Electronic News Gathering trucks and photojournalists gathered outside the Prudential Financial headquarters in Newark, United States in August 2004 following the announcement of evidence of a terrorist threat to it and to buildings in New York City.

The news media are those elements of the mass media that focus on delivering news to the general public or a target public. These include print media (newspapers, newsmagazines), broadcast news (radio and television), and more recently the Internet (online newspapers, news blogs, etc.).

Etymology[link]

A medium (plural media) is a carrier of something. Common things carried by media include information, art, or physical objects. A medium may provide transmission or storage of information or both. The industries which produce news and entertainment content for the mass media are often called "the media" (in much the same way the newspaper industry is called "the press"). In the late 20th century it became commonplace for this usage to be construed as singular ("The media is...") rather than as the traditional plural.

Broadcasting[link]

Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video signals (programs) to a number of recipients ("listeners" or "viewers") that belong to a large group. This group may be the public in general, or a relatively large audience within the public. Thus, an Internet channel may distribute text or music worldwide, while a public address system in (for example) a workplace may broadcast very limited ad hoc soundbites to a small population within its range.

The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule.

Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable, often both simultaneously. By coding signals and having decoding equipment in homes, the latter also enables subscription-based channels and pay-per-view services.

A broadcasting organization may broadcast several programs at the same time, through several channels (frequencies), for example BBC One and Two. On the other hand, two or more organizations may share a channel and each use it during a fixed part of the day. Digital radio and digital television may also transmit multiplexed programming, with several channels compressed into one ensemble.

When broadcasting is done via the Internet the term webcasting is often used.

Broadcasting forms a very large segment of the mass media.

Broadcasting to a very narrow range of audience is called narrowcasting.

Television[link]

In a broadcast system (television), journalists or reporters are also involved with editing the video material that has been shot alongside their research, and in working on the visual narrative of the story. Broadcast journalists often make an appearance in the news story at the beginning or end of the video clip.

In television or broadcast journalism, news analysts (also called news-casters or news anchors) examine, interpret, and broadcast news received from various sources of information. Anchors present this as news, either videotaped or live, through transmissions from on-the-scene reporters (news correspondents).

News films ("clips") can vary in length; there are some which may be as long as ten minutes, others that need to fit in all the relevant information and material in two or three minutes. News channels these days have also begun to host special documentary films that stretch for much longer durations and are able to explore a news subject or issue in greater detail.

The desk persons categorise news stories with various formats according to the merit of the story. Such formats include AVO, AVO Byte, Pkg, VO SOT, VOX POP, and Ancho Visual.

• The AVO, or Anchor Voice Over, is the short form of news. The story is written in a gist. According to the script visual is edited. The anchor reads the news while the visual is broadcast simultaneously. Generally, the duration of an AVO is 30 to 40 seconds. The script is three to four lines. At first the anchor starts to read the news, and, after reading one or one-and-a-half lines, the visual is aired, overlapping the face of anchor.

• The AVO Byte has two parts: An AVO, and one or more bytes. This is the same as an AVO, except that as soon as the AVO ends, the Byte is aired.

• The Pkg has three parts: Anchor, Voice Over, and Sign Off. At first a Script is written. A voice over anchor reads the anchor or anchor intro part.

Newscasters[link]

Newscasters

Newsmagazines[link]

Cover of 2512, a monthly newsmagazine published in Réunion.

A newsmagazine, sometimes called news magazine, is a usually weekly magazine featuring articles on current events. News magazines generally go a little more in-depth into stories than newspapers, trying to give the reader an understanding of the context surrounding important events, rather than just the facts.

Newspapers[link]

A newspaper is a lightweight and disposable publication (more specifically, a periodical), usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. It may be general or special interest, and may be published daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly.

General-interest newspapers are usually journals of current news on a variety of topics. Those can include political events, crime, business, sports, and opinions (either editorials, columns, or political cartoons). Many also include weather news and forecasts. Newspapers increasingly use photographs to illustrate stories; they also often include comic strips and other entertainment, such as crosswords.

Reporting[link]

Print journalism[link]

Journalists at work in Montreal in the 1940s

A story is a single article, news item or feature, usually concerning a single event, issue, theme, or profile of a person. Correspondents report news occurring in the main, locally, from their own country, or from foreign cities where they are stationed.

Most reporters file information or write their stories electronically from remote locations. In many cases, breaking stories are written by staff members, through information collected and submitted by other reporters who are out on the field gathering information for an event that has just occurred and needs to be broadcast instantly. Radio and television reporters often compose stories and report "live" from the scene. Some journalists also interpret the news or offer opinions and analysis to readers, viewers, or listeners. In this role, they are called commentators or columnists.

Reporters take notes and also take photographs or shoot videos, either on their own, or through a photographer or camera person. In the second phase, they organize the material, determine the focus or emphasis (identify the peg), and finally write their stories. The story is then edited by news or copy-editors (US style) or sub-editors in Europe, who function from the news desk. The headline of the story is decided by the news desk, and practically never by the reporter or the writer of the piece. Often, the news desk also heavily re-writes or changes the style and tone of the first draft prepared by the reporter / writer originally. Finally, a collection of stories that have been picked for the newspaper or magazine edition, are laid out on dummy (trial) pages, and after the chief editor has approved the content, style and language in the material, it is sent for publishing. The writer is given a byline for the piece that is published; his or her name appears alongside the article. This process takes place according to the frequency of the publication. News can be published in a variety of formats (broadsheet, tabloid, magazine and periodical publications) as well as periods (daily, weekly, semi-weekly, fortnightly or monthly).

Newsreels[link]

A newsreel was a documentary film common in the first half of the 20th century, that regularly released in a public presentation place containing filmed news stories.

Created by Pathé Frères of France in 1908, this form of film was a staple of the typical North American, British, and Commonwealth countries (especially Canada, Australia and New Zealand), and throughout European cinema programming schedule from the silent era until the 1960s when television news broadcasting completely supplanted its role.

Pathé would eventually merge with RKO...

An example of a newsreel story is in the film Citizen Kane (which was prepared by RKO's actual newsreel staff), which includes a fictional newsreel that summarizes the life of the title character.

Online journalism[link]

Online journalism is reporting and other journalism produced or distributed via the Internet.

An early leader was The News & Observer in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.

Many news organizations based in other media also distribute news online. How much they take advantage of the medium varies. Some news organizations, such as the Gongwer News Service, use the Web only or primarily.

The Internet challenges traditional news organizations in several ways. They may be losing classified ads to Web sites, which are often targeted by interest instead of geography. The advertising on news Web sites is sometimes insufficient to support the investment.

Even before the Internet, technology and perhaps other factors were dividing people's attention, leading to more but narrower media outlets.

Online journalism also leads to the spread of independent online media such as openDemocracy and the UK, Wikinews as well as allowing smaller news organizations to publish to a broad audience, such as mediastrike.

News coverage and new media[link]

By covering news, politics, weather, sports, entertainment, and vital events, the daily media shape the dominant cultural, social and political picture of society. Beyond the media networks, independent news sources have evolved to report on events which escape attention or underlie the major stories. In recent years, the blogosphere has taken reporting a step further, mining down to the experiences and perceptions of individual citizens.

An exponentially growing phenomenon, the blogosphere can be abuzz with news that is overlooked by the press and TV networks. Apropos of this was Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s 11,000-word Rolling Stone article apropos of the 2004 United States presidential election, published June 1, 2006. By June 8, there had been no mainstream coverage of the documented allegations by President John F. Kennedy's nephew. On June 9, this sub-story was covered by a Seattle Post-Intelligencer article. ^[1]

Media coverage during the 2008 Mumbai attacks highlighted the use of new media and Internet social networking tools, including Twitter and Flickr, in spreading information about the attacks, observing that Internet coverage was often ahead of more traditional media sources. In response, traditional media outlets included such coverage in their reports.^[2] However, several outlets were criticised as they did not check for the reliability and verifiability of the information.^[3]

Other journalism[link]

Internet[link]

Newspaper "gone to the Web" in California

The Internet has allowed the formal and informal publication of news stories through mainstream media outlets as well as blogs and other self-published news stories. Journalists working on the Internet have been referred to as J-Bloggers, a term coined by Australian Media Academic Dr Nicola Goc to describe journalists who [blog] and [blog]gers who produce journalism. "J-Bloggers: Internet bloggers acting in the role of journalists disseminating newsworthy information, who subscribe to the journalistic ideals of an obligation to the truth and the public's right to know" (Media and Journalism: Theory to Practice (2008) Melbourne: OUP, p45) . The World Wide Web has also seen the development of Online Newspapers and Online magazine. E-zines is a result of the new magazine templates used by literature Broadcasting a .com Media, is one example incorporated within its Internet eZine "The Reviewer" not found on magazine racks to keep up with the economy and stay solvent in 2009 say Journalist Perry Campanella editor for Literature Broadcasting with Video Book Presentations Filmography, produced by Richard Levine a Worldwide Publishing Corporation incorporating multilinguale features not found on magazine rack placements, at the touch of a button in the 21 Century a News Wire headline.

Newscasters[link]

Newscasters

See also[link]

• Court of public opinion
• News Media in the United States
• Journalism

References[link]

Brian Alvey.

Brian Alvey (born March 6, 1970 in Falls Church, VA) along with Jason Calacanis co-founded the publishing company Weblogs, Inc., home to such blogs as Engadget, Autoblog, Joystiq, TV Squad, Cinematical and Slashfood. Time Warner's America Online purchased Weblogs, Inc. in October 2005. In November 2006, AOL also purchased the blogging platform Blogsmith which Alvey built. Blogsmith is used to power Weblogs, Inc. and other AOL blogs such as TMZ.com.

In May 2007 he announced he was leaving AOL to devote his time to ComicMix, the comic book publishing company he co-founded with Mike Gold and Glenn Hauman. In June 2007 he and Craig Wood launched a new publishing platform company, Crowd Fusion. Crowd Fusion raised $3 million from Velocity Interactive Group, Greycroft Partners and Marc Andreessen in July 2008.

Brian Alvey was the creator and co-host of the Meet The Makers conference, a series of talk show-style events with Jason Calacanis. He also invented and launched Blogstakes, a sweepstakes application for the blogging community.

Alvey designed the first TV Guide website in 1995 and was the senior technical member of the in-house team that built the first BusinessWeek site later that year. He continued designing and developing database-driven Web applications for companies including BusinessWeek, Intel, JD Edwards, Deloitte & Touche and The McGraw-Hill Companies. His Tech-Engine career center application has powered over 200 online career centers including XML.com, Computer User, O'Reilly & Associates Network, DevShed, and the Cold Fusion Developer's Journal. He has been the art director of three print magazines and the Chief Technology Officer of Rising Tide Studios where he personally developed The Venture Reporter Network.

Alvey has also built publishing systems for sites designed by Jeffrey Zeldman including the Web design magazine A List Apart and the Kansas City Chiefs. He was the architect of the system that powers the redesigned global network of Capgemini websites and the chief architect of Netscape.

External links[link]

Biography portal

• Brian Alvey's blog
• Brian Alvey on Twitter
• ComicMix
• Crowd Fusion
• Brian Alvey on This Week in Startups (TWiST)
• Brian Alvey interviewed on The Big Web Show, Feb 2011

Andrew Warner
Ring name(s)	"The Black Nature Boy" Scoot Andrews
Billed height	5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)[1]
Billed weight	219 lb (99 kg)
Born	(1971-06-01) June 1, 1971 (age 41)[2] Charlotte, North Carolina
Resides	Jacksonville, Florida[1]
Trained by	Larry Hamilton[1] Hack Meyers[1]
Debut	September 24, 1994[1]
Retired	February 26, 2005[3]
Website	ScootAndrews.net

Andrew Warner is a retired American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name "The Black Nature Boy" Scoot Andrews.

After debuting in 1994, Andrew competed for numerous independent promotions throughout his career. Throughout the 1990s he competed in Southestern independent promotions including Florida Championship Wrestling, Maryland Championship Wrestling, East Coast Wrestling Association, and the National Wrestling Alliance as one half of Naturally Marvellous with Mike Sullivan. He also had a short stint in the World Wrestling Federation during 2001 appearing several times on WWF Jakked and Metal and WWF Sunday Night Heat and again during 2003 and 2004 on WWE Raw and SmackDown. During the early 2000s, he wrestled for Full Impact Pro and Ring of Honor. He continued to compete for independent promotions until his retirement in 2005.

Professional wrestling career[link]

After being trained by Hack Meyers and Larry Hamilton, Andrews made his professional wrestling debut on September 24, 1994 in a match against Damian Lee.^[1] Throughout the 1990s, Andrews competed for a multitude of professional wrestling promotions, including Florida Championship Wrestling,^[4] Maryland Championship Wrestling,^[5] East Coast Wrestling Association, and the National Wrestling Alliance as one half of Naturally Marvellous with Mike Sullivan.

In early 2000, Andrews competed in the annual ECWA Super 8 Tournament defeating Trent Acid and Chad Collyer before losing to Christopher Daniels in the finals in Newport, Delaware on February 26 (he would again face Daniels at the APW King of the Indies Tournament losing to him in the semi-finals on December 30). He also appeared in Ted DiBiase's short lived WXO promotion that same year, appearing in several televised events, and was voted Florida's Wrestler of the Year.^[1] At the end of 2000 and beginning of 2001, he made numerous appearances for the World Wrestling Federation, now World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), on WWF Jakked, losing to wrestlers including Essa Rios and Crash Holly.^[1] Shortly after his appearances on WWF Jakked, he returned to IPW, and on January 13, 2001, Andrews defeated Seijin Akki and Naphtali to win the IPW Light Heavyweight Championship, a title he held until May 19, when he lost it to Akki.^[1] He also won the promotions Television title before losing it to A.J. Styles on November 24, 2001.^[6]

He made further appearance for WWE at the start of 2002, competing on WWE Heat, where he and Michael Shane lost to Tommy Dreamer and Spike Dudley.^[1] As well as this, he appeared on Ring of Honor's first ever show, The Era of Honor Begins, on February 23, 2002, losing a singles match against Xavier.^[7] He continued competing in independent promotions throughout the rest of 2002, 2003, and 2004, occasionally wrestling in dark matches or on WWE Velocity for WWE.^[1] In 2004, he mainly competed for Full Impact Pro and NWA Florida, and on September 4, 2004, Andrews, being managed by SoCal Val, defeated Lex Lovett to win the Florida version of the NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship.^[1] He later dropped the Championship back to Lovett on October 9, 2004.^[1][8] At the start of 2005, Andrews was involved in a feud with The Heartbreak Express, consisting of Sean and Phil Davis, taking them on in tag team matches with a number of different opponents.^[1] He then moved in to a quick feud with Antonio Banks, before announcing his retirement at a NWA Florida show on February 26, 2005.^[1][3]

He was inducted into the ECWA Hall of Fame in December 2005.^[9] In 2006, he made an appearance for Elite Wrestling Entertainment, managing D'Lo Brown in a loss to Mike Sullivan.^[1]

In wrestling[link]

• Finishing moves
  • Force of Nature (Pumphandle reverse piledriver)
  • Natural Disaster (Rolling cutter)

• Signature moves
  • Figure four leglock
  • Tilt-a-whirl reverse front powerslam

Championships and accomplishments[link]

• Caribbean Championship Wrestling
  • CCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[10]

• Championship Wrestling from Florida
  • NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[11][12]
  • NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Mike Sullivan^[13]
  • NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Florida version) (1 time)^[14]

• Coastal Championship Wrestling
  • CCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[10]
  • CCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Jason Hexx^[10]

• East Coast Wrestling Association
  • ECWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[15]
  • Hall of Fame (2005)^[9]

• Florida State Professional Wrestling Association
  • FSPWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
  • FSPWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Hack Meyers

• Florida Wrestling Alliance
  • FWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[10]
  • FWA Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[10]

• Future of Wrestling
  • FOW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[16]

• Independent Professional Wrestling
  • IPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[17]
  • IPW Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

• Maximum Pro Wrestling
  • MXPW Television Championship (1 time)

• Midwest Championship Wrestling
  • MCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[10]

• Pro Wrestling Illustrated
  • PWI ranked him #114 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 2002

• Renegade Championship Wrestling
  • RCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[10]
  • RCW Television Championship (1 time)^[10]
  • RCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Damian Lee^[10]

• Southern Championship Wrestling
  • SCW Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[10]

• Southeastern Championship Wrestling
  • SECW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[10]

In popular culture[link]

• Warner is one of several independent wrestlers referenced in the 2005 novel Backyard Empire: Inspired by a True Story by Alex Hutchinson.

Media[link]

• NWA Florida: Rage in the Cage. Perf. Scoot Andrews. DVD. NWA Florida, 2004.
• Takedown Masters. Perf. Scoot Andrews. DVD. Ring of Honor, 2004.
• Ring of Honor: The Era of Honor Begins. Perf. Scoot Andrews. DVD. Ring of Honor, 2004.
• Best of IPW Hardcore Wrestling, Vol. 1 Perf. Scoot Andrews. DVD. IPW Wrestling, 2006.

Further reading[link]

• McNeill, Pat. The Tables All Were Broken: McNeill's Take On The End Of Professional Wrestling As We Know It. Lincoln: iUniverse, 2002. ISBN 0-595-22404-0

References[link]

External links[link]

• Indy Superstars: Scoot Andrews
• Online World of Wrestling: Scoot Andrews
• The Accelerator's Wrestling Rollercoaster: Scoot Andrews
• Ten Questions With ... Scoot Andrews
• PWTimes.com - Scoot Andrews: Biography