Telnet is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area networks to provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communications facility using a virtual terminal connection. User data is interspersed in-band with Telnet control information in an 8-bit byte oriented data connection over the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

Telnet was developed in 1969 beginning with RFC 15, extended in RFC 854, and standardized as Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Standard STD 8, one of the first Internet standards.

Historically, Telnet provided access to a command-line interface (usually, of an operating system) on a remote host. Most network equipment and operating systems with a TCP/IP stack support a Telnet service for remote configuration (including systems based on Windows NT). Because of security issues with Telnet, its use for this purpose has waned in favor of SSH.

The term telnet may also refer to the software that implements the client part of the protocol. Telnet client applications are available for virtually all computer platforms. Telnet is also used as a verb. To telnet means to establish a connection with the Telnet protocol, either with command line client or with a programmatic interface. For example, a common directive might be: "To change your password, telnet to the server, login and run the passwd command." Most often, a user will be telnetting to a Unix-like server system or a network device (such as a router) and obtain a login prompt to a command line text interface or a character-based full-screen manager.

History and standards[link]

Telnet is a client-server protocol, based on a reliable connection-oriented transport. Typically this protocol is used to establish a connection to Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) port number 23, where a Telnet server application (telnetd) is listening. Telnet, however, predates TCP/IP and was originally run over Network Control Program (NCP) protocols.

Before March 5, 1973, Telnet was an ad-hoc protocol with no official definition.^[1] Essentially, it used an 8-bit channel to exchange 7-bit ASCII data. Any byte with the high bit set was a special Telnet character. On March 5, 1973, a Telnet protocol standard was defined at UCLA^[2] with the publication of two NIC documents: Telnet Protocol Specification, NIC #15372, and Telnet Option Specifications, NIC #15373.

Because of negotiable options protocol architecture, many extensions were made for it, some of which have been adopted as Internet standards, IETF documents STD 27 through STD 32. Some extensions have been widely implemented and others are proposed standards on the IETF standards track (see below)

Security[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

When Telnet was initially developed in 1969, most users of networked computers were in the computer departments of academic institutions, or at large private and government research facilities. In this environment, security was not nearly as much of a concern as it became after the bandwidth explosion of the 1990s. The rise in the number of people with access to the Internet, and by extension, the number of people attempting to hack other people's servers made encrypted alternatives much more of a necessity.

Experts in computer security, such as SANS Institute, recommend that the use of Telnet for remote logins should be discontinued under all normal circumstances, for the following reasons:

• Telnet, by default, does not encrypt any data sent over the connection (including passwords), and so it is often practical to eavesdrop on the communications and use the password later for malicious purposes; anybody who has access to a router, switch, hub or gateway located on the network between the two hosts where Telnet is being used can intercept the packets passing by and obtain login, password and whatever else is typed with a packet analyzer.
• Most implementations of Telnet have no authentication that would ensure communication is carried out between the two desired hosts and not intercepted in the middle.
• Commonly used Telnet daemons have several vulnerabilities discovered over the years.

These security-related shortcomings have seen the usage of the Telnet protocol drop rapidly, especially on the public Internet, in favor of the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol, first released in 1995. SSH provides much of the functionality of telnet, with the addition of strong encryption to prevent sensitive data such as passwords from being intercepted, and public key authentication, to ensure that the remote computer is actually who it claims to be. As has happened with other early Internet protocols, extensions to the Telnet protocol provide Transport Layer Security (TLS) security and Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) authentication that address the above issues. However, most Telnet implementations do not support these extensions; and there has been relatively little interest in implementing these as SSH is adequate for most purposes.

Telnet 5250[link]

IBM 5250 or 3270 workstation emulation is supported via custom telnet clients, TN5250/TN3270, and IBM servers. Clients and servers designed to pass IBM 5250 data streams over Telnet generally do support SSL encryption, as SSH does not include 5250 emulation. Under OS/400, port 992 is the default port for secured telnet.

Telnet data[link]

All data octets except \377 are transmitted over the TCP transport as is. Therefore, a Telnet client application may also be used to establish an interactive raw TCP session, and it is commonly believed that such session which does not use the IAC (\377 character, or 255 in decimal) is functionally identical.^{[citation needed]} This is not the case, however, because there are other network virtual terminal (NVT) rules, such as the requirement for a bare carriage return character (CR, ASCII 13) to be followed by a NULL (ASCII 0) character, that distinguish the telnet protocol from raw TCP sessions.^{[clarification needed]} On the other hand, many systems now possess true raw TCP clients, such as netcat or socat on UNIX and PuTTY on Windows, which also can be used to manually "talk" to other services without specialized client software. Nevertheless, Telnet is still sometimes used in debugging network services such as SMTP, IRC, HTTP, FTP or POP3 servers, to issue commands to a server and examine the responses, but of all these protocols only FTP really uses Telnet data format.

Another difference of Telnet from a raw TCP session is that Telnet is not 8-bit clean by default. 8-bit mode may be negotiated, but high-bit-set octets may be garbled until this mode was requested, and it obviously will not be requested in non-Telnet connection. The 8-bit mode (so named binary option) is intended to transmit binary data, not characters though. The standard suggests the interpretation of codes \000–\176 as ASCII, but does not offer any meaning for high-bit-set data octets. There was an attempt to introduce a switchable character encoding support like HTTP has,^[3] but nothing is known about its actual software support.

Current status[link]

As of mid-2010, the Telnet protocol itself has been mostly superseded for remote login. Telnet is popular in various application areas:

• Enterprise networks to access host applications, e.g., on IBM Mainframes.
• Administration of network elements, e.g., in configuring routers on a home network, in commissioning, integration and maintenance of core network elements in mobile communication networks, and many industrial control systems.
• MUD games played over the Internet, as well as talkers, MUSHes, MUCKs, MOOes.
• Telnet Bulletin Board Systems.
• Internet game clubs, like the Internet Chess Club, the Free Internet Chess Server and the Internet Go server.
• Connection to Amateur Radio DX clusters.
• Embedded systems.
• Mobile data collection applications where telnet runs over secure networks
• Troubleshooting and testing of basic TCP functionality between IP endpoints, often as a response to editing firewall rules, initial endpoint configuration, or partial connectivity loss.

Related RFCs[link]

• RFC 137, TELNET protocol specification
• RFC 139, TELNET protocol specification
• RFC 854, TELNET protocol specification
• RFC 855, TELNET option specifications
• RFC 856, TELNET binary transmission
• RFC 857, TELNET echo option
• RFC 858, TELNET suppress Go Ahead option
• RFC 859, TELNET status option
• RFC 860, TELNET timing mark option
• RFC 861, TELNET extended options - list option
• RFC 885, Telnet end of record option
• RFC 1041, Telnet 3270 regime option
• RFC 1073, Telnet Window Size Option
• RFC 1079, Telnet terminal speed option
• RFC 1091, Telnet terminal-type option
• RFC 1096, Telnet X display location option
• RFC 1123, Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application and Support
• RFC 1143, The Q Method of Implementing TELNET Option Negotiation
• RFC 1184, Telnet linemode option
• RFC 1205, 5250 Telnet interface
• RFC 1372, Telnet remote flow control option
• RFC 1572, Telnet Environment Option
• RFC 2217, Telnet Com Port Control Option
• RFC 2941, Telnet Authentication Option
• RFC 2942, Telnet Authentication: Kerberos Version 5
• RFC 2943, TELNET Authentication Using DSA
• RFC 2944, Telnet Authentication: SRP
• RFC 2946, Telnet Data Encryption Option
• RFC 4248, The telnet URI Scheme
• RFC 4777, IBM's iSeries Telnet Enhancements

Telnet clients[link]

• PuTTY is a free, open source SSH, Telnet, rlogin, and raw TCP client for Windows, Linux, and Unix.
• AbsoluteTelnet is a telnet client for Windows. It also supports SSH and SFTP,
• Host Explorer part of Hummingbird Connectivity; it implements the telnet, TN 3270, 5250, Ansi, and other protocols.
• RUMBA (Terminal Emulator)
• Line Mode Browser, a command line web browser
• NCSA Telnet
• TeraTerm
• Passport from Zephyr Corp, available as both regular executables and a web-based SSH/Telnet application
• SecureCRT from Van Dyke Software
• TeSSH from Zugg Software for Windows based upon the zMUD and CMUD code base also supports SSH and SFTP
• TN3270 Plus from SDI USA, Inc. available for Windows and supports terminal emulation types TN3270, TN5250, VT100 and VT220. It also supports SSH, TLS and SSL.
• ZOC Terminal
• SyncTERM BBS terminal program supporting Telnet, SSHv2, RLogin, Serial, Windows, *nix, and Mac OS X platforms, X/Y/ZMODEM and various BBS terminal emulations
• PCMan and KKMan are often used by Telnet user in Taiwan (Republic of China), where Telnet BBS are still popular.
• PowerTerm InterConnect from Ericom available for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, Windows CE and supports 35 terminal emulation types including TN3270, TN5250, VT420, Wyse and others with SSH and SSL.
• Rtelnet is a SOCKS client version of Telnet, providing similar functionality of telnet to those hosts which are behind firewall and NAT.
• Xshell is a terminal emulator that supports SSH, SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol), Telnet, rlogin and SERIAL from NetSarang.

See also[link]

• Virtual terminal
• Reverse telnet
• HyTelnet
• Kermit
• SSH

References[link]

External links[link]

• Telnet Options - The official list of assigned option numbers at iana.org
• Telnet Interactions Described as a Sequence Diagram
• Telnet protocol description, with NVT reference
• Microsoft TechNet:Telnet commands
• Telnet simulation animated
• TELNET: The Mother of All (Application) Protocols