There’s a great chapter in Dan Ariely’s Predictably Irrational called “The Cost of Social Norms: Why We Are Happy to Do Things, but Not When We Are Paid to Do Them.” In this chapter he examines the collision of market norms and social norms. Most of the examples are to the effect that it’s more acceptable to bring a $20 bottle of wine to a social gathering instead of offering the host $100 in cash. For instance, lawyers would refuse to work for a reduced fee in the name of a good cause, but for the same cause were happy to work pro bono:
There are many examples to show that people will work more for a cause than for cash. A few years ago, for instance, the AARP asked some lawyers if they would offer less expensive services to needy retirees, at something like $30 an hour. The lawyers said no. Then the program manager from AARP had a brilliant idea: he asked the lawyers if they would offer free services to needy retirees. Overwhelmingly, the lawyers said yes.
I’m sure there are class and prestige issues at work: accepting a low wage would mean the lawyers had a low market value, but no wage at all was community service out of the goodness of the lawyers’ hearts.
It’s too bad Ariely did not investigate the collision of social and market norms when it comes to organ donation. My initial reaction to this article was a mental facepalm:
Chinese teen sells his kidney for an iPad 2 – Telegraph.
But consider the social norms for organ donation. If the teen had given up his kidney for free, he would be considered a hero. For a relatively trivial amount of money, however, he was willing to trade his kidney, and that seems foolish. So either a donor should not be compensated at all, or compensated highly. But if he had the option of being compensated highly, there would be an outcry that only the rich could afford to compensate a seller. Then we’re back to square one: globally speaking, only the rich, well-connected, and lucky can obtain a donor organ, legally or not.
One thing I know for sure, if the desperate people on organ transplant waitlists could trade an iPad for a few more years of life, they would be ecstatic. The fact that the teen probably saved a life is also overlooked in the news report. If the teen had donated his kidney and saved a life, he’d be lauded as inspirational. Since he all but donated his kidney, saved a life, and in return was able to buy a gadget that most Westerners take for granted, he’s a jackass. He’s saying his own life is cheap, instead of showcasing his generosity.
However, the truth is that most people will not be motivated to donate organs in the face of zero compensation, and with laws enforcing donor anonymity, even public recognition is forcibly withheld. China is well on its way to replicating the U.S. failure in transplantation rates, with a staggering million-and-a-half on the waitlist and only 10,000 transplants performed each year. I’m sorry to see that this is getting less attention than one confused teen’s mismanagement of market norms.
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Organ Transplantation