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![Terminator 2: Judgment Day - Official Trailer [1991]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121103051642im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/eajuMYNYtuY/default.jpg "Sequel to Terminator. Skynet, the 21st century computer waging a losing war on humans sends a second terminator back in time to destroy the leader of the human resistance while he is still a boy. His mother is the only one who knows of the existence of the Terminators, human-like robots that exist only to kill and are nearly indestructible, and Sarah, the boy's mother is currently in a state mental hospital because of her 'delusions'. A second protector is sent back to the past by the Human resistance to protect John Connor, their future leader, at all costs. Written by John Vogel [IMDB.COM] Release: 3 July 1991Running Time: 137 min Awards: Won 4 Oscars. Another 19 wins & 18 nominations AFI Recognition: 100 YEARS100 THRILLS #77 100 YEARS100 HEROES & VILLAINS #22 100 YEARS100 MOVIE QUOTES #76 Producer: James Cameron Executive Producers: Gale Anne Hurd, Mario Kassar Director: James Cameron Writer: James Cameron Cast: Arnold Schwarzenegger (The Terminator), Linda Hamilton (Sarah Connor), Robert Patrick (T-1000), Edward Furlong (John Connor), Earl Boen (Dr Silberman) Genre: Action, Sci-Fi, Thriller Domestic Total Gross: $205 million Worldwide Total Gross: $520 million [AFI.COM][IMDB.COM][BOXOFFICEMOJO.COM]")
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AFL Grand Final
The AFL Grand Final is an annual Australian Football Match, traditionally held on the final Saturday in September at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne, Australia to determine the Australian Football League premiership champions for that year.
http://wn.com/AFL_Grand_Final -
Alaska
Alaska () is the largest state of the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Approximately half of Alaska's 698,473 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. As of 2009, Alaska remains the least densely populated state of the U.S.
http://wn.com/Alaska -
Albania
Albania ( , , Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia/Shqypnia), officially known as the Republic of Albania (, pronounced ), is a country in South Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.
http://wn.com/Albania -
Amsterdam
Amsterdam (; Dutch ) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, with an urban population of 1,364,422 and a metropolitan population of 2,158,372. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. It comprises the northern part of the Randstad, the sixth-largest metropolitan area in Europe, with a population of approximately 6.7 million.
http://wn.com/Amsterdam -
Andover, Kansas
Andover is a city in Butler and Sedgwick counties in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 6,698. Located almost entirely in Butler County, it is part of the Wichita Metropolitan Statistical Area. Andover is well-known because of the tornado that hit the city in 1991 (see the Andover, Kansas Tornado Outbreak). The city name is often confused with Andale, Kansas, a smaller city in western Sedgwick County. Andover has a satellite campus for the Butler County Community College.
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Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (, ; ), is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city. The exclave province of Cabinda has a border with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
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Arkansas
Arkansas ( ) is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Its name is an Algonquin name of the Quapaw Indians. Arkansas shares a border with six states, with its eastern border largely defined by the Mississippi River. Its diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state.
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Armenia
http://wn.com/Armenia -
Atlantic Canada
http://wn.com/Atlantic_Canada -
Australia
{{Infobox country
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Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan ( ; ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (), is one of the six independent Turkic states in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south.
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Baghdad
Baghdad (, , ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a population estimated between 7 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq and the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt).
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Baltic states
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Bangkok
http://wn.com/Bangkok -
Bangladesh
http://wn.com/Bangladesh -
Battle of Vukovar
The Battle of Vukovar (, ) was an 87-day siege of the Croatian city of Vukovar by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), supported by various Serbian paramilitary forces, between August-November 1991 during the Croatian War of Independence. It ended with the defeat of the local Croatian National Guard, the destruction of Vukovar, the death of at least 3,000 people as well as ethnic cleansing of at least 20,000 Croats from the city and surroundings.
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Beirut
http://wn.com/Beirut -
Belarus
Belarus, ( ; , ), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Viciebsk). Forty percent of its is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
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Belavezha Accords
The Belavezha Accords (, ,) is the agreement which declared the Soviet Union effectively dissolved and established the Commonwealth of Independent States in its place. It was signed at the state dacha near Viskuli in Belovezhskaya Pushcha on December 8, 1991, by the leaders of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine.
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Belgrade
http://wn.com/Belgrade -
Boston University
Boston University (BU) is a private research university located in Boston, Massachusetts. The university is historically affiliated with the United Methodist Church, but describes itself as nonsectarian. With more than 4,000 faculty members and more than 31,000 students, Boston University is one of the largest private universities in the United States and one of Boston's largest employers.
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Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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Brunswick, Georgia
Brunswick (, with a z sound) is an American city in the state of Georgia and the seat of Glynn County. The municipality is located in southeastern Georgia on a harbor on the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 30 miles (50 km) north of Florida. It was founded in 1771 by the Province of Georgia and incorporated on February 22, 1856. Plans for the city's streets and squares were laid out in grid-style following James Oglethorpe's Savannah Plan. In 1789, George Washington proclaimed Brunswick one of the five original ports of entry for the United States.
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Bulgaria
Bulgaria ( , Balgariya, ), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (, Republika Balgariya, ), is a country in Southern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.
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Cabo San Lucas
Cabo San Lucas (, Cape Saint Luke), commonly called Cabo, is a city at the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula, in the municipality of Los Cabos in the Mexican state of Baja California Sur. As of the 2005 census, the population was 56,811 people. It is the largest community in Los Cabos municipality, and the second-largest in Baja California Sur, after La Paz.
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Cambodia
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Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
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Costa Rica
:For the plant genus Costarica, see its synonym Sicyos.
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Crimea
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Croatia
Croatia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska ), is a country in Central Europe and Southeastern Europe at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Adriatic Sea. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. Croatia borders Slovenia to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the southeast, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast.
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Czechoslovakia
http://wn.com/Czechoslovakia -
Dhahran
:This article is about Dhahran, the city. For the Saudi Aramco residential compound, see Dhahran Aramco Camp.
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Egypt
http://wn.com/Egypt -
Ethiopia
{{Infobox country
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France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
George Hennard
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Georgia (country)
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Gestapo
The Gestapo (; abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, Secret State Police) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. Beginning in April 1934, it was under the administration of the SS leader Heinrich Himmler in his position as Chief of German Police (Chef der Deutschen Polizei). From September 1939 forward it was administered by the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) ("Reich Main Security Office") and was considered a sister organization of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) ("Security Service") and also a suboffice of the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo) ("security police").
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Haiti
Haiti (; French , ; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, ), officially the Republic of Haiti ( ;
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Hawaii
: For geographic details see Geography and environment or Hawaiian Islands.
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Hungary
http://wn.com/Hungary -
Huntington Library
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
http://wn.com/Iraq -
Israel
http://wn.com/Israel -
Italy
http://wn.com/Italy -
Itu
:This article is about the location. For the article on the UN Specialised Agency , see ITU (International Telecommunication Union), for the university, see Istanbul Technical University, for the sports federation, see International Triathlon Union, for ITU (Intensive Therapy Units) in hospitals see Intensive-care unit.
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Johannesburg
Johannesburg (, ) also known as Jozi, '''Jo'burg or eGoli''', is the largest city in South Africa. Johannesburg is the provincial capital of Gauteng, the wealthiest province in South Africa, having the largest economy of any metropolitan region in Sub-Saharan Africa.. The city is one of the 40 largest metropolitan areas in the world, and is also the world's largest city not situated on a river, lake, or coastline.
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Joint European Torus
JET, the Joint European Torus is the largest human-made magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment currently in operation. Its main purpose is to open the way to future nuclear fusion experimental reactors such as ITER and DEMO.
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Kazakhstan
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Killeen, Texas
Killeen is a city in Bell County, Texas, The United States. The population was 86,911 at the 2000 census. As of 2009, Killeen had 119,510 people. It is a "principal city" of the Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood Metropolitan Statistical Area.
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Kuwait
The State of Kuwait (, Dawlat al-Kuwayt) is a sovereign Arab nation situated in the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, and Iraq to the north. It lies on the northwestern shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic "akwat", the plural of "kout", meaning fortress built near water. The emirate covers an area of 17,820 square kilometres (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 2.7 million.
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Las Vegas Strip
The Las Vegas Strip is an approximately stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard South in Clark County, Nevada. The Strip lies in the unincorporated areas of Paradise and Winchester. Most of "the Strip" has been designated an All-American Road.
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Latvia
Latvia (; ), officially the Republic of Latvia () is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), and to the southeast by Belarus (141 km). Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden. The territory of Latvia covers and it has a temperate seasonal climate.
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Lebanon
Lebanon ( or ; ; ), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: ; French: ), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
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Leningrad
http://wn.com/Leningrad -
Libya
http://wn.com/Libya -
Lithuania
Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
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Livorno
Livorno , traditionally called Leghorn (pronounced "Leggun") in English, is a port city on the Ligurian Sea on the western edge of Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Livorno, having a population of approximately 160,000 residents in 2009. The third-largest port on the western coast of Italy, Livorno supports substantial cruise-ship tourism to Florence and other destinations in Tuscany and Umbria.
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Luanda
Luanda (formerly spelled Loanda) is the capital and largest city of Angola. Located on Angola's coast with the Atlantic Ocean, Luanda is both Angola's chief seaport and administrative center and has a population of at least 5 million (2008). It is also the capital city of Luanda Province. Luanda is located at . The city is currently undergoing a major reconstruction, with many large developments taking place that will alter the cityscape significantly.
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Mali
http://wn.com/Mali -
Mappleton
Mappleton is a village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated on the North Sea coastline in an area known as Holderness, lying approximately south of the seaside resort of Hornsea.
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Marshall Islands
The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) , is a Micronesian nation of atolls and islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, just west of the International Date Line and just north of the Equator. The population is about 62,000. In 1986 independence was attained under a Compact of Free Association with the United States.
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Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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Mexico City
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Michigan
Michigan () is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is a French corruption of the Ojibwe word mishigama, meaning "large water" or "large lake".
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Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Moldova
Moldova , officially the Republic of Moldova (Moldovan/) is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldovan SSR in 1991, as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
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Netherlands
{{Infobox country
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Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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North Korea
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Orkney, North West
This article is about the mining town in South Africa. For other places with the same name, see Orkney (disambiguation).
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Palm Beach, Florida
The Town of Palm Beach (called Palm Beach Island or the Island of Palm Beach to differentiate between the town and the county) is an affluent incorporated town in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The Intracoastal Waterway separates it from the neighboring cities of West Palm Beach and Lake Worth. As of 2000, Palm Beach had a year-round population of 10,468, with an estimated seasonal population of 30,000. As of 2004, the year-round population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau is 9,860.
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Pan Am Flight 103
http://wn.com/Pan_Am_Flight_103 -
Panama
Panama (), officially the Republic of Panama (; ), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City.
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Paraguay
http://wn.com/Paraguay -
Pennsylvania
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania () is a U.S. state and Commonwealth located in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to the east. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg.
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Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf, in Southwest Asia, is an extension of the Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Historically and commonly known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is also controversially referred to as the Arabian Gulf (by the Arab nations on the Arab side of the gulf) or simply The Gulf by most Arab states, and Gulf of Basra by Turkey, although none of the latter three terms is recognized internationally.
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Phnom Penh
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Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
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Prague
http://wn.com/Prague -
Princeton University
Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and is one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution.
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Ramat Gan
Ramat Gan ( ) is a city in the Tel Aviv district of Israel, located east of Tel Aviv. It is home to one of the world's major diamond exchanges and Israel's tallest building, the Moshe Aviv Tower. Ramat Gan was established in 1921 as a moshava, a communal farming settlement. At the end of 2007, the population was 133,400. The mayor of Ramat Gan is Zvi Bar.
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Republic of China
The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia located off the east coast of mainland China. Subject to an ongoing dispute with the People's Republic of China (PRC) that has left it with limited formal diplomatic relations, the government of the Republic of China currently governs the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.
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Romania
Romania ( ; dated: Rumania; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
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Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Saint Petersburg
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Sandy, Utah
Sandy (officially known as Sandy City) is a city in Salt Lake County, Utah, United States. It is a suburb of Salt Lake City. The population was 88,418 at the 2000 census, and 96,660 as of the 2008 estimates, making it the fifth-largest city in Utah.
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Saudi Arabia
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Slovenia
Slovenia ( ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (, ), is a country in Central Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy on the west, the Adriatic Sea on the southwest, Croatia on the south and east, Hungary on the northeast, and Austria on the north. The capital and largest city of Slovenia is Ljubljana.
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Somalia
Somalia ( ; ; ), officially the Republic of Somalia (, ) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under communist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. With the longest coastline on the continent, its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands.
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Somaliland
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South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
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South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK, , ) and sometimes referred to simply as Korea, is a state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. Its territory covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of .
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South Ossetia
South Ossetia ( or ; , Khussar Iryston; , Samxret Oseti; , Yuzhnaya Osetiya) or Tskhinvali Region (, Tsxinvalis regioni; , Tskhinvalskiy region) is a disputed region and partly recognized state in the South Caucasus, located in the territory of the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within the former Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Southern Hemisphere
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Soviet Union
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Swaziland
The Kingdom of Swaziland (Umbuso weSwatini), sometimes called Ngwane or Swatini, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, bordered to the north, south and west by South Africa, and to the east by Mozambique. The nation, as well as its people, are named after the 19th century king Mswati II.
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Sweden
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Sydney
Sydney () is the largest and most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. With an approximate population of 4.5 million in the Sydney metropolitan area the city is the largest in Oceania. Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population of people from numerous places around the world.
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Tajikistan
Tajikistan ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (, Jumhurii Tojikiston; , Respublika Tadzhikistan; Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders it to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and People's Republic of China to the east. Tajikistan also lies adjacent to Pakistan and the Gilgit-Baltistan region, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor.
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Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv-Yafo (Hebrew: , lit. "Spring Hill"-Jaffa; , ''Tall 'Abib''), usually referred to as Tel Aviv, is the second-largest city in Israel, with an estimated population of 393,900. The city is situated on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline, with a land area of . It is the largest and most populous city in the metropolitan area of Gush Dan, home to 3.2 million people as of 2008. The city is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, headed by Ron Huldai. Residents of Tel Aviv are called Tel Avivians.
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Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
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The Hague
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Tskhinvali
Tskhinvali (also spelled Cchinvali or Cxinvali; , ; , Tskhinval or '''Ch'reba'''; ), is the capital of South Ossetia, a disputed region which has been recognised as an independent Republic by Russia, Venezuela, Nicaragua and Nauru, and is regarded by Georgia and the rest of the world as part of the Shida Kartli region within Georgian sovereign territory under the Russian occupation.
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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Turkmenistan
The Turkmenistan (), also known as Turkmenia () is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.
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Ukraine
Ukraine ( ; , transliterated: , ), with its area of 603,628 km2, is the second largest country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast respectively.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Uruguay
Uruguay (, ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (sometimes rendered as the Eastern Republic of Uruguay in the English language; , ), is a country located in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to some 3.5 million people, of whom 1.4 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. An estimated 88% of the population are of European descent.
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USAir Flight 1493
USAir Flight 1493 was a scheduled United States (US) domestic passenger flight from Syracuse Hancock International Airport, New York to San Francisco International Airport, California that collided with SkyWest Flight 5569 upon landing at a scheduled stopover at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). The evening of February 1, 1991 saw slow to moderate air traffic at LAX, but as the USAir 737 was on final approach, there were a series of abnormalities that occurred to distract the local controller, including an aircraft that inadvertently switched off the tower frequency and a misplaced flight progress strip which resulted in the SkyWest Metroliner being told to taxi into takeoff position while the USAir flight was landing on the same runway without the Metroliner ever being given a takeoff clearance.
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Uzbekistan
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan -
Vilnius
Vilnius (, see also other names) is the capital of Lithuania, and its largest city, with a population of 560,190 (850,324 together with Vilnius County) as of 2010. is the seat of the Vilnius city municipality and of the Vilnius district municipality. It is also the capital of Vilnius County.
http://wn.com/Vilnius -
Vukovar
Vukovar is a city and municipality in eastern Croatia, and the biggest river port in Croatia located at the confluence of the Vuka river and the Danube. Vukovar is the center of the Vukovar-Srijem county. The city's registered population was 30,126 in the 2001 census, with 31,670 in the municipality.
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Vukovar massacre
The Vukovar massacre was a war crime that took place between November 18 and November 21, 1991 near the city of Vukovar, a mixed Croat/Serb community in northeastern Croatia. 264 people, all non-Serbs, mostly Croats (including civilians and POWs), of whom 194 have been identified, many were murdered by members of the Serb militias aided by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA).
http://wn.com/Vukovar_massacre
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Addison Timlin
Addison Timlin (born June 29, 1991 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American teen actress whose most recent movie character role is Amy from the 2005 film Derailed alongside co-stars Melissa George playing her mother and Clive Owen her father, where she played a 14 year old girl ill with type 1 diabetes.
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Aileen Wuornos
http://wn.com/Aileen_Wuornos -
Aldo Ray
Aldo Ray (born Aldo DaRe; September 25, 1926 – March 27, 1991) was an American actor.
http://wn.com/Aldo_Ray -
Alex North
http://wn.com/Alex_North -
Alexis Neiers
Alexis Christine Neiers (born June 20, 1991) is a television personality and aspiring model. She is featured on E!'s reality series Pretty Wild with her mother, Andrea Arlington-Dunne, and sisters Gabby Neiers and Tess Taylor.
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Ali Sabri
http://wn.com/Ali_Sabri -
Aliza Vellani
Aliza Vellani is a Canadian television actor, who currently plays the role of Layla Siddiqui in Little Mosque on the Prairie. Born in Vancouver to immigrants from East Africa. Vellani is a high school student who has trained extensively in both acting and dancing, including with the Vancouver drama school Tarlington Training.
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Allison Bertolino
Allison Bertolino (born February 2, 1991) is a Young Artist Award- nominated American television and film actress. She currently works at Best Buy in Mays Landing, New Jersey
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Amadou Toumani Touré
http://wn.com/Amadou_Toumani_Touré -
Amala Paul
http://wn.com/Amala_Paul -
Amos Yarkoni
Lieutenant Colonel Amos Yarkoni () (born 1920 - died 7 February 1991) born Abd el-Majid Hidr (, ) was a legendary officer in the Israel Defense Forces and one of six Israeli Arabs to have received the IDF's third highest decoration, the Medal of Distinguished Service. He was the first commander of the Shaked Reconnaissance Battalion of Israel's Southern command.
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Anabel Barnston
Anabel Barnston is an English actress best known for her role as Chloe in the 2008 BBC Three teenage comedy series, Coming of Age.
http://wn.com/Anabel_Barnston -
Andreas Floer
http://wn.com/Andreas_Floer -
André Cools
http://wn.com/André_Cools -
Anita Hill
Anita Faye Hill (born ) is a professor of social policy, law, and women's studies at Brandeis University at the Heller School for Social Policy and Management and a former colleague of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. She gained national exposure for testifying under oath at Thomas' 1991 Senate confirmation hearings alleging that her supervisor Thomas had made provocative and harassing sexual statements.
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Anna Gurji
Anna Giorgobiani (born 1 April 1991), well-known as Anna Gurji, is a Georgian actress. She made her debut in the short drama-film "If this day never happened" (2006) but before that she appeared as a child in short documentary named "Town" (1998). In 2007 she got role in American TV-project "Signals" where she played Afanasiia. Then Anna gained the lead role as violinist of 18th century named Cinka Panna in Slovak-Hungarian feature film "Cinka Panna" which was directed by Dusan Rapos.
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Anton Furst
http://wn.com/Anton_Furst -
Anton Yugov
Anton Tanev (Dontcho) Yugov () (28 August 1904 - 6 July 1991) was a leading member of the Bulgarian Communist Party served as Prime Minister of the country from 1956 to 1962.
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Aoi Nakamura
is a Japanese actor.
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Arno Breker
Arno Breker (July 19, 1900 – February 13, 1991) was a German sculptor, best known for his public works in Nazi Germany, which were endorsed by the authorities as the antithesis of so-called "degenerate art".
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Arthur Murray
Arthur Murray (April 4, 1895 – March 3, 1991) was a dance instructor and businessman, whose name is most often associated with the dance studio chain that bears his name.
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Arthur Pentelow
http://wn.com/Arthur_Pentelow -
Artur Lundkvist
http://wn.com/Artur_Lundkvist -
Ashli Amari Adams
Ashli Amari Adams (born September 6, 1991) is an American actress best known for the role of CeCe Peterson on ''The Parent 'Hood''.
http://wn.com/Ashli_Amari_Adams -
Askar Akayev
http://wn.com/Askar_Akayev -
Atsuko Maeda
(born July 10, 1991 in Chiba Prefecture), is a member of the Japanese idol group AKB48. She is in Team A and is one of the most prominent members of the group, appearing as lead singer in all of the singles to date. She is part of the "Senbatsu" group in the most recent singles.
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Aung San Suu Kyi
Aung San Suu Kyi (; ; born 19 June 1945) is a Burmese opposition politician and a former General Secretary of the National League for Democracy. In the 1990 general election, Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy party won 59% of the national votes and 80% (392 of 492) of the seats in Parliament. Some people claim that this implies Suu Kyi was elected Prime Minister. She had, however, already been detained under house arrest before the elections. She has remained under house arrest in Myanmar for almost 14 out of the past 20 years.
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Austin Butler
Austin Robert Butler (born August 17, 1991) is an American actor, singer, and model, best known for his role as James Garrett on the Nickelodeon show, Zoey 101, as Jake Pearson in the 2009 film Aliens in the Attic and as Jordan Gallagher in Ruby & The Rockits.
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Bela Padilla
Bela Padilla (born Krista Valle) is a Filipino actress.
http://wn.com/Bela_Padilla -
Belime
http://wn.com/Belime -
Berenice Abbott
http://wn.com/Berenice_Abbott -
Betty Alberge
http://wn.com/Betty_Alberge -
Bibi Jones
http://wn.com/Bibi_Jones -
Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) is the former 42nd President of the United States and served from 1993 to 2001. At 46 he was the third-youngest president. He became president at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby boomer president. His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the United States Secretary of State. Each received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Yale Law School.
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Billy T. James
__NOTOC__
http://wn.com/Billy_T_James -
Birmingham Six
http://wn.com/Birmingham_Six -
Bob Hawke
Robert James Lee "Bob" Hawke AC GCL (born 9 December 1929) was the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia and longest serving Australian Labor Party Prime Minister.
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Bonnie Wright
Bonnie Francesca Teague Wright (born 17 February 1991) is an English actress, known for playing Ginny Weasley in the Harry Potter film series.
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Boris Pugo
http://wn.com/Boris_Pugo -
Boris Yeltsin
http://wn.com/Boris_Yeltsin -
Brad Davis (actor)
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Brayden Schenn
Brayden Schenn (born August 22, 1991) is a ice hockey player currently playing for the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL). Schenn was drafted by the Los Angeles Kings fifth overall in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He made his National Hockey League (NHL) debut for the Kings in October 2009, after being called up on an emergency basis. Schenn has represented Canada internationally at several tournaments, and won a silver medal at the 2010 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. His older brother Luke is a defenceman for the Toronto Maple Leafs.
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Brenda Asnicar
Brenda Asnicar (born October 17, 1991), is an Argentine actress and singer. She is prehaps best known for starring season 1 and 2 of Patito Feo.
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Brittney Wilson
Brittney Meriah Wilson (born March 26, 1991 in Chilliwack, British Columbia) is a Canadian actress.
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Calum Worthy
Calum Worthy (born January 28, 1991) is a Canadian actor. He began his film career in 2000 at the age of nine, and is best known for his work in Dr. Dolittle 3, I Was A Rat, Out of Order, Psych, Smallville, and Stormworld.
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Camarón de la Isla
http://wn.com/Camarón_de_la_Isla -
Camila Finn
http://wn.com/Camila_Finn -
Carl David Anderson
http://wn.com/Carl_David_Anderson -
Carol Dempster
Carol Dempster (December 9, 1901 - February 1, 1991) was an American film actress of the silent film era.
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Carter Jenkins
Carter Mark Jenkins (born September 4, 1991) is an American actor.
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Casey Abrams
Casey Abrams is an American singer-songwriter. His songs are often compared to those of Don McLean and Paul Simon(citation needed). His influences include Spider John Koerner, Leon Redbone, Randy Newman, Warren Zevon, Ry Cooder, and John Sebastian.
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Cassandra Harris
Cassandra Harris (15 December 1952 – 28 December 1991) was an Australian actress.
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Cesare Merzagora
Cesare Merzagora (November 9, 1898 - May 1, 1991) was an Italian politician from Milan. He was President of the Italian Senate from 1953 to 1967, and was also temporarily acting as President of Italy in 1964, in the period between the resignation of Antonio Segni and the election of Giuseppe Saragat. Merzagora was named senator for life in 1963.
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Charles Barnet
http://wn.com/Charles_Barnet -
Charles Goren
Charles Henry Goren (March 4, 1901 – April 3, 1991) was a world champion American bridge player and bestselling author who contributed significantly to the development and popularization of the game.
http://wn.com/Charles_Goren -
Charlie G. Hawkins
Charlie George Hawkins (born 14 February 1991) is an English actor. He was raised in Islington where he has lived since birth. He was named after Arsenal legend Charlie George
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Chloe Bridges
Chloe Bridges is an American and teen actress, singer and musician. Bridges is best known for her role as Dana Turner in . She has also appeared in the films Legally Blondes and Forget Me Not.
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Chloe Marshall
Chloe Marshall (born 27 March 1991) is an English plus-size model from Cranleigh, Surrey. Having won the Miss Surrey title in March 2008, she became the first size 16 (US size 12 to 14) model to reach the finals for the Miss England tiara.
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Choi Minho
http://wn.com/Choi_Minho -
Chris Short
Christopher Joseph "Style" Short (September 19, 1937 - August 1, 1991) was a Major League Baseball pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies (1959-1972), and in his final year, for the Milwaukee Brewers (1973). He was a left-handed pitcher, but batted righty. He was born in Milford, Delaware.
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Christa Theret
Christa Theret (born 25 June 1991 in Paris) is a French actress.
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Christian Fortune
Christian Caleb Fortune is a young film star and actor who was born on 12 July 1991, in Pasadena, California in the United States.
http://wn.com/Christian_Fortune -
Christofer Drew
http://wn.com/Christofer_Drew -
Clifton C. Edom
Clifton Cedric "Cliff" Edom (February 12, 1907 in Baylis, Illinois - January 30, 1991 in Branson, Missouri), often credited as the "Father of Photojournalism", was prolific in the development of photojournalism education.
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Cole Hawkins
Cole East Hawkins (born October 4, 1991) is an American actor who has made appearances in several television shows and films. He was a brief member of The Naked Brothers Band.
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Colleen Dewhurst
http://wn.com/Colleen_Dewhurst -
Colton Harris-Moore
Colton A. "Colt" Harris-Moore (born March 22, 1991) is a former fugitive from Camano Island, Washington. He is suspected in the theft of at least five small aircraft, a boat and two cars, and in the burglaries of at least 100 private residences in various locations around the Pacific Northwest of the United States and Canada. He fled to the Bahamas on July 4, 2010, allegedly in a plane stolen from Indiana. He was indicted on July 6 by a U.S. Federal Court in Seattle, Washington on charges of transporting another stolen aircraft in that state. Harris-Moore was arrested in Harbour Island, Bahamas on July 11, after police shot out the engine of the boat in which he was attempting to flee. Two days later, he was deported from Nassau, Bahamas to Miami, Florida and transferred on July 21 to SeaTac, Washington where he is awaiting trial.
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Cool Papa Bell
http://wn.com/Cool_Papa_Bell -
Craig Roberts
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Creagen Dow
Creagen Dow (born May 1, 1991) is an American actor. Dow had a recurring role as Jeremiah Trottman on the Nickelodeon series Zoey 101. He has also guest starred on Hannah Montana, Without a Trace, Veronica Mars, Chuck, Greek, Castle, Numb3rs and Entourage and provided the voice of "Mullet Boy" in the film The Ant Bully. He appeared in the feature film The Least of These and alongside Reese Witherspoon and Vince Vaughn in Four Christmases, as well as in various television commercials including the Above The Influence spot "Shoulders" for Drug Free America involving teens doing drugs.
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Cromwell Everson
Cromwell Everson was primarily known as a composer during his lifetime. He was brought up as an Afrikaner by his mother, Maria De Wit and father, Robert Everson. He continued this tradition and all his children were brought up as Afrikaners.
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Cyril Knowles
http://wn.com/Cyril_Knowles -
Daiki Arioka
is a Japanese actor, talent and singer as well as member of Hey! Say! JUMP. He is under the management of Johnny & Associates. He was born in Chiba City, Chiba Prefecture and lives in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area.
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Daniel Curtis Lee
Daniel Curtis Lee (born May 17, 1991) is an American actor and rapper. He had a starring role in Nickelodeon's ''Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide, in which he played the nerdy Simon Nelson-Cook, known as "Cookie" or "P Cookie". Lee has also appeared in other television shows such as First Monday and The Shield, and motion pictures such as Friday After Next. He is currently starring in Zeke & Luther'' as Kojo.
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Daniel Magder
Daniel Magder (born December 12, 1991) is a Canadian Teen actor. He has appeared in such projects such as The Famous Jett Jackson, and X-Men. One of his most recent roles is on Life with Derek, where he portrays Edwin Venturi. He graduated Thornlea Secondary School in Thornhill, Ontario. After attending the University of British Columbia for his first year, he switched to the Vancouver Film School to study directing. He is a brother of the Alpha Epsilon Pi Fraternity, Beta Chi chapter.
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Daniel Mann
http://wn.com/Daniel_Mann -
Daniel Oduber Quirós
http://wn.com/Daniel_Oduber_Quirós -
Daniel Tay
Daniel Tay (born December 17, 1991) is an American teen actor and voice actor who is best known for playing Michael in the Christmas film Elf. Tay also voiced Pedro De La Hoya in Bully. Daniel Tay is attending the Friends Seminary school in New York.
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Danielle Horvat
Danielle Horvat (born 10 July 1991) is an Australian actress, best known for her role in Neighbours as Taylah Jordan, and as Jessica Bird on Sea Patrol.
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Danny Miller (actor)
Danny Miller (born 2 January 1991) is a British actor from Stockport, Greater Manchester, best-known for his current role as Aaron Livesy in ITV soap opera Emmerdale.
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Danny Thomas
Danny Thomas (January 6, 1912 – February 6, 1991) was an American nightclub comedian and television and film actor, best known for starring in the television sitcom Make Room for Daddy, or The Danny Thomas Show. He is also the founder of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. He is the father of Marlo Thomas, Terre Thomas and Tony Thomas.
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David Lean
Sir David Lean CBE (25 March 190816 April 1991) was a British filmmaker, producer, screenwriter and editor, best remembered for big-screen epics such as The Bridge on the River Kwai, Lawrence of Arabia,
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David Ruffin
Davis Eli "David" Ruffin (January 18, 1941 – June 1, 1991) was an American soul singer and musician most famous for his work as one of the lead singers of the Temptations from 1964 to 1968 (or the group's "Classic Five" period as it was later known). He was the lead voice on such famous songs as "My Girl" and "Ain't Too Proud to Beg." Known for his unique raspy and anguished tenor vocals, Ruffin was ranked as one of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time by Rolling Stone magazine in 2008. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989 for his work with the Temptations. Fellow Motown recording artist Marvin Gaye once said admiringly of Ruffin that, "I heard in [his voice] a strength my own voice lacked."
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Dead (musician)
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Dean Jagger
Dean Jagger (November 7, 1903 – February 5, 1991) was an American film actor.
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Declan Galbraith
Declan John Galbraith (born 19 December 1991, Hoo St Werburgh, Kent) is an English singer of Irish and Scottish origin. He is known for the control and range of his voice, as well as his ability to interpret and adapt material of different genres.
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Dennis Crosby
Dennis Michael Crosby (July 13, 1934–May 7, 1991) was an occasional American actor, the son of singer and actor Bing Crosby, and twin brother of Phillip Crosby. He was the father of actress Denise Crosby.
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Derrick Henry Lehmer
http://wn.com/Derrick_Henry_Lehmer -
Devon Bostick
Devon Bostick (born November 13, 1991) is a Canadian actor, best known for playing the lead role in the Atom Egoyan-directed film Adoration.
http://wn.com/Devon_Bostick -
Devon Werkheiser
Devon Joseph Werkheiser (born March 8, 1991) is an American actor and musician, best known for his starring role as Ned Bigby on the Nickelodeon sitcom ''Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide and for his role in the 2007 TV Movie Shredderman Rules'', as the lead character Nolan Byrd.
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Diana Vickers
Diana Vickers (born 30 July 1991) is an English singer-songwriter and stage actress who initially came to public attention as a semi-finalist on the fifth series of British talent show The X Factor in 2008. In January 2009, Vickers signed a record deal with RCA Records and immediately began work on her debut album, Songs from the Tainted Cherry Tree, from January to September 2009.
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Diandra Newlin
Diandra Newlin (born March 4, 1991) is an American actress, singer, teen icon, and fashion model.
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Diva Montelaba
Hyacienth Diva Mantalaba (born January 14, 1991), better known as Diva Montelaba, is a Filipina actress, dancer and singer. She was one of the Final Five in the fifth season of StarStruck, a reality-based talent search show of GMA Networkin the Philippines and finished as first runner up. She lives in Minglanilla Cebu.
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Dmitriy Martynov
Dmitriy Martynov (born November 21, 1991) is a Russian teen actor. His breakthrough came in Night Watch, where he starred as Yegor.
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Dominique Jackson
Dominique Hannah Jackson (born 3 December 1991) is a British actress from Oldham, Greater Manchester, who has starred in various TV roles. She is best known for her roles as Becky in the children's TV series Becky and Barnaby Bear and Lauren Valentine on Channel 4 soap, Hollyoaks. In 2003 she appeared as Joanna Sharpe in The Bill, and has since appeared as Roseanne Speedwell on The New Worst Witch in 2005 and as Selena on the hit children's TV show My Parents Are Aliens in 2006.
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Don Siegel
Donald Siegel (October 26, 1912 - April 20, 1991) was an influential American film director and producer. His name appeared in the credits of his films as both Don Siegel and Donald Siegel.
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Dottie West
Dottie West (October 11, 1932 – September 4, 1991) was an American country music singer and songwriter. She is considered one of the genre's most influential and groundbreaking female artists. Dottie West's career started in the early 1960s, with her Top 10 hit, "Here Comes My Baby Back Again," which won her the first Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance in 1965. In the 1960s, West was one of the few female country singers working in what was then a male-dominated industry, influencing other female country singers like Lynn Anderson, Crystal Gayle, Barbara Mandrell, Dolly Parton, and Tammy Wynette. Throughout the 60s, West had major country hits within the Top 10 and 20.
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Dr. Seuss
http://wn.com/Dr_Seuss -
Drake Kemper
Drake Kemper is an American actor.
http://wn.com/Drake_Kemper -
Drew Osborne
Drew Osborne, a young American actor, was born March 11, 1991, in Salt Lake City, Utah. He is the brother of actor Brandon Osborne.
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Dylan O'Brien
http://wn.com/Dylan_O'Brien -
Dyllan Christopher
Dyllan Christopher (born December 12, 1991) is an American actor. He played in one of five major roles in the 2006 film Unaccompanied Minors as Spencer, the leader of a group of kids who get stuck in an airport on Christmas. He worked alongside Quinn Shephard and Tyler James Williams. He acted in Disney Channel's ID Address as Peter. He is in the Hallmark Cards singing Christmas card commercials shown in December 2006. He is also currently in a KFC commercial as a grocery store employee. He also appeared in Phil of the Future.
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Ed Heinemann
http://wn.com/Ed_Heinemann -
Ed Sheeran
http://wn.com/Ed_Sheeran -
Eden Sher
Eden Rebecca Sher (born December 26, 1991 in Los Angeles, California) is an American actress best known for her role as Sue Heck in ABC's sitcom The Middle, and as Carrie Fenton in the television series Sons and Daughters.
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Edmund Adamkiewicz
Edmund Adamkiewicz (April 21, 1920 in Hamburg – April 4, 1991) was a German footballer.
http://wn.com/Edmund_Adamkiewicz -
Edwin McMillan
Edwin Mattison McMillan (September 18, 1907 – September 7, 1991) was an American physicist and Nobel laureate credited with being the first ever to produce a transuranium element. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Glenn Seaborg in 1951.
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Edwina Booth
Edwina Booth (September 13, 1904 – May 18, 1991) was an American actress. She is best known for the 1931 film Trader Horn, during the filming of which she contracted an illness which effectively ended her movie career.
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Eleanor Boardman
http://wn.com/Eleanor_Boardman -
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born 21 April 1926) is the reigning queen and head of state of 16 independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. In addition, as Head of the Commonwealth, she is the figurehead of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations and, as the British monarch, she is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
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Emily DiDonato
Emily DiDonato (born February 24, 1991) is an American model. She was raised in a small town in Orange County in upstate New York and is of Irish and Italian ancestry. After a family friend encouraged her to pursue modeling, she signed with Request Model Management in 2008 and booked jobs as the face of Guess? clothing for spring 2009 and as a model in Ralph Lauren's "Rugby" spring 2009 advertisement campaign. In May 2009, she was signed as the latest face of Maybelline New York, a notable accomplishment for a model who had just graduated from high school with only a few months of modeling experience, and made her television commercial debut for the company's "Color Sensational Lip Color" line, alongside Christy Turlington, Jessica White, and Julia Stegner. DiDonato began modeling for Victoria's Secret in August 2009, and appeared on her first magazine cover with The Block's October 2009 issue.
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Emma Maree Urquhart
Emma Maree Urquhart (born October 2, 1991, Inverness) is a Scottish writer.
http://wn.com/Emma_Maree_Urquhart -
Emma Roberts
Emma Rose Roberts (born February 10, 1991) is an American actress, singer-songwriter, and designer. She is the daughter of actor Eric Roberts and the niece of actresses Julia Roberts and Lisa Roberts Gillan. Roberts became known for her role as Addie Singer in the Nickelodeon television series Unfabulous. She released her debut album, which also served as the show's soundtrack Unfabulous and More. Roberts then pursued a solo singing career by recording two songs for the soundtracks of Ice Princess and Aquamarine (in which Roberts starred as one of the leads). Roberts then began to focus on her acting career, the title character in the 2007 film Nancy Drew, and her voice-over debut in The Flight Before Christmas.
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Emmalee Thompson
Emmalee Jessica Thompson (born June 12, 1991) is an American actress.
http://wn.com/Emmalee_Thompson -
Emmy Clarke
Mary Elizabeth Clarke (born 25 September 1991 in Mineola, New York), better known as Emmy Clarke, is an American actress.
http://wn.com/Emmy_Clarke -
Enrique Bermúdez
http://wn.com/Enrique_Bermúdez -
Eric Carr
http://wn.com/Eric_Carr -
Erik J. Berg
Erik J. Berg (born July 15, 1991) is a Canadian actor whose most notable performance was the role of Jonah in The Haunting in Connecticut. Erik originally got the role of troubled Jonah at age 15 or 16 . His other film appearances have been in the movies "The Saddest Music in the World", "The Big White", and the television movie "Elijah". He has also been in several productions for the Manitoba Theatre for Young People. He graduated from Kelvin High School, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in 2009. His favorite show is Family Guy. He enjoys guitar, swimming, and playing ball.
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Erik Per Sullivan
Erik Per Sullivan (born July 12, 1991) is an American actor best known for his role as Dewey, the younger brother to middle child Malcolm, on the FOX series, Malcolm in the Middle which was on air for 7 years.
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Erin Sanders
Erin Zariah Sanders (born January 19, 1991) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Quinn Pensky on Zoey 101, as well as Camille on Big Time Rush and for her role as Eden Baldwin on The Young and the Restless.
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Erwin Neher
Erwin Neher (born 20 March 1944 in Landsberg am Lech, Bavaria) is a German biophysicist.
http://wn.com/Erwin_Neher -
Ethiopian Civil War
http://wn.com/Ethiopian_Civil_War -
Eunice Cho
Eunice Cho (born December 15, 1991 in New Jersey) is a Korean-American actress. Her best-known role was Robin in the Cartoon Network live action/animated TV movie, Re-Animated. (Re-Animated had a spin-off TV series called ''Out of Jimmy's Head'', but the role of Robin was recast and Cho did not appear in the series.) She also voiced Kiku in Little Bill from 2000-2002.
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Eva Le Gallienne
http://wn.com/Eva_Le_Gallienne -
Evanna Lynch
Evanna Lynch (born 16 August 1991) is an Irish actress who rose to prominence playing Luna Lovegood, a supporting role in the Harry Potter film series adapted from the book series of the same name. Lynch was cast as Luna at the age of 14, having previously acted only in school plays. From 2007 to 2009, she starred in two Harry Potter films and their tie-in video games; she will return for the final film and the first of the film's two tie-in video games. Lynch's work on the series has earned her two award nominations.
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Forrest Towns
Forrest Grady "Spec" Towns (February 6, 1914 - April 4, 1991) was an American track and field athlete. He was the 1936 Olympic champion in the 110 m hurdles, and broke the World Record in that event three times.
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Francesca Isherwood
Francesca Isherwood (born 17 June 1991) is a British actress. Her most notable role to date is playing Flavia in the CBBC series of Roman Mysteries. Her other television credits include The New Worst Witch, The Catherine Tate Show and Casualty. She attended Burntwood school and now attends York University where she studies English Literature. She is still good friends with many of her The New Worst Witch co-stars, including Alice Connor, and Daisy Hughes, and enemies with many others due to unfounded accusations about her personal life.
http://wn.com/Francesca_Isherwood -
Frank Capra
Frank Russell Capra (May 18, 1897 – September 3, 1991) was a Sicilian-born American film director and a creative force behind a number of films of the 1930s and 1940s, including It Happened One Night (1934), Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), Lost Horizon (1937), ''You Can't Take It With You (1938), Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), Meet John Doe (1941), Arsenic and Old Lace (1944) and It's a Wonderful Life'' (1946).
http://wn.com/Frank_Capra -
Frank H. Netter
Frank H. Netter (25 April 1906-17 September 1991) was an artist, physician, and most notably, a leading medical illustrator. He was also a Fellow of The New York Academy of Medicine.
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Frank Yerby
http://wn.com/Frank_Yerby -
Fred MacMurray
http://wn.com/Fred_MacMurray -
Freddie Mercury
http://wn.com/Freddie_Mercury -
Gabriella Cilmi
Gabriella Lucia Cilmi (, ) (born 10 October 1991) is an Australian singer-songwriter. She is best known for her debut single "Sweet About Me", released in Australia in April 2008.
http://wn.com/Gabriella_Cilmi -
Gene Roddenberry
http://wn.com/Gene_Roddenberry -
Genevieve Buechner
Genevieve Buechner (born November 10, 1991) is a Canadian actress. Her stepfather is folk musician Geoff Berner.
http://wn.com/Genevieve_Buechner -
Gennady Yanayev
Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev (; 26 August 1937 – 24 September 2010) was a Soviet Russian politician and statesman whose career spanned the rules of Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov and Chernenko, and culminated during the Gorbachev years. Yanayev was born in Perevoz, Gorky Oblast. After years in local politics, he rose to prominence as Chairman of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, but he also held other lesser posts such as deputy of the Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries.
http://wn.com/Gennady_Yanayev -
George Abecassis
George Edgar Abecassis DFC (21 March 1913 - 18 December 1991) was an English racing driver, and co-founder of the HWM Formula One team.
http://wn.com/George_Abecassis -
George Gobel
http://wn.com/George_Gobel -
George Sherman
George Sherman (July 14, 1908-March 15, 1991) was a film director of action movies beginning in the 1930s. The New York-born director's films include The Sleeping City and Tomahawk.
http://wn.com/George_Sherman -
George Stigler
George Joseph Stigler (January 17, 1911 – December 1, 1991) was a U.S. economist. He won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1982, and was a key leader of the Chicago School of Economics, along with his close friend Milton Friedman.
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Georgia May Foote
Georgia May Foote (born 11 February 1991) is a British actress. She is best known for playing Alison Simmons in the school drama series Grange Hill. She is currenly starring in Coronation Street as Katy Armstrong, sister to Izzy Armstrong and daughter to Owen Armstrong.
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Glenn McCuen
http://wn.com/Glenn_McCuen -
Gonzaguinha
http://wn.com/Gonzaguinha -
Goo Ha-ra
http://wn.com/Goo_Ha-ra -
Greta Kempton
Greta Kempton (March 22, 1901 - December 10, 1991) born Martha Greta Kempton in Vienna, Austria. American artist. She served as the White House artist during the Truman administration.
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Greyson Fletcher
Greyson Fletcher (born March 8, 1991) is a professional skateboarder and actor.
http://wn.com/Greyson_Fletcher -
Gustáv Husák
http://wn.com/Gustáv_Husák -
H. John Heinz III
http://wn.com/H_John_Heinz_III -
Hamse Abdouh
Hamse Abdouh (or Hamza Abdu, ), born January 1, 1991, is a Palestinian swimmer.
http://wn.com/Hamse_Abdouh -
Hannah Hodson
Hannah Rose Hodson (born September 10, 1991) is an American actress.
http://wn.com/Hannah_Hodson -
Hans Nüsslein
http://wn.com/Hans_Nüsslein -
Hansika Motwani
http://wn.com/Hansika_Motwani -
Harald V of Norway
http://wn.com/Harald_V_of_Norway -
Harry Reasoner
http://wn.com/Harry_Reasoner -
Hayley Kiyoko
Hayley Kiyoko Alcroft (born April 3, 1991), known professionally as Hayley Kiyoko, is an American actress, singer and dancer best known for playing Velma Dinkley in Scooby-Doo! The Mystery Begins (2009). She is also in a girl band called the Stunners, which has recently added new boyz to their song, dancing around the truth. She has appeared on Wizards of Waverly Place as Stevie Nichols and Unfabulous, as well as in national commercials, including GM Onstar, Slim Jim and Cinnamon Toast Crunch.
http://wn.com/Hayley_Kiyoko -
Henri Lefebvre
http://wn.com/Henri_Lefebvre -
Henry Surtees
http://wn.com/Henry_Surtees -
Hinoi Asuka
http://wn.com/Hinoi_Asuka -
Howard Ashman
http://wn.com/Howard_Ashman -
Howard Nemerov
http://wn.com/Howard_Nemerov -
Hunter Gomez
Hunter Gomez (born December 20, 1991 in Mesa, Arizona) is an American actor. He is probably most widely recognized for his work in films and guest appearances in American television. Although he is only 18, he has been active in charity and politics in his home state of Arizona for many years.
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Héctor Rial
http://wn.com/Héctor_Rial -
Igor Talkov
http://wn.com/Igor_Talkov -
Irina Kulikova
Irina Kulikova (b. August 6, 1991) is a Russian fashion model. She was discovered in a Moscow restaurant by Ivan Bart of IMG Models and actress Liv Tyler. She is now represented by IMG Models worldwide, and was named one of the top 10 models of 2007 by V.
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Irwin Allen
http://wn.com/Irwin_Allen -
J. D. McDuffie
John Delphus McDuffie (December 5, 1938 - August 11, 1991) is a former Winston Cup driver. He raced in the top division of NASCAR from 1963 to 1991. McDuffie had 106 top-tens in his Cup Series career. His unexpected death was a result of a crash at Watkins Glen International in 1991.
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Jack Kevorkian
Jack Kevorkian, (;),M.D. born May 26, 1928, is an American pathologist, right-to-die activist, painter, composer, and instrumentalist. He is best-known for publicly championing a terminal patient's right to die via physician-assisted suicide; he claims to have assisted at least 130 patients to that end. He famously said that "dying is not a crime."
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Jaime Guzmán
http://wn.com/Jaime_Guzmán -
James Franciscus
http://wn.com/James_Franciscus -
James Hogue
James Arthur Hogue (born October 22, 1959) is a US impostor who most famously entered Princeton University by posing as a self-taught orphan.
http://wn.com/James_Hogue -
James Irwin
James Benson Irwin (March 17, 1930 – August 8, 1991) was an American astronaut and engineer of Scottish and Irish descent. He served as Lunar Module pilot for Apollo 15, the fourth human lunar landing; he was the eighth person to walk on the Moon.
http://wn.com/James_Irwin -
James Roosevelt
http://wn.com/James_Roosevelt -
Jamie Grace
http://wn.com/Jamie_Grace -
Jamie Lynn Spears
Jamie Lynn Spears (born April 4, 1991) is an American actress and singer. The younger sister of pop star Britney Spears, she rose to prominence for her appearances on Nickelodeon shows All That and for playing Zoey Brooks on Zoey 101.
http://wn.com/Jamie_Lynn_Spears -
Jan Józef Lipski
http://wn.com/Jan_Józef_Lipski -
Jason Dolley
Jason Scott Dolley (born July 5, 1991), is an American actor, best known for his roles on different Disney Channel projects. These include Newton "Newt" Livingston III on Cory in the House, Virgil Fox in Minutemen and Pete Ivey in Hatching Pete. He currently stars as PJ Duncan in Good Luck Charlie.
http://wn.com/Jason_Dolley -
Jay Greenberg
Jay "Bluejay" Greenberg (born December 13, 1991, New Haven, Connecticut) is an American composer who entered the Juilliard School in 2002.
http://wn.com/Jay_Greenberg -
Jean Langlais
Jean Langlais (15 February 1907 – 8 May 1991) was a French composer of modern classical music, organist, and improviser.
http://wn.com/Jean_Langlais -
Jean Rogers
Jean Rogers (March 25, 1916 - February 24, 1991) was an American actress. She is best remembered today as Dale Arden in two of the three Flash Gordon serials.
http://wn.com/Jean_Rogers -
Jean Tinguely
http://wn.com/Jean_Tinguely -
Jeanine Mason
Jeanine Marie Mason (born January 14, 1991) is an American dancer specializing in contemporary dance. She is best known for her 2009 appearance as the winner of the fifth season of the television show So You Think You Can Dance - which airs on the Fox Network - becoming the youngest person to win the competition. Beginning in Spring 2010, Mason will attend University of California, Los Angeles.
http://wn.com/Jeanine_Mason -
Jedward
John Paul Henry Daniel Richard Grimes and Edward Peter Anthony Kevin Patrick Grimes (born 16 October 1991 in Dublin, Ireland) are an Irish singing duo. They are identical twins and perform under the name Jedward. Known for their distinctive blonde quiffs and playful performances, the twins have risen to fame since appearing as John & Edward on the sixth series of The X Factor in 2009, in a phenomenon described as "the Jedward paradox". They came sixth in the show, after ending up in the "bottom two" with Olly Murs in week 7. Jedward are now managed by Ashley Tabor and their X Factor judge and former mentor Louis Walsh.
http://wn.com/Jedward -
Jeffrey Dahmer
http://wn.com/Jeffrey_Dahmer -
Jennifer Damiano
Jennifer Damiano (born May 12, 1991) is an American actress and singer, most known for her performance as Natalie Goodman in Next to Normal on Broadway, nominated for the 2009 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical for Next to Normal.
http://wn.com/Jennifer_Damiano -
Jennifer Hof
Jennifer Karin-Luise Hof (born May 15, 1991) is a German fashion model and winner of the third cycle of ''Germany's Next Topmodel''.
http://wn.com/Jennifer_Hof -
Jerzy Kosinski
http://wn.com/Jerzy_Kosinski -
Jiang Qing
http://wn.com/Jiang_Qing -
Jiao Liuyang
Jiao Liuyang (; born August 6, 1991 in Harbin, Heilongjiang) is a female Chinese swimmer, who competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics and finished second in the 200 m butterfly at 2:04.72, behind her teammate Liu Zige, who won the race in 2:04.18. Both girls were under the former world record held by Australia's Jessicah Schipper (2:05.40).
http://wn.com/Jiao_Liuyang -
Joan Caulfield
Joan Caulfield (June 1, 1922 - June 18, 1991) was an American actress and former fashion model. After being discovered by Broadway producers, she began a stage career in 1943 that eventually lead to signing as an actress with Paramount Pictures.
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Joe McElderry
Joseph "Joe" McElderry (born 16 June 1991) is an English singer and model. He won the sixth series of the ITV show The X Factor in 2009. His first single "The Climb" reached number one on the UK and Irish Singles Charts. He is signed to Syco Music and Epic Records owned by Sony Music Entertainment.
http://wn.com/Joe_McElderry -
John A. McCone
John Alexander McCone (January 4, 1902 - February 14, 1991) was an American businessman and politician who served as Director of Central Intelligence during the height of the Cold War.
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John Bardeen
http://wn.com/John_Bardeen -
John Hoyt
John Hoyt (October 5, 1905 – September 15, 1991) was an American film, theatre, and television actor.
http://wn.com/John_Hoyt -
John Leonard Orr
John Leonard Orr (born April 26, 1949) is a convicted serial arsonist who was once a fire captain and arson investigator for the Glendale Fire Department in Southern California. Orr had originally wanted to be a police officer, but had failed his entrance exam; instead he became a dedicated fire investigator and career fire officer. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s Los Angeles was plagued by a series of fires that cost millions of dollars in damages and claimed four lives. John Orr was found to be the cause of most of those fires. During his arson spree, Orr was given the nickname the Pillow Pyro by arson investigators.
http://wn.com/John_Leonard_Orr -
John McIntire
For the fictional character, see Trapper John McIntyre. For the Scottish radiologist, see John Macintyre.
http://wn.com/John_McIntire -
John Sherman Cooper
http://wn.com/John_Sherman_Cooper -
John Tower
http://wn.com/John_Tower -
Johnny Eck
Johnny Eck, born John Eckhardt, Jr. (27 August 1911, Baltimore, Maryland – 5 January 1991, Baltimore, Maryland) was an American freak show performer born with the appearance that he was missing the lower half of his torso. Eck is best known today for his role in Tod Browning's 1932 cult classic film, Freaks. He was often billed as the amazing "Half-Boy" and "King of the Freaks".
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Johnny Thunders
Johnny Thunders, born John Anthony Genzale, Jr. (July 15, 1952 - April 23, 1991), was an American protopunk guitarist, singer and songwriter.
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Jordan Hinson
Jordan Danielle Hinson (born June 4, 1991) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Zoe Carter on the Syfy series Eureka.
http://wn.com/Jordan_Hinson -
Jordan McCoy
Jordan Elizabeth McCoy (born September 17, 1991; Mount Vernon, Illinois) is an American singer, guitarist, and American Juniors finalist.
http://wn.com/Jordan_McCoy -
Jordan Pruitt
Jordan Lynne Pruitt (born May 19, 1991 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American recording artist. She started singing in church at age four and writing songs at age nine. After recording a demo album in 2006, Pruitt was discovered by producer Keith Thomas and later signed to Hollywood Records.
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Jordan-Claire Green
Jordan-Claire Green (born October 31, 1991 in Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal) is an American actress, a musician and singer. She is most well known for her role in the film School of Rock.
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Joseph Papp
http://wn.com/Joseph_Papp -
Julie Dubela
Julie Dubela (born on January 16, 1991 in Jupiter, Florida) is an American singer living in Stratham, Rockingham County, New Hampshire. She is known in the Boston, Massachusetts area for her live performances of "The Star-Spangled Banner" and has also gained national attention for her TV appearances.
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Kaho (actress)
is a Japanese actress and fashion model. Her real name is not disclosed.
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Kang Min-Hyuk
Kang Min-Hyuk (; born 10 July 1982) is a South Korean football defender, who plays for Jeju United FC in K-League. His previous club is Seongnam Ilhwa, Gyeongnam FC and Gwangju Sangmu.
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Karina Pasian
Karina Pasian (born July 18, 1991) is an American singer and pianist. She is currently signed to Def Jam.
http://wn.com/Karina_Pasian -
Katie Jarvis
Katie Jarvis (born 22 June 1991) is an English actress, most notable for her role as Mia in the film Fish Tank. She was spotted by a casting agent, following an argument with her boyfriend at Tilbury Town railway station.
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Kelsey Chow
Kelsey Asbill Chow (born September 9, 1991) is an American actress.
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Kenas Aroi
Kenas Aroi (1942? - January 1991) was a Nauruan political figure. He was President of the Republic of Nauru from 17 August to 12 December 1989.
http://wn.com/Kenas_Aroi -
Kevin Peter Hall
Kevin Peter Hall (May 9, 1955 – April 10, 1991) was an African-American actor known for his roles in Misfits of Science, Prophecy, Without Warning, and Harry and the Hendersons. He was also best known as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise.
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Key (singer)
http://wn.com/Key_(singer) -
Keye Luke
http://wn.com/Keye_Luke -
Kie Kitano
http://wn.com/Kie_Kitano -
Kirsten Olson
Kirsten Olson (born 10 October 1991, in Burnsville, Minnesota) is an American figure skater and actress. She played the role of Nikki Fletcher, the 'Jumping Shrimp', in the Disney movie Ice Princess. Olson placed fifth on the novice level at the 2005 United States Figure Skating Championships and came in ninth at the junior level at the 2007 Nationals. She represents the Starlight Ice Dance Club and is coached by Page Lipe.
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Klaus Barbie
http://wn.com/Klaus_Barbie -
Klaus Kinski
http://wn.com/Klaus_Kinski -
Kyle Massey
Kyle Massey (born August 28, 1991), is an American actor, singer, rapper, musician and dancer from Atlanta, Georgia. Perhaps best known for starring in Disney Channel sitcom ''That's So Raven, where he starred as Cory Baxter, and in the Disney show Cory in the House, a spin-off of That's So Raven. Massey is also well known for starring in the Disney Channel Original Movie Life Is Ruff. Massey is the brother of Zoey 101'' star Christopher Massey. As a rapper, Massey has released several songs for Walt Disney Records and Hollywood Records including "Underdog Raps". He is currently the voice of Milo in the Disney animated series Fish Hooks and also competing in ABC's Dancing with the Stars with his partner Lacey Schwimmer.
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Lacey Baker
Lacey Baker ( born November 24, 1991) is a professional skateboarder from Covina, California who focuses primarily on street tricks.
http://wn.com/Lacey_Baker -
Larry Kert
Larry Kert (December 5, 1930 - June 5, 1991) was an American actor, singer, and dancer.
http://wn.com/Larry_Kert -
Lazar Kaganovich
http://wn.com/Lazar_Kaganovich -
Lee Atwater
http://wn.com/Lee_Atwater -
Lena Meyer-Landrut
http://wn.com/Lena_Meyer-Landrut -
Leo Fender
Clarence Leonidas Fender (August 10, 1909 – March 21, 1991), also known as Leo Fender, was an American inventor who founded Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company, now known as Fender Musical Instruments Corporation, and later founded MusicMan and G&L; Musical Products (G&L; Guitars). His guitar, bass, and amplifier designs from the 1940s continue to dominate popular music more than half a century later. Marshall, Mesa Boogie, most boutique amplifier companies and many other guitar amplifier production companies have used Fender instruments as the foundation of their products. Leo Fender is regarded as one of the most influential figures in the development of electric instruments in the 20th century.
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Leopold Nowak
Leopold Nowak (17 August 1904 – May 27, 1991) was a musicologist chiefly known for editing the works by Anton Bruckner for the International Bruckner Society. He reconstructed the original form of some of those works, most of which had been revised and edited many times.
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Leslie Mahaffy
Leslie Erin Mahaffy (July 5, 1976 – June 16, 1991) was a teenaged female student, resident of Burlington, Ontario, Canada, who was murdered by serial killers Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka. Mahaffy's kidnapping was one in a series of disappearances of Ontario schoolgirls in the early 1990s, including Kristen French, also a victim of Bernardo and Homolka. Prior to killing Mahaffy in 1991 and French in 1992, the pair had raped and killed Homolka's teenaged sister Tammy in 1990. The disappearances, arrests, and convictions were widely covered in Canadian media, becoming one of the most notorious crimes in Canadian history.
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Lino Brocka
Catalino Ortiz Brocka (April 3, 1939–May 21, 1991) is known as one of the greatest film directors of the Philippines. Brocka was openly homosexual and many of his films incorporated LGBT themes into their often dramatic storylines.
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Linus Torvalds
Linus Benedict Torvalds (; born December 28, 1969 in Helsinki, Finland) is a Finnish American software engineer, best known for having initiated the development of the Linux kernel and git revision control system. He later became the chief architect of the Linux kernel, and now acts as the project's coordinator.
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Louis Guglielmi
http://wn.com/Louis_Guglielmi -
Luigi Zampa
Luigi Zampa (Rome, January 2, 1905 – Rome, August 16, 1991) was an Italian film-maker.
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Luke Appling
Lucius Benjamin Appling (April 2, 1907 – January 3, 1991) was an American shortstop in Major League Baseball who played his entire career for the Chicago White Sox (1930-1950). He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1964.
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Madison Burge
http://wn.com/Madison_Burge -
Madylin Sweeten
Madylin Anne Michele Sweeten (born June 27, 1991) is an American teen actress.
http://wn.com/Madylin_Sweeten -
Maestro Harrell
Maestro Harrell (born July 29, 1991) is an American actor who starred on the HBO original series The Wire as Randy Wagstaff. He was also on the NBC drama ER on April 26, 2007
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Magic Johnson
Earvin "Magic" Johnson Jr. (born August 14, 1959) is a retired American professional basketball player who played point guard for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). After winning championships in high school and college, Johnson was selected first overall in the 1979 NBA Draft by the Lakers. He won a championship and an NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award in his rookie season, and won four more championships with the Lakers during the 1980s. Johnson retired abruptly in 1991 after announcing that he had HIV, but returned to play in the 1992 All-Star Game, winning the All-Star MVP Award. After protests from his fellow players, he retired again for four years, but returned in 1996 to play 32 games for the Lakers before retiring for the third and final time.
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Malese Jow
Elizabeth Malese Jow (born February 18, 1991) is an American actress, singer and songwriter. She is best known for playing Geena Fabiano, a girl interested in fashion and designing her own clothes on the Nickelodeon television teen sitcom Unfabulous , and Anna, a teenage vampire on The CW television teen drama The Vampire Diaries.
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Manolo Gómez Bur
http://wn.com/Manolo_Gómez_Bur -
Marcel Lefebvre
http://wn.com/Marcel_Lefebvre -
Mariana Espósito
http://wn.com/Mariana_Espósito -
Mario Scelba
Mario Scelba (September 5, 1901 – October 29, 1991) was an Italian Christian Democratic politician who served as the 47th Prime Minister of Italy from February 1954 to July 1955. He was also President of the European Parliament from 1969 to 1971.
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Marlon Teixeira
http://wn.com/Marlon_Teixeira -
Martha Graham
Martha Graham (May 11, 1894 – April 1, 1991) was an American dancer choreographer regarded as one of the foremost pioneers of modern dance, whose influence on dance can be compared to the influence Stravinsky had on music, Picasso had on the visual arts, or Frank Lloyd Wright had on architecture. Graham was a galvanizing performer, a choreographer of astounding moves. She invented a new language of movement, and used it to reveal the passion, the rage and the ecstasy common to human experience. She danced and choreographed for over seventy years, and during that time was the first dancer ever to perform at The White House, the first dancer ever to travel abroad as a cultural ambassador, and the first dancer ever to receive the highest civilian award of the USA: the Medal of Freedom. In her lifetime she received honors ranging from the key to the City of Paris to Japan's Imperial Order of the Precious Crown. She said, "I have spent all my life with dance and being a dancer. It's permitting life to use you in a very intense way. Sometimes it is not pleasant. Sometimes it is fearful. But nevertheless it is inevitable."
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Martin Ennals
Martin Ennals (1927 - 1991) was a British human rights activist.
http://wn.com/Martin_Ennals -
María Zambrano
http://wn.com/María_Zambrano -
Masahiro Usui
is a Japanese actor and the second-youngest of the acting group D-BOYS, produced by [http://www.watanabepro.co.jp/ Watanabe Entertainment].
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Matt Bennett
Matthew H. "Matt" Bennett is an American actor and writer. He is best known for playing the role of Robbie Shapiro in the Nickelodeon sitcom, Victorious.
http://wn.com/Matt_Bennett -
Max Frisch
Max Rudolf Frisch (May 15, 1911 – April 4, 1991) was a Swiss playwright and novelist, regarded as highly representative of German-language literature after World War II. In his creative works Frisch paid particular attention to issues relating to problems of human identity, individuality, responsibility, morality and political commitment. His use of irony is a significant feature of his post-war publications.
http://wn.com/Max_Frisch -
Melanie Oudin
Melanie Oudin (born September 23, 1991 in Marietta, Georgia, United States) is an American tennis player and former World Junior No. 2. Her career high rank is World No. 31, which she achieved on April 19, 2010.
http://wn.com/Melanie_Oudin -
Mia Carruthers
Mia Carruthers (born March 30, 1991) is a one of the main cast members of MTV's Taking the Stage. She is a singer/songwriter.
http://wn.com/Mia_Carruthers -
Michael Landon
http://wn.com/Michael_Landon -
Michel Aoun
Michel Naim Aoun (), born 30 September 1933 in Haret Hreik, Lebanon, is a Lebanese politician and former military commander. From 22 September 1988 to 13 October 1990, he served as Prime Minister and acting President of one of two rival governments that contended for power. He was defeated by Syria in the war of liberation and forced into exile. He returned to Lebanon on May 7, 2005, eleven days after the withdrawal of Syrian troops. Known as "General," Aoun is currently a Parliament Member. He leads the "Free Patriotic Movement" party which has 27 representatives in the 128 member Lebanese parliament.
http://wn.com/Michel_Aoun -
Mike Tyson
Michael Gerard "Mike" Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American boxer. Tyson was the undisputed heavyweight champion and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC, WBA and IBF world heavyweight titles. He won the WBC title when he was 20 years, 4 months and 22 days old, after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round.
http://wn.com/Mike_Tyson -
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov ; born 2 March 1931) was the sixth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, serving from 1985 until 1991, and the last head of state of the USSR, serving from 1988 until its collapse in 1991.
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Gorbachev -
Miki Ishikawa
Miki Ishikawa (born July 29, 1991) is an American teen actress and singer. She was a part of the singing group T-Squad until they disbanded in 2008 and has had parts in TV and feature films.
http://wn.com/Miki_Ishikawa -
Mildred Dunnock
Mildred Dunnock (January 25, 1901 – July 5, 1991) was an American theater, film and television actress.
http://wn.com/Mildred_Dunnock -
Miles Davis
http://wn.com/Miles_Davis -
Minami Takahashi
, is a captain of the Japanese idol group AKB48 TeamA.
http://wn.com/Minami_Takahashi -
Miori Takimoto
Miori Takimoto (born October 16, 1991) is a Japanese actress and a former musical performer. She is best known for being a member of the disbanded Japanese idol group SweetS.
http://wn.com/Miori_Takimoto -
Mitchel Musso
Mitchel Tate Musso (born July 9, 1991) is an Italian-American teen actor, singer and musician. Musso is perhaps best known for his three Disney Channel roles as Oliver Oken in the Disney Channel sitcom, Hannah Montana, Jeremy Johnson in the Disney Channel animated series Phineas and Ferb and his role as Brady in the Disney XD series Pair of Kings. In other works, he provided his voice of DJ for the computer animated film, Monster House and also starred as Raymond Figg in the Disney Channel Original Movie, Life Is Ruff, released in 2005. Musso's self-titled debut album was released on June 2, 2009. The album debuted at number 19 on the Billboard 200.
http://wn.com/Mitchel_Musso -
Mohammed Abdel Wahab
http://wn.com/Mohammed_Abdel_Wahab -
Mollee Gray
Mollee Gray is a dancer, actress and singer from Utah. Her full name is Mollee Shon Gray and she's the daughter of Sean Gray and Thursday Martak. She was born in Salt Lake City on May 15, 1991, but lived most of her life in Orem, Utah. She now resides in North Hollywood.
http://wn.com/Mollee_Gray -
Molly Geertsema
Molly Geertsema (1918-1991) was a Dutch politician.
http://wn.com/Molly_Geertsema -
Moussa Traoré
http://wn.com/Moussa_Traoré -
Muhammad Ahmed
http://wn.com/Muhammad_Ahmed -
Nancy Kulp
Nancy Jane Kulp (August 28, 1921 – February 3, 1991) was an American character actress best known as Miss Jane Hathaway on the popular television series The Beverly Hillbillies.
http://wn.com/Nancy_Kulp -
Natalie Evans
http://wn.com/Natalie_Evans -
Natalie Schafer
Natalie Schafer ( – ) was an American actress, best known as "Mrs. Howell" on TV's ''Gilligan's Island''.
http://wn.com/Natalie_Schafer -
Natasha Dupeyrón
http://wn.com/Natasha_Dupeyrón -
Nicolai Kielstrup
Nicolai Kielstrup (Vejle, Jutland, Denmark, 4 October 1991) is a young singer who participated in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005.
http://wn.com/Nicolai_Kielstrup -
Nicole Jung
Nicole Jung (Korean name: Jung Yong-Joo), better known mononymously as Nicole, born on October 7, 1991, is a South Korean singer. She was raised in Glendale, California but moved to South Korea to pursue her dreams. Known for being a member of girl group Kara formed by DSP Entertainment in 2007.
http://wn.com/Nicole_Jung -
Nimeño II
http://wn.com/Nimeño_II -
Niven Busch
http://wn.com/Niven_Busch -
Norodom Sihanouk
http://wn.com/Norodom_Sihanouk -
Olav V of Norway
Olav V (2 July 1903 – 17 January 1991) was the king of Norway from 1957 until his death.
http://wn.com/Olav_V_of_Norway -
Olivia Tennet
Olivia Tennet (born 4 January 1991) is a New Zealand actress and dancer. She has been active as an actress since 1999.
http://wn.com/Olivia_Tennet -
Palestinians
http://wn.com/Palestinians -
Patricia Ashley
http://wn.com/Patricia_Ashley -
Paul Brown
http://wn.com/Paul_Brown -
Paul Keating
Paul John Keating (born 18 January 1944) is a former Australian politician, and was the 24th Prime Minister of Australia, serving from 1991 to 1996. Keating was elected as the federal Labor member for Blaxland in 1969 and came to prominence as the reformist treasurer when the Hawke Labor government came to power at the 1983 federal election. After becoming prime minister in 1991, he led Labor to its fifth consecutive victory in the 1993 federal election against the Liberal/National coalition led by John Hewson. Many had considered this election unwinnable for Labor, mainly due to the effects that the early 1990s recession had on Australia, as well as the longevity of Labor as the federal government. However, the Labor Party was decisively defeated at the 1996 federal election by the Liberal/National coalition led by John Howard.
http://wn.com/Paul_Keating -
Paul Maxwell
Paul Maxwell (November 12, 1921 - December 19, 1991) was an actor working mostly in British television and films, where he was usually cast as an American. In terms of audience, his most notable role was probably as Elsie Tanner's ex-GI bridegroom in her 1967 wedding on the long-running and widely popular soap-opera Coronation Street.
http://wn.com/Paul_Maxwell -
Paulina Olszynski
http://wn.com/Paulina_Olszynski -
Paulo Muwanga
Paulo Muwanga (1924 - April 1, 1991) was the chairman of the governing Military Commission, and the de-facto President of Uganda for a few days in May 1980 until the establishment of the Presidential Commission of Uganda. The Presidential Commission, with Muwanga as chairman, held the office of President of Uganda between 22 May and 15 December 1980. This was after Muwanga, together with Yoweri Museveni, Oyite Ojok and Tito Okello had deposed Godfrey Binaisa in a coup on 12 May 1980.
http://wn.com/Paulo_Muwanga -
Pedro Arrupe
http://wn.com/Pedro_Arrupe -
Peggy Ashcroft
http://wn.com/Peggy_Ashcroft -
Pete Axthelm
Pete Axthelm (August 27, 1943, in New York City, NY - February 2, 1991) worked as a sportswriter and columnist for the New York Herald Tribune, Sports Illustrated and Newsweek. During the 1980s, his knowledge of sports and journalistic skill aided him in becoming a sports commentator for The NFL on NBC and NFL Primetime and horse racing on ESPN. Pete Axthelm died of liver failure on February 2, 1991 at the age of 47. A graduate of Yale, he also wrote "The Modern Confessional Novel" while a student there. In 1970, "The City Game, Basketball in New York" was published. The book explored one season of the New York Knicks along with players who were legends in neighborhoods of New York but who never played professionally.
http://wn.com/Pete_Axthelm -
Pierre Jamet
http://wn.com/Pierre_Jamet -
Pol Espargaró
http://wn.com/Pol_Espargaró -
Pontus Ekhem
Pontus Ekhem (born June 19, 1991) is a Swedish ice hockey player.
http://wn.com/Pontus_Ekhem -
Qory Sandioriva
Qory Sandioriva (born in Jakarta, August 17, 1991), is an Indonesian beauty pageant titleholder. She was crowned as Puteri Indonesia 2009 on October 9, 2009 by her predecessor, Zivanna Letisha Siregar. Currently she's the youngest titleholder in Puteri Indonesia's history and the first ever woman from Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam province to win the title.
http://wn.com/Qory_Sandioriva -
Rajiv Gandhi
http://wn.com/Rajiv_Gandhi -
Ralph Bellamy
Ralph Rexford Bellamy (June 17, 1904 – November 29, 1991) was an American actor with a career that spanned sixty-two years.
http://wn.com/Ralph_Bellamy -
Rebecca Ryan
Rebecca Ryan (born 27 April 1991) is an English actress from Manchester. She is best known as Debbie Gallagher in the Channel 4 series Shameless,
http://wn.com/Rebecca_Ryan -
Redd Foxx
John Elroy Sanford (December 9, 1922 – October 11, 1991), better known by his stage name Redd Foxx, was an American comedian and actor, best known for his starring role on the sitcom Sanford and Son.
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Regis Toomey
John Regis Toomey (August 13, 1898 – October 12, 1991) was an American film and television actor.
http://wn.com/Regis_Toomey -
Renato Rascel
Renato Rascel (27 April 1912 – 2 January 1991) was an Italian film actor. He appeared in 50 films between 1942 and 1972. He represented Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1960 with the song "Romantica" which was placed equal eighth out of thirteen entries.
http://wn.com/Renato_Rascel -
Richard R. Ernst
Richard Robert Ernst (born August 14, 1933) is a Swiss physical chemist and Nobel Laureate.
http://wn.com/Richard_R_Ernst -
Richard Stone
Sir John Richard Nicholas Stone (30 August 1913 6 December 1991) was an eminent British economist who in 1984 received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for developing an accounting model that could be used to track economic activities on a national and, later, an international scale. While he was not the first economist to work in this field, he was the first to do so with double entry accounting. Double entry accounting basically states that every income item on one side of the balance sheet must be met by an expenditure item on the opposite side of the accounting sheet therefore creating a system of balance. This double entry system is the basis of nearly all modern accounting today. This allowed for a reliable way of tracking trade and wealth transfer on a global scale.
http://wn.com/Richard_Stone -
Richard Thorpe
:For the historian and biographer, see D. R. Thorpe.
http://wn.com/Richard_Thorpe -
Rin Asuka
is a Japanese actress from Osaka Prefecture represented by Stardust Promotion. Her debut role was in the film Tenshi ga Kureta Mono, and was later cast in the film adaptations of Higurashi no Naku Koro ni as Mion Sonozaki. She also played Akira Karasaki for several episodes of K-tai Investigator 7. In 2009, Asuka joins the cast of Kamen Rider W as Wakana Sonozaki.
http://wn.com/Rin_Asuka -
Rina Aizawa
http://wn.com/Rina_Aizawa -
Rina Takeda
http://wn.com/Rina_Takeda -
Robert Maxwell
http://wn.com/Robert_Maxwell -
Robert Motherwell
http://wn.com/Robert_Motherwell -
Robert Q. Lewis
Robert Q. Lewis (April 25, 1920 – December 11, 1991) was an American radio and television personality, game show host, and actor. Lewis added the middle initial "Q." to his name accidentally on the air in 1942, when he responded to a reference to radio comedian F. Chase Taylor's character, Colonel Lemuel Q. Stoopnagle, by saying, "and this is Robert Q. Lewis." He subsequently decided to retain the initial, telling interviewers that it stood for "Quizzical".
http://wn.com/Robert_Q_Lewis -
Robert Velter
http://wn.com/Robert_Velter -
Ronald Allen
http://wn.com/Ronald_Allen -
Ronald Coase
http://wn.com/Ronald_Coase -
Rubab Raza
Rubab Raza (born January 15, 1991) is a Pakistani swimmer from Lahore.
http://wn.com/Rubab_Raza -
Rudolf Serkin
Rudolf Serkin (March 28, 1903 – May 8, 1991), was a Bohemian-born pianist.
http://wn.com/Rudolf_Serkin -
Russell Lynes
Russell Lynes (Joseph Russell Lynes, Jr.) December 2, 1910 – September 14, 1991) was an American art historian, photographer, author and managing editor of Harper's Magazine.
http://wn.com/Russell_Lynes -
Ryo Ishikawa
http://wn.com/Ryo_Ishikawa -
Saddam Hussein
http://wn.com/Saddam_Hussein -
Sahara Garey
Sahara Garey is an American film and television actress.
http://wn.com/Sahara_Garey -
Saki Shimizu
is a J-pop singer. Her career began in 2002 when she successfully passed the audition for Hello! Project Kids, an all-female teen pop group within Hello! Project. Since then, she has continued to sing in that group and has become a part of two smaller groups composed of Hello! Project Kids members, Berryz Kobo and ZYX.
http://wn.com/Saki_Shimizu -
Salah Khalaf
http://wn.com/Salah_Khalaf -
Salvador Luria
http://wn.com/Salvador_Luria -
Sarah Bolger
Sarah Lee Bolger (born 28 February 1991) is an Irish actress. She is known for her role as Princess / Lady Mary Tudor on The Tudors and for her role as Mallory Grace in The Spiderwick Chronicles.
http://wn.com/Sarah_Bolger -
Sarah Ramos
Sarah Emily Ramos (born May 21, 1991) is an American actress. Her most prominent roles have been as Patty Pryor on the television series American Dreams and Haddie Braverman on the series Parenthood.
http://wn.com/Sarah_Ramos -
Seohyun
http://wn.com/Seohyun -
Serge Gainsbourg
Serge Gainsbourg, born Lucien Ginsburg (; 2 April 1928 – 2 March 1991) was a French singer-songwriter, actor and director. Gainsbourg's extremely varied musical style and individuality make him difficult to categorize. His legacy has been firmly established, and he is often regarded as one of the world's most influential popular musicians.
http://wn.com/Serge_Gainsbourg -
Sergey Akhromeyev
http://wn.com/Sergey_Akhromeyev -
Sergio Canales
Sergio Canales Madrazo (born 16 February 1991 in Santander, Cantabria) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Real Madrid, as an attacking midfielder.
http://wn.com/Sergio_Canales -
Seychelle Gabriel
Seychelle Suzanne Gabriel (born March 25, 1991) is an American film and television actress and singer.
http://wn.com/Seychelle_Gabriel -
Shailene Woodley
Shailene Diann Woodley (born November 15, 1991) is an American teen actress. Woodley is best known for portraying Amy Juergens in the ABC Family series, The Secret Life of the American Teenager
http://wn.com/Shailene_Woodley -
Shapour Bakhtiar
http://wn.com/Shapour_Bakhtiar -
Shintaro Abe
http://wn.com/Shintaro_Abe -
Simona Halep
http://wn.com/Simona_Halep -
Skandar Keynes
Skandar Keynes (born Alexander Amin Casper Keynes; 5 September 1991) is an English actor. He is best known for starring as Edmund Pevensie in The Chronicles of Narnia film series. He has appeared in the first two installments, ' and ', and will star in , due December 10 2010.
http://wn.com/Skandar_Keynes -
Skyler Day
http://wn.com/Skyler_Day -
Slobodan Milošević
http://wn.com/Slobodan_Milošević -
Soichiro Honda
http://wn.com/Soichiro_Honda -
Sonny Carter
Manley Lanier "Sonny" Carter, Jr. (August 15, 1947–April 5, 1991) was an American physician, professional soccer player, Naval officer, and NASA astronaut who flew on STS-33. He was scheduled to fly on STS-42 at the time of his death in the crash of Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311 in Brunswick, Georgia while on a commercial airplane traveling for NASA. Carter was killed in the same plane crash that took the life of former Senator John Tower of Texas.
http://wn.com/Sonny_Carter -
Sophie Oda
Sophie Tamiko Oda (born October 23, 1991) is an American actress.
http://wn.com/Sophie_Oda -
Soren Fulton
Soren Fulton is an American teen actor, best known for playing Rob Austin in A Ring of Endless Light, Caleb Cottrell in Saving Sarah Cain, and Fermat in Thunderbirds. He also voiced the character Mordred in Justice League. He starred in the television pilot of The Oaks, playing Young Dan. In MADtv, he played two different characters from 1999 to 2002.
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Spencer Locke
Spencer Locke (born September 20, 1991) is an American actress who has had various appearances as "Kylie" on ABC's Cougar Town.
http://wn.com/Spencer_Locke -
Stan Getz
http://wn.com/Stan_Getz -
Stanley Hawes
Stanley Gilbert Hawes (19 January 1905 - 19 April 1991) was a British-born documentary film producer and director who spent most of his career in Australia, though he commenced his career in England and Canada. He was born in London, England and died in Sydney, Australia. He is best-known as the Producer-in-Chief (1946-1969) of the Australian Government's filmmaking body, which was named, in 1945, the Australian National Film Board, and then, in 1956, the Commonwealth Film Unit. In 1973, after he retired, it became Film Australia.
http://wn.com/Stanley_Hawes -
Steve Clark
http://wn.com/Steve_Clark -
Steve Marriott
Stephen Peter Marriott (30 January 1947 - 20 April 1991), popularly known as Steve Marriott, was an English singer-songwriter, guitarist and musician.
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Sumio Iijima
http://wn.com/Sumio_Iijima -
Sun Yang
http://wn.com/Sun_Yang -
Sunthorn Kongsompong
General Sunthorn Kongsompong (1931 - 1999) was the de facto head of government of Thailand from 1991 - 1992, following a military coup d'etat led by Sunthorn and General Suchinda Kraprayoon deposed the government of Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan on February 23, 1991. The generals accused Chatichai of corruption, and established the National Peacekeeping Council (NPKC) as an interim administration, with Sunthorn as chairman. Anand Panyarachun was appointed Prime Minister in March, but the administration of the country was also executed by the NPKC. Sunthorn left the political office following the May 1992 constitution promulgation, which prohibited members of the military from executing the office of the Prime Minister.
http://wn.com/Sunthorn_Kongsompong -
Sylvia Fine
Sylvia Fine (1913, Brooklyn, New York – October 28, 1991, New York City) was a Jewish American lyricist and the wife of the comedian Danny Kaye.
http://wn.com/Sylvia_Fine -
Sylvia Porter
Sylvia Field Porter (18 June 1913 - 5 June 1991) was an American economist and journalist. At the height of her career, her readership was greater than 40 million people.
http://wn.com/Sylvia_Porter -
Taylor Gildersleeve
Taylor Gildersleeve (born September 13, 1991) is an American actress. She is known for her role as teenager Sydney Harris on the daytime soap opera All My Children.
http://wn.com/Taylor_Gildersleeve -
Tennessee Ernie Ford
http://wn.com/Tennessee_Ernie_Ford -
Terry A. Anderson
Terry A. Anderson (born October 27, 1947) is the best known, and longest held, hostage of a group of Americans believed to be captured by Shiite Hezbollah militants in an attempt to drive U.S. military forces from Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War.
http://wn.com/Terry_A_Anderson -
Terry Waite
Terry Waite CBE (born 31 May 1939 in Bollington, Cheshire) is an English humanitarian and author.
http://wn.com/Terry_Waite -
Tess Gaerthé
http://wn.com/Tess_Gaerthé -
Tessa James
Tessa James (born 17 April 1991) is an Australian actress who is best known for the role of Nicole Franklin in the Australian soap opera Home and Away.She attended Methodist Ladies' College Melbourne and, she is good friends with her co-stars Rebecca Breeds, Charlotte Best and Lincoln Lewis.
http://wn.com/Tessa_James -
Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA (born 8 June 1955, also known as "TimBL"), is a British engineer and computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989. On 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student at CERN, he implemented the first successful communication between an HTTP client and server via the Internet.
http://wn.com/Tim_Berners-Lee -
Tino Casal
http://wn.com/Tino_Casal -
Tommy Bastow
Tommy Bastow (born 26 August 1991) is a British actor and musician from Epsom, Surrey. He is best known for playing the character Dave the Laugh in the 2008 film Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging and as the lead singer in the band FranKo.
http://wn.com/Tommy_Bastow -
Tony Oller
Tony Oller (born February 25, 1991) is an American actor and musician from Houston, Texas. He began his career in a comedy short program on Disney at age 15 but was later picked up and developed by Nickelodeon for a half hour dramedy series at age 18. He appeared in both seasons of the Disney Channel short series As the Bell Rings as Danny. As The Bell Rings features three original songs recorded by Oller. His first song/music video "Could You Be The One" premiered August 2, 2008 on the Disney Channel followed by "Here I Go" and "All You've Got To Do".
http://wn.com/Tony_Oller -
Tony Richardson
Cecil Antonio "Tony" Richardson (5 June 1928 – 14 November 1991) was an English theatre and film director and producer.
http://wn.com/Tony_Richardson -
Trevor Bayne
Trevor Bayne (born February 19, 1991 in Knoxville, Tennessee) is an American race car driver who drives the #17 Ford for Roush-Fenway Racing in the NASCAR Nationwide Series. Bayne attended Central High School (Knoxville, Tennessee) as a freshman and Gibbs High School outside Knoxville as a sophomore before getting a GED online.
http://wn.com/Trevor_Bayne -
Tyler Posey
Tyler Posey (born October 18, 1991) is an American actor and musician.
http://wn.com/Tyler_Posey -
Vadhir Derbez
http://wn.com/Vadhir_Derbez -
Vasco Pratolini
Vasco Pratolini (October 19, 1913 - January 12, 1991) was one of the most noted Italian writers of the twentieth century.
http://wn.com/Vasco_Pratolini -
Vasily Zaytsev
http://wn.com/Vasily_Zaytsev -
Vasko Popa
Vasko Popa (, June 29, 1922, Grebenac (, , ) - January 5, 1991) was a Serbian poet of Romanian descent.
http://wn.com/Vasko_Popa -
Victoire Thivisol
Victoire Thivisol (born July 6, 1991 in France) is a French film actress. She first gained acclaim for her role as a child coping with her mother's death in the 1996 film, Ponette and became the youngest actress to win the Volpi Cup Best Actress Award at the Venice Film Festival. She later went on to star in Children of the Century and Chocolat (2000), both as the daughter of Juliette Binoche. In 2007 she was cast in Les grands s'allongent par terre (2008), director Emmanuel Saget was so impressed with her that he subsequently rewrote the film around her character.
http://wn.com/Victoire_Thivisol -
Victor Chang
Victor Peter Chang, AC (born Chang Yam Him; 21 November 1936 – 4 July 1991), was a Chinese Australian cardiac surgeon and a pioneer of modern heart transplantation. Born in Shanghai to Australian-born Chinese parents, he grew up in Hong Kong before moving to Australia. After completing his medical studies at the University of Sydney and working in St Vincent's Hospital, he trained in England and the United States as a surgeon before returning to Australia. In St Vincent's Hospital, he helped establish the National Cardiac Transplant Unit, the country's leading centre for heart and lung transplants. Chang's team had a high success rate in performing heart transplantations and he pioneered the development of an artificial heart valve.
http://wn.com/Victor_Chang -
Vilma Bánky
http://wn.com/Vilma_Bánky -
Vincent Caso
Vincent "Vince" Caso (born December 24, 1991 in Weymouth, Massachusetts) is an American actor best known for his co-starring role as Bladezz on the critically acclaimed web series The Guild.
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Viviane Romance
Viviane Romance (July 4, 1912 – September 25, 1991) was a French actress.
http://wn.com/Viviane_Romance -
Warsaw Pact
http://wn.com/Warsaw_Pact -
Wilfrid Hyde-White
http://wn.com/Wilfrid_Hyde-White -
Wilhelm Kempff
Wilhelm Walter Friedrich Kempff (25 November 1895 – 23 May 1991) was a German pianist and composer. Although his repertory included Bach, Liszt, Chopin, Schumann, and Brahms, Kempff was particularly well-known for his interpretations of the music of Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert, both of whose complete sonatas he also recorded. He is considered to have been one of the great pianists of the 20th century.
http://wn.com/Wilhelm_Kempff -
Willa Holland
Willa Joanna Chance Holland (born June 18, 1991) is an American actress and fashion model. She is best known for her role as Kaitlin Cooper, Marissa Cooper's devious younger sister, on the television series The O.C.. She also appeared as Agnes Andrews on the CW series Gossip Girl.
http://wn.com/Willa_Holland -
Wolfgang Van Halen
Wolfgang William Van Halen (born March 16, 1991), is an American musician. He is the current bassist for Van Halen, replacing Michael Anthony in 2006.
http://wn.com/Wolfgang_Van_Halen -
Yasushi Inoue
http://wn.com/Yasushi_Inoue -
Yevgeny Dragunov
http://wn.com/Yevgeny_Dragunov -
Ynna Asistio
Ynna Asistio (born Alynna Alexandra Asistio on September 27, 1991 in Caloocan City, Philippines) is a Filipina actress and currently a contract artist of GMA Network and is known for her roles in the said networks show's like the telefantasya Mga Mata ni Anghelita, ''Who's Your Daddy Now? and La Vendetta''. She is the daughter of Nadia Montenegro and former Caloocan City Mayor, Macario "Boy" Asistio, Jr., and the niece of Hazel Ann Mendoza. She is of Spanish descent on her Mother's side.
http://wn.com/Ynna_Asistio -
Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal
Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal (; September 17, 1916 - April 20, 1991) was one of the leaders of Mongolia from 1952 to 1984. During his political life, he served as prime minister and general secretary of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party.
http://wn.com/Yumjaagiin_Tsedenbal -
Yves Montand
Yves Montand (; 13 October 1921 – 9 November 1991) was an Italian-born French actor and singer.
http://wn.com/Yves_Montand -
Zachary Taylor
http://wn.com/Zachary_Taylor -
Zino Francescatti
http://wn.com/Zino_Francescatti -
Zoe Weizenbaum
http://wn.com/Zoe_Weizenbaum -
Zviad Gamsakhurdia
http://wn.com/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia -
Édith Cresson
http://wn.com/Édith_Cresson -
Ötzi the Iceman
http://wn.com/Ötzi_the_Iceman
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1991 - Azealia Banks
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 03 Nov 2012
"1991" Director/DP: Justin Mitchell Editor: Jeffrey McHale Produced by: Dilated Pixels
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Azealia Banks - 1991
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
Azealia Banks 1991 NEW
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Nomad - Devotion - (1991)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
House Classic from 1991.
http://wn.com/Nomad_Devotion_1991
Nintendo Training 1991
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:31
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
A Nintendo training video from 1991 teaching retail workers how to handle customers with defective Nintendo products.
http://wn.com/Nintendo_Training_1991
Azealia Banks - Bambi / 1991 (Hackney Weekend 2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
Azealia Banks performing 'Bambi' and '1991' (2:29) live at Radio 1's Hackney Weekend 2012. Playlist: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Azealia_Banks_Bambi_1991_Hackney_Weekend_2012
Michael Jackson - Who Is It (1991) (subtitles lyrics English - sous-titres paroles Français)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:36
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
la chanson "Who Is It" de Michael Jackson, avec les paroles en anglais et en français. Michael Jackson's song "Who Is It", with english and french lyrics.
http://wn.com/Michael_Jackson_Who_Is_It_1991_subtitles_lyrics_English_sous-titres_paroles_Français
1991 #1 songs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
27 songs hit #1 in the US in 1991. Clips of the number ones are shown in chronological order...
http://wn.com/1991_1_songs
Asi Styla - 1991'de Başlamıştım Hayata
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Gaziantep Rap Time | www.genclik27.org
http://wn.com/Asi_Styla_1991'de_Başlamıştım_Hayata
Urulu - 1991 | Exploited
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
I-Tunes: itunes.apple.com Beatport: www.beatport.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Web: exploitedghetto.de Video by Cru Joness. Starring Stephanie Angulo, Jessica Bernal & Taylor Freels. Label: Exploited Artist: Urulu Title: 1991 LC: 15799 'Los Angeles-based producer Urulu's video for "1991" is a dreamy and upbeat tune that recalls the diva-obsessed realm of early-'90s house music. Directed by Cru Joness and starring Stephanie Angulo and Taylor Freels, the beautifully shot piece tells the story of two friends who head off for a night on the town. As the two mingle in a club, it becomes apparent that one half of the pair is not feeling the scene that night. Taking the night into her own hands, she leaves the party to explore Los Angeles independently, dance through plazas, and skip among the lightposts of LACMA, all of which adds to the lighthearted nature of Joness' imagery. "1991" is taken from Urulu's recently released Sincerely 91 EP for German label Exploited.' (XLR8R) 'In case you didn't know, the nineties have become very en vogue in recent times with a plethora of releases leaning heavily on the era of mustard coloured jeans and round-rimmed sunshades. Of course, some of the music has been abysmal while other homages have managed to combine the nineties with the 21st Century perfectly. This new EP on one of the labels of the moment, Exploited, certainly comes under the latter description. Urulu hails from the USA, currently based in Los Angeles, and is a dab hand at ...
http://wn.com/Urulu_1991_|_Exploited
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 (1991) full movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 88:24
- Updated: 03 Nov 2012
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2: The Secret of the Ooze has released in 1991
http://wn.com/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_2_1991_full_movie
Terminator 2: Judgment Day - Official Trailer [1991]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
Sequel to Terminator. Skynet, the 21st century computer waging a losing war on humans sends a second terminator back in time to destroy the leader of the human resistance while he is still a boy. His mother is the only one who knows of the existence of the Terminators, human-like robots that exist only to kill and are nearly indestructible, and Sarah, the boy's mother is currently in a state mental hospital because of her 'delusions'. A second protector is sent back to the past by the Human resistance to protect John Connor, their future leader, at all costs. Written by John Vogel [IMDB.COM] Release: 3 July 1991Running Time: 137 min Awards: Won 4 Oscars. Another 19 wins & 18 nominations AFI Recognition: 100 YEARS100 THRILLS #77 100 YEARS100 HEROES & VILLAINS #22 100 YEARS100 MOVIE QUOTES #76 Producer: James Cameron Executive Producers: Gale Anne Hurd, Mario Kassar Director: James Cameron Writer: James Cameron Cast: Arnold Schwarzenegger (The Terminator), Linda Hamilton (Sarah Connor), Robert Patrick (T-1000), Edward Furlong (John Connor), Earl Boen (Dr Silberman) Genre: Action, Sci-Fi, Thriller Domestic Total Gross: $205 million Worldwide Total Gross: $520 million [AFI.COM][IMDB.COM][BOXOFFICEMOJO.COM]
http://wn.com/Terminator_2_Judgment_Day_Official_Trailer_1991_
Hot Shots - Ceo Film (DVDRIP) 1991
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 84:43
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
Parody of "Top Gun" in which a talented but unstable fighter pilot must overcome the ghosts of his father and save a mission sabotaged by greedy weapons manufacturers.
http://wn.com/Hot_Shots_Ceo_Film_DVDRIP_1991
Macaulay Culkin Interview (1991)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
All right, to all those people who ask: 1. yes, the video is black & white, I DON'T KNOW WHY, I downloaded it from a web long time ago and it was posted like this. 2. Please stop being judgmental and cut the offensive comments. This video is posted for those who like him. If you don't, just watch something else. Enjoy it, all the best.
http://wn.com/Macaulay_Culkin_Interview_1991
Enter Sandman - Metallica
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:17
- Updated: 03 Nov 2012
monstersofrockinmoscow.blogspot.com Performance of Metallica in Monsters of Rock in Moscow on september 28th of 1991. The song at the begging is "The Ecstasy of Gold" from the film: "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" directed by Sergio Leone in 1966. Thanks for all comments.
http://wn.com/Enter_Sandman_Metallica
Whitney Houston singing the National Anthem in 1991 (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
See Whitney's rendition in stunning HD!
http://wn.com/Whitney_Houston_singing_the_National_Anthem_in_1991_HD
Discovering Gwen Stefani 1991, before she was a star
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
www.theraw420.blogspot.com Before she was a huge star she was just a girl with brown hair, Produced and Directed by Richard White Raw420 March 3, 1991. Stay tuned as the new Gwen Stefani documentary is in pre production entitled; "Discovering Gwen Stefani" produced by Rihard A White.
http://wn.com/Discovering_Gwen_Stefani_1991,_before_she_was_a_star
INXS - Never Tear Us Apart ~ Wembley 1991
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
INXS and Michael Hutchence performance at Wembley , on July 13, 1991 - from the DVD "Live Baby Live" Lyrics: Don't ask me What you know is true Don't have to tell you I love your precious heart I I was standing You were there Two worlds collided And they could never tear us apart We could live For a thousand years But if I hurt you I'd make wine from your tears I told you That we could fly 'Cause we all have wings But some of us don't know why I I was standing You were there Two worlds collided And they could never ever tear us apart I I was standing You were there Two worlds collided And they could never tear us apart You You were standing Is was there Two worlds collided And they could never tear us apart...
http://wn.com/INXS_Never_Tear_Us_Apart_~_Wembley_1991
AC/DC - Hells Bells (Live 1991 Donington)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:55
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
I prefer to Bon Scott.
http://wn.com/AC_DC_Hells_Bells_Live_1991_Donington
Magic Johnson announces retirement Nov 7, 1991
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Magic Johnson announces retirement Nov 7, 1991
http://wn.com/Magic_Johnson_announces_retirement_Nov_7,_1991
1991 Chicago Bulls 20 year celebration and reunion
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:19
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen were together again for another championship celebration, this time to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Chicago Bulls' first title. The Hall of Famers along with some teammates and coaches were on hand for a halftime ceremony during Saturday's game against the Utah Jazz, reliving their past glory. There was Jordan dunking over Patrick Ewing again. Pippen was wreaking havoc on both ends, John Paxson was nailing jumpers, the Pistons were hurrying off the court and the Bulls were hoisting the trophy, drenched in champagne after knocking off the Lakers. It was all there during a video set to Tom Petty's "Learning to Fly" that kicked off the festivities. Former Bulls broadcaster Jim Durham served as the master of ceremonies, and there were loud cheers as each player was introduced, starting with Dennis Hopson. Horace Grant and John Paxson each received a nice ovation, and fans just about came unglued when Pippen was introduced. And when Jordan was called? Well, the roar was what anyone would expect. In his address to the crowd, Pippen thanked the organization for bringing "back a memory that we all want to live again just one more time." "This is very special for us," he said. Jordan, grinning ear-to-ear, thanked the Bulls for "allowing us to reunite" and added, "You guys are in store for a lot of other championships." The current team with Derrick Rose leading the way is stirring memories of a championship era that kicked into gear 20 ...
http://wn.com/1991_Chicago_Bulls_20_year_celebration_and_reunion
It's a mans world - James Brown 1991
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
Live june 1991 in Doby Digital, 1st concert after James brown was released from prison. It is not complete, look at the several video-responses i posted (right below the vid) Quote from www.cosmopolis.ch "In the summer of 1991, James Brown made his comeback on the scene of the Wiltern Theatre in Los Angeles. Together with a twelve-man band and a dynamic show, he enchanted a public which included Mick Jagger, Quincy Jones and MC Hammer." Fore more background-info of James Brown and (several links to) his discography, look here: en.wikipedia.org and for a quick discopgraphy overview look here: musicbrainz.org
http://wn.com/It's_a_mans_world_James_Brown_1991
![Crystal Castles - 1991 [video]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121103051642im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/i0qvxsWm_5c/default.jpg "Crystal Castles - 1991 [video]")
Crystal Castles - 1991 [video]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Unofficial Video, Jò made this video! Artist: Crystal Castles Song: 1991 Album: Crystal Castles for more info: www.myspace.com www.myspace.com
http://wn.com/Crystal_Castles_1991_video_
Whitney Houston-Welcome Home Heroes-Live In Concert-1991
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 95:28
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/Whitney_Houston-Welcome_Home_Heroes-Live_In_Concert-1991
Photo: AP / Salisu Rabiu
01 Nov 2012
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Star Tribune
Maria Hauger, one of the greatest talents ever in Minnesota high school distance running, said her career almost missed the starting gun. As a seventh-grader, Hauger was encouraged by Kathy Carlson, then the Shakopee track and field coach, to forgo varsity tryouts and gain experience in middle...(size: 4.0Kb)
Buffalo News
Who: Ellicottville/West Valley Eagles (6-2) vs. Clymer Pirates (7-1) What: Section VI Class DD football championship. When: Today, 10 a.m. Where: Ralph Wilson Stadium. Tickets: $7 for four-game session. Television (recorded): Time Warner Cable SportsChannel, 8:30 p.m. Saturday. Buffalo News small...(size: 2.1Kb)
my SA
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Class B final: Alden vs. Springville
03 Nov 2012
Buffalo News
Who: Alden Bulldogs (9-0) vs. Springville Griffins (5-4) What: Section VI Class B football championship. When: Today, 4 p.m. Where: Ralph Wilson Stadium. Tickets: $7 for four-game session. Television (recorded): Time Warner Cable SportsChannel, 9 p.m. Sunday. Buffalo News small school poll: Alden...(size: 2.3Kb)
The Miami Herald
For a game between two losing teams, Sunday should be a lot of fun as two young quarterbacks Washington's Robert Griffin III and Carolina's Cam Newton try to one-up each other. For a game between two losing teams, Sunday should be a lot of fun. That's primarily because we can watch two young...(size: 3.0Kb)
Skiddle
Joshua Brooks, Manchester Sat 17th November 2012 One of Manchester's best known Techno nights returns. This time the venue is Joshua Brook Date: Saturday 17th November 2012 Venue: Joshua Brooks » Location: Manchester » Doors: 10:00pm til 4:00am (last entry 1:00am) Short url:...(size: 2.7Kb)
Objections to UR sports-mix decision continue
03 Nov 2012
Richmond Times Dispatch
RICHMOND, Va. -- Supporters of University of Richmond men's soccer and men's track and field rallied at an on-campus press conference Friday afternoon. The lead speaker was a former soccer captain who criticized the process...(size: 1.5Kb)
A battle plan for jet lag
03 Nov 2012
The Miami Herald
There are more so-called remedies for jet lag than there are time zones, from long-standing antidotes like No-Jet-Lagâs homeopathic tablets to new innovations like the Valkee Brain Stimulation Headset, which was tested earlier this year by Finnair and purports to alleviate jet lag by channeling...(size: 3.9Kb)
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Sacramento Bee
For a game between two losing teams, Sunday should be a lot of fun as two young quarterbacks Washington's Robert Griffin III and Carolina's Cam Newton try to one-up each other. For a game between two losing teams, Sunday should be a lot of fun. That's primarily because we can watch two young...(size: 2.9Kb)
The Examiner
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Baseball history is full of eccentrics. Jimmy Piersall once ran the bases backward to celebrate a home run. Mark Fidrych chatted with the ball as if he expected a conversation to break out. Dock Ellis pitched under the influence of LSD. Bill Lee's nickname, the Spaceman, suggested his out-thereness....(size: 4.7Kb)
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DNA India
The psychopath asks the FBI agent a question in the 1991 classic The Silence Of The Lambs: âHow do we begin to covet?â The answer: We begin by coveting what we see every day. âIf you see it on TV, that people have fewer children, that they are more successful, that their kids go to school,...(size: 6.7Kb)
This article is about the year 1991. For the number (and other uses), see 1991 (number).
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1960s 1970s 1980s – 1990s – 2000s 2010s 2020s |
| Years: | 1988 1989 1990 – 1991 – 1992 1993 1994 |
| 1991 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1991 MCMXCI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2744 |
| Armenian calendar | 1440 ԹՎ ՌՆԽ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6741 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 147–148 |
| Bengali calendar | 1398 |
| Berber calendar | 2941 |
| British Regnal year | 39 Eliz. 2 – 40 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2535 |
| Burmese calendar | 1353 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7499–7500 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚午年十一月十六日 (4627/4687-11-16) — to —
辛未年十一月廿六日(4628/4688-11-26) |
| Coptic calendar | 1707–1708 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1983–1984 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5751–5752 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2047–2048 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1913–1914 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5092–5093 |
| Holocene calendar | 11991 |
| Iranian calendar | 1369–1370 |
| Islamic calendar | 1411–1412 |
| Japanese calendar | Heisei 3 (平成3年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4324 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 80 民國80年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2534 |
| Unix time | 662688000–694223999 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1991 |
1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar in the 20th century. It was the second year of the 1990s, and is usually considered the final year of the Cold War that had begun in the late 1940s. During the year, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics collapsed into fifteen sovereign republics. A U.N.-authorized coalition force from thirty-four nations fought against Iraq, which had invaded Kuwait in the previous year, 1990. The conflict would be called the Gulf War. The year 1991 was the 1991st year of Anno Domini, the 991st year of the 2nd millennium, the 91st year of the 20th century and 2nd in the 1990s.
Contents |
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 4 – The United Nations Security Council votes unanimously to condemn Israel's treatment of the Palestinians.
- January 5 – Georgian troops attack Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, opening the 1991–1992 South Ossetia War.
- January 12 – Gulf War: The Congress of the United States passes a resolution authorizing the use of military force to liberate Kuwait.
- January 13
- Soviet forces storm Vilnius to stop Lithuanian independence. January Events (Lithuania).
- A fight and stampede at a pre-season exhibition match between South African football teams Kaizer Chiefs and Orlando Pirates in the town of Orkney near Johannesburg, South Africa leaves 42 dead.
- January 15 – The United Nations deadline for the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from occupied Kuwait expires, preparing the way for the start of Operation Desert Storm.
- January 16
- U.S. serial killer Aileen Wuornos confesses to the murders of six men.
- Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm begins with air strikes against Iraq.
- January 17
- Gulf War: Iraq fires eight Scud missiles into Israel.
- Harald V of Norway becomes king on the death of his father, Olav V.
- The volcano Hekla erupts on Iceland
- January 18 – Eastern Air Lines shuts down after 62 years, citing financial problems.
- January 19
- A SCUD attack on Tel Aviv injures 15 people.
- The Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola is founded in Luanda, Angola.
- January 22
- Three SCUDs and one Patriot missile hit Ramat Gan in Israel, injuring 96 people; 3 elderly people die of heart attacks.
- British Army SAS patrol, Bravo Two Zero is deployed in Iraq during the Gulf War. All but one of eight members are killed or captured.
- January 26 – Siad Barre is overthrown. Somalia enters civil war.
- January 27 - The New York Giants defeated the Buffalo Bills in the NFL's Super Bowl XXV by the score of 20 - 19.
- January 29 – Siad Barre is succeeded by Ali Mahdi Muhammad in Somalia.
February[link]
- February 1 – A USAir Boeing 737-300, Flight 1493 collides with a SkyWest Airlines Fairchild Metroliner, Flight 5569 at Los Angeles International Airport, killing 34.
- February 5 – A Michigan court bars Dr. Jack Kevorkian from assisting in suicides.
- February 7
- Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in.
- The Provisional Irish Republican Army launches a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street during a cabinet meeting.
- Gulf War: Ground troops cross the Saudi Arabian border and enter Kuwait, thus starting the ground phase of the war.
- February 9 – Voters in Lithuania support independence.
- February 11 – UNPO, the Unrepresented Nations & Peoples Organization, forms in The Hague, Netherlands.
- February 13 – Gulf War: Two laser-guided "smart bombs" destroy an underground bunker in Baghdad, killing hundreds of Iraqis. United States military intelligence claims it was a military facility but Iraqi officials identify it as a bomb shelter.
- February 15 – The Visegrad Agreement, establishing cooperation to move toward free-market systems, is signed by the leaders of Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland.
- February 18 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army explodes bombs in the early morning, at both Paddington station and Victoria station in London.
- February 22 – Gulf War: Iraq accepts a Russian-proposed cease fire agreement. The U.S. rejects the agreement, but says that retreating Iraqi forces will not be attacked if they leave Kuwait within 24 hours.
- February 23
- The One Meridian Plaza fire in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania kills 3 firefighters and destroys 8 floors of the building.
- In Thailand, General Sunthorn Kongsompong deposes Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan in a bloodless coup d'état.
- February 25 – Gulf War: Part of an Iraqi Scud missile hits an American military barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, killing 29 and injuring 99 U.S. soldiers. It is the single-most devastating attack on U.S. forces during that war.
- February 26 – Gulf War: On Baghdad radio, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein announces the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. Iraqi soldiers set fire to Kuwaiti oil fields as they retreat.
March[link]
- March–April – Iraqi forces suppress rebellions in the southern and northern parts of the country, creating a humanitarian disaster on the borders of Turkey and Iran.
- March 1
- The ballistic missile submarine USS-ex-Sam Houston SSBN-609 is deactivated.
- Clayton Keith Yeutter ends his term as United States Secretary of Agriculture.
- March 3
- An amateur video captures the beating of motorist Rodney King by Los Angeles, California police officers.
- Estonia and Latvia vote for independence from the Soviet Union.
- United Airlines Flight 585 crashes in Colorado Springs, Colorado, killing all 25 people on board.
- March 9 – Massive demonstrations are held against Slobodan Milošević in Belgrade; 2 people are killed and tanks are in the streets.
- March 10 – Gulf War – Operation Phase Echo: 540,000 American troops begin to leave the Persian Gulf.
- March 11 – A curfew is imposed on black townships in South Africa, after fighting between rival political gangs kills 49.
- March 13 – The United States Department of Justice announces that Exxon has agreed to pay $1 billion for the clean-up of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska.
- March 14
- After 16 years in prison for allegedly bombing a public house in a Provisional Irish Republican Army attack, the "Birmingham Six" are freed when a court determines that the police fabricated evidence.
- Duke defeats Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball by the score of 72 - 65 to claim the NCAA Division I Basketball Championship.
- March 15
- Four Los Angeles, California police officers are indicted for the videotaped March 3 beating of Rodney King during an arrest.
- Germany formally regains complete independence after the four post-World War II occupying powers (France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union) relinquish all remaining rights.
- March 26
- In Mali, military officers led by Amadou Toumani Touré arrest President Moussa Traoré and suspend the constitution.
- Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay sign the Treaty of Asunción, establishing South Common Market (Mercosur its acronym in Spanish)
- March 30 – Northern Michigan University wins the NCAA Division I title in hockey, 8–7 in the third overtime against Boston University.
- March 31
- Albania holds its first multi-party elections.
- Georgian independence referendum, 1991: Georgia votes for independence from the Soviet Union.
April[link]
- April 1 – Comedy Central is launched in its current format.
- April 3 – Iraq disarmament crisis: The U.N. Security Council passes the Cease Fire Agreement, Resolution 687. The Resolution calls for the destruction or removal of all of Iraq's chemical and biological weapons, all stocks of agents and components, and all research, development, support and manufacturing facilities for ballistic missiles with a range greater than 150 km and production facilities; and for an end to its support for international terrorism. Iraq accepts the terms of the resolution on April 6.
- April 4
- Senator John Heinz of Pennsylvania and six other people are killed when a helicopter collides with their plane over Merion, Pennsylvania.
- William Kennedy Smith, a nephew of U.S. Senator Edward Kennedy, is identified as a suspect in an alleged Palm Beach, Florida sexual assault.
- April 5 – Former Senator John Tower and 22 others are killed in an airplane crash in Brunswick, Georgia, United States.
- April 9 – The Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia declares independence from the Soviet Union.
- April 10
- A South Atlantic tropical cyclone develops in the Southern Hemisphere off the coast of Angola (the first of its kind to be documented by weather satellites).
- The Italian ferry Moby Prince collides with an oil tanker in dense fog off Livorno, Italy killing 140.
- April 14 – In the Netherlands, thieves steal 20 paintings worth $500 million from the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. Less than an hour later they are found in an abandoned car near the museum.
- April 15 – Inauguration of the EBRD.
- April 17 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 3,000 for the first time ever, at 3,004.46.
- April 18 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq declares some of its chemical weapons and materials to the UN, as required by Resolution 687, and claims that it does not have a biological weapons program.
- April 22
- The Social Democratic Party of Albania is founded.
- A 7.6 earthquake kills 82 in Costa Rica and Panama.
- April 26 – 70 tornadoes break out in the central United States, killing 17. The most notable tornado of the day strikes Andover, Kansas.
- April 29 – A tropical cyclone hits Bangladesh, killing an estimated 138,000 people.
May[link]
- May 4 – Sweden wins the 36th Eurovision Song Contest.
- May 15 – Édith Cresson becomes France's first female premier.
- May 18 – Somaliland withdraws from Somalia.
- May 21
- In Sriperumbudur, India, former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated at a public meeting in Sriperumbudur, by suicide bomber Thenmozhi Rajaratnam; many others are killed in the explosion.
- Mengistu Haile Mariam, president of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, flees Ethiopia, effectively bringing the Ethiopian Civil War to an end.
- May 24 – Authorised by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, Operation Solomon commences.
- May 26 – In Thailand, a Lauda Air Boeing 767 crashes near Bangkok, killing all 223 people on board.
June[link]
- June 3 – Mount Unzen erupts, killing 43 people as a result of pyroclastic flow.
- June 5 – STS 40: Space Shuttle Columbia carries the Spacelab into orbit.
- June 9 – A major collapse of ground at the Emaswati Colliery in Swaziland traps 26 miners 65 m below the surface. The men have access to a safe refuge chamber and are all rescued by a drill hole 30 hours after the rescue unit is first alerted.
- June 12 – Boris Yeltsin is elected President of Russia, the largest and most populous of the 15 Soviet republics.
- June 13 – A spectator is killed by lightning at the U.S. Open.
- June 15 – In the Philippines, Mount Pinatubo erupts in the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century; the final death toll tops 800.
- June 17
- Apartheid: The South African Parliament repeals the Population Registration Act, which had required racial classification of all South Africans at birth.
- U.S. President Zachary Taylor is exhumed to discover whether or not his death was caused by arsenic poisoning, instead of acute gastrointestinal illness; no trace of arsenic is found.
- June 23
- Mesut Yılmaz, of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (48th government)
- The first Sonic the Hedgehog game is published by Sega. First of the Sonic the Hedgehog series.
- June 23–June 28 – Iraq disarmament crisis: U.N. inspection teams attempt to intercept Iraqi vehicles carrying nuclear related equipment. Iraqi soldiers fire warning shots in the air to prevent inspectors from approaching the vehicles.
- June 25 – Collapse of Yugoslavia: Croatia and Slovenia declare their independence from Yugoslavia.
- June 28 – COMECON is dissolved.
July[link]
- July 1 – The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved at a meeting in Prague.
- July 7 – The Brioni Agreement ends the 10-day war in Slovenia.
- July 10 – Boris Yeltsin begins his 5-year term as the first elected president of Russia.
- July 11 – A solar Eclipse of record totality occurs, seen first in Hawaii then enters Mexico with the path directly crosses Cabo San Lucas and Mexico City seen by 20 million inhabitants, and finally ends in Colombia in South America.
- July 22
- Boxer Mike Tyson is arrested and charged with the rape of Miss Black America contestant Desiree Washington 3 days earlier, in Indianapolis, Indiana.
- Serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer is arrested after the remains of 11 men and boys are found in his Milwaukee, Wisconsin, apartment. Police soon find out that he is involved in 6 more murders.
- July 24 – The government of India announces its New Industrial Policy, marking the start of India's economic reforms.
- July 31
- Warsaw Treaty Organization officially dissolved in accordance with a protocol calling for a “transition to all-European structures."
- The United States and the Soviet Union sign the START I treaty limiting strategic nuclear weapons.
August[link]
- August 4 – The Cruise Liner MTS Oceanos sinks off the coast of South Africa and all 571 passengers on board are safely evacuated.
- August 6 – Tim Berners-Lee announces the World Wide Web project and software on the alt.hypertext newsgroup. The first website, "info.cern.ch" is created.
- August 7 – Shapour Bakhtiar, former prime minister of Iran, is assassinated.
- August 8 – The Warsaw radio mast, the tallest construction ever built at the time, collapses.
- August 17 – Strathfield Massacre: In Sydney, Australia, taxi driver Wade Frankum shoots 7 people and injures 6 others before turning the gun on himself.
- August 19 – The Soviet Empire falls with the Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is put under house arrest while vacationing in the Crimea during a coup. The attempted coup, led by Vice President Gennady Yanayev and 7 hard-liners, collapses in less than 72 hours.
- August 20 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Estonia declares its independence from the Soviet Union, and more than 100,000 people rally outside the Soviet Union's parliament building protesting the coup that deposed President Mikhail Gorbachev.
- August 21 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Latvia declares its independence from the Soviet Union.
- August 23 – The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (or "Super Nintendo") is released in the United States.
- August 24 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukraine declares independence from Soviet Union.
- August 25
- Student Linus Torvalds posts messages to Usenet newsgroup comp.os.minix about the new operating system kernel he has been developing.
- Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Belarus declares independence from Soviet Union.
- August 27 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Moldova declares independence from the Soviet Union.
- August 29 – Maronite general Michel Aoun leaves Lebanon via a French ship into exile.
- August 30 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Azerbaijan declares independence from Soviet Union.
- August 31 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan declare independence from the Soviet Union.
September[link]
- September 2 – The United States recognizes the independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
- September 3 – In Hamlet, North Carolina, a grease fire breaks out at the Imperial Foods chicken processing plant, killing 25 people.
- September 5–September 7 – At the 35th Annual Tailhook Symposium in Las Vegas, 83 women and seven men are assaulted.
- September 5 – The Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union self-dissolves, replaced by Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and State Council of the Soviet Union
- September 6
- The Soviet Union recognizes the independence of the Baltic states.
- The name Saint Petersburg is restored to Russia's second-largest city, which had been renamed Leningrad in 1924.
- September 8 – The Republic of Macedonia becomes independent.
- September 9 – Tajikistan declares its independence from the Soviet Union.
- September 17 – North Korea, South Korea, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Marshall Islands and Micronesia join the United Nations.
- September 19 – Ötzi the Iceman is found in the Alps.
- September 20–September 21 – In Sandy, Utah, several patients are held hostage and a nurse is killed in the Alta View Hospital hostage incident.
- September 21
- Armenia declares independence from the Soviet Union.
- The Order of the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence of German tongue (Orden der Schwestern der Perpetuellen Indulgenz deutscher Zunge, "O.S.P.I.") is founded in Heidelberg by Erzmutter (Archmother) Johanna Indulgentia Tara Maria Benedicta O.S.P.I.
- AFL Grand Final: Hawthorn Hawks defeat West Coast Eagles by 53 points at Waverley Park, the final score 20.19.139 – 13.8.86.
- September 21–September 30 – Iraq disarmament crisis: IAEA inspectors discover files on Iraq's hidden nuclear weapons program. Iraqi officials confiscate documents from UN weapons inspectors, refusing to allow them to leave the site without turning over other documents. A 4-day standoff ensues. Iraq permits the team to leave with the documents after the UN Security Council threatens enforcement actions.
- September 22 – The Huntington Library makes the Dead Sea Scrolls available to the public for the first time.
- September 30
- Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide is removed from power.
- A tornado destroys parts of Itu, a city in southeastern Brazil, killing 16 and leaving 176 injured.
October[link]
- October 3 – Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton announces he will seek the 1992 Democratic nomination for President of the United States.
- October 8 – The Croatian Parliament cuts all remaining ties with Yugoslavia.
- October 11
- In Russia, the KGB is replaced by the SVR.[citation needed]
- Iraq disarmament crisis: The U.N. Security Council passes Resolution 715, which demands that Iraq "accept unconditionally the inspectors and all other personnel designated by the Special Commission". Iraq rejects the resolution, calling it "unlawful."
- October 11–October 13 – The U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee interviews both Supreme Court candidate Clarence Thomas and former aide Anita Hill, who alleges that Thomas sexually harassed her while she worked for him.
- October 12 – Askar Akayev, previously chosen President of Kyrgyzstan by its Supreme Soviet, is confirmed president in an uncontested poll.
- October 14
- Aung San Suu Kyi, a Burmese opposition politician, won the Nobel Peace prize.
- The Bulgarian right wing opposition celebrates the end of the rule of the Bulgarian Communist Party.
- October 15 – United States Senate votes 52–48 to confirm Judge Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court of the United States.
- October 16 – George Hennard guns down 24 people in Killeen, Texas before killing himself.
- October 20
- The Oakland Hills firestorm kills 25 and destroys 3,469 homes and apartments.
- The Harare Declaration lays down the membership criteria for the Commonwealth of Nations.
- October 27
- The first free parliamentary elections are held in Poland.
- Turkmenistan declares its independence from the Soviet Union.
- The Minnesota Twins win the World Series against the Atlanta Braves.
- October 28–November 4 – The 1991 Perfect Storm strikes the northeastern United States and Atlantic Canada, causing over $200 million of damage and resulting in 12 direct fatalities.
- October 29 – The American Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid.
- October 31–November 3 – The Halloween Blizzard hits the Upper Midwest of the United States, causing around $100 million of damage and killing 22.
November[link]
- November 5 – The body of publishing tycoon Robert Maxwell is found floating in the Atlantic Ocean.
- November 6
- The KGB officially stops operations.
- CPSU, and its republic-level division, Communist Party of the Russian SFSR, banned in the Russian SFSR by Presidential decree N 169.
- November 7
- Los Angeles Lakers point guard Magic Johnson announces he has HIV, effectively ending his NBA career.
- The last oil well fire in Kuwait is extinguished.
- The first report on carbon nanotubes is published by Sumio Iijima in the journal Nature.
- November 9 – The British JET fusion reactor generates 1.5 MW output power.
- November 14
- American and British authorities announce indictments against two Libyan intelligence officials, in connection with the downing of the Pan Am Flight 103.
- Cambodian Prince Norodom Sihanouk returns to Phnom Penh after 13 years of exile.
- Kidnappers in Lebanon set Anglican Church envoys Terry Waite and Thomas Sutherland free.
- November 18 – Serb troops take Vukovar after an 87-day siege, and commit the worst massacre in Croatian history.
- November 20
- An Azerbaijani MI-8 helicopter carrying 19 peacekeeping mission team with officials and journalists from Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan is shot down by Armenian military forces in Khojavend district of Azerbaijan.
- Süleyman Demirel of DYP forms the new government of Turkey (49th government, coalition partner CHP).
- November 24
- Queen lead singer Freddie Mercury dies from pneumonia induced by AIDS.
- KISS drummer Eric Carr dies from complications of heart cancer.
- November 26 – National Assembly of Azerbaijan abolishes the autonomous status of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of Azerbaijan and renames several cities according to their Azeri names.
- November 27 – The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopts a resolution opening the way to the establishment of peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia.
December[link]
- December 1 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukrainians vote overwhelmingly for independence from the Soviet Union in a referendum.
- December 4
- Journalist Terry A. Anderson is released after 7 years' captivity as a hostage in Beirut (the last and longest-held American hostage in Lebanon).
- Pan American World Airways ends operations.
- John Leonard Orr, one of the most prolific serial arsonists of the 20th century, is arrested in California. In the ensuing years, Orr is convicted in both Federal and state court.
- December 8
- Leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine meet and sign an agreement ending the Soviet Union and establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), in the Białowieża Forest Nature Reserve in Belarus.
- A referendum on the constitution of Romania is accepted as valid.
- December 12 – Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR denounced Union Treaty of 1922 and ratified Belavezha Accords instead.
- December 15 – The Egyptian ferry Salem Express sinks in the Red Sea, killing more than 450.
- December 16 – Kazakhstan declares its independence from the Soviet Union.
- December 19 – Paul Keating replaces Bob Hawke as the new prime minister of Australia.
- December 20 – A Missouri court passes the death sentence on Palestinian militant Zein Isa and his wife Maria, for the honor killing of their daughter Palestina.
- December 21
- The North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NAC-C) meets for the first time, the day on which the Soviet Union ceases to exist.source
- Charilaos Florakis is elected honorary president of the Communist Party of Greece. source
- December 22 – Armed opposition groups launch a military coup against President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia.
- December 24 – Russian SFSR President Boris Yeltsin sends a letter to UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, stating that Russia should be a successor to collapsing Soviet Union within the United Nations Organization.
- December 25
- Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the Soviet Union, from which most republics have already seceded, anticipating the dissolution of the 73-year-old state.
- Russian SFSR officially changes its name to the Russian Federation.
- December 26 – The Cold War ends when the Supreme Soviet meets and formally dissolves the Soviet Union.
Date unknown[link]
- The University of South Australia is founded.
- Impostor James Hogue is exposed at Princeton University.
- Sea Defences at Mappleton were built in order to protect the village from intense sea erosion that had threatened it.
Births[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – Hamse Abdouh, Palestinian swimmer
- January 2
- Danny Miller (actor), English actor
- Davide Santon, Italian footballer
- Steele Sidebottom, Australian Rules footballer
- January 4
- Pascal Bodmer, German ski jumper
- Olivia Tennet, New Zealand actress and dancer
- January 6 – Anabel Barnston, English actress
- January 8 – Hinoi Asuka, Japanese singer
- January 12 – Pixie Lott, British singer
- January 13 – Goo Ha-ra, South Korean singer and actress
- January 14
- Jeanine Mason, American dancer
- Diva Montelaba, Filipina actress
- January 15 – Rubab Raza, Pakistani swimmer
- January 16 – Julie Dubela, American singer
- January 18 – Matthew Kane, British actor
- January 19 – Erin Sanders, American actress
- January 21 – Brittany Tiplady, Canadian actress
- January 25 – Craig Roberts, Welsh actor
- January 28 – Calum Worthy, Canadian actor and musician
- January 31 – Amy Jackson, English beauty pageant titleholder, model and actress
February[link]
- February 2 – Allison Bertolino, American television and film actress
- February 3 – Glenn McCuen, American actor, model and gymnast
- February 5 – Alba Riquelme, Paraguayan model
- February 10 – Emma Roberts, American actress
- February 11
- Christofer Drew, American singer
- Georgia May Foote, British actress
- Shanina Shaik, Australian model
- February 12 – Casey Abrams, American singer
- February 14 – Charlie G. Hawkins, English actor
- February 16
- Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg
- Sergio Canales, Spanish football player
- February 17
- Ed Sheeran, British singer
- Bonnie Wright, British actress
- February 18
- Vadhir Derbez, Mexican actor
- Malese Jow, American actress, singer and songwriter
- Henry Surtees, British racing driver (d. 2009)
- February 19
- Trevor Bayne, American race car driver
- Ariel Alexandria Davis, American actress
- February 24 – Emily DiDonato, American model
- February 25 – Tony Oller, American actor and musician
- February 28 – Sarah Bolger, Irish actress
March[link]
- March 4
- Aoi Nakamura, Japanese actor
- Diandra Newlin, American actress, singer, and fashion model
- March 6 – Tyler the Creator, American rapper, record producer, music video director, actor, graphic artist and fashion designer
- March 8
- Greyson Fletcher, American skateboarder and actor
- Devon Werkheiser, American actor and musician
- March 10 – Bang Mir, Korean pop rapper, member of MBLAQ
- March 11
- Qian Lin, Chinese singer
- Drew Osborne, American actor
- March 14
- Jake Ball, English cricketer
- Rhiannon Fish, Australian actress
- March 15 – Kie Kitano, Japanese actress
- March 16 – Wolfgang Van Halen, American musician
- March 18 – Ryan Belhsen, Moroccan pop singer
- March 22 – Colton Harris-Moore, American criminal and former fugitive known as the "Barefoot Bandit"
- March 25 – Seychelle Gabriel, American film and television actress
- March 26
- Jack Watts, Australian rules footballer
- Brittney Wilson, Canadian actress
- March 27 – Chloe Marshall, English model
- March 28 – Rin Asuka, Japanese actress
- March 30 – Mia Carruthers, American singer and songwriter
April[link]
- April 1 – Anna Gurji, Georgian actress
- April 3 – Hayley Kiyoko, American singer and actress
- April 4 – Jamie Lynn Spears, American singer and actress
- April 7 – Michelle Monkhouse, Canadian fashion model (d. 2011)
- April 8 – Minami Takahashi, Japanese singer (AKB48)
- April 10 – Amanda Michalka, American singer and actress
- April 14 – Morgane Slemp, French Model and Actress
- April 15 – Daiki Arioka, Japanese singer (Hey! Say! JUMP)
- April 17 – Tessa James, Australian actress
- April 20 – Ondřej Kraják, Czech footballer
- April 24 – Drake Kemper, American actor
- April 27 – Rebecca Ryan, English actress
- April 28 – Patricia Ashley, American actress
- April 30 – Taylor Firth, American figure skater
May[link]
- May 1 – Creagen Dow, American actor
- May 3 – Bela Padilla, Filipino actress
- May 12 – Jennifer Damiano, American actress and singer
- May 15
- Mollee Gray, American dancer, actress and singer
- Jennifer Hof, German fashion model
- May 17 – Daniel Curtis Lee, American actor and rapper
- May 19 – Jordan Pruitt, American recording artist
- May 21 – Sarah Ramos, American actress
- May 22
- Sophia Abrahao, Brazilian actress
- Suho, South Korean singer
- May 23
- Lena Meyer-Landrut, German singer
- Nadine Ames, Indonesian beauty pageant titleholder
- May 24 – Erika Umeda, Japanese singer
- May 25 – Derrick Williams, American basketball player
- May 26
- Takumi Abe, Japanese football player
- Julianna Rose Mauriello, American stage actress
June[link]
- June 3 – Natasha Dupeyrón, Mexican actress and singer
- June 4 – Jordan Hinson, American actress
- June 5 – Sahara Garey, American film and television actress
- June 6 – Son Dong-woon, Korean pop singer, member of BEAST
- June 10 – Pol Espargaró, Spanish motorcycle racer
- June 12 – Emmalee Thompson, American actress
- June 15 – Rina Takeda, Japanese actress and black belt
- June 16 – Joe McElderry, British singer & model
- June 17 – Francesca Isherwood, British actress
- June 18 – Willa Holland, American model and actress
- June 19 – Pontus Ekhem, Swedish hockey player
- June 20 – Alexis Neiers, American television personality, model, and convicted felon
- June 22 – Katie Jarvis, English actress
- June 25 – Christa Theret, French actress
- June 27 – Madylin Sweeten, American actress
- June 28
- Kang Min-Hyuk, South Korean drummer, actor and singer (CN Blue)
- Seohyun, South Korean singer (Girls' Generation)
- June 29
- Soren Fulton, American actor
- Addison Timlin, American actress
- June 30 – Kaho, Japanese actress
July[link]
- July 3 – Grant Rosenmeyer, American film and television actor
- July 5 – Jason Dolley, American actor
- July 6 – Victoire Thivisol, French actress
- July 7 – Eve Hewson, Irish actress
- July 9
- Gioia Barbieri, Italian tennis player
- Mitchel Musso, American actor, singer
- July 10
- Atsuko Maeda, Japanese singer and actress
- Danielle Horvat, Australian actress
- July 11 – Natalie Evans, American actress
- July 12
- Christian Fortune, American actor
- Erik Per Sullivan, American actor
- July 15 – Erik J. Berg, Canadian actor
- July 18 – Karina Pasian, American singer and pianist
- July 20
- Alec Burks, American basketball player
- William Tomlin, British actor
- July 23 – Bibi Jones, American pornographic actress
- July 27 – Aive, Japanese idol
- July 28 – Rina Aizawa, Japanese actress and gravure idol
- July 29
- Maestro Harrell, American actor
- Miki Ishikawa, American actress and singer
- July 30 – Diana Vickers, English singer-songwriter, stage actress and fashion designer
August[link]
- August 2
- Skyler Day, American actress and singer
- Zuleyka Silver, American fashion model and actress
- August 5 – Brooke Marie Bridges, American actress
- August 6
- Irina Kulikova, Russian fashion model
- Jiao Liuyang, Chinese swimmer
- August 9
- Hansika Motwani, Indian actress
- María Candela Vetrano, Argentine actress, singer and model
- August 12 – Jesinta Campbell, Australian beauty pageant titleholder
- August 16 – Evanna Lynch, Irish actress
- August 17
- Austin Butler, American actor, singer, and model
- Qory Sandioriva, Indonesian beauty pageant titleholder
- August 19 – Nathan Lopez. Filipino film actor
- August 20 – Cory Joseph, Canadian basketball player
- August 21 – Tess Gaerthé, Dutch singer and actress
- August 22 – Brayden Schenn, Canadian ice hockey player
- August 23 – Jennifer Abel, Canadian diver
- August 25 – Gershon Koffie, Ghanaian soccer player
- August 26
- Tommy Bastow, English actor and musician
- Dylan O'Brien, American actor
- August 28 – Kyle Massey, American actor
September[link]
- September 4 – Carter Jenkins, American actor
- September 5 – Skandar Keynes, British actor
- September 6 – Ashli Amari Adams, American actress
- September 7 – Montana Fishburne, American pornographic actress
- September 9 – Kelsey Chow, American actress
- September 10– Hannah Hodson, American actress
- September 13 – Taylor Gildersleeve, American actress
- September 16 – Marlon Teixeira, Brazilian model
- September 17
- An Byeong-hun, Korean golfer
- Ryo Ishikawa, Japanese golfer
- Jordan McCoy, American singer and guitarist
- September 18 – Scharllette Allen Moses, Nicaraguan beauty pageant titleholder
- September 20 – Spencer Locke, American actress
- September 21 – Zoe Weizenbaum, American former actress
- September 22 – Chelsea Tavares, American actress and singer
- September 23 – Melanie Oudin, American tennis player
- September 23 – Key (singer), South Korean idol singer, rapper, dancer, actor, and promotional model.
- September 25 – Emmy Clarke, American actress
- September 27
- Ynna Asistio, Filipina actress
- Simona Halep, Romanian tennis player
October[link]
- October 2 – Emma Maree Urquhart, Scottish novelist and artist
- October 4
- Cole Hawkins, American actor
- Nicolai Kielstrup, Danish singer
- Brett Murphy, American actor
- October 6 – Roshon Fegan, American actor and musician
- October 7
- Nicole Jung, Korean-American singer
- Lay, Chinese singer
- October 10
- Gabriella Cilmi, Australian singer-songwriter
- Mariana Espósito, Argentine actress, singer, dancer and model
- October 16 – Miori Takimoto, Japanese actress
- October 17
- Brenda Asnicar, Argentine actress and singer
- Madison Burge, American actress
- October 18 – Tyler Posey, American actor and musician
- October 16 – Jedward, Irish hip hop duo
- October 19 – Christopher Gerse, American actor
- October 20 – Kirsten Olson, American figure skater and actress
- October 22 – Arianna Afsar, American pageant titleholder and singer
- October 23 – Sophie Oda, Japanese American actress
- October 24 – Torstein Andersen Aase, Norwegian football striker
- October 26 – Amala Paul, Indian film actress
- October 30
- Aliza Vellani, Canadian television actress
- Paulina Olszynski, American actress
- October 31 – Jordan-Claire Green, American actress musician and singer
November[link]
- November 4 – Bee Vang, American actor
- November 6 – Camila Finn, Brazilian model
- November 10 – Genevieve Buechner, Canadian actress
- November 12 – Takatoshi Abe, Japanese track and field athlete
- November 13
- Matt Bennett, American actor, singer and screenwriter
- Devon Bostick, Canadian actor
- November 14 – Graham Patrick Martin, American film and television actor
- November 15 – Shailene Woodley, American actress
- November 21 – Dmitriy Martynov, Russian actor
- November 22
- Diana Danielle, American actress
- Saki Shimizu, Japanese singer
- November 24 – Lacey Baker, American skateboader
- November 25 – Jamie Grace, American musician, singer, rapper, songwriter and actress
- November 28 – Ian Beharry, Canadian pair skater
December[link]
- December 1 – Sun Yang, Chinese swimmer
- December 3
- Dominique Jackson, British actress
- Masahiro Usui, Japanese actor
- December 9
- Prince Joachim, Archduke of Austria-Este, Belgian prince
- Choi Minho, South Korean rapper and TV host
- December 12
- Daniel Magder, Canadian actor
- Dyllan Christopher, American actor
- December 13 – Jay Greenberg, American music composer
- December 14 – Muhammad Ahmed, Pakistani footballer
- December 15 – Eunice Cho, Korean-American actress
- December 17 – Daniel Tay, American actor and voice actor
- December 19 – Declan Galbraith, English singer
- December 20 – Hunter Gomez, American actor
- December 24 – Vincent Caso, American actor and entrepreneur
- December 26 – Eden Sher, American actress
- December 27 – Chloe Bridges, American actress
- December 28 – Belime, Lebanon singer-songwriter, pop musician and music producer
Deaths[link]
January[link]
- January 2 – Renato Rascel, Italian actor and singer (b. 1927)
- January 3 – Luke Appling, American baseball player (b. 1907)
- January 5 – Vasko Popa, Yugoslavian poet (b. 1922)
- January 8 – Steve Clark, English guitarist (b. 1960)
- January 11 – Carl David Anderson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
- January 12
- Keye Luke, Chinese-born actor (b. 1904)
- Vasco Pratolini, Italian writer (b. 1913)
- Mary Francis Shura, American writer (b. 1923)
- January 14 – Salah Khalaf (aka Abu Iyad), Palestinian officer (b. 1933)
- January 17 – King Olav V of Norway (b. 1903)
- January 22 – Kenas Aroi, Nauruan politician (b. 1942)
- January 28 – Red Grange, American football player (b. 1903)
- January 29
- Yasushi Inoue, Japanese historian (b. 1907)
- John McIntire, American actor (b. 1907)
- January 30
- John Bardeen, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
- Clifton C. Edom, American photojournalism educator (b. 1907)
February[link]
- February 1 – Carol Dempster, American actress (b. 1901)
- February 2 – Pete Axthelm, sportswriter (b. 1943)
- February 3 – Nancy Kulp, American actress (b. 1921)
- February 5
- Dean Jagger, American actor (b. 1903)
- Pedro Arrupe, Spanish Catholic priest, Superior General of the Society of Jesus (b. 1907)
- February 6
- María Zambrano, Spanish essayist and philosopher (b. 1904)
- Salvador Luria, Italian-born biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1912)
- Danny Thomas, American singer, comedian, and actor (b. 1912)
- February 7 – Amos Yarkoni, legendary Israeli soldier (b. 1920)
- February 13 – Arno Breker, German sculptor (b. 1900)
- February 14 – John A. McCone, American politician, 6th Director of Central Intelligence (b. 1902)
- February 16 – Enrique Bermúdez, Nicaraguan Contras leader (b. 1932)
- February 21
- John Sherman Cooper, American politician (b. 1901)
- Margot Fonteyn, English ballet dancer (b. 1919)
- February 24
- John Charles Daly, South African-born journalist and game show host (b. 1914)
- Héctor Rial, Argentinian footballer (b. 1928)
- George Gobel, American comedian (b. 1919)
- Jean Rogers, American actress (b. 1916)
March[link]
- March 1 – Edwin H. Land, inventor of the Polaroid instant camera (b. 1909)
- March 2 – Serge Gainsbourg, French singer (b. 1928)
- March 3
- Arthur Murray, American dancer and dance instructor (b. 1895)
- William Penney, Baron Penney, British nuclear physicist (b. 1909)
- March 7 – Cool Papa Bell, American baseball player (b. 1903)
- March 12 – Ragnar Granit, Finnish neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1900)
- March 14
- Howard Ashman, American lyricist (b. 1950)
- Doc Pomus, American composer (b. 1925)
- March 15 – George Sherman, American film director (b. 1908)
- March 18 – Vilma Bánky, Hungarian-born actress (b. 1898)
- March 20 – Conor Clapton, Son of Guitarist Eric Clapton (b. 1986)
- March 21 – Leo Fender, American instrument maker (b. 1909)
- March 24 – Maudie Edwards, English actress (b. 1906)
- March 25 – Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, Roman Catholic bishop who fought for Catholic Tradition (b. 1905)
- March 27 – Aldo Ray, American actor (b. 1926)
- March 29 – Lee Atwater, American Presidential advisor (b. 1951)
April[link]
- April 1
- Paulo Muwanga, Ugandan military officer and statesman, former head of State and Prime Minister (b. 1924)
- Martha Graham, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1894)
- Jaime Guzmán, Chilean right-wing politician (b. 1946)
- April 3
- Charles Goren, American bridge player, writer, and columnist (b. 1901)
- Graham Greene, English writer (b. 1904)
- April 4
- Max Frisch, Swiss writer (b. 1911)
- H. John Heinz III, American politician (b. 1938)
- Louis Guglielmi, French composer (b. 1916)
- Forrest Towns, American runner (b. 1914)
- Edmund Adamkiewicz, German footballer (b. 1920)
- April 5
- Sonny Carter, American astronaut (b. 1947) (plane crash)
- John Tower, American politician (b. 1929)
- April 8 – Per Yngve Ohlin, Swedish singer (b. 1969)
- April 10
- Kevin Peter Hall, American actor (b. 1955)
- Natalie Schafer, American actress (b. 1900)
- April 16 – David Lean, British film director (b. 1908)
- April 19 – Stanley Hawes, British-born Australian film producer, director and administrator (b. 1905)
- April 20
- Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, Mongolian Communist leader, former Party General Secretary, Prime Minister and Head of State (b. 1916)
- Steve Marriott, English musician (b. 1947)
- Don Siegel, American film director (b. 1912)
- April 23 – Johnny Thunders, American musician (b. 1952)
- April 26 – Carmine Coppola, American composer and conductor (b. 1910)
- April 27 – Robert Velter, French cartoonist (b. 1909)
- April 28 – Johnny Eck, American sideshow performer (b. 1911)
- April 29
- Gonzaguinha, Brazilian singer and composer (b. 1945)
- Claude Gallimard, French editor
May[link]
- May 1
- Cesare Merzagora, Italian politician (b. 1898)
- Richard Thorpe, American film director (b. 1896)
- May 3
- Jerzy Kosinski, Polish-American writer (b. 1933)
- Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Egyptian singer and composer (b. 1907)
- May 6 – Wilfrid Hyde-White, British actor (b. 1903)
- May 7 – Dennis Crosby, American singer (b. 1934)
- May 8
- Jean Langlais, French composer and organist (b. 1907)
- Rudolf Serkin, Austrian pianist (b. 1903)
- May 14 – Jiang Qing, Chinese radical revolutionary, widow of Mao Zedong (b. 1914)
- May 15
- Shintaro Abe, Japanese politician (b. 1924)
- Andreas Floer, German mathematician (b. 1956)
- May 18
- Betty Alberge, English actress (b. 1922)
- Edwina Booth, American actress (b. 1904)
- May 21
- Lino Brocka, Filipino film director (b. 1939)
- Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (b. 1944)
- May 22 – Derrick Henry Lehmer, American mathematician (b. 1905)
- May 23
- Jean Van Houtte, Belgian politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1907)
- Wilhelm Kempff, German pianist (b. 1895)
- May 27 – Leopold Nowak, Austrian musicologist (b. 1904)
- May 29 – Coral Browne, Australian actress (b. 1913)
- May 30 – Manolo Gómez Bur, Spanish actor (b. 1917)
June[link]
- June 1 – David Ruffin, American singer (b. 1941)
- June 2 – Hailu Yimenu, Ethiopian politician, former Prime Minister
- June 3
- Katia and Maurice Krafft, French volcanologists (b. 1946 and 1942 respectively)
- Eva Le Gallienne, English-born actress (b. 1899)
- June 5
- Larry Kert, American actor (b. 1930)
- Sylvia Porter, American economist and journalist (b. 1913)
- June 6 – Stan Getz, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1927)
- June 9 – Claudio Arrau, Chilean-born pianist (b. 1903)
- June 11 – Cromwell Everson, South African composer (b. 1925)
- June 14 – Peggy Ashcroft, British actress (b. 1907)
- June 15 – Arthur Lewis, British economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)
- June 16 – Leslie Mahaffy Canadian murder victim (b. 1976)
- June 17 – Pierre Jamet, French harpist (b. 1893)
- June 18
- Ronald Allen, English actor (b. 1930)
- Joan Caulfield, American actress (b. 1922)
- June 19 – Jean Arthur, American actress (b. 1900)
- June 27 – Molly Geertsema, Dutch liberal politician, former leader of the VVD party (b. 1918)
- June 28 – Hans Nüsslein, German tennis player (b. 1910)
- June 29 – Henri Lefebvre, French sociologist and philosopher (b. 1901)
July[link]
- July 1 – Michael Landon, American actor (b. 1936)
- July 2 – Lee Remick, American actress (b. 1935)
- July 4 – Victor Chang, Australian physician (b. 1936)
- July 5
- Camarón de la Isla, Flamenco singer (b. 1950)
- Mildred Dunnock, American actress (b. 1901)
- Howard Nemerov, American poet (b. 1920)
- July 6 – Anton Yugov, Bulgarian Communist politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1904)
- July 8 – James Franciscus, American actor (b. 1934)
- July 16 – Robert Motherwell, American painter (b. 1915)
- July 18 – André Cools, Belgian Socialist politician (b. 1927)
- July 24 – Isaac Bashevis Singer, Polish-born Yiddish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
- July 25 – Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician, former member of the CPSU Politburo and Deputy Prime Minister (b. 1893)
- July 27 – John Friedrich, German-Australian engineer and conman (b. 1950)
- July 29 – Christian de Castries, French general (b. 1902)
August[link]
- August 1 – Chris Short, American baseball pitcher (b. 1937)
- August 3 – Ali Sabri, Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1920)
- August 4 – Yevgeny Dragunov, Russian weapons designer (b. 1920)
- August 5
- Paul Brown, American football coach (b. 1908)
- Soichiro Honda, Japanese engineer and industrialist (b. 1917)
- August 6
- Shapour Bakhtiar, Iranian politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1915)
- Arthur Pentelow, English actor (b. 1924)
- Harry Reasoner, American journalist and newscaster (b. 1923)
- August 7 – Billy T. James New Zealand comedian (b. 1948)
- August 8 – James Irwin, American astronaut (b. 1930)
- August 11 – J. D. McDuffie, American race car driver (b. 1938)
- August 13 – James Roosevelt, American businessman and politician (b. 1907)
- August 14 – Richard A. Snelling, Governor of Vermont (b. 1927)
- August 16 – Luigi Zampa, Italian film-maker (b. 1905)
- August 17 – Terence Kilmartin, Irish journalist and translator (b. 1922)
- August 22
- Colleen Dewhurst, Canadian-born actress (b. 1924)
- Boris Pugo, Latvian communist politician, Soviet minister of the Interior (b. 1937)
- August 24 – Sergey Akhromeyev, Russian marshall, former Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces (b. 1923)
- August 25 – Niven Busch, American novelist and screenwriter (b. 1903)
- August 30
- Jean Tinguely, Swiss painter and sculptor (b. 1925)
- Cyril Knowles, English footballer and manager (b. 1944)
September[link]
- September 2 – Alfonso García Robles, Mexican diplomat and politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1911)
- September 3 – Frank Capra, Italian-born film director (b. 1897)
- September 4
- Charles Barnet, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1913)
- Tom Tryon, American actor (b. 1926)
- Dottie West, American singer (b. 1932)
- September 7 – Edwin McMillan, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907)
- September 8
- Brad Davis, American actor (b. 1949)
- Alex North, American film composer (b. 1910)
- September 10
- Jack Crawford, Australian tennis champion (b. 1908)
- Jan Józef Lipski, Polish critic, historian and politician (b. 1926)
- September 12 – Bruce Matthews, Canadian Army officer and businessman (b. 1909)
- September 13 – Joe Pasternak, Hungarian-born film director (b. 1901)
- September 14– Russell Lynes, American art historian, photographer, author (b. 1910)
- September 15 – John Hoyt, American actor (b. 1905)
- September 17
- Zino Francescatti, French violinist (b. 1902)
- Frank H. Netter, American artist, physician, and medical illustrator (b. 1906)
- September 22 – Tino Casal, Spanish pop singer (b. 1950)
- September 24 – Dr. Seuss, American author (b. 1904)
- September 25
- Klaus Barbie, German Gestapo leader in Lyon (b. 1913)
- Viviane Romance, French actress (b. 1912)
- September 28 – Miles Davis, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1926)
October[link]
- October 2, – Demetrios I, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (b. 1914)
- October 5 – Martin Ennals, British human rights activist. (b. 1927)
- October 6 – Igor Talkov, Russian singer, poet and composer (b. 1956)
- October 11 – Redd Foxx, American comedian and actor (b. 1922)
- October 12
- Aline MacMahon, American actress (b. 1899)
- Regis Toomey, American actor (b. 1898)
- October 13
- Agustín Rodríguez Sahagún, Spanish politician, former Defense Minister and mayor of Madrid (b. 1932)
- Daniel Oduber Quirós, Costa Rican politician, former president of the Republic (b. 1921)
- October 17 – Tennessee Ernie Ford, American singer (b. 1919)
- October 24 – Gene Roddenberry, American television producer (b. 1921)
- October 25 – John Stratton, English actor (b. 1925)
- October 28 – Sylvia Fine, American lyricist (b. 1913)
- October 29 – Mario Scelba, Italian politician, former Prime Minister and president of the European Parliament (b. 1901)
- October 31 – Joseph Papp, American theater producer (b. 1921)
November[link]
- November 2 – Irwin Allen, American film and television producer (b. 1916)
- November 5
- Fred MacMurray, American actor (b. 1908)
- Robert Maxwell, Slovakian-born media entrepreneur (b. 1923)
- November 6 – Gene Tierney, American actress (b. 1920)
- November 9 – Yves Montand, French actor and singer (b. 1921)
- November 14 – Tony Richardson, English film and theater director (b. 1928)
- November 18 – Gustáv Husák, Czechoslovak politician, former President of the Republic (b. 1913)
- November 21 – Daniel Mann, American film director (b. 1912)
- November 23 – Klaus Kinski, German actor (b. 1926)
- November 24
- Eric Carr, American drummer (b. 1950)
- Anton Furst, American art director (b. 1944)
- Freddie Mercury, Zanzibar-born singer (Queen) (b. 1946)
- November 25 – Nimeño II, French bullfighter (b. 1954)
- November 26
- Ed Heinemann, American aircraft designer (b. 1908)
- Bob Johnson, American ice hockey coach (b. 1931)
- November 29
- Ralph Bellamy, American actor (b. 1904)
- Frank Yerby, American novelist (b. 1916)
December[link]
- December 1 – George Stigler, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
- December 6 – Richard Stone, British economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)
- December 9 – Berenice Abbott, American photographer (b. 1898)
- December 10
- Franco Maria Malfatti, Italian politician. (b. 1927)
- Greta Kempton, American artist (b. 1901)
- December 11
- Robert Q. Lewis, American radio and television personality (b. 1920)
- Artur Lundkvist, Swedish author (b. 1906)
- December 12 – Eleanor Boardman, American actress (b. 1898)
- December 15
- Vasily Zaytsev, Russian World War II hero (b. 1915)
- Aad Mansveld, Dutch footballer (b. 1944)
- December 18 – George Abecassis, English race car driver (b. 1913)
- December 19 – Paul Maxwell, Canadian actor (b. 1921)
- December 22 – Ernst Krenek, Austrian-American composer (b. 1900)
- December 27 – Hervé Guibert, French writer and photographer (b. 1955)
- December 28 – Cassandra Harris, Australian actress (b. 1941)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
- Chemistry – Richard R. Ernst
- Medicine – Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann
- Literature – Nadine Gordimer
- Peace – Aung San Suu Kyi
- Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel – Ronald Coase
References[link]
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Related pages:
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Michael Jackson, see Michael Jackson (disambiguation).
| Michael Jackson | |
|---|---|
 Jackson at the White House in 1984 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Michael Joseph Jackson[1] |
| Also known as | King of Pop, MJ |
| Born | (1958-08-29)August 29, 1958 Gary, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | June 25, 2009(2009-06-25) (aged 50) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Genres | R&B, pop, rock, soul, dance, funk, disco, new jack swing |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician, composer, dancer, choreographer, record producer, actor, businessman, philanthropist |
| Instruments | Vocals |
| Years active | 1964–2009 |
| Labels | Motown, Epic, Legacy, MJJ Productions |
| Associated acts |
 Michael Jackson's Signature |
| Website | www.michaeljackson.com |
Michael Joseph Jackson[1] (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and businessman. Often referred to as the King of Pop, or by his initials MJ,[2] Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance, and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1964, and began his solo career in 1971.
In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. The music videos for his songs, including those of "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller", were credited with transforming the medium into an art form and a promotional tool, and the popularity of these videos helped to bring the relatively new television channel MTV to fame. Videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" made him a staple on MTV in the 1990s. Through stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive musical sound and vocal style influenced numerous hip hop, post-disco, contemporary R&B, pop and rock artists.
Jackson's 1982 album Thriller is the best-selling album of all time. His other records, including Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991), and HIStory (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll. Some of his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records; 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award); 26 American Music Awards (more than any other artist, including the "Artist of the Century"); 13 number-one singles in the United States in his solo career (more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era); and the estimated sale of over 750 million records worldwide. Jackson won hundreds of awards, which made him the most-awarded recording artist in the history of popular music.[3] He was also one of the world's most prominent humanitarians and philanthropists; personally, and through his Heal the World Foundation, he donated more than $300 million in charity, and held the Guinness World Record for having supported the most charities out of any pop star.[4][5]
Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of child sexual abuse, but the case was settled out of court and no formal charges were brought. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of further child sexual abuse allegations and several other charges after the jury found him not guilty on all counts. While preparing for his concert series titled This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25, 2009, after suffering from cardiac arrest. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician was convicted of involuntary manslaughter. Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and as many as one billion people around the world reportedly watched his public memorial service on live television. In March 2010, Sony Music Entertainment signed a $250 million deal with Jackson's estate to retain distribution rights to his recordings until 2017, and to release seven posthumous albums over the decade following his death.[6]
Life and career[link]
Early life and The Jackson 5 (1958–1975)[link]
Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, the eighth of ten children in an African American working-class family who lived in a small 3-room house in Gary, Indiana,[7] an industrial city near Chicago. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovah's Witness, and his father, Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, was a steel mill worker who performed with an R&B band called The Falcons. Jackson had three sisters: Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet, and five brothers: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Randy.[8] A sixth brother, Brandon, died shortly after birth.[9]
Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father, Joe.[10][11][12] Joseph acknowledged in 2003 that he regularly whipped Jackson as a boy.[12] Jackson stated that he was physically and emotionally abused during incessant rehearsals, though he also credited his father's strict discipline with playing a large role in his success.[10] Jackson first spoke openly about his childhood abuse in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, broadcast in February 1993. He admitted that he had often cried from loneliness and he would vomit on the sight of his father. Jackson's father was also said to have verbally abused Jackson, saying that he had a fat nose on numerous occasions.[13] In fact, Michael Jackson's deep dissatisfaction with his appearance, his nightmares and chronic sleep problems, his tendency to remain hyper-compliant especially with his father, and to remain child-like throughout his adult life are in many ways consistent with the effects of this chronic maltreatment he endured as a young child.[14]
In an interview with Martin Bashir, later included in the 2003 broadcast of Living with Michael Jackson, Jackson acknowledged that his father hurt him when he was a child, but was nonetheless a "genius", as he admitted his father's strict discipline played a huge role in his success. When Bashir dismissed the positive remark and continued asking about beatings, Jackson put his hand over his face and objected to the questions. He recalled that Joseph sat in a chair with a belt in his hand as he and his siblings rehearsed, and that "if you didn't do it the right way, he would tear you up, really get you".[15][16]
In 1964, Michael and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothers—a band formed by brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine—as backup musicians playing congas and tambourine. Jackson later began performing backup vocals and dancing. When he was eight, Jackson began sharing the lead vocals with his older brother Jermaine, and the group's name was changed to The Jackson 5.[8] The band toured the Midwest extensively from 1966 to 1968, frequently performing at a string of black clubs known as the "chitlin' circuit", where they often opened stripteases and other adult acts. In 1966, they won a major local talent show with renditions of Motown hits and James Brown's "I Got You (I Feel Good)", led by Michael.[17]
The Jackson 5 recorded several songs, including "Big Boy", for the local record label Steeltown in 1967, before signing with Motown Records in 1968.[8] Rolling Stone magazine later described the young Michael as "a prodigy" with "overwhelming musical gifts," writing that he "quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer."[18] The group set a chart record when its first four singles ("I Want You Back", "ABC", "The Love You Save", and "I'll Be There") peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[8] Between 1972 and 1975, Michael released four solo studio albums with Motown, among them Got to Be There and Ben, released as part of the Jackson 5 franchise, and producing successful singles such as "Got to Be There", "Ben", and a remake of Bobby Day's "Rockin' Robin".
The Jackson 5 "became a cutting-edge example of black crossover artists... five working-class black boys with afros and bell bottoms, and they really didn't have to trade any of that stuff in order to become mainstream stars."[19]
The group's sales began declining in 1973, and the band members chafed under Motown's strict refusal to allow them creative control or input. Although they scored several top 40 hits, including the top 5 disco single "Dancing Machine" and the top 20 hit "I Am Love", the Jackson 5 left Motown in 1975.[20]
[edit] Move to Epic and Off the Wall (1975–81)
In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records, a subsidiary of CBS Records[20] and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine left to pursue a solo career.[21] They continued to tour internationally, releasing six more albums between 1976 and 1984, during which Michael was the lead songwriter, writing hits such as "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", "This Place Hotel", and "Can You Feel It".[17] In 1978, he starred as the scarecrow in the musical, The Wiz, a box-office disaster. It was here that he teamed up with Quincy Jones, who was arranging the film's musical score. Jones agreed to produce Jackson's next solo album, Off the Wall.[22] In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent rhinoplasty was not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr. Steven Hoefflin, who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations.[23]
Jones and Jackson produced the Off the Wall album together. Songwriters for the album included Jackson, Rod Temperton, Stevie Wonder, and Paul McCartney. Released in 1979, it was the first solo album to generate four U.S. top 10 hits, including the chart-topping singles "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" and "Rock with You".[24][25] It reached number three on the Billboard 200 and eventually sold over 20 million copies worldwide.[26] In 1980, Jackson won three awards at the American Music Awards for his solo efforts: Favorite Soul/R&B Album, Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist, and Favorite Soul/R&B Single for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".[27][28] That year, he also won Billboard Year-End for Top Black Artist and Top Black Album and a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, also for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".[24] Jackson again won at the American Music Awards in 1981 for Favorite Soul/R&B Album and Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist.[29] Despite its commercial success, Jackson felt Off the Wall should have made a much bigger impact, and was determined to exceed expectations with his next release.[30] In 1980, he secured the highest royalty rate in the music industry: 37 percent of wholesale album profit.[31]
[edit] Thriller and Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever (1982–83)
In 1982, Jackson contributed the song "Someone In the Dark" to the storybook for the film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial; the record won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984. In the same year he won another seven Grammys and eight American Music Awards (including the Award of Merit, the youngest artist to win it), making him the most awarded in one night for both award shows.[32][33] These awards were thanks to the Thriller album, released in late 1982, which was 1983's best-selling album worldwide[34][35] and became the best-selling album of all time in the United States,[36] as well as the best-selling album of all time worldwide, selling an estimated 110 million copies so far.[37] The album topped the Billboard 200 chart for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to have seven Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles, including "Billie Jean", "Beat It", and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".[38] Thriller was certified for 29 million shipments by the RIAA, giving it Double Diamond status in the United States. The album won also another Grammy for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical in 1984, awarding Bruce Swedien for his work.[39] Jackson's attorney John Branca noted that Jackson had the highest royalty rate in the music industry at that point: approximately $2 for every album sold. He was also making record-breaking profits from sales of his recordings. The videocassette of the documentary The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller sold over 350,000 copies in a few months. The era saw the arrival of novelties like dolls modeled after Michael Jackson, which appeared in stores in May 1984 at a price of $12.[40] Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli writes that, "Thriller stopped selling like a leisure item—like a magazine, a toy, tickets to a hit movie—and started selling like a household staple."[41] In 1985, The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Longform.[32] In December 2009, the music video for "Thriller" was selected for the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, "Thriller" is the first music video ever to be inducted.[42][43][44]
Time described Jackson's influence at that point as "Star of records, radio, rock video. A one-man rescue team for the music business. A songwriter who sets the beat for a decade. A dancer with the fanciest feet on the street. A singer who cuts across all boundaries of taste and style and color too".[40] The New York Times wrote that, "in the world of pop music, there is Michael Jackson and there is everybody else".[45]
On March 25th 1983, Michael Jackson reunited with his brothers for a legendary live performance which was taped for a Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever television special. The show aired on May 16, 1983, to an audience of 47 million viewers, and featured the Jacksons and a number of other Motown stars. It is best remembered for Jackson's solo performance of "Billie Jean". Wearing a distinctive black sequin jacket and golf glove decorated with rhinestones, he debuted his signature dance move, the moonwalk, which former Soul Train dancer and Shalamar member Jeffrey Daniel had taught him three years before. The Jacksons' performance drew comparisons to Elvis Presley's and The Beatles' appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show.[46] Anna Kisselgoff of The New York Times later wrote, "The moonwalk that he made famous is an apt metaphor for his dance style. How does he do it? As a technician, he is a great illusionist, a genuine mime. His ability to keep one leg straight as he glides while the other bends and seems to walk requires perfect timing."[47]
Pepsi, "We Are the World" and business career (1984–85)[link]
On January 27, 1984, Michael and other members of the Jacksons filmed a Pepsi Cola commercial, overseen by executive Phil Dusenberry,[48] from ad agency BBDO and Pepsi's Worldwide Creative Director, Alan Pottasch at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. In front of a full house of fans during a simulated concert, pyrotechnics accidentally set Jackson's hair on fire. He suffered second-degree burns to his scalp. Jackson underwent treatment to hide the scars on his scalp, and he also had his third rhinoplasty shortly thereafter.[23] Jackson never recovered from this injury. Pepsi settled out of court, and Jackson donated his $1.5 million settlement to the Brotman Medical Center in Culver City, California, which now has a "Michael Jackson Burn Center" in honor of his donation.[49] Dusenberry later recounted the episode in his memoir, Then We Set His Hair on Fire: Insights and Accidents from a Hall of Fame Career in Advertising.
On May 14, 1984, Jackson was invited to the White House to receive an award from President Ronald Reagan for his support of charities that helped people overcome alcohol and drug abuse.[50] Jackson won eight awards during the Grammys that year. Unlike later albums, Thriller did not have an official tour to promote it, but the 1984 Victory Tour, headlined by The Jacksons, showcased much of Jackson's new solo material to more than two million Americans. He donated all the funds (around $8 million) raised from the Victory Tour to charity.[51] He also co-wrote the charity single "We Are the World" in 1985 with Lionel Richie, which was released worldwide to aid the poor in the U.S. and Africa. It became one of the best-selling singles of all time, with nearly 30 million copies sold and millions of dollars donated to famine relief. In 1986, "We Are the World" won four Grammys (one for Jackson for Song of the Year). American Music Award directors removed the charity song from the competition because they felt it would be inappropriate, but recognized it with two special honors (one for the creation of the song and one for the USA for Africa idea). They are the only AMAs that Jackson won as non-solo artist.[52][53][54][55]
In 1984, ATV Music Publishing, which had the copyrights to nearly 4000 songs, including the Northern Songs catalog that contained the majority of the Lennon–McCartney compositions recorded by The Beatles, was put up for sale by Robert Holmes à Court.[56] Jackson had become interested in owning music catalogs after working with Paul McCartney in the early 1980s: Jackson had learned McCartney made approximately $40 million a year from other people's songs.[57] In 1981,[58] McCartney was offered the ATV music catalog for £20 million ($40 million).[57][59] According to McCartney, he contacted Yoko Ono about making a joint purchase by splitting the cost equally at £10 million each, but Ono thought they could buy it for £5 million each.[57][59] When they were unable to make the joint purchase, McCartney let the offer fall through, not wanting to be the sole owner of the Beatles' songs.[58][59]
According to a negotiator for Holmes à Court in the 1984 sale, "We had given Paul McCartney first right of refusal but Paul didn't want it at that time."[60] Also, an attorney for McCartney assured Jackson's attorney, John Branca, that McCartney was not interested in bidding: McCartney reportedly said "It's too pricey".[57][58] But there were several other companies and investors bidding. In September 1984, Jackson was first informed about the sale by Branca and sent a bid of $46 million on November 20, 1984.[56] Jackson's agents thought they had a deal several times, but encountered new bidders or new areas of debate.[56] In May 1985, Jackson's team walked away from talks after having spent over $1 million on four months of due diligence and on the negotiations.[56]
In June 1985, Jackson and Branca learned that Charles Koppelman's and Marty Bandier's The Entertainment Co. had made a tentative agreement with Holmes à Court to buy ATV Music for $50 million.[56] But in early August, Holmes à Court's team contacted Jackson and talks resumed. Jackson raised his bid to $47.5 million and it was accepted because he could close the deal more quickly, having already completed due diligence of ATV Music.[56] He also agreed to visit Holmes à Court in Australia, where he would appear on the Channel Seven Perth Telethon.[56][60] Jackson's purchase of ATV Music was finalized August 10, 1985.[56]
[edit] Appearance, tabloids, Bad, films, autobiography and Neverland (1986–90)
See also: Michael Jackson's health and appearance
File:Michael Jackson King of Pop 1988.jpg
Jackson two years after he was diagnosed with vitiligo, here in the early stages of the disease
Jackson's skin had been a medium-brown color for the entire duration of his youth, but starting in the mid 1980s, it gradually grew paler. The change gained widespread media coverage, including rumors that he might be bleaching his skin.[61] According to J. Randy Taraborrelli's biography, in 1986, Jackson was diagnosed with vitiligo and lupus; the vitiligo partially lightened his skin, and the lupus was in remission; both illnesses made him sensitive to sunlight. The treatments he used for his condition further lightened his skin tone, and, with the application of pancake makeup to even out blotches, he could appear very pale.[62] Jackson was also diagnosed with vitiligo in his autopsy.[63] By the mid 1990s several surgeons speculated that he had undergone various nasal surgeries, a forehead lift, thinned lips, and cheekbone surgery—although Jackson denied this and insisted that he only had surgery on his nose.[64] Jackson claimed that he had only two rhinoplasties and no other surgery on his face, although at one point he mentioned having a dimple created in his chin.[65] Jackson lost weight in the early 1980s because of a change in diet and a desire for "a dancer's body".[65] Witnesses reported that he was often dizzy and speculated that he was suffering from anorexia nervosa; periods of weight loss would become a recurring problem later in life.[66]
During the course of his treatment, Jackson made two close friends: his dermatologist, Dr. Arnold Klein, and Klein's nurse Debbie Rowe. Rowe eventually became Jackson's second wife and the mother of his two eldest children. Long before becoming romantically involved with her, Jackson relied heavily on Rowe for emotional support. He also relied heavily on Klein, for medical and business advice.[67]
Jackson became the subject of increasingly sensational reports. In 1986, the tabloids ran a story claiming that Jackson slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber to slow the aging process; he was pictured lying down in a glass box. Although the claim was untrue, according to tabloid reports that are widely cited, Jackson had disseminated the fabricated story himself.[68][69] When Jackson bought a chimpanzee called Bubbles from a laboratory, he was reported to be increasingly detached from reality.[70] It was reported that Jackson had offered to buy the bones of Joseph Merrick (the "elephant man") and although untrue, Jackson did not deny the story.[68][69] Although initially he saw these stories as opportunities for publicity, he stopped leaking untruths to the press as they became more sensational. Consequently the media began making up their own stories.[69][71][72] These reports became embedded in the public consciousness, inspiring the nickname "Wacko Jacko", which Jackson came to despise.[73] Responding to the gossip, Jackson remarked to Taraborrelli:
Why not just tell people I'm an alien from Mars? Tell them I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight. They'll believe anything you say, because you're a reporter. But if I, Michael Jackson, were to say, "I'm an alien from Mars and I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight," people would say, "Oh, man, that Michael Jackson is nuts. He's cracked up. You can't believe a single word that comes out of his mouth."[74]
Jackson collaborated with George Lucas and Francis Ford Coppola on the 17-minute 3-D film Captain EO, which debuted in September 1986 at both the original Disneyland and at EPCOT in Florida, and in March 1987 at Tokyo Disneyland. The $30 million movie was a popular attraction at all three parks. A Captain EO attraction was later featured at Euro Disneyland after that park opened in 1992. All four parks' Captain EO installations stayed open well into the 1990s: Paris' installation was the last one to close, in 1998.[75] The attraction would later return to Disneyland in 2010 after Jackson's death.[76]
In 1987, Jackson disassociated himself from the Jehovah's Witnesses, in response to their disapproval of the Thriller video.[77] With the industry expecting another major hit, Jackson's first album in five years, Bad (1987), was highly anticipated.[78] It did not top Thriller as a commercial or artistic triumph, but Bad was still a substantial success in its own right.
The Bad album spawned seven hit singles in the U.S., five of which ("I Just Can't Stop Loving You", "Bad", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Man in the Mirror" and "Dirty Diana") reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. This was a record for most number one Hot 100 singles from any one album, including Thriller.[79] Although the title track's video was arguably derivative of the video for the earlier single "Beat It", the "Bad" video still proved to be one of Jackson's iconic moments. It was a gritty but colorful epic set against the backdrop of the New York City Subway system, with costuming and choreography inspired by West Side Story. As of 2012, the album sold between 30 and 45 million copies worldwide.[80][81][82][83][84][85][86] Thanks to the Bad album, Bruce Swedien and Humberto Gatica won one Grammy in 1988 for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical and Michael Jackson won one Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Leave Me Alone" in 1989.[32][39] In the same year, Jackson won an Award of Achievement at the American Music Awards because Bad is the first album ever to generate five number one singles in the US, the first album to top in 25 countries and the best-selling album worldwide in 1987 and in 1988.[87][88][89][90] In 1988, "Bad" won an American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Single.[91]
The Bad World Tour began on September 12 that year, finishing on January 14, 1989.[92] In Japan alone, the tour had 14 sellouts and drew 570,000 people, nearly tripling the previous record of 200,000 in a single tour.[93] Jackson broke a Guinness World Record when 504,000 people attended seven sold-out shows at Wembley Stadium. He performed a total of 123 concerts to an audience of 4.4 million people. The Bad Tour turned out to be the last of Jackson's concert tours to include shows in the continental United States, although later tours did make it to Hawaii.
In 1988, Jackson released his first and only autobiography, Moonwalk, which took four years to complete and sold 200,000 copies.[94] Jackson wrote about his childhood, The Jackson 5, and the abuse he had suffered.[95] He also wrote about his facial appearance, saying he had had two rhinoplastic surgeries and a dimple created in his chin.[65] He attributed much of the change in the structure of his face to puberty, weight loss, a strict vegetarian diet, a change in hair style, and stage lighting.[65] Moonwalk reached the top position on The New York Times best sellers' list.[96] The musician then released a film called Moonwalker, which featured live footage and short films that starred Jackson and Joe Pesci. The film was originally intended to be released to theaters but due to financial issues, the film was released direct-to-video. It saw a theatrical release in Germany, though. It debuted atop the Billboard Top Music Video Cassette chart, staying there for 22 weeks. It was eventually knocked off the top spot by Michael Jackson: The Legend Continues.[97]
In March 1988, Jackson purchased land near Santa Ynez, California, to build Neverland Ranch at a cost of $17 million. He installed Ferris wheels, a menagerie, and a movie theater on the 2,700-acre (11 km2) property. A security staff of 40 patrolled the grounds. In 2003, it was valued at approximately $100 million.[18][98] In 1989, his annual earnings from album sales, endorsements, and concerts was estimated at $125 million for that year alone.[99] Shortly afterwards, he became the first Westerner to appear in a television ad in the Soviet Union.[97]
His success resulted in his being dubbed the "King of Pop".[100][101][102][103] The nickname was popularized by Elizabeth Taylor when she presented him with the Soul Train Heritage Award in 1989, proclaiming him "the true king of pop, rock and soul."[104] President George H. W. Bush designated him the White House's "Artist of the Decade".[105] From 1985 to 1990, he donated $500,000 to the United Negro College Fund, and all of the profits from his single "Man in the Mirror" went to charity.[106][107] Jackson's live rendition of "You Were There" at Sammy Davis Jr.'s 60th birthday celebration received an Emmy nomination.[97]
[edit] Dangerous, Heal the World Foundation and Super Bowl XXVII (1991–93)
In March 1991, Jackson renewed his contract with Sony for $65 million, a record-breaking deal at the time,[108] displacing Neil Diamond's renewal contract with Columbia Records.[109] He released his eighth album Dangerous in 1991. As of 2008, Dangerous had shipped seven million copies in the U.S. and had sold 32 million copies worldwide. The Dangerous album was co-produced by Teddy Riley, one of the pioneers of "new jack swing" which convinced Michael to feature a rapper on his album for the first time, the act worked and it turned out to be the best-selling album associated with that movement.[110][111][112] In the United States, the album's first single "Black or White" was its biggest hit, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and remaining there for seven weeks, with similar chart performances worldwide.[113] The album's second single "Remember the Time" spent eight weeks in the top five in the United States, peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.[114] At the end of 1992, Dangerous was awarded 1992's best-selling album worldwide and "Black or White" was awarded 1992's best-selling single worldwide at the Billboard Music Awards. Additionally, he won an award as best-selling artist of the '80s.[115] In 1993, Jackson performed the song at the Soul Train Music Awards in a chair, saying he had suffered an injury in rehearsals.[116] In the UK and other parts of Europe, "Heal the World" was the biggest hit from the album; it sold 450,000 copies in the UK and spent five weeks at number two in 1992.[114]
Jackson founded the Heal the World Foundation in 1992. The charity organization brought underprivileged children to Jackson's ranch to enjoy theme park rides that Jackson had built on the property. The foundation also sent millions of dollars around the globe to help children threatened by war, poverty, and disease. In the same year Jackson published his second book, the bestselling collection of poetry, Dancing the Dream. While it was a commercial success and revealed a more intimate side to Jackson's nature, the collection was mostly critically unacclaimed at the time of release. In 2009, the book was republished by Doubleday and was more positively received by some critics in the wake of Jackson's untimely death. The Dangerous World Tour grossed $100 million. The tour began on June 27, 1992, and finished on November 11, 1993. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 67 concerts.[114][117] He sold the broadcast rights to his Dangerous world tour to HBO for $20 million, a record-breaking deal that still stands.[118]
Following the illness and death of Ryan White, Jackson helped draw public attention to HIV/AIDS, something that was still controversial at the time. He publicly pleaded with the Clinton Administration at Bill Clinton's Inaugural Gala to give more money to HIV/AIDS charities and research.[119][120] In a high-profile visit to Africa, Jackson visited several countries, among them Gabon and Egypt.[121] His first stop to Gabon was greeted with a sizable and enthusiastic reception of more than 100,000 people, some of them carrying signs that read, "Welcome Home Michael."[121] In his trip to Côte d'Ivoire, Jackson was crowned "King Sani" by a tribal chief.[121] He then thanked the dignitaries in French and English, signed official documents formalizing his kingship and sat on a golden throne while presiding over ceremonial dances.[121]
In January 1993, Jackson made a memorable appearance at the halftime show at Super Bowl XXVII. The performance began with Jackson catapulting onto the stage as fireworks went off behind him. As he landed on the canvas, he maintained a motionless "clenched fist, standing statue stance", dressed in a gold and black military outfit and sunglasses; he remained completely motionless for a minute and a half while the crowd cheered. He then slowly removed his sunglasses, threw them away and sang four songs: "Jam", "Billie Jean", "Black or White" and "Heal the World". It was the first Super Bowl where the audience figures increased during the half-time show, and was viewed by 135 million Americans alone; Jackson's Dangerous album rose 90 places up the album chart.[61] Jackson was given the "Living Legend Award" at the 35th Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. "Black or White" was Grammy-nominated for best vocal performance. "Jam" gained two nominations: Best R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song.[114] The Dangerous album won a Grammy for Best Engineered – Non Classical, awarding the work of Bruce Swedien and Teddy Riley. In the same year, Michael Jackson won three American Music Awards for Favorite Pop/Rock Album (Dangerous), Favorite Soul/R&B Single ("Remember the Time") and was the first to win the International Artist Award, for his global performances and humanitarian concerns. This award will bear his name in the future.[32][39][122]
First child sexual abuse allegations and first marriage (1993–94)[link]
Jackson gave a 90-minute interview to Oprah Winfrey on February 10, 1993, his second television interview since 1979. He grimaced when speaking of his childhood abuse at the hands of his father; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood years, admitting that he often cried from loneliness. He denied tabloid rumors that he had bought the bones of the Elephant Man, slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, or bleached his skin, stating for the first time that he had vitiligo. The interview was watched by an American audience of 90 million. Dangerous re-entered the album chart in the top 10, more than a year after its original release.[16][61][114]
In the summer of 1993, Jackson was accused of child sexual abuse by a 13-year-old boy named Jordan Chandler and his father, Dr. Evan Chandler, a dentist.[123][124][125] The Chandler family demanded payment from Jackson, and the singer initially refused. Jordan Chandler eventually told the police that Jackson had sexually abused him.[126] Dr. Chandler was tape-recorded discussing his intention to pursue charges, saying, "If I go through with this, I win big-time. There's no way I lose. I will get everything I want and they will be destroyed forever ... Michael's career will be over". Jordan's mother was, however, adamant that there had been no wrongdoing on Jackson's part.[125] Jackson later used the recording to argue that he was the victim of a jealous father whose only goal was to extort money from the singer.[125]
Later that year, on December 20, Jackson's home was raided by the police, and Jackson submitted to a 25-minute strip search.[127] Jordan Chandler had reportedly given police a description of Jackson's intimate parts, notably claiming that his bleach-damaged penis was circumcised; the strip search revealed, to the contrary, that Jackson was actually uncircumcised,[128] a fact confirmed in his autopsy.[129] His friends said he never recovered from the humiliation of the strip search. The investigation was inconclusive and no charges were ever filed.[130][131] Jackson described the search in an emotional public statement, and proclaimed his innocence.[123][127][132] On January 1, 1994, Jackson's insurance carrier settled with the Chandlers out of court for $22 million. A Santa Barbara County grand jury and a Los Angeles County grand jury disbanded on May 2, 1994 without indicting Jackson.[133] After which time the Chandlers stopped co-operating with the criminal investigation around July 6, 1994.[134][135][136] The out-of-court settlement's documentation specifically stated Jackson admitted no wrongdoing and no liability; the Chandlers and their family lawyer Larry Feldman signed it without contest.[137] The Chandlers' lawyer Mr. Feldman also explicitly stated "nobody bought anybody's silence".[138] A decade after the fact, during the second round of child abuse allegations, Jackson's lawyers would file a memo stating that the 1994 settlement was done without his consent.[135]
In May 1994, Jackson married the daughter of Elvis Presley, Lisa Marie Presley. They had first met in 1975, when a seven-year-old Presley attended one of Jackson's family engagements at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, and were reconnected through a mutual friend.[139] According to a friend of Presley's, "their adult friendship began in November 1992 in L.A."[140] They stayed in contact every day over the telephone. As the child molestation accusations became public, Jackson became dependent on Presley for emotional support; she was concerned about his faltering health and addiction to drugs.[141] Presley explained, "I believed he didn't do anything wrong and that he was wrongly accused and yes I started falling for him. I wanted to save him. I felt that I could do it."[142] She eventually persuaded him to settle the allegations out of court and go into rehabilitation to recover.[141]
Jackson proposed to Presley over the telephone towards the fall of 1993, saying, "If I asked you to marry me, would you do it?"[141] They married in the Dominican Republic in secrecy, denying it for nearly two months afterwards.[143] The marriage was, in her words, "a married couple's life ... that was sexually active".[144] At the time, the tabloid media speculated that the wedding was a ploy to prop up Jackson's public image.[143] The marriage lasted less than two years and ended with an amicable divorce settlement.[145] In a 2010 interview with Oprah, Presley admitted that they spent four more years after the divorce "getting back together and breaking up", until she decided to stop.[146]
[edit] HIStory, second marriage and fatherhood (1995–99)
In 1995, Jackson merged his ATV Music catalog with Sony's music publishing division creating Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Jackson retained half-ownership of the company, earned $95 million upfront as well as the rights to even more songs.[147][148] He then released the double album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I. The first disc, HIStory Begins, was a 15-track greatest hits album, and was later reissued as Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I in 2001, while the second disc, HIStory Continues, contained 15 new songs. The album debuted at number one on the charts and has been certified for seven million shipments in the US.[149] It is the best-selling multiple-disc album of all-time, with 20 million copies (40 million units) sold worldwide.[113][150] HIStory received a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year.[151]
The first single released from the album was the double A-side "Scream/Childhood". "Scream" was a duet, performed with Jackson's youngest sister Janet. The song fights against the media, mainly for what the media made him out to be during his 1993 child abuse allegations. The single had the highest debut on the Billboard Hot 100 at number five, and received a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals".[151] "You Are Not Alone" was the second single released from HIStory; it holds the Guinness World Record for the first song ever to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[99] It was seen as a major artistic and commercial success, receiving a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Vocal Performance".[151] In late 1995, Jackson was rushed to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for a televised performance; the incident was caused by a stress-related panic attack.[152] "Earth Song" was the third single released from HIStory, and topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks over Christmas 1995; it sold a million copies, making it Jackson's most successful single in the UK.[151] The track "They Don't Care About Us" became controversial when the Anti-Defamation League and other groups criticized its allegedly antisemitic lyrics. Jackson quickly put out a revised version of the song without the offending lyrics.[153] In 1996, Jackson won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Scream" and an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist.[32][154]
The album was promoted with the successful HIStory World Tour. The tour began on September 7, 1996, and finished on October 15, 1997. Jackson performed 82 concerts in 58 cities to over 4.5 million fans, and grossed up a total of $165 million. The show, which visited five continents and 35 countries, became Jackson's most successful in terms of audience figures.[92] During the tour, Jackson married his longtime friend Deborah Jeanne Rowe, a dermatology nurse, in an impromptu ceremony in Sydney, Australia. Rowe was approximately six months pregnant with the couple's first child at the time. Originally, Rowe and Jackson had no plans to marry, but Jackson's mother Katherine persuaded them to do so.[155] Michael Joseph Jackson Jr (commonly known as Prince) was born on February 13, 1997; his sister Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson was born a year later on April 3, 1998.[145][156] The couple divorced in 1999, and Jackson got full custody of the children. The divorce was relatively amicable, but a subsequent custody suit was not settled until 2006.[157][158]
In 1997, Jackson released Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix, which contained remixes of hit singles from HIStory and five new songs. Worldwide sales stand at 6 million copies as of 2007, it is the best selling remix album ever released.[159] It reached number one in the UK, as did the title track.[159][160] In the US, the album was certified platinum, but only reached number 24.[110][151] Forbes placed his annual income at $35 million in 1996 and $20 million in 1997.[98] Throughout June 1999, Jackson was involved in a number of charitable events. He joined Luciano Pavarotti for a benefit concert in Modena, Italy. The show was in support of the nonprofit organization War Child, and raised a million dollars for the refugees of Kosovo, FR Yugoslavia, as well as additional funds for the children of Guatemala.[161] Later that month, Jackson organized a set of "Michael Jackson & Friends" benefit concerts in Germany and Korea. Other artists involved included Slash, The Scorpions, Boyz II Men, Luther Vandross, Mariah Carey, A. R. Rahman, Prabhu Deva Sundaram, Shobana, Andrea Bocelli and Luciano Pavarotti. The proceeds went to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, the Red Cross and UNESCO.[162]
[edit] Label dispute, Invincible and third child (2000–03)
At the turn of the century, the American Music Awards honored Jackson as Artist of the '80s.[163] Throughout 2000 and 2001, Jackson worked in the studio with Teddy Riley and Rodney Jerkins, as well as other collaborators. These sessions would result in the album Invincible, released in October 2001. Invincible was Jackson's first full-length album in six years, and it would be the last album of new material he released while still alive. The release of the album was preceded by a dispute between Jackson and his record label, Sony Music Entertainment. Jackson had expected the licenses to the masters of his albums to revert to him sometime in the early 2000s. Once he had the licenses, he would be able to promote the material however he pleased and he would also be able to keep all the profits. However, due to various clauses in the contract, the revert date turned out to be many years away. Jackson discovered that the attorney who represented him in the deal was also representing Sony.[160] Jackson was also concerned about the fact that for a number of years, Sony had been pressuring him to sell his share in their music catalog venture. Jackson feared that Sony might have a conflict of interest, since if Jackson's career failed he would have to sell his share of the catalog at a low price.[164] Jackson sought an early exit from his contract.[160] Just before the release of Invincible, Jackson informed the head of Sony Music Entertainment, Tommy Mottola, that he was leaving Sony.[160] As a result, all singles releases, video shootings and promotions concerning the Invincible album were suspended.
In September 2001, two 30th Anniversary concerts were held at Madison Square Garden to mark the singer's 30th year as a solo artist. Jackson appeared onstage alongside his brothers for the first time since 1984. The show also featured performances by Mýa, Usher, Whitney Houston, 'N Sync, Destiny's Child, Monica, Luther Vandross, and Slash, among other artists.[165] The second of the two shows took place the night before the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.[166] After 9/11, Jackson helped organize the United We Stand: What More Can I Give benefit concert at RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C. The concert took place on October 21, 2001, and included performances from dozens of major artists, including Jackson, who performed his song "What More Can I Give" as the finale.[164] Jackson's solo performances were omitted from the televised version of the benefit concert, although he could still be seen singing background vocals. This omission happened because of contractual issues related to the earlier 30th Anniversary concerts: those concerts were boiled down into a two-hour TV special titled Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration: The Solo Years which debuted in November 2001.
In spite of the events preceding its release, Invincible came out in October 2001 to much anticipation. Invincible proved to be a hit, debuting atop the charts in 13 countries and going on to sell approximately 13 million copies worldwide. It received double-platinum certification in the US.[110][113][167] However, the sales for Invincible were lower than those of his previous releases, due in part to a lack of promotion, no supporting world tour and the label dispute. The album also came out at a bad time for the music industry in general.[164] The album cost $30 million to record, not including promotional expenditures.[168] Invincible spawned three singles, "You Rock My World", "Cry" and "Butterflies", the latter without a music video. Jackson alleged in July 2002 that Mottola was a "devil" and a "racist" who did not support his African-American artists, using them merely for his own personal gain.[164] He charged that Mottola had called his colleague Irv Gotti a "fat nigger".[169] Sony refused to renew Jackson's contract, and claimed that a $25 million promotional campaign had failed because Jackson refused to tour in the United States.[168]
In 2002, Michael Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the Century.[170] In the same year, Jackson's third child, Prince Michael Jackson II (nicknamed "Blanket") was born.[171] The mother's identity is unknown, but Jackson has said the child was the result of artificial insemination from a surrogate mother and his own sperm.[157] On November 20 of that year, Jackson brought his newborn son onto the balcony of his room at the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, as fans stood below, holding him in his right arm, with a cloth loosely draped over the baby's face. The baby was briefly extended over a railing, four stories above ground level, causing widespread criticism in the media. Jackson later apologized for the incident, calling it "a terrible mistake".[172] Sony released Number Ones, a compilation of Jackson's hits on CD and DVD. In the US, the album was certified triple platinum by the RIAA; in the UK it was certified six times platinum for shipments of at least 1.2 million units.[110][173]
Second child sexual abuse allegations and acquittal (2003–05)[link]
Further information: Living with Michael Jackson and People v. Jackson
Beginning in May 2002, Jackson allowed a documentary film crew, led by British TV personality Martin Bashir, to follow him around just about everywhere he went. Bashir's film crew was with Jackson during the "baby-dangling incident" in Berlin. The program was broadcast in March 2003 as Living with Michael Jackson, and painted an extraordinarily unflattering portrait of the singer.
In a particularly controversial scene, Jackson was seen holding hands and discussing sleeping arrangements with a young boy.[174] As soon as the documentary aired, the Santa Barbara county attorney's office began a criminal investigation. Jackson was arrested in November 2003, and was charged with seven counts of child molestation and two counts of administering an intoxicating agent in relation to the 13 year old boy shown in the film.[174] Jackson denied the allegations, saying the sleepovers were not sexual in nature. The People v. Jackson trial began on January 31, 2005, in Santa Maria, California, and lasted five months, until the end of May. On June 13, 2005, Jackson was acquitted on all counts.[175][176][177] After the trial, in a highly publicized relocation he moved to the Persian Gulf island of Bahrain, as a guest of Sheikh Abdullah.[178] Bahrain was also where the family intended to send Jackson if he was convicted (though Jackson did not know about the plan), according to a statement by Jermaine Jackson printed in The Times of London in September 2011.[179]
[edit] Closure of Neverland, final years and This Is It (2006–09)
In March 2006, the main house at the Neverland Ranch was closed as a cost-cutting measure.[180] There were numerous reports around that time that Jackson was having financial problems. Jackson had been delinquent on his repayments of a $270 million loan secured against his music publishing holdings, even though those holdings were reportedly making him as much as $75 million a year.[181] Bank of America sold the debt to Fortress Investments. Sony reportedly proposed a restructuring deal which would give them a future option to buy half of Jackson's stake in their jointly owned publishing company (leaving Jackson with a 25% stake).[148] Jackson agreed to a Sony-backed refinancing deal in April 2006, although the exact details were not made public.[182] Jackson did not have a recording contract in place with Sony or any other major record label at the time.
In early 2006, there was an announcement that Jackson had signed a contract with a Bahrain-based startup called Two Seas Records. However, nothing ever came of that deal, and the CEO of Two Seas, Guy Holmes, later stated that the deal had never been finalized.[183][184] Throughout 2006, Sony repackaged 20 singles from the 1980s and 1990s as the Michael Jackson: Visionary series, which subsequently became a box set. Most of those singles returned to the charts as a result. In September 2006, Jackson and his ex-wife Debbie Rowe confirmed reports that they had settled their long-running child custody suit. The terms were never made public. Jackson continued to be the custodial parent of the couple's two children.[158] In October 2006, Fox News entertainment reporter Roger Friedman said that Jackson had been recording at a studio in rural Westmeath, Ireland. It was not known at the time what Jackson might be working on, or who might be paying for the sessions, since his publicist had recently issued a statement claiming that he had left Two Seas.[184][185]
In November 2006, Jackson invited an Access Hollywood camera crew into the studio in Westmeath, and MSNBC broke the story that he was working on a new album, produced by will.i.am of The Black Eyed Peas.[113] Jackson performed at the World Music Awards, in London on November 15, 2006, and accepted a Diamond Award for selling over 100 million records.[113][186] Jackson returned to the United States after Christmas 2006 to attend James Brown's funeral in Augusta, Georgia. He gave one of the eulogies, saying that "James Brown is my greatest inspiration."[187] In the spring of 2007, Jackson and Sony teamed up to buy yet another music publishing company: Famous Music LLC, formerly owned by Viacom. This deal gave him the rights to songs by Eminem, Shakira and Beck, among others.[188] Jackson recorded extensively during this period in New York with songwriter and producer will.i.am and also in Las Vegas with producers Akon and RedOne.[189][190] In March 2007, Jackson gave a brief interview to the Associated Press in Tokyo, where he said, "I've been in the entertainment industry since I was 6 years old, and as Charles Dickens would say, 'It's been the best of times, the worst of times.' But I would not change my career ... While some have made deliberate attempts to hurt me, I take it in stride because I have a loving family, a strong faith and wonderful friends and fans who have, and continue, to support me."[191]
In September 2007, Jackson was reportedly still working with will.i.am, but the album was apparently never completed.[192] However, in 2008, Jackson and Sony released Thriller 25 to mark the 25th anniversary of the original Thriller. This album featured the previously unreleased song "For All Time" (an outtake from the original sessions) as well as remixes, where Jackson collaborated with younger artists who had been inspired by his work.[193] Two of the remixes were released as singles with only modest success: "The Girl Is Mine 2008" (with will.i.am) and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008" (with Akon). The first single was based on an early demo version, without Paul McCartney. The album itself was a hit, however.[193][194][195][196] In anticipation of Jackson's 50th birthday, Sony BMG released a series of greatest-hits albums called King of Pop. Slightly different versions were released in various countries, based on polls of local fans.[197] King of Pop reached the top 10 in most countries where it was issued, and also sold well as an import in other countries (such as the United States.)[198][199]
In the fall of 2008, Fortress Investments threatened to foreclose on Neverland Ranch, which Jackson used as collateral for loans running into many tens of millions of dollars. However, Fortress opted to sell Jackson's debts to Colony Capital LLC. In November, Jackson transferred Neverland Ranch's title to Sycamore Valley Ranch Company LLC, which was a joint venture between Jackson and Colony Capital LLC. This deal cleared Jackson's debt, and he reportedly even gained an extra $35 million from the venture. At the time of his death, Jackson still owned a stake in Neverland/Sycamore Valley, but it is unknown how large that stake was.[200][201][202] In September 2008, Jackson entered negotiations with Julien's Auction House to display and auction a large collection of memorabilia amounting to approximately 1,390 lots. The auction was scheduled to take place between April 22 and April 25.[203] An exhibition of the lots opened as scheduled on April 14, but the actual auction was eventually cancelled at Jackson's request.[204]
In March 2009, Jackson held a press conference at London's O2 Arena and announced a series of comeback concerts titled This Is It. The shows would be Jackson's first major series of concerts since the HIStory World Tour finished in 1997. Jackson suggested possible retirement after the shows; he said it would be his "final curtain call". The initial plan was for 10 concerts in London, followed by shows in Paris, New York City and Mumbai. Randy Phillips, president and chief executive of AEG Live, stated that the first 10 dates alone would earn the singer approximately £50 million.[205] The London residency was increased to 50 dates after record breaking ticket sales: over one million were sold in less than two hours.[206] Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega. Most of these rehearsals took place at the Staples Center, which was owned by AEG.[207] The concerts would have commenced on July 13, 2009, and finished on March 6, 2010. Less than three weeks before the first show was due to begin in London and with all concerts being sold out, Jackson died after suffering cardiac arrest.[208] Some time before his death, it was widely stated that he was starting a clothing line with Christian Audigier; due to his death, the current status of the label remains unknown.[209][210]
Jackson's first posthumous single was a song titled "This Is It" which Jackson cowrote in the 1980s with Paul Anka. It was not on the set lists for the concerts, and the recording was based on an old demo tape. The surviving brothers reunited in the studio for the first time since 1989 to record backing vocals. On October 28, 2009, a documentary film about the rehearsals titled Michael Jackson's This Is It was released.[211] Even though it ran for a limited two-week engagement, it became the highest grossing documentary or concert movie of all time, with earnings of more than $260 million worldwide.[212] Jackson's estate received 90% of the profits.[213] The film was accompanied by a compilation album of the same name. Two versions of the new song appear on the album, which also featured original masters of Jackson's hits in the order in which they appear in the movie, along with a bonus disc with previously unreleased versions of more Jackson hits as well as a spoken-word poem titled "Planet Earth".[214] At the 2009 American Music Awards Jackson won four posthumous awards, two for him and two for his album Number Ones, bringing his total American Music Awards to 26.[215][216]
Death and memorial[link]
Main articles: Death of Michael Jackson and Michael Jackson memorial service
File:MJ's tomb.jpg
Michael Jackson's Tomb in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale
On June 25, 2009, Jackson died while in his bed at his rented mansion at 100 North Carolwood Drive in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles. Attempts at resuscitating him by Conrad Murray, his personal physician, were unsuccessful.[217] Los Angeles Fire Department paramedics received a 911 call at 12:22 (PDT, 19:22 UTC), arriving three minutes later at Jackson's location.[218][219] He was reportedly not breathing and CPR was performed.[220] Resuscitation efforts continued en route to the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, and for more than an hour after arriving there at 1:13 (20:13 UTC). He was pronounced dead at 2:26 local time (21:26 UTC).[221][222] Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief.[217]
The news spread quickly online, causing websites to slow down and crash from user overload. Both TMZ and the Los Angeles Times suffered outages.[223] Google initially believed that the input from millions of people searching for "Michael Jackson" meant that the search engine was under DDoS attack, and blocked searches related to Michael Jackson for 30 minutes. Twitter reported a crash, as did Wikipedia at 3:15 p.m. PDT (22:15 UTC).[224] The Wikimedia Foundation reported nearly a million visitors to Jackson's biography within one hour, probably the most visitors in a one-hour period to any article in Wikipedia's history.[225] AOL Instant Messenger collapsed for 40 minutes. AOL called it a "seminal moment in Internet history", adding, "We've never seen anything like it in terms of scope or depth."[226]
Around 15% of Twitter posts—or 5,000 tweets per minute—reportedly mentioned Jackson after the news broke,[227][228] compared to the 5% recalled as having mentioned the Iranian elections or the flu pandemic that had made headlines earlier in the year.[228] Overall, web traffic ranged from 11% to at least 20% higher than normal.[227][229] MTV and Black Entertainment Television (BET) aired marathons of Jackson's music videos.[230] Jackson specials aired on multiple television stations around the world. The British soap opera EastEnders added a last-minute scene, in which one character tells another about the news, to the June 26 episode.[231] Jackson was the topic of every front-page headline in the daily British tabloid The Sun for about two weeks following his death.[232] During the same period, the three major U.S. networks' evening newscasts—ABC World News, CBS Evening News, and NBC Nightly News—devoted 34% of their broadcast time to him.[233] Magazines including Time published commemorative editions.[234] A scene that had featured Jackson's sister La Toya was cut from the film Brüno out of respect toward Jackson's family.[235]
Jackson's memorial was held on July 7, 2009, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, preceded by a private family service at Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Hall of Liberty. Jackson's casket was present during the memorial but no information was released about the final disposition of the body. While some unofficial reports claimed a worldwide audience as high as one billion people,[236][237] the U.S. audience was estimated by Nielsen to be 31.1 million, an amount comparable to the estimated 35.1 million that watched the 2004 burial of former president Ronald Reagan, and the estimated 33.1 million Americans who watched the 1997 funeral for Princess Diana.[238]
Mariah Carey, Stevie Wonder, Lionel Richie, John Mayer, Jennifer Hudson, Usher, Jermaine Jackson, and Shaheen Jafargholi performed at the event. Berry Gordy and Smokey Robinson gave eulogies, while Queen Latifah read "We had him", a poem written for the occasion by Maya Angelou.[239] The Reverend Al Sharpton received a standing ovation with cheers when he told Jackson's children, "Wasn't nothing strange about your daddy. It was strange what your daddy had to deal with. But he dealt with it anyway."[240] Jackson's 11-year-old daughter, Paris Katherine, cried as she told the crowd, "Ever since I was born, Daddy has been the best father you could ever imagine ... I just wanted to say I love him ... so much."[166] Reverend Lucious Smith provided a closing prayer.[241] On August 24, several news outlets quoted anonymous sources as stating that the Los Angeles coroner had decided to treat Jackson's death as a homicide; this was later confirmed by the coroner on August 28.[242][243] At the time of death, Jackson had been administered propofol, lorazepam and midazolam.[244] Law enforcement officials conducted a manslaughter investigation of his personal physician, Conrad Murray.[245] On February 8, 2010, Murray was charged with involuntary manslaughter by prosecutors in Los Angeles.[246] Jackson was entombed on September 3, 2009, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.[247]
On June 25, 2010, the first anniversary of Jackson's death, fans traveled to Los Angeles to pay their tribute to him. They visited Jackson’s star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and his family’s home, as well as Forest Lawn Memorial Park. Many of the fans were carrying sunflowers and other tribute items to drop off at the sites. Members of the Jackson family and close friends arrived to pay their respects.[248][249] Katherine returned to Gary, Indiana to unveil a granite monument constructed in the front yard of the family home. The memorial continued with a candlelight vigil and a special performance of "We Are the World".[250][251] On June 26, there was a protest march in front of the Los Angeles Police Department's Robbery-Homicide Division at the old Parker Center building and a petition with thousands of signatures demanding justice was delivered.[252][253] The Jackson Family Foundation in conjunction with Voiceplate presented "Forever Michael", an event bringing together Jackson family members, celebrities, fans, supporters and the community to celebrate and honor his legacy. A portion of the proceeds were presented to some of Jackson's favorite charities. Katherine also introduced her new book "Never Can Say Goodbye".[254][255][256]
Death aftermath[link]
After his death, Jackson became the best-selling albums artist of 2009. In the United States selling over 8.2 million albums and a total of 35 million albums worldwide in the 12 months that followed his death.[257][258] Following this surge in sales, Sony announced that they had extended their relationship with his material. The distribution rights held by Sony Music were due to expire in 2015.[259] On March 16, 2010, Sony Music Entertainment, in a move spearheaded by its Columbia/Epic Label Group division, signed a new deal with the Jackson estate to extend their distribution rights to his back catalogue until at least 2017, as well as to obtain permission to release ten new albums with previously unreleased material and new collections of released work. On November 4, 2010 Sony announced the release of Michael, the first posthumous album set to be released on December 14, with the promotional single released to the radios on November 8, titled "Breaking News".[260] The deal was unprecedented in the music industry as it is the most expensive music contract pertaining to a single artist in history; it reportedly involved Sony Music paying $250 million for the deal, with the Jackson estate getting the full sum as well as its share of royalties for all works released.[259][261] Video game developer Ubisoft announced it would release a new dancing-and-singing game featuring Michael Jackson for the 2010 holiday season. The game titled Michael Jackson: The Experience will be among the first to use Kinect and PlayStation Move, the respective motion-detecting camera systems for Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Sony's PlayStation 3 due out later that year.[262]
On November 3, 2010, the theatrical performing company Cirque du Soleil announced that it would launch "Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour" in October 2011 in Montreal, while a permanent show will reside in Las Vegas.[263] The 90-minute US$57M production will combine Jackson's iconic musical oeuvre and choreography with the Cirque's signature artistry, dance and aerial displays involving 65 artists.[264] The tour was written and directed by Jamie King[265] and centers on Jackson's "inspirational Giving Tree – the wellspring of creativity where his love of music and dance, fairy tale and magic, and the fragile beauty of nature are unlocked."[266] On October 3, 2011, the accompanying compilation soundtrack album Immortal was announced to have over 40 Jackson’s original recordings re-produced by Kevin Antunes.[267]
In April 2011, Jackson's longtime friend and billionaire businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed, chairman of Fulham F.C., unveiled a statue of Jackson outside the club's stadium, Craven Cottage.[268] Fulham fans were however bemused by the statue and failed to understand the relevance of Jackson to the club.[269] Al Fayed however defended the statue and told the fans to 'go to hell' if they didn't appreciate the statue.[270]
Artistry[link]
Influences[link]
Jackson's music took root in R&B, pop and soul. He had been influenced by the work of contemporary musicians such as Little Richard, James Brown, Jackie Wilson, Diana Ross, David Ruffin, Gene Kelly, Fred Astaire, Sammy Davis, Jr., The Isley Brothers, the Bee Gees and the West Side Story dancers, to whom he made a tribute in "Beat It" and in the "Bad" video.[271] According to David Winters, who met and befriended Jackson while choreographing the 1971 Diana Ross TV Special "Diana!", (which was also Jackson's first solo debut outside of The Jackson 5), Jackson watched West Side Story almost every week and it was his favorite film.[272][273][274] While Little Richard had a substantial influence on Jackson,[275][276] James Brown was Jackson's greatest inspiration. In reference to Brown, Jackson declared: "Ever since I was a small child, no more than like six years old, my mother would wake me no matter what time it was, if I was sleeping, no matter what I was doing, to watch the television to see the master at work. And when I saw him move, I was mesmerized. I had never seen a performer perform like James Brown, and right then and there I knew that was exactly what I wanted to do for the rest of my life because of James Brown."[277]
The young Michael Jackson owed his vocal technique in large part to Diana Ross. Not only a mother figure to him, she was often observed in rehearsal as an accomplished performer. He later expressed: "I got to know her well. She taught me so much. I used to just sit in the corner and watch the way she moved. She was art in motion. I studied the way she moved, the way she sang – just the way she was." He told her: "I want to be just like you, Diana." She said: "You just be yourself."[278] But Jackson owed part of his enduring style—especially his use of the oooh interjection—to Ross. From a young age, Jackson often punctuated his verses with a sudden exclamation of oooh. Diana Ross had used this effect on many of the songs recorded with The Supremes.[279]
Musical themes and genres[link]
Unlike many artists, Jackson did not write his songs on paper. Instead he would dictate into a sound recorder, and when recording he would sing the lyrics from memory.[280] In most of his songs, such as "Billie Jean", "Who Is It", and "Tabloid Junkie", he would beatbox and imitate the instruments using his voice instead of playing the actual instruments, along with other sounds. Jackson noted that it is easier to sing a drum line, or sing a bass, instead of playing a drum line or a bass with an instrument. Several critics have said that Jackson's distinct voice was able to replace any instrument convincingly. Steve Huey of Allmusic said that, throughout his solo career, Jackson's versatility allowed him to experiment with various themes and genres.[281] As a musician, he ranged from Motown's dance fare and ballads to techno and house-edged new jack swing to work that incorporates both funk rhythms and hard rock guitar.[18][282][283]
According to Huey, Thriller refined the strengths of Off the Wall; the dance and rock tracks were more aggressive, while the pop tunes and ballads were softer and more soulful.[281] Notable tracks included the ballads "The Lady in My Life", "Human Nature" and "The Girl Is Mine"; the funk pieces "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'"; and the post-disco set "Baby Be Mine" and "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)".[281][282][283][284][285] With Thriller, Christopher Connelly of Rolling Stone commented that Jackson developed his long association with the subliminal theme of paranoia and darker imagery.[285] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted this is evident on the songs "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".[283] In "Billie Jean", Jackson sings about an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered a child of hers.[281] In "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" he argues against gossip and the media.[285] "Beat It" decried gang violence in an homage to West Side Story, and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-over piece, according to Huey.[18][281] He also observed that the title track "Thriller" began Jackson's interest with the theme of the supernatural, a topic he revisited in subsequent years.[281] In 1985, Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem "We Are the World"; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public persona.[281]
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One of Jackson's signature pieces, "Thriller", released as a single in 1984, utilizes cinematic sound effects, horror film motifs and vocal trickery to convey a sense of danger.[22]
A single from the album Bad, released 1988, "Smooth Criminal" features digital drum sounds, keyboard-created bass lines and other percussion elements designed to give the impression of a pulsing heart.[286]
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In Bad, Jackson's concept of the predatory lover can be seen on the rock song "Dirty Diana".[290] The lead single "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" is a traditional love ballad, while "Man in the Mirror" is an anthemic ballad of confession and resolution.[78] "Smooth Criminal" was an evocation of bloody assault, rape and likely murder.[78] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that Dangerous presents Jackson as a very paradoxical individual.[291] He comments the album is more diverse than his previous Bad, as it appeals to an urban audience while also attracting the middle class with anthems like "Heal the World".[291] The first half of the record is dedicated to new jack swing, including songs like "Jam" and "Remember the Time".[292] The album is Jackson's first where social ills become a primary theme; "Why You Wanna Trip on Me", for example, protests against world hunger, AIDS, homelessness and drugs.[292] Dangerous contains sexually charged efforts such as the multifaceted love song, "In the Closet".[292] The title track continues the theme of the predatory lover and compulsive desire.[292] The second half includes introspective, pop-gospel anthems such as "Will You Be There", "Heal the World" and "Keep the Faith"; these songs show Jackson opening up about various personal struggles and worries.[292] In the ballad "Gone Too Soon", Jackson gives tribute to his friend Ryan White and the plight of those with AIDS.[293]
HIStory creates an atmosphere of paranoia.[294] Its content focuses on the hardships and public struggles Jackson went through just prior to its production. In the new jack swing-funk-rock efforts "Scream" and "Tabloid Junkie", along with the R&B ballad "You Are Not Alone", Jackson retaliates against the injustice and isolation he feels, and directs much of his anger at the media.[295] In the introspective ballad "Stranger in Moscow", Jackson laments over his "fall from grace", while songs like "Earth Song", "Childhood", "Little Susie" and "Smile" are all operatic pop pieces.[294][295] In the track "D.S.", Jackson launched a verbal attack against Tom Sneddon. He describes Sneddon as an antisocial, white supremacist who wanted to "get my ass, dead or alive". Of the song, Sneddon said, "I have not—shall we say—done him the honor of listening to it, but I've been told that it ends with the sound of a gunshot".[296] Invincible found Jackson working heavily with producer Rodney Jerkins.[281] It is a record made up of urban soul like "Cry" and "The Lost Children", ballads such as "Speechless", "Break of Dawn" and "Butterflies" and mixes hip-hop, pop and R&B in "2000 Watts", "Heartbreaker" and "Invincible".[297][298]
Vocal style[link]
Jackson sang from childhood, and over time his voice and vocal style changed noticeably. Between 1971 and 1975, Jackson's voice descended from boy soprano to high tenor.[299] His vocal range as an adult was F2-E♭6. Jackson first used a technique called the "vocal hiccup" in 1973, starting with the song "It's Too Late to Change the Time" from The Jackson 5's G.I.T.: Get It Together album.[300] Jackson did not use the hiccup technique— somewhat like a gulping for air or gasping— fully until the recording of Off the Wall: it can be seen in full force in the "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" promotional video.[20] With the arrival of Off the Wall in the late 1970s, Jackson's abilities as a vocalist were well regarded. At the time, Rolling Stone compared his vocals to the "breathless, dreamy stutter" of Stevie Wonder. Their analysis was also that "Jackson's feathery-timbred tenor is extraordinarily beautiful. It slides smoothly into a startling falsetto that's used very daringly".[301][302] 1982 saw the release of Thriller, and Rolling Stone was of the opinion that Jackson was then singing in a "fully adult voice" that was "tinged by sadness".[285]
A distinctive deliberate mispronunciation of "come on", used frequently by Jackson, occasionally spelled "cha'mone" or "shamone", is also a staple in impressions and caricatures of him.[303] The turn of the 1990s saw the release of the introspective album Dangerous. The New York Times noted that on some tracks, "he gulps for breath, his voice quivers with anxiety or drops to a desperate whisper, hissing through clenched teeth" and he had a "wretched tone".[292] When singing of brotherhood or self-esteem the musician would return to "smooth" vocals.[292] When commenting on Invincible, Rolling Stone were of the opinion that—at the age of 43—Jackson still performed "exquisitely voiced rhythm tracks and vibrating vocal harmonies".[304] Nelson George summed up Jackson's vocals by stating "The grace, the aggression, the growling, the natural boyishness, the falsetto, the smoothness—that combination of elements mark him as a major vocalist".[286]
Music videos and choreography[link]
Jackson has also been referred to as the King of Music Videos,[305] Steve Huey of Allmusic observed how Jackson transformed the music video into an art form and a promotional tool through complex story lines, dance routines, special effects and famous cameo appearances; simultaneously breaking down racial barriers.[281] Before Thriller, Jackson struggled to receive coverage on MTV, allegedly because he was African American.[306] Pressure from CBS Records persuaded MTV to start showing "Billie Jean" and later "Beat It", leading to a lengthy partnership with Jackson, also helping other black music artists gain recognition.[307] MTV employees deny any racism in their coverage, or pressure to change their stance. MTV maintains that they played rock music, regardless of race.[308] The popularity of his videos on MTV helped to put the relatively young channel "on the map"; MTV's focus shifted in favor of pop and R&B.[309][307] His performance on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever changed the scope of live stage show; "That Jackson lip-synced 'Billie Jean' is, in itself, not extraordinary, but the fact that it did not change the impact of the performance is extraordinary; whether the performance was live or lip-synced made no difference to the audience" thus creating an era in which artists re-create the spectacle of music video imagery on stage.[310] Short films like Thriller largely remained unique to Jackson, while the group dance sequence in "Beat It" has frequently been imitated.[311] The choreography in Thriller has become a part of global pop culture, replicated everywhere from Indian films to prisons in the Philippines.[312] The Thriller short film marked an increase in scale for music videos, and has been named the most successful music video ever by the Guinness World Records.[99]
In the 19-minute music video for "Bad"—directed by Martin Scorsese—Jackson began using sexual imagery and choreography not previously seen in his work. He occasionally grabbed or touched his chest, torso and crotch. When asked by Oprah in the 1993 interview about why he grabbed his crotch, he replied, "I think it happens subliminally" and he described it as something that was not planned, but rather, as something that was compelled by the music. "Bad" garnered a mixed reception from both fans and critics; Time magazine described it as "infamous". The video also featured Wesley Snipes; in the future Jackson's videos would often feature famous cameo roles.[71][313] For "Smooth Criminal", Jackson experimented with an innovative "anti-gravity lean" in his performances. The maneuver required special shoes for which he was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,255,452.[314] Although the music video for "Leave Me Alone" was not officially released in the US, in 1989, it was nominated for three Billboard Music Video Awards;[315] the same year it won a Golden Lion Award for the quality of the special effects used in its production. In 1990, "Leave Me Alone" won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form.[97]
He received the MTV Video Vanguard Award in 1988 and the MTV Video Vanguard Artist of the Decade Award in 1990 to celebrate his accomplishments in the art form in the 1980s; in 1991 the first award was renamed in his honor.[114] "Black or White" was accompanied by a controversial music video, which, on November 14, 1991, simultaneously premiered in 27 countries with an estimated audience of 500 million people, the largest viewing ever for a music video.[113] It featured scenes construed as having a sexual nature as well as depictions of violence. The offending scenes in the final half of the 14-minute version were edited out to prevent the video from being banned, and Jackson apologized.[316] Along with Jackson, it featured Macaulay Culkin, Peggy Lipton and George Wendt. It helped usher in morphing as an important technology in music videos.[317]
"Remember the Time" was an elaborate production, and became one of his longest videos at over nine minutes. Set in ancient Egypt, it featured groundbreaking visual effects and appearances by Eddie Murphy, Iman and Magic Johnson, along with a distinct complex dance routine.[318] The video for "In the Closet" was Jackson's most sexually provocative piece. It featured supermodel Naomi Campbell in a courtship dance with Jackson. The video was banned in South Africa because of its imagery.[114]
The music video for "Scream", directed by Mark Romanek and production designer Tom Foden, is one of Jackson's most critically acclaimed. In 1995, it gained 11 MTV Video Music Award Nominations—more than any other music video—and won "Best Dance Video", "Best Choreography", and "Best Art Direction".[319] The song and its accompanying video are a response to the backlash Jackson received from the media after being accused of child molestation in 1993.[320] A year later, it won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form; shortly afterwards Guinness World Records listed it as the most expensive music video ever made at a cost of $7 million.[151][321]
"Earth Song" was accompanied by an expensive and well-received music video that gained a Grammy nomination for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1997. The video had an environmental theme, showing images of animal cruelty, deforestation, pollution and war. Using special effects, time is reversed so that life returns, wars end, and the forests re-grow.[151][322] Released in 1997 and premiering at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival, Michael Jackson's Ghosts was a short film written by Jackson and Stephen King and directed by Stan Winston. The video for Ghosts is over 38 minutes long and holds the Guinness World Record as the world's longest music video.[151][160][323][324]
Legacy and influence[link]
Jackson throughout his career transformed the art of the music video and paved the way for modern pop music. Daily Telegraph writer Tom Utley described Jackson in 2003 as "extremely important" and a "genius".[239] For much of his career, he had an "unparalleled" level of worldwide influence over the younger generation through his musical and humanitarian contributions.[153] Jackson's music and videos, such as Thriller, fostered racial diversity in MTV's roster, helped to put the relatively new channel into public awareness, and steered the channel's focus from rock to pop music and R&B, shaping the channel into a form that proved enduring. Jackson's work continues to influence numerous hip hop, rock, pop and R&B artists, including Patrick Stump,[325] Jennifer Lopez,[326] Beyoncé,[327] Mariah Carey,[328] Mýa,[329] Usher,[330] Adam Lambert,[331] Green Day,[332] Justin Timberlake,[333] Britney Spears,[334] Madonna,[335] Alien Ant Farm[164] and Ludacris, among others.[336]
Allmusic's Steve Huey describes Jackson as "an unstoppable juggernaut, possessed of all the skills to dominate the charts seemingly at will: an instantly identifiable voice, eye-popping dance moves, stunning musical versatility and loads of sheer star power".[281] In the mid-1980s, Time magazine's pop music critic, Jay Cocks, noted "Jackson is the biggest thing since The Beatles. He is the hottest single phenomenon since Elvis Presley. He just may be the most popular black singer ever".[40] In 1990, Vanity Fair cited Jackson as the most popular artist in the history of show business.[97] In 2007, Jackson said, "Music has been my outlet, my gift to all of the lovers in this world. Through it, my music, I know I will live forever."[337]
Shortly after Jackson's death, on June 25, 2009, MTV briefly returned to its original music video format to celebrate and pay tribute to his work.[338] The channel aired many hours of Jackson's music videos, accompanied by live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities. The temporary shift in MTV's programming culminated the following week in the channel's live coverage of Jackson's memorial service.[339] At the memorial service on July 7, 2009, founder of Motown Records Berry Gordy proclaimed Jackson as "the greatest entertainer that ever lived".[340][341][342]
In 2010, two university librarians found that Jackson's influence extended into academia, and was detectable in scholarly literature pertaining to a range of subject matter.[343][344] The two researchers combed through various scholars' writings, and compiled an annotated bibliography of those writings that appeared to meet at least one of several criteria. Among these criteria were appearance in a peer-reviewed journal, and the provision of insight into the nature of "popular icons including Jackson".[345] The bibliography located references to Jackson in research reports concerning music, popular culture, and an array of other topics. The bibliographers identified as their most peculiar finding an argument that certain aspects of chemistry can be effectively taught by altering and imitating elements of Jackson's singing.[346] One of the research librarians later reflected that "the fact that someone would take a Michael Jackson song and co-opt it as a means to convey chemistry concepts just shows the pervasiveness of Jackson's influence".[343]
Honors and awards[link]
Michael Jackson was inducted onto the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1980 as member of The Jacksons and in 1984 as solo artist. Throughout his career he received numerous honors and awards, including the World Music Awards' Best-Selling Pop Male Artist of the Millennium, the American Music Award's Artist of the Century Award and the Bambi Pop Artist of the Millennium Award.[165][347] He was a double-inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, once as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1997 and later as a solo artist in 2001. Jackson was also inducted in several other hall of fames, including Vocal Group Hall of Fame (as The Jackson 5 member) in 1999, Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002 and Hit Parade Hall of Fame (with his brothers) in 2009.[165][348] In 2010, Jackson was inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll.[349] His awards include many Guinness World Records (eight in 2006 alone),[350] 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award), 26 American Music Awards (24 only as a solo artist, including the "Artist of the Century", but not the poll of "Artist of the '80s")—more than any artist—, 13 number one singles in the US in his solo career—more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era[351]—and estimated sales of up to 750 million records worldwide, making him the world's best selling male solo pop artist.[32][99][113][163][215][216][352][353][354][355][356] On December 29, 2009, the American Film Institute recognized Jackson's death as a "moment of significance" saying, "Michael Jackson's sudden death in June at age 50 was notable for the worldwide outpouring of grief and the unprecedented global eulogy of his posthumous concert rehearsal movie This Is It."[357] Michael Jackson also received a Doctor of Humane Letters Degree from the United Negro College Fund[358] and also an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Fisk University.[359]
Lifetime earnings[link]
His total lifetime earnings from royalties on his solo recordings and music videos, revenue from concerts and endorsements have been estimated at US$500 million; some analysts have speculated that his music catalog holdings could be worth billions of dollars.[98][360] This speculation however is contradicted by financial documents obtained by the Associated Press, which showed that as of March 31, 2007, Jackson's 50 percent stake in the Sony/ATV Music Publishing catalog (his most prized asset) was worth $390.6 million and Michael Jackson's net worth was $236 million.[361] Billboard has estimated that Jackson has generated at least $1 billion in revenue in the year following his death.[362]
Discography[link]
Main articles: Michael Jackson albums discography, Michael Jackson singles discography, and Michael Jackson videography
See also: Jackson 5 discography
- Got to Be There (1972)
- Ben (1972)
- Music & Me (1973)
- Forever, Michael (1975)
- Off the Wall (1979)
- Thriller (1982)
- Bad (1987)
- Dangerous (1991)
- HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I (1995)
- Invincible (2001)
Filmography[link]
Main article: Michael Jackson videography
| Year | Film | Role | Director |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | The Wiz[363] | Scarecrow | Lumet, SidneySidney Lumet |
| 1986 | Captain EO[364] | Captain EO | Coppola, Francis FordFrancis Ford Coppola |
| 1988 | Moonwalker[365] | Himself | Kramer, JerryJerry Kramer |
| 1997 | Michael Jackson's Ghosts[366] | Maestro/Mayor/Ghoul/Skeleton | Winston, StanStan Winston |
| 2002 | Men in Black II[367] | Agent M (cameo) | Sonnenfeld, BarryBarry Sonnenfeld |
| 2004 | Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls[368] | Agent MJ (cameo) | Stoller, Bryan MichaelBryan Michael Stoller |
| 2009 | Michael Jackson's This Is It[369] | Himself | Ortega, KennyKenny Ortega |
Tours[link]
- Bad World Tour (1987–89)
- Dangerous World Tour (1992–93)
- HIStory World Tour (1996–97)
- This Is It (2009–10) (cancelled)
See also[link]
 |
Book: Michael Jackson |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
- Michael Jackson-related games
- List of awards received by Michael Jackson
- List of best-selling albums
- List of best-selling music artists
- List of best-selling music artists in the United States
- List of most expensive music videos
- List of unreleased Michael Jackson material
- List of cover versions of Michael Jackson songs
References[link]
- ^ a b County of Los Angeles Department of Health Services. (2009). Michael Jackson death certificate.
- ^ "Biography for Michael Jackson". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001391/bio. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
- ^ Lewis, Monica (June 14, 2007). "20 People Who Changed Black Music: Michael Jackson, the Child Star-Turned-Adult Enigma". Miami Herald. http://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/AP/story/139458.html?storylink=mirelated&referer=www.clickfind.com.au. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
- ^ "Humanitarian: Guinness Book Of Records Names Michael "Most Support Charities"". CNN. June 30, 2009. http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-288836. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
- ^ "Michael Jackson’s Charity Work". The Gholston Post. July 9, 2009. http://simmerdown3.wordpress.com/2009/07/09/michael-jacksons-charity-work/. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
- ^ By Daniel Kreps (March 16, 2010). "Michael Jackson Estate, Sony Strike Massive 250 Million Deal to Release King of Pop's Music | Music News". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/michael-jackson-estate-sony-strike-massive-250-million-deal-to-release-king-of-pops-music-20100316. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
- ^ Jackson, Michael (2009) [First published 1988]. Moonwalk. Random House. p. 26. ISBN 0-307-71698-8.
- ^ a b c d George, p. 20
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 14
- ^ a b Michael Jackson's Secret Childhood, VH1, June 20, 2008.
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 20–22
- ^ a b Can Michael Jackson's demons be explained?, BBC, June 27, 2009.
- ^ Jackson interview seen by 14m, BBC News, (February 4, 2003)
- ^ Daniel Schechter, Erica Willheim (2009). The Effects of Violent Experience and Maltreatment on Infants and Young Children. In Charles H. Zeanah (Ed.). Handbook of Infant Mental Health—3rd Edition. New York: Guilford Press, Inc. pp. 197–214.
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 602
- ^ a b Lewis, pp. 165–168
- ^ a b The Jackson Five, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, accessed May 29, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Michael Jackson: Biography, Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
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- ^ "25th Anniversary Of Michael Jackson’s Landmark Album Bad Celebrated With September 18 Release Of New Bad 25 Packages". Yahoo. 2012. http://news.yahoo.com/25th-anniversary-michael-jackson-landmark-album-bad-celebrated-140242006.html. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
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- ^ "Michael, Travis top Music Award winners". Lodi News-Sentinel. (January 30, 1989). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=lZozAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lTIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=4477,3617735&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
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- ^ Press references to Jackson as a music "king" appeared as early as 1984 after he swept the Grammy Awards, and "king of pop" appeared as early as 1987. MTV and Fox used the title in joint press releases and ads for the "Black or White" video at Jackson's request, but MTV denied a report that VJs were required to use it on-camera. Writers described the title as self-proclaimed from then on.
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- ^ Staff writer (July 27, 1987). "Is the thrill gone for singer Michael Jackson?". Sacramento Bee: p. B3.
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- ^ a b c d e Taraborrelli, pp. 610–612
- ^ "Ricky Martin, Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson, Others To Join Pavarotti For Benefit". VH1. (May 5, 1999). http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1426933/19990505/carey_mariah.jhtml. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
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- ^ a b "Lauryn Hill, Backstreet Boys, DMX Honored With American Music Awards". MTV. (January 18, 2000). http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1425174/20000118/backstreet_boys.jhtml. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Taraborrelli, pp. 614–617
- ^ a b c George, pp. 50–53
- ^ a b Liveblogging Michael Jackson's funeral and memorial service, The Guardian, July 7, 2009.
- ^ Conniff, Tamara (August 30, 2009). "We Killed Michael Jackson". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tamara-conniff/we-killed-michael-jackson_b_272174.html. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
- ^ a b Burkeman, Oliver (July 8, 2002). "Jacko gets tough: but is he a race crusader or just a falling star?". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/jul/08/oliverburkeman. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
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- ^ Toumi, Habib (January 23, 2006). "Jackson settles down to his new life in the Persian Gulf". Gulf News. http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/06/01/23/10013403.html. Retrieved November 11, 2006.
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- ^ McNamara, Melissa (March 17, 2006). "Jackson Closes Neverland House". CBS News. http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/03/17/people/main1414450.shtml. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
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- ^ "mya performance at michael jackson 30th anniversary - Mýa video". Fanpop. http://www.fanpop.com/spots/mya/videos/22390177/title/mya-performance-michael-jackson-30th-anniversary. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- ^ Jean-Louis, Rosemary (November 1, 2004). "Usher, Usher, Usher: The new 'King of Pop'?". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/01/usher/. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
- ^ Hicklin, Aaron (2011-12-07). "Adam Revisited". http://www.out.com/out-exclusives/out100/2011/11/07/adam-revisited?page=0%2c1. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
- ^ "Green Day Look Forward To Janet Jackson's VMA Tribute To Michael". MTV. September 13, 2009. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621362/20090913/green_day.jhtml. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ "Justin Timberlake: ‘Michael Jackson Will Always Will be The King of Pop’ « Showbiz Spy – celebrity news, rumors & gossip". Showbizspy.com. 2009-07-01. http://www.showbizspy.com/article/188706/justin-timberlake-michael-jackson-will-always-will-be-the-king-of-pop.html. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- ^ Reid, Antonio. "Michael Jackson". Rolling Stone (Jann Wenner LLC).
- ^ "Michael Jackson Is The Reason". AZcentral. July 4, 2009. http://www.azcentral.com/ent/celeb/articles/2009/07/04/20090704madonna-inspired-by-jackson.html. Retrieved July 4, 2009.
- ^ "Ludacris Says Michael Jackson Inspired Him to 'Shoot for the Sky'". MTV. June 27, 2009. http://www.spinner.com/2009/06/27/ludacris-says-michael-jackson-inspired-him-to-shoot-for-the-sky/. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
- ^ Monroe, Bryan (December 2007). "Michael Jackson in His Own Words" (Print/Magazine). Ebony.
- ^ Barnes, Brokes (June 25, 2009). "A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html?ref=obituaries. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
- ^ "More adds, loose ends, and lament". The 120 Minutes Archive. July 25, 2009. http://altmusictv.blogspot.com/2009/07/more-adds-loose-ends-and-lament.html. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
- ^ "Farewell to a King". People. July 20, 2009.
- ^ "Berry Gordy-Brings Mourners To Their Feet With Jackson Tribute". Contact Music. July 7, 2009. http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/gordy-brings-mourners-to-their-feet-with-jackson-tribute_1108973. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
- ^ "Michael Jackson hailed as greatest entertainer, best dad". Reuters UK. July 8, 2009. http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE5615KN20090708. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
- ^ a b Chandler, Cory. "Librarians Prove Michael Jackson Was a Rock Star in Academic Literature". Texas Tech University. http://today.ttu.edu/2010/05/librarians-prove-michael-jackson-was-a-rock-star-in-academic-literature/. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
- ^ Hidalgo, Susan and Weiner, Robert G. (2010). "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin': MJ in the Scholarly Literature: A Selected Bibliographic Guide". The Journal of Pan African Studies 3 (7): 14–28. http://www.jpanafrican.com/docs/vol3no7/3.7MJ-Wanna-3.pdf.
- ^ Hidalgo and Weiner (2010), p. 15.
- ^ Hidalgo and Weiner (2010), p. 25.
- ^ "Michael Jackson and Halle Berry Pick Up Bambi Awards in Berlin". Hello!. (November 22, 2002). http://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/2002/11/22/michaeljackson/. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- ^ "Jackson 5 with Michael Jackson". Hit Parade Hall of Fame. http://www.hitparadehalloffame.com/Inductees_all/Jackson5withMichaelJackson.html. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ "Photos: Michael Jackson induction ceremony". NewsTimes. August 15, 2010. http://www.newstimes.com/local/article/Photos-Michael-Jackson-induction-ceremony-617034.php. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
- ^ "Michael Jackson Named Most Successful Entertainer Of All Time". CityNews. Rogers Broadcasting Limited. November 15, 2006. http://www.citytv.com/toronto/citynews/entertainment/music/article/24523--michael-jackson-named-most-successful-entertainer-of-all-time. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
- ^ "Most No. 1s By Artist (All-Time)". Billboard.com. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. http://www.billboard.com/specials/hot100/charts/most-no1s-overall.shtml. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
- ^ "Michael Jackson to add concerts after sellout". Reuters. March 11, 2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE52A44W20090311. Retrieved November 10, 2010.
- ^ "GRAMMY Legend Award". Grammy. http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/legends. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- ^ "Lifetime Achievement Award". Grammy. http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/lifetime-awards. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- ^ "List of American Music Awards winners". Sun Journal. (January 18, 2000). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=ZMwgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tmoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3529,2860414&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ "Santana wins top album honors at American Music Awards". Times Daily. (January 18, 2000). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=essyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bskEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3817,2301247&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ Serjeant, Jill (December 29, 2009). "Michael Jackson's Death Among 2009's Major Moments". ABC News (The Walt Disney Company).
- ^ "Michael Jackson Achievements". Michael Jackson. http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/node/985184. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
- ^ "Pop Star Michael Jackson Influenced Academics, Received PhD". Discovery.com. June 23, 2010. http://news.discovery.com/human/pop-star-michael-jackson-influenced-academics-received-phd.html. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
- ^ "Witness: Jacko Lived Way Above Means". Fox News Channel. (May 3, 2005). http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,155356,00.html. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
- ^ "Family: Michael Jackson Had A Will" CBS News (June 30, 2009). Retrieved on July 12, 2009.
- ^ Christman, Ed, Ann Donahue, Gail Mitchell, Glenn Peoples and Ray Waddell (June 21, 2010). "How Michael Jackson Made $1 Billion Since His Death". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/news/how-michael-jackson-made-1-billion-since-1004099450.story#/news/how-michael-jackson-made-1-billion-since-1004099450.story. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
- ^ Jones, pp. 229, 259
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 355–356
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 413–414
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 610
- ^ Scott, A. O (July 3, 2002). "Defending Earth, With Worms and a Talking Pug". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/03/movies/03BLAC.html?ex=1234155600&en=1e9c4a5a1eafc54f&ei=5070. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
- ^ Chaney, Jen (July 19, 2005). "'Miss Cast Away': You Know It's Bad". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/18/AR2005071800641_pf.html. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
- ^ Le, Danny (August 11, 2009). "'Michael Jackson's "This Is It," to be Presented In Theaters Around The World". MichaelJackson.com. http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/news/michael-jacksons-it-be-presented-theaters-around-world. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
- Bibliography
- Brackett, Nathan; Christian Hoard (2004). The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Fireside. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
- Campbell, Lisa (1993). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop. Branden. ISBN 0-8283-1957-X.
- Campbell, Lisa (1995). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop's Darkest Hour. Branden. ISBN 0-8283-2003-9. http://books.google.ca/books?id=BVC9zltjf-EC&lpg=PP1&dq=michael%20jackson&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection booklet. Sony BMG.
- Guinness World Records (2003). Guinness World Records 2004. Guinness. ISBN 1-892051-20-6.
- Guinness World Records (2005). Guinness World Records 2006. Guinness. ISBN 1-904994-02-4.
- Jackson, Michael (2009) [First published 1988]. Moonwalk. Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-71698-9. http://books.google.ca/books?id=E9sGl5P8vQMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Moonwalk&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Ramage, John D.; Bean, John C.; Johnson, June (2001). Writing arguments: a rhetoric with readings. Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 0-205-31745-6.
- Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2009). Michael Jackson: The Magic, The Madness, The Whole Story, 1958–2009. Terra Alta, WV: Grand Central Publishing, 2009. ISBN 0-446-56474-5, 9780446564748.
Further reading[link]
- Dineen, Catherine (1993). Michael Jackson: In His Own Words. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-3216-6. http://books.google.ca/books?id=DEspWj_IN_UC&lpg=PP1&dq=Michael%20Jackson%3A%20In%20His%20Own%20Words&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Grant, Adrian (1994, 1997, 2002 and 2005). Michael Jackson: The Visual Documentary. Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-432-2.
- Jackson, Michael (2006). My World, The Official Photobook, Vol. 1. Triumph International. ISBN 0-9768891-1-0.
- Jones, Bob (2005). Michael Jackson: The Man Behind the Mask. Select Books Inc. ISBN 1-59079-072-3. http://books.google.ca/books?id=8j4ILUllObsC&lpg=PP1&dq=Michael%20Jackson%3A%20The%20Man%20Behind%20the%20Mask&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Jefferson, Margo; Brown (2007). On Michael Jackson. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-307-27765-7. http://books.google.com/?id=WJiPk-3oPGkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Michael%20Jackson&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Noonan, Damien (1994) (Audio book). Michael Jackson. Carlton Books. ISBN 1-85797-587-1.
External links[link]
| Find more about Michael Jackson on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Images and media from Commons |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jackson, Michael Joseph |
| Alternative names | Jackson, Michael Joe; Jackson, Michael J. |
| Short description | Singer |
| Date of birth | August 29, 1958 |
| Place of birth | Gary, Indiana, United States |
| Date of death | June 25, 2009 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, United States |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Macaulay Culkin | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Culkin at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2010 |
|
| Born | Macaulay Carson Culkin (1980-08-26) August 26, 1980 (age 31) New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1985–1994, 2000, 2003–present |
| Spouse | Rachel Miner (1998–2002) |
| Partner | Mila Kunis (2002–2010) |
Macaulay Carson Culkin (born August 26, 1980) is an American actor. He became widely known for his portrayal of Kevin McCallister in Home Alone and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York. He is also known for his roles in Richie Rich, Uncle Buck, My Girl, The Pagemaster, and Party Monster, as well as Michael Jackson's music video Black or White. At the height of his fame, he was regarded as the most successful child actor since Shirley Temple.[1]
Culkin was ranked No. 2 in VH1 and E!'s respective lists, the "100 Greatest Kid-Stars" and "50 Greatest Child Stars".[2]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Culkin was born in Manhattan, New York City,[3] and raised in Yorkville. He is the son of Patricia Brentrup and Kit Culkin, a former stage actor known for his productions on Broadway.[4] Culkin was raised Roman Catholic;[5] he attended a Catholic school (St. Joseph's School of Yorkville) for 5 years[6] before moving on to Professional Children's School. Culkin also studied ballet at the School of American Ballet.[7] Culkin was the third of seven children, five boys and two girls: Shane (born 1976), Dakota (1978–2008),[8] Kieran (born 1982), Quinn (born 1984), Christian (born 1987), and Rory (born 1989). Culkin is the nephew of actress Bonnie Bedelia, his father's sister. During Culkin's early childhood, the family lived in a small apartment; his mother was a telephone operator and his father worked as a sacristan at a local Catholic church.[9]
Career[link]
Culkin began acting at the age of four. Early roles saw him appearing in a stage production of Bach Babies at the New York Philharmonic. He continued appearing in roles on stage, television, and in films throughout the 1980s. Notable parts in this period included an episode of the popular action series The Equalizer in which he played the victim of a kidnapping, and also in the TV movie The Midnight Hour. In 1989, he starred in Uncle Buck with John Candy.[10]
Culkin rose to international fame with his lead role as Kevin McCallister in the blockbuster film Home Alone (1990), where he was reunited with Uncle Buck writer and director John Hughes and Uncle Buck co-star John Candy.[11] He reprised the role of Kevin in the 1992 sequel Home Alone 2: Lost in New York.
Culkin also starred in a Saturday morning cartoon entitled Wish Kid, and hosted Saturday Night Live in late 1991.
By then, Culkin was in high demand and was paid a reported $750,000 by the World Wrestling Federation to serve as the ring bearer in Macho Man Randy Savage's wedding to Miss Elizabeth at SummerSlam in 1991.
Despite the huge success of Uncle Buck, Home Alone, Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, and My Girl, other films Culkin acted in, such as The Good Son, only did reasonably well (although he was nominated for MTV Movie Award in the category for Best Villain for his performance in the film). Getting Even with Dad, Richie Rich, and The Pagemaster, all released in 1994, were only mildly successful at the box office. He also appeared in a filmed version of The Nutcracker as the title role in 1993, which was staged by Peter Martins from the 1954 George Balanchine New York City Ballet version of the ballet. He appeared in the 1998 music video for the song "Sunday" by the rock band Sonic Youth.
After several years of inactivity, Culkin returned to acting in 2000 with a role in the play Madame Melville, which was staged in London's West End.[12] In the spring of 2003, he made a guest appearance on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace.[13] His role as Karen Walker's deceptively immature divorce lawyer won him favorable reviews. Culkin headed back into motion pictures in 2003 with Party Monster, in which he played a role very different from those he was known for, that of party promoter Michael Alig, a drug user and murderer. He quickly followed that with a supporting part in Saved!, as a cynical wheelchair-bound, non-Christian student in a conservative Christian high school. Though Saved! only had modest success at the box office, Culkin received positive reviews for his role in the film and its implications for a career as an adult actor.[14][15][16]
Culkin began doing voice-over work, with his appearances on Seth Green's Robot Chicken. In 2006, he published an experimental, semi-autobiographical novel, Junior, which featured details into Culkin's stardom and his shaky relationship with his father. Culkin starred in Sex and Breakfast, a dark comedy written and directed by Miles Brandman.[17] Alexis Dziena, Kuno Becker and Eliza Dushku also star in this story of a couple whose therapist recommends group sex to them. Shooting for the film, Culkin's first since Saved!, took place in September 2006. The film opened in Los Angeles on November 30, 2007, and was released on DVD on January 22, 2008 by First Look Pictures. Culkin's next project was a role in the thirteen-episode NBC television series Kings as Andrew Cross.[18]
In 2009, Culkin appeared in a UK-based commercial for Aviva Insurance (formerly Norwich Union) to help promote their company's rebranding. Culkin stared into the camera citing the phrase "Remember me."
On August 17, 2009, Culkin made a brief cameo appearance on WWE Raw at the Scottrade Center in St. Louis, Missouri, following a "falls count anywhere" match between Hornswoggle and Chavo Guerrero, in which Guerrero was defeated by the classic Home Alone gag of rigging a swinging paint can to hit him upon opening a door. Culkin appeared in the doorway and said, "That's not funny."
In February 2010 Culkin appeared in an episode of Poppy de Villeneuve's online series for the New York Times The Park.
On March 7 of the same year, he appeared alongside actors Matthew Broderick, Molly Ringwald, Judd Nelson, Ally Sheedy, Anthony Michael Hall and Jon Cryer in a tribute to the late John Hughes.
In April 2011, Culkin featured in musician Adam Green's experimental film The Wrong Ferrari which was entirely shot on an iPhone. In the same month he also appeared in the music video for Stamp Your Name On It performed by Green's former bandmate Jack Dishel/Only Son.
Personal life[link]
Culkin stated in a May 27, 2004 interview on Larry King Live, he tends to refrain from disclosing aspects of his personal life, though he discussed his life as a child actor, the conflict in his family life (including his estrangement from his father), and how he retired from acting at 14.[19] Culkin married actress Rachel Miner in 1998,[20] but the couple separated in 2000[21] and divorced in 2002.[22] Culkin began dating actress Mila Kunis in May 2002.[22] By 2006, Culkin was residing in New York, and Kunis was in Los Angeles.[23] On January 3, 2011, Kunis's publicist confirmed reports that Culkin and Kunis had ended their relationship several months previously, saying "The split was amicable, and they remain close friends."[24]
On September 17, 2004, Culkin was arrested in Oklahoma City for the possession of 17.3 grams (0.61 oz) of marijuana and two controlled substances, 16.5 milligrams (0.25 grains) of Alprazolam and 32 milligrams (0.5 gr) of Clonazepam,[25] for which Culkin was briefly jailed but soon released on a $4,000 bond.[26][27] After being arraigned in court for misdemeanor drug offenses, he pleaded not guilty at the trial (October 15, 2004 to June 9, 2005), then later reversed the plea to guilty. His lawyers reached a plea bargain with the state of Oklahoma and Culkin received three one-year suspended prison terms, forced enrollment into a probationary drug treatment program and a $540 fine. Culkin currently resides in Queens, New York.
Around the time of the first Home Alone movie, Culkin became close friends with pop singer Michael Jackson, making an appearance in Jackson's "Black or White" music video.
At Jackson's trial, Culkin reported he had slept in Jackson's bedroom on countless occasions, but stated that Jackson's bedroom was two stories, and that Jackson never sexually molested him or touched him in improper ways, and referred to the allegations as "absolutely ridiculous."[28] Culkin attended Jackson's burial on September 3, 2009.[29]
Filmography[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1985 | The Midnight Hour | Halloween Kid | |
| 1988 | The Equalizer | Paul Gephardt | (1 episode) |
| 1988 | Rocket Gibraltar | Cy Blue Black | |
| 1989 | See You in the Morning | Billy Livingstone | |
| 1989 | Uncle Buck | Miles Russell | |
| 1990 | Jacob's Ladder | Gabe Singer | Uncredited |
| 1990 | Home Alone | Kevin McCallister | American Comedy Award for Funniest Actor in a Motion Picture Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Emerging Actor Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor Starring in a Motion Picture Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy |
| 1991 | Wish Kid | Nicholas McClary | (Voice) |
| 1991 | Only the Lonely | Billy Muldoon | |
| 1991 | My Girl | Thomas J. Sennett | MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss shared with Anna Chlumsky Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo shared with Anna Chlumsky |
| 1992 | Home Alone 2: Lost in New York | Kevin McCallister | |
| 1993 | Dangerous - The Short Films | Himself | |
| 1993 | The Good Son | Henry Evans | Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Villain |
| 1993 | The Nutcracker | The Nutcracker Prince | |
| 1994 | Getting Even with Dad | Timmy Gleason | Nominated - Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor |
| 1994 | The Pagemaster | Richard Tyler | |
| 1994 | Richie Rich | Richie Rich | |
| 1994 | Frasier | Elliot | (Voice) (1 episode) |
| 2000 | Madame Melville | Carl | Play |
| 2003 | Party Monster | Michael Alig | |
| 2003 | Will & Grace | Jason "J.T." Towne aka Soupy | 1 episode |
| 2004 | Foster Hall | Clark Hall | |
| 2004 | Saved! | Roland | |
| 2004 | Jerusalemski Sindrom | Unknown | |
| 2005–2010 | Robot Chicken | Bastian Bux (voice)/ Kevin McCallister / Billy / Kid (voice) | 5 episodes |
| 2007 | Sex and Breakfast | James Fitz | |
| 2009 | Kings | Andrew Cross | TV series |
| 2010 | The Park | A celebration of Central Park made for the New York Times. | |
| 2011 | The Wrong Ferarri, A Screwball Tragedy - A Film by Adam Green | Various | Filmed entirely with an iPhone |
References[link]
- ^ Gliatto, Tom (December 17, 1990). "Running Away with the Box Office by Staying Home Alone, Macaulay Culkin Is Hollywood's Newest Little Big Man". People. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20113961,00.html. Retrieved 2010-2-22.
- ^ "The Greatest : 100 Greatest Kid Stars (100 - 81) | VSPOT Video Clips, Photos, Episodes and Real Online Message Boards from the Reality TV Show | VH1.com". VH1.com<!. http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/the_greatest/92319/episode.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ Neal, Rome (June 4, 2004). "Macaulay Culkin's 'Saved!'". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/06/03/earlyshow/leisure/celebspot/main621018.shtml. Retrieved 2010-2-23.
- ^ "Macaulay Culkin Biography (1978?-)". Filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/69/Macaulay-Culkin.html. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ "CNN.com - Transcripts". Transcripts.cnn.com. 2004-05-27. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0405/27/lkl.00.html. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ Rebecca, John. "Macaulay Culkin Talks About "Saved!"". About.com. http://movies.about.com/cs/saved/a/savedmc051704_3.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
- ^ "Culkin biography at". Fandango.com. 1980-08-26. http://www.fandango.com/macaulayculkin/biographies/p16081. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ "Macaulay's Sister Dies - TMZ.com". TMZ.com<!. 2008-12-11. http://www.tmz.com/2008/12/11/macaulays-sister-dies/. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ "FILM / 'I thought nothing could possibly go wrong. Huh': Ian McEwan was happy with his first Hollywood film. It was small, but classy. Then along came Macaulay Culkin's dad . . . Sabine Durrant reports"]. London: The Independent. 1993-08-19. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film--i-thought-nothing-could-possibly-go-wrong-huh-ian-mcewan-was-happy-with-his-first-hollywood-film-it-was-small-but-classy-then-along-came-macaulay-culkins-dad----sabine-durrant-reports-1461990.html. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
- ^ "Uncle Buck: John Candy, Macaulay Culkin, Jean Louisa Kelly, Gaby Hoffmann, Amy Madigan, Elaine Bromka, Garrett M. Brown, Laurie Metcalf, Jay Underwood, Brian Taran...". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0783227388. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ Home Alone (1990)
- ^ "ENTERTAINMENT | Culkin happy away from home". BBC News. 2000-10-19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/978449.stm. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ "Macaulay Culkin - Yahoo! TV". Tv.yahoo.com. 1980-08-26. http://tv.yahoo.com/macaulay-culkin/contributor/34747. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ Burr, Ty (2004-06-11). "Saved! Movie Review - Saved! Movie Trailer - The Boston Globe". Boston.com. http://www.boston.com/movies/display?display=movie&id=5965. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ Guidelive.com[dead link]
- ^ Denby, David (2009-01-07). "Outsiders: The New Yorker". The New Yorker<!. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/31/040531crci_cinema. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ "Movies - News - Macaulay Culkin has 'Sex and Breakfast' - Digital Spy". Digital Spy<!. 2006-08-03. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/a35507/macaulay-culkin-has-sex-and-breakfast.html. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ "NBC's Kings snags Macaulay Culkin - TV Squad". TV Squad<!. 2008-07-22. http://www.tvsquad.com/2008/10/24/nbcs-kings-snags-macaulay-culkin/. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ Larry King Live. CNN. May 27, 2004. (Video on YouTube)
- ^ "He's not home alone now. (teen actors Rachel Miner and Macaulay Culkin, both 17, announce their marriage intentions)(Brief Article) | Article from Newsweek | HighBeam Research". Highbeam.com. 1998-04-13. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20473177.html. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ Tyrangiel, Josh (August 14, 2000). "People: Aug. 14, 2000". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,997713,00.html. Retrieved 2010-2-21.
- ^ a b Friedman, Roger (August 20, 2002). "Macaulay Culkin's Happy 'Ending'". Fox News.com. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,60843,00.html. Retrieved 2010-2-21.
- ^ "Culkin and Kunis Plan a Wedding". Hollywood.com. http://www.hollywood.com/news/detail/id/3476357.
- ^ Jessica Derschowitz (January 3, 2011). "Mila Kunis and Macaulay Culkin Split". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-20026954-10391698.html. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
- ^ "Actor Macaulay Culkin arrested for drug possession". Usatoday.com. 2004-09-17. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2004-09-17-culkin-arrest_x.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ "Macaulay Culkin Drug Bust - September 17, 2004". Thesmokinggun.com. 2004-09-17. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0917042_culkin_1.html. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ "Macaulay Culkin Arrested On Drug Charges". http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/celebrity/news/daily-gossip/2004/040920-macaulay-culkin-in-jail-alone.aspx.
- ^ "CNN.com". 2005-05-11. http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/05/11/jackson.trial/index.html.
- ^ Kaufman, Gil (2009-09-04). "Michael Jackson's Kids Lay Golden Crown On His Casket At Funeral". MTV.com. Viacom. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1620834/20090904/jackson_michael.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Culkin, Macaulay |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | August 26, 1980 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is about the person. For her 1985 eponymous album, see Whitney Houston (album).
| Whitney Houston | |
|---|---|
 Whitney Houston performing at Good Morning America in Central Park on September 1, 2009 |
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| Background information | |
| Birth name | Whitney Elizabeth Houston |
| Born | (1963-08-09)August 9, 1963 Newark, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died | February 11, 2012(2012-02-11) (aged 48) Beverly Hills, California, U.S. |
| Genres | R&B, soul, pop, dance, gospel |
| Occupations | Singer, actress, model, film producer, record producer, songwriter |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano |
| Years active | 1977–2012 |
| Labels | Arista, RCA |
| Associated acts | Cissy Houston, Dionne Warwick, Dee Dee Warwick, Aretha Franklin, Jermaine Jackson, Mariah Carey, Enrique Iglesias, Bobby Brown |
| Website |
 Whitney Houston's autograph |
Whitney Elizabeth Houston (August 9, 1963 – February 11, 2012) was an American recording artist, actress, producer, and model. In 2009, the Guinness World Records cited her as the most-awarded female act of all-time.[1] Houston was one of the world's best-selling music artists, having sold over 170 million albums, singles and videos worldwide.[2][3] She released seven studio albums and three movie soundtrack albums, all of which have diamond, multi-platinum, platinum or gold certification. Houston's crossover appeal on the popular music charts, as well as her prominence on MTV, starting with her video for "How Will I Know",[4] influenced several African American female artists to follow in her footsteps.[5][6]
Houston is the only artist to chart seven consecutive No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hits.[7] She is the second artist behind Elton John and the only female artist to have two number-one Billboard 200 Album awards (formerly "Top Pop Album") on the Billboard magazine year-end charts.[8] Houston's 1985 debut album Whitney Houston became the best-selling debut album by a female act at the time of its release. The album was named Rolling Stone's best album of 1986, and was ranked at number 254 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.[9] Her second studio album Whitney (1987) became the first album by a female artist to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart.[9]
Houston's first acting role was as the star of the feature film The Bodyguard (1992). The film's original soundtrack won the 1994 Grammy Award for Album of the Year. Its lead single "I Will Always Love You", became the best-selling single by a female artist in music history. With the album, Houston became the first act (solo or group, male or female) to sell more than a million copies of an album within a single week period under Nielsen SoundScan system.[9] The album makes her the top female act in the top 10 list of the best-selling albums of all time, at number four. Houston continued to star in movies and contribute to their soundtracks, including the films Waiting to Exhale (1995) and The Preacher's Wife (1996). The Preacher's Wife soundtrack became the best-selling gospel album in history.[10]
Contents
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Life and career[link]
1963–1976: Early life[link]
Whitney Houston was born in what was then a middle-income neighborhood in Newark, New Jersey, the second child of Army serviceman and entertainment executive John Russell Houston, Jr. (September 13, 1920 – February 2, 2003), and gospel singer Cissy Houston (née Emily Drinkard).[11] She was of African American, Native American and Dutch descent.[12] Her mother, along with cousins Dionne Warwick and Dee Dee Warwick, godmother Darlene Love[13] and honorary aunt Aretha Franklin[14] were all notable figures in the gospel, rhythm and blues, pop, and soul genres.[15] She met her honorary aunt at age 8, or 9, when her mother took her to a recording studio.[16] Houston was raised a Baptist, but was also exposed to the Pentecostal church. After the 1967 Newark riots, the family moved to a middle-class area in East Orange, New Jersey, when she was four.[17]
At the age of 11, Houston began to follow in her mother's footsteps and started performing as a soloist in the junior gospel choir at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, where she also learned to play the piano.[18] Her first solo performance in the church was "Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah".[19] When Houston was a teenager, she attended Mount Saint Dominic Academy, a Catholic girls' high school in Caldwell, New Jersey, where she met her best friend Robyn Crawford, whom she described as the "sister she never had".[20] While Houston was still in school, her mother continued to teach her how to sing.[5] In addition to her mother, Franklin, and Warwick, Houston was also exposed to the music of Chaka Khan, Gladys Knight, and Roberta Flack, most of whom would have an impact on her as a singer and performer.[21]
1977–1984: Early career[link]
Houston spent some of her teenage years touring nightclubs where her mother Cissy was performing, and she would occasionally get on stage and perform with her. In 1977, at age 14, she became a backup singer on the Michael Zager Band's single "Life's a Party".[22] In 1978, at age 15, Houston sang background vocals on Chaka Khan's hit single "I'm Every Woman", a song she would later turn into a larger hit for herself on her monster-selling The Bodyguard soundtrack album.[23][24] She also sang back-up on albums by Lou Rawls and Jermaine Jackson.[23]
In the early 1980s, Houston started working as a fashion model after a photographer saw her at Carnegie Hall singing with her mother. She appeared in Seventeen[25] and became one of the first women of color to grace the cover of the magazine.[26] She was also featured in layouts in the pages of Glamour, Cosmopolitan, Young Miss, and appeared in a Canada Dry soft drink TV commercial.[27] Her striking looks and girl-next-door charm made her one of the most sought after teen models of that time.[27] While modeling, she continued her burgeoning recording career by working with producers Michael Beinhorn, Bill Laswell and Martin Bisi on an album they were spearheading called One Down, which was credited to the group Material. For that project, Houston contributed the ballad "Memories", a cover of a song by Hugh Hopper of Soft Machine. Robert Christgau of The Village Voice called her contribution "one of the most gorgeous ballads you've ever heard".[28] She also appeared as a lead vocalist on one track on a Paul Jabara album, entitled Paul Jabara and Friends, released by Columbia Records in 1983.[29]
Houston had previously been offered several recording agencies (Michael Zager in 1980, and Elektra Records in 1981), however her mother declined the offers stating her daughter must first complete high school.[22][30] In 1983, Gerry Griffith, an A&R representative from Arista Records, saw her performing with her mother in a New York City nightclub and was impressed. He convinced Arista's head Clive Davis to make time to see Houston perform. Davis too was impressed and offered a worldwide recording contract which Houston signed. Later that year, she made her national televised debut alongside Davis on The Merv Griffin Show.[31]
Houston signed with Arista in 1983, but did not begin work on her album immediately.[1] The label wanted to make sure no other label signed the singer away. Davis wanted to ensure he had the right material and producers for Houston's debut album. Some producers had to pass on the project due to prior commitments.[32] Houston first recorded a duet with Teddy Pendergrass entitled "Hold Me" which appeared on his album, Love Language.[33] The single was released in 1984 and gave Houston her first taste of success, becoming a Top 5 R&B hit.[34] It would also appear on her debut album in 1985.
1985–1986: Rise to international prominence[link]
With production from Michael Masser, Kashif, Jermaine Jackson, and Narada Michael Walden, Houston's debut album Whitney Houston was released in February 1985. Rolling Stone magazine praised Houston, calling her "one of the most exciting new voices in years" while The New York Times called the album "an impressive, musically conservative showcase for an exceptional vocal talent".[35][36] Arista Records promoted Houston's album with three different singles from the album in the US, UK and other European countries. In the UK, the dance-funk "Someone for Me", which failed to chart in the country, was the first single while "All at Once" was in such European countries as the Netherlands and Belgium, where the song reached the top 5 on the singles charts, respectively.[37]
In the US, the soulful ballad "You Give Good Love" was chosen as the lead single from Houston's debut to establish her in the black marketplace first.[38] Outside the US, the song failed to get enough attention to become a hit, but in the US, it gave the album its first major hit as it peaked at No. 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and No. 1 on the Hot R&B chart.[32] As a result, the album began to sell strongly, and Houston continued promotion by touring nightclubs in the US. She also began performing on late-night television talk shows, which were not usually accessible to unestablished black acts. The jazzy ballad "Saving All My Love for You" was released next and it would become Houston's first No. 1 single in both the US and the UK. She was then an opening act for singer Jeffrey Osborne on his nationwide tour. "Thinking About You" was released as the promo single only to R&B-oriented radio stations, which peaked at number ten on the US R&B Chart. At the time, MTV had received harsh criticism for not playing enough videos by black, Latino, and other racial minorities while favoring white acts.[39] The third US single, "How Will I Know", peaked at No. 1 and introduced Houston to the MTV audience thanks to its video. Houston's subsequent singles from this, and future albums, would make her the first African-American female artist to receive consistent heavy rotation on MTV.[26]
By 1986, a year after its initial release, Whitney Houston topped the Billboard 200 albums chart and stayed there for 14 non-consecutive weeks.[40] The final single, "Greatest Love of All", became Houston's biggest hit at the time after peaking No. 1 and remaining there for three weeks on the Hot 100 chart, which made her debut the first album by a female artist to yield three No. 1 hits. Houston was No. 1 artist of the year and Whitney Houston was the No. 1 album of the year on the 1986 Billboard year-end charts, making her the first female artist to earn that distinction.[40] At the time, Houston released the best-selling debut album by a solo artist.[41] Houston then embarked on her world tour, Greatest Love Tour. The album had become an international success, and was certified 13× platinum (diamond) in the United States alone, and has sold a total of 25 million copies worldwide.[42]
At the 1986 Grammy Awards, Houston was nominated for three awards including Album of the Year.[43] She was not eligible for the Best New Artist category due to her previous hit R&B duet recording with Teddy Pendergrass in 1984.[44] She won her first Grammy award for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female for "Saving All My Love for You".[45] Houston's performance of the song during the Grammy telecast later earned her an Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program.[46]
Houston won seven American Music Awards in total in 1986 and 1987, and an MTV Video Music Award.[47][48] The album's popularity would also carry over to the 1987 Grammy Awards when "Greatest Love of All" would receive a Record of the Year nomination. Houston's debut album is listed as one of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time and on The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame's Definitive 200 list.[49][50] Houston's grand entrance into the music industry is considered one of the 25 musical milestones of the last 25 years, according to USA Today.[51] Following Houston's breakthrough, doors were opened for other African-American female artists such as Janet Jackson and Anita Baker to find notable success in popular music and on MTV.[52][53]
[edit] 1987–1991: Whitney, I'm Your Baby Tonight and "The Star Spangled Banner"
With many expectations, Houston's second album, Whitney, was released in June 1987. The album again featured production from Masser, Kashif and Walden as well as Jellybean Benitez. Many critics complained that the material was too similar to her previous album. Rolling Stone said, "the narrow channel through which this talent has been directed is frustrating".[54] Still, the album enjoyed commercial success. Houston became the first female artist in music history to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart, and the first artist to enter the albums chart at number one in both the US and UK, while also hitting number one or top ten in dozens of other countries around the world. The album's first single, "I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)", was also a massive hit worldwide, peaking at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and topping the singles chart in many countries such as Australia, Germany and the UK. The next three singles, "Didn't We Almost Have It All", "So Emotional", and "Where Do Broken Hearts Go" all peaked at number one on the US Hot 100 chart, which gave her a total of seven consecutive number one hits, breaking the record of six previously shared by The Beatles and The Bee Gees.[55][56] Houston became the first female artist to generate four number-one singles from one album. Whitney has been certified 9× Platinum in the US for shipments of over 9 million copies, and has sold a total of 20 million copies worldwide.[57]
At the 30th Grammy Awards in 1988, Houston was nominated for three awards, including Album of the Year, winning her second Grammy for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)".[58][59] Houston also won two American Music Awards in 1988 and 1989, respectively, and a Soul Train Music Award.[60][61][62] Following the release of the album, Houston embarked on the Moment of Truth World Tour, which was one of the ten highest grossing concert tours of 1987.[63] The success of the tours during 1986–87 and her two studio albums ranked Houston No. 8 for the highest earning entertainers list according to Forbes magazine.[64] She was the highest earning African-American woman overall and the third highest entertainer after Bill Cosby and Eddie Murphy.[64]
Houston was a supporter of Nelson Mandela and the anti-apartheid movement. During her modeling days, the singer refused to work with any agencies who did business with the then-apartheid South Africa.[65][66] On June 11, 1988, during the European leg of her tour, Houston joined other musicians to perform a set at Wembley Stadium in London to celebrate a then-imprisoned Nelson Mandela's 70th birthday.[65] Over 72,000 people attended Wembley Stadium, and over a billion people tuned in worldwide as the rock concert raised over $1 million for charities while bringing awareness to apartheid.[67] Houston then flew back to the US for a concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City in August. The show was a benefit concert that raised a quarter of a million dollars for the United Negro College Fund.[68] In the same year, she recorded a song for NBC's coverage of the 1988 Summer Olympics, "One Moment in Time", which became a Top 5 hit in the US, while reaching number one in the UK and Germany.[69][70][71] With her world tour continuing overseas, Houston was still one of the top 20 highest earning entertainers for 1987–88 according to Forbes magazine.[72][73]
In 1989, Houston formed The Whitney Houston Foundation For Children, a non-profit organization that has raised funds for the needs of children around the world. The organization cares for homelessness, children with cancer or AIDS, and other issues of self-empowerment.[74] With the success of her first two albums, Houston was undoubtedly an international crossover superstar, the most prominent since Michael Jackson, appealing to all demographics. However, some black critics believed she was "selling out".[6] They felt her singing on record lacked the soul that was present during her live concerts.[25]
At the 1989 Soul Train Music Awards, when Houston's name was called out for a nomination, a few in the audience jeered.[75][76] Houston defended herself against the criticism, stating, "If you're gonna have a long career, there's a certain way to do it, and I did it that way. I'm not ashamed of it".[25] Houston took a more urban direction with her third studio album, I'm Your Baby Tonight, released in November 1990. She produced and chose producers for this album and as a result, it featured production and collaborations with L.A. Reid and Babyface, Luther Vandross, and Stevie Wonder. The album showed Houston's versatility on a new batch of tough rhythmic grooves, soulful ballads and up-tempo dance tracks. Reviews were mixed. Rolling Stone felt it was her "best and most integrated album".[77] while Entertainment Weekly, at the time thought Houston's shift towards an urban direction was "superficial".[78]
The album contained several hits: the first two singles, "I'm Your Baby Tonight" and "All the Man That I Need" peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart; "Miracle" peaked at number nine; "My Name Is Not Susan" peaked in the top twenty; "I Belong to You" reached the top ten of the US R&B chart and garnered Houston a Grammy nomination; and the sixth single, the Stevie Wonder duet "We Didn't Know", reached the R&B top twenty. The album peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and went on to be certified 4× platinum in the US while selling twelve million total worldwide.
File:W. Houston & G. Bush at White house.jpg
Houston met with President George H. W. Bush in the Oval Office in 1990, while in Washington, D.C., to participate in the Youth Leadership Forum
In 1990, Houston was the spokesperson for a youth leadership conference hosted in Washington, D.C. She had a private audience with President George H. W. Bush in the Oval Office to discuss the associated challenges.
With America entangled in the Persian Gulf War, Houston performed "The Star Spangled Banner" at Super Bowl XXV at Tampa Stadium on January 27, 1991.[79] Due to overwhelming response to her rendition, it was released as a commercial single and video of her performance, and reached the Top 20 on the US Hot 100, making her the only act to turn the national anthem into a pop hit of that magnitude (Jose Feliciano's version reached No. 50 in November 1968).[80][81] Houston donated all her share of the proceeds to the American Red Cross Gulf Crisis Fund. As a result, the singer was named to the Red Cross Board of Governors.[79][82][83]
Her rendition was considered the benchmark for singers and critically acclaimed.[84] Rolling Stone commented that "her singing stirs such strong patriotism. Unforgettable", and the performance ranked No. 1 on the 25 most memorable music moments in NFL history list. VH1 listed the performance as one of the greatest moments that rocked TV.[85][86] Following the attacks on 9/11, it was released again by Arista Records, all profits going towards the firefighters and victims of the attacks. This time it peaked at No. 6 in the Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.[87]
Later in 1991, Houston put together her Welcome Home Heroes concert with HBO for the soldiers fighting in the Persian Gulf War and their families. The free concert took place at Naval Station Norfolk in Norfolk, Virginia in front of 3,500 servicemen and women. HBO descrambled the concert so that it was free for everyone to watch.[88] Houston's concert gave HBO its highest ratings ever.[89] She then embarked on the I'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour.
[edit] 1992–1994: Marriage to Bobby Brown and The Bodyguard
Throughout the 1980s, Houston was romantically linked to American football star Randall Cunningham and actor Eddie Murphy, whom she dated.[90] She then met R&B singer Bobby Brown at the 1989 Soul Train Music Awards. After a three-year courtship, the two were married on July 18, 1992.[91] On March 4, 1993, Houston gave birth to their daughter Bobbi Kristina Houston Brown, her only child, and his fourth. Brown would go on to have several run-ins with the law, including some jail time.[91]
With the commercial success of her albums, movie offers poured in, including offers to work with Robert De Niro, Quincy Jones, and Spike Lee; but Houston felt the time wasn't right.[90] Houston's first film role was in The Bodyguard, released in 1992 and co-starring Kevin Costner. Houston played Rachel Marron, a star who is stalked by a crazed fan and hires a bodyguard to protect her. USA Today listed it as one of the 25 most memorable movie moments of the last 25 years in 2007.[92] Houston's mainstream appeal allowed people to look at the movie color-blind.[93]
Still, controversy arose as some felt the film's advertising intentionally hid Houston's face to hide the film's interracial relationship. In an interview with Rolling Stone in 1993, the singer commented that "people know who Whitney Houston is – I'm black. You can't hide that fact."[21] Houston received a Razzie Award nomination for Worst Actress. The Washington Post said Houston is "doing nothing more than playing Houston, comes out largely unscathed if that is possible in so cockamamie an undertaking",[94] and The New York Times commented that she lacked passion with her co-star.[95] Despite the film's mixed reviews, it was hugely successful at the box office, grossing more than $121 million in the U.S. and $410 million worldwide, making it one of the top 100 grossing films in film history at its time of release, though it is no longer in the top 100 due to rising ticket prices since the time the film was released.[96]
The film's soundtrack also enjoyed big success. Houston executive produced and contributed six songs for the motion picture's adjoining soundtrack album. Rolling Stone said it is "nothing more than pleasant, tasteful and urbane".[97] The soundtrack's lead single was "I Will Always Love You", written and originally recorded by Dolly Parton in 1974. Houston's version of the song was acclaimed by many critics, regarding it as her "signature song" or "iconic performance". Rolling Stone and USA Today called her rendition "the tour-de-force".[98][99] The single peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for a then-record-breaking 14 weeks, number one on the R&B chart for a then-record-breaking 11 weeks, and number one on the Adult Contemporary charts for five weeks, thus becoming the first single to top those three charts simultaneously for five weeks.[100]
The single was certified 4× platinum by the RIAA, making Houston the first female artist with a single to reach that level in the RIAA history and becoming the best-selling single by a female artist in the US.[101][102][103] The song also became a global success, hitting number-one in almost all countries, and one of the best-selling singles of all time with 12 million copies sold.[104] The soundtrack topped the Billboard 200 chart and remained there for 20 non-consecutive weeks, the longest tenure by any album on the chart in the Nielsen SoundScan era, and became one of the fastest selling albums ever.[105] During Christmas week of 1992, the soundtrack sold over a million copies within a week, becoming the first album to achieve that feat under Nielsen SoundScan system.[106][107] With the follow-up singles "I'm Every Woman", a Chaka Khan cover, and "I Have Nothing" both reaching the top five, Houston became the first female artist to ever have three singles in the Top 11 simultaneously.[108][109][110] The album was certified 17× platinum in the US alone,[111] with worldwide sales of 44 million,[112] making The Bodyguard the biggest-selling album by a female act on the list of the world's Top 10 best-selling albums, topping Shania Twain's 40 million sold for Come On Over.[113]
Houston won three Grammys for the album in 1994, including two of the Academy's highest honors, Album of the Year and Record of the Year. In addition, she won a record 8 American Music Awards at that year's ceremony including the Award of Merit,[114] 11 Billboard Music Awards, 3 Soul Train Music Awards in 1993–94 including Sammy Davis, Jr. Award as Entertainer of the Year,[115] 5 NAACP Image Awards including Entertainer of the Year,[116][117][118] a record 5 World Music Awards,[119] and a BRIT award.[120] Following the success of the project, Houston embarked on another expansive global tour, The Bodyguard World Tour, in 1993–94. Her concerts, movie, and recording grosses made her the third highest earning female entertainer of 1993–94, just behind Oprah Winfrey and Barbra Streisand according to Forbes magazine.[121] Houston placed in the top five of Entertainment Weekly's annual "Entertainer of the Year" ranking[122] and was labeled by Premiere magazine as one of the 100 most powerful people in Hollywood.[123]
In October 1994, Houston attended and performed at a state dinner in the White House honoring newly elected South African president Nelson Mandela.[124][125] At the end of her world tour, Houston performed three concerts in South Africa to honor President Mandela, playing to over 200,000 people. This would make the singer the first major musician to visit the newly unified and apartheid free nation following Mandela's winning election.[126] The concert was broadcast live on HBO with funds of the concerts being donated to various charities in South Africa. The event was considered the nation's "biggest media event since the inauguration of Nelson Mandela".[127]
[edit] 1995–1997: Waiting to Exhale, The Preacher's Wife, and Cinderella
In 1995, Houston starred alongside Angela Bassett, Loretta Devine, and Lela Rochon in her second film Waiting to Exhale, a motion picture about four African-American women struggling with relationships. Houston played the lead character Savannah Jackson, a TV producer in love with a married man. She chose the role because she saw the film as "a breakthrough for the image of black women because it presents them both as professionals and as caring mothers".[128] After opening at number one and grossing $67 million in the US at the box office and $81 million worldwide,[129] it proved that a movie primarily targeting a black audience can cross over to success, while paving the way for other all-black movies such as How Stella Got Her Groove Back and the Tyler Perry movies that have become popular in the 2000s.[130][131][132] The film is also notable for its portrayal of black women as strong middle class citizens as opposed to stereotypes.[133] The reviews were mainly positive for the ensemble cast. The New York Times said "Ms. Houston has shed the defensive hauteur that made her portrayal of a pop star in 'The Bodyguard' seem so distant."[134] Houston was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for "Outstanding Actress In A Motion Picture", but lost to her co-star Bassett.
The film's accompanying soundtrack, Waiting to Exhale: Original Soundtrack Album, was produced by Houston and Babyface. Though Babyface originally wanted Houston to record the entire album, she declined. Instead, she "wanted it to be an album of women with vocal distinction", and thus gathered several African-American female artists for the soundtrack, to go along with the film's strong women message.[128] As a result, the album featured a range of contemporary R&B female recording artists along with Houston, such as Mary J Blige, Aretha Franklin, Toni Braxton, Patti Labelle, and Brandy. Houston's "Exhale (Shoop Shoop)" peaked at No. 1, and then spent a record eleven weeks at the No. 2 spot and eight weeks on top of the R&B Charts. "Count On Me", a duet with CeCe Winans, hit the US Top 10; and Houston's third contribution, "Why Does It Hurt So Bad", made the Top 30. The album debuted at No. 1, and was certified 7× Platinum in the United States, denoting shipments of seven million copies.[57] The soundtrack received strong reviews as Entertainment Weekly said "the album goes down easy, just as you'd expect from a package framed by Whitney Houston tracks.... the soundtrack waits to exhale, hovering in sensuous suspense"[135] and has since ranked it as one of the 100 Best Movie Soundtracks.[136] Later that year, Houston's children's charity organization was awarded a VH1 Honor for all the charitable work.[137]
In 1996, Houston starred in the holiday comedy The Preacher's Wife, with Denzel Washington. She plays a gospel-singing wife of a pastor (Courtney B. Vance). It was largely an updated remake of the 1948 film "The Bishop's Wife" which starred Loretta Young, David Niven and Cary Grant. Houston earned $10 million for the role, making her one of the highest-paid actresses in Hollywood at the time and the highest earning African American actress in Hollywood.[138] The movie, with its all African-American cast, was a moderate success, earning approximately $50 million at the U.S. box offices.[139] The movie gave Houston her strongest reviews so far. The San Francisco Chronicle said Houston "is rather angelic herself, displaying a divine talent for being virtuous and flirtatious at the same time" and that she "exudes gentle yet spirited warmth, especially when praising the Lord in her gorgeous singing voice".[140] Houston was again nominated for an NAACP Image Award and won for Outstanding Actress In A Motion Picture.
Houston recorded and co-produced, with Mervyn Warren, the film's accompanying gospel soundtrack. The Preacher's Wife: Original Soundtrack Album included six gospel songs with Georgia Mass Choir that were recorded at the Great Star Rising Baptist Church in Atlanta. Houston also duetted with gospel legend Shirley Caesar. The album sold six million copies worldwide and scored hit singles with "I Believe in You and Me" and "Step by Step", becoming the largest selling gospel album of all time. The album received mainly positive reviews. Some critics, such as that of USA Today, noted the presence of her emotional depth,[141] while The Times said "To hear Houston going at full throttle with the 35 piece Georgia Mass Choir struggling to keep up is to realise what her phenomenal voice was made for".[142]
In 1997, Houston's production company changed its name to BrownHouse Productions and was joined by Debra Martin Chase. Their goal was "to show aspects of the lives of African-Americans that have not been brought to the screen before" while improving how African-Americans are portrayed in film and television.[143] Their first project was a made-for-television remake of Rodgers & Hammerstein's Cinderella. In addition to co-producing, Houston starred in the movie as the Fairy Godmother along with Brandy, Jason Alexander, Whoopi Goldberg, and Bernadette Peters. Houston was initially offered the role of Cinderella in 1993, but other projects intervened.[144] The film is notable for its multi-racial cast and nonstereotypical message.[145] An estimated 60 million viewers tuned into the special giving ABC its highest TV ratings in 16 years.[146] The movie received seven Emmy nominations including Outstanding Variety, Musical or Comedy, while winning Outstanding Art Direction in a Variety, Musical or Comedy Special.[147]
Houston and Chase then obtained the rights to the story of Dorothy Dandridge. Houston was to play Dandridge, who was the first African American actress to be nominated for an Oscar. She wanted the story told with dignity and honor.[143] However, Halle Berry also had rights to the project and she got her version going first.[148] Later that year, Houston paid tribute to her idols such as Aretha Franklin, Diana Ross, and Dionne Warwick by performing their hits during the three-night HBO Concert Classic Whitney, live from Washington, D.C. The special raised over $300,000 for the Children's Defense Fund.[149] Houston received The Quincy Jones Award for outstanding career achievements in the field of entertainment at the 12th Soul Train Music Awards.[150][151]
[edit] 1998–2000: My Love Is Your Love and Whitney: The Greatest Hits
After spending much of the early and mid 1990s working on motion pictures and their soundtrack albums, Houston's first studio album in eight years, the critically acclaimed My Love Is Your Love, was released in November 1998. Though originally slated to be a greatest hits album with a handful of new songs, recording sessions were so fruitful that a new full-length studio album was released. Recorded and mixed in only six weeks, it featured production from Rodney Jerkins, Wyclef Jean and Missy Elliott. The album debuted at number thirteen, its peak position, on the Billboard 200 chart.[152] It had a funkier and edgier sound than past releases and saw Houston handling urban dance, hip hop, mid-tempo R&B, reggae, torch songs, and ballads all with great dexterity.[153]
From late 1998 to early 2000, the album spawned several hit singles: "When You Believe" (US No. 15, UK No. 4), a duet with Mariah Carey for 1998's The Prince of Egypt soundtrack, which also became an international hit as it peaked in the Top 10 in several countries and won an Academy Award for Best Original Song;[154] "Heartbreak Hotel" (US No. 2, UK No. 25) featured Faith Evans and Kelly Price, received a 1999 MTV VMA nomination for Best R&B Video,[155] and number one on the US R&B chart for seven weeks; "It's Not Right But It's Okay" (US No. 4, UK No. 3) won Houston her sixth Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance;[156] "My Love Is Your Love" (US No. 4, UK No. 2) with 3 million copies sold worldwide;[157] and "I Learned from the Best" (US No. 27, UK No. 19).[158][159] These singles became international hits as well, and all the singles, except "When You Believe", became number one hits on the Billboard Hot Dance/Club Play chart. The album sold four million copies in America, making it certified 4× platinum, and a total of eleven million copies worldwide.[42]
The album gave Houston some of her strongest reviews ever. Rolling Stone said Houston was singing "with a bite in her voice"[160] and The Village Voice called it "Whitney's sharpest and most satisfying so far".[161] In 1999, Houston participated in VH-1's Divas Live '99, alongside Brandy, Mary J. Blige, Tina Turner, and Cher. The same year, Houston hit the road with her 70 date My Love Is Your Love World Tour. The European leg of the tour was Europe's highest grossing arena tour of the year.[162] In November 1999, Houston was named Top-selling R&B Female Artist of the Century with certified US sales of 51 million copies at the time and The Bodyguard Soundtrack was named the Top-selling Soundtrack Album of the Century by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[163] She also won The Artist of the Decade, Female award for extraordinary artistic contributions during the 1990s at the 14th Soul Train Music Awards, and an MTV Europe Music Award for Best R&B.[164][165][166][167][168]
In May 2000, Whitney: The Greatest Hits was released worldwide. The double disc set peaked at number five in the United States, reaching number one in the United Kingdom.[159][169] In addition, the album reached the Top 10 in many other countries.[170] While ballad songs were left unchanged, the album features house/club remixes of many of Houston's up-tempo hits. Included on the album were four new songs: "Could I Have This Kiss Forever" (a duet with Enrique Iglesias), "Same Script, Different Cast" (a duet with Deborah Cox), "If I Told You That" (a duet with George Michael), and "Fine", and three hits that had never appeared on a Houston album: "One Moment in Time", "The Star Spangled Banner", and "If You Say My Eyes Are Beautiful", a duet with Jermaine Jackson from his 1986 Precious Moments album.[171] Along with the album, an accompanying VHS and DVD was released featuring the music videos to Houston's greatest hits, as well as several hard-to-find live performances including her 1983 debut on The Merv Griffin Show, and interviews.[172] The greatest hits album was certified 3× platinum in the US, with worldwide sales of 10 million.[173][174]
[edit] 2000–2005: Just Whitney, and personal struggles
Though Houston was seen as a "good girl" with a perfect image in the 1980s and early 1990s, by the late 1990s, her behavior changed. She was often hours late for interviews, photo shoots and rehearsals, and canceling concerts and talk-show appearances.[175][176] With the missed performances and weight loss, rumors about Houston using drugs with her husband circulated. On January 11, 2000, airport security guards discovered marijuana in both Houston's and husband Bobby Brown's luggage at a Hawaii airport, but the two boarded the plane and departed before authorities could arrive. Charges were later dropped against them,[177] but rumors of drug usage between the couple would continue to surface. Two months later, Clive Davis was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Houston had been scheduled to perform at the event, but failed to show up.[178]
Shortly thereafter, Houston was scheduled to perform at the Academy Awards but was fired from the event by musical director and longtime friend Burt Bacharach. Her publicist cited throat problems as the reason for the cancellation. In his book The Big Show: High Times and Dirty Dealings Backstage at the Academy Awards, author Steve Pond revealed that "Houston's voice was shaky, she seemed distracted and jittery, and her attitude was casual, almost defiant", and that while Houston was to sing "Over the Rainbow", she would start singing a different song.[179] Houston later admitted to having been fired.[180] Later that year, Houston's long-time executive assistant and friend, Robyn Crawford, resigned from Houston's management company.[178]
In August 2001, Houston signed the biggest record deal in music history with Arista/BMG. She renewed her contract for $100 million to deliver six new albums, on which she would also earn royalties.[181][182][183] She later made an appearance on Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special. Her extremely thin frame further spurred rumors of drug use. Houston's publicist said, "Whitney has been under stress due to family matters, and when she is under stress she doesn't eat."[184] The singer was scheduled for a second performance the following night but canceled.[185] Within weeks, Houston's rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner" would be re-released after the September 11 attacks, with the proceeds donated to the New York Firefighters 9/11 Disaster Relief Fund and the New York Fraternal Order of Police.[186] The song peaked at No. 6 this time on the US Hot 100, topping its previous position.[158]
In 2002, Houston became involved in a legal dispute with John Houston Enterprise. Although the company was started by her father to manage her career, it was actually run by company president Kevin Skinner. Skinner filed a breach-of-contract lawsuit and sued for $100 million (but lost), stating that Houston owed the company previously unpaid compensation for helping to negotiate her $100 million contract with Arista Records and for sorting out legal matters.[187] Houston stated that her 81-year-old father had nothing to do with the lawsuit. Although Skinner tried to claim otherwise, John Houston never appeared in court.[188] Houston's father later died in February 2003.[189] The lawsuit was dismissed on April 5, 2004, and Skinner was awarded nothing.[190]
Also in 2002, Houston did an interview with Diane Sawyer to promote her then-upcoming album. The interview was the highest-rated television interview in history.[citation needed] During the prime-time special, Houston spoke on topics including rumored drug use and marriage. She was asked about the ongoing drug rumors and replied, "First of all, let's get one thing straight. Crack is cheap. I make too much money to ever smoke crack. Let's get that straight. Okay? We don't do crack. We don't do that. Crack is wack."[180] The line was from Keith Haring's mural which was painted in 1986 on the handball court at 128th Street and 2nd Avenue.[191] Houston did, however, admit to using other substances at times, including cocaine.[180]
In December 2002, Houston released her fifth studio album, Just Whitney.... The album included productions from then-husband Bobby Brown, as well as Missy Elliott and Babyface, and marked the first time that Houston did not produce with Clive Davis as Davis had been released by top management at BMG. Upon its release, Just Whitney... received mixed reviews.[192] The album debuted at number 9 on the Billboard 200 chart and it had the highest first week sales of any album Houston had ever released.[193] The four singles released from the album, didn't fare well on the Billboard Hot 100, but became Hot Dance Club Play hits. Just Whitney... was certified platinum in the United States, and sold approximately three million worldwide.[194]
On a June 2003 trip to Israel, Houston said of her visit, "I've never felt like this in any other country. I feel at home, I feel wonderful."[195]
In late 2003, Houston released her first Christmas album One Wish: The Holiday Album, with a collection of traditional holiday songs. Houston produced the album with Mervyn Warren and Gordon Chambers. A single titled "One Wish (for Christmas)" reached the Top 20 on the Adult Contemporary chart, and the album was certified gold in the US. Having always been a touring artist, Houston spent most of 2004 touring and performing in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Russia. In September 2004, she gave a surprise performance at the World Music Awards in a tribute to long time friend Clive Davis. After the show, Davis and Houston announced plans to go into studio to work on her new album.[196]
In early 2004, husband Bobby Brown starred in his own reality TV program, Being Bobby Brown (on the Bravo network), which provided a view into the domestic goings-on in the Brown household. Though it was Brown's vehicle, Houston was a prominent figure throughout the show, receiving as much screen time as Brown. The series aired in 2005 and featured Houston in, what some would say, not her most flattering moments. The Hollywood Reporter said it was "undoubtedly the most disgusting and execrable series ever to ooze its way onto television."[197] Despite the perceived train-wreck nature of the show, the series gave Bravo its highest ratings in its time slot and continued Houston's successful forays into film and television.[198] The show was not renewed for a second season after Houston stated that she would no longer appear in it, and Brown and Bravo could not come to an agreement for another season.[199]
[edit] 2006–2012: Return to music, I Look to You, tour and film comeback
After years of controversy and turmoil, Houston separated from Bobby Brown in September 2006, filing for divorce the following month.[200] On February 1, 2007, Houston asked the court to fast track their divorce.[201] The divorce was finalized on April 24, 2007, with Houston granted custody of the couple's daughter.[202] On May 4, Houston sold the suburban Atlanta home featured in Being Bobby Brown for $1.19 million.[203] A few days later, Brown sued Houston in Orange County, California court in an attempt to change the terms of their custody agreement. Brown also sought child and spousal support from Houston. In the lawsuit, Brown claimed that financial and emotional problems prevented him from properly responding to Houston's divorce petition.[204] Brown lost at his court hearing as the judge dismissed his appeal to overrule the custody terms, leaving Houston with full custody and Brown with no spousal support.[205] In March 2007, Clive Davis of Arista Records announced that Houston would begin recording a new album.[206] In October 2007, Arista released another compilation The Ultimate Collection outside the United States.[207]
Houston gave her first interview in seven years in September 2009, appearing on Oprah Winfrey's season premiere. The interview was billed as "the most anticipated music interview of the decade".[208] Whitney admitted on the show to using drugs with former husband Bobby Brown, who "laced marijuana with rock cocaine".[209] By 1996, she told Oprah, "[doing drugs] was an everyday thing... I wasn't happy by that point in time. I was losing myself."[210]
Houston released her new album, I Look to You, in August 2009.[211] The album's first two singles are "I Look to You" and "Million Dollar Bill". The album entered the Billboard 200 at No. 1, with Houston's best opening-week sales of 305,000 copies, marking Houston's first number one album since The Bodyguard, and Houston's first studio album to reach number one since 1987's Whitney. Houston also appeared on European television programs to promote the album. She performed the song "I Look to You" on the German television show Wetten, dass..?. Three days later, she performed the worldwide first single from I Look To You, Million Dollar Bill, on the French television show Le Grand Journal. Houston appeared as guest mentor on The X Factor in the United Kingdom. She performed "Million Dollar Bill" on the following day's results show, completing the song even as a strap in the back of her dress popped open two minutes into the performance. She later commented that she "sang [herself] out of [her] clothes".
The performance was poorly received by the British media, and was variously described as "weird" and "ungracious",[212] "shambolic"[213] and a "flop". Despite this reception, "Million Dollar Bill" jumped to its peak from 14 to number 5 (her first UK top 5 for over a decade), and three weeks after release "I Look to You" went gold. Houston appeared on the Italian version of The X Factor, performing the same song "Million Dollar Bill" to excellent reviews.[214] She was awarded the Gold Certificate for achieving over 50,000 CD sales of "I Look To You" in Italy.[215] In November, Houston performed "I Didn't Know My Own Strength" at the 2009 American Music Awards in Los Angeles, California. Two days later, Houston performed both songs on the Dancing With The Stars season 9 finale. As of December 2009, "I Look to You" has been certified platinum by the RIAA for sales of more than one million copies in the United States.[216] On January 26, 2010, her debut album was re-released in a special edition entitled Whitney Houston – The Deluxe Anniversary Edition.[217]
Houston later embarked on a world tour, entitled the Nothing but Love World Tour. It was her first world tour in over ten years and was announced as a triumphant comeback. However, some poor reviews and rescheduled concerts brought some negative media attention.[218][219] Houston canceled some concerts due to illness and received widespread negative reviews from fans who were disappointed in the quality of her voice and performance. Some fans reportedly walked out of her concerts.[220]
In January 2010, Houston was nominated for two NAACP Image Awards, one for Best Female Artist and one for Best Music Video. She won the award for Best Music Video for her single "I Look to You". On January 16, she received The BET Honors Award for Entertainer citing her lifetime achievements spanning over 25 years in the industry. The 2010 BET Honors award was held at the Warner Theatre in Washington, D.C. and aired on February 1, 2010. Jennifer Hudson and Kim Burrell performed in honor of her, garnering positive reviews. Houston also received a nomination from the Echo Awards, Germany's version of the Grammys, for Best International Artist. In April 2010, the UK newspaper The Mirror reported that Houston was thinking about recording her eighth studio album and wanted to collaborate with will.i.am (of The Black Eyed Peas), her first choice for a collaboration.[221]
Houston also performed the song "I Look to You" on the 2011 BET Celebration of Gospel, with gospel–jazz singer Kim Burrell, held at the Staples Center, Los Angeles. The performance aired on January 30, 2011. Early in 2011, she gave an uneven performance in tribute to cousin Dionne Warwick at music mogul Clive Davis' annual pre-Grammy gala. In May 2011, Houston enrolled in a rehabilitation center again, as an out-patient, citing drug and alcohol problems. A representative for Houston said that it was a part of Houston's "longstanding recovery process".[222]
In September 2011, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Houston would produce and star alongside Jordin Sparks and Mike Epps in the remake of the 1976 film Sparkle. In the film, Houston portrays Sparks' "not-so encouraging mother". Houston would have executive producer credits on top of acting credits according to Debra Martin Chase, producer of Sparkle. She stated that Houston deserved the title considering she had been there from the beginning in 2001, when Houston obtained Sparkle production rights. R&B singer Aaliyah – originally tapped to star as Sparkle – died in a 2001 plane crash. Her death derailed production, which would have begun in 2002.[223][224][225] Houston's remake of Sparkle was filmed in the fall of 2011,[226] and is set for release by TriStar Pictures in August 2012.[227]
Death[link]
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Wikinews has related news: American pop star Whitney Houston dies at 48 |
On February 9, 2012, Houston visited singers Brandy and Monica, together with Clive Davis, at their rehearsals for Davis' pre-Grammy Awards party at the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills.[228][229] That same day, she made her last public performance, when she joined Kelly Price on stage in Hollywood, California, and sang "Jesus Loves Me".[230][231]
On February 11, 2012, Houston was found dead in suite 434 at the Beverly Hilton Hotel, submerged in the bathtub.[232][233] The cause of death was not immediately known.[234][235] It was later ruled by the coroner to have been an "accidental drowning".[236] Beverly Hills paramedics arrived at approximately 3:30 p.m. and found the singer unresponsive and performed CPR. Houston was pronounced dead at 3:55 p.m. PST.[234][237] Local police said there were "no obvious signs of criminal intent."[238] On March 22, 2012, the Los Angeles County coroner's office reported the cause of Houston's death was drowning and the "effects of atherosclerotic heart disease and cocaine use".[239] The office stated the amount of cocaine found in Houston's body indicated that she used the substance shortly before her death.[240] Toxicology results revealed additional drugs in her system: Benadryl, Xanax, marijuana and Flexiril.[241] The manner of death was listed as an "accident".[242]
Houston had an invitation-only memorial on Saturday, February 18, 2012, at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey. The service was scheduled for two hours, but lasted for four hours.[243] Among those who performed at the funeral were Stevie Wonder (rewritten version of "Ribbon in the Sky," and "Love's in Need of Love Today"), CeCe Winans ("Don't Cry" and "Jesus Loves Me"), Alicia Keys ("Send Me an Angel"), Kim Burrell (rewritten version of "A Change Is Gonna Come") and R. Kelly ("I Look to You"), interspersed with hymns by the church choir and remarks by Clive Davis, Houston’s record producer; Kevin Costner; Ricky Minor her music director; her cousin Dionne Warwick and Ray Watson, her security guard for the past 11 years. Aretha Franklin was listed on the program and was expected to sing, but was unable to attend the service.[244][245] Bobby Brown, Houston's ex-husband, was also invited to the funeral but he left before the service began.[246] Houston was buried on Sunday, February 19, 2012, in Fairview Cemetery, in Westfield, New Jersey next to her father, John Russell Houston, who died in 2003.[247]
Reaction[link]
The Clive Davis' pre-Grammy party that Houston was expected to attend, and that featured many of the biggest names in music and movies, went on as scheduled although it was quickly turned into a tribute to Houston. Davis spoke about Houston's death at the evening's start: "By now you have all learned of the unspeakably tragic news of our beloved Whitney's passing. I don't have to mask my emotion in front of a room full of so many dear friends. I am personally devastated by the loss of someone who has meant so much to me for so many years. Whitney was so full of life. She was so looking forward to tonight even though she wasn't scheduled to perform. Whitney was a beautiful person and a talent beyond compare. She graced this stage with her regal presence and gave so many memorable performances here over the years. Simply put, Whitney would have wanted the music to go on and her family asked that we carry on."[248]
Tony Bennett spoke of Houston's death before performing at Davis' party. He said, "First, it was Michael Jackson, then Amy Winehouse, now, the magnificent Whitney Houston". Bennett sang "How Do You Keep the Music Playing?" and said of Houston, "When I first heard her, I called Clive Davis and said, 'You finally found the greatest singer I've ever heard in my life.'"[249]
Some celebrities opposed Davis' decision to continue on the party while a police investigation was being conducted in Houston's hotel room and her body was still in the building. Chaka Khan, in an interview with CNN's Piers Morgan on February 13, 2012, shared that she felt the party should have been canceled, saying "I thought that was complete insanity. And knowing Whitney I don't believe that she would have said 'the show must go on.' She's the kind of woman that would've said 'Stop everything! Un-unh. I'm not going to be there.' [...] I don't know what could motivate a person to have a party in a building where the person whose life he had influenced so enormously and whose life had been affected by hers. They were like... I don't understand how that party went on."[250] Sharon Osbourne condemned the Davis party, declaring "I think it was disgraceful that the party went on. I don't want to be in a hotel room when there's someone you admire who's tragically lost their life four floors up. I'm not interested in being in that environment and I think when you grieve someone, you do it privately, you do it with people who understand you. I thought it was so wrong."[251]
Several other celebrities released statements responding to Houston's death. Dolly Parton, whose song "I Will Always Love You" was covered by Houston, said, "I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart, 'Whitney, I will always love you. You will be missed'." Aretha Franklin said, "It's so stunning and unbelievable. I couldn't believe what I was reading coming across the TV screen."[252] Mariah Carey said, "Heartbroken and in tears over the shocking death of my friend ... She will never be forgotten as one of the greatest voices to ever grace the earth."[253] Oprah Winfrey, who did an in-depth interview with Houston in 2009, wrote on Twitter "To me Whitney was THE VOICE. We got to hear a part of God every time she sang. Heart is heavy, spirit grateful for the GIFT of her."[254] Quincy Jones said, "I am absolutely heartbroken at the news of Whitney’s passing. Ashford & Simpson first made me aware of Whitney when she was just sixteen, and I always regretted not having had the opportunity to work with her. She was a true original and a talent beyond compare. I will miss her terribly."[253]
Moments after news of her death emerged, CNN, MSNBC and Fox News all broke from their regularly scheduled programming to dedicate time to non-stop coverage of Houston's death. All three featured live interviews with people who knew Houston including those that have worked with her, interviewed her along with some of her peers in the music industry. Saturday Night Live displayed a photo of a smiling Houston, alongside Molly Shannon, from her 1996 appearance.[255][256] MTV and VH-1 interrupted their regularly scheduled programming on Sunday February 12 to air many of Houston's classic videos with MTV often airing news segments in between and featuring various reactions from fans and celebrities.
Houston's former husband, Bobby Brown, was reported to be "in and out of crying fits" since receiving the news. He did not cancel a scheduled performance and within hours of his ex-wife's sudden death, an audience in Mississippi observed as Brown blew kisses skyward, tearfully saying: "I love you, Whitney".[257]
Ken Ehrlich, executive producer of the 54th Grammy Awards, announced that Jennifer Hudson would perform a tribute to Houston at the February 12, 2012, awards. He said "event organizers believed Hudson – an Academy Award-winning actress and Grammy Award-winning artist – could perform a respectful musical tribute to Houston". Ehrlich went on to say: "It's too fresh in everyone's memory to do more at this time, but we would be remiss if we didn't recognize Whitney's remarkable contribution to music fans in general, and in particular her close ties with the Grammy telecast and her Grammy wins and nominations over the years".[258] At the start of the awards ceremony, a footage of Houston performing "I Will Always Love You" from 1994 Grammys was shown following a prayer read by host, LL Cool J. Later in the program following a montage of photos of musicians who died in 2011 with Houston singing "Saving All My Love for You" at the 1986 Grammys, Hudson paid tribute to Houston and the other artists by performing "I Will Always Love You".[259][260]
Houston was honored in the form of various tributes at the 43rd NAACP Image Awards, held on February 17. A image montage of Houston and important black figures who died in 2011 was followed by video footage from the 1994 ceremony, which depicted her accepting two Image Awards for outstanding female artist and entertainer of the year. Following the video tribute, Yolanda Adams delivered a rendition of "I Love the Lord" from The Preacher's Wife Soundtrack. In the finale of the ceremony, Kirk Franklin and The Family started their performance with "Greatest Love of All."[261] The 2012 BRIT Awards, which took place at London's O2 Arena on February 21, also paid tribute to Houston by playing a 30-second-video montage of her music videos with a snippet of "One Moment in Time" as the background music in the ceremony's first segment.[262] New Jersey Governor Chris Christie said that all New Jersey state flags would be flown at half-staff on Tuesday, February 21 to honor Houston.[263] Accompanied by Esperanza Spalding belting out "What a Wonderful World" along with the Southern California Children's Choir, Houston was featured in the In Memoriam montage alongside other cinema greats at the 84th Academy Awards, held at the Hollywood and Highland Center on February 26, 2012.[264][265]
Artistry and legacy[link]
Voice[link]
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One of Houston's best selling singles worldwide and recognized songs, "I Will Always Love You" prominently uses melismas.
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Houston was a mezzo-soprano,[266][267] and was commonly referred to as "The Voice" in reference to her exceptional vocal talent.[268] Her vocal range extended from G below middle C (G3) to high B-flat (B♭5); she could belt out to treble F (F5).[269] She was third in MTV's list of 22 Greatest Voices,[270] and sixth on Online Magazine COVE's list of the 100 Best Pop Vocalists with a score of 48.5/50.[271] In 2008, Rolling Stone listed Houston as the thirty-fourth of the 100 greatest singers of all time, stating, "Her voice is a mammoth, coruscating cry: Few vocalists could get away with opening a song with 45 unaccompanied seconds of singing, but Houston's powerhouse version of Dolly Parton's 'I Will Always Love You' is a tour de force."[98] Matthew Perpetua from Rolling Stone also eulogized Houston's vocal, enumerating ten performances, including "How Will I Know" from the 1986 MTV VMAs and "The Star Spangled Banner" at the 1991 Super Bowl. "Whitney Houston was blessed with an astonishing vocal range and extraordinary technical skill, but what truly made her a great singer was her ability to connect with a song and drive home its drama and emotion with incredible precision," he stated. "She was a brilliant performer, and her live shows often eclipsed her studio recordings."[272]
Jon Caramanica of The New York Times commented, "Her voice was clean and strong, with barely any grit, well suited to the songs of love and aspiration. [...] Hers was a voice of triumph and achievement, and it made for any number of stunning, time-stopping vocal performances."[273] Mariah Carey stated, "She [Whitney] has a really rich, strong mid-belt that very few people have. She sounds really good, really strong."[274] While in her review of I Look to You, music critic Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times writes, "[Houston's voice] stands like monuments upon the landscape of 20th century pop, defining the architecture of their times, sheltering the dreams of millions and inspiring the climbing careers of countless imitators", adding "When she was at her best, nothing could match her huge, clean, cool mezzo-soprano".[267]
Lauren Everitt from BBC News Magazine commented on melisma used in Houston's recording and its influence. "An early 'I' in Whitney Houston's 'I Will Always Love You' takes nearly six seconds to sing. In those seconds the former gospel singer-turned-pop star packs a series of different notes into the single syllable," stated Everitt. "The technique is repeated throughout the song, most pronouncedly on every 'I' and 'you'. The vocal technique is called melisma, and it has inspired a host of imitators. Other artists may have used it before Houston, but it was her rendition of Dolly Parton's love song that pushed the technique into the mainstream in the 90s. [...] But perhaps what Houston nailed best was moderation." Everitt said that "[i]n a climate of reality shows ripe with 'oversinging', it's easy to appreciate Houston's ability to save melisma for just the right moment".[275]
Houston's vocal stylings have had a significant impact on the music industry. She has been called the "Queen of Pop" for her influence during the 1990s, commercially rivaling Mariah Carey and Celine Dion.[276] Stephen Holden from The New York Times, in his review of Houston's Radio City Music Hall concert on July 20, 1993, praised her attitude as a singer, writing, "Whitney Houston is one of the few contemporary pop stars of whom it might be said: the voice suffices. While almost every performer whose albums sell in the millions calls upon an entertainer's bag of tricks, from telling jokes to dancing to circus pyrotechnics, Ms. Houston would rather just stand there and sing." With regard to her singing style, he added: "Her [Houston's] stylistic trademarks – shivery melismas that ripple up in the middle of a song, twirling embellishments at the ends of phrases that suggest an almost breathless exhilaration – infuse her interpretations with flashes of musical and emotional lightning."[277]
Elysa Gardner of the Los Angeles Times in her review for The Preacher's Wife Soundtrack praised Houston's vocal ability highly, commenting, "She is first and foremost a pop diva – at that, the best one we have. No other female pop star – not Mariah Carey, not Celine Dion, not Barbra Streisand – quite rivals Houston in her exquisite vocal fluidity and purity of tone, and her ability to infuse a lyric with mesmerizing melodrama."[278]
Influence[link]
During the 1980s, MTV was coming into its own and received criticism for not playing enough videos by black artists. With Michael Jackson breaking down the color barrier for black male artists, Houston did the same for black female artists. She became the first black female artist to receive heavy rotation on the network following the success of the "How Will I Know" video.[279] Following Houston's breakthrough, other African-American female artists, such as Janet Jackson and Anita Baker, were successful in popular music.[52][53] Baker commented that "Because of what Whitney and Sade did, there was an opening for me... For radio stations, black women singers aren't taboo anymore."[280]
Allmusic noted her contribution to the success of black artists on the pop scene, commenting, "Houston was able to handle big adult contemporary ballads, effervescent, stylish dance-pop, and slick urban contemporary soul with equal dexterity" and that "the result was an across-the-board appeal that was matched by scant few artists of her era, and helped her become one of the first black artists to find success on MTV in Michael Jackson's wake".[281] The New York Times stated that "Houston was a major catalyst for a movement within black music that recognized the continuity of soul, pop, jazz and gospel vocal traditions".[282] Richard Corliss of Time magazine commented on her initial success breaking various barriers:
Of her first album's ten cuts, six were ballads. This chanteuse [Houston] had to fight for air play with hard rockers. The young lady had to stand uncowed in the locker room of macho rock. The soul strutter had to seduce a music audience that anointed few black artists with superstardom. [...] She was a phenomenon waiting to happen, a canny tapping of the listener's yen for a return to the musical middle. And because every new star creates her own genre, her success has helped other blacks, other women, other smooth singers find an avid reception in the pop marketplace.[283]
Stephen Holden of The New York Times said that Houston "revitalized the tradition of strong gospel-oriented pop-soul singing".[284] Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times referred to the singer as a "national treasure".[267] Jon Caramanica, other music critic of The New York Times, called Houston "R&B's great modernizer," adding "slowly but surely reconciling the ambition and praise of the church with the movements and needs of the body and the glow of the mainstream".[273] He also drew comparisons between Houston's influence and other big names' on 1980s pop:
She was, alongside Michael Jackson and Madonna, one of the crucial figures to hybridize pop in the 1980s, though her strategy was far less radical than that of her peers. Jackson and Madonna were by turns lascivious and brutish and, crucially, willing to let their production speak more loudly than their voices, an option Ms. Houston never went for. Also, she was less prolific than either of them, achieving most of her renown on the strength of her first three solo albums and one soundtrack, released from 1985 to 1992. If she was less influential than they were in the years since, it was only because her gift was so rare, so impossible to mimic. Jackson and Madonna built worldviews around their voices; Ms. Houston’s voice was the worldview. She was someone more to be admired, like a museum piece, than to be emulated.[273]
The Independent's music critic Andy Gill also wrote about Houston's influence on modern R&B and singing competitions, comparing it to Michael Jackson's. "Because Whitney, more than any other single artist ― Michael Jackson included ― effectively mapped out the course of modern R&B, setting the bar for standards of soul vocalese, and creating the original template for what we now routinely refer to as the 'soul diva'," stated Gill. "Jackson was a hugely talented icon, certainly, but he will be as well remembered (probably more so) for his presentational skills, his dazzling dance moves, as for his musical innovations. Whitney, on the other hand, just sang, and the ripples from her voice continue to dominate the pop landscape." Gill said that there "are few, if any, Jackson imitators on today's TV talent shows, but every other contestant is a Whitney wannabe, desperately attempting to emulate that wondrous combination of vocal effects – the flowing melisma, the soaring mezzo-soprano confidence, the tremulous fluttering that carried the ends of lines into realms of higher yearning".[285]
Houston was considered by many to be a "singer's singer", who had an influence on countless other vocalists, both female and male.[98][286] Similarly, Steve Huey from Allmusic wrote that the shadow of Houston's prodigious technique still looms large over nearly every pop diva and smooth urban soul singer – male or female – in her wake, and spawned a legion of imitators.[281] Rolling Stone, on her biography, stated that Houston "redefined the image of a female soul icon and inspired singers ranging from Mariah Carey to Rihanna".[287] Essence ranked Houston the fifth on their list of 50 Most Influential R&B Stars of all time, calling her "the diva to end all divas".[288]
A number of artists have acknowledged Houston as an influence, including Celine Dion,[289] Mariah Carey,[98] Toni Braxton,[290] Christina Aguilera,[291] LeAnn Rimes,[292] Jessica Simpson,[293] Nelly Furtado,[294][295] Kelly Clarkson, Britney Spears,[296] Ciara,[297] P!nk,[296] Ashanti,[298] Robin Thicke,[299] Jennifer Hudson, Stacie Orrico, Amerie,[300] and Destiny's Child.[296][301] Mariah Carey, who was often compared to Houston, said, "She [Houston] has been a big influence on me."[302] She later told USA Today that "none of us would sound the same if Aretha Franklin hadn't ever put out a record, or Whitney Houston hadn't."[303] Celine Dion who was the third member of the troika that dominated female pop singing in the 1990s, did a telephone interview with Good Morning America on February 13, 2012, telling "Whitney's been an amazing inspiration for me. I've been singing with her my whole career, actually. I wanted to have a career like hers, sing like her, look beautiful like her."[304] Beyoncé told the Globe and Mail that Houston "inspired [her] to get up there and do what [she] did".[305] She also wrote on her website on the day after Houston's death, "I, like every singer, always wanted to be just like [Houston]. Her voice was perfect. Strong but soothing. Soulful and classic. Her vibrato, her cadence, her control. So many of my life's memories are attached to a Whitney Houston song. She is our queen and she opened doors and provided a blueprint for all of us."[306]
Mary J. Blige said that Houston inviting her onstage during VH1's Divas Live show in 1999 "opened doors for [her] all over the world".[307] Brandy stated, "The first Whitney Houston CD was genius. That CD introduced the world to her angelic yet powerful voice. Without Whitney, half of this generation of singers wouldn't be singing."[308] Kelly Rowland, in an Ebony's feature article celebrating black music in June 2006, recalled that "[I] wanted to be a singer after I saw Whitney Houston on TV singing 'Greatest Love of All'. I wanted to sing like Whitney Houston in that red dress." She added that "And I have never, ever forgotten that song [Greatest Love of All]. I learned it backward, forward, sideways. The video still brings chills to me. When you wish and pray for something as a kid, you never know what blessings God will give you."[309]
Alicia Keys said "Whitney is an artist who inspired me from [the time I was] a little girl".[310] Oscar winner Jennifer Hudson cites Houston as her biggest musical influence. She told Newsday that she learned from Houston the "difference between being able to sing and knowing how to sing".[311] Leona Lewis, who has been called "the new Whitney Houston", also cites her as an influence. Lewis stated that she idolized her as a little girl.[312][313]
Awards and achievements[link]
Further information: List of awards and nominations received by Whitney Houston and Whitney Houston chart records and achievements
Houston was the most awarded female artist of all time, according to Guinness World Records,[1] with two Emmy Awards, six Grammy Awards, 30 Billboard Music Awards, 22 American Music Awards, among a total of 415 career awards as of 2010. She held the all-time record for the most American Music Awards of any female solo artist and shared the record with Michael Jackson for the most AMAs ever won in a single year with eight wins in 1994.[314] Houston won a record 11 Billboard Music Awards at its fourth ceremony in 1993.[315] She also had the record for the most WMAs won in a single year, winning five awards at the 6th World Music Awards in 1994.[316]
In May 2003, Houston placed at number three on VH1's list of "50 Greatest Women of the Video Era", behind Madonna and Janet Jackson.[317] She was also ranked at number 116 on their list of the "200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons of All Time".[318] In 2008, Billboard magazine released a list of the Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists to celebrate the US singles chart's 50th anniversary, ranking Houston at number nine.[319][320] Similarly, she was ranked as one of the "Top 100 Greatest Artists of All Time" by VH1 in September 2010.[321] In November 2010, Billboard released its "Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years" list and ranked Houston at number three whom not only went on to earn eight number one singles on the R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but also landed five number ones on R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.[322]
Houston's debut album is listed as one of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time by Rolling Stone magazine[49] and is on Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's Definitive 200 list.[50] In 2004, Billboard picked the success of her first release on the charts as one of 110 Musical Milestones in its history.[323] Houston's entrance into the music industry is considered one of the 25 musical milestones of the last 25 years, according to USA Today in 2007. It stated that she paved the way for Mariah Carey's chart-topping vocal gymnastics.[51] In 1997, the Franklin School in East Orange, New Jersey was renamed to The Whitney E. Houston Academy School of Creative and Performing Arts. In 2001, Houston was the first artist to be given a BET Lifetime Achievement Award.[324]
Houston was one of the world's best-selling music artists, having sold over 200 million albums and singles worldwide.[2][3] She was ranked as the fourth best-selling female artist in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America, with 55 million certified albums sold in the US.[216][325]
She held an Honorary Doctorate in Humanities from Grambling State University, Louisiana.[326]
Discography[link]
Main articles: Whitney Houston discography and Whitney Houston videography
- Studio Albums
- 1985: Whitney Houston
- 1987: Whitney
- 1990: I'm Your Baby Tonight
- 1998: My Love Is Your Love
- 2002: Just Whitney
- 2009: I Look to You
- Holiday Albums
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes and awards |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 | The Bodyguard | Rachel Marron | Feature film
|
| 1995 | Waiting to Exhale | Savannah Jackson | Feature film
|
| 1996 | The Preacher's Wife | Julia Biggs | Feature film
|
| 1997 | Rodgers & Hammerstein's Cinderella | Fairy Godmother | Made-for-television film, part of a revival of the Wonderful World of Disney.[335]
|
| 2012 | Sparkle | Emma | Posthumous release |
| Year | Title | Network | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | Gimme a Break! | NBC | Rita | "Katie's College" (Season 3, Episode 20, air date: March 15, 1984)[338] |
| As the World Turns | CBS | Herself | Houston appeared on the soap on August 1–2, 1984, with Jermaine Jackson singing two duets off a new album he was releasing at the time: "Take Good Care of My Heart" and "Nobody Loves Me Like You Do." They taped their appearance on July 25 at CBS Studios in New York City. | |
| 1985 | Silver Spoons | NBC | Herself | "Head Over Heels" (Season 4, Episode 1, air date: September 15, 1985)[338] She performed the edited version of "Saving All My Love for You", changing some of the words. |
| 2002 | Boston Public | Fox | Herself | She performed "Try It On My Own" from the 2002 studio album Just Whitney. |
| Year | Company | Promoting | Country | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1983 | Dr Pepper/Seven Up | Canada Dry (soft drink beverage) |
United States |
|
| 1986 | Coca-Cola | Diet Coke (soft drink beverage) |
United States | |
| 1988 | Coca-Cola | Diet Coke (soft drink beverage) |
United States |
|
| 1989 | Sanyo | Electronics (the stereo, TV) |
Japan |
|
| 1994/ 1995 |
AT&T | Telephone services | United States | |
| 1999 | Nissin | Consumer credit business | Japan |
|
| Year | Title | Director | Notes and awards |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | Rodgers & Hammerstein's Cinderella | Robert Iscove | Executive producer[350]
|
| 2001 | The Princess Diaries | Garry Marshall | Producer[351]
|
| 2003 | The Cheetah Girls | Oz Scott | Producer[356] |
| 2004 | The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement | Garry Marshall | Producer[357] |
| 2006 | The Cheetah Girls 2: When in Spain | Kenny Ortega | Co-executive producer[358] |
Tours[link]
Main article: List of Whitney Houston tours and concerts
See also[link]
References[link]
Further reading[link]
External links[link]
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"Earvin Johnson" redirects here. For the NBA center, see Ervin Johnson.
 |
|
| No. 32 | |
|---|---|
| Point guard / Forward | |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1959-08-14) August 14, 1959 (age 52) Lansing, Michigan |
| High school | Everett (Lansing, Michigan) |
| Listed height | 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)[1] |
| Listed weight | 255 lb (116 kg)[2] |
| Career information | |
| College | Michigan State (1977–1979) |
| NBA Draft | 1979 / Round: 1 / Pick: 1st overall |
| Selected by the Los Angeles Lakers | |
| Pro career | 1979–1996 |
| Career history | |
| 1979–1991, 1996 | Los Angeles Lakers |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|
|
| Career statistics | |
| Points | 17,707 (19.5 ppg) |
| Rebounds | 6,559 (7.2 rpg) |
| Assists | 10,141 (11.2 apg) |
| Stats at Basketball-Reference.com | |
| Basketball Hall of Fame as player | |
Earvin "Magic" Johnson Jr. (born August 14, 1959) is a retired American professional basketball player who played point guard for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). After winning championships in high school and college, Johnson was selected first overall in the 1979 NBA Draft by the Lakers. He won a championship and an NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award in his rookie season, and won four more championships with the Lakers during the 1980s. Johnson retired abruptly in 1991 after announcing that he had contracted HIV, but returned to play in the 1992 All-Star Game, winning the All-Star MVP Award. After protests from his fellow players, he retired again for four years, but returned in 1996, at age 36, to play 32 games for the Lakers before retiring for the third and final time.
Johnson's career achievements include three NBA MVP Awards, nine NBA Finals appearances, twelve All-Star games, and ten All-NBA First and Second Team nominations. He led the league in regular-season assists four times, and is the NBA's all-time leader in average assists per game, at 11.2.[3] Johnson was a member of the "Dream Team", the U.S. basketball team that won the Olympic gold medal in 1992.
Johnson was honored as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996, and enshrined in the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2002.[4] He was rated the greatest NBA point guard of all time by ESPN in 2007.[5] His friendship and rivalry with Boston Celtics star Larry Bird, whom he faced in the 1979 NCAA finals and three NBA championship series, were well documented. Since his retirement, Johnson has been an advocate for HIV/AIDS prevention and safe sex,[4] as well as an entrepreneur,[6] philanthropist,[7] broadcaster and motivational speaker.[8] Johnson was a part-owner of the Lakers for several years, and was part of a group that purchased the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2012.
Contents |
Amateur career[link]
Early years[link]
Earvin Johnson Jr. was born to Earvin Sr., a General Motors assembly worker, and Christine, a school custodian.[9] Johnson grew up in Lansing, Michigan, and came to love basketball as a youngster, idolizing players such as Earl Monroe and Marques Haynes,[10] and practicing "all day".[4]
Johnson was first dubbed "Magic" as a 15-year-old sophomore playing for Lansing's Everett High School, when he recorded a triple-double of 36 points, 18 rebounds and 16 assists.[4] After the game, Fred Stabley Jr., a sports writer for the Lansing State Journal, gave him the moniker[11] despite the belief of Johnson's mother, a Christian, that the name was sacrilegious.[4] In his final high school season, Johnson led Lansing Everett to a 27–1 win–loss record while averaging 28.8 points and 16.8 rebounds per game,[4] and took his team to an overtime victory in the state championship game.[12]
Michigan State University[link]
Although Johnson was recruited by several top-ranked colleges such as Indiana and UCLA, he decided to play close to home.[13] His college decision came down to the University of Michigan and Michigan State University in East Lansing. He ultimately decided to attend Michigan State when its coach Jud Heathcote told him he could play the point guard position. The talent already on Michigan State's roster also drew him to the program.[14]
Johnson did not initially aspire to play professionally, focusing instead on his communication studies major and on his desire to become a television commentator.[15] Playing with future NBA draftees Greg Kelser, Jay Vincent and Mike Brkovich, Johnson averaged 17.0 points, 7.9 rebounds, and 7.4 assists per game as a freshman, and led the Spartans to a 25–5 record, the Big Ten Conference title, and a berth in the 1978 NCAA Tournament.[4] The Spartans reached the Elite Eight, but lost narrowly to eventual national champion Kentucky.[16]
During the 1978–79 season, Michigan State again qualified for the NCAA Tournament, where they advanced to the championship game and faced Indiana State University, which was led by senior Larry Bird. In what was the most-watched college basketball game ever,[17] Michigan State defeated Indiana State 75–64, and Johnson was voted Most Outstanding Player of the Final Four.[12] After two years in college, during which he averaged 17.1 points, 7.6 rebounds, and 7.9 assists per game, Johnson was drafted in the 1979 NBA Draft.[18]
Professional career[link]
Rookie season in the NBA (1979–80)[link]
Johnson was drafted first overall in 1979 by the Los Angeles Lakers. Johnson said that what was "most amazing" about joining the Lakers was the chance to play alongside Kareem Abdul-Jabbar,[19] the team's 7 ft 2 in (2.18 m) center who became the leading scorer in NBA history.[20] Despite Abdul-Jabbar's dominance, he had failed to win a championship with the Lakers, and Johnson was expected to help them achieve that goal.[21] Johnson averaged 18.0 points, 7.7 rebounds, and 7.3 assists per game for the season, was selected to the NBA All-Rookie Team, and was named an NBA All-Star Game starter.[22]
The Lakers compiled a 60–22 record in the regular season and reached the 1980 NBA Finals,[23] in which they faced the Philadelphia 76ers, who were led by forward Julius Erving. The Lakers took a 3–2 lead in the series, but Abdul-Jabbar, who averaged 33 points a game in the series,[24] sprained his ankle in Game 5 and could not play in Game 6.[21] Paul Westhead decided to start Johnson at center in Game 6; Johnson recorded 42 points, 15 rebounds, 7 assists, and 3 steals in a 123–107 win, while playing guard, forward, and center at different times during the game.[21] Johnson became the only rookie to win the NBA Finals MVP award,[21] and his clutch performance is still regarded as one of the finest in NBA history.[5][25][26] He also became one of four players to win NCAA and NBA championships in consecutive years.[27]
Ups and downs (1980–83)[link]
Early in the 1980–81 season, Johnson was sidelined after he suffered torn cartilage in his left knee. He missed 45 games,[18] and said that his rehabilitation was the "most down" he had ever felt.[28] Johnson returned before the start of the 1981 playoffs, but the Lakers' then-assistant and future head coach Pat Riley later said Johnson's much-anticipated return made the Lakers a "divided team".[29] The 54-win Lakers faced the 40–42 Houston Rockets in the first round of playoffs,[30][31] where Houston upset the Lakers 2–1 after Johnson airballed a last-second shot in Game 3.[32]
During the off-season, Johnson signed a 25-year, $25-million contract with the Lakers, which was the highest-paying contract in sports history up to that point.[33] At the beginning of the 1981–82 season, Johnson had a heated dispute with Westhead, who Johnson said made the Lakers "slow" and "predictable".[34] After Johnson demanded to be traded, Lakers owner Jerry Buss fired Westhead and replaced him with Riley. Although Johnson denied responsibility for Westhead's firing,[35] he was booed across the league, even by Lakers' fans.[4] Despite his off-court troubles, Johnson averaged 18.6 points, 9.6 rebounds, 9.5 assists, and a league-high 2.7 steals per game, and was voted a member of the All-NBA Second Team.[18] He also joined Wilt Chamberlain and Oscar Robertson as the only NBA players to tally at least 700 points, 700 rebounds, and 700 assists in the same season.[12] The Lakers advanced through the 1982 playoffs and faced Philadelphia for the second time in three years in the 1982 NBA Finals. After a triple-double from Johnson in Game 6, the Lakers defeated the Sixers 4–2, as Johnson won his second NBA Finals MVP award.[36] During the championship series against the Sixers, Johnson averaged 16.2 points on .533 shooting, 10.8 rebounds, 8.0 assists, and 2.5 steals per game.[37] Johnson later said that his third season was when the Lakers first became a great team,[38] and he credited their success to Riley.[39]
During the 1982–83 NBA season, Johnson averaged 16.8 points, 10.5 assists, and 8.6 rebounds per game and earned his first All-NBA First Team nomination.[18] The Lakers again reached the Finals, and for a third time faced the Sixers, who featured center Moses Malone as well as Erving.[40] With Johnson's teammates Norm Nixon, James Worthy and Bob McAdoo all hobbled by injuries, the Lakers were swept by the Sixers, and Malone was crowned the Finals MVP.[40] In a losing effort against Philadelphia, Johnson averaged 19.0 points on .403 shooting, 12.5 assists, and 7.8 rebounds per game.[41]
Battles against the Celtics (1983–87)[link]
In Johnson's fifth season, he averaged a double-double of 17.6 points and 13.1 assists, as well as 7.3 rebounds per game.[18] The Lakers reached the Finals for the third year in a row, where Johnson's Lakers and Bird's Celtics met for the first time in the post-season.[42] The Lakers won the first game, and led by two points in Game 2 with 18 seconds to go, but after a layup by Gerald Henderson, Johnson failed to get a shot off before the final buzzer sounded, and the Lakers lost 124–121 in overtime.[42] In Game 3, Johnson responded with 21 assists in a 137–104 win, but in Game 4, he again made several crucial errors late in the contest. In the final minute of the game, Johnson had the ball stolen by Celtics center Robert Parish, and then missed two free throws that could have won the game. The Celtics won Game 4 in overtime, and the teams split the next two games. In the decisive Game 7 in Boston, as the Lakers trailed by three points in the final minute, opposing point guard Dennis Johnson stole the ball from Johnson, a play that effectively ended the series.[42] Friends Isiah Thomas and Mark Aguirre consoled him that night, talking until the morning in his Boston hotel room amidst fan celebrations on the street.[43][44] During the Finals, Johnson averaged 18.0 points on .560 shooting, 13.6 assists, and 7.7 rebounds per game.[45] Johnson later described the series as "the one championship we should have had but didn't get".[46]
In the 1984–85 regular season, Johnson averaged 18.3 points, 12.6 assists, and 6.2 rebounds per game and led the Lakers into the 1985 NBA Finals, where they faced the Celtics again. The series started poorly for the Lakers when they allowed an NBA Finals record 148 points to the Celtics in a 34-point loss in Game 1.[47] However, Abdul-Jabbar, who was now 38 years old, scored 30 points and grabbed 17 rebounds in Game 2, and his 36 points in a Game 5 win were instrumental in establishing a 3–2 lead for Los Angeles.[47] After the Lakers defeated the Celtics in six games, Abdul-Jabbar and Johnson, who averaged 18.3 points on .494 shooting, 14.0 assists, and 6.8 rebounds per game in the championship series,[48][49] said the Finals win was the highlight of their careers.[50]
Johnson again averaged a double-double in the 1985–86 NBA season, with 18.8 points, 12.6 assists, and 5.9 rebounds per game.[18] The Lakers advanced to the Western Conference Finals, but were unable to defeat the Houston Rockets, who advanced to the Finals in five games.[51] In the next season, Johnson averaged a career-high of 23.9 points, as well as 12.2 assists and 6.3 rebounds per game,[18] and earned his first regular season MVP award.[4][52] The Lakers met the Celtics for the third time in the NBA Finals, and in Game 4 Johnson hit a last-second hook shot over Celtics big men Parish and Kevin McHale to win the game 107–106.[53] The game-winning shot, which Johnson dubbed his "junior, junior, junior sky-hook",[53] helped Los Angeles defeat Boston in six games. Johnson was awarded his third Finals MVP title after averaging 26.2 points on .541 shooting, 13.0 assists, 8.0 rebounds, and 2.33 steals per game.[53][54]
Repeat and falling short (1987–91)[link]
Before the 1987–88 NBA season, Lakers coach Pat Riley publicly promised that they would defend the NBA title, even though no team had won consecutive titles since the Celtics did so in the 1969 NBA Finals.[55] Johnson had another productive season with averages of 19.6 points, 11.9 assists, and 6.2 rebounds per game.[18] In the 1988 playoffs, the Lakers survived two 4–3 series against the Utah Jazz and the Dallas Mavericks to reach the Finals and face Thomas and the Detroit Pistons,[56] known as the "Bad Boys" for their physical style of play.[57] Johnson and Thomas greeted each other with a kiss on the cheek before the opening tip of Game 1, which they called a display of brotherly love.[44][58][59] After the teams split the first six games, Lakers forward and Finals MVP James Worthy had his first career triple-double of 36 points, 16 rebounds, and 10 assists, and led his team to a 108–105 win.[60] Despite not being named MVP, Johnson had a strong championship series, averaging 21.1 points on .550 shooting, 13.0 assists, and 5.7 rebounds per game.[61] It was the fifth and final NBA championship of his career.
In the 1988–89 NBA season, Johnson's 22.5 points, 12.8 assists, and 7.9 rebounds per game[18] earned him his second MVP award,[62] and the Lakers reached the 1989 NBA Finals, in which they again faced the Pistons. However, after Johnson went down with a hamstring injury in Game 2, the Lakers were no match for the Pistons, who swept them 4–0.[63]
Playing without Abdul-Jabbar for the first time, Johnson won his third MVP award[64] after a strong 1989–90 NBA season in which he averaged 22.3 points, 11.5 assists, and 6.6 rebounds per game.[18] However, the Lakers bowed out to the Phoenix Suns in the Western Conference semifinals, which was the Lakers' earliest playoffs elimination in nine years.[65] Johnson performed well during the 1990–91 NBA season, with averages of 19.4 points, 12.5 assists, and 7.0 rebounds per game, and the Lakers reached the 1991 NBA Finals. There they faced the Chicago Bulls, led by shooting guard Michael Jordan, a five-time scoring champion regarded as the finest player of his era.[66][67] Although the series was portrayed as a matchup between Johnson and Jordan,[68] Bulls forward Scottie Pippen defended effectively against Johnson. Despite two triple-doubles from Johnson during the series, finals MVP Jordan led his team to a 4–1 win.[4] In the last championship series of his career, Johnson averaged 18.6 points on .431 shooting, 12.4 assists, and 8.0 rebounds per game.[69]
HIV announcement and Olympics (1991–92)[link]
After a physical before the 1991–92 NBA season, Johnson discovered that he had tested positive for HIV. In a press conference held on November 7, 1991, Johnson made a public announcement that he would retire immediately.[70] He stated that his wife Cookie and their unborn child did not have HIV, and that he would dedicate his life to "battle this deadly disease".[70] Johnson initially said that he did not know how he contracted the disease,[70] but later acknowledged that it was through having multiple sexual partners during his playing career.[71] At the time, only a small percentage of HIV-positive people had contracted it from heterosexual sex,[59][72] and it was initially rumored that Johnson was gay or bisexual, although he denied both.[59] Johnson later accused Isiah Thomas of spreading the rumors, a claim Thomas denied.[44][73] Johnson's HIV announcement became a major news story in the United States,[74] and in 2004 was named as ESPN's seventh most memorable moment of the past 25 years.[75] Many articles praised Johnson as a hero, and former U.S. President George H. W. Bush said, "For me, Magic is a hero, a hero for anyone who loves sports."[76]
| Olympic medal record | ||
|---|---|---|
| Men's basketball | ||
Competitor for  United States |
||
| Gold | 1992 Barcelona | National team |
Despite his retirement, Johnson was voted by fans as a starter for the 1992 NBA All-Star Game at Orlando Arena, although his former teammates Byron Scott and A. C. Green said that Johnson should not play,[77] and several NBA players, including Utah Jazz forward Karl Malone, argued that they would be at risk of contamination if Johnson suffered an open wound while on court.[78] Johnson led the West to a 153–113 win and was crowned All-Star MVP after recording 25 points, 9 assists, and 5 rebounds.[79] The game ended after he made a last-minute three-pointer, and players from both teams ran onto the court to congratulate Johnson.[80]
Johnson was chosen to compete in the 1992 Summer Olympics for the US basketball team, dubbed the "Dream Team" because of the NBA stars on the roster.[81] During the tournament, which the USA won,[82] Johnson played infrequently because of knee problems, but he received standing ovations from the crowd, and used the opportunity to inspire HIV-positive people.[15]
Post-Olympics and later life[link]
Before the 1992–93 NBA season, Johnson announced his intention to stage an NBA comeback. After practicing and playing in several pre-season games, he returned to retirement before the start of the regular season, citing controversy over his return sparked by opposition from several active players.[12] During his retirement, Johnson has written a book on safer sex, run several businesses, worked for NBC as a commentator, and toured Asia and Australia with a basketball team that comprised former college and NBA players.[4]
He returned to the NBA as coach of the Lakers near the end of the 1993–94 NBA season, replacing Randy Pfund. After losing five of six games, Johnson announced he would resign after the season, choosing instead to purchase a 5% share of the team in June 1994.[4] In the following season, at the age of 36, Johnson attempted another comeback as a player. Playing power forward, he averaged 14.6 points, 6.9 assists, and 5.7 rebounds per game in the last 32 games of the season.[18] After the Lakers lost to the Houston Rockets in the first round of the playoffs,[83] Johnson retired permanently, saying, "I am going out on my terms, something I couldn't say when I aborted a comeback in 1992."[12]
Off the court[link]
Personal life[link]
Johnson first fathered a son in 1981, when Andre Johnson was born to Melissa Mitchell. Although Andre was raised by his mother, he visited Johnson each summer, and as of October 2005 was working for Magic Johnson Enterprises as a marketing director.[6] In 1991, Johnson married Earlitha "Cookie" Kelly in a small wedding in Lansing which included guests Thomas, Aguirre, and Herb Williams.[84] Johnson and Cookie have one son, Earvin III;[6] the couple adopted a daughter, Elisa, in 1995.[85] Johnson resides in Dana Point, California.[86]
Media figure and business interests[link]
In 1998, Johnson hosted a late night talk show on the Fox network called The Magic Hour, but the show was canceled after two months because of low ratings.[87] He runs Magic Johnson Enterprises, a company that has a net worth of $700 million;[6] its subsidiaries include Magic Johnson Productions, a promotional company; Magic Johnson Theaters, a nationwide chain of movie theaters; and Magic Johnson Entertainment, a movie studio.[88] Johnson has also worked as a motivational speaker.[8] Johnson was an NBA commentator for Turner Network Television for seven years,[89] before becoming a studio analyst for ESPN's NBA Countdown in 2008.[90] In 1994, Johnson became a minority owner of the Lakers, having reportedly paid more than $10 million for part ownership. He also held the title of team vice president.[91] Johnson sold his ownership stake in the Lakers in October 2010.[92] In 2006 Johnson created a contract food service with Sodexo USA called Sodexo-Magic.[93]
Los Angeles Dodgers[link]
In January 2012, Johnson joined with Guggenheim Partners and Stan Kasten in a bid for ownership of the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team.[94] In March 2012, Johnson's ownership group was announced as the winner of the proceedings to buy the Dodgers.[95]
Politics[link]
Johnson is a supporter of the Democratic Party—in 2006, he publicly endorsed Phil Angelides for governor of California,[96] and in 2007 he supported Hillary Clinton for president of the United States.[97] In 2010 Johnson endorsed Barbara Boxer in her race for re-election.[98]
HIV activism[link]
After announcing his infection in November 1991, Johnson created the Magic Johnson Foundation to help combat HIV,[99] although he later diversified the foundation to include other charitable goals.[100] In 1992, he joined the National Commission on AIDS, but left after eight months, saying that the commission was not doing enough to combat the disease.[99] He was also the main speaker for the United Nations (UN) World AIDS Day Conference in 1999,[100] and has served as a United Nations Messenger of Peace.[101]
HIV had been associated with drug addicts and homosexuals,[99] but Johnson's campaigns sought to show that the risk of infection was not limited to those groups. Johnson stated that his aim was to "help educate all people about what [HIV] is about" and teach others not to "discriminate against people who have HIV and AIDS".[100] Johnson was later criticized by the AIDS community for his decreased involvement in publicizing the spread of the disease.[99][100]
To prevent his HIV infection from progressing to AIDS, Johnson takes a daily combination of drugs.[102] He has advertised GlaxoSmithKline's drugs,[103] and partnered with Abbott Laboratories to publicize the fight against AIDS in African American communities.[102]
Career achievements[link]
In 905 NBA games, Johnson scored 17,707 points, 6,559 rebounds, and 10,141 assists, translating to career averages of 19.5 points, 7.2 rebounds, and 11.2 assists per game, the highest assists per game average in NBA history.[18] Johnson shares the single-game playoff record for assists (24),[104] holds the Finals record for assists in a game (21),[104] and has the most playoff assists (2,346).[105] He holds the All-Star Game single-game record for assists (22), and the All-Star Game record for career assists (127).[104] Johnson introduced a fast-paced style of basketball called "Showtime", described as a mix of "no-look passes off the fastbreak, pin-point alley-oops from halfcourt, spinning feeds and overhand bullets under the basket through triple teams."[4] Fellow Lakers guard Michael Cooper said, "There have been times when [Johnson] has thrown passes and I wasn't sure where he was going. Then one of our guys catches the ball and scores, and I run back up the floor convinced that he must've thrown it through somebody."[4][12] Johnson was exceptional because he played point guard despite being 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m), a size reserved normally for frontcourt players.[4] He combined the size of a power forward, the one-on-one skills of a swingman, and the ball handling talent of a guard, making him one of the most dangerous triple-double threats of all time; his 138 triple-double games are second only to Oscar Robertson's 181.[106]
For his feats, Johnson was voted as one of the 50 Greatest Players of All Time by the NBA in 1996,[107] and was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2002.[108] ESPN's SportsCentury ranked Johnson #17 in their "50 Greatest Athletes of the 20th Century"[109] In 2006, ESPN.com rated Johnson the greatest point guard of all time, stating, "It could be argued that he's the one player in NBA history who was better than Michael Jordan."[5] Several of his achievements in individual games have also been named among the top moments in the NBA.[26][110][111]
Rivalry with Larry Bird[link]
See also: Lakers–Celtics rivalry
Johnson and Larry Bird were first linked as rivals after Johnson's Michigan State squad defeated Bird's Indiana State team in the 1979 NCAA finals. The rivalry continued in the NBA, and reached its climax when Boston and Los Angeles met in three out of four NBA Finals from 1984 to 1987. Johnson asserted that for him, the 82-game regular season was composed of 80 normal games, and two Lakers–Celtics games. Similarly, Bird admitted that Johnson's daily box score was the first thing he checked in the morning.[80]
Several journalists hypothesized that the Johnson–Bird rivalry was so appealing because it represented many other contrasts, such as the clash between the Lakers and Celtics, between Hollywood flashiness ("Showtime") and Boston/Indiana blue collar grit ("Celtic Pride"), and between blacks and whites.[112][113] The rivalry was also significant because it drew national attention to the faltering NBA. Prior to Johnson and Bird's arrival, the NBA had gone through a decade of declining interest and low TV ratings.[114] With the two future Hall of Famers, the league won a whole generation of new fans,[115] drawing both traditionalist adherents of Bird's dirt court Indiana game and those appreciative of Johnson's public park flair. Sports journalist Larry Schwartz of ESPN asserted that Johnson and Bird saved the NBA from bankruptcy.[12]
Despite their on-court rivalry, Johnson and Bird became close friends during the filming of a 1984 Converse shoe advertisement that depicted them as enemies.[116][117] Johnson appeared at Bird's retirement ceremony in 1992, and described Bird as a "friend forever";[80] during Johnson's Hall of Fame ceremony, Bird formally inducted his old rival.[115]
Works[link]
Biographies[link]
Johnson's autobiography is Johnson, Earvin (1992). Magic Johnson: My Life. Random House. ISBN 0-449-22254-3. Other biographies include:
- Haskins, James (1981). Magic: A Biography of Earvin Johnson. Hillside, New Jersey: Enslow Publishers. ISBN 0-89490-044-7.
- Gutman, Bill (1991). Magic: More Than a Legend. New York, New York: Harper Paperbacks. ISBN 0-06-100542-8.
- Morgan, Bill (1991). The Magic: Earvin Johnson. ISBN 0-606-01895-6.
- Gutman, Bill (1992). Magic Johnson: Hero On and Off the Court. Brookfield, Connecticut: Millbrook Press. ISBN 1-56294-287-5.
- Johnson, Rick L. (1992). Magic Johnson: Basketball's Smiling Superstar. New York, New York: Dillon Press. ISBN 0-87518-553-3.
- Rozakis, Laurie (1993). Magic Johnson: Basketball Immortal. Vero Beach, Florida: Rourke Enterprises. ISBN 0-86592-025-7.
- Schwabacher, Martin (1993). Magic Johnson (Junior World Biographies). New York, New York: Chelsea Juniors. ISBN 0-7910-2038-X.
- Bork, Günter (1994). Die großen Basketball Stars. Copress-Verl. ISBN 3-7679-0369-5. (German)
- Frank, Steven (1994). Magic Johnson (Basketball Legends). New York, New York: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-2430-X.
- Bork, Günter (1995). Basketball Sternstunden. Copress-Verl. ISBN 3-7679-0456-X. (German)
- Blatt, Howard (1996). Magic! Against The Odds. New York, New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-00301-1.
- Rosner, Mark (1999). Michael MacCambridge. ed. Earvin "Magic" Johnson: The Star of Showtime. New York: Hyperion ESPN Books. pp. 251–52. (In ESPN SportsCentury)
- Gottfried, Ted (2001). Earvin Magic Johnson: Champion and Crusader. New York, New York: F. Watts. ISBN 0-531-11675-1.
Instructional[link]
- Johnson, Earvin "Magic" (1992). Magic's Touch: From Fundamentals to Fast Break With One of Basketball's All-Time Greats. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. ISBN 0-201-63222-5.
- Johnson, Earvin "Magic" (1996). What You Can Do to Avoid AIDS. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8129-2844-X.
- Updated version of Johnson, Earvin "Magic" (1992). Unsafe Sex in the Age of AIDS. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8129-2063-5.
See also[link]
- List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders
- List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders
- List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders
- List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders
- List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders
- List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders
- List of National Basketball Association career playoff assists leaders
- List of National Basketball Association career playoff steals leaders
- List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders
- List of National Basketball Association career playoff free throw scoring leaders
- List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game
- List of National Basketball Association players with most steals in a game
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- ^ Magic Johnson Backing Barbara Boxer for US Senate
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- ^ "Magic Johnson assists drugmaker to advertise HIV treatment". USA Today. January 20, 2003. http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/health/drugs/2003-01-20-magic-glaxo_x.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ^ a b c "Magic Johnson Career Stats". NBA Encyclopedia: Playoff Edition. http://www.nba.com/history/players/johnsonm_stats.html. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
- ^ "All-Time Playoffs Individual Career Leaders". NBA Encyclopedia: Playoff Edition. http://www.nba.com/history/records/alltime_playoffs_ind_career.html. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
- ^ Wojnarowski, Adrian (2006-11-18). "Making triple trouble". Yahoo! Sports. http://sports.yahoo.com/nba/news?slug=aw-kidd111806. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
- ^ "The NBA at 50". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. http://www.nba.com/history/players/50greatest.html. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
- ^ "Johnson, Brown elected to Hall of Fame". ESPN. June 5, 2002. http://assets.espn.go.com/nba/news/2002/0605/1391196.html. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
- ^ "#17: Magic Johnson". ESPN's SportsCentury 50 Greatest Athletes of the 20th Century. 1 October 1999.
- ^ Forrester, Paul (2007-02-16). "Top 15 All-Star Weekend moments". Sports Illustrated (Time Inc). http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/web/COM1063351/2/index.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
- ^ "The 60 Greatest Playoff Moments". NBA Encyclopedia: Playoff Edition. http://www.nba.com/encyclopedia/moments/60moments.html. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
- ^ Bork (1995). Basketball Sternstunden. pp. 49–55.
- ^ Halberstam, David (1987-06-29). "The Stuff Dreams Are Made Of". Sports Illustrated (Time Inc). http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/web/COM1057184/1/index.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
- ^ "'Magic' Time". CBS News. 2002-09-27. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/26/earlyshow/leisure/main523385.shtml. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
- ^ a b "Larry Bird inducting Magic Johnson". CBC Sports. 2002-08-15. http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2002/08/14/magic020814.html. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
- ^ Aamidor, Abraham (2006). Chuck Taylor, All Star: The True Story of the Man Behind the Most Famous Athletic Shoe in History. p. 151. ISBN 0-253-34698-3.
- ^ Schwartz, Larry. "Eye for victory". ESPN. http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00014103.html. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
External links[link]
- Magic Johnson Official Website
- Career statistics and player information from NBA.com, or Basketball-Reference.com
- Magic Johnson at DatabaseBasketball.com
- Magic Johnson at the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
- Magic Johnson Bio, NBA Encyclopedia, Playoff Edition
- Magic Johnson Foundation
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Johnson, Magic |
| Alternative names | Johnson, Earvin, Jr. |
| Short description | American professional basketball player |
| Date of birth | 1959-8-14 |
| Place of birth | Lansing, Michigan, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
