
Light from the Grangemouth oil refinery and Longannet power station help migrating birds find food in winter, according to researchers ... They found that, at night, birds in well-lit areas foraged for longer and used sight rather than touch ... Dr Dwyer then worked out how the light affected the birds' foraging behaviour by attaching tiny radio transmitters to the backs of 20 redshanks....(size: 2.9Kb)
Belfast Telegraph
28 Nov 2012
Light pollution can benefit migratory birds in winter, ecologists have found. Electrical lighting and gas flares associated with industry on the UK's coastlines are giving birds the chance to stock up on more food to fuel their spring flight, according to a new study ... Dr Dwyer then worked out how the light affected the birds' foraging behaviour by attaching tiny radio transmitters to the backs of 20 redshanks....(size: 2.5Kb)
The Guardian
28 Nov 2012
Migratory birds in areas that were continuously illuminated foraged for longer and were able to locate food by sight. The team from the University of Exeter worked out how the light affected the birds’ foraging behaviour by attaching tiny radio transmitters to the backs of 20 redshanks ... The team then worked out how the light affected the birds' foraging behaviour by attaching tiny radio transmitters to the backs of 20 redshanks....(size: 5.0Kb)
Treehugger
28 Nov 2012
The Forgotten Songs installation above Angel Place commemorates the songs of fifty birds that once populated central Sydney before they were pushed out by European settlement. Today, most of the birds have been pushed out to the city’s margins and beyond where they find refuge in native vegetation away from development ... Birds ... A Comical Bird in a Moment of Beauty ... In Japan, a Treehouse Goes to the Birds--and One Lucky Bird Watcher....(size: 8.5Kb)
Sacramento Bee
28 Nov 2012
But even an immense white bird can do a pretty good job of hiding in a Wisconsin wetland ... Soon more "swan rustlers" converged in boats and helped surround the birds, which are making a strong comeback here ... Hands were placed on the backs of the birds to restrain them and, in a well-practiced maneuver, slipped around both sides to grasp leathery black legs ... Hunting and habitat loss wiped the birds out of the state in the late 1800s....(size: 10.3Kb)
BBC News
28 Nov 2012
A man who trapped wild birds and kept them at his Derbyshire home has been banned from keeping birds and ordered to do 250 hours of unpaid work ... it was legal to capture birds on his own property....(size: 1.0Kb)
PhysOrg
28 Nov 2012
As well as major industry such as Grangemouth oil refinery and Longannet power station, whose lights and gas flares illuminate the intertidal areas at night, the estuary's pristine salt marsh and mudflats are home to hundreds of thousands of migrating birds each winter ... Copyright Hamish CampbellHe then worked out how the light affected the birds' foraging behaviour by attaching tiny radio transmitters to the backs of 20 redshanks....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: WN / Bhaskar Mallick
28 Nov 2012
Sydney, Nov 28 (IANS) The common myna, listed as the third most invasive species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, has now been convicted of pushing other native birds out of their homes ... These birds are known to communicate in a singsong manner ... impact on native bird numbers, the journal Public Library of Science ONE reported....(size: 2.6Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
28 Nov 2012
NeoSpeech, an innovative text-to-speech (TTS) solution provider, announced today that the first and only talking Task Manager application, Buddy Bird ToDo features NeoSpeech TTS voices. Buddy Bird ToDo can read tasks aloud with a very clear, natural voice powered by NeoSpeech text-to-speech technology ... In addition, by implementing the sophisticated embedded solution, Buddy Bird ToDo works without any phone or Wi-Fi connection....(size: 2.9Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
28 Nov 2012
Launched by Matt-Bros Innovative Solutions, Buddy Bird ToDo is an all-in-one organizer that reads aloud a user’s to-do list in a clear, natural sounding voice in order to enhance productivity, efficiency and convenience ... Plus, during a special introductory period, Buddy Bird ToDo is available at 70% off ... Additionally, Buddy Bird ToDo provides full support for iPhone 5, including full optimization for the larger 4-inch display....(size: 3.7Kb)
For other uses, see Bird (disambiguation).
Aves and Avifauna redirect here. For other uses, see Aves (disambiguation) or Avifauna (disambiguation).
| Birds Temporal range: Late Jurassic–Recent, 150–0 Ma |
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|---|---|
 |
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| White-throated Rock Thrush (Monticola gularis) |
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Scientific classification  |
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| clade: | Avialae |
| Class: | Aves Linnaeus, 1758[1] |
| Subclasses | |
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And see text |
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Birds (class Aves) are feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic (warm-blooded), egg-laying, vertebrate animals. With around 10,000 living species, they are the most speciose class of tetrapod vertebrates. All present species belong to the subclass Neornithes, and inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Extant birds range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) Bee Hummingbird to the 2.75 m (9 ft) Ostrich. The fossil record indicates that birds emerged within theropod dinosaurs during the Jurassic period, around 160 million years (Ma) ago. Paleontologists regard birds as the only clade of dinosaurs to have survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 65.5 Ma ago.
Modern birds are characterised by feathers, a beak with no teeth, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. All living species of birds have wings—the now extinct flightless moa of New Zealand were the only exception. Wings are evolved forelimbs, and most bird species can fly. Flightless birds include ratites, penguins, and a number of diverse endemic island species. Birds also have unique digestive and respiratory systems that are highly adapted for flight. Some birds, especially corvids and parrots, are among the most intelligent animal species; a number of bird species have been observed manufacturing and using tools, and many social species exhibit cultural transmission of knowledge across generations.
Many species undertake long distance annual migrations, and many more perform shorter irregular movements. Birds are social; they communicate using visual signals and through calls and songs, and participate in social behaviours, including cooperative breeding and hunting, flocking, and mobbing of predators. The vast majority of bird species are socially monogamous, usually for one breeding season at a time, sometimes for years, but rarely for life. Other species have polygynous ("many females") or, rarely, polyandrous ("many males") breeding systems. Eggs are usually laid in a nest and incubated by the parents. Most birds have an extended period of parental care after hatching.
Many species are of economic importance, mostly as sources of food acquired through hunting or farming. Some species, particularly songbirds and parrots, are popular as pets. Other uses include the harvesting of guano (droppings) for use as a fertiliser. Birds figure prominently in all aspects of human culture from religion to poetry to popular music. About 120–130 species have become extinct as a result of human activity since the 17th century, and hundreds more before then. Currently about 1,200 species of birds are threatened with extinction by human activities, though efforts are underway to protect them.
Contents |
Evolution and taxonomy[link]
Main article: Evolution of birds
|
The first classification of birds was developed by Francis Willughby and John Ray in their 1676 volume Ornithologiae.[2] Carolus Linnaeus modified that work in 1758 to devise the taxonomic classification system currently in use.[3] Birds are categorised as the biological class Aves in Linnaean taxonomy. Phylogenetic taxonomy places Aves in the dinosaur clade Theropoda.[4] Aves and a sister group, the clade Crocodilia, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria. During the late 20th century, Aves was commonly defined phylogenetically as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds and Archaeopteryx lithographica.[5] However, an alternate definition proposed by scientists including Jacques Gauthier and adherents of the Phylocode system defined Aves to include only the modern bird groups, the crown group. This was done by excluding most groups known only from fossils, and assigning them, instead, to the Avialae,[6] in part to avoid the uncertainties about the placement of Archaeopteryx in relation to animals traditionally thought of as theropod dinosaurs.
All modern birds lie within the crown group Neornithes, which has two subdivisions: the Palaeognathae, which includes the flightless ratites (such as the ostriches) and the weak-flying tinamous, and the extremely diverse Neognathae, containing all other birds.[4] These two subdivisions are often given the rank of superorder,[7] although Livezey and Zusi assigned them "cohort" rank.[4] Depending on the taxonomic viewpoint, the number of known living bird species varies anywhere from 9,800[8] to 10,050.[9]
Dinosaurs and the origin of birds[link]
Main article: Origin of birds
Based on fossil and biological evidence, most scientists accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs.[10] More specifically, they are members of Maniraptora, a group of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids, among others.[11] As scientists have discovered more nonavian theropods closely related to birds, the previously clear distinction between nonbirds and birds has become blurred. Recent discoveries in the Liaoning Province of northeast China, which demonstrate many small theropod dinosaurs had feathers, contribute to this ambiguity.[12]
The consensus view in contemporary paleontology is that the birds, or avialans, are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs, which include dromaeosaurids, troodontids and possibly archaeopterygids.[13] Together, these three form a group called Paraves. Some basal members of this group, such as Microraptor and Archaeopteryx, have features which may have enabled them to glide or fly. The most basal deinonychosaurs are very small. This evidence raises the possibility that the ancestor of all paravians may have been arboreal, may have been able to glide, or both.[14][15] Unlike Archaeopteryx and the feathered dinosaurs, who primarily ate meat, recent studies suggest that the first birds were herbivores.[16]
The Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx is well known as one of the first transitional fossils to be found, and it provided support for the theory of evolution in the late 19th century. Archaeopteryx was the first fossil to display both clearly reptilian characteristics: teeth, clawed fingers, and a long, lizard-like tail, as well as wings with flight feathers identical to those of modern birds. It is not considered a direct ancestor of modern birds, though it is possibly closely related to the real ancestor.[17]
Alternative theories and controversies[link]
Early disagreements on the origins of birds included whether birds evolved from dinosaurs or more primitive archosaurs. Within the dinosaur camp, there were disagreements as to whether ornithischian or theropod dinosaurs were the more likely ancestors.[18] Although ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaurs share the hip structure of modern birds, birds are thought to have originated from the saurischian (lizard-hipped) dinosaurs, and therefore evolved their hip structure independently.[19] In fact, a bird-like hip structure evolved a third time among a peculiar group of theropods known as the Therizinosauridae.
A small minority of researchers, such as paleornithologist Alan Feduccia of the University of North Carolina, challenge the majority view, contending that birds are not dinosaurs, but evolved from early archosaurs like Longisquama.[20][21]
Early evolution of birds[link]
See also: List of fossil birds
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Birds diversified into a wide variety of forms during the Cretaceous Period.[22] Many groups retained primitive characteristics, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of bird groups, including modern birds (Neornithes). While the earliest forms, such as Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis, retained the long bony tails of their ancestors,[22] the tails of more advanced birds were shortened with the advent of the pygostyle bone in the clade Pygostylia. In the late Cretaceous, around 95 million years ago, the ancestor of all modern birds also evolved better olfactory senses.[23]
The first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed birds to evolve were the Enantiornithes, or "opposite birds", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array of ecological niches, from sand-probing shorebirds and fish-eaters to tree-dwelling forms and seed-eaters.[22]
Many species of the second major bird lineage to diversify, the Ornithurae (including the ancestors of modern birds), specialised in eating fish, like the superficially gull-like subclass Ichthyornithes (fish birds).[24] One order of Mesozoic seabirds, the Hesperornithiformes, became so well adapted to hunting fish in marine environments, they lost the ability to fly and became primarily aquatic. Despite their extreme specializations, the Hesperornithiformes represent some of the closest relatives of modern birds.[22]
Diversification of modern birds[link]
See also: Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy and dinosaur classification
Containing all modern birds, the subclass Neornithes is, due to the discovery of Vegavis, now known to have evolved into some basic lineages by the end of the Cretaceous[25] and is split into two superorders, the Palaeognathae and Neognathae. The paleognaths include the tinamous of Central and South America and the ratites. The basal divergence from the remaining Neognathes was that of the Galloanserae, the superorder containing the Anseriformes (ducks, geese, swans and screamers) and the Galliformes (the pheasants, grouse, and their allies, together with the mound builders and the guans and their allies). The dates for the splits are much debated by scientists. The Neornithes are agreed to have evolved in the Cretaceous, and the split between the Galloanseri from other Neognathes occurred before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, but there are different opinions about whether the radiation of the remaining Neognathes occurred before or after the extinction of the other dinosaurs.[26] This disagreement is in part caused by a divergence in the evidence; molecular dating suggests a Cretaceous radiation, while fossil evidence supports a Tertiary radiation. Attempts to reconcile the molecular and fossil evidence have proved controversial.[26][27]
The classification of birds is a contentious issue. Sibley and Ahlquist's Phylogeny and Classification of Birds (1990) is a landmark work on the classification of birds,[28] although it is frequently debated and constantly revised. Most evidence seems to suggest the assignment of orders is accurate,[29] but scientists disagree about the relationships between the orders themselves; evidence from modern bird anatomy, fossils and DNA have all been brought to bear on the problem, but no strong consensus has emerged. More recently, new fossil and molecular evidence is providing an increasingly clear picture of the evolution of modern bird orders.
Classification of modern bird orders[link]
See also: List of birds
based on Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy |
This is a list of the taxonomic orders in the subclass Neornithes, or modern birds. This list uses the traditional classification (the so-called Clements order), revised by the Sibley-Monroe classification. The list of birds gives a more detailed summary of the orders, including families.
Subclass Neornithes
The subclass Neornithes has two extant superorders –
Superorder Palaeognathae:
The name of the superorder is derived from paleognath, the ancient Greek for "old jaws" in reference to the skeletal anatomy of the palate, which is described as more primitive and reptilian than that in other birds. The Palaeognathae consists of two orders which comprise 49 existing species.
- Struthioniformes—ostriches, emus, kiwis, and allies
- Tinamiformes—tinamous
Superorder Neognathae:
The superorder Neognathae comprises 27 orders which have a total of nearly ten thousand species. The Neognathae have undergone adaptive radiation to produce the staggering diversity of form (especially of the bill and feet), function, and behaviour that are seen today.
The orders comprising the Neognathae are:
- Anseriformes—waterfowl
- Galliformes—fowl
- Charadriiformes—gulls, button-quails, plovers and allies
- Gaviiformes—loons
- Podicipediformes—grebes
- Procellariiformes—albatrosses, petrels, and allies
- Sphenisciformes—penguins
- Pelecaniformes—pelicans and allies
- Phaethontiformes—tropicbirds
- Ciconiiformes—storks and allies
- Cathartiformes—New World vultures
- Phoenicopteriformes—flamingos
- Falconiformes—falcons, eagles, hawks and allies
- Gruiformes—cranes and allies
- Pteroclidiformes—sandgrouse
- Columbiformes—doves and pigeons
- Psittaciformes—parrots and allies
- Cuculiformes—cuckoos and turacos
- Opisthocomiformes—hoatzin
- Strigiformes—owls
- Caprimulgiformes—nightjars and allies
- Apodiformes—swifts and hummingbirds
- Coraciiformes—kingfishers and allies
- Piciformes—woodpeckers and allies
- Trogoniformes—trogons
- Coliiformes—mousebirds
- Passeriformes—passerines
The radically different Sibley-Monroe classification (Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy), based on molecular data, found widespread adoption in a few aspects, as recent molecular, fossil, and anatomical evidence supported the Galloanserae.[26]
Distribution[link]
See also: Lists of birds by region
Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the Snow Petrel's breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres (270 mi) inland in Antarctica.[32] The highest bird diversity occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity was the result of higher speciation rates in the tropics, however recent studies found higher speciation rates in the high latitudes that were offset by greater extinction rates than in the tropics.[33] Several families of birds have adapted to life both on the world's oceans and in them, with some seabird species coming ashore only to breed[34] and some penguins have been recorded diving up to 300 metres (980 ft).[35]
Many bird species have established breeding populations in areas to which they have been introduced by humans. Some of these introductions have been deliberate; the Ring-necked Pheasant, for example, has been introduced around the world as a game bird.[36] Others have been accidental, such as the establishment of wild Monk Parakeets in several North American cities after their escape from captivity.[37] Some species, including Cattle Egret,[38] Yellow-headed Caracara[39] and Galah,[40] have spread naturally far beyond their original ranges as agricultural practices created suitable new habitat.
Anatomy and physiology[link]
Main articles: Bird anatomy and Bird vision
Compared with other vertebrates, birds have a body plan that shows many unusual adaptations, mostly to facilitate flight.
The skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the respiratory system.[41] The skull bones in adults are fused and do not show cranial sutures.[42] The orbits are large and separated by a bony septum. The spine has cervical, thoracic, lumbar and caudal regions with the number of cervical (neck) vertebrae highly variable and especially flexible, but movement is reduced in the anterior thoracic vertebrae and absent in the later vertebrae.[43] The last few are fused with the pelvis to form the synsacrum.[42] The ribs are flattened and the sternum is keeled for the attachment of flight muscles except in the flightless bird orders. The forelimbs are modified into wings.[44]
Like the reptiles, birds are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous wastes from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia via the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have a urinary bladder or external urethral opening and (with exception of the Ostrich) uric acid is excreted along with feces as a semisolid waste.[45][46][47] However, birds such as hummingbirds can be facultatively ammonotelic, excreting most of the nitrogenous wastes as ammonia.[48] They also excrete creatine, rather than creatinine like mammals.[42] This material, as well as the output of the intestines, emerges from the bird's cloaca.[49][50] The cloaca is a multi-purpose opening: waste is expelled through it, birds mate by joining cloaca, and females lay eggs from it. In addition, many species of birds regurgitate pellets.[51] The digestive system of birds is unique, with a crop for storage and a gizzard that contains swallowed stones for grinding food to compensate for the lack of teeth.[52] Most birds are highly adapted for rapid digestion to aid with flight.[53] Some migratory birds have adapted to use protein from many parts of their bodies, including protein from the intestines, as additional energy during migration.[54]
Birds have one of the most complex respiratory systems of all animal groups.[42] Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes directly into the lungs. When the bird exhales, the used air flows out of the lung and the stored fresh air from the posterior air sac is simultaneously forced into the lungs. Thus, a bird's lungs receive a constant supply of fresh air during both inhalation and exhalation.[55] Sound production is achieved using the syrinx, a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes which diverges from the lower end of the trachea;[56] the trachea being elongated in some species, increasing the volume of vocalizations and the perception of the bird's size.[57] The bird's heart has four chambers like a mammalian heart. In birds the main arteries taking blood away from the heart originate from the right aortic arch (or pharyngeal arch), unlike in the mammals where the left aortic arch forms this part of the aorta.[42] The postcava receives blood from the limbs via the renal portal system. Unlike in mammals, the circulating red blood cells in birds retain their nucleus.[58]
The nervous system is large relative to the bird's size.[42] The most developed part of the brain is the one that controls the flight-related functions, while the cerebellum coordinates movement and the cerebrum controls behaviour patterns, navigation, mating and nest building. Most birds have a poor sense of smell with notable exceptions including kiwis,[59] New World vultures[60] and tubenoses.[61] The avian visual system is usually highly developed. Water birds have special flexible lenses, allowing accommodation for vision in air and water.[42] Some species also have dual fovea. Birds are tetrachromatic, possessing ultraviolet (UV) sensitive cone cells in the eye as well as green, red and blue ones.[62] This allows them to perceive ultraviolet light, which is involved in courtship. Many birds show plumage patterns in ultraviolet that are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Male Blue Tits have an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in courtship by posturing and raising of their nape feathers.[63] Ultraviolet light is also used in foraging—kestrels have been shown to search for prey by detecting the UV reflective urine trail marks left on the ground by rodents.[64] The eyelids of a bird are not used in blinking. Instead the eye is lubricated by the nictitating membrane, a third eyelid that moves horizontally.[65] The nictitating membrane also covers the eye and acts as a contact lens in many aquatic birds.[42] The bird retina has a fan shaped blood supply system called the pecten.[42] Most birds cannot move their eyes, although there are exceptions, such as the Great Cormorant.[66] Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads have a wide visual field, while birds with eyes on the front of their heads, such as owls, have binocular vision and can estimate the depth of field.[67] The avian ear lacks external pinnae but is covered by feathers, although in some birds, such as the Asio, Bubo and Otus owls, these feathers form tufts which resemble ears. The inner ear has a cochlea, but it is not spiral as in mammals.[68]
A few species are able to use chemical defenses against predators; some Procellariiformes can eject an unpleasant oil against an aggressor,[69] and some species of pitohuis from New Guinea have a powerful neurotoxin in their skin and feathers.[70]
Chromosomes[link]
Birds have two sexes: male and female. The sex of birds is determined by the Z and W sex chromosomes, rather than by the X and Y chromosomes present in mammals. Male birds have two Z chromosomes (ZZ), and female birds have a W chromosome and a Z chromosome (WZ).[42]
In nearly all species of birds, an individual's sex is determined at fertilization. However, one recent study demonstrated temperature-dependent sex determination among Australian Brush-turkeys, for which higher temperatures during incubation resulted in a higher female-to-male sex ratio.[71]
Feathers, plumage, and scales[link]
Main articles: Feather and Flight feather
Feathers are a feature characteristic of birds (though also present in some dinosaurs not currently considered to be true birds). They facilitate flight, provide insulation that aids in thermoregulation, and are used in display, camouflage, and signaling.[42] There are several types of feathers, each serving its own set of purposes. Feathers are epidermal growths attached to the skin and arise only in specific tracts of skin called pterylae. The distribution pattern of these feather tracts (pterylosis) is used in taxonomy and systematics. The arrangement and appearance of feathers on the body, called plumage, may vary within species by age, social status,[72] and sex.[73]
Plumage is regularly moulted; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the "non-breeding" plumage, or—in the Humphrey-Parkes terminology—"basic" plumage; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey-Parkes system as "alternate" plumages.[74] Moulting is annual in most species, although some may have two moults a year, and large birds of prey may moult only once every few years. Moulting patterns vary across species. In passerines, flight feathers are replaced one at a time with the innermost primary being the first. When the fifth of sixth primary is replaced, the outermost tertiaries begin to drop. After the innermost tertiaries are moulted, the secondaries starting from the innermost begin to drop and this proceeds to the outer feathers (centrifugal moult). The greater primary coverts are moulted in synchrony with the primary that they overlap.[75] A small number of species, such as ducks and geese, lose all of their flight feathers at once, temporarily becoming flightless.[76] As a general rule, the tail feathers are moulted and replaced starting with the innermost pair.[75] Centripetal moults of tail feathers are however seen in the Phasianidae.[77] The centrifugal moult is modified in the tail feathers of woodpeckers and treecreepers, in that it begins with the second innermost pair of feathers and finishes with the central pair of feathers so that the bird maintains a functional climbing tail.[75][78] The general pattern seen in passerines is that the primaries are replaced outward, secondaries inward, and the tail from center outward.[79] Before nesting, the females of most bird species gain a bare brood patch by losing feathers close to the belly. The skin there is well supplied with blood vessels and helps the bird in incubation.[80]
-6.jpg)
Feathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around 9% of their daily time on this.[81] The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to apply waxy secretions from the uropygial gland; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as an antimicrobial agent, inhibiting the growth of feather-degrading bacteria.[82] This may be supplemented with the secretions of formic acid from ants, which birds receive through a behaviour known as anting, to remove feather parasites.[83]
The scales of birds are composed of the same keratin as beaks, claws, and spurs. They are found mainly on the toes and metatarsus, but may be found further up on the ankle in some birds. Most bird scales do not overlap significantly, except in the cases of kingfishers and woodpeckers. The scales of birds are thought to be homologous to those of reptiles and mammals.[84]
Flight[link]
Main article: Bird flight
Most birds can fly, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for breeding, feeding, and predator avoidance and escape. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large flight muscles, the pectoralis (which accounts for 15% of the total mass of the bird) and the supracoracoideus, as well as a modified forelimb (wing) that serves as an aerofoil.[42] Wing shape and size generally determine a bird species' type of flight; many birds combine powered, flapping flight with less energy-intensive soaring flight. About 60 extant bird species are flightless, as were many extinct birds.[85] Flightlessness often arises in birds on isolated islands, probably due to limited resources and the absence of land predators.[86] Though flightless, penguins use similar musculature and movements to "fly" through the water, as do auks, shearwaters and dippers.[87]
Behaviour[link]
Most birds are diurnal, but some birds, such as many species of owls and nightjars, are nocturnal or crepuscular (active during twilight hours), and many coastal waders feed when the tides are appropriate, by day or night.[88]
Diet and feeding[link]
Birds' diets are varied and often include nectar, fruit, plants, seeds, carrion, and various small animals, including other birds.[42] Because birds have no teeth, their digestive system is adapted to process unmasticated food items that are swallowed whole.
Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists.[42] Birds' feeding strategies vary by species. Many birds glean for insects, invertebrates, fruit, or seeds. Some hunt insects by suddenly attacking from a branch. Those species that seek pest insects are considered beneficial 'biological control agents' and their presence encouraged in biological pest control programs.[89] Nectar feeders such as hummingbirds, sunbirds, lories, and lorikeets amongst others have specially adapted brushy tongues and in many cases bills designed to fit co-adapted flowers.[90] Kiwis and shorebirds with long bills probe for invertebrates; shorebirds' varied bill lengths and feeding methods result in the separation of ecological niches.[42][91] Loons, diving ducks, penguins and auks pursue their prey underwater, using their wings or feet for propulsion,[34] while aerial predators such as sulids, kingfishers and terns plunge dive after their prey. Flamingos, three species of prion, and some ducks are filter feeders.[92][93] Geese and dabbling ducks are primarily grazers.
Some species, including frigatebirds, gulls,[94] and skuas,[95] engage in kleptoparasitism, stealing food items from other birds. Kleptoparasitism is thought to be a supplement to food obtained by hunting, rather than a significant part of any species' diet; a study of Great Frigatebirds stealing from Masked Boobies estimated that the frigatebirds stole at most 40% of their food and on average stole only 5%.[96] Other birds are scavengers; some of these, like vultures, are specialised carrion eaters, while others, like gulls, corvids, or other birds of prey, are opportunists.[97]
Water and drinking[link]
Water is needed by many birds although their mode of excretion and lack of sweat glands reduces the physiological demands.[98] Some desert birds can obtain their water needs entirely from moisture in their food. They may also have other adaptations such as allowing their body temperature to rise, saving on moisture loss from evaporative cooling or panting.[99] Seabirds can drink seawater and have salt glands inside the head that eliminate excess salt out of the nostrils.[100]
Most birds scoop water in their beaks and raise their head to let water run down the throat. Some species, especially of arid zones, belonging to the pigeon, finch, mousebird, button-quail and bustard families are capable of sucking up water without the need to tilt back their heads.[101] Some desert birds depend on water sources and sandgrouse are particularly well known for their daily congregations at waterholes. Nesting sandgrouse and many plovers carry water to their young by wetting their belly feathers.[102] Some birds carry water for chicks at the nest in their crop or regurgitate it along with food. The pigeon family, flamingos and penguins have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid called crop milk that they provide to their chicks.[103]
Migration[link]
Main article: Bird migration
Many bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences of seasonal temperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds, shorebirds, and waterbirds undertake annual long distance migrations, usually triggered by the length of daylight as well as weather conditions. These birds are characterised by a breeding season spent in the temperate or arctic/antarctic regions and a non-breeding season in the tropical regions or opposite hemisphere. Before migration, birds substantially increase body fats and reserves and reduce the size of some of their organs.[54][104] Migration is highly demanding energetically, particularly as birds need to cross deserts and oceans without refuelling. Landbirds have a flight range of around 2,500 km (1,600 mi) and shorebirds can fly up to 4,000 km (2,500 mi),[105] although the Bar-tailed Godwit is capable of non-stop flights of up to 10,200 km (6,300 mi).[106] Seabirds also undertake long migrations, the longest annual migration being those of Sooty Shearwaters, which nest in New Zealand and Chile and spend the northern summer feeding in the North Pacific off Japan, Alaska and California, an annual round trip of 64,000 km (39,800 mi).[107] Other seabirds disperse after breeding, travelling widely but having no set migration route. Albatrosses nesting in the Southern Ocean often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons.[108]
Some bird species undertake shorter migrations, travelling only as far as is required to avoid bad weather or obtain food. Irruptive species such as the boreal finches are one such group and can commonly be found at a location in one year and absent the next. This type of migration is normally associated with food availability.[109] Species may also travel shorter distances over part of their range, with individuals from higher latitudes travelling into the existing range of conspecifics; others undertake partial migrations, where only a fraction of the population, usually females and subdominant males, migrates.[110] Partial migration can form a large percentage of the migration behaviour of birds in some regions; in Australia, surveys found that 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerines were partially migratory.[111] Altitudinal migration is a form of short distance migration in which birds spend the breeding season at higher altitudes elevations and move to lower ones during suboptimal conditions. It is most often triggered by temperature changes and usually occurs when the normal territories also become inhospitable due to lack of food.[112] Some species may also be nomadic, holding no fixed territory and moving according to weather and food availability. Parrots as a family are overwhelmingly neither migratory nor sedentary but considered to either be dispersive, irruptive, nomadic or undertake small and irregular migrations.[113]
The ability of birds to return to precise locations across vast distances has been known for some time; in an experiment conducted in the 1950s a Manx Shearwater released in Boston returned to its colony in Skomer, Wales, within 13 days, a distance of 5,150 km (3,200 mi).[114] Birds navigate during migration using a variety of methods. For diurnal migrants, the sun is used to navigate by day, and a stellar compass is used at night. Birds that use the sun compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day by the use of an internal clock.[42] Orientation with the stellar compass depends on the position of the constellations surrounding Polaris.[115] These are backed up in some species by their ability to sense the Earth's geomagnetism through specialised photoreceptors.[116]
Communication[link]
See also: Bird vocalization
Birds communicate using primarily visual and auditory signals. Signals can be interspecific (between species) and intraspecific (within species).
Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance,[117] to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the Sunbittern's mimicry of a large predator to ward off hawks and protect young chicks.[118] Variation in plumage also allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species. Visual communication among birds may also involve ritualised displays, which have developed from non-signalling actions such as preening, the adjustments of feather position, pecking, or other behaviour. These displays may signal aggression or submission or may contribute to the formation of pair-bonds.[42] The most elaborate displays occur during courtship, where "dances" are often formed from complex combinations of many possible component movements;[119] males' breeding success may depend on the quality of such displays.[120]
Bird calls and songs, which are produced in the syrinx, are the major means by which birds communicate with sound. This communication can be very complex; some species can operate the two sides of the syrinx independently, allowing the simultaneous production of two different songs.[56] Calls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction,[42] evaluation of potential mates,[121] bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories,[42] the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season),[122] and the warning of other birds of potential predators, sometimes with specific information about the nature of the threat.[123] Some birds also use mechanical sounds for auditory communication. The Coenocorypha snipes of New Zealand drive air through their feathers,[124] woodpeckers drum territorially,[53] and Palm Cockatoos use tools to drum.[125]
Flocking and other associations[link]
While some birds are essentially territorial or live in small family groups, other birds may form large flocks. The principal benefits of flocking are safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency.[42] Defence against predators is particularly important in closed habitats like forests, where ambush predation is common and multiple eyes can provide a valuable early warning system. This has led to the development of many mixed-species feeding flocks, which are usually composed of small numbers of many species; these flocks provide safety in numbers but increase potential competition for resources.[127] Costs of flocking include bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds and the reduction of feeding efficiency in certain cases.[128]
Birds sometimes also form associations with non-avian species. Plunge-diving seabirds associate with dolphins and tuna, which push shoaling fish towards the surface.[129] Hornbills have a mutualistic relationship with Dwarf Mongooses, in which they forage together and warn each other of nearby birds of prey and other predators.[130]
Resting and roosting[link]
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The high metabolic rates of birds during the active part of the day is supplemented by rest at other times. Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as vigilant sleep, where periods of rest are interspersed with quick eye-opening "peeks", allowing them to be sensitive to disturbances and enable rapid escape from threats.[131] Swifts are believed to be able to sleep in flight and radar observations suggest that they orient themselves to face the wind in their roosting flight.[132] It has been suggested that there may be certain kinds of sleep which are possible even when in flight.[133] Some birds have also demonstrated the capacity to fall into slow-wave sleep one hemisphere of the brain at a time. The birds tend to exercise this ability depending upon its position relative to the outside of the flock. This may allow the eye opposite the sleeping hemisphere to remain vigilant for predators by viewing the outer margins of the flock. This adaptation is also known from marine mammals.[134] Communal roosting is common because it lowers the loss of body heat and decreases the risks associated with predators.[135] Roosting sites are often chosen with regard to thermoregulation and safety.[136]
Many sleeping birds bend their heads over their backs and tuck their bills in their back feathers, although others place their beaks among their breast feathers. Many birds rest on one leg, while some may pull up their legs into their feathers, especially in cold weather. Perching birds have a tendon locking mechanism that helps them hold on to the perch when they are asleep. Many ground birds, such as quails and pheasants, roost in trees. A few parrots of the genus Loriculus roost hanging upside down.[137] Some hummingbirds go into a nightly state of torpor accompanied with a reduction of their metabolic rates.[138] This physiological adaptation shows in nearly a hundred other species, including owlet-nightjars, nightjars, and woodswallows. One species, the Common Poorwill, even enters a state of hibernation.[139] Birds do not have sweat glands, but they may cool themselves by moving to shade, standing in water, panting, increasing their surface area, fluttering their throat or by using special behaviours like urohidrosis to cool themselves.
Breeding[link]
Social systems[link]
Ninety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate.[141] Monogamy allows for biparental care, which is especially important for species in which females require males' assistance for successful brood-rearing.[142] Among many socially monogamous species, extra-pair copulation (infidelity) is common.[143] Such behaviour typically occurs between dominant males and females paired with subordinate males, but may also be the result of forced copulation in ducks and other anatids.[144] For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes for her offspring and insuring against the possibility of infertility in her mate.[145] Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise.[146]
Other mating systems, including polygyny, polyandry, polygamy, polygynandry, and promiscuity, also occur.[42] Polygamous breeding systems arise when females are able to raise broods without the help of males.[42] Some species may use more than one system depending on the circumstances.
Breeding usually involves some form of courtship display, typically performed by the male.[147] Most displays are rather simple and involve some type of song. Some displays, however, are quite elaborate. Depending on the species, these may include wing or tail drumming, dancing, aerial flights, or communal lekking. Females are generally the ones that drive partner selection,[148] although in the polyandrous phalaropes, this is reversed: plainer males choose brightly coloured females.[149] Courtship feeding, billing and allopreening are commonly performed between partners, generally after the birds have paired and mated.[53]
Homosexual behaviour has been observed in males or females in numerous species of birds, including copulation, pair-bonding, and joint parenting of chicks.[150]
Territories, nesting and incubation[link]
See also: Bird nest
Many birds actively defend a territory from others of the same species during the breeding season; maintenance of territories protects the food source for their chicks. Species that are unable to defend feeding territories, such as seabirds and swifts, often breed in colonies instead; this is thought to offer protection from predators. Colonial breeders defend small nesting sites, and competition between and within species for nesting sites can be intense.[151]
All birds lay amniotic eggs with hard shells made mostly of calcium carbonate.[42] Hole and burrow nesting species tend to lay white or pale eggs, while open nesters lay camouflaged eggs. There are many exceptions to this pattern, however; the ground-nesting nightjars have pale eggs, and camouflage is instead provided by their plumage. Species that are victims of brood parasites have varying egg colours to improve the chances of spotting a parasite's egg, which forces female parasites to match their eggs to those of their hosts.[152]
Bird eggs are usually laid in a nest. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows.[153] Some bird nests, however, are extremely primitive; albatross nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden areas to avoid predation, but large or colonial birds—which are more capable of defence—may build more open nests. During nest construction, some species seek out plant matter from plants with parasite-reducing toxins to improve chick survival,[154] and feathers are often used for nest insulation.[153] Some bird species have no nests; the cliff-nesting Common Guillemot lays its eggs on bare rock, and male Emperor Penguins keep eggs between their body and feet. The absence of nests is especially prevalent in ground-nesting species where the newly hatched young are precocial.
Incubation, which optimises temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid.[42] In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through brood patches, areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of the incubating birds. Incubation can be an energetically demanding process; adult albatrosses, for instance, lose as much as 83 grams (2.9 oz) of body weight per day of incubation.[155] The warmth for the incubation of the eggs of megapodes comes from the sun, decaying vegetation or volcanic sources.[156] Incubation periods range from 10 days (in woodpeckers, cuckoos and passerine birds) to over 80 days (in albatrosses and kiwis).[42]
Parental care and fledging[link]
At the time of their hatching, chicks range in development from helpless to independent, depending on their species. Helpless chicks are termed altricial, and tend to be born small, blind, immobile and naked; chicks that are mobile and feathered upon hatching are termed precocial. Altricial chicks need help thermoregulating and must be brooded for longer than precocial chicks. Chicks at neither of these extremes can be semi-precocial or semi-altricial.
The length and nature of parental care varies widely amongst different orders and species. At one extreme, parental care in megapodes ends at hatching; the newly hatched chick digs itself out of the nest mound without parental assistance and can fend for itself immediately.[157] At the other extreme, many seabirds have extended periods of parental care, the longest being that of the Great Frigatebird, whose chicks take up to six months to fledge and are fed by the parents for up to an additional 14 months.[158]
In some species, both parents care for nestlings and fledglings; in others, such care is the responsibility of only one sex. In some species, other members of the same species—usually close relatives of the breeding pair, such as offspring from previous broods—will help with the raising of the young.[159] Such alloparenting is particularly common among the Corvida, which includes such birds as the true crows, Australian Magpie and Fairy-wrens,[160] but has been observed in species as different as the Rifleman and Red Kite. Among most groups of animals, male parental care is rare. In birds, however, it is quite common—more so than in any other vertebrate class.[42] Though territory and nest site defence, incubation, and chick feeding are often shared tasks, there is sometimes a division of labour in which one mate undertakes all or most of a particular duty.[161]
The point at which chicks fledge varies dramatically. The chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets, like the Ancient Murrelet, leave the nest the night after they hatch, following their parents out to sea, where they are raised away from terrestrial predators.[162] Some other species, such as ducks, move their chicks away from the nest at an early age. In most species, chicks leave the nest just before, or soon after, they are able to fly. The amount of parental care after fledging varies; albatross chicks leave the nest on their own and receive no further help, while other species continue some supplementary feeding after fledging.[163] Chicks may also follow their parents during their first migration.[164]
Brood parasites[link]
Main article: Brood parasite
Brood parasitism, in which an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood, is more common among birds than any other type of organism.[165] After a parasitic bird lays her eggs in another bird's nest, they are often accepted and raised by the host at the expense of the host's own brood. Brood parasites may be either obligate brood parasites, which must lay their eggs in the nests of other species because they are incapable of raising their own young, or non-obligate brood parasites, which sometimes lay eggs in the nests of conspecifics to increase their reproductive output even though they could have raised their own young.[166] One hundred bird species, including honeyguides, icterids, estrildid finches and ducks, are obligate parasites, though the most famous are the cuckoos.[165] Some brood parasites are adapted to hatch before their host's young, which allows them to destroy the host's eggs by pushing them out of the nest or to kill the host's chicks; this ensures that all food brought to the nest will be fed to the parasitic chicks.[167]
Ecology[link]
Birds occupy a wide range of ecological positions.[126] While some birds are generalists, others are highly specialised in their habitat or food requirements. Even within a single habitat, such as a forest, the niches occupied by different species of birds vary, with some species feeding in the forest canopy, others beneath the canopy, and still others on the forest floor. Forest birds may be insectivores, frugivores, and nectarivores. Aquatic birds generally feed by fishing, plant eating, and piracy or kleptoparasitism. Birds of prey specialise in hunting mammals or other birds, while vultures are specialised scavengers. Avivores are animals that are specialized at predating birds.
Some nectar-feeding birds are important pollinators, and many frugivores play a key role in seed dispersal.[168] Plants and pollinating birds often coevolve,[169] and in some cases a flower's primary pollinator is the only species capable of reaching its nectar.[170]
Birds are often important to island ecology. Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands, birds may fulfill ecological roles typically played by larger animals. For example, in New Zealand the moas were important browsers, as are the Kereru and Kokako today.[168] Today the plants of New Zealand retain the defensive adaptations evolved to protect them from the extinct moa.[171] Nesting seabirds may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding seas, principally through the concentration of large quantities of guano, which may enrich the local soil[172] and the surrounding seas.[173]
A wide variety of Avian ecology field methods, including counts, nest monitoring, and capturing and marking, are used for researching avian ecology.
Relationship with humans[link]
Since birds are highly visible and common animals, humans have had a relationship with them since the dawn of man.[174] Sometimes, these relationships are mutualistic, like the cooperative honey-gathering among honeyguides and African peoples such as the Borana.[175] Other times, they may be commensal, as when species such as the House Sparrow[176] have benefited from human activities. Several bird species have become commercially significant agricultural pests,[177] and some pose an aviation hazard.[178] Human activities can also be detrimental, and have threatened numerous bird species with extinction (hunting, avian lead poisoning, pesticides, roadkill, and predation by pet cats and dogs are common sources of death for birds).
Birds can act as vectors for spreading diseases such as psittacosis, salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, mycobacteriosis (avian tuberculosis), avian influenza (bird flu), giardiasis, and cryptosporidiosis over long distances. Some of these are zoonotic diseases that can also be transmitted to humans.[179]
Economic importance[link]
Domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs, called poultry, are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans; in 2003, 76 million tons of poultry and 61 million tons of eggs were produced worldwide.[180] Chickens account for much of human poultry consumption, though turkeys, ducks, and geese are also relatively common. Many species of birds are also hunted for meat. Bird hunting is primarily a recreational activity except in extremely undeveloped areas. The most important birds hunted in North and South America are waterfowl; other widely hunted birds include pheasants, wild turkeys, quail, doves, partridge, grouse, snipe, and woodcock.[181] Muttonbirding is also popular in Australia and New Zealand.[182] Though some hunting, such as that of muttonbirds, may be sustainable, hunting has led to the extinction or endangerment of dozens of species.[183]
Other commercially valuable products from birds include feathers (especially the down of geese and ducks), which are used as insulation in clothing and bedding, and seabird feces (guano), which is a valuable source of phosphorus and nitrogen. The War of the Pacific, sometimes called the Guano War, was fought in part over the control of guano deposits.[184]
Birds have been domesticated by humans both as pets and for practical purposes. Colourful birds, such as parrots and mynas, are bred in captivity or kept as pets, a practice that has led to the illegal trafficking of some endangered species.[185] Falcons and cormorants have long been used for hunting and fishing, respectively. Messenger pigeons, used since at least 1 AD, remained important as recently as World War II. Today, such activities are more common either as hobbies, for entertainment and tourism,[186] or for sports such as pigeon racing.
Amateur bird enthusiasts (called birdwatchers, twitchers or, more commonly, birders) number in the millions.[187] Many homeowners erect bird feeders near their homes to attract various species. Bird feeding has grown into a multimillion dollar industry; for example, an estimated 75% of households in Britain provide food for birds at some point during the winter.[188]
Religion, folklore and culture[link]
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Birds play prominent and diverse roles in folklore, religion, and popular culture. In religion, birds may serve as either messengers or priests and leaders for a deity, such as in the Cult of Makemake, in which the Tangata manu of Easter Island served as chiefs;[189] or as the rooster(cock) serves as a tangible vessel of Christ as in the gospel of Matthew, Mark and Luke in the New Testament with Christ speaking through the cock[190]; or as attendants, as in the case of Hugin and Munin, two Common Ravens who whispered news into the ears of the Norse god Odin.[191] In several civilizations of ancient Italy, particularly Etruscan and Roman religion, priests were involved in augury, or interpreting the words of birds while the "auspex" (from which the word "auspicious" is derived) watched their activities to foretell events.[192] They may also serve as religious symbols, as when Jonah (Hebrew: יוֹנָה, dove) embodied the fright, passivity, mourning, and beauty traditionally associated with doves.[193] Birds have themselves been deified, as in the case of the Common Peacock, which is perceived as Mother Earth by the Dravidians of India.[194] Some birds have also been perceived as monsters, including the mythological Roc and the Māori's legendary Pouākai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans.[195]
Birds have been featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early cave paintings.[196] Birds were later used in religious or symbolic art and design, such as the magnificent Peacock Throne of the Mughal and Persian emperors.[197] With the advent of scientific interest in birds, many paintings of birds were commissioned for books. Among the most famous of these bird artists was John James Audubon, whose paintings of North American birds were a great commercial success in Europe and who later lent his name to the National Audubon Society.[198] Birds are also important figures in poetry; for example, Homer incorporated Nightingales into his Odyssey, and Catullus used a sparrow as an erotic symbol in his Catullus 2.[199] The relationship between an albatross and a sailor is the central theme of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, which led to the use of the term as a metaphor for a 'burden'.[200] Other English metaphors derive from birds; vulture funds and vulture investors, for instance, take their name from the scavenging vulture.[201]
Perceptions of various bird species often vary across cultures. Owls are associated with bad luck, witchcraft, and death in parts of Africa,[202] but are regarded as wise across much of Europe.[203] Hoopoes were considered sacred in Ancient Egypt and symbols of virtue in Persia, but were thought of as thieves across much of Europe and harbingers of war in Scandinavia.[204]
Conservation[link]
Main article: Bird conservation
Though human activities have allowed the expansion of a few species, such as the Barn Swallow and European Starling, they have caused population decreases or extinction in many other species. Over a hundred bird species have gone extinct in historical times,[205] although the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions, eradicating an estimated 750–1800 species, occurred during the human colonisation of Melanesian, Polynesian, and Micronesian islands.[206] Many bird populations are declining worldwide, with 1,227 species listed as threatened by Birdlife International and the IUCN in 2009.[207][208]
The most commonly cited human threat to birds is habitat loss.[209] Other threats include overhunting, accidental mortality due to structural collisions or long-line fishing bycatch,[210] pollution (including oil spills and pesticide use),[211] competition and predation from nonnative invasive species,[212] and climate change.
Governments and conservation groups work to protect birds, either by passing laws that preserve and restore bird habitat or by establishing captive populations for reintroductions. Such projects have produced some successes; one study estimated that conservation efforts saved 16 species of bird that would otherwise have gone extinct between 1994 and 2004, including the California Condor and Norfolk Parakeet.[213]
Notes[link]
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- ^ Alonso, JC; Bautista, LM; Alonso, JA (2004). "Family-based territoriality vs flocking in wintering common cranes Grus grus". Journal of Avian Biology 35 (5): 434–44. DOI:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03290.x.
- ^ a b Davies N (2000). Cuckoos, Cowbirds and other Cheats. T. & A. D. Poyser: London ISBN 0-85661-135-2
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- ^ Temeles, E; Linhart, Y; Masonjones, M; Masonjones, H (2002). "The Role of Flower Width in Hummingbird Bill Length–Flower Length Relationships". Biotropica 34 (1): 68–80. http://www.amherst.edu/~ejtemeles/Temeles%20et%20al%202002%20biotropica.pdf.
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- ^ Bonney, Rick; Rohrbaugh, Jr., Ronald (2004). Handbook of Bird Biology (Second ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-938027-62-X.
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- ^ Keane, Aidan; Brooke, M.de L.; McGowan, P.J.K. (2005). "Correlates of extinction risk and hunting pressure in gamebirds (Galliformes)". Biological Conservation 126 (2): 216–33. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.05.011.
- ^ "The Guano War of 1865–1866.". World History at KMLA. http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/19cen/guanowar.html. Retrieved 18 December 2007.
- ^ Cooney, R; Jepson, P (2006). "The international wild bird trade: what's wrong with blanket bans?". Oryx 40 (1): 18–23. DOI:10.1017/S0030605306000056. http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=409231.
- ^ Manzi, M; Coomes, O. T. (2002). "Cormorant fishing in Southwestern China: a Traditional Fishery under Siege. (Geographical Field Note)". Geographic Review 92 (4): 597–603. DOI:10.2307/4140937. JSTOR 4140937. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go1895/is_200210/ai_n8674873.
- ^ Pullis La Rouche, G. (2006). Birding in the United States: a demographic and economic analysis. Waterbirds around the world. Eds. G.C. Boere, C.A. Galbraith and D.A. Stroud. The Stationery Office, Edinburgh, UK. pp. 841–46. JNCC.gov.uk, PDF
- ^ Chamberlain, DE; Vickery, JA; Glue, DE; Robinson, RA; Conway, GJ; Woodburn, RJW; Cannon, AR (2005). "Annual and seasonal trends in the use of garden feeders by birds in winter". Ibis 147 (3): 563–75. DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2005.00430.x. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2005.00430.x.
- ^ Routledge, S; Routledge, K (1917). "The Bird Cult of Easter Island". Folklore 28 (4): 337–55.
- ^ The New Testament | Matthew 26:34 | Mark 14:30 | Luke 22:34 | (Matthew 26:74-75 | Mark 14:71-72 | Luke 22:60-61
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- ^ Ingersoll, Ernest (1923). Archive.org, "Birds in legend, fable and folklore". Longmans, Green and co. p. 214
- ^ Hauser, A. J. (1985). "Jonah: In Pursuit of the Dove". Journal of Biblical Literature 104 (1): 21–37. DOI:10.2307/3260591. JSTOR 3260591.
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- ^ Clarke, CP (1908). "A Pedestal of the Platform of the Peacock Throne". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 3 (10): 182–83. DOI:10.2307/3252550. JSTOR 3252550.
- ^ Boime, Albert (1999). "John James Audubon: a birdwatcher's fanciful flights". Art History 22 (5): 728–55. DOI:10.1111/1467-8365.00184.
- ^ Chandler, A (1934). "The Nightingale in Greek and Latin Poetry". The Classical Journal 30 (2): 78–84. JSTOR 3289944.
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- ^ Carson, A (1998). "Vulture Investors, Predators of the 90s: An Ethical Examination". Journal of Business Ethics 17 (5): 543–55. http://www.springerlink.com/index/W676R8803NL06L38.pdf.
- ^ Enriquez PL, Mikkola H (1997). "Comparative study of general public owl knowledge in Costa Rica, Central America and Malawi, Africa". pp. 160–66 In: J.R. Duncan, D.H. Johnson, T.H. Nicholls, (Eds). Biology and conservation of owls of the Northern Hemisphere. General Technical Report NC-190, USDA Forest Service, St. Paul, Minnesota. 635 pp.
- ^ Lewis DP (2005). Owlpages.com, Owls in Mythology and Culture. Retrieved on 15 September 2007
- ^ Dupree, N (1974). "An Interpretation of the Role of the Hoopoe in Afghan Folklore and Magic". Folklore 85 (3): 173–93. JSTOR 1260073.
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- ^ "BirdLife International announces more Critically Endangered birds than ever before". Birdlife International. 14 May 2009. http://www.birdlife.org/news/pr/2009/05/red_list.html. Retrieved 15 May 2009.
- ^ Kinver, Mark (13 May 2009). "Birds at risk reach record high". BBC News Online. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8045971.stm. Retrieved 15 May 2009.
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- ^ Brothers, NP (1991). "Albatross mortality and associated bait loss in the Japanese longline fishery in the southern ocean". Biological Conservation 55 (3): 255–68. DOI:10.1016/0006-3207(91)90031-4.
- ^ Wurster, D; Wurster, C; Strickland, W (1965). "Bird Mortality Following DDT Spray for Dutch Elm Disease". Ecology 46 (4): 488–99. DOI:10.2307/1934880. ; Wurster, C. F.; Wurster, D. H.; Strickland, W. N. (1965). "Bird Mortality after Spraying for Dutch Elm Disease with DDT". Science 148 (3666): 90–91. DOI:10.1126/science.148.3666.90. PMID 14258730.
- ^ Blackburn, T; Cassey, P; Duncan, R; Evans, K; Gaston, K (2004). "Avian Extinction and Mammalian Introductions on Oceanic Islands". Science 305 (5692): 1955–58. DOI:10.1126/science.1101617. PMID 15448269.
- ^ Butchart, S; Stattersfield, A; Collar, N (2006). "How many bird extinctions have we prevented?". Oryx 40 (3): 266–79. DOI:10.1017/S0030605306000950. http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2006/08/butchart_et_al_2006.pdf.
External links[link]
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| Sir David Attenborough | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Attenborough in May 2003 |
|
| Born | (1926-05-08) 8 May 1926 (age 86) Isleworth, London |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | |
| Occupation | |
| Title | |
| Spouse | Jane Elizabeth Ebsworth Oriel (m. 1950–1997, her death) |
| Children |
|
Sir David Frederick Attenborough ( /ˈætənbərə/) OM, CH, CVO, CBE, FRS, FZS, FSA (born 8 May 1926) is a British broadcaster and naturalist.
His career as the face and voice of natural history programmes has endured for more than 50 years. He is best known for writing and presenting the nine Life series, in conjunction with the BBC Natural History Unit, which collectively form a comprehensive survey of all life on the planet. He is also a former senior manager at the BBC, having served as controller of BBC Two and director of programming for BBC Television in the 1960s and 1970s.
Attenborough is widely considered a national treasure in Britain, although he himself does not care for the term.[1][2][3] He is a younger brother of director, producer and actor Richard Attenborough.[4]
Contents |
Early life and family[link]
Attenborough was born in Isleworth, west London, but grew up in College House on the campus of the University College, Leicester, where his father, Frederick, was principal.[5] He is the middle of three sons (his elder brother, Richard, became an actor and his younger brother, John, an executive at Italian car manufacturer Alfa Romeo).[6] During World War II his parents also adopted two Jewish refugee girls from Europe.[7][8]
Attenborough spent his childhood collecting fossils, stones and other natural specimens. He received encouragement in this pursuit at age seven, when a young Jacquetta Hawkes admired his "museum". A few years later, one of his adoptive sisters gave him a piece of amber filled with prehistoric creatures; some 50 years later, it would be the focus of his programme The Amber Time Machine.
Attenborough was educated at Wyggeston Grammar School for Boys in Leicester and then won a scholarship to Clare College, Cambridge in 1945, where he studied geology and zoology and obtained a degree in natural sciences.[9] In 1947, he was called up for national service in the Royal Navy and spent two years stationed in North Wales and the Firth of Forth.
In 1950, Attenborough married Jane Elizabeth Ebsworth Oriel; the marriage lasted until her death in 1997. The couple had two children, Robert and Susan.[8] Robert is a senior lecturer in bioanthropology for the School of Archaeology and Anthropology at the Australian National University in Canberra.[10]
First years at the BBC[link]
After leaving the Navy, Attenborough took a position editing children's science textbooks for a publishing company. He soon became disillusioned with the work, however, and in 1950, he applied for a job as a radio talks producer with the BBC. Although he was rejected for this job, his CV later attracted the interest of Mary Adams, head of the Talks (factual broadcasting) department of the BBC's fledgling television service. Attenborough, like most Britons at that time, did not own a television, and he had seen only one programme in his life.[11] However, he accepted Adams' offer of a three-month training course, and in 1952 he joined the BBC full-time. Initially discouraged from appearing on camera because Adams thought his teeth were too big,[12] he became a producer for the Talks department, which handled all non-fiction broadcasts. His early projects included the quiz show Animal, Vegetable, Mineral? and Song Hunter, a series about folk music presented by Alan Lomax.
Attenborough's association with natural history programmes began when he produced and presented the three-part series The Pattern of Animals. The studio-bound programme featured animals from London Zoo, with the naturalist Julian Huxley discussing their use of camouflage, aposematism and courtship displays. Through this programme, Attenborough met Jack Lester, the curator of the zoo's reptile house, and they decided to make a series about an animal-collecting expedition. The result was Zoo Quest, first broadcast in 1954, which Attenborough presented at short notice, due to Lester being taken ill.
In 1957, the BBC Natural History Unit was formally established in Bristol. Attenborough was asked to join it, but declined, not wishing to move from London where he and his young family were settled. Instead he formed his own department, the Travel and Exploration Unit,[13] which allowed him to continue to front Zoo Quest as well as produce other documentaries, notably the Travellers' Tales and Adventure series.
In the early 1960s, Attenborough resigned from the permanent staff of the BBC to study for a postgraduate degree in social anthropology at the London School of Economics, interweaving his study with further filming.[14] However, he accepted an invitation to return to the BBC as controller of BBC Two before he could finish the degree.
BBC administration[link]
Attenborough became the controller of BBC Two in March 1965, but had a clause inserted in his contract that would allow him to continue making programmes on an occasional basis. Later the same year, he filmed elephants in Tanzania, and in 1969, he made a three-part series on the cultural history of the Indonesian island of Bali. For the 1971 film A Blank on the Map, he joined the first Western expedition to a remote highland valley in New Guinea to seek out a lost tribe.
BBC Two was launched in 1964, but had struggled to capture the public's imagination. When Attenborough arrived as controller, he quickly abolished the channel's quirky kangaroo mascot and shook up the schedule. With a mission to make BBC Two's output diverse and different from that offered by other networks, he began to establish a portfolio of programmes that defined the channel's identity for decades to come. Under his tenure, music, the arts, entertainment, archaeology, experimental comedy, travel, drama, sport, business, science and natural history all found a place in the weekly schedules. Often, an eclectic mix was offered within a single evening's viewing. Programmes he commissioned included Man Alive, Call My Bluff, Chronicle, Life, One Pair of Eyes, The Old Grey Whistle Test, Monty Python's Flying Circus and The Money Programme. When BBC Two became the first British channel to broadcast in colour in 1967, Attenborough took advantage by introducing televised snooker, as well as bringing rugby league to British television on a regular basis via the BBC2 Floodlit Trophy.
One of his most significant decisions was to order a 13-part series on the history of Western art, to show off the quality of the new UHF colour television service that BBC Two offered. Broadcast to universal acclaim in 1969, Civilisation set the blueprint for landmark authored documentaries, which were informally known as "tombstone" or "sledgehammer" projects. Others followed, including Jacob Bronowski's The Ascent of Man (also commissioned by Attenborough), and Alistair Cooke's America. Attenborough thought that the story of evolution would be a natural subject for such a series. He shared his idea with Chris Parsons, a producer at the Natural History Unit, who came up with the title Life on Earth and returned to Bristol to start planning the series. Attenborough harboured a strong desire to present the series himself, but this would not be possible so long as he remained in a management post.
In 1969, Attenborough was promoted to director of programmes, making him responsible for the output of both BBC channels. His tasks, which included agreeing budgets, attending board meetings and firing staff, were now far removed from the business of filming programmes. When Attenborough's name was being suggested as a candidate for the position of Director General of the BBC in 1972, he phoned his brother Richard to confess that he had no appetite for the job. Early the following year, he left his post to return to full-time programme-making, leaving him free to write and present the planned natural history epic.
Return to broadcasting[link]
After his resignation, Attenborough became a freelance broadcaster and immediately started work on his next project, a pre-arranged trip to Indonesia with a crew from the Natural History Unit. It resulted in the 1973 series Eastwards with Attenborough, which was similar in tone to the earlier Zoo Quests but without the animal-collecting element.
On his return, he began to work on the scripts for Life on Earth. Due to the scale of his ambition, the BBC decided to partner with an American network to secure the necessary funding. While the negotiations were proceeding he worked on a number of other television projects. He presented a series on tribal art (The Tribal Eye, 1975) and another on the voyages of discovery (The Explorers, 1975). He also presented a BBC children's series about cryptozoology entitled Fabulous Animals (1975), which featured mythical creatures such as the griffin and kraken.[15] Eventually, the BBC signed a co-production deal with Turner Broadcasting and Life on Earth moved into production in 1976.
Life series[link]
Beginning with Life on Earth in 1979, Attenborough set about creating a body of work which became a benchmark of quality in wildlife film-making and influenced a generation of documentary film-makers. The series also established many of the hallmarks of the BBC's natural history output. By treating his subject seriously and researching the latest discoveries, Attenborough and his production team gained the trust of the scientific community, who responded by allowing him to feature their subjects in his programmes. In Rwanda, for example, Attenborough and his crew were granted privileged access to film Dian Fossey's research group of mountain gorillas. Innovation was another factor in Life on Earth's success: new film-making techniques were devised to get the shots Attenborough wanted, with a focus on events and animals that were hitherto unfilmed. Computerised airline schedules, which had only recently been introduced, enabled the series to be elaborately devised so that Attenborough visited several locations around the globe in each episode, sometimes even changing continents mid-sentence. Although appearing as the on-screen presenter, he consciously restricted his pieces to camera to give his subjects top billing.
The success of Life on Earth prompted the BBC to consider a follow-up, and five years later, The Living Planet was screened. This time, Attenborough built his series around the theme of ecology, the adaptations of living things to their environment. It was another critical and commercial success, generating huge international sales for the BBC. In 1990, The Trials of Life completed the original Life trilogy, looking at animal behaviour through the different stages of life. The series drew strong reactions from the viewing public for its sequences of killer whales hunting sea lions on a Patagonian beach and chimpanzees hunting and violently killing a colobus monkey.
In the 1990s, Attenborough continued to use the "Life" moniker for a succession of authored documentaries. In 1993, he presented Life in the Freezer, the first television series to survey the natural history of Antarctica. Although past normal retirement age, he then embarked on a number of more specialised surveys of the natural world, beginning with plants. They proved a difficult subject for his producers, who had to deliver five hours of television featuring what are essentially immobile objects. The result, The Private Life of Plants (1995), showed plants as dynamic organisms by using time-lapse photography to speed up their growth.
Prompted by an enthusiastic ornithologist at the BBC Natural History Unit, Attenborough then turned his attention to the animal kingdom and in particular, birds. As he was neither an obsessive twitcher, nor a bird expert, he decided he was better qualified to make The Life of Birds (1998) on the theme of behaviour. The order of the remaining "Life" series was dictated by developments in camera technology. For The Life of Mammals (2002), low-light and infrared cameras were deployed to reveal the behaviour of nocturnal mammals. The series contains a number of memorable two shots of Attenborough and his subjects, which included chimpanzees, a blue whale and a grizzly bear. Advances in macro photography made it possible to capture natural behaviour of very small creatures for the first time, and in 2005, Life in the Undergrowth introduced audiences to the world of invertebrates.
At this point, Attenborough realised that he had spent 20 years unconsciously assembling a collection of programmes on all the major groups of terrestrial animals and plants — only reptiles and amphibians were missing. When Life in Cold Blood was broadcast in 2008, he had the satisfaction of completing the set, brought together in a DVD encyclopaedia called Life on Land. In an interview that year, Attenborough was asked to sum up his achievement, and responded:
The evolutionary history is finished. The endeavour is complete. If you'd asked me 20 years ago whether we'd be attempting such a mammoth task, I'd have said "Don't be ridiculous!" These programmes tell a particular story and I'm sure others will come along and tell it much better than I did, but I do hope that if people watch it in 50 years' time, it will still have something to say about the world we live in.[16]
However, in 2010 Attenborough asserted that his First Life — dealing with evolutionary history before Life on Earth — should also be included within the "Life" series. In the documentary Attenborough's Journey he stated, "This series, to a degree which I really didn't fully appreciate until I started working on it, really completes the set."[17]
Other documentaries[link]
Alongside the "Life" series, Attenborough has continued to work on other television documentaries, mainly in the natural history genre. He wrote and presented a series on man's influence on the natural history of the Mediterranean basin, The First Eden, in 1987. Two years later, he demonstrated his passion for fossils in Lost Worlds Vanished Lives.
Attenborough narrated every episode of Wildlife on One, a BBC One wildlife series which ran for 253 episodes between 1977 and 2005. At its peak, it drew a weekly audience of eight to ten million, and the 1987 episode "Meerkats United" was voted the best wildlife documentary of all time by BBC viewers.[18] He has also narrated over 50 episodes of Natural World, BBC Two's flagship wildlife series. (Its forerunner, The World About Us, was created by Attenborough in 1969, as a vehicle for colour television.[19]) In 1997, he narrated the BBC Wildlife Specials, each focussing on a charismatic species, and screened to mark the Natural History Unit's 40th anniversary.
As a writer and narrator, he continued to collaborate with the BBC Natural History Unit in the new millennium. Alastair Fothergill, a senior producer with whom Attenborough had worked on The Trials of Life and Life in the Freezer, was making The Blue Planet (2001), the Unit's first comprehensive series on marine life. He decided not to use an on-screen presenter due to difficulties in speaking to camera through diving apparatus, but asked Attenborough to narrate the films. The same team reunited for Planet Earth (2006), the biggest nature documentary ever made for television and the first BBC wildlife series to be shot in high definition. In 2011, Fothergill gave Attenborough a more prominent role in Frozen Planet, a major series on the natural history of the polar regions. Attenborough appeared on screen and authored the final episode, in addition to performing voiceover duties.
In 2009, he co-wrote and narrated Life, a ten-part series focussing on extraordinary animal behaviour,[20] and narrated Nature's Great Events, which showed how seasonal changes trigger major natural spectacles.[21]
By the turn of the millennium, Attenborough's authored documentaries were adopting a more overtly environmentalist stance. In State of the Planet (2000), he used the latest scientific evidence and interviews with leading scientists and conservationists to assess the impact of man's activities on the natural world. He later turned to the issues of global warming (The Truth about Climate Change, 2006) and human population growth (How Many People Can Live on Planet Earth?, 2009). He also contributed a programme which highlighted the plight of endangered species to the BBC's Saving Planet Earth project in 2007, the 50th anniversary of the Natural History Unit.
Attenborough is also forging a new partnership with Sky, working on documentaries for the broadcaster's new 3D network, Sky 3D. Their first collaboration was Flying Monsters 3D, a film about pterosaurs which debuted on Christmas Day of 2010.[22] A second film, The Bachelor King 3D, followed a year later, and further collaborations are planned.
Current projects[link]
Attenborough celebrates his 60th year in broadcasting in 2012, and continues to work on a number of television, film and radio projects. The anniversary will be marked by the BBC with the screening of Attenborough: 60 Years in the Wild, a three part series which looks at how wildlife filmmaking techniques, discoveries in the field of biological sciences and our relationship with the natural world have all developed over the past 60 years.[23]
Further collaborations with Sky 3D are also in the pipeline. First will come Kingdom of Plants 3D, a three-part series filmed at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew which debuts on 26 May 2012 and will be simulcast on Sky Atlantic HD.[24] A series on the wildlife of the Galapagos Islands has also been announced[25] and the Sky 3D film The Bachelor King 3D, which Attenborough wrote and narrated, will get a theatrical release in 2012. All Attenborough's 3D projects are being co-produced by Atlantic Productions, as is a second series of First Life, which will explore the origins of the mammals.[26]
2012 will also herald the third series of David Attenborough's Life Stories for BBC Radio 4 and the new commission David Attenborough's Natural Curiosities on Eden.[27]
Other work[link]
From 1983, Attenborough worked on two environmentally themed musicals with the WWF and writers Peter Rose and Anne Conlon. Yanomamo was the first, about the Amazon rainforest, and the second, Ocean World, premiered at the Royal Festival Hall in 1991. They were both narrated by Attenborough on their national tour, and recorded on to audio cassette. Ocean World was also filmed for Channel 4 and later released.
In 1990, he highlighted the case of Mahjoub Sharif as part of the BBC's Prisoners of Conscience series.[28]
In January 2009, the BBC commissioned Attenborough to provide a series of 20 ten-minute monologues covering the history of nature. Entitled David Attenborough's Life Stories, they are broadcast on Radio 4 in the Friday night slot vacated by Alistair Cooke's Letter from America.[29] Part of Radio 4's A Point of View strand, the talks are also available as podcasts.[30]
He appeared in the 2009 Children's Prom at the BBC Promenade Concerts and in the Last Night of the Proms on 12 September 2009, playing a floor polisher in Sir Malcolm Arnold's "A Grand, Grand Overture" (after which he was "shot" by Rory Bremner, who was playing the gun).
Attenborough also serves on the advisory board of BBC Wildlife magazine.
Achievements, awards and recognition[link]
| Styles and honours |
|---|
|
Attenborough's contribution to broadcasting and wildlife film-making has brought him international recognition. He has been called "the great communicator, the peerless educator"[31] and "the greatest broadcaster of our time".[32] His programmes are often cited as an example of what public service broadcasting should be, even by critics of the BBC, and have influenced a generation of wildlife film-makers.[33]
Honorary titles[link]
In 2010 it was reported that Attenborough has been given 29 honorary degrees by British universities, more than any other person.[34] In 1980, he was honoured by the Open University, with whom he has had a close association throughout his career. He also has honorary Doctor of Science awards from the University of Cambridge (1984), the University of Oxford (1988)[35], the University of Bath (1981)[36] and the University of St Andrews (2011).[37] In 2006, the two eldest Attenborough brothers returned to their home city to receive the title of Distinguished Honorary Fellows of the University of Leicester, "in recognition of a record of continuing distinguished service to the University."[38] David Attenborough was previously awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by the university in 1970, and was made an honorary Freeman of the City of Leicester in 1990.
Attenborough has received the title Honorary Fellow from Clare College, Cambridge (1980), the Zoological Society of London (1998), the Linnean Society (1999), the Institute of Biology (2000) and the Society of Antiquaries (2007).
Recognition[link]
Attenborough has featured as the subject of a number of BBC television programmes. Life on Air (2002) examined the legacy of his work and Attenborough the Controller (2002) focused on his time in charge of BBC Two. He also featured prominently in The Way We Went Wild (2004), a series about natural history television presenters, and 100 Years of Wildlife Films (2007), a special programme marking the centenary of the nature documentary. In 2006, British television viewers were asked to vote for their Favourite Attenborough Moments for a UKTV poll to coincide with the broadcaster's 80th birthday. The winning clip showed Attenborough observing the mimicry skills of the superb lyrebird.
Attenborough was named as the most trusted celebrity in Britain in a 2006 Reader's Digest poll,.[39] and the following year he won The Culture Show's Living Icon Award.[40] He has also been named among the 100 Greatest Britons in a 2002 BBC poll and is one of the top ten "Heroes of Our Time" according to New Statesman magazine.[41]
He has the distinction of having a number of newly discovered species and fossils being named in his honour. In 1993, after discovering that the Mesozoic reptile Plesiosaurus conybeari had not, in fact, been a true plesiosaur, the paleontologist Robert Bakker renamed the species Attenborosaurus conybeari.[42] A fossilised armoured fish discovered at the Gogo Formation, Western Australia in 2008 was given the name Materpiscis attenboroughi, after Attenborough had filmed at the site and highlighted its scientific importance in Life on Earth.[43] The Materpiscis fossil is believed to be the earliest organism capable of internal fertilisation.
He has also lent his name to a species of Ecuadorian flowering tree, Blakea attenboroughi, one of the world's largest-pitchered carnivorous plants, Nepenthes attenboroughii,[44] and one of only four species of long-beaked echidna, the critically endangered Zaglossus attenboroughi, discovered by explorer and zoologist Tim Flannery in the Cyclops Mountains of New Guinea in 1998.
In September 2009, London's Natural History Museum opened the Attenborough Studio, part of its Darwin Centre development.[45]
Awards[link]
- 1970: BAFTA Desmond Davis Award
- 1974: Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
- 1980: BAFTA Fellowship
- 1983: Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)
- 1985: Knighthood[46]
- 1991: Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) for producing Queen Elizabeth II's Christmas broadcast for a number of years from 1986
- 1991: Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences[47]
- 1996: Companion of Honour (CH) "for services to nature broadcasting"
- 1998: International Cosmos Prize
- 2003: Michael Faraday Prize awarded by the Royal Society
- 2004: Descartes Prize for Outstanding Science Communication Actions
- 2004: Caird Medal of the National Maritime Museum
- 2005: Order of Merit (OM)[48]
- 2005: Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest
- 2006: National Outdoor Book Award (Nature and the Environment category), Life in the Underground
- 2006: National Television Awards Special Recognition Award
- 2006: Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management[49] - Institute Medal in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the public perception and understanding of ecology
- 2006: The Culture Show British Icon Award
- 2007: British Naturalists' Association Peter Scott Memorial Award
- 2009: BAFTA Specialist factual award for Life In Cold Blood
- 2009: Prince of Asturias Award[50]
- 2010: Fonseca Prize
- 2010: Queensland Museum Medal[51][52]
- ???? RSPB Medal[53][54]
- 2011: Society for the History of Natural History Founders' Medal
Views and advocacy[link]
Environmental causes[link]
Attenborough's programmes have often included references to the impact of human society on the natural world. The last episode of The Living Planet, for example, focuses almost entirely on humans' destruction of the environment and ways that it could be stopped or reversed. Despite this, he has been criticised for not giving enough prominence to environmental messages. Some environmentalists feel that programmes like Attenborough's give a false picture of idyllic wilderness and do not do enough to acknowledge that such areas are increasingly encroached upon by humans.[55]
However, his closing message from State of the Planet was forthright:
The future of life on earth depends on our ability to take action. Many individuals are doing what they can, but real success can only come if there's a change in our societies and our economics and in our politics. I've been lucky in my lifetime to see some of the greatest spectacles that the natural world has to offer. Surely we have a responsibility to leave for future generations a planet that is healthy, inhabitable by all species.
Attenborough has subsequently become more vocal in his support of environmental causes. In 2005 and 2006, he backed a BirdLife International project to stop the killing of albatross by longline fishing boats.[56] He gave public support to WWF's campaign to have 220,000 square kilometres of Borneo's rainforest designated a protected area.[57] He also serves as a vice-president of BTCV, vice-president of Fauna and Flora International, president of Butterfly Conservation and president of Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust. In 2003 he launched an appeal to create a rainforest reserve in Ecuador in memory of Christopher Parsons, the producer of Life on Earth and a personal friend, who had died the previous year. The same year, he helped to launch ARKive,[58] a global project instigated by Parsons to gather together natural history media into a digital library. ARKive is an initiative of Wildscreen, of which Attenborough is a patron.[59] He later became patron of the World Land Trust, and an active supporter. He supported Glyndebourne in their successful application to obtain planning permission for a wind turbine in an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and gave evidence at the planning inquiry arguing in favour of the proposal.
Attenborough has repeatedly said that he considers human overpopulation to be the root cause of many environmental problems. In The Life of Mammals, he made a plea for humans to curb population growth so that other species will not be crowded out. In 2009, he became a patron of Population Matters, (formerly known as the Optimum Population Trust), a UK charity advocating sustainable human populations.
He has written and spoken publicly about the fact that, despite past scepticism, he believes the Earth's climate is warming in a way that is cause for concern, and that this can likely be attributed to human activity.[60] He summed up his thoughts at the end of his 2006 documentary "Can We Save Planet Earth?" as follows:
In the past, we didn't understand the effect of our actions. Unknowingly, we sowed the wind and now, literally, we are reaping the whirlwind. But we no longer have that excuse: now we do recognise the consequences of our behaviour. Now surely, we must act to reform it — individually and collectively, nationally and internationally — or we doom future generations to catastrophe.
In a 2005 interview with BBC Wildlife magazine, Attenborough said he considered George W. Bush to be the era's top "environmental villain". In 2007, he further elaborated on the USA's consumption of energy in relation to its population. When asked if he thought America to be "the villain of the piece", he responded:
I don't think whole populations are villainous, but Americans are just extraordinarily unaware of all kinds of things. If you live in the middle of that vast continent, with apparently everything your heart could wish for just because you were born there, then why worry? [...] If people lose knowledge, sympathy and understanding of the natural world, they're going to mistreat it and will not ask their politicians to care for it.[61]
Religion and creationism[link]
In a December 2005 interview with Simon Mayo on BBC Radio Five Live, Attenborough stated that he considers himself an agnostic.[62] When asked whether his observation of the natural world has given him faith in a creator, he generally responds with some version of this story, making reference to the Loa loa parasitic worm:
My response is that when Creationists talk about God creating every individual species as a separate act, they always instance hummingbirds, or orchids, sunflowers and beautiful things. But I tend to think instead of a parasitic worm that is boring through the eye of a boy sitting on the bank of a river in West Africa, [a worm] that's going to make him blind. And [I ask them], 'Are you telling me that the God you believe in, who you also say is an all-merciful God, who cares for each one of us individually, are you saying that God created this worm that can live in no other way than in an innocent child's eyeball? Because that doesn't seem to me to coincide with a God who's full of mercy'.[63]
He has explained that he feels the evidence all over the planet clearly shows evolution to be the best way to explain the diversity of life, and that "as far as [he's] concerned, if there is a supreme being then he chose organic evolution as a way of bringing into existence the natural world."
In a BBC Four interview with Mark Lawson, Attenborough was asked if he at any time had any religious faith. He replied simply, "No."[64] He has also said "It never really occurred to me to believe in God".[65]
In 2002, Attenborough joined an effort by leading clerics and scientists to oppose the inclusion of creationism in the curriculum of UK state-funded independent schools which receive private sponsorship, such as the Emmanuel Schools Foundation.[66] In 2009, Attenborough stated that the Book of Genesis, by saying that the world was there for people to dominate, had taught generations that they can "dominate" the environment, and that this has resulted in the devastation of vast areas of the environment.[67] Attenborough further explained to the science journal Nature, "That's why Darwinism, and the fact of evolution, is of great importance, because it is that attitude which has led to the devastation of so much, and we are in the situation that we are in."[68][69]
Also in early 2009, the BBC broadcast an Attenborough one-hour special, Charles Darwin and the Tree of Life. In reference to the programme, Attenborough stated that "People write to me that evolution is only a theory. Well, it is not a theory. Evolution is as solid a historical fact as you could conceive. Evidence from every quarter. What is a theory is whether natural selection is the mechanism and the only mechanism. That is a theory. But the historical reality that dinosaurs led to birds and mammals produced whales, that's not theory."[70] He strongly opposes creationism and its offshoot "intelligent design", saying that a survey that found a quarter of science teachers in state schools believe that creationism should be taught alongside evolution in science lessons was "really terrible".[70]
In March 2009, Attenborough appeared on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross. Attenborough stated that he felt evolution did not rule out the existence of a God and accepted the title of agnostic saying, "My view is: I don't know one way or the other but I don't think that evolution is against a belief in God."[71]
Attenborough has joined evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins and other top scientists in signing a campaign statement coordinated by the British Humanist Association (BHA). The statement calls for "creationism to be banned from the school science curriculum and for evolution to be taught more widely in schools."[72]
BBC and public service broadcasting[link]
Attenborough is a lifelong supporter of the BBC, public broadcasting and the television licence. He has said:
PSB, to me, is not about selecting individual programme strands here or there, financing them from some outside source and then foisting them upon commercial networks. Public Service Broadcasting, watched by a healthy number of viewers, with programmes financed in proportion to their intrinsic needs and not the size of the audience, can only effectively operate as a network — a network whose aim is to cater for the broadest possible range of interests, popular as well as less popular, a network that measures its success not only by its audience size but by the range of its schedule.[73]
Public service broadcasting is one of the things that distinguishes this country and makes me want to live here. I have spent all my life in it. I would be very distressed if public service broadcasting was weakened. I have been at the BBC since 1952, and know the BBC is constantly being battered. It is today.[74]
If you could demonstrate that the BBC was grossly extravagant there might be a case for saying OK take it away. But in fact the BBC per minute in almost every category is as cheap as you can find anywhere in the world and produces the best quality. If you take the money away, which part of the BBC will you remove? The BBC has gone through swingeing staff cuts. It has been cut to the bone, if you divert licence fee money elsewhere, you cut quality and services. There is always that threat from politicians who will say your licence fee is up for grabs. We will take it. There is a lot of people who want to see the BBC weakened. They talk of this terrible tax of the licence fee. Yet it is the best bargain that is going. Four radio channels and god knows how many TV channels. It is piffling.[74]
There have always been politicians or business people who have wanted to cut the BBC back or stop it saying the sort of things it says. There's always been trouble about the licence and if you dropped your guard you could bet our bottom dollar there'd be plenty of people who'd want to take it away. The licence fee is the basis on which the BBC is based and if you destroy it, broadcasting... becomes a wasteland.[75]
Attenborough expressed regret at some of the changes made to the BBC in the 1990s by Director-General John Birt, who introduced an internal market at the corporation, slimmed and even closed some departments and outsourced much of the corporation’s output to private production companies, in line with the Broadcasting Act 1990. He has said:
There is no question but that Birtism . . . has had some terrible results. On the other hand, the BBC had to change. Now it has to produce programmes no one else can do. Otherwise, forget the licence fee.[76]
The Bristol Unit has suffered along with the rest of the BBC from recent staff cuts. Yet it remains confident in the belief that the BBC will maintain it, in spite of the vagaries of fashion, because the Corporation believes that such programmes deserve a place in the schedules of any broadcaster with pretensions of providing a Public Service. In due course, similar specialist Units were also established in London, in order to produce programmes on archaeology and history, on the arts, on music and on science. They too, at one time, had their successes. But they have not survived as well as the Unit in Bristol. The statutory requirement that a certain percentage of programmes must come from independent producers has reduced in-house production and the Units necessarily shrank proportionately in size. As they dwindled, so the critical mass of their production expertise has diminished. The continuity of their archives has been broken, they have lost the close touch they once had worldwide with their subjects and they are no longer regarded internationally as the centres of innovation and expertise that they once were.[77]
When Birt gets up and says the whole of the BBC was a creative mess and it was wasteful, I never saw any evidence of that. I absolutely know it wasn’t so in my time. Producers now spend all their time worrying about money, and the thing has suffered for it.[78]
In 2008, he criticised the BBC’s television schedules:
I have to say that there are moments when I wonder — moments when its two senior networks, first set up as a partnership, schedule simultaneously programmes of identical character, thereby contradicting the very reason that the BBC was given a second network. Then there are times when both BBC One and BBC Two, intoxicated by the sudden popularity of a programme genre, allow that genre to proliferate and run rampant through the schedules. The result is that other kinds of programmes are not placed, simply because of a lack of space. Do we really require so many gardening programmes, make-over programmes or celebrity chefs? Is it not a scandal in this day and age, that there seems to be no place for continuing series of programmes about science or serious music or thoughtful in-depth interviews with people other than politicians?[73]
In 2009, Attenborough commented on the general state of British television, describing the newly introduced product placement on commercial television as something he considered an "appalling" idea 20 years earlier:
I think it's in great trouble. The whole system on which it was built — a limited number of networks, with adequate funding — is under threat. That funding is no longer there. As stations proliferate, so audiences are reduced. The struggle for audiences becomes ever greater, while money diminishes. I think that's a fair recipe for trouble. Inevitably, this has an impact on the BBC … Fortunately, the BBC doesn't think natural history programmes must compete with Strictly Come Dancing in terms of audience. The BBC says, 'Make proper, responsible natural history programmes.'[79]
Other causes[link]
In May 2005, Attenborough was appointed as patron of the UK's Blood Pressure Association, which provides information and support to people with hypertension.[80]
Attenborough is also an honorary member of BSES Expeditions, a youth development charity that operates challenging scientific research expeditions to remote wilderness environments.
Parodies and artistic portrayals[link]
Attenborough's accent and hushed, excited delivery have been the subject of frequent parodies by comedians, most notably Spike Milligan, Marty Feldman and The Goodies. Attenborough is portrayed by Michael Palin in the final episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus, where he searches the African jungle for the legendary Walking Tree of Dahomey (Quercus Nicholas Parsonus), sweating excessively and accompanied by native guides wearing saxophones. David Attenborough has also been parodied in a series of GEICO insurance commercials, showing a nature show host, clearly patterned on Attenborough.
"Time Flies", a sketch by David Ives, features a pair of anthropomorphic mayflies engaging in a courtship ritual, while watching themselves on television in a documentary narrated by David Attenborough.[81]
The character of Nigel Thornberry, a nature documentarian on Nickelodeon's The Wild Thornberrys is strongly influenced by Attenborough.
He has also been parodied by the Australia 1980s sketch show The Comedy Company where Ian McFadyen portrays a character called David Rabbitborough, who goes about examining the "wildlife" of various Australian urban stereotypes.
The video game Discworld, based on the series of books by Terry Pratchett, parodies his unique delivery to explain different aspects of the Discworld Universe, such as L-Space.
Mythbusters host Adam Savage often imitates Attenborough when speaking about his co-host Jamie Hyneman, which Jamie verified in the YouTube Special Episode.
Filmography[link]
Main article: David Attenborough filmography
Attenborough is known foremost for writing and presenting the ten Life series, which are presented in chronological order below:
- Life on Earth (1979)
- The Living Planet (1984)
- The Trials of Life (1990)
- Life in the Freezer (1993)
- The Private Life of Plants (1995)
- The Life of Birds (1998)
- The Life of Mammals (2002)
- Life in the Undergrowth (2005)
- Life in Cold Blood (2008)
- First Life (2010)
His voice is synonymous with wildlife documentaries for British audiences, and the principal series with which his narration is associated include:
- Wildlife on One (1977–2005)
- BBC Wildlife Specials (1995–2008)
- The Blue Planet (2001)
- Planet Earth (British version) (2006)
- Nature's Great Events (2009)
- Life (2009)
- Frozen Planet (2011)
Books[link]
Bibliography[link]
- Zoo Quest to Guyana (Lutterworth Press, 1956)
- Zoo Quest for a Dragon (Lutterworth Press, 1957)
- (book club edition with 85 extra pages, Quest for the Paradise Birds, 1959)
- Zoo Quest in Paraguay (Lutterworth Press, 1959)
- paperback (Penguin Books, 1982)
- Quest in Paradise (1960)
- People of Paradise (Harper & Brothers, 1960)
- Zoo Quest to Madagascar (1961)
- Quest Under Capricorn (1963)
- Fabulous Animals (BBC, 1975) ISBN 0-563-17006-9
- The Tribal Eye (1976)
- Life on Earth (1979)
- Discovering Life on Earth (1981)
- Journeys to the past: Travels in New Guinea, Madagascar, and the northern territory of Australia (1983) Penguin Books ISBN 0-14-00.64133
- The Living Planet (1984)
- The First Eden: The Mediterranean World and Man (1987)(Little Brown & Co (T); 1st American ed edition (March 1990))
- The Atlas of the Living World (1989)
- The Trials of Life (Collins, 1990) ISBN 0-00-219912-2
- The Private Life of Plants (BBC Books, 1994) ISBN 0-563-37023-8
- The Life of Birds (BBC Books, 1998) ISBN 0-563-38792-0
- The Life of Mammals (BBC Books, 2002) ISBN 0-563-53423-0
- Life on Air: Memoirs of a Broadcaster (autobiography; 2002) ISBN 0-563-53461-3
- paperback: ISBN 0-563-48780-1
- updated edition: ISBN 978-1-84607-652-7
- Life in the Undergrowth (BBC Books, 2005) ISBN 0-563-52208-9
- Amazing Rare Things - The Art of Natural History in the Age of Discovery with Susan Owens, Martin Clayton and Rea Alexandratos (The Royal Collection, 2007) Hardback - ISBN 978-1-902163-46-8; Softback - ISBN 978-1-902163-99-4
- Life in Cold Blood (BBC Books, 2007) ISBN 978-0-563-53922-3
- Life Stories, (HarperCollins Publishers, 2009) ISBN 978-0-00-733883-2
- New Life Stories, (Collins, 2011) ISBN 978-0-00-742512-9
Introductions[link]
Attenborough has written the introduction or foreword for a number of books, including:
- Buxton, Cindy; Annie Price (1983). Survival South Atlantic. London :: Granada,. pp. xiii,237p.,[64]p. of plates : ill(some col.), maps,col.ports. ; 26cm.. ISBN 0-246-12087-8.
- African Jigsaw: A Musical Entertainment, Peter Rose and Anne Conlon (published: 1986, Weinberger)
- Tomorrow Is Too Late, Various (The Macmillan Press, 1990)
- Life in the Freezer: Natural History of the Antarctic, Alastair Fothergill (BBC Books, 1993), ISBN 0-563-36431-9
- Birds of Paradise: Paradisaeidae (Bird Families of the World series) Clifford B. Frith, Bruce M. Beehler, William T. Cooper (Illustrator) (Oxford University Press, 1998) ISBN 0-19-854853-2
- The Blue Planet, Andrew Byatt, Alastair Fothergill, Martha Holmes (BBC Books, 2001) ISBN 0-563-38498-0.
- Light on the Earth (BBC Books, 2005), two decades of winning images from the Wildlife Photographer of the Year competition, ISBN 0-563-52260-7
- Planet Earth, Alastair Fothergill (BBC Books, 2006), ISBN 0-563-52212-7
Audio recordings[link]
- Tarka the Otter by Henry Williamson (available on audiocassette, 1978)
- Yanomamo (musical entertainment, 1983) by Peter Rose and Anne Conlon; on-stage narration and published audio recording
- Ocean World (musical entertainment, 1990) by Peter Rose and Anne Conlon; on-stage narration (including at The Royal Festival Hall), for audio recording and video broadcast (both published)
- Peter and the Wolf for BBC Music Magazine (free CD with the June 2000 issue).
In addition, Attenborough has recorded some of his own works in audiobook form, including Life on Earth, Zoo Quest for a Dragon and his autobiography Life on Air: Memoirs of a Broadcaster.
References[link]
- ^ Waldemayer, Winston (2009-01-28). "Short Sharp Science: Eye-burrowing worms, national treasures... and creationism". Newscientist.com. http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2009/01/eye-burrowing-worms-national-t.html. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- ^ Kendall, Paul (31 January 2009). "Sir David Attenborough: 'Man was given permission to exploit the natural world by the Bible'". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/4413130/Sir-David-Attenborough-Man-was-given-permission-to-exploit-the-natural-world-by-the-Bible.html. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- ^ "Margaret Thatcher, Richard Branson and Judi Dench picked as National Treasures". London: The Telegraph. 2008-09-18. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2982907/Margaret-Thatcher-Richard-Branson-and-Judi-Dench-picked-as-National-Treasures.html. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- ^ "Richard Attenborough's official website: Biography". Richardattenborough.com. http://www.richardattenborough.com/Biography/. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
- ^ History of College House at the Wayback Machine (archived September 24, 2006)
- ^ O'Hanlon, Terry (26 November 2000). "The Missing Link; We find Attenborough brother No. 3". Sunday Mirror (London). http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_20001126/ai_n14516598/. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
- ^ Mentioned as an aside at the 90 second mark on The Amber Time Machine, part of the Attenborough in Paradise and Other Personal Voyages collection of documentaries.
- ^ a b "Sir David Attenborough - Naturalist". Bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/plain/A20218628. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- ^ "Cover.Qxd" (PDF). http://www.clarealumni.com/s/845/file_lib/1/1/clarenews11_633540413018489651.pdf. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ "Dr Robert Attenborough - School of Archaeology & Anthropology - ANU". Arts.anu.edu.au. 9 July 2009. http://archanth.anu.edu.au/staff/dr-robert-attenborough. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ Attenborough, David (2002). Life on Air. BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-53461-3. pp. 10-11.
- ^ Life on Air, p.13.
- ^ Life on Air, pp.60-61.
- ^ "Transcript of interview with David Attenborough" (PDF). http://www.wildfilmhistory.org/helpers/force-download.php?file=pdf/David_Attenborough.pdf. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ Gately, Martin (1 April 2006). "Fortean Times episode guide to ''Fabulous Animals''". Forteantimes.com. http://www.forteantimes.com/features/articles/101/attenboroughs_fabulous_animals.html. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ Radio Times 26 Jan–1 February 2008: "The Last Word", interview with Jeremy Paxman
- ^ Attenborough's Journey, BBC Two, 24 October 2010
- ^ "Meerkats United". WildFilmistory.org. http://www.wildfilmhistory.org/film/151/Meerkats+United.html. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
- ^ Attenborough, David. ""Where the Wild Things Are" (Essay for BBC "Made in the Uk")". BBC.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/policies/madeintheuk/pdfs/5_david_attenborough_where_the_wild_things_are.pdf. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
- ^ Holmwood, Leigh (21 September 2007). "Attenborough is back - again". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2007/sep/21/bbc.television1. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
- ^ "Nature's Great Events Press Pack". BBC Press Office. 11 February 2009. http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2009/01_january/05/nature.shtml.
- ^ "Sir David Attenborough to front Sky 3D wildlife show". BBC News Online. 7 April 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8606923.stm.
- ^ Brown, Maggie (5 May 2012). "David Attenborough's 60-year career celebrated in BBC series". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2012/may/05/david-attenborough-bbc-series. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
- ^ "David Attenborough's Kingdom of Plants 3D will burst onto Sky 3D screens in May 2012". Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. http://www.kew.org/about-kew/press-media/press-releases-kew/david-attenborough-kingdom-of-plants/index.htm. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
- ^ "Atlantic and Sky announce further groundbreaking 3D project with David Attenborough". Atlantic Productions. http://www.atlanticproductions.co.uk/news/atlantic-and-sky-announce-further-groundbreaking-3d-project-with-david-attenborough/. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
- ^ Rajesh, Monisha. "Attenborough, Atlantic teaming up for second "First Life"". realscreen.com. http://realscreen.com/2011/12/23/exclusive-attenborough-atlantic-teaming-up-for-second-first-life/. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
- ^ "David Attenborough's Natural Curiosities". Eden Channel. http://uktv.co.uk/eden/item/aid/652175. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
- ^ "Solidarity and Return to Sender". Amnesty Magazine (London: Amnesty Intrernational) 0264-3278 (151): 24. September/October 2008.
- ^ "Attenborough takes on Cooke's radio slot". Digital Spy. 30 January 2009. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/broadcasting/a145070/attenborough-takes-on-cookes-radio-slot.html. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ "BBC Podcasts: A Point of View". Bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/pov/. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ Smith, Giles (31 December 2001). "What comes naturally". London: The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4729076/What-comes-naturally.html.
- ^ Whitworth, Damian (22 January 2009). "David Attenborough on Charles Darwin". London: The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article5562484.ece.
- ^ Donaghy, James (3 March 2008). "David Attenborough: a fine specimen". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/tvandradioblog/2008/mar/03/davidattenboroughafinespec.
- ^ "Sir David Attenborough heads lists of most honoured by Britain's universities". London: The Sunday Telegraph. 1 August 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/7920613/Sir-David-Attenborough-heads-lists-of-most-honoured-by-Britains-universities.html.
- ^ "WWF Council of Ambassadors - Sir David Attenborough". WWF-UK. http://www.wwf.org.uk/what_we_do/about_us/all_about_wwf/wwf_uk_council_of_ambassadors/sir_david_attenborough.cfm. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
- ^ "Honorary Graduates 1989 to present". bath.ac.uk. University of Bath. http://www.bath.ac.uk/ceremonies/hongrads/. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
- ^ "St Andrews to honour David Attenborough". st-andrews.ac.uk. University of St Andrews. http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/archive/2011/Title,68380,en.html. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
- ^ "British Icons Pick Up Uni Honours". Sky News. 13 July 2011. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Sky-News-Archive/Article/200806413532577.
- ^ Hoggart, Simon (28 January 2006). "In David we trust ... but not Peter". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,5673,1696927,00.html.
- ^ culture show. "Living Icons - David Attenborough". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/livingicons/bio01.shtml. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
- ^ "New Statesman". New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/200605220016. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ "Plesiosauria Translation and Pronunciation Guide". Dinosauria.com. http://www.dinosauria.com/dml/names/ples.html. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ "Oldest Live-Birth Fossil Found; Fish Had Umbilical Cord". National Geographic News. 28 May 2008. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/05/080528-mother-fossil.html.
- ^ Robinson, A.S., A.S. Fleischmann, S.R. McPherson, V.B. Heinrich, E.P. Gironella & C.Q. Peña 2009. A spectacular new species of Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) pitcher plant from central Palawan, Philippines. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 159(2): 195–202. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00942.x
- ^ "Prince opens £78m Darwin Centre". BBC News. 14 September 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8254804.stm.
- ^ London Gazette: no. 50221. p. 10816. 6 August 1985.
- ^ "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
- ^ "ATTENBOROUGH, Sir David (Frederick)". Who's Who (2010 ed.). Oxford, England: A and C Black. December 2009.
- ^ "Welcome to IEEM". Ieem.net. http://www.ieem.net. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
- ^ "Prince of Asturias Awards 2009". http://fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/en/awards/2009/david-attenborough-1/. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
- ^ smartbahu.com. "David Attenborough to be honoured by Queensland Museum". Smartbahu.com. http://www.smartbahu.com/node/500347. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
- ^ "Queensland Government". Science.qld.gov.au. http://www.science.qld.gov.au/dsdweb/v4/apps/web/content.cfm?id=15012. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
- ^ "Independent journalist wins RSPB medal". Birdwatch. http://www.birdwatch.co.uk/channel/newsitem.asp?c=11&cate=__7806. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
- ^ Reynolds, James (2007-08-23). "Gifted naturalist is awarded prestigious RSPB medal". RSPB. http://www.rspb.org.uk/media/releases/175798-gifted-naturalist-is-awarded-prestigious-rspb-medal. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
- ^ James Fair, "Small Things Bright and Beautiful", BBC Wildlife Magazine, November 2005, pp. 25-26.
- ^ "Personal plea by David Attenborough". www.savethealbatross.net. 27 January 2006. http://www.savethealbatross.net/the_latest/the_latest_item.asp?newsid=24.
- ^ "Sir David Attenborough: Heart of Borneo is a global heritage". WWF-UK press release. http://www.wwf.org.uk/core/about/ta_0000001801.asp.
- ^ Davies, Ashley (20 May 2003). "Arkive sets sail on the web". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/conservation/story/0,,969572,00.html.
- ^ WildScreen Annual Review 2010. Wildscreen. http://www.wildscreen.org.uk/downloads/AnnualReview2010.pdf. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
- ^ Attenborough, David (24 May 2006). "Climate change is the major challenge facing the world". London: The Independent. http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/article570935.ece.
- ^ Interview in the Radio Times 23–29 June 2007
- ^ Interview with Simon Mayo, BBC Radio Five Live, 2 December 2005
- ^ David Attenborough, 2003. "Wild, wild life." Sydney Morning Herald, 25 March. Attenborough has also told this story in numerous other interviews.
- ^ BBC Today programme, 31 January 2009
- ^ Walker, Tim (26 January 2009). "Sir David Attenborough questioned on faith, naturally". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mandrake/4347954/Sir-David-Attenborough-questioned-on-faith-naturally.html.
- ^ Butt, Riazat (27 January 2009). "Attenborough reveals creationist hate mail for not crediting God". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jan/27/david-attenborough-science. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
- ^ "Is the Bible to blame for trashing Earth?". worldnetdaily.com. http://worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=87651. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
- ^ "The Great Beyond: David Attenborough on Darwin, evolution and the Bible". blogs.nature.com. http://blogs.nature.com/news/thegreatbeyond/2009/01/david_attenborough_on_darwin_e.html. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
- ^ Rutherford, A. (2009). "Q&A: Building on paradise". Nature 457 (7232): 967–967. DOI:10.1038/457967a. PMID 19225509. edit
- ^ a b Whitworth, Damian (22 January 2009). "David Attenborough on Charles Darwin - Times Online". London: www.timesonline.co.uk. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article5562484.ece. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
- ^ "David Attenborough on ''Friday Night with Jonathan Ross''". YouTube. 31 October 2009. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SvoJSlcIYmM. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ Collins, Nick (19 September 2011). "David Attenborough joins campaign against creationism in schools". London: The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/8769353/David-Attenborough-joins-campaign-against-creationism-in-schools.html. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
- ^ a b "The BBC and the future of public service broadcasting". http://www.bbc.co.uk/thefuture/transcript_atten6.shtml.
- ^ a b Pierce, Andrew (2 May 2008). "Sir David Attenborough enters political jungle". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1921592/Sir-David-Attenborough-enters-political-jungle.html. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
- ^ "Attenborough backs Ross". http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/multi-platform/news/attenborough-backs-ross/1925560.article.
- ^ "The New Statesman Interview - David Attenborough". http://www.newstatesman.com/199812180019.
- ^ "The BBC and the future of public service broadcasting". http://www.bbc.co.uk/thefuture/transcript_atten4.shtml.
- ^ Hamilton, Fiona (3 November 2002). "Interview: Marguerite Driscoll meets Sir David Attenborough: So much jollier than being DG". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article820515.ece?token=null&offset=0&page=1. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
- ^ Khan, Urmee (5 October 2009). "David Attenborough says TV is in 'Big Trouble'". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/6261612/David-Attenborough-says-TV-is-in-Big-Trouble.html. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
- ^ Press release, Blood Pressure Association web site, 13 May 2005
- ^ "North County Times: Laughs fly in New Village Arts' treatment of David Ives' words". Nctimes.com. 6 August 2009. http://www.nctimes.com/entertainment/arts-and-theatre/theatre/article_4d08ed69-0b4f-5fed-a94f-af2fb123fdfa.html. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: David Attenborough |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: David Attenborough |
- David Attenborough at the Internet Movie Database
- BBC Books David Attenborough website
- BBC Life on Air website
- BBC biography
- Wildfilmhistory.org biography
- BBC interviews with Attenborough in 1976 and 1998
- PBS interview with Attenborough in 1998
- A Life in TV: Sir David Attenborough, BAFTA
- BBC Wildlife Finder - David Attenborough's favourite moments
- Tribute from the World Land Trust
- David Attenborough profile on Eden Channel website
- List of David Attenborough's programmes on Eden Channel website
| Media offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Michael Peacock |
Controller of BBC Two 1965–1969 |
Succeeded by Robin Scott |
| Non-profit organization positions | ||
| Preceded by ? |
President of the Royal Society for Nature Conservation 1991–1996 |
Succeeded by ? |
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|||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Attenborough, David |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Broadcaster, naturalist |
| Date of birth | 8 May 1926 |
| Place of birth | London, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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| Sir Alfred Hitchcock | |
|---|---|
 Studio publicity photo |
|
| Born | Alfred Joseph Hitchcock (1899-08-13)13 August 1899 Leytonstone, London, England, UK |
| Died | 29 April 1980(1980-04-29) (aged 80) Bel Air, California, US |
| Other names | Hitch The Master of Suspense |
| Occupation | Film director, film producer |
| Years active | 1921–76 |
| Influenced by | D. W. Griffith, Fritz Lang, Sergei Eisenstein,[1] F.W. Murnau[2] |
| Influenced | Brian De Palma, François Truffaut, Steven Spielberg, Martin Scorsese, Claude Chabrol, Robert Zemeckis, M. Night Shyamalan, David Lynch, Stanley Kubrick, Dario Argento, John Carpenter, Jonathan Demme, Tim Burton, Mel Brooks, David Fincher |
| Religion | Roman Catholic[3] |
| Spouse | Alma Reville (m.1926-80; his death) |
| Children | Patricia Hitchcock |
| Parents | William Hitchcock (father) Emma Jane Whelan (mother) |
Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980)[4] was an English film director and producer.[5] He pioneered many techniques in the suspense and psychological thriller genres. After a successful career in British cinema in both silent films and early talkies, Hitchcock moved to Hollywood. On 19 April 1955, he became an American citizen while remaining a British subject.
Over a career spanning more than half a century, Hitchcock fashioned for himself a distinctive and recognisable directorial style.[6] He pioneered the use of a camera made to move in a way that mimics a person's gaze, forcing viewers to engage in a form of voyeurism.[7] He framed shots to maximise anxiety, fear, or empathy, and used innovative film editing.[7] His stories frequently feature fugitives on the run from the law alongside "icy blonde" female characters.[8] Many of Hitchcock's films have twist endings and thrilling plots featuring depictions of violence, murder, and crime, although many of the mysteries function as decoys or "MacGuffins" meant only to serve thematic elements in the film and the extremely complex psychological examinations of the characters. Hitchcock's films also borrow many themes from psychoanalysis and feature strong sexual undertones. Through his cameo appearances in his own films, interviews, film trailers, and the television program Alfred Hitchcock Presents, he became a cultural icon. Hitchocks reputation as a filmmaker is offset by claims that he engaged in obsessive and controlling behaviour towards many of his leading ladies, and that in some cases this extended to physical abuse and sexual harrassment.[9]
Hitchcock directed more than fifty feature films in a career spanning six decades. Often regarded as the greatest British filmmaker, he came first in a 2007 poll of film critics in Britain's Daily Telegraph, which said: "Unquestionably the greatest filmmaker to emerge from these islands, Hitchcock did more than any director to shape modern cinema, which would be utterly different without him. His flair was for narrative, cruelly withholding crucial information (from his characters and from us) and engaging the emotions of the audience like no one else."[10][11] The magazine MovieMaker has described him as the most influential filmmaker of all time,[12] and he is widely regarded as one of cinema's most significant artists.[13]
Contents
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Early life[link]
Hitchcock was born on 13 August 1899 in Leytonstone, London, England, the second son and youngest of three children of William Hitchcock (1862–1914), a greengrocer and poulterer, and Emma Jane Hitchcock (née Whelan; 1863–1942). Named Alfred after his father's brother, Hitchcock was raised Catholic and was sent to Salesian College (London)[14] and the Jesuit Classic school St Ignatius' College in Stamford Hill, London.[15][16] His mother and paternal grandmother were of Irish extraction.[17][18] He often described his childhood as being very lonely and sheltered, a situation compounded by his obesity.[19]
Around the age of 5, according to Hitchcock, he was sent by his father to the local police station with a note asking the officer to lock him away for ten minutes as punishment for behaving badly.[20] This idea of being harshly treated or wrongfully accused is frequently reflected in Hitchcock's films.[21]
Hitchcock's father died when he was 14. In the same year, Hitchcock left St. Ignatius to study at the London County Council School of Engineering and Navigation in Poplar, London.[22] After leaving, he became a draftsman and advertising designer with a cable company called Henley's.[23]
It was while working at Henley's that he first started to dabble creatively. Upon the formation of the company's in-house publication The Henley Telegraph in 1919, Hitchcock started to submit short articles, eventually becoming one of its most prolific contributors. His first piece was Gas (1919), published in the very first issue, in which a young woman imagines that she is being assaulted one night in Paris – only for the twist to reveal that it was all just a hallucination in the dentist's chair, induced by the anaesthetic. His second piece was The Woman's Part (1919), which involves the conflicted emotions a husband feels as he watches his wife, an actress, perform onstage.[24] Sordid (1920) surrounds an attempt to buy a sword from an antiques dealer, with another twist ending. The short story And There Was No Rainbow (1920) was Hitchcock's first brush with possibly censurable material. A young man goes out looking for a brothel, only to stumble into the house of his best friend's girl. What's Who? (1920), while being very funny, was also a precursor to the famous Abbott and Costello "Who's on First?" routine. The History of Pea Eating (1920) was a satirical disquisition on the various attempts mankind has made over the centuries to eat peas successfully. His final piece, Fedora (1921), was his shortest and most enigmatic contribution. It also gave a strikingly accurate description of his future wife, Alma (whom he had not yet met).[25]
During this period, Hitchcock became intrigued by photography and started working in film production in London, working as a title-card designer for the London branch of what would become Paramount Pictures.[26] In 1920, he received a full-time position at Islington Studios with its American owner, Famous Players-Lasky, and their British successor, Gainsborough Pictures,[27] designing the titles for silent movies.[28] His rise from title designer to film director took five years.
Inter-war British career[link]
Hitchcock's last collaboration with Graham Cutts led him to Germany in 1924. The film Die Prinzessin und der Geiger (UK title The Blackguard, 1925), directed by Cutts and co-written by Hitchcock, was produced in the Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam near Berlin. Hitchcock also observed part of the making of F. W. Murnau's film Der letzte Mann (1924).[29] He was very impressed with Murnau's work and later used many techniques for the set design in his own productions. In his book-length interview with François Truffaut, Hitchcock/Truffaut (Simon and Schuster, 1967), Hitchcock also said he was influenced by Fritz Lang's film Destiny (1921).
Hitchcock's first few films faced a string of bad luck. His first directing project came in 1922 with the aptly titled Number 13.[30] The production was cancelled due to financial problems[30] and the few scenes that were finished at that point were apparently lost. In 1925, Michael Balcon[31] of Gainsborough Pictures gave Hitchcock another opportunity for a directing credit with The Pleasure Garden made at UFA Studios[32] in Germany; the film was a commercial flop.[33] Next, Hitchcock directed a drama called The Mountain Eagle (possibly released under the title Fear o' God in the United States). This film was also eventually lost.[34] In 1926, Hitchcock's luck changed with his first thriller, The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog. The film, released in January 1927, was a major commercial and critical success in the United Kingdom.[35] As with many of his earlier works, this film was influenced by Expressionist techniques Hitchcock had witnessed first-hand in Germany.[36] Some commentators regard this piece as the first truly "Hitchcockian"[37][38] film, incorporating such themes as the "wrong man".[39]
Following the success of The Lodger, Hitchcock hired a publicist to help enhance his growing reputation. On 2 December 1926, Hitchcock married his assistant director, Alma Reville, at the Brompton Oratory in South Kensington. Their only child, daughter Patricia, was born on 7 July 1928. Alma was to become Hitchcock's closest collaborator, but her contributions to his films (some of which were credited on screen) Hitchcock would discuss only in private, as she was keen to avoid public attention.[40]
In 1929, Hitchcock began work on his tenth film Blackmail. While the film was still in production, the studio, British International Pictures (BIP), decided to convert it to sound. As an early 'talkie', the film is frequently cited by film historians as a landmark film,[41] and is often considered to be the first British sound feature film.[42][43] With the climax of the film taking place on the dome of the British Museum, Blackmail began the Hitchcock tradition of using famous landmarks as a backdrop for suspense sequences. It also features one of his longest cameo appearances, which shows him being bothered by a small boy as he reads a book on the London Underground.[44] In the PBS series The Men Who Made The Movies,[45] Hitchcock explained how he used early sound recording as a special element of the film, emphasising the word "knife" in a conversation with the woman suspected of murder.[46] During this period, Hitchcock directed segments for a BIP musical film revue Elstree Calling (1930) and directed a short film featuring two Film Weekly scholarship winners, An Elastic Affair (1930). Another BIP musical revue, Harmony Heaven (1929), reportedly had minor input from Hitchcock, but his name does not appear in the credits.
In 1933, Hitchcock was once again working for Michael Balcon[31] at Gaumont-British Picture Corporation.[47] His first film for the company, The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934), was a success and his second, The 39 Steps (1935), is often considered one of the best films from his early period.[48] This film was also one of the first to introduce the concept of the "MacGuffin", a plot device around which a whole story seems to revolve, but ultimately has nothing to do with the true meaning or ending of the story. In The 39 Steps, the MacGuffin is a stolen set of design plans. Hitchcock told French director François Truffaut:
There are two men sitting in a train going to Scotland and one man says to the other, "Excuse me, sir, but what is that strange parcel you have on the luggage rack above you?", "Oh", says the other, "that's a Macguffin.", "Well", says the first man, "what's a Macguffin?", The other answers, "It's an apparatus for trapping lions in the Scottish Highlands.", "But", says the first man, "there are no lions in the Scottish Highlands.", "Well", says the other, "then that's no Macguffin."[49]
Hitchcock's next major success was his 1938 film The Lady Vanishes, a fast-paced film about the search for a kindly old Englishwoman Miss Froy (Dame May Whitty), who disappears while on board a train in the fictional country of Bandrika.[50]
By 1938, Hitchcock had become known for his alleged observation, "Actors are cattle". He once said that he first made this remark as early as the late 1920s, in connection to stage actors who were snobbish about motion pictures. However, Michael Redgrave said that Hitchcock had made the statement during the filming of The Lady Vanishes. The phrase would haunt Hitchcock for years to come and would result in an incident during the filming of his 1941 production of Mr. & Mrs. Smith, where Carole Lombard brought some heifers onto the set with name tags of Lombard, Robert Montgomery, and Gene Raymond, the stars of the film, to surprise the director. Hitchcock said he was misquoted: "I said 'Actors should be treated like cattle'."[51]
At the end of the 1930s, David O. Selznick signed Hitchcock to a seven-year contract beginning in March 1939, when the Hitchcocks moved to the United States.
Hollywood[link]
In Hollywood, the suspense and the gallows humour that had become Hitchcock's trademark in film continued to appear in his productions. The working arrangements with Selznick were less than optimal. Selznick suffered from perennial money problems, and Hitchcock was often displeased with Selznick's creative control over his films. In a later interview, Hitchcock summarised the working relationship thus:
[Selznick] was the Big Producer. [...] Producer was king, The most flattering thing Mr. Selznick ever said about me—and it shows you the amount of control—he said I was the "only director" he'd "trust with a film".[52]
Selznick loaned Hitchcock to the larger studios more often than producing Hitchcock's films himself. In addition, Selznick, as well as fellow independent producer Samuel Goldwyn, made only a few films each year, so he did not always have projects for Hitchcock to direct. Goldwyn had also negotiated with Hitchcock on a possible contract, only to be outbid by Selznick. Hitchcock was quickly impressed with the superior resources of the American studios compared to the financial restrictions he had frequently encountered in England.[citation needed]
Hitchcock's fondness for his homeland resulted in numerous American films set in, or filmed in, the United Kingdom,[53] including his penultimate film, Frenzy.
With the prestigious Selznick picture Rebecca in 1940, Hitchcock made his first American movie, set in England and based on a novel by English author Daphne du Maurier. The film starred Laurence Olivier and Joan Fontaine. This Gothic melodrama explores the fears of a naïve young bride who enters a great English country home and must adapt to the extreme formality and coldness she finds there. The film won the Academy Award for Best Picture of 1940.[54] The statuette was given to Selznick, as the film's producer.[54] The film did not win the Best Director award for Hitchcock.
There were additional problems between Selznick and Hitchcock. Selznick was known to impose very restrictive rules upon Hitchcock, forcing him to shoot the film as Selznick wanted.[citation needed] At the same time, Selznick complained about Hitchcock's "goddamn jigsaw cutting", which meant that the producer did not have nearly the leeway to create his own film as he liked, but had to follow Hitchcock's vision of the finished product.[55] Rebecca was the fourth longest of Hitchcock's films, at 130 minutes, exceeded only by The Paradine Case (132 minutes), North by Northwest (136 minutes), and Topaz (142 minutes).[56]
Hitchcock's second American film, the European-set thriller Foreign Correspondent (1940), based on Vincent Sheean's Personal History and produced by Walter Wanger, was nominated for Best Picture that year. Hitchcock and many other English nationals felt uneasy living and working in Hollywood while their home country was at war, so his concern resulted in the making of the film that supported the British war effort.[57] The movie was filmed in the first year of World War II and was inspired by the rapidly changing events in Europe, as fictionally covered by an American newspaper reporter portrayed by Joel McCrea. The film mixed actual footage of European scenes and scenes filmed on a Hollywood back lot. In compliance with Hollywood's Production Code censorship, the film avoided direct references to Germany and Germans.[58]
1940s films[link]
Hitchcock's films during the 1940s were diverse, ranging from the romantic comedy Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941) to the courtroom drama The Paradine Case (1947) to the dark and disturbing film noir Shadow of a Doubt (1943).
In September 1940, the Hitchcocks purchased the 200-acre (0.81 km2) Cornwall Ranch, located near Scotts Valley in the Santa Cruz Mountains. The ranch became the primary residence of the Hitchcocks for the rest of their lives, although they kept their Bel Air home. Suspicion (1941) marked Hitchcock's first film as a producer as well as director. Hitchcock used the north coast of Santa Cruz, California, for the English coastline sequence.[26] This film was to be actor Cary Grant's first time working with Hitchcock, and it was one of the few times that Grant would be cast in a sinister role.[26] Joan Fontaine[59] won Best Actress Oscar[26] and the New York Film Critics Circle Award[60] for her "outstanding performance in Suspicion". "Grant plays an irresponsible husband whose actions raise suspicion and anxiety in his wife (Fontaine)".[citation needed] In what critics regard as a classic scene[citation needed], Hitchcock uses a light bulb to illuminate what might be a fatal glass of milk that Grant is bringing to his wife. In the book the movie is based on (Before the Fact by Francis Iles), the Grant character is a killer, but Hitchcock and the studio felt Grant's image would be tarnished by that ending. Though a homicide would have suited him better, as he stated to François Truffaut, Hitchcock settled for an ambiguous finale.[61]
Saboteur (1942) was the first of two films that Hitchcock made for Universal, a studio where he would continue his career during his later years. Hitchcock was forced[citation needed] to use Universal contract players Robert Cummings and Priscilla Lane, both known for their work in comedies and light dramas. Breaking with Hollywood conventions of the time, Hitchcock did extensive location filming, especially in New York City, and depicted a confrontation between a suspected saboteur (Cummings) and a real saboteur (Norman Lloyd) atop the Statue of Liberty. That year he also directed Have You Heard?, a photographic dramatisation of the dangers of rumours during wartime, for Life magazine.[62]
Shadow of a Doubt (1943), Hitchcock's personal favourite of all his films and the second of the early Universal films,[63] was about young Charlotte "Charlie" Newton (Teresa Wright), who suspects her beloved uncle Charlie Oakley (Joseph Cotten) of being a serial murderer. Critics have said that in its use of overlapping characters, dialogue, and closeups it has provided a generation of film theorists with psychoanalytic potential[citation needed], including Jacques Lacan and Slavoj Žižek. Hitchcock again filmed extensively on location, this time in the Northern California city of Santa Rosa, California, during the summer of 1942. The director showcased his own personal fascination with crime and criminals when he had two of his characters discuss various ways of killing people, to the obvious annoyance of Charlotte.
Working at 20th Century Fox, Hitchcock adapted a script of John Steinbeck's that chronicled the experiences of the survivors of a German U-boat attack in the film Lifeboat (1944). The action sequences were shot in a small boat in the studio water tank. The locale also posed problems for Hitchcock's traditional cameo appearance. That was solved by having Hitchcock's image appear in a newspaper that William Bendix is reading in the boat, showing the director in a before-and-after advertisement for "Reduco-Obesity Slayer".[64]
While at Fox, Hitchcock seriously considered directing the film version of A.J. Cronin's novel about a Catholic priest in China[citation needed], The Keys of the Kingdom, but the plans for this fell through. John M. Stahl ended up directing the 1944 film, which was produced by Joseph L. Mankiewicz and starred Gregory Peck, among other luminaries.[65]
Returning to England for an extended visit in late 1943 and early 1944, Hitchcock made two short films for the Ministry of Information, Bon Voyage and Aventure Malgache. Made for the Free French, these were the only films Hitchcock made in the French language, and "feature typical Hitchcockian touches".[66] In the 1990s, the two films were shown by Turner Classic Movies and released on home video.
In 1945, Hitchcock served as "treatment advisor" (in effect, a film editor) for a Holocaust documentary produced by the British Army. The film, which recorded the liberation of Nazi concentration camps, remained unreleased until 1985, when it was completed by PBS Frontline and distributed under the title Memory of the Camps.[67][68]
Hitchcock worked for Selznick again when he directed Spellbound (1945), which explored psychoanalysis[69] and featured a dream sequence designed by Salvador Dalí. Gregory Peck plays amnesiac Dr. Anthony Edwardes under the treatment of analyst Dr. Peterson (Ingrid Bergman), who falls in love with him while trying to unlock his repressed past.[70] The dream sequence as it actually appears in the film is considerably shorter than was originally envisioned, which was to be several minutes long,[citation needed] because it proved to be too disturbing for the audience. Two point-of-view shots were achieved by constructing a large wooden hand (which would appear to belong to the character whose point of view the camera took) and out-sized props for it to hold: a bucket-sized glass of milk and a large wooden gun. For added novelty and impact, the climactic gunshot was hand-coloured red on (some copies of) the black-and-white film. Some of the original musical score by Miklós Rózsa (which makes use of the theremin) was later adapted by the composer into a concert piano concerto.
Notorious (1946) followed Spellbound. According to Hitchcock, in his book-length interview with François Truffaut, Selznick sold the director, the two stars (Grant and Bergman) and the screenplay (by Ben Hecht) to RKO Radio Pictures as a "package" for $500,000 due to cost overruns on Selznick's Duel in the Sun (1946). Notorious starred Hitchcock regulars Ingrid Bergman and Cary Grant, and features a plot about Nazis, uranium, and South America. It was a huge box office success and has remained one of Hitchcock's most acclaimed films[citation needed]. His use of uranium as a plot device led to Hitchcock's being briefly under FBI surveillance. McGilligan writes that Hitchcock consulted Dr. Robert Millikan of Caltech about the development of an atomic bomb. Selznick complained that the notion was "science fiction", only to be confronted by the news stories of the detonation of two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in August 1945.[71]
After completing his final film for Selznick, The Paradine Case (a courtroom drama that critics found lost momentum because it apparently ran too long and exhausted its resource of ideas), Hitchcock filmed his first colour film, Rope (1948). Here Hitchcock experimented with marshaling suspense in a confined environment, as he had done earlier with Lifeboat (1943). Appeaering to have been shot entirely in a single take, Rope (1948) was actually shot in 10 takes ranging from four and a half to 10 minutes each; a 10-minute length of film being the maximum a camera's film magazine could hold. Some transitions between reels were hidden by having a dark object fill the entire screen for a moment. Hitchcock used those points to hide the cut, and began the next take with the camera in the same place. Featuring James Stewart in the leading role, Rope was the first of four films Stewart would make with Hitchcock. It was based on the Leopold and Loeb case of the 1920s. Somehow Hitchcock's cameraman managed to move the bulky, heavy Technicolor camera quickly around the set as it followed the continuous action of the long takes.
Under Capricorn (1949), set in nineteenth-century Australia, also used the short-lived technique of long takes, but to a more limited extent. He again used Technicolor in this production, then returned to black-and-white films for several years. For Rope and Under Capricorn, Hitchcock formed a production company with Sidney Bernstein called Transatlantic Pictures, which became inactive after these two unsuccessful pictures. Hitchcock continued to produce his own films for the rest of his life.
1950s: Peak years[link]
Hitchcock filmed Stage Fright (1950) in the UK. For the first time, he matched one of Warner Bros.'[72] biggest stars, Jane Wyman, with the sultry German actress Marlene Dietrich. Hitchcock used a number of prominent British actors, including Michael Wilding, Richard Todd, and Alastair Sim. This was Hitchcock's first production for Warner Bros., which had distributed Rope and Under Capricorn, because Transatlantic Pictures was experiencing financial difficulties.[73]
With the film Strangers on a Train (1951), based on the novel by Patricia Highsmith, Hitchcock combined many elements from his preceding films. He approached Dashiell Hammett to write the dialogue but Raymond Chandler took over, then left over disagreements with the director.[74] Two men casually meet, one of whom speculates on a foolproof murder technique. He suggests that two people, each wishing to do away with someone, should each perform the other's murder. Farley Granger's role was as the innocent victim of the scheme, while Robert Walker, previously known for "boy-next-door" roles, played the villain.[75]
MCA head Lew Wasserman, whose client list included James Stewart, Janet Leigh and other actors who would appear in Hitchcock's films, had a significant impact in packaging and marketing Hitchcock's films beginning in the 1950s.
After I Confess (1953) with Montgomery Clift, three popular films starring Grace Kelly followed. Dial M for Murder (1954) was adapted from the stage play by Frederick Knott. Ray Milland plays the scheming villain, an ex-tennis pro who tries to murder his unfaithful wife Grace Kelly for her money. When she kills the hired assassin in self-defense, Milland manipulates the evidence to pin the death on his wife. Her lover, Mark Halliday (Robert Cummings), and Police Inspector Hubbard (John Williams), work urgently to save her from execution.[76] Hitchcock experimented with 3D cinematography. The depth effect was utilised in a major way only in one key scene. The public was growing weary of 3D by the time of the film's release, however, and it was shown in 3D only in a few first-run engagements. The 3D version has been revived from time to time, including a brief reissue in some major US cities in the 1980s. The film marked a return to color productions for Hitchcock.
Hitchcock then moved to Paramount Pictures and filmed Rear Window (1954), starring James Stewart and Kelly again, as well as Thelma Ritter and Raymond Burr. Stewart's character, a photographer based on Robert Capa, must temporarily use a wheelchair; out of boredom he begins observing his neighbours across the courtyard, and becomes convinced one of them (Raymond Burr) has murdered his wife. Stewart tries to sway both his glamorous model-girlfriend (Kelly), which screenwriter John Michael Hayes based on his own wife, and his policeman buddy (Wendell Corey) to his theory, and eventually succeeds.[77] As with Lifeboat and Rope, the principal characters were almost entirely confined to a small space, in this case Stewart's tiny studio apartment overlooking a massive courtyard. Hitchcock used closeups of Stewart's face to show his character's reactions to all he sees, "from the comic voyeurism directed at his neighbours to his helpless terror watching Kelly and Burr in the villain's apartment".[77]
The third Kelly film, To Catch a Thief (1955), set in the French Riviera, paired her with Cary Grant. He plays retired thief John Robie, who becomes the prime suspect for a spate of robberies in the Riviera. An American heiress played by Kelly surmises his true identity, attempts to seduce him. "Despite the obvious age disparity between Grant and Kelly and a lightweight plot, the witty script (loaded with double-entendres) and the good-natured acting proved a commercial success."[78] It was Hitchcock's last film with Kelly. She married Prince Rainier of Monaco in 1956, and the residents of her new land were against her making any more films.
Hitchcock successfully remade his own 1934 film The Man Who Knew Too Much in 1956, this time starring Stewart and Doris Day, who sang the theme song, "Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)", which won the Oscar for Best Original Song and became a big hit for her. They play a couple whose son is kidnapped to prevent them from interfering with an assassination.
The Wrong Man (1957), Hitchcock's final film for Warner Brothers, was a low-key black-and-white production based on a real-life case of mistaken identity reported in Life Magazine in 1953. This was the only film of Hitchcock's to star Henry Fonda. Fonda plays a Stork Club musician mistaken for a liquor store thief who is arrested and tried for robbery while his wife (newcomer Vera Miles) emotionally collapses under the strain. Hitchcock told Truffaut that his lifelong fear of the police attracted him to the subject and was embedded in many scenes.[79]
Vertigo (1958) again starred Stewart, this time with Kim Novak and Barbara Bel Geddes. Stewart plays "Scottie", a former police investigator suffering from acrophobia, who develops an obsession with a woman he is shadowing (Novak). Scottie's obsession leads to tragedy, and this time Hitchcock does not opt for a happy ending. The film contains a camera technique developed by Irmin Roberts that has been copied many times by filmmakers, wherein the image appears to "stretch". This is achieved by moving the camera in the opposite direction of the camera's zoom. It has become known by many nicknames, including Dolly zoom, "Zolly," "Hitchcock Zoom," and "Vertigo Effect."
Although the film is widely considered a classic today, Vertigo met with negative reviews and poor box office receipts upon its release, and was the last collaboration between Stewart and Hitchcock.[80] The film is ranked second (behind Citizen Kane) in the 2002 Sight & Sound decade poll. It was premiered in the San Sebastián International Film Festival,[81] where Hitchcock won a Silver Seashell.
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By this time, Hitchcock had filmed in many areas of the United States.[82] He followed Vertigo with three more successful films. Two are also recognised as among his best movies: North by Northwest (1959) and Psycho (1960). The third film was The Birds (1963).
In North by Northwest, Cary Grant portrays Roger Thornhill, a Madison Avenue advertising executive who is mistaken for a government secret agent.[83] He is hotly pursued by enemy agents across America, apparently one of them being Eve Kendall (Eva Marie Saint), in fact working undercover.
From 1960[link]
Psycho is almost certainly Hitchcock's best-known film.[84] Produced on a highly constrained budget of $800,000, it was shot in black-and-white on a spare set.[85] The unprecedented violence of the shower scene, the early demise of the heroine, the innocent lives extinguished by a disturbed murderer were all hallmarks of Hitchcock, copied in many subsequent horror films.[86] After completing Psycho, Hitchcock moved to Universal, where he made the remainder of his films.
The Birds, inspired by a Daphne Du Maurier short story and by an actual news story about a mysterious infestation of birds in California, was Hitchcock's 49th film.[87] He signed up Tippi Hedren as his latest blonde heroine opposite Rod Taylor. The scenes of the birds attacking included hundreds of shots mixing actual and animated sequences. The cause of the birds' attack is left unanswered, "perhaps highlighting the mystery of forces unknown".[88]
The latter two films had unconventional soundtracks, both orchestrated by Bernard Herrmann: the screeching strings played in the murder scene in Psycho were unusually dissonant, and The Birds dispensed completely with conventional instruments, instead using an electronically produced soundtrack and an unaccompanied song by schoolchildren (just prior to the attack at the Bodega Bay School). These films are considered his last great films, after which critical opinion was usually against his new films, although some critics, such as Robin Wood and Donald Spoto, contend that Marnie (1964) is first-class Hitchcock, and some have argued that Frenzy is unfairly overlooked.
Failing health took its toll on Hitchcock, reducing his output during the last two decades of his career. He filmed two spy thrillers set with Cold War-related themes. The first, Torn Curtain (1966), with Paul Newman and Julie Andrews, displays the bitter end of the twelve-year collaboration between Hitchcock and composer Bernard Herrmann. Herrmann was fired when Hitchcock was unsatisfied with his score. Topaz (1969), (based on a Leon Uris novel), is partly set in Cuba. Both received mixed reviews from critics.
In 1972, Hitchcock returned to London to film Frenzy. After two only moderately successful espionage films, the plot marks a return to the murder thriller genre of earlier in his career. The basic story recycles his early film The Lodger. Richard Blaney (Jon Finch), a volatile barkeeper with a history of explosive anger, becomes the prime suspect for the "Necktie Murders," which are actually committed by his friend Bob Rusk (Barry Foster).[89] This time, Hitchcock makes the victim and villain twins, rather than opposites, as in Strangers on a Train. Only one of them, however, has crossed the line to murder.[89] For the first time, Hitchcock allowed nudity and profane language, which had before been taboo, in one of his films. He also shows rare sympathy for the chief inspector and his comic domestic life.[90] Biographers have noted that Hitchcock had always pushed the limits of film censorship, often managing to fool Joseph Breen, the longtime head of Hollywood's Production Code. Many times Hitchcock slipped in subtle hints of improprieties forbidden by censorship until the mid-1960s. Yet Patrick McGilligan wrote that Breen and others often realised that Hitchcock was inserting such things and were actually amused as well as alarmed by Hitchcock's "inescapable inferences".[91] Beginning with Torn Curtain, Hitchcock was finally able to blatantly include plot elements previously forbidden in American films and this continued for the remainder of his film career.
Family Plot (1976) was Hitchcock's last film. It related the escapades of "Madam" Blanche Tyler played by Barbara Harris, a fraudulent spiritualist, and her taxi driver lover Bruce Dern making a living from her phoney powers. William Devane, Karen Black and Cathleen Nesbitt co-starred. It was the only Hitchcock film scored by John Williams.
Last project and death[link]
Near the end of his life, Hitchcock had worked on the script for a projected spy thriller, The Short Night, collaborating with screenwriters James Costigan and Ernest Lehman. Despite some preliminary work, the story was never filmed. This was due primarily to Hitchcock's own failing health and his concerns over the health of his wife, Alma, who had suffered a stroke. The script was eventually published posthumously, in a book on Hitchcock's last years.[92][93]
Hitchcock died in his Bel Air home of renal failure at 9:17 am on 29 April 1980. He was survived by his wife and their daughter. Hitchcock's funeral service was held at Good Shepherd Catholic Church[94] in Beverly Hills, after which his body was cremated and his remains were scattered over the Pacific Ocean.[95]
Themes, plot devices and motifs[link]
Main article: Themes and plot devices in the films of Alfred Hitchcock
Hitchcock returned several times to cinematic devices such as suspense, the audience as voyeur, and his well-known "MacGuffin," an apparently minor detail serving as a pivot upon which the narrative turns.
Signature appearances in his films[link]
Main article: List of Hitchcock cameo appearances
Hitchcock appeared briefly in most of his own films. For example, he is seen struggling to get a double bass onto a train (Strangers on a Train), or walking dogs out of a pet shop (The Birds).
Psychology of characters[link]
Hitchcock's films sometimes feature characters struggling in their relationships with their mothers. In North by Northwest (1959), Roger Thornhill (Cary Grant's character) is an innocent man ridiculed by his mother for insisting that shadowy, murderous men are after him. In The Birds (1963), the Rod Taylor character, an innocent man, finds his world under attack by vicious birds, and struggles to free himself of a clinging mother (Jessica Tandy). The killer in Frenzy (1972) has a loathing of women but idolises his mother. The villain Bruno in Strangers on a Train hates his father, but has an incredibly close relationship with his mother (played by Marion Lorne). Sebastian (Claude Rains) in Notorious has a clearly conflictual relationship with his mother, who is (correctly) suspicious of his new bride Alicia Huberman (Ingrid Bergman). Norman Bates has troubles with his mother in Psycho.
Hitchcock heroines tend to be lovely, cool blondes who seem proper at first but, when aroused by passion or danger, respond in a more sensual, animal, or even criminal way. The famous victims in The Lodger are all blondes. In The 39 Steps, Hitchcock's glamorous blonde star, Madeleine Carroll, is put in handcuffs. In Marnie (1964), the title character (played by Tippi Hedren) is a thief. In To Catch a Thief (1955), Francie (Grace Kelly) offers to help a man she believes is a burglar. In Rear Window, Lisa (Grace Kelly again) risks her life by breaking into Lars Thorwald's apartment. The best-known example is in Psycho where Janet Leigh's unfortunate character steals $40,000 and is murdered by a reclusive psychopath. Hitchcock's last blonde heroine was—years after Dany Robin and her "daughter" Claude Jade in Topaz—Barbara Harris as a phony psychic turned amateur sleuth in his final film, 1976's Family Plot. In the same film, the diamond smuggler played by Karen Black could also fit that role, as she wears a long blonde wig in various scenes and becomes increasingly uncomfortable about her line of work.
Some critics and Hitchcock scholars, including Donald Spoto and Roger Ebert, agree that Vertigo represents the director's most personal and revealing film, dealing with the obsessions of a man who crafts a woman into the woman he desires. Vertigo explores more frankly and at greater length his interest in the relation between sex and death than any other film in his filmography.[citation needed]
Hitchcock often said that his favourite film (of his own work) was Shadow of a Doubt.[96]
Style of working[link]
Writing[link]
Hitchcock once commented, "The writer and I plan out the entire script down to the smallest detail, and when we're finished all that's left to do is to shoot the film. Actually, it's only when one enters the studio that one enters the area of compromise. Really, the novelist has the best casting since he doesn't have to cope with the actors and all the rest." In an interview with Roger Ebert in 1969, Hitchcock elaborated further:
Once the screenplay is finished, I'd just as soon not make the film at all... I have a strongly visual mind. I visualize a picture right down to the final cuts. I write all this out in the greatest detail in the script, and then I don't look at the script while I'm shooting. I know it off by heart, just as an orchestra conductor needs not look at the score... When you finish the script, the film is perfect. But in shooting it you lose perhaps 40 percent of your original conception.[97]
In Writing with Hitchcock, a book-length study of Hitchcock's working method with his writers, author Steven DeRosa noted that "Although he rarely did any actual 'writing', especially on his Hollywood productions, Hitchcock supervised and guided his writers through every draft, insisting on a strict attention to detail and a preference for telling the story through visual rather than verbal means. While this exasperated some writers, others admitted the director inspired them to do their very best work. Hitchcock often emphasised that he took no screen credit for the writing of his films. However, over time the work of many of his writers has been attributed solely to Hitchcock’s creative genius, a misconception he rarely went out of his way to correct. Notwithstanding his technical brilliance as a director, Hitchcock relied on his writers a great deal."[98]
Storyboards and production[link]
Hitchcock's films were strongly believed to have been extensively storyboarded to the finest detail by the majority of commentators over the years. He was reported to have never even bothered looking through the viewfinder, since he did not need to do so, though in publicity photos he was shown doing so. He also used this as an excuse to never have to change his films from his initial vision. If a studio asked him to change a film, he would claim that it was already shot in a single way, and that there were no alternate takes to consider.
However, this view of Hitchcock as a director who relied more on pre-production than on the actual production itself has been challenged by the book Hitchcock At Work, written by Bill Krohn, the American correspondent of Cahiers du cinéma. Krohn, after investigating several script revisions, notes to other production personnel written by or to Hitchcock alongside inspection of storyboards, and other production material, has observed that Hitchcock's work often deviated from how the screenplay was written or how the film was originally envisioned. He noted that the myth of storyboards in relation to Hitchcock, often regurgitated by generations of commentators on his movies was to a great degree perpetuated by Hitchcock himself or the publicity arm of the studios. A great example would be the celebrated crop-spraying sequence of North by Northwest which was not storyboarded at all. After the scene was filmed, the publicity department asked Hitchcock to make storyboards to promote the film and Hitchcock in turn hired an artist to match the scenes in detail.
Even when storyboards were made, scenes that were shot differed from it significantly. Krohn's extensive analysis of the production of Hitchcock classics like Notorious reveals that Hitchcock was flexible enough to change a film's conception during its production. Another example Krohn notes is the American remake of The Man Who Knew Too Much, whose shooting schedule commenced without a finished script and moreover went over schedule, something that, as Krohn notes, was not an uncommon occurrence on many of Hitchcock's films, including Strangers on a Train and Topaz. While Hitchcock did do a great deal of preparation for all his movies, he was fully cognizant that the actual film-making process often deviated from the best-laid plans and was flexible to adapt to the changes and needs of production as his films were not free from the normal hassles faced and common routines utilised during many other film productions.
Krohn's work also sheds light on Hitchcock's practice of generally shooting in chronological order, which he notes sent many films over budget and over schedule and, more importantly, differed from the standard operating procedure of Hollywood in the Studio System Era. Equally important is Hitchcock's tendency to shoot alternate takes of scenes. This differed from coverage in that the films were not necessarily shot from varying angles so as to give the editor options to shape the film how he/she chooses (often under the producer's aegis). Rather they represented Hitchcock's tendency of giving himself options in the editing room, where he would provide advice to his editors after viewing a rough cut of the work. According to Krohn, this and a great deal of other information revealed through his research of Hitchcock's personal papers, script revisions and the like refute the notion of Hitchcock as a director who was always in control of his films, whose vision of his films did not change during production, which Krohn notes has remained the central long-standing myth of Alfred Hitchcock.
His fastidiousness and attention to detail also found its way into each film poster for his films. Hitchcock preferred to work with the best talent of his day—film poster designers such as Bill Gold and Saul Bass—and kept them busy with countless rounds of revision until he felt that the single image of the poster accurately represented his entire film.
Approach to actors[link]
"The length of a film should be directly related to the endurance of the human bladder."
—Alfred Hitchcock
Similarly, much of Hitchcock's supposed dislike of actors has been exaggerated. Hitchcock simply did not tolerate the method approach, as he believed that actors should only concentrate on their performances and leave work on script and character to the directors and screenwriters. In a Sight and Sound interview, he stated that, 'the method actor is OK in the theatre because he has a free space to move about. But when it comes to cutting the face and what he sees and so forth, there must be some discipline'.[99] During the making of Lifeboat, Walter Slezak, who played the German character, stated that Hitchcock knew the mechanics of acting better than anyone he knew. Several critics have observed that despite his reputation as a man who disliked actors, several actors who worked with him gave fine, often brilliant performances and these performances contribute to the film's success.
For Hitchcock, the actors, like the props, were part of the film's setting, as he said to Truffaut:
In my opinion, the chief requisite for an actor is the ability to do nothing well, which is by no means as easy as it sounds. He should be willing to be utilised and wholly integrated into the picture by the director and the camera. He must allow the camera to determine the proper emphasis and the most effective dramatic highlights.[100]
Regarding Hitchcock's sometimes less than pleasant relationship with actors, there was a persistent rumour that he had said that actors were cattle. Hitchcock addressed this story in his interview with François Truffaut:
I'm not quite sure in what context I might have made such a statement. It may have been made...when we used actors who were simultaneously performing in stage plays. When they had a matinee, and I suspected they were allowing themselves plenty of time for a very leisurely lunch. And this meant that we had to shoot our scenes at breakneck speed so that the actors could get out on time. I couldn't help feeling that if they'd been really conscientious, they'd have swallowed their sandwich in the cab, on the way to the theatre, and get there in time to put on their make-up and go on stage. I had no use for that kind of actor.[101]
Carole Lombard, tweaking Hitchcock and drumming up a little publicity, brought some cows along with her when she reported to the set of Mr. and Mrs. Smith.[101]
In the late 1950s, French New Wave critics, especially Éric Rohmer, Claude Chabrol and François Truffaut, were among the first to see and promote Hitchcock's films as artistic works. Hitchcock was one of the first directors to whom they applied their auteur theory, which stresses the artistic authority of the director in the film-making process.
Hitchcock's innovations and vision have influenced a great number of filmmakers, producers, and actors. His influence helped start a trend for film directors to control artistic aspects of their movies without answering to the movie's producer.
The ugly side of Hitchcock - Sexual harrassment and abuse of leading ladies[link]
“The trouble today is that we don’t torture women enough.” —Alfred Hitchcock
Hitchcock engaged in obsessive sexually abusive behaviour towards many of his female leads. He used his position as director to seek to dominate and control his leading ladies. In the case of Tippi Hedren this extended to sexual harrassment. Hitchcock often used filming conditions to physically abuse actresses.
He insisted, for example, that Madeleine Carroll submit herself to painful physical demands during the making of The 39 Steps.
Awards and honours[link]
Main article: Alfred Hitchcock awards
Hitchcock was a multiple nominee and winner of a number of prestigious awards, receiving two Golden Globes, eight Laurel Awards and five lifetime achievement awards, as well as being six times nominated for, albeit never winning, an Academy Award as Best Director. His film Rebecca (nominated for 11 Oscars) won the Academy Award for Best Picture of 1940—particularly notable considering the fact that another Hitchcock film, Foreign Correspondent, was also nominated that same year.
Television, radio, and books[link]
Along with Walt Disney, Hitchcock was among the first prominent motion picture producers to fully envisage just how popular the medium of television would become. From 1955 to 1965, Hitchcock was the host and producer of a television series titled Alfred Hitchcock Presents.[102] While his films had made Hitchcock's name strongly associated with suspense, the TV series made Hitchcock a celebrity himself. His irony-tinged voice and signature droll delivery, gallows humour, iconic image and mannerisms became instantly recognisable and were often the subject of parody.
The title-theme of the show pictured a minimalist caricature of Hitchcock's profile (he drew it himself; it is composed of only nine strokes), which his real silhouette then filled. His introductions before the stories in his program always included some sort of wry humour, such as the description of a recent multi-person execution hampered by having only one electric chair, while two are now shown with a sign "Two chairs—no waiting!" He directed a few episodes of the TV series himself, and he upset a number of movie production companies when he insisted on using his TV production crew to produce his motion picture Psycho. In the late 1980s, a new version of Alfred Hitchcock Presents was produced for television, making use of Hitchcock's original introductions in a colourised form.
The series used a curious little tune[103] by the French composer Charles Gounod (1818–1893),[104] the composer of the 1859 opera Faust, as the theme for his television programs, after it was suggested to him by composer Bernard Herrmann. Arthur Fiedler and the Boston Pops Orchestra included the piece, Funeral March of a Marionette, on one of their extended play 45-rpm discs for RCA Victor during the 1950s.
Alfred Hitchcock Presents was parodied by Friz Freleng's 1961 cartoon The Last Hungry Cat, which contains a plot similar to Blackmail.
Hitchcock appears as a character in the popular juvenile detective book series, Alfred Hitchcock and the Three Investigators. The long-running detective series was created by Robert Arthur, who wrote the first several books, although other authors took over after he left the series. The Three Investigators—Jupiter Jones, Bob Andrews and Peter Crenshaw—were amateur detectives, slightly younger than the Hardy Boys. In the introduction to each book, "Alfred Hitchcock" introduces the mystery, and he sometimes refers a case to the boys to solve. At the end of each book, the boys report to Hitchcock, and sometimes give him a memento of their case.
When the real Hitchcock died, the fictional Hitchcock in the Three Investigators books was replaced by a retired detective named Hector Sebastian. At this time, the series title was changed from Alfred Hitchcock and the Three Investigators to The Three Investigators.
At the height of Hitchcock's success, he was also asked to introduce a set of books with his name attached. The series was a collection of short stories by popular short-story writers, primarily focused on suspense and thrillers. These titles included Alfred Hitchcock's Anthology, Alfred Hitchcock Presents: Stories to be Read with the Door Locked, Alfred Hitchcock's Monster Museum, Alfred Hitchcock's Supernatural Tales of Terror and Suspense, Alfred Hitchcock's Spellbinders in Suspense, Alfred Hitchcock's Witch's Brew, Alfred Hitchcock's Ghostly Gallery, Alfred Hitchcock's A Hangman's Dozen and Alfred Hitchcock's Haunted Houseful. Hitchcock himself was not actually involved in the reading, reviewing, editing or selection of the short stories; in fact, even his introductions were ghost-written. The entire extent of his involvement with the project was to lend his name and collect a check.
Some notable writers whose works were used in the collection include Shirley Jackson (Strangers in Town, The Lottery), T.H. White (The Once and Future King), Robert Bloch, H. G. Wells (The War of the Worlds), Robert Louis Stevenson, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Mark Twain and the creator of The Three Investigators, Robert Arthur.
Hitchcock also wrote a mystery story for Look magazine in 1943, "The Murder of Monty Woolley". This was a sequence of captioned photographs inviting the reader to inspect the pictures for clues to the murderer's identity; Hitchcock cast the performers as themselves, such as Woolley, Doris Merrick and make-up man Guy Pearce, whom Hitchcock identified, in the last photo, as the murderer. The article was reprinted in Games Magazine in November/December 1980.
In September 2010, BBC Radio 7 broadcast a series of five fifteen-minute programs entitled The Late Alfred Hitchcock Presents with Michael Roberts impersonating Alfred Hitchcock for introductory/concluding comments and reading the stories in his own voice. These five stories were originally intended for the television series, but were rejected because of their rather gruesome nature:
- "The Waxwork" by A. M. Burrage (broadcast 13 September 2010)
- "Sredni Vashtar" by Saki (broadcast 14 September 2010)
- "The Perfectionist" by Margaret St. Clair (broadcast 15 September 2010)
- "Being a Murderer Myself" by Arthur Williams (broadcast 16 September 2010)
- "The Dancing Partner" by Jerome K. Jerome (broadcast 17 September 2010)
Filmography[link]
Main article: Alfred Hitchcock filmography
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Frequently cast actors and actresses[link]
- 7 films: Clare Greet: Number 13 (1922), The Ring (1927), The Manxman (1929), Murder! (1930), The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934), Sabotage (1936), Jamaica Inn (1939)
- 6 films: Leo G. Carroll: Rebecca (1940), Suspicion (1941), Spellbound (1945), The Paradine Case (1947), Strangers on a Train (1951), and North By Northwest (1959)
- 4 films: Cary Grant: Suspicion (1941), Notorious (1946), To Catch a Thief (1955), and North By Northwest (1959)
- 4 films: James Stewart: Rope (1948), Rear Window (1954), The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956), and Vertigo (1958)
- 4 films: Edmund Gwenn: The Skin Game (1931), Waltzes from Vienna (1934), Foreign Correspondent (1940), and The Trouble with Harry (1955)
- 4 films: Phyllis Konstam: Champagne (1928), Blackmail (1929), Murder! (1930), and The Skin Game (1931)
- 3 films: Ingrid Bergman: Spellbound (1945), Notorious (1946), and Under Capricorn (1949)
- 3 films: Grace Kelly: Dial M for Murder (1954), Rear Window (1954), and To Catch a Thief (1955)
- 3 films: Basil Radford: Young and Innocent (1937), The Lady Vanishes (1938), Jamaica Inn (1939)
- 3 films: John Williams: The Paradine Case (1947), Dial M for Murder, (1954), and To Catch a Thief (1955)
- 3 films: Patricia Hitchcock: Stage Fright (1950), Strangers on a Train (1951), Psycho (1960)
- 3 films: Charles Halton: Foreign Correspondent (1940), Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941), Saboteur (1942)
- 2 films: Gregory Peck: Spellbound (1945), The Paradine Case (1947)
- 2 films: Robert Cummings: Saboteur (1942), Dial M for Murder (1954)
- 2 films: Tippi Hedren: The Birds (1963), Marnie (1964)
- 2 films: Joan Fontaine: Rebecca (1940), Suspicion (1941)
- 2 films: Joseph Cotten: Shadow of a Doubt (1943), Under Capricorn (1949)
Frequent collaborators[link]
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See also[link]
- Alfred Hitchcock Presents
- Alfred Hitchcock filmography
- List of unproduced Hitchcock projects
- List of film collaborations
- List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances
References[link]
- ^ Irving Singer, Three Philosophical Filmmakers: Hitchcock, Welles, Renoir, MIT Press, 2004, p. 9.
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, "Alfred Hitchcock: A Life in Darkness and Light", Regan Books, 2003
- ^ Hamilton, Fiona. The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article4686649.ece.
- ^ Mogg, Ken. "Alfred Hitchcock". Senses of Cinema. Sensesofcinema.com. http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/05/hitchcock.html. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
- ^ "Obituary". Variety (Variety). 7 May 1980.
- ^ Lehman, David (April/May 2007). "Alfred Hitchcock's America". American Heritage. http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2007/2/2007_2_28.shtml. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
- ^ a b Bays, Jeff (December 2007). "Film Techniques of Alfred Hitchcock". Borgus.com. Borgus Productions. http://www.borgus.com/think/hitch.htm. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ Whitington, Paul (18 July 2009). "NOTORIOUS! (Hitchcock and his icy blondes)". The Irish Independent. http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/books/notorious-hitchcock-and-his-icy-blondes-1435652.html. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ Spoto, donald (2008). Spellbound by Beauty: Alfred Hitchcock and His Leading Ladies.
- ^ Avedon, Richard (14 April 2007). "The top 21 British directors of all time". The Daily Telegraph (UK). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/starsandstories/3664474/The-top-21-British-directors-of-all-time.html. Retrieved 8 July 2009. "Unquestionably the greatest filmmaker to emerge from these islands, Hitchcock did more than any director to shape modern cinema, which would be utterly different without him. His flair was for narrative, cruelly withholding crucial information (from his characters and from the audience) and engaging the emotions of the audience like no one else."
- ^ "British Directors". RSS Film studies. http://www.rssfilmstudies.co.uk/british-directors. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
- ^ Wood, Jennifer (6 July 2002). "The 25 Most Influential Directors of All Time". MovieMaker. Moviemaker.com. http://www.moviemaker.com/directing/article/the_25_most_influential_directors_of_all_time_3358/. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ "The Directors' Top Ten Directors". British Film Institute. http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- ^ Alfred Hitchcock profile at FilmReference.com
- ^ "Death and the Master". Vanity Fair. April, 1999. http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/classic/features/death-and-the-master-199904. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ "Welcome to St. Ignatius College". http://www.st-ignatius.enfield.sch.uk. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, p. 7
- ^ Spoto, Donald (1999). The Dark Side of Genius: The Life of Alfred Hitchcock. Da Capo Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-306-80932-3.
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, pp. 18–19
- ^ "Hollywood in the Hills". Sentinel Staff Report. 24 July 2005. http://67.15.208.115/printstory.php?sid=28247&storySection=Style. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, pp. 7–8
- ^ Patrick McGillang, p. 25. The school is now part of Tower Hamlets College.
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, pp. 24–25
- ^ McGilligan, Patrick (2004). Alfred Hitchcock: A Life in Darkness and Light p.34. HarperCollins, 2004
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, pp. 30–45
- ^ a b c d "Local Inspiration for Movie Classics: Hitchcock had Link to Santa Cruz". Santa Cruz Public Libraries, Ca.. Archived from the original on 5 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070905101712/http://www.santacruzpl.org/history/films/hitch.shtml. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
- ^ "Gainsborough Pictures (1924–51)". British Film Institute ScreenOnline. http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/448996. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, pp. 46–51
- ^ Sidney Gottleib (ed), Alfred Hitchcock: Interviews By Alfred Hitchcock. Illustrated Edition. (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2003). pp. 157–158.
- ^ a b Donald Spoto. The Art of Alfred Hitchcock. New York: Anchor Books, 1976–1992. p. 3 ISBN 978-0-385-41813-3
- ^ a b "Balcon, Michael (1896–1977) Executive Producer". British Film Institute ScreenOnline. http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/447085/index.html. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
- ^ "Studio Babelsberg makes Comeback". The Hollywood Reporter. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 19 May 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080519203756/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/awards_festivals/berlin/features/e3i1e0e186c138b9329812cc14639122aac. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, pp. 68–71
- ^ Donald Spoto. The Art of Alfred Hitchcock. New York: Anchor Books, 1976–1992. p. 5 ISBN 978-0-385-41813-3
- ^ See Robert E. Kapsis, Hitchcock: The Making of a Reputation. Illustrated Edition. (University of Chicago Press, 1992). p. 19
- ^ Alan Jones (2005) The rough guide to horror movies p. 20. Rough Guides, 2005
- ^ "Hitchcockian Stuff". Alfredsplace.com. http://www.alfredsplace.com/hitchcockian_stuff.htm. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
- ^ Gleiberman, Owen (7 Jan 2006). "Ask the Critic – The Hitch Is Back-What, exactly, makes a film Hitchcockian.". Entertainment Weekly (EW.COM). http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1146038,00.html. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, p. 85
- ^ Chandler, Charlotte (2006). It's only a movie: Alfred Hitchcock : a personal biography. Hal Leonard Corporation. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=glp97Y_eVSIC&pg=PA44&dq=alma+hitchcock#v=onepage&q=alma%20hitchcock&f=false.
- ^ Rob White, Edward Buscombe British Film Institute film classics, Volume 1 p. 94. Taylor & Francis, 2003
- ^ Richard Allen, S. Ishii-Gonzalès Hitchcock: past and future Routledge, 2004
- ^ Music hall mimesis in British film, 1895–1960: on the halls on the screen p.79. Associated University Presse, 2009
- ^ Walker, Michael (2005) Hitchcock's motifs Amsterdam University Press
- ^ "American Masters-Alfred Hitchcock". Public Broadcasting System. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/hitchcock_a.html. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, pp. 120–123
- ^ "Gaumont-British Picture Corporation". British Film Institute. http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/organisation/8529. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
- ^ "The British Film Institute 100". http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/bfi100/1-10.html#4. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, p. 158
- ^ "Lions of British Cinema-Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980)". AvantGardeNow.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071009021633/http://www.avantgardenow.com/hitchcock.html. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, pp. 210–211, 277; American Movie Classics
- ^ Sidney Gottlieb, Alfred Hitchcock: Interviews By Alfred Hitchcock. Illustrated Edition. (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2003). p. 206.
- ^ George Perry "Hitchcock on Location," American Heritage, April/May 2007.
- ^ a b "Awards for Rebecca (1940)". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0032976/awards. Retrieved 7 March 2008.
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, pp. 251–252
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, p. 253
- ^ Duncan, Paul (2003). Alfred Hitchcock: architect of anxiety, 1899-1980. p.90. Taschen, 1 Nov 2003
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, p. 244
- ^ "Joan Fontaine". Hollywood.com. http://www.hollywood.com/celebrity/Joan_Fontaine/197679. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
- ^ "New York Film Critics Circle Winners In the 40s". Geocities. Archived from the original on 25 October 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5kmWxZj10. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
- ^ Thomas Leitch, The Encyclopedia of Alfred Hitchcock, Facts on File, New York, pp. 324–325, ISBN 978-0-8160-4386-6
- ^ ""Have You Heard?": The Story of Wartime Rumors". Life: pp. 68–73. 13 July 1942. http://books.google.com/books?id=3E0EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA21&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
- ^ In an interview on the Dick Cavett show aired on 8 June 1972, when asked if he had a personal favourite, Hitchcock responded that it was Shadow of a Doubt.
- ^ Leitch, p. 181
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, p. 343
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, pp. 346–348
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, pp. 372–374
- ^ "Memory of the Camps". FRONTLINE. Public Broadcasting System (PBS). http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/camp. Retrieved 7 March 2008.
- ^ Boyd, David (2000). "The Parted Eye: Spellbound and Psychoanalysis". http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/00/6/spellbound.html.
- ^ Leitch, p. 310
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, pp. 366–381
- ^ "Warner Brothers Studios". http://www2.warnerbros.com/main/homepage/homepage.html. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, pp. 429, 774–775
- ^ Leitch, p. 320
- ^ Leitch, p.322
- ^ Leitch, pp. 78–80
- ^ a b Leitch, p. 269
- ^ Leitch, p. 366
- ^ Leitch, p. 377
- ^ Leitch, pp. 376–377
- ^ "Donostia Zinemaldia Festival de San Sebastian International Film Festival". http://www.sansebastianfestival.com/2007/es3/portada.php. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
- ^ "Hitchcock's America Lifelong Learning Institute-Fall 2001". Sonoma State University. http://yorty.sonoma.edu/filmfrog/archive/hitchmap.html. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
- ^ Leitch, p. 234
- ^ Leitch, p. 260
- ^ Leitch, p. 261
- ^ Leitch, p. 262
- ^ Leitch, p. 32
- ^ Leitch, p. 33
- ^ a b Leitch, p. 114
- ^ Leitch, p. 115
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, p. 249
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, pp. 731–734
- ^ Freeman, David (1999). The Last Days of Alfred Hitchcock. Overlook. ISBN 978-0-87951-728-1.
- ^ "Good Shepherd Catholic Church Beverly Hills, CA 90210". Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080321050225/http%3A//shepherd.catholicweb.com. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
- ^ Flint, Peter B. (30 April 1980). "Alfred Hitchcock Dies; A Master of Suspense; Alfred Hitchcock, Master of Suspense and Celebrated Film Director, Dies at 80 Increasingly Pessimistic Sought Exotic Settings Technical Challenges Became a Draftsman Lured to Hollywood". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B16FF395410728DDDA90B94DC405B8084F1D3&scp=1&sq=Alfred+Hitchcock+Dies&st=p. Retrieved 7 March 2008.
- ^ [Dick Cavett Show interview, 8 June 1972]
- ^ "Hitchcock: "Never mess about with a dead body – you may be one..."". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. 14 December 1969. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19691214/PEOPLE/912140301/1023. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ Steven DeRosa, Writing with Hitchcock, New York: Faber and Faber, 2001, p. xi.
- ^ "Alfred Hitchcock". BFI (Because Films Inspire). http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/interviews/hitchcock.html#actors. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
- ^ Truffaut, François. "Hitchcock by Truffaut: The Definitive Study". Grafton Books, 1984. p. 153
- ^ a b Truffaut, François. "Hitchcock". Simon & Schuster, 1984. p. 140
- ^ "Alfred Hitchcock Presents". TV.COM. http://www.tv.com/alfred-hitchcock-presents/show/238/summary.html. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
- ^ "Alfred Hitchcock (suspense anthology)". Media Management Group. http://www.classicthemes.com/50sTVThemes/themePages/alfredHitchcock.html. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
- ^ "Filmography by year for Charles Gounod". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0006111/filmoyear. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
Bibliography[link]
- Leitch, Thomas: The Encyclopedia of Alfred Hitchcock (ISBN 978-0-8160-4387-3). Checkmark Books, 2002. A single-volume encyclopaedia of all things about Alfred Hitchcock.
- McGilligan, Patrick: Alfred Hitchcock: A Life in Darkness and Light. Regan Books, 2003. A comprehensive biography of the director.
Further reading[link]
- Auiler, Dan: Hitchcock's notebooks: an authorised and illustrated look inside the creative mind of Alfred Hitchcock. New York, Avon Books, 1999. Much useful background to the films.
- Barr, Charles: English Hitchcock. Cameron & Hollis, 1999. On the early films of the director.
- Conrad, Peter: The Hitchcock Murders. Faber and Faber, 2000. A highly personal and idiosyncratic discussion of Hitchcock's oeuvre.
- DeRosa, Steven: Writing with Hitchcock. Faber and Faber, 2001. An examination of the collaboration between Hitchcock and screenwriter John Michael Hayes, his most frequent writing collaborator in Hollywood. Their films include Rear Window and The Man Who Knew Too Much.
- Deutelbaum, Marshall; Poague, Leland (ed.): A Hitchcock Reader. Iowa State University Press, 1986. A wide-ranging collection of scholarly essays on Hitchcock.
- Durgnat, Raymond: The strange case of Alfred Hitchcock Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1974 OCLC 1233570
- Durgnat, Raymond; James, Nick; Gross, Larry: Hitchcock British Film Institute, 1999 OCLC 42209162
- Durgnat, Raymond: A long hard look at Psycho London: British Film Institute Pub., 2002 OCLC 48883020
- Giblin, Gary: Alfred Hitchcock's London. Midnight Marquee Press, 2006, (Paperback: ISBN 978-1-887664-67-7)
- Gottlieb, Sidney: Hitchcock on Hitchcock. Faber and Faber, 1995. Articles, lectures, etc. by Hitchcock himself. Basic reading on the director and his films.
- Gottlieb, Sidney: Alfred Hitchcock: Interviews. University Press of Mississippi, 2003. A collection of Hitchcock interviews.
- Grams, Martin, Jr. & Wikstrom, Patrik: The Alfred Hitchcock Presents Companion. OTR Pub, 2001, (Paperback: ISBN 978-0-9703310-1-4)
- Haeffner, Nicholas: Alfred Hitchcock. Longman, 2005. An undergraduate-level text.
- Hitchcock, Patricia; Bouzereau, Laurent: Alma Hitchcock: The Woman Behind the Man. Berkley, 2003.
- Krohn, Bill: Hitchcock at Work. Phaidon, 2000. Translated from the award-winning French edition. The nitty-gritty of Hitchcock's filmmaking from scripting to post-production.
- Leff, Leonard J.: Hitchcock and Selznick. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987. An in-depth examination of the rich collaboration between Hitchcock and David O Selznick.
- McDevitt, Jim; San Juan, Eric: A Year of Hitchcock: 52 Weeks with the Master of Suspense. Scarecrow Press, 2009, (ISBN 978-0-8108-6388-0). A comprehensive film-by-film examination of Hitchcock's artistic development from 1927 through 1976.
- Modleski, Tania: The Women Who Knew Too Much: Hitchcock And Feminist Theory. Routledge, 2005 (2nd edition). A collection of critical essays on Hitchcock and his films; argues that Hitchcock's portrayal of women was ambivalent, rather than simply misogynist or sympathetic (as widely thought).
- Mogg, Ken. The Alfred Hitchcock Story. Titan, 2008 (revised edition). Note: the original 1999 UK edition, from Titan, and the 2008 re-issue world-wide, also from Titan, have significantly more text than the 1999 abridged US edition from Taylor Publishing. New material on all the films.
- Moral, Tony Lee: Hitchcock and the Making of Marnie. Scarecrow Press, 2005 (2nd edition). Well researched making of Hitchcock's "Marnie".
- Paglia, Camille. The Birds. British Film Institute, January 2008 ISBN 978-0-85170-651-1
- Rebello, Stephen: Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho. St. Martin's, 1990. Intimately researched and detailed history of the making of Psycho,.
- Rohmer, Eric; Chabrol, Claude. Hitchcock, the first forty-four films (ISBN 978-0-8044-2743-2). F. Ungar, 1979. First book-long study of Hitchock art and probably still the best one.
- Rothman, William. The Murderous Gaze. Harvard Press, 1980. Auteur study that looks at several Hitchcock films intimately.
- Spoto, Donald: The Art of Alfred Hitchcock. Anchor Books, 1992. The first detailed critical survey of Hitchcock's work by an American.
- Spoto, Donald: The Dark Side of Genius. Ballantine Books, 1983. A biography of Hitchcock, featuring a controversial exploration of Hitchcock's psychology.
- Taylor, Alan: Jacobean Visions: Webster, Hitchcock and the Google Culture, Peter Lang, 2007.
- Truffaut, François: Hitchcock. Simon and Schuster, 1985. A series of interviews of Hitchcock by the influential French director.
- Vest, James: Hitchcock and France: The Forging of an Auteur. Praeger Publishers, 2003. A study of Hitchcock's interest in French culture and the manner by which French critics, such as Truffaut, came to regard him in such high esteem.
- Weibel, Adrian: Spannung bei Hitchcock. Zur Funktionsweise der auktorialen Suspense. (ISBN 978-3-8260-3681-1) Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2008
- Wikstrom, Patrik & Grams, Martin, Jr.: The Alfred Hitchcock Presents Companion. OTR Pub, 2001, (Paperback: ISBN 978-0-9703310-1-4)
- Wood, Robin: Hitchcock's Films Revisited. Columbia University Press, 2002 (2nd edition). A much-cited collection of critical essays, now supplemented and annotated in this second edition with additional insights and changes that time and personal experience have brought to the author (including his own coming-out as a gay man).
- Youngkin, Stephen D. (2005). The Lost One: A Life of Peter Lorre. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2360-8. Contains interviews with Alfred Hitchcock and a discussion of the making of The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934) and Secret Agent (1936), which co-starred classic film actor Peter Lorre.
External links[link]
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- Alfred Hitchcock at the BFI
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- Alfred Hitchcock at the TCM Movie Database
- Alfred Hitchcock at the British Film Institute's Screenonline
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hitchcock, Alfred Joseph |
| Alternative names | Hitchcock, Alfred |
| Short description | British film director and film producer |
| Date of birth | (1899-08-13)13 August 1899 |
| Place of birth | Leytonstone, London, England |
| Date of death | 29 April 1980(1980-04-29) |
| Place of death | Bel Air, Los Angeles, California, USA |
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