published: 04 Mar 2008
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- Abby Travis
- Ace of Base
- Adam Nimoy
- All-female band
- Allmusic
- ALS Association
- Annette Zilinskas
- Antigone Rising
- Atomic Kitten
- Bangle
- Believe (Cher song)
- Bette Davis Eyes
- Billboard Year-End
- Billy Steinberg
- Blondie (band)
- Blood on the Saddle
- Book The Bangles
- Boyz II Men
- Bryan Adams
- Careless Whisper
- Category The Bangles
- Cher
- Chicago (band)
- Columbia Records
- Continental Drifters
- Coolio
- Cover version
- Cyndi Lauper
- Davitt Sigerson
- Debbi Peterson
- Different Light
- Dionne Warwick
- Doll Revolution
- Elton John
- Elvis Costello
- Elvis Presley
- End of the Road
- Eternal Flame (song)
- Everything (Bangles)
- Folk-rock
- Following (song)
- Full Moon Fever
- Garage band
- George Michael
- Getting out of Hand
- Gilmore Girls
- Good Day Sunshine
- Graceland
- I'll Set You Free
- I.R.S. Records
- Jangle pop
- Jay Roach
- Jules Shear
- Keep The Light Alive
- Kim Carnes
- Kimberley Rew
- Kiss (song)
- Koch Records
- L.V. (singer)
- Leonard Nimoy
- Look Away
- Los del Río
- Lowen & Navarro
- Macarena (song)
- Manic Monday
- Memphis, Tennessee
- Miles Copeland III
- Music genre
- Next (group)
- Olivia Newton-John
- Paisley Underground
- Pop rock
- Prince (musician)
- Punk music
- Record label
- Robbie Fulks
- Simon & Garfunkel
- Siobhan Maher
- Slow Children
- Susanna Hoffs
- Tamar Simon Hoffs
- Template The Bangles
- The Bangles
- The Bangles (album)
- The Beatles
- The Go-Go's
- The Goonies
- The Police
- The Runaways
- The Saw Doctors
- The Sign (song)
- Times Square
- Tom Petty
- Too Close
- Vicki Peterson
- We Belong
- Wetten dass
- Wham!
- When Doves Cry
- When I Was Cruel
- When You're a Boy
- Whitney Houston
- Wikipedia Link rot
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- WP Books
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Memphis, Tennessee
Memphis is a city in the southwest corner of the U.S. state of Tennessee, and the county seat of Shelby County. The city is located on the 4th Chickasaw Bluff, south of the confluence of the Wolf and Mississippi rivers.
http://wn.com/Memphis_Tennessee -
Times Square
Times Square is a major commercial intersection in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, at the junction of Broadway and Seventh Avenue and stretching from West 42nd to West 47th Streets. The extended Times Square area, also called the Theatre District, consists of the blocks between Sixth and Eighth Avenues from east to west, and West 40th and West 53rd Streets from south to north, making up the western part of the commercial area of Midtown Manhattan.
http://wn.com/Times_Square
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Abby Travis
Abby Travis (b. November 10, 1969 in Los Angeles, California) is an American musician, songwriter, and performer. She is the daughter of Alice Travis Germond, the current Secretary of the Democratic National Committee and Emmy award winning camera man Larry Travis.
http://wn.com/Abby_Travis -
Adam Nimoy
Adam B. Nimoy (born August 9, 1956) is an American television director. Nimoy is the son of actor Leonard Nimoy and his first wife, actress Sandra Zober.
http://wn.com/Adam_Nimoy -
Annette Zilinskas
Annette Zilinskas is an American musician and singer who was the original bass guitarist for The Bangles then later lead vocalist with Blood on the Saddle. She was also a member of L.A. band The Ringling Sisters from (1990-1993).
http://wn.com/Annette_Zilinskas -
Billy Steinberg
Billy (William) Steinberg is an American songwriter. He has achieved most of his success as part of a song writing team, most notably with Tom Kelly. He has also co-written several hit songs with Rick Nowels.
http://wn.com/Billy_Steinberg -
Bryan Adams
Bryan Adams, OC, OBC (born Bryan Guy Adams, 5 November 1959) is a Canadian rock singer-songwriter, guitarist, producer, and photographer.
http://wn.com/Bryan_Adams -
Cher
Cher (; born Cherilyn Sarkisian on May 20, 1946) is an American recording artist, actress, director and record producer. Referred to as the Goddess of Pop, she has won an Academy Award, a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, three Golden Globes, a Cannes Film Festival Award and a People's Choice Award for her work in film, music and television.
http://wn.com/Cher -
Cyndi Lauper
Cynthia Ann Stephanie "Cyndi" Lauper (born June 22, 1953) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. She achieved success in the mid-1980s with the release of the album ''She's So Unusual'' and became the first female singer to have four top-five singles released from one album. Lauper has released 11 albums and over 40 singles, and as of 2008 had sold more than 30 million records worldwide.
http://wn.com/Cyndi_Lauper -
Debbi Peterson
'''Deborah Mary 'Debbi' Peterson''' (born 22 August 1961, in Northridge, Los Angeles, California, U.S.) is the younger sister of Vicki Peterson, and the drummer of the all-girl group, The Bangles. She sang lead vocals on two of the band's released singles, "Going Down to Liverpool" (1985) and "Be With You" (1989).
http://wn.com/Debbi_Peterson -
Elton John
Sir Elton Hercules John, CBE (born Reginald Kenneth Dwight; 25 March 1947) is an English singer-songwriter, composer and pianist. He has worked with his songwriting partner Bernie Taupin since 1967; they have collaborated on more than 30 albums to date.
http://wn.com/Elton_John -
Elvis Costello
Declan Patrick MacManus (born 25 August 1954), known by the stage name Elvis Costello, is a British singer-songwriter. He came to prominence as an early participant in London's pub rock scene in the mid-1970s and later became associated with the Punk/New Wave genre. Steeped in word play, the vocabulary of Costello's lyrics is broader than that of most popular songs. His music has drawn on many diverse genres; the critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine describes him as a "pop encyclopedia," able to "reinvent the past in his own image".Stephen Thomas Erlewine, [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql;=10:ly09kect7q70 Get Happy!! [Ryko Bonus Tracks]], Allmusic. Retrieved 17 September 2007.
http://wn.com/Elvis_Costello -
Elvis Presley
http://wn.com/Elvis_Presley -
George Michael
George Michael (born Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou (); June 25, 1963) is an English singer-songwriter who rose to fame in the 1980s when he formed the pop duo Wham! along with his school friend Andrew Ridgeley. His first solo single, "Careless Whisper" was released when he was still in the duo and sold about six million copies worldwide.
http://wn.com/George_Michael -
Jay Roach
Matthew Jay Roach (born June 14, 1957) is an American film director and producer, best known for directing the Austin Powers films and Meet the Parents.
http://wn.com/Jay_Roach -
Jules Shear
Jules Mark Shear is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist born in Pittsburgh in 1952. Although he has had only one minor hit as a performer ("Steady", which reached number 57 on the US charts in 1985), he has recorded almost 20 albums to date. He made his first appearance on vinyl with The Funky Kings; he also led the critically-acclaimed but commercially-unsuccessful pop group, Jules and the Polar Bears, along with later groups The Reckless Sleepers and Raisins in the Sun. He also conceived (and hosted the first 13 episodes of) the MTV series Unplugged. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE3D71631F930A35755C0A964958260]
http://wn.com/Jules_Shear -
Kimberley Rew
Kimberley Rew (born 1951) is an English rock and roll singer-songwriter and guitarist. He is best known as a member of Katrina and the Waves 1981 to 1999 and of Robyn Hitchcock's Soft Boys 1978 to 1981. Two of his better known compositions, both written for Katrina and the Waves, are "Walking on Sunshine" and "Love Shine a Light," performed by Katrina and the Waves as the United Kingdom's entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 1997, taking the country to its first victory in the contest since 1981.
http://wn.com/Kimberley_Rew -
Leonard Nimoy
Leonard Simon Nimoy (, ; born March 26, 1931) is an American actor, film director, poet, musician, and photographer. Nimoy's fame rests on his playing the role of Spock in 1966-1969, as well as reprising the role in multiple film, television and video game sequels.
http://wn.com/Leonard_Nimoy -
Lowen & Navarro
Lowen & Navarro is a songwriting team composed of Eric Lowen and Dan Navarro, who met in Los Angeles, California in the 1980s. They wrote the song "We Belong", which became a major hit for Pat Benatar in 1984. Starting in 1990, they released a number of records of their own. They have been Lowen & Navarro since 1987.
http://wn.com/Lowen_&_Navarro -
Miles Copeland III
Miles Axe Copeland III (born May 2, 1944) is an American entertainment executive, best known for founding I.R.S. Records. His brother, Stewart Copeland, was part of the pop-rock trio The Police, which Miles managed. Another brother, Ian Copeland, was a successful booking agent who described much of the New Wave adventures of Miles, Stewart and himself in his book, Wild Thing.
http://wn.com/Miles_Copeland_III -
Olivia Newton-John
Olivia Newton-John AO, OBE (born 26 September 1948) is an English-born, Australian-raised singer and actress. She is a four-time Grammy award winner who has amassed five No. 1 and ten other Top Ten Billboard Hot 100 singles and two No. 1 Billboard 200 solo albums. Eleven of her singles (including two platinum) and 14 of her albums (including two platinum and four double platinum) have been certified gold by the RIAA. Her music has been successful in multiple formats including pop, country and adult contemporary. She co-starred with John Travolta in the film adaptation of the Broadway musical Grease which became one of the most successful films and movie soundtracks in Hollywood history.
http://wn.com/Olivia_Newton-John -
Prince (musician)
Prince (born Prince Rogers Nelson, June 7, 1958) is a singer, songwriter, musician, and actor. He has been known under the unpronounceable symbol , which he used between 1993 and 2000. During that period he was frequently referred to in the media as "The Artist Formerly Known as Prince", often abbreviated to "TAFKAP", or simply "The Artist"
http://wn.com/Prince_(musician) -
Robbie Fulks
http://wn.com/Robbie_Fulks -
Simon & Garfunkel
Simon & Garfunkel are an American singer-songwriter duo consisting of Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel. They formed the group Tom & Jerry in 1957, and had their first taste of success with the minor hit "Hey, Schoolgirl". As Simon & Garfunkel, the duo rose to fame in 1965, backed by the hit single "The Sounds of Silence". Their music was featured in the landmark film The Graduate, propelling them further into the public consciousness.
http://wn.com/Simon_&_Garfunkel -
Siobhan Maher
http://wn.com/Siobhan_Maher -
Susanna Hoffs
Susanna Lee Hoffs (born January 17, 1959) is an American vocalist, guitarist and actress. She is best known as a member of the all-female pop band The Bangles.
http://wn.com/Susanna_Hoffs -
The Saw Doctors
The Saw Doctors are an Irish rock band. Formed in 1986 in Tuam, County Galway, they have achieved eighteen Top 30 singles in Ireland, including three number ones. Their first number one, "I Useta Lover," topped the Irish charts for nine consecutive weeks in 1990, and still holds the record for the country's all-time biggest-selling single. Renowned for their live performances, the band has a cult following, especially in Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. On 15 February 2008, they received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the Meteor Ireland Music Awards.
http://wn.com/The_Saw_Doctors -
Tom Petty
Thomas Earl "Tom" Petty (born October 20, 1950) is an American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He is the frontman of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers and was a founding member of the late 1980s supergroup Traveling Wilburys and Mudcrutch. He has also performed under the pseudonyms of Charlie T. Wilbury, Jr. and Muddy Wilbury.
http://wn.com/Tom_Petty -
Vicki Peterson
Vicki Peterson (born Victoria Anne Theresa Peterson, January 11, 1958, Northridge, Los Angeles, California) is a U.S. rock musician (guitar, vocals). In 1981, she founded The Bangs, later renamed The Bangles, with her sister Debbi Peterson and Susanna Hoffs.
http://wn.com/Vicki_Peterson -
Wham!
Wham! was a British duo formed in 1981 by George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley. They were briefly known in the United States as Wham! UK because of a naming conflict with another existing U.S. band.
http://wn.com/Wham! -
Whitney Houston
Whitney Elizabeth Houston (born August 9, 1963) is an American R&B;/Pop singer, actress, and former fashion model. A relative of several soul singers, including her mother Cissy Houston, cousins Dionne Warwick and Dee Dee Warwick, and close family friend Aretha Franklin, Houston began singing at her New Jersey church as a member of a junior gospel choir at age eleven. After she began performing alongside her mother at night clubs in the New York City area, she was discovered by Arista Records label head Clive Davis. Houston has released studio albums and movie soundtrack albums throughout her career, all of which have had diamond, multi-platinum, platinum, or gold certification.
http://wn.com/Whitney_Houston -
Wilson Phillips
Wilson Phillips is an American vocal group consisting of Carnie Wilson, Wendy Wilson and Chynna Phillips.
http://wn.com/Wilson_Phillips
Bangles, The Filmography
- Hero Takes A Fall
- James
- Live
- Restless
- Tell Me
- Let It Go
- Return Post
- Be With You
- Bell Jar
- In Your Room
- Make A Play For Her Now
- Something To Believe In
- Manic Monday
- Eternal Flame
- Everything I Wanted
- Following
- Hazy Shade Of Winter
- Walk Like An Egyptian
- Walking Down Your Street
- Where Were You When I Needed You
- All About You
- Angels Don't Fall In Love
- Ask Me No Questions
- Between the Two
- Call On Me
- Complicated Girl
- Crash and Burn
- Dover Beach
- Getting Out Of Hand
- Glitter Years
- Going Down To Liverpool
- Grateful
- He's Got A Secret
- Here Right Now
- How Is The Air Up There
- I Will Take Care Of You
- I'm In Line
- If She Knew What She Wants
- Ill Set You Free
- In A Different Light
- Lost at Sea
- Mary Street
- Mixed Messages
- More Than Meets The Eye
- Nickel Romeo
- Not Like You
- Ride the Ride
- September Gurls
- Silent Treatment
- Single By Choice
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Anna Lee (Sweetheart of the Sun)
- Under a Cloud
- Ball N Chain
- I'll Never Be Through With You
- Mesmerized
- Circles in the Sky
- Sweet and Tender Romance
- Lay Yourself Down
- One of Two
- What a Life
- Through Your Eyes
- Open My Eyes
- Hero Takes a Fall
- Live
- James
- All About You
- Dover Beach
- Tell Me
- Restless
- Going Down to Liverpool
- He's Got a Secret
- Silent Treatment
- More Than Meets the Eye
- Where Were You When I Needed You
- Manic Monday (extended)
- Hero Takes a Fall (remix)
- Walking Down Your Street / James (live medley)
- Walk Like an Egyptian (dub version)
- Walking Down Your Street (remix)
- If She Knew What She Wants (extended remix)
- Walk Like an Egyptian (a cappella version)
- Bangles Hit Medley mix
- Manic Monday
- Eternal Flame
- If She Knew What She Wants
- Hero Takes a Fall
- Going Down to Liverpool
- How Is the Air Up There
- Live
- Walking Down Your Street
- I'll Set You Free
- All About You
- Dover Beach
- Following
- Restless
- I Got Nothing
- More Than Meets the Eye
- In a Different Light
- James
- Manic Monday (extended version)
- Eternal Flame
- Manic Monday
- Walk Like an Egyptian
- If She Knew What She Wants
- James
- More Than Meets the Eye
- Not Like You
- All About You
- Hero Takes a Fall
- Complicated Girl
- Let It Go
- September Gurls
- Going Down to Liverpool
- Some Dreams Come True
- Waiting for You
- Watching the Sky
- I'll Set You Free
- In Your Room
- In Your Room
- Complicated Girl
- Bell Jar
- Something to Believe In
- Eternal Flame
- Be With You
- Glitter Years
- I'll Set You Free
- Watching the Sky
- Some Dreams Come True
- Make a Play for Her Now
- Waiting for You
- Crash and Burn
- In Your Room (12" remix)
- Manic Monday
- If She Knew What She Wants
- Walk Like an Egyptian
- Walking Down Your Street
- Hazy Shade of Winter
- In Your Room
- Eternal Flame
- Be With You
- Hero Takes a Fall
- Going Down to Liverpool
- Complicated Girl
- September Gurls
- Live
- Dover Beach
- Manic Monday
- Going Down to Liverpool
- Walk Like an Egyptian
- If She Knew What She Wants
- Hero Takes a Fall
- Live
- James
- All About You
- Dover Beach
- Tell Me
- Restless
- He's Got a Secret
- Silent Treatment
- More Than Meets the Eye
- Walking Down Your Street
- In a Different Light
- Following
- Standing in the Hallway
- Walk Like an Egyptian
- Manic Monday
- Eternal Flame
- All About You
- Hero Takes a Fall
- I'll Set You Free
- In Your Room
- More Than Meets the Eye
- Not Like You
- Return Post
- Waiting for You
- Watching the Sky
- If She Knew What She Wants
- Manic Monday
- If She Knew What She Wants
- Walk Like an Egyptian
- Walking Down Your Street
- Hazy Shade of Winter
- In Your Room
- Eternal Flame
- Be With You
- Hero Takes a Fall
- Going Down to Liverpool
- Complicated Girl
- September Gurls
- Live
- Dover Beach
- Eternal Flame (Single version)
- Watching the Sky
- Walk Like an Egyptian (Extended dance mix)
- Glitter Years
- Hero Takes a Fall (Single version)
- James
- What I Meant to Say (Single version)
- I Got Nothing
- Everything I Wanted
- Some Dreams Come True
- September Gurls
- Walk Like an Egyptian
- She Knows What She Wants
- Hero Takes a Fall
- Live
- Manic Monday
- James
- Complicated Girl
- Bell Jar
- Eternal Flame
- September Gurls
- Walk Like an Egyptian
- If She Knew What She Wants
- Hero Takes a Fall
- Live
- Manic Monday
- James
- Complicated Girl
- Bell Jar
- Eternal Flame
- Manic Monday
- Walking Down Your Street
- I Got Nothing
- If She Knew What She Wants
- Eternal Flame
- Getting Out of Hand
- I'll Set You Free
- Walk Like an Egyptian
- What I Meant to Say
- I'm in Line
- Be With You
- In Your Room
- Hero Takes a Fall
- Hazy Shade of Winter
- Following
- Hero Takes a Fall
- Going Down to Liverpool
- Manic Monday
- If She Knew What She Wants
- Walk Like an Egyptian
- Walking Down Your Street
- Following
- Hazy Shade of Winter
- In Your Room
- Eternal Flame
- Be With You
- I'll Set You Free
- Everything I Wanted
- Where Were You When I Needed You
- What I Meant to Say
- Tear Off Your Own Head (It's a Doll Revolution)
- Stealing Rosemary
- Something That You Said
- Ask Me No Questions
- The Rain Song
- Nickel Romeo
- Ride the Ride
- I Will Take Care of You
- Here Right Now
- Single by Choice
- Lost at Sea
- Song for a Good Son
- Mixed Messages
- Between the Two
- Grateful
- Manic Monday
- Eternal Flame
- If She Knew What She Wants
- Walk Like an Egyptian
- Walking Down Your Street
- Hero Takes a Fall
- Going Down to Liverpool
- Following
- Hazy Shade of Winter
- In Your Room
- Be with You
- I'll Set You Free
- Everything I Wanted
- Where Were You When I Needed You
- My Side of the Bed
- Bangles Hits Mix (medley)
- Walk Like an Egyptian
- Manic Monday
- If She Knew What She Wants
- Eternal Flame
- Walking Down Your Street
- Hero Takes a Fall
- In Your Room
- Going Down to Liverpool
- Hazy Shade of Winter
- Be With You
- Tell Me
- In a Different Light
- Angels Don't Fall in Love
- Watching the Sky
- Where Were You When I Needed You
- Something to Believe In
- Return Post
- Waiting for You
- I'll Set You Free
- Following
- Let It Go
- Walk Like an Egyptian
- If She Knew What She Wants
- In Your Room
- James
- More Than Meets the Eye
- Not Like You
- All About You
- Hero Takes a Fall
- Complicated Girl
- Let It Go
- Live
- September Gurls
- Some Dreams Come True
- Waiting for You
- Watching the Sky
- I'll Set You Free
- Manic Monday
- Eternal Flame
- September Gurls
- Walk Like an Egyptian
- If She Knew What She Wants
- Hero Takes a Fall
- Live
- Manic Monday
- James
- Complicated Girl
- Bell Jar
- Eternal Flame
- Walk Like an Egyptian
- Manic Monday
- Eternal Flame
- All About You
- Hero Takes a Fall
- I'll Set You Free
- In Your Room
- More Than Meets the Eye
- Not Like You
- Return Post
- Waiting for You
- Watching the Sky
- If She Knew What She Wants
- Manic Monday
- Walk Like an Egyptian
- Eternal Flame
- In a Different Light
- I'll See You Free
- A Hazy Shade of Winter
- Following
- Walking Down Your Street
- Everything I Wanted
- If She Knew What She Wants
- Going Down to Liverpool
- September Gurls
- Not Like You
- Return Post
- Eternal Flame
- Walking Down Your Street
- Hero Takes a Fall
- Manic Monday
- James
- Walk Like an Egyptian
- Going Down to Liverpool
- Angels Don't Fall in Love
- All About You
- More Than Meets the Eye
- In Your Room
- Dover Beach
- Restless
- Be With You
- Walking Down Your Street
- September Gurls
- Be With You
- If She Knew What She Wants
- I'll Set You Free
- Hero Takes a Fall
- Goin' Down to Liverpool
- Crash and Burn
- Dover Beach
- James
- Make a Play for Her Now
- Waiting for You
- Where Were You When I Needed You ?
- September Gurls
- Be With You
- Hero Takes a Fall (remix)
- All About You
- Manic Monday
- Walk Like an Egyptian (extended Dance mix)
- Eternal Flame
- What I Meant to Say
- The Real World
- I'm in Line
- How Is the Air Up There ?
- Bangles Hits Mix
- No Kind Of Love
- Everything I Wanted
- Going Down To Liverpool
- Some Dreams Come True
- Wishing On Telstar
- Waiting For You
- Hero Takes A Fall
- All About You
- Watching The Sky
- Not Like You
- Hazy Shade of Winter
- I'll Set You Free
- Return Post
- Eternal Flame
- Complicated Girl
- Where Where You When I Needed You
- Silent Treatment
- Tell Me
- Not Like You
- Glitter Eyes
- Angels Don't Fall in Love
- Standing in the Hallway
- Some Dreams Come True
- Let It Go
- Something to Believe
- If She Knew What She Wants
- Hero Takes a Fall
- James
- All About You
- Going Down to Liverpool
- Restless
- More Than Meets the Eye
- Manic Monday
- In a Different Light
- Walking Down Your Street
- Walk Like an Egyptian
- If She Knew What She Wants
- September Girls
- In Your Room
- Eternal Flame
- Glitter Years
- Some Dreames Come True
- Waiting for You
- No Mag Commercial
- Getting Out of Hand
- Call on Me
- Bitchin' Summer
- The Real World
- I'm in Line
- Want You
- Mary Street
- How is the Air Up There?
- I'll Keep it with Mine
- I'll Be Your Mirror
- I Got Nothing
- Hero Takes a Fall (Live)
- Manic Monday (Extended)
- 7 and 7 Is
- Hazy Shade of Winter (Purple Haze Mix)
- What I Meant to Say
- We Close Our Eyes
- You Were on my Mind
- Now & Then
- The Look of Love
- Get the Girl
- Walk Like an Egyptian
- Hero Takes a Fall
- Manic Monday
- If She Knew What She Wants
- Walking Down Your Street
- Hazy Shade of Winter
- Be With You
- Everything I Wanted
- Going Down to Liverpool
- Eternal Flame
- Following
Send this Playlist by SMS
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The Bangles Walk Like An Egyptian
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Published: 04 Mar 2008
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Views: 7070463 http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Walk_Like_An_Egyptian
The Bangles --- Eternal Flame
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Published: 17 Mar 2007
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Views: 8773640 http://wn.com/The_Bangles_--_Eternal_Flame
Bangles Manic Monday
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Published: 15 Aug 2009
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Views: 8020050 http://wn.com/Bangles_Manic_Monday
The Bangles - Hazy Shade Of Winter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Published: 04 Dec 2006
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Views: 2052683 http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Hazy_Shade_Of_Winter
Bangles-Walk Like an Egyptian
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Published: 05 Apr 2009
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Views: 1408816 http://wn.com/Bangles-Walk_Like_an_Egyptian
The Bangles - « Walk like an Egyptian » + subtitles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:52
- Published: 28 Sep 2009
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Views: 3192248 http://wn.com/The_Bangles_«_Walk_like_an_Egyptian_»_+_subtitles
Bangles - Manic Monday - 1986
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Published: 12 Aug 2008
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Views: 2180712 http://wn.com/Bangles_Manic_Monday_1986
Bangles - Hazy Shade of Winter`
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:46
- Published: 30 Sep 2008
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Views: 373816 http://wn.com/Bangles_Hazy_Shade_of_Winter`
The Bangles - In Your Room
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Published: 14 May 2006
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Views: 1043346 http://wn.com/The_Bangles_In_Your_Room
THE BANGLES --- SEPTEMBER GURLS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Published: 15 Nov 2008
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
Views: 184500 http://wn.com/THE_BANGLES_--_SEPTEMBER_GURLS
Bangles - Be With You
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Published: 14 May 2007
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Views: 641114 http://wn.com/Bangles_Be_With_You
Martin Luther ("Manic Monday" by the Bangles)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Published: 14 Jan 2010
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Views: 162397 http://wn.com/Martin_Luther_Manic_Monday_by_the_Bangles
The Bangles - If She Knew What She Wants
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Published: 07 Apr 2007
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Views: 1151262 http://wn.com/The_Bangles_If_She_Knew_What_She_Wants
The Bangles - Manic Monday (lyrics)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Published: 21 Jan 2010
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Views: 353909 http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Manic_Monday_lyrics
THE BANGLES (Live) - Hazy Shade Of Winter (w / lyrics)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Published: 06 Oct 2008
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Views: 183796 http://wn.com/THE_BANGLES_Live_Hazy_Shade_Of_Winter_w_lyrics
Susanna Hoffs from the Bangles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Published: 10 Feb 2009
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Views: 388820 http://wn.com/Susanna_Hoffs_from_the_Bangles
THE BANGLES- MANIC MONDAY (LIVE)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:52
- Published: 26 Nov 2011
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Views: 81362 http://wn.com/THE_BANGLES_MANIC_MONDAY_LIVE
The Bangles - Manic Monday - Official Music Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Published: 26 Jun 2012
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Views: 56638 http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Manic_Monday_Official_Music_Video
Eternal Flame Live New Year's Eve
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Published: 01 Jun 2007
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Views: 834342 http://wn.com/Eternal_Flame_Live_New_Year's_Eve
Bangles - Hazy Shade of Winter HQ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Published: 26 Oct 2009
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Views: 89970 http://wn.com/Bangles_Hazy_Shade_of_Winter_HQ
The Bangles - Eternal Flame 1988 Video stereo widescreen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Published: 15 Oct 2011
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Views: 51077 http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Eternal_Flame_1988_Video_stereo_widescreen
The Bangles - Manic Monday (1986)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Published: 12 Jan 2009
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
Views: 56678 http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Manic_Monday_1986
I'd Love To Kiss The Bangles by The Saw Doctors
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Published: 02 Dec 2007
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
Views: 100908 http://wn.com/I'd_Love_To_Kiss_The_Bangles_by_The_Saw_Doctors
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THE BANGLES- MANIC MONDAY (LIVE)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:52
- Published: 26 Nov 2011
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
The bangles Live @ The house of blues
http://wn.com/THE_BANGLES_MANIC_MONDAY_LIVE
The Bangles - Live in Pittsburgh (MTV 1986 - Concert Nights DHV 2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:49
- Published: 20 Dec 2011
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
00:00 - *Intro 00:57 - Let It Go 03:20 - Restless 06:36 - Walking Down Your Street 09:58 - James 13:06 - Going Down To Liverpool 17:32 - He's Got A Secret 20:52 - September Gurls 23:52 - If She Knew What She Wants 27:48 - Return Post 32:26 - Live 35:25 - In A Different Light 38:35 - Want You 41:18 - Angels Don't Fall In Love 44:24 - Hero Takes A Fall 48:45 - Manic Monday 54:00 - Walk Like An Egyptian 58:22 - *Outro & Credits [*1] [*1] - Studio track replaced with song 7 & 7 Is (Live at The Ritz 1984) The Bangles - Live in Pittsburgh (Concert Nights DHV 2011)) The Syria Mosque Arena, Pittsburgh (MTV Special Concert) 13 December 1986 Line-Up ----------------- Susanna Hoffs -- vocals, guitars Vicki Peterson -- vocals, guitars Debbi Peterson -- vocals, drums Michael Steele -- vocals, bass - - & - - Walker Hart - keyboards ----------------- 4 Womans and 4 Songwriters and 4 Voices and 4 Musicians - - - - This is THE BANGLES ! - - - - This concert is PEAK of All-Time Mainstream Pop-Rock Scene. Thx to Bangles & recorders & traders ! I wait this concert official DVD release. To this time, i edited (Diamond Heart version) and then upload this upgraded bootleg version. Re-balanced sound, NTSC color balanced to PAL, dark-light range wide. I see my edited videos fullscreen in dark room from 2-3 meter.(Sorry my low english)
http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Live_in_Pittsburgh_MTV_1986_Concert_Nights_DHV_2011
THE BANGLES (Live) - Hazy Shade Of Winter (w / lyrics)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Published: 06 Oct 2008
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
LYRICS: Time, time, time, see what's become of me..... Time, time, time, see what's become of me. While I looked around for my possibilities, I was so hard to please. Look around, the leaves are brown, And the sky is a hazy shade of winter. Hear the salvation army band Down by the riverside, it's bound to be a better ride Than what you've got planned, Carry your cup in your hand. Look around you, the leaves are brown now, And the sky is a hazy shade of winter. Hang on to your hopes, my friend. That's an easy thing to say but if your hopes should pass away, It's simply pretend, that you can build them again. Look around, the grass is high, the fields are ripe, It's the springtime of my life. Oh, seasons change with the scenery, Weaving time in a tapestry, Won't you stop and remember me? Look around, the leaves are brown, And the sky is a hazy shade of winter. Look around, the leaves are brown, There's a patch of snow on the ground, Look around, the leaves are brown, There's a patch of snow on the ground, Look around, the leaves are brown, There's a patch of snow on the ground.....
http://wn.com/THE_BANGLES_Live_Hazy_Shade_Of_Winter_w_lyrics
The Bangles - Going Down To Liverpool - Live - 1986
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Published: 01 Dec 2007
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
The Bangles perform "Going Down To Liverpool" at the Syria Mosque Arena in 1986.
http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Going_Down_To_Liverpool_Live_1986
"Eternal Flame" (Live) - The Bangles - Lilith Fair - Mtn. View, Shoreline - July 5, 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Published: 07 Jul 2010
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
The Bangles - Lilith Fair - Shoreline Amphitheatre, Mountain View, CA - July 5, 2010
http://wn.com/Eternal_Flame_Live_The_Bangles_Lilith_Fair_Mtn_View,_Shoreline_July_5,_2010
The Bangles Live 2000 Hazy Shade Of Winter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:53
- Published: 26 Mar 2008
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
The Bangles Live 2001. No lipsynching, no fill ins. No matter how hard Debbi Peterson, Susanna Hoffs, and especially Vicki Peterson try to wipe out Michael Steele's credentials and revision the Bangles history, she won't be forgotten.
http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Live_2000_Hazy_Shade_Of_Winter
The Bangles - Walk Like An Egyptian Live at Cornbury 2008
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Published: 07 Jul 2008
- Updated: 02 Sep 2012
The Bangles perform Walk Like An Egyptian at Cornbury 2008
http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Walk_Like_An_Egyptian_Live_at_Cornbury_2008
Eternal Flame - The Bangles Live New Year's Eve
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Published: 10 Jan 2009
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
I love Susanna Hoffs... Happy 2009 ; )
http://wn.com/Eternal_Flame_The_Bangles_Live_New_Year's_Eve
"Walk Like An Egyptian" (Live) - The Bangles - Lilith Fair - Mtn. View, Shoreline - July 5, 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Published: 09 Jul 2010
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
The Bangles - Lilith Fair - Shoreline Amphitheatre, Mountain View, CA - July 5, 2010
http://wn.com/Walk_Like_An_Egyptian_Live_The_Bangles_Lilith_Fair_Mtn_View,_Shoreline_July_5,_2010
The Bangles Between The Two Live at Border Books
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Published: 26 Mar 2008
- Updated: 15 Sep 2012
The Bangles Live at Borders Books in San Francisco, 24th September 2003. With the complete line-up. No matter how hard Debbi Peterson, Susanna Hoffs, and especially Vicki Peterson try to wipe out Michael Steele's credentials and revision the Bangles history, she won't be forgotten.
http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Between_The_Two_Live_at_Border_Books
Eternal Flame Live New Year's Eve
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Published: 01 Jun 2007
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
The Bangles sing Eternal Flame Live on New Year's Eve
http://wn.com/Eternal_Flame_Live_New_Year's_Eve
The Bangles Live in Pittsburgh MTV 1986 PAL version Part 1 of 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:52
- Published: 24 May 2011
- Updated: 12 Aug 2012
Why watch bits in pieces? I have the whole concert.
http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Live_in_Pittsburgh_MTV_1986_PAL_version_Part_1_of_5
The Bangles - Hazy Shade of Winter (live!) - SXSW2011 austin, tx susanna hoffs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:27
- Published: 28 Mar 2011
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
The Bangles perform live SXSW at Cedar Street Courtyard in Austin, TX on 03/17/2011. Shot with some cell phones n stuff :) Susanna hoffs is a hottie. please share this with your peeps!
http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Hazy_Shade_of_Winter_live!_SXSW2011_austin,_tx_susanna_hoffs
The Bangles Live And Accoustic Manic Monday + Ride the Ride
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:10
- Published: 25 Mar 2008
- Updated: 28 Sep 2012
The Bangles Live at the House of Blues, 30th August 2000. With the complete line-up. No matter how hard Debbi Peterson, Susanna Hoffs, and especially Vicki Peterson try to wipe out Michael Steele's credentials and revision the Bangles history, she won't be forgotten.
http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Live_And_Accoustic_Manic_Monday_+_Ride_the_Ride
The Bangles "Live" Alhambra Jubilee
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Published: 08 Jan 2007
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
This is the song "Live". Recorded July 22, 2006 at the Alhambra Jubilee.
http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Live_Alhambra_Jubilee
The Bangles - Live (Remastered)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Published: 09 Sep 2010
- Updated: 15 Aug 2012
The Bangles - Live (Remastered)
http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Live_Remastered
The Bangles Live in Pittsburgh MTV 1986 PAL version Part 2 of 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:56
- Published: 24 May 2011
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
Why watch bits in pieces? I have the whole concert.
http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Live_in_Pittsburgh_MTV_1986_PAL_version_Part_2_of_5
The Bangles Live! Medley from Pershing Square in LA Aug. 4, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:24
- Published: 05 Aug 2012
- Updated: 22 Sep 2012
The Bangles Live! from Pershing Square in Downtown Los Angeles Aug. 4, 2012 Here's a medley of a few of the songs they jammed for us for Free !!!! This is for those of you who did not make it \m/ Enjoy it as much as we did, we had a lot of fun and it was a great night to hang out with friends. Green Man \m/
http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Live!_Medley_from_Pershing_Square_in_LA_Aug_4,_2012
THE BANGLES - ETERNAL FLAME (LIVE)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:36
- Published: 26 Nov 2011
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
The bangles live @ the house of blues
http://wn.com/THE_BANGLES_ETERNAL_FLAME_LIVE
The Bangles Live in Pittsburgh MTV 1986 PAL version Part 3 of 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:33
- Published: 24 May 2011
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Why watch bits in pieces? I have the whole concert.
http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Live_in_Pittsburgh_MTV_1986_PAL_version_Part_3_of_5
The Bangles - LIVE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:17
- Published: 10 Mar 2007
- Updated: 28 Sep 2012
The Bangles Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA August 30, 2003 www.thebangles.com http Filmed by Jsin Diablo For more videos and photos visit www.latenitesinners.com
http://wn.com/The_Bangles_LIVE
The Bangles Live in Pittsburgh MTV 1986 PAL version Part 4 of 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:22
- Published: 24 May 2011
- Updated: 07 Jul 2012
Why watch bits in pieces? I have the whole concert.
http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Live_in_Pittsburgh_MTV_1986_PAL_version_Part_4_of_5
The Bangles Manic Monday Live in Liverpool
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Published: 04 Jul 2008
- Updated: 17 Mar 2012
The Bangles sing Manic Monday live in Liverpool's Carling Academy on 03/07/2008.
http://wn.com/The_Bangles_Manic_Monday_Live_in_Liverpool
59:49
The Bangles - Live in Pittsburgh (MTV 1986 - Concert Nights DHV 2011)
00:00 - *Intro 00:57 - Let It Go 03:20 - Restless 06:36 - Walking Down Your Street 09:58 -...
published: 20 Dec 2011
The Bangles - Live in Pittsburgh (MTV 1986 - Concert Nights DHV 2011)
00:00 - *Intro 00:57 - Let It Go 03:20 - Restless 06:36 - Walking Down Your Street 09:58 - James 13:06 - Going Down To Liverpool 17:32 - He's Got A Secret 20:52 - September Gurls 23:52 - If She Knew What She Wants 27:48 - Return Post 32:26 - Live 35:25 - In A Different Light 38:35 - Want You 41:18 - Angels Don't Fall In Love 44:24 - Hero Takes A Fall 48:45 - Manic Monday 54:00 - Walk Like An Egyptian 58:22 - *Outro & Credits [*1] [*1] - Studio track replaced with song 7 & 7 Is (Live at The Ritz 1984) The Bangles - Live in Pittsburgh (Concert Nights DHV 2011)) The Syria Mosque Arena, Pittsburgh (MTV Special Concert) 13 December 1986 Line-Up ----------------- Susanna Hoffs -- vocals, guitars Vicki Peterson -- vocals, guitars Debbi Peterson -- vocals, drums Michael Steele -- vocals, bass - - & - - Walker Hart - keyboards ----------------- 4 Womans and 4 Songwriters and 4 Voices and 4 Musicians - - - - This is THE BANGLES ! - - - - This concert is PEAK of All-Time Mainstream Pop-Rock Scene. Thx to Bangles & recorders & traders ! I wait this concert official DVD release. To this time, i edited (Diamond Heart version) and then upload this upgraded bootleg version. Re-balanced sound, NTSC color balanced to PAL, dark-light range wide. I see my edited videos fullscreen in dark room from 2-3 meter.(Sorry my low english)
published: 20 Dec 2011
author: LjerkDiamondHeart
2:51
THE BANGLES (Live) - Hazy Shade Of Winter (w / lyrics)
LYRICS: Time, time, time, see what's become of me..... Time, time, time, see what'...
published: 06 Oct 2008
THE BANGLES (Live) - Hazy Shade Of Winter (w / lyrics)
LYRICS: Time, time, time, see what's become of me..... Time, time, time, see what's become of me. While I looked around for my possibilities, I was so hard to please. Look around, the leaves are brown, And the sky is a hazy shade of winter. Hear the salvation army band Down by the riverside, it's bound to be a better ride Than what you've got planned, Carry your cup in your hand. Look around you, the leaves are brown now, And the sky is a hazy shade of winter. Hang on to your hopes, my friend. That's an easy thing to say but if your hopes should pass away, It's simply pretend, that you can build them again. Look around, the grass is high, the fields are ripe, It's the springtime of my life. Oh, seasons change with the scenery, Weaving time in a tapestry, Won't you stop and remember me? Look around, the leaves are brown, And the sky is a hazy shade of winter. Look around, the leaves are brown, There's a patch of snow on the ground, Look around, the leaves are brown, There's a patch of snow on the ground, Look around, the leaves are brown, There's a patch of snow on the ground.....
published: 06 Oct 2008
author: luckysmusic
3:40
The Bangles - Going Down To Liverpool - Live - 1986
The Bangles perform "Going Down To Liverpool" at the Syria Mosque Arena in 1986....
published: 01 Dec 2007
The Bangles - Going Down To Liverpool - Live - 1986
The Bangles perform "Going Down To Liverpool" at the Syria Mosque Arena in 1986.
published: 01 Dec 2007
author: KissFanSite
3:28
"Eternal Flame" (Live) - The Bangles - Lilith Fair - Mtn. View, Shoreline - July 5, 2010
The Bangles - Lilith Fair - Shoreline Amphitheatre, Mountain View, CA - July 5, 2010...
published: 07 Jul 2010
"Eternal Flame" (Live) - The Bangles - Lilith Fair - Mtn. View, Shoreline - July 5, 2010
The Bangles - Lilith Fair - Shoreline Amphitheatre, Mountain View, CA - July 5, 2010
published: 07 Jul 2010
author: concertkid
2:53
The Bangles Live 2000 Hazy Shade Of Winter
The Bangles Live 2001. No lipsynching, no fill ins. No matter how hard Debbi Peterson, Sus...
published: 26 Mar 2008
The Bangles Live 2000 Hazy Shade Of Winter
The Bangles Live 2001. No lipsynching, no fill ins. No matter how hard Debbi Peterson, Susanna Hoffs, and especially Vicki Peterson try to wipe out Michael Steele's credentials and revision the Bangles history, she won't be forgotten.
published: 26 Mar 2008
author: DeathtrapDungeon
4:49
"Walk Like An Egyptian" (Live) - The Bangles - Lilith Fair - Mtn. View, Shoreline - July 5, 2010
The Bangles - Lilith Fair - Shoreline Amphitheatre, Mountain View, CA - July 5, 2010...
published: 09 Jul 2010
"Walk Like An Egyptian" (Live) - The Bangles - Lilith Fair - Mtn. View, Shoreline - July 5, 2010
The Bangles - Lilith Fair - Shoreline Amphitheatre, Mountain View, CA - July 5, 2010
published: 09 Jul 2010
author: concertkid
2:59
The Bangles Between The Two Live at Border Books
The Bangles Live at Borders Books in San Francisco, 24th September 2003. With the complete...
published: 26 Mar 2008
The Bangles Between The Two Live at Border Books
The Bangles Live at Borders Books in San Francisco, 24th September 2003. With the complete line-up. No matter how hard Debbi Peterson, Susanna Hoffs, and especially Vicki Peterson try to wipe out Michael Steele's credentials and revision the Bangles history, she won't be forgotten.
published: 26 Mar 2008
author: DeathtrapDungeon
4:07
Eternal Flame Live New Year's Eve
The Bangles sing Eternal Flame Live on New Year's Eve...
published: 01 Jun 2007
Eternal Flame Live New Year's Eve
The Bangles sing Eternal Flame Live on New Year's Eve
published: 01 Jun 2007
author: GeorgeWaxstetter
2:27
The Bangles - Hazy Shade of Winter (live!) - SXSW2011 austin, tx susanna hoffs
The Bangles perform live SXSW at Cedar Street Courtyard in Austin, TX on 03/17/2011. Shot ...
published: 28 Mar 2011
The Bangles - Hazy Shade of Winter (live!) - SXSW2011 austin, tx susanna hoffs
The Bangles perform live SXSW at Cedar Street Courtyard in Austin, TX on 03/17/2011. Shot with some cell phones n stuff :) Susanna hoffs is a hottie. please share this with your peeps!
published: 28 Mar 2011
author: bretthardeman
7:10
The Bangles Live And Accoustic Manic Monday + Ride the Ride
The Bangles Live at the House of Blues, 30th August 2000. With the complete line-up. No ma...
published: 25 Mar 2008
The Bangles Live And Accoustic Manic Monday + Ride the Ride
The Bangles Live at the House of Blues, 30th August 2000. With the complete line-up. No matter how hard Debbi Peterson, Susanna Hoffs, and especially Vicki Peterson try to wipe out Michael Steele's credentials and revision the Bangles history, she won't be forgotten.
published: 25 Mar 2008
author: DeathtrapDungeon
Vimeo results:
3:58
The Bangles - Eternal Flame
published: 12 Sep 2009
Author: fixinchevys
The Bangles - Eternal Flame
3:08
The Bangles - Manic Monday
The Bangles
Manic Monday
Different Light(1986)...
published: 25 Feb 2012
Author: ccamaccase
The Bangles - Manic Monday
The Bangles
Manic Monday
Different Light(1986)
44:31
2011/09 Chris Bangle of Chris Bangle Associates
Our speaker at the August 2011 CreativeMornings/London was Chris Bangle, formerly design d...
published: 13 Sep 2011
Author: CreativeMornings/London
2011/09 Chris Bangle of Chris Bangle Associates
Our speaker at the August 2011 CreativeMornings/London was Chris Bangle, formerly design director at BMW Group and now running Chris Bangle Associates. (chrisbangleassociates.com/) The event was generously hosted by Buro Happold (burohappold.com) and Sense Worldwide (senseworldwide.com).
Breakfast was provided by the amazing folks at L'Eto Caffe (155 Wardour Street, Soho) and Vantra (11-13 Soho Street, Soho).
Finally, a big shout out to 'Femi T for providing her photography services on the day.
........
ABOUT CREATIVEMORNINGS?
CreativeMornings is a monthly breakfast lecture series for creative types. Each event is free of charge, and includes a 20 minute talk, plus coffee! You can currently join us in New York, Zurich, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. (creativemornings.com)
........
A big thank you to Nick Culley (nicecreation.co.uk/) for filming and editing the talk.
3:29
Eternal flame - The Bangles
This subtitled vid is intended to help English learning people to practice this language. ...
published: 22 Apr 2011
Author: George G
Eternal flame - The Bangles
This subtitled vid is intended to help English learning people to practice this language. Hope you enjoy it.
Youtube results:
3:35
The Bangles "Live" Alhambra Jubilee
This is the song "Live". Recorded July 22, 2006 at the Alhambra Jubilee....
published: 08 Jan 2007
The Bangles "Live" Alhambra Jubilee
This is the song "Live". Recorded July 22, 2006 at the Alhambra Jubilee.
published: 08 Jan 2007
author: rlv70
24:24
The Bangles Live! Medley from Pershing Square in LA Aug. 4, 2012
The Bangles Live! from Pershing Square in Downtown Los Angeles Aug. 4, 2012 Here's a m...
published: 05 Aug 2012
The Bangles Live! Medley from Pershing Square in LA Aug. 4, 2012
The Bangles Live! from Pershing Square in Downtown Los Angeles Aug. 4, 2012 Here's a medley of a few of the songs they jammed for us for Free !!!! This is for those of you who did not make it \m/ Enjoy it as much as we did, we had a lot of fun and it was a great night to hang out with friends. Green Man \m/
published: 05 Aug 2012
author: 65GreenMan
Creative Commons / Natalie Hayter
Creative Commons / Natalie Hayter
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WN / RTayco
AP / Mustafa Quraishi
AP Photo/Pavel Rahman
UN /Paulo Filgueiras
Photo: WN / Yolanda Leyba
26 Oct 2012
Related topics virgin auctionvirginity auction Advertisement A 20 year-old Brazilian student has sold her virginity for the sum of $780,000 through an online auction on a website simply called Virgins...
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Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Yesterday while protesting with striking mine workers in South Africa, Mohandas Gandhi was gunned down by heavily armed security forces. Gandhi, who...
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MIAMI (Reuters) - Hurricane Sandy pulled away from the Bahamas on Saturday after killing at least 41 people in the Caribbean, beginning a slow march toward the U.S. East Coast where it threatens to...
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Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Even though Maine's Governor, Paul LePage, apologized for making comments for comparing the Affordable Health Care Act and Internal Revenue Service (IRS)...
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A human rights group has released pictures showing what appears to be the destruction of a western Burmese district riven by ethnic unrest. Human Rights Watch says more than 800 buildings and...
17 mix and match outfits
28 Oct 2012
The Times of India
Actress-fashionista Soniya Mehra lists out some combinations to make your daily look more interesting 1. Block colour maxi skirt, with a T-shirt, a statement choker and a cross body bag with aviators. 2. Structured skirt, with a halter top and killer heels accessorised with statement earrings. 3....(size: 2.1Kb)
The Times of India
When Rudyard Kipling in his poem said "Oh, East is East and West is West, and never shall the twain meet", he probably did not foresee that centuries later there would indeed be a platform where the 'twain shall meet'. It was at the Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week-Summer/Spring 2013 that we saw a...(size: 5.7Kb)
Stack up on chunky bangles
28 Oct 2012
The Times of India
A number of bangles and bracelets adorning your wrist is the trend of the season Are you fond of junk jewellery? Do you like to sport the latest trends when it comes to...(size: 1.1Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics slideshowSwarovskieventsJewelryaccessoriesNecklaces Advertisement It is that time of the year when Swarovski prepares the new collection for the upcoming-spring-summer season. The jewelry brand had a press event in Toronto this week (Wednesday, October 24th), when they showed the new...(size: 7.9Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics This WeekendKohl's Department StoresDaisy Fuenteswomen's apparelHandbags and accessoriesFine and fashion jewelry Advertisement Daisy Fuentes' collection apparel is 40-50% off at Kohl’s on Sunday, October 28. This is the last chance to take advantage of Kohl’s Bonus Buy...(size: 8.9Kb)
Reception celebrates artists
28 Oct 2012
Hernando Today
The Spring Hill Art League along with the Rising Sun Cafe, located at 10 South Main St., Brooksville, held an artist reception for local artists Diane Becker and Joyce Sundheim recently. * * * * * Accomplished well-known artist and instructor Diane Becker considers "art the gift of a lifetime."...(size: 2.6Kb)
Fashion Matters: Top five splurge items
28 Oct 2012
Richmond Times Dispatch
The holidays are getting closer and closer, so I decided to continue coverage of my top five fabulous finds, but this time, instead of them being less than $50, the focus is on splurge items. So many times we see something that we love but aren't sure if we should spend the money on it. Well, let's...(size: 2.6Kb)
Things to do in Tampa Bay for Oct. 28
27 Oct 2012
Tampabay.com
Michelle StarkTampa Bay Times In Print: Sunday, October 28, 2012 ADVERTISEMENT ADVERTISEMENT Story Tools Print this story Purchase reprints Contact the editor Email Newsletters...(size: 2.8Kb)
'Treasures of Rajasthan' exposition in Delhi
27 Oct 2012
The Times of India
JAIPUR: In a major initiative, the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum Trust (MSMS II) is organizing a two-day exposition of the arts, crafts as well as heritage properties and travel destinations of Rajasthan entitled the 'Treasures of Rajasthan'. "The event will be organized at the Egyptian Embassy...(size: 2.6Kb)
Rajasthans cultural heritage on display
27 Oct 2012
Deccan Herald
Arty affair In a major initiative, the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum Trust (MSMS II) is organising a two-day exposition of the arts, crafts as well as heritage properties and travel destinations of Rajasthan. Entitled as the Treasures of Rajasthan, the event will be organised at the Egyptian...(size: 2.8Kb)
Anjali Lavania
27 Oct 2012
The Times of India
Model Anjali Lavania reveals her favourite hues Your style quotient It's sexy chic. Your favourite colours I like to look pretty in fuchsia pink, it's such a fab hue. Otherwise, I display my wild side with purple and then go a little...(size: 1.5Kb)
Hollywood breaks out the holiday heavyweights
27 Oct 2012
Fresno Bee
Brush off your Cabbage Patch Kids, get out your Bangles album and squeeze some air into your Reebok Pumps. The '80s are back -- at least when it comes...(size: 1.0Kb)
The lasting glitter of gold
27 Oct 2012
Deccan Herald
The City is all set for the 14th edition of âJewels of Indiaâ that will be held from October 27 to October 29 at St Josephâs Indian High School, Vittal Mallya Road, next to Kanteerava Stadium. The exhibition will host more than 100 jewellers across the country, who will display their latest...(size: 3.6Kb)
This article is about the band. For the band's self-titled album, see The Bangles (album). For the jewellery item, see Bangle.
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| The Bangles | |
|---|---|
 The Bangles, 2010 |
|
| Background information | |
| Also known as | The Supersonic Bangs, The Bangs |
| Origin | Los Angeles, California, United States |
| Genres | Rock, pop rock, pop, Paisley Underground |
| Years active | 1981–1989, 1999–present |
| Labels | I.R.S., Columbia, Koch |
| Website | thebangles.com |
| Members | |
| Susanna Hoffs Debbi Peterson Vicki Peterson |
|
| Past members | |
| Annette Zilinskas Michael Steele |
|
The Bangles are an American all-female band that originated in the early 1980s, scoring several hit singles during the decade.
Contents |
History[link]
Formation and early years (1981–1983)[link]
Susanna Hoffs joined sisters Vicki and Debbi Peterson to form a band in Los Angeles in December, 1980. The trio briefly called themselves The Colours, then renamed themselves The Supersonic Bangs, and shortly afterwards The Bangs. The band was part of the Los Angeles Paisley Underground scene, which featured groups that played a mixture of 1960s-influenced folk-rock and jangle pop with a more modern punk–ish/garage band undertone.[1] In 1981, the threesome recorded and released a single ("Getting Out Of Hand" b/w "Call on Me") on DownKiddie Records (their own label). The trio was signed to Faulty Products, a label formed by Miles Copeland. In 1982, Susanna Hoffs asked long time friend, Patrick Hirtz, to manage the band until his departure in 1986 to pursue the culinary arts.
The early Bangles line-up of Susanna Hoffs (vocals/guitars), Vicki Peterson (guitars/vocals), Debbi Peterson (vocals/drums) and Annette Zilinskas (vocals/bass) recorded an EP in 1982, and released the single "The Real World". A legal issue forced the band to change their name at the last minute so they dropped "The" and added the letters "les" to the end to become Bangles. Their first EP was retitled Bangles and released. In 1983, Faulty Products issued a 12 inch "remix" single of "The Real World" to radio and media, but another setback came as the label folded. I.R.S. Records picked up distribution and re-issued the EP. After Zilinskas left the band to focus on her own project Blood on the Saddle, she was replaced by Michael Steele, formerly of the all-girl band The Runaways, Toni & The Movers, Slow Children and Elton Duck.
Career peak (1984–1986)[link]
The Bangles' full-length debut album on Columbia, All Over the Place (1984), captured their power-pop roots, featuring the singles "Hero Takes a Fall" and the Kimberley Rew-penned Beatlesque "Going Down to Liverpool" (originally recorded by Rew's band Katrina and the Waves). The record received good reviews, and the video for "Liverpool" featured Leonard Nimoy, which helped to generate further publicity.[2] This came about due to a college friendship between Hoffs and Nimoy's son Adam, now a television producer. They received a much wider audience serving as the opening act of Cyndi Lauper on her Fun tour.
All this went some way to attracting the attention of Prince, who later wrote "Manic Monday" for the group.[3] "Manic Monday" went on to become a No. 2 hit in the US, the UK and Germany, outsold at the time only by another Prince composition, his own "Kiss". The band's second album Different Light (1986) was more polished than its predecessor and, with the help of the worldwide No. 1 hit "Walk Like an Egyptian", saw the band firmly in the mainstream. The song was sent to them in mid-session and the group was divided about whether it would be a failure or a success. When the song was released the group was amazed to discover that it brought them a new audience of female fans, most of them very young. Commented Michael Steele to a Nine-O-One Network Magazine writer: "When I go out now it is usually girls who recognize me."[4]
Friction[link]
There was friction among band members after music industry media began singling out Hoffs as the lead singer of the group, a result of Columbia Records releasing mostly singles on which Hoffs sang lead vocal. In fact, singing duties on the group's albums were evenly divided among all of the band's members, all of whom wrote or co-wrote their songs.[5] Hoffs starred in the 1987 film, The Allnighter, directed by her mother, Tamar Simon Hoffs, and was critically panned. That, and the firing of their manager Miles Copeland III, further exacerbated the dissent.[1] But they soon had another US No. 2 hit with a cover of Simon & Garfunkel's "A Hazy Shade of Winter" from the soundtrack of the film Less Than Zero, and the melancholic "If She Knew What She Wants", written by Jules Shear, reached the U.S. Top 30 and the German Top 20.
1988's Everything was produced by Davitt Sigerson as the band had a negative reaction to working with David Kahne on Different Light.[6] The album was another multi-platinum smash and included their biggest-selling single, the soft ballad "Eternal Flame". Co-writer Billy Steinberg came up with the title after Susanna Hoffs told him about the band's visit to Graceland, Elvis Presley's estate in Memphis, Tennessee. An "Eternal Flame" in memoriam to Presley is maintained on the site, but on the day the band visited, the flame had gone out and its clear-plastic enclosure was flooded. When they asked what was in the box, they were told, "That's the eternal flame."[7] The single became another worldwide hit.[8] Hoffs was actually naked when she recorded the song, after being convinced by Sigerson that Olivia Newton-John got her amazing performances by recording everything while naked.[9]
The working relationships within the band had broken down, and the members went their separate ways shortly after.[5] Hoffs began a solo career and Vicki Peterson toured as a member of the Go-Go's and the Continental Drifters.[10]
Break-up[link]
Hoffs released a solo album When You're a Boy, produced by former Bangles producer David Kahne. The album spawned a minor hit "My Side of the Bed", and a Cyndi Lauper penned "Unconditional Love", but it stalled, and Hoffs was dropped from Columbia during the recording of her second solo album.[11] The second solo album Susanna Hoffs, released in 1996, fared better critically,[12] but it too had disappointing sales. Hoffs married film director Jay Roach (Austin Powers and Meet the Parents), and their union led to the Bangles' reunion of 2000, after Roach asked Hoffs and Vicki Peterson to write a song for Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me.[12] Vicki Peterson joined and contributed songs to the New Orleans band the Continental Drifters, which received rave reviews. Debbie Peterson had a short-lived career with Siobhan Maher under the name of Kindred Spirit, while Steele lived in semi-retirement in California.
Re-form[link]
The band started drifting back together in 1998.[13] and officially re-formed to record a song for the soundtrack of Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me, at the behest of the film's director (and Hoffs' husband) Jay Roach.[1] The song chosen for the album was "Get The Girl" and was released in 1999. The reunion continued with a tour in 2000. Later the same year, the group was also inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame.[14] From 2001–2002, they were in the studio recording the album Doll Revolution. The album, featuring such songs as "Stealing Rosemary", "Ride the Ride", "Nickel Romeo", and the single "Something That You Said", was released in early 2003. The title track, which was written by Elvis Costello, was originally recorded for his 2002 album When I Was Cruel. Doll Revolution was a solid comeback success in Germany after the Bangles had performed in Germany's biggest television show Wetten dass, but failed to make any impact in other important markets such as the UK, the U.S. and Australia. In July 2004, the Bangles were made Companions of the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts.
In 2005, the Bangles announced the departure of Michael Steele. Steele was replaced by Abby Travis for live appearances, but Travis is not an official member of the group.[15] On December 31, 2005, Hoffs, Travis, and the Petersons performed "Hazy Shade of Winter" in front of Times Square and later "Eternal Flame" as part of Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve 2006. August 2007 saw the release of their first official live DVD, Return to Bangleonia – Live in Concert. In 2008, the band toured the US with dates in Las Vegas, Louisiana, Austin, Glasgow, and Ojai. Further dates included shows in Germany, the Netherlands, and at the popular Cornbury Festival in Oxfordshire, England.
In the spring of 2009, the Bangles returned to the studio to begin work on a new album.[16] During an interview with Music Geek Media in May 2009, Debbi Peterson indicated that the album was in the early stages of production.[17] The album is called Sweetheart of the Sun and was released on September 27, 2011. They are touring in support of it, with dates on the East Coast, Midwest, and West Coast. Openers for the various dates include rock band Antigone Rising and powerpop band A Fragile Tomorrow.[18]
In popular culture[link]
The Bangles have contributed to several compilations, as well as to many other artists' works: They provided the song "I Got Nothing" to the soundtrack album for the 1985 film The Goonies, and made a cameo appearance in Cyndi Lauper's music video for "Goonies 'R' Good Enough". Lauper later enlisted them for backup vocals in her 1986 hit song "Change of Heart". In 1988, while recording his album Full Moon Fever, Tom Petty and his lead guitarist Mike Campbell called on the group to provide backing vocals for the song "Waiting for Tonight". The song never made it to the album, but instead made the compilations Playback (1995) and Anthology: Through the Years (2000). A cover version of "Eternal Flame" was a 2001 UK No. 1 for Atomic Kitten.
In February 2001, the first-season Gilmore Girls episode "Concert Interruptus" involved a trip to see a Bangles concert, and featured cameos and music by the band.[19] There were also several references to the Bangles throughout the rest of the series; Lorelei expresses how much she likes the band on multiple occasions while Paris states that she 'loves' the band, and tells Rory that the concert was the best night of her life. Excerpts of the songs "Hero Takes a Fall" and "Eternal Flame" were featured in the concert that the Gilmore party attended. The band covered the Beatles hit "Good Day Sunshine" for the 2006 album All Together Now: Beatles Stuff for Kids of All Ages.[20] In 2009, the Bangles covered Lowen & Navarro's "We Belong" on "Keep The Light Alive: Celebrating The Music of Lowen & Navarro". The proceeds of the album benefited The Eric Lowen Trust, ALS Association Greater Los Angeles, and Augie's Quest.
Several artists have referred to the Bangles in their own songs. The Saw Doctors include an irreverent tribute to them, "I'd Love to Kiss the Bangles", on their 2003 album Play It Again Sham!.[21] Alternative-country artist Robbie Fulks sings a wistful ode to "That Bangle Girl", a song identified as one of his "personal favorites", on his 2000 Very Best album.[22] Although Fulks never says her name, the line "When the little one took the mike, I knew I'd fallen" suggests the particular "Bangle girl" he pines for is Susanna Hoffs, the shortest member of the group and frequent lead singer.
Members[link]
- Current members
- Susanna Hoffs – vocals, guitars (1981-1989, 1999-present)
- Vicki Peterson – guitars, bass, vocals (1981-1989, 1999-present)
- Debbi Peterson – drums, bass, vocals (1981-1989, 1999-present)
- Former members
- Annette Zilinskas – bass, vocals (1982–1983)
- Michael Steele – bass, guitars, vocals (1983–1989, 1999-2005)
- Touring members
- Abby Travis - bass, vocals (2005-present)
Discography[link]
Main article: The Bangles discography
- Bangles (1982) (EP)
- All Over the Place (1984)
- Different Light (1986)
- Everything (1988)
- Greatest Hits (1990)
- Doll Revolution (2003)
- Sweetheart of the Sun (2011)
References[link]
- ^ a b c "The Story of The Bangles". Archived from the original on February 22, 1999. http://web.archive.org/web/19990220144013/http://www.seds.org/~michaelk/Bangles.html. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
- ^ Vare, E.A. (October 31, 1984). "Spock Beams Down for Bangles' Video". The Dispatch. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EegbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=w1IEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4471,4154485&dq=bangles+nimoy&hl=en. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
- ^ Greenwald, Matthew. "Manic Monday: The Bangles: Song Review". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/song/t4479292. Retrieved September 8, 2006.
- ^ Dickerson, Jim (December 1987) "The Bangles: You Have to Enjoy it While It's There," Nine-o-One, pp. 20–23.
- ^ a b Muze UK Ltd, Biography of The Bangles Retrieved on September 15, 2006.
- ^ "Bangles Disavow Maturity". The Victoria Advocate. December 4, 1988. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0RdQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=V1YDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5368,1027522&dq=vicki-peterson+bangles&hl=en. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
- ^ Susanna Hoffs, "Commentary", the Bangles, Return to Bangleonia, DVD, 2007
- ^ Stichting Nederlandse Top 40, 500 Nr. 1 hits uit de Top 40, page 261, 9023009444
- ^ Soundtrack to My Life, Series 3, Hosted by Cat Deeley, interview with Vicki & Debbi Peterson and Susanna Hoffs
- ^ The Rolling stone encyclopedia of rock & roll p.47. Fireside, 2001
- ^ nndb.com Biography Susanna Hoffs Retrieved on September 15, 2006.
- ^ a b BBC Biography The Bangles Retrieved on September 15, 2006.
- ^ Trunk, Russell (2011 [last update]). "Anne Carlini – Exclusive Magazine". annecarlini.com. http://www.annecarlini.com/ex_interviews.php?id=807. Retrieved June 13, 2011. "By 2000 we had already starting playing live shows and becoming more visible. We had been kinda working behind the scenes for a year and a half before that."
- ^ Vocal Hall of Fame The Bangles page. Retrieved on September 15, 2006.
- ^ Blackman, Guy (November 6, 2005). "Bangles shake again". The Age (Australia). http://www.theage.com.au/news/music/bangles-shake-again/2005/11/03/1130823343333.html. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
- ^ "Gracie Gossip". TheBangles.com. February 4, 2009. http://www.thebangles.com/news/news.asp?item=113555.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "2011 Tour Dates". Thebangles.com. http://www.thebangles.com/concertsandevents.html. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ "Gilmore Girls: Concert Interruptus (2001)". Internet Movie Database. Amazon.com. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0588131/. Retrieved November 25, 2007.
- ^ Berick, Michael. "All Together Now: Beatles Stuff for Kids of All Ages [B&N Exclusive"]. Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r932298. Retrieved November 25, 2007.
- ^ Sleger, Dave. "Play it Again Sham!". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r634061. Retrieved November 25, 2007.
- ^ Fink, Matt. "The Very Best of Robbie Fulks". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r465790. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
External links[link]
 |
Book: The Bangles |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
Media related to The Bangles at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website
- The Bangles Discography
- The Bangles at Allmusic
- 'The Bangles' Vocal Group Hall of Fame Page
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For other people named Martin Luther, see Martin Luther (disambiguation).
| Martin Luther | |
|---|---|
 Luther in 1533 by Lucas Cranach the Elder |
|
| Born | (1483-11-10)10 November 1483 Eisleben, Saxony, Holy Roman Empire |
| Died | 18 February 1546(1546-02-18) (aged 62) Eisleben, Saxony, Holy Roman Empire |
| Occupation | Monk, Priest, Theologian |
| Notable works | The Ninety-Five Theses, Luther's Large Catechism, Luther's Small Catechism, On the Freedom of a Christian |
| Spouse | Katharina von Bora |
| Children | Hans (Johannes), Elisabeth, Magdalena, Martin, Paul, Margarethe |
| Influences | Paul the Apostle, Augustine of Hippo |
| Influenced | Philipp Melanchthon, Lutheranism, John Calvin, Karl Barth |
| Signature | |
 |
|
Martin Luther (help·info) (10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German monk, priest, professor of theology and iconic figure of the Protestant Reformation.[1] He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.
Luther taught that salvation is not earned by good deeds but received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin. His theology challenged the authority of the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge[2] and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood.[3] Those who identify with Luther's teachings are called Lutherans.
His translation of the Bible into the vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, causing a tremendous impact on the church and on German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation,[4] and influenced the translation into English of the King James Bible.[5] His hymns influenced the development of singing in churches.[6] His marriage to Katharina von Bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage, allowing Protestant priests to marry.[7]
In his later years, while suffering from several illnesses and deteriorating health, Luther became increasingly antisemitic, writing that Jewish homes should be destroyed, their synagogues burned, money confiscated and liberty curtailed. These statements have contributed to his controversial status.[8]
Early life[link]
Birth and education[link]
Martin Luther was born to Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther)[9] and his wife Margarethe (née Lindemann) on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, Germany, then part of the Holy Roman Empire. He was baptized as a Catholic the next morning on the feast day of St. Martin of Tours. His family moved to Mansfeld in 1484, where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters[10] and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council.[9] The religious scholar Martin Marty describes Luther's mother as a hard-working woman of "trading-class stock and middling means" and notes that Luther's enemies would later wrongly describe her as a whore and bath attendant.[9] He had several brothers and sisters, and is known to have been close to one of them, Jacob.[11] Hans Luther was ambitious for himself and his family, and he was determined to see Martin, his eldest son, become a lawyer. He sent Martin to Latin schools in Mansfeld, then Magdeburg in 1497, where he attended a school operated by a lay group called the Brethren of the Common Life, and Eisenach in 1498.[12] The three schools focused on the so-called "trivium": grammar, rhetoric, and logic. Luther later compared his education there to purgatory and hell.[13]
In 1501, at the age of nineteen, he entered the University of Erfurt – which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse.[14] The schedule called for waking at four every morning for what has been described as "a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises."[14] He received his master's degree in 1505.[15]
In accordance with his father's wishes, Luther enrolled in law school at the same university that year but dropped out almost immediately, believing that law represented uncertainty.[15] Luther sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy, expressing particular interest in Aristotle, William of Ockham, and Gabriel Biel.[15] He was deeply influenced by two tutors, Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen and Jodocus Trutfetter, who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers[15] and to test everything himself by experience.[16] Philosophy proved to be unsatisfying, offering assurance about the use of reason but none about loving God, which to Luther was more important. Reason could not lead men to God, he felt, and he thereafter developed a love-hate relationship with Aristotle over the latter's emphasis on reason.[16] For Luther, reason could be used to question men and institutions, but not God. Human beings could learn about God only through divine revelation, he believed, and Scripture therefore became increasingly important to him.[16]
He later attributed his decision to an event: on 2 July 1505, he was on horseback during a thunderstorm and a lightning bolt struck near him as he was returning to university after a trip home. Later telling his father he was terrified of death and divine judgment, he cried out, "Help! Saint Anna, I will become a monk!"[17] He came to view his cry for help as a vow he could never break. He left law school, sold his books, and entered a closed Augustinian friary in Erfurt on 17 July 1505.[18] One friend blamed the decision on Luther's sadness over the deaths of two friends. Luther himself seemed saddened by the move. Those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door of the Black Cloister. "This day you see me, and then, not ever again," he said.[16] His father was furious over what he saw as a waste of Luther's education.[19]
Monastic and academic life[link]
Luther dedicated himself to monastic life, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession.[20] He would later remark, "If anyone could have gained heaven as a monk, then I would indeed have been among them."[21] Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and made of him the jailor and hangman of my poor soul."[22]
Johann von Staupitz, his superior, concluded that Luther needed more work to distract him from excessive introspection and ordered him to pursue an academic career. In 1507, he was ordained to the priesthood, and in 1508 began teaching theology at the University of Wittenberg.[23] He received a Bachelor's degree in Biblical studies on 9 March 1508, and another Bachelor's degree in the Sentences by Peter Lombard in 1509.[24] On 19 October 1512, he was awarded his Doctor of Theology and, on 21 October 1512, was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg, having been called to the position of Doctor in Bible.[25] He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg.
The start of the Reformation[link]
Further information: History of Protestantism and The Ninety-Five Theses
In 1516, Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar and papal commissioner for indulgences, was sent to Germany by the Roman Catholic Church to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.[26] Roman Catholic theology stated that faith alone, whether fiduciary or dogmatic, cannot justify man;[27] justification rather depends only on such faith as is active in charity and good works (fides caritate formata) can justify man.[28] The benefits of good works could be obtained by donating money to the church.
On 31 October 1517, Luther wrote to his bishop, Albert of Mainz, protesting the sale of indulgences. He enclosed in his letter a copy of his "Disputation of Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences," which came to be known as The Ninety-Five Theses. Hans Hillerbrand writes that Luther had no intention of confronting the church, but saw his disputation as a scholarly objection to church practices, and the tone of the writing is accordingly "searching, rather than doctrinaire."[29] Hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an undercurrent of challenge in several of the theses, particularly in Thesis 86, which asks: "Why does the pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus, build the basilica of St. Peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money?"[29]
Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory [also attested as 'into heaven'] springs."[30]
He insisted that, since forgiveness was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error. Christians, he said, must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances.
However, this oft-quoted saying of Tetzel was by no means representative of the official Catholic teaching on indulgences, but rather, more a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate. Yet if Tetzel overstated the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead, his teaching on indulgences for the living was pure.[31]
According to scholars Walter Krämer, Götz Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter and Gerhard Prause, the story of the posting on the door, even though it has settled as one of the pillars of history, has little foundation in truth.[32][33][34] The story is based on comments made by Philipp Melanchthon, though it is thought that he was not in Wittenberg at the time.[35]
It was not until January 1518 that friends of Luther translated the 95 Theses from Latin into German, printed, and widely copied, making the controversy one of the first in history to be aided by the printing press.[36] Within two weeks, copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany; within two months throughout Europe.
Luther's writings circulated widely, reaching France, England, and Italy as early as 1519. Students thronged to Wittenberg to hear Luther speak. He published a short commentary on Galatians and his Work on the Psalms. This early part of Luther's career was one of his most creative and productive.[37] Three of his best-known works were published in 1520: To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and On the Freedom of a Christian.
Justification by faith[link]
Main article: Sola fide
From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. As he studied these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the Catholic Church in new ways. He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity. The most important for Luther was the doctrine of justification – God's act of declaring a sinner righteous – by faith alone through God's grace. He began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of God's grace, attainable only through faith in Jesus as the Messiah.[38] "This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification," he wrote, "is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness."[39]
Luther came to understand justification as entirely the work of God. This teaching by Luther was clearly expressed in his 1525 publication On the Bondage of the Will, which was written in response to On Free Will by Desiderius Erasmus (1524). Luther based his position on Predestination on St. Paul's epistle to the Ephesians 2:8–10. Against the teaching of his day that the righteous acts of believers are performed in cooperation with God, Luther wrote that Christians receive such righteousness entirely from outside themselves; that righteousness not only comes from Christ but actually is the righteousness of Christ, imputed to Christians (rather than infused into them) through faith.[40] "That is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law," he wrote. "Faith is that which brings the Holy Spirit through the merits of Christ."[41] Faith, for Luther, was a gift from God; the experience of being justified by faith was "as though I had been born again." His entry into Paradise, no less, was a discovery about "the righteousness of God" – a discovery that "the just person" of whom the Bible speaks (as in Romans 1:17) lives by faith.[42] He explained his concept of "justification" in the Smalcald Articles:
The first and chief article is this: Jesus Christ, our God and Lord, died for our sins and was raised again for our justification (Romans 3:24–25). He alone is the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world (John 1:29), and God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all (Isaiah 53:6). All have sinned and are justified freely, without their own works and merits, by His grace, through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, in His blood (Romans 3:23–25). This is necessary to believe. This cannot be otherwise acquired or grasped by any work, law or merit. Therefore, it is clear and certain that this faith alone justifies us ... Nothing of this article can be yielded or surrendered, even though heaven and earth and everything else falls (Mark 13:31).[43]
Breach with the papacy[link]
Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg did not reply to Luther's letter containing the 95 Theses. He had the theses checked for heresy and in December 1517 forwarded them to Rome.[44] He needed the revenue from the indulgences to pay off a papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric. As Luther later noted, "the pope had a finger in the pie as well, because one half was to go to the building of St Peter's Church in Rome".[45]
Pope Leo X was used to reformers and heretics,[46] and he responded slowly, "with great care as is proper."[47] Over the next three years he deployed a series of papal theologians and envoys against Luther, which served only to harden the reformer's anti-papal theology. First, the Dominican theologian Sylvester Mazzolini drafted a heresy case against Luther, whom Leo then summoned to Rome. The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg, where the Imperial Diet was held.[48] There, in October 1518, Luther informed the papal legate Cardinal Cajetan that he did not consider the papacy part of the biblical Church, and the hearings degenerated into a shouting match. More than his writing the 95 Theses, Luther's confrontation of the church cast him as an enemy of the pope.[49] Cajetan's original instructions had been to arrest Luther if he failed to recant, but he lacked the means in Augsburg, where the Elector guaranteed Luther's security.[50] Luther slipped out of the city at night, without leave from Cajetan.[51]
In January 1519, at Altenburg in Saxony, the papal nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach. Luther made certain concessions to the Saxon, who was a relative of the Elector, and promised to remain silent if his opponents did.[52] The theologian Johann Maier von Eck, however, was determined to expose Luther's doctrine in a public forum. In June and July 1519, he staged a disputation with Luther's colleague Andreas Karlstadt at Leipzig and invited Luther to speak.[53] Luther's boldest assertion in the debate was that Matthew 16:18 does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture, and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible.[54] For this, Eck branded Luther a new Jan Hus, referring to the Czech reformer and heretic burned at the stake in 1415. From that moment, he devoted himself to Luther's defeat.[55]
Excommunication[link]
On 15 June 1520, the Pope warned Luther with the papal bull (edict) Exsurge Domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses, within 60 days. That autumn, Johann Eck proclaimed the bull in Meissen and other towns. Karl von Miltitz, a papal nuncio, attempted to broker a solution, but Luther, who had sent the Pope a copy of On the Freedom of a Christian in October, publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at Wittenberg on 10 December 1520,[56] an act he defended in Why the Pope and his Recent Book are Burned and Assertions Concerning All Articles. As a consequence, Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521, in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.
Diet of Worms[link]
Main article: Diet of Worms
The enforcement of the ban on the 95 Theses fell to the secular authorities. On 18 April 1521, Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms. This was a general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire that took place in Worms, a town on the Rhine. It was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521, with Emperor Charles V presiding. Prince Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, obtained a safe conduct for Luther to and from the meeting.
Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier, presented Luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him if the books were his, and whether he stood by their contents. Luther confirmed he was their author, but requested time to think about the answer to the second question. He prayed, consulted friends, and gave his response the next day:
Unless I am convinced by the testimony of the Scriptures or by clear reason (for I do not trust either in the pope or in councils alone, since it is well known that they have often erred and contradicted themselves), I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. May God help me. Amen.[57]
Luther is sometimes also quoted as saying: "Here I stand. I can do no other". Recent scholars consider the evidence for these words to be unreliable, since they were inserted before "May God help me" only in later versions of the speech and not recorded in witness accounts of the proceedings.[58]
Over the next five days, private conferences were held to determine Luther's fate. The Emperor presented the final draft of the Diet of Worms on 25 May 1521, declaring Luther an outlaw, banning his literature, and requiring his arrest: "We want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic."[59] It also made it a crime for anyone in Germany to give Luther food or shelter. It permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence.
At Wartburg Castle[link]
Luther's disappearance during his return trip was planned. Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, had him intercepted on his way home by masked horsemen and escorted to the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach.[60] During his stay at Wartburg, which he referred to as "my Patmos",[61] Luther translated the New Testament from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings. These included a renewed attack on Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz, whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates,[62] and a "Refutation of the Argument of Latomus," in which he expounded the principle of justification to Jacobus Latomus, an orthodox theologian from Louvain.[63]
In this work, one of his most emphatic statements on faith, he argued that every good work designed to attract God's favor is a sin.[64] All humans are sinners by nature, he explained, and God's grace, which cannot be earned, alone can make them just. On 1 August 1521, Luther wrote to Melanchthon on the same theme: "Be a sinner, and let your sins be strong, but let your trust in Christ be stronger, and rejoice in Christ who is the victor over sin, death, and the world. We will commit sins while we are here, for this life is not a place where justice resides."[65]
In the summer of 1521, Luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practices. In On the Abrogation of the Private Mass, he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice, asserting instead that it is a gift, to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation.[66] His essay On Confession, Whether the Pope has the Power to Require It rejected compulsory confession and encouraged private confession and absolution, since "every Christian is a confessor."[67] In November, Luther wrote The Judgement of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows. He assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin, because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation.[68]
Luther made his pronouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed. Andreas Karlstadt, supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling, embarked on a radical programme of reform there in June 1521, exceeding anything envisaged by Luther. The reforms provoked disturbances, including a revolt by the Augustinian monks against their prior, the smashing of statues and images in churches, and denunciations of the magistracy. After secretly visiting Wittenberg in early December 1521, Luther wrote A Sincere Admonition by Martin Luther to All Christians to Guard Against Insurrection and Rebellion.[69] Wittenberg became even more volatile after Christmas when a band of visionary zealots, the so-called Zwickau prophets, arrived, preaching revolutionary doctrines such as the equality of man, adult baptism, and Christ's imminent return.[70] When the town council asked Luther to return, he decided it was his duty to act.[71]
Return to Wittenberg[link]
See also: Radical Reformation
Luther secretly returned to Wittenberg on 6 March 1522. "During my absence," he wrote to the Elector, "Satan has entered my sheepfold, and committed ravages which I cannot repair by writing, but only by my personal presence and living word."[72] For eight days in Lent, beginning on Invocavit Sunday, 9 March, Luther preached eight sermons, which became known as the "Invocavit Sermons." In these sermons, he hammered home the primacy of core Christian values such as love, patience, charity, and freedom, and reminded the citizens to trust God's word rather than violence to bring about necessary change.[73]
Do you know what the Devil thinks when he sees men use violence to propagate the gospel? He sits with folded arms behind the fire of hell, and says with malignant looks and frightful grin: "Ah, how wise these madmen are to play my game! Let them go on; I shall reap the benefit. I delight in it." But when he sees the Word running and contending alone on the battle-field, then he shudders and shakes for fear.[74]
The effect of Luther's intervention was immediate. After the sixth sermon, the Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf wrote to the elector: "Oh, what joy has Dr. Martin’s return spread among us! His words, through divine mercy, are bringing back every day misguided people into the way of the truth."[74]
Luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices. By working alongside the authorities to restore public order, he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force within the Reformation.[75] After banishing the Zwickau prophets, he now faced a battle against not only the established Church but also the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence.[76]
Peasants' War[link]
Main article: German Peasants' War
Despite his victory in Wittenberg, Luther was unable to stifle radicalism further afield. Preachers such as Zwickau prophet Nicholas Storch and Thomas Müntzer helped instigate the German Peasants' War of 1524–25, during which many atrocities were committed, often in Luther's name. There had been revolts by the peasantry on a smaller scale since the 15th century.[77] Luther's pamphlets against the Church and the hierarchy, often worded with "liberal" phraseology, now led many peasants to believe he would support an attack on the upper classes in general.[78] Revolts broke out in Franconia, Swabia, and Thuringia in 1524, even drawing support from disaffected nobles, many of whom were in debt. Gaining momentum under the leadership of radicals such as Müntzer in Thuringia and Michael Gaismair in Tyrol, the revolts turned into war.[79]
Luther sympathised with some of the peasants' grievances, as he showed in his response to the Twelve Articles in May 1525, but he reminded the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities.[80] During a tour of Thuringia, he became enraged at the widespread burning of convents, monasteries, bishops’ palaces, and libraries. In Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, written on his return to Wittenberg, he gave his interpretation of the Gospel teaching on wealth, condemned the violence as the devil's work, and called for the nobles to put down the rebels like mad dogs:
Therefore let everyone who can, smite, slay, and stab, secretly or openly, remembering that nothing can be more poisonous, hurtful, or devilish than a rebel ... For baptism does not make men free in body and property, but in soul; and the gospel does not make goods common, except in the case of those who, of their own free will, do what the apostles and disciples did in Acts 4 [:32–37]. They did not demand, as do our insane peasants in their raging, that the goods of others—of Pilate and Herod—should be common, but only their own goods. Our peasants, however, want to make the goods of other men common, and keep their own for themselves. Fine Christians they are! I think there is not a devil left in hell; they have all gone into the peasants. Their raving has gone beyond all measure.[81]
Luther justified his opposition to the rebels on three grounds. First, in choosing violence over lawful submission to the secular government, they were ignoring Christ's counsel to "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's"; St. Paul had written in his epistle to the Romans 13:1–7 that all authorities are appointed by God and therefore should not be resisted. This reference from the Bible forms the foundation for the doctrine known as the Divine Right of Kings, or, in the German case, the divine right of the princes. Second, the violent actions of rebelling, robbing, and plundering placed the peasants "outside the law of God and Empire," so they deserved "death in body and soul, if only as highwaymen and murderers." Lastly, Luther charged the rebels with blasphemy for calling themselves "Christian brethren" and committing their sinful acts under the banner of the Gospel.[82]
Without Luther's backing for the uprising, many rebels laid down their weapons; others felt betrayed. Their defeat by the Swabian League at the Battle of Frankenhausen on 15 May 1525, followed by Müntzer’s execution, brought the revolutionary stage of the Reformation to a close.[83] Thereafter, radicalism found a refuge in the anabaptist movement and other sects, while Luther's Reformation flourished under the wing of the secular powers.[84]
Marriage[link]
Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora, one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523, when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels.[85] "Suddenly, and while I was occupied with far different thoughts," he wrote to Wenceslaus Link, "the Lord has plunged me into marriage."[86] Katherina was 26 years old, Luther was 41 years old.
On 13 June 1525, the couple was engaged with Johannes Bugenhagen, Justus Jonas, Johannes Apel, Philipp Melanchthon and Lucas Cranach the Elder and his wife as witnesses.[87] On the evening of the same day, the couple was married by Bugenhagen.[87] The ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet were left out, and were made up two weeks later on 27 June.[87]
Some priests and former monks had already married, including Andreas Karlstadt and Justus Jonas, but Luther's wedding set the seal of approval on clerical marriage.[88] He had long condemned vows of celibacy on Biblical grounds, but his decision to marry surprised many, not least Melanchthon, who called it reckless.[89] Luther had written to George Spalatin on 30 November 1524, "I shall never take a wife, as I feel at present. Not that I am insensible to my flesh or sex (for I am neither wood nor stone); but my mind is averse to wedlock because I daily expect the death of a heretic."[90] Before marrying, Luther had been living on the plainest food, and, as he admitted himself, his mildewed bed was not properly made for months at a time.[91]
Luther and his wife moved into a former monastery, "The Black Cloister," a wedding present from the new elector John the Steadfast (1525–32). They embarked on what appeared to have been a happy and successful marriage, though money was often short.[92] Between bearing six children, Hans – June 1526; Elizabeth – 10 December 1527, who died within a few months; Magdalene – 1529, who died in Luther's arms in 1542; Martin – 1531; Paul – January 1533; and Margaret – 1534. Katharina helped the couple earn a living by farming the land and taking in boarders.[93] Luther confided to Michael Stiefel on 11 August 1526: "My Katie is in all things so obliging and pleasing to me that I would not exchange my poverty for the riches of Croesus."[94]
Organising the church[link]
By 1526, Luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church. His Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own ministers had proved unworkable.[95] According to Bainton: "Luther's dilemma was that he wanted both a confessional church based on personal faith and experience and a territorial church including all in a given locality. If he were forced to choose, he would take his stand with the masses, and this was the direction in which he moved."[96] From 1525 to 1529, he established a supervisory church body, laid down a new form of worship service, and wrote a clear summary of the new faith in the form of two catechisms.
To avoid confusing or upsetting the people, Luther avoided extreme change. He also did not wish to replace one controlling system with another. He concentrated on the church in the Electorate of Saxony, acting only as an adviser to churches in new territories, many of which followed his Saxon model. He worked closely with the new elector, John the Steadfast, to whom he turned for secular leadership and funds on behalf of a church largely shorn of its assets and income after the break with Rome.[97] For Luther's biographer Martin Brecht, this partnership "was the beginning of a questionable and originally unintended development towards a church government under the temporal sovereign".[98] The elector authorised a visitation of the church, a power formerly exercised by bishops.[99] At times, Luther's practical reforms fell short of his earlier radical pronouncements. For example, the Instructions for the Visitors of Parish Pastors in Electoral Saxony (1528), drafted by Melanchthon with Luther's approval, stressed the role of repentance in the forgiveness of sins, despite Luther's position that faith alone ensures justification.[100] The Eisleben reformer Johannes Agricola challenged this compromise, and Luther condemned him for teaching that faith is separate from works.[101] The Instruction is a problematic document for those seeking a consistent evolution in Luther's thought and practice.[102]
In response to demands for a German liturgy, Luther wrote a German Mass, which he published in early 1526.[103] He did not intend it as a replacement for his 1523 adaptation of the Latin Mass but as an alternative for the "simple people", a "public stimulation for people to believe and become Christians."[104] Luther based his order on the Catholic service but omitted "everything that smacks of sacrifice"; and the Mass became a celebration where everyone received the wine as well as the bread.[105] He retained the elevation of the host and chalice, while trappings such as the Mass vestments, altar, and candles were made optional, allowing freedom of ceremony.[106] Some reformers, including followers of Huldrych Zwingli, considered Luther's service too papistic; and modern scholars note the conservatism of his alternative to the Catholic mass.[107] Luther's service, however, included congregational singing of hymns and psalms in German, as well as of parts of the liturgy, including Luther's unison setting of the Creed.[108] To reach the simple people and the young, Luther incorporated religious instruction into the weekday services in the form of the catechism.[109] He also provided simplified versions of the baptism and marriage services.[110]
Luther and his colleagues introduced the new order of worship during their visitation of Electoral Saxony, which began in 1527.[111] They also assessed the standard of pastoral care and Christian education in the territory. "Merciful God, what misery I have seen," Luther wrote, "the common people knowing nothing at all of Christian doctrine ... and unfortunately many pastors are well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching."[112]
Catechisms[link]
Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations. In 1529, he wrote the Large Catechism, a manual for pastors and teachers, as well as a synopsis, the Small Catechism, to be memorised by the people themselves.[113] The catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, baptism, and the Lord's Supper.[114] Luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be learned by rote, "the way monkeys do it", but understood.[115]
The catechism is one of Luther's most personal works. "Regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes," he wrote, "I am quite cool and not at all eager about it because, roused by a Saturnian hunger, I would rather see them all devoured. For I acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine, except perhaps the Bondage of the Will and the Catechism."[116] The Small Catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching.[117] It remains in use today, along with Luther's hymns and his translation of the Bible.
Luther's Small Catechism proved especially effective in helping parents teach their children; likewise the Larger Catechism was effective for pastors.[118] Using the German vernacular they expressed the Apostles' Creed in simpler, more personal, Trinitarian language. He rewrote each article of the Creed to express the character of the Father, the Son, or the Holy Spirit. Luther's goal was to enable the catechumens to see themselves as a personal object of the work of the three persons of the Trinity, each of which works in the catechumen's life. That is, Luther depicted the Trinity not as a doctrine to be learned, but as persons to be known. The Father creates, the Son redeems, and the Spirit sanctifies, a divine unity with separate personalities. Salvation originates with the Father and draws the believer to the Father. Luther's treatment of the Apostles Creed must be understood in the context of the Decalogue (the Ten Commandments) and the Lord's Prayer, which are also part of the Lutheran catechical teaching.[119]
Translation of the Bible[link]
Main article: Luther Bible
Luther had published his German translation of the New Testament in 1522, and he and his collaborators completed the translation of the Old Testament in 1534, when the whole Bible was published. He continued to work on refining the translation until the end of his life.[120] Others had translated the Bible into German, but Luther tailored his translation to his own doctrine.[121] When he was criticised for inserting the word "alone" after "faith" in Romans 3:28,[122] he replied in part: "[T]he text itself and the meaning of St. Paul urgently require and demand it. For in that very passage he is dealing with the main point of Christian doctrine, namely, that we are justified by faith in Christ without any works of the Law . . . But when works are so completely cut away – and that must mean that faith alone justifies – whoever would speak plainly and clearly about this cutting away of works will have to say, 'Faith alone justifies us, and not works'."[123]
Luther's translation used the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery, intelligible to both northern and southern Germans.[124] He intended his vigorous, direct language to make the Bible accessible to everyday Germans, "for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance."[125]
Published at a time of rising demand for German-language publications, Luther's version quickly became a popular and influential Bible translation. As such, it made a significant contribution to the evolution of the German language and literature.[126] Furnished with notes and prefaces by Luther, and with woodcuts by Lucas Cranach that contained anti-papal imagery, it played a major role in the spread of Luther's doctrine throughout Germany.[127] The Luther Bible influenced other vernacular translations, such as William Tyndale's English Bible (1525 forward), a precursor of the King James Bible.[128]
Hymns[link]
File:EinFesteBurg.jpg
An early printing of Luther's hymn A Mighty Fortress Is Our God (Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott)
Luther was a prolific hymn-writer, authoring hymns such as Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott (A Mighty Fortress Is Our God), based on Psalm 46.[129] Luther connected high art and folk music, also all classes, clergy and laity, men, women and children. His device for this linking was the singing of German hymns in connection with worship, school, home, and the public arena.[130]
Luther's 1524 creedal hymn Wir glauben all an einen Gott (We All Believe in One True God) is a three-stanza confession of faith prefiguring Luther's 1529 three-part explanation of the Apostles' Creed in the Small Catechism. Luther's hymn, adapted and expanded from an earlier German creedal hymn, gained widespread use in vernacular Lutheran liturgies as early as 1525. Sixteenth-century Lutheran hymnals also included Wir glauben all among the catechetical hymns, although 18th-century hymnals tended to label the hymn as Trinitarian rather than catechetical, and 20th-century Lutherans rarely use the hymn because of the perceived difficulty of its tune.[130]
Luther's 1538 hymnic version of the Lord's Prayer, Vater unser im Himmelreich, corresponds exactly to Luther's explanation of the prayer in the Small Catechism, with one stanza for each of the seven prayer petitions, plus opening and closing stanzas. The hymn functioned both as a liturgical setting of the Lord's Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions. The extant manuscript shows multiple revisions, demonstrating Luther's concern to clarify and strengthen the text and to provide an appropriately prayerful tune. Other 16th- and 20th-century versifications of the Lord's Prayer have adopted Luther's tune, although modern texts are considerably shorter.[131]
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The German text of Ein feste Burg (A Mighty Fortress) sung to the isometric, more widely known arrangement of its traditional melody.
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Luther wrote Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir (From depths of woe I cry to you) in 1523 as a hymnic version of Psalm 130 and sent it as a sample to encourage evangelical colleagues to write psalm-hymns for use in German worship. In a collaboration with Paul Speratus, this and seven more hymns were published in the first Lutheran hymnal, also called Achtliederbuch. In 1524 Luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza Reformation hymn that developed the theme of "grace alone" more fully. Because it expressed essential Reformation doctrine, this expanded version of Aus tiefer Not was designated as a regular component of several regional Lutheran liturgies and was widely used at funerals, including Luther's own. Along with Erhart Hegenwalt's hymnic version of Psalm 51, Luther's expanded hymn was also adopted for use with the fifth part of Luther's catechism, concerning confession.[132]
Luther's 1540 hymn Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam (To Jordan came the Christ our Lord) reflects the structure and substance of his questions and answers concerning baptism in the Small Catechism. Luther adopted a preexisting Johann Walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of Psalm 67's prayer for grace; Wolf Heintz's four-part setting of the hymn was used to introduce the Lutheran Reformation in Halle in 1541. Preachers and composers of the 18th century, including J. S. Bach, used this rich hymn as a subject for their own work, although its objective baptismal theology was displaced by more subjective hymns under the influence of late-19th-century Lutheran pietism.[130]
Luther wrote Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein (Oh God, look down from heaven). He wrote Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland (Now come, Savior of the gentiles) based on Veni redemptor gentium. It became the main hymn (Hauptlied) for Advent. He transformed A solus ortus cardine to Christum wir sollen loben schon (We should now praise Christ) and Veni creator spiritus to Komm, Gott Schöpfer, Heiliger Geist (Come, Holy Spirit, Lord God).[133] He wrote two hymns on the Ten Commandments, Dies sind die heilgen Zehn Gebot and Mensch, willst du leben seliglich. His Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ (Praise be to You, Jesus Christ) became the main hymn for Christmas. He wrote for Pentecost Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist and for Easter Christ ist erstanden (Christ is risen), based on Victimae paschali laudes.
Luther's hymns inspired composers to write music. Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them, namely Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4, as early as possibly 1707, in his second annual cycle (1724 to 1725) Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein, BWV 2, Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam, BWV 7, Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 62, Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ, BWV 91, and Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir, BWV 38, later Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott, BWV 80, and in 1735 Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit, BWV 14.
Sacramentarian controversy and the Marburg Colloquy[link]
In October 1529, Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, convoked an assembly of German and Swiss theologians at the Marburg Colloquy, to establish doctrinal unity in the emerging Protestant states.[134] Agreement was achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen, the exception being the nature of the Eucharist – the sacrament of the Lord's Supper—an issue crucial to Luther.[135]
The theologians, including Zwingli, Melanchthon, Martin Bucer, and Johannes Oecolampadius, differed on the significance of the words spoken by Jesus at the Last Supper: "This is my body which is for you" and "This cup is the new covenant in my blood" (1 Corinthians 11:23–26).[136] Luther insisted on the Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ in the consecrated bread and wine, which he called the sacramental union,[137] while his opponents believed God to be only spiritually or symbolically present.[138] Zwingli, for example, denied Jesus's ability to be in more than one place at a time but Luther stressed the omnipresence of his human nature.[139] According to transcripts, the debate sometimes became confrontational. Citing Jesus's words "The flesh profiteth nothing" (John 6.63), Zwingli said, "This passage breaks your neck". "Don't be too proud," Luther retorted, "German necks don't break that easily. This is Hesse, not Switzerland."[140] On his table Luther wrote the words "Hoc est corpus meum" ("This is my body") in chalk, to continually indicate his firm stance.[141]
Despite the disagreements on the Eucharist, the Marburg Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the Augsburg Confession, and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic League the following year by leading Protestant nobles such as John of Saxony, Philip of Hesse, and George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach. The Swiss cities, however, did not sign these agreements.[142]
On the soul after death[link]
In contrast to the views of Calvin[143] and Melanchthon,[144] throughout his life Luther maintained that it was not false doctrine to believe that a Christian's soul sleeps after it is separated from the body in death;[145] and, accordingly, he disputed traditional interpretations of some Bible passages, such as the parable of the rich man and Lazarus.[146] This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints: "It is enough for us to know that souls do not leave their bodies to be threatened by the torments and punishments of hell, but enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace."[147] He also rejected the existence of Purgatory, which involved Christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death.[148] He affirmed the continuity of one's personal identity beyond death. In his Smalcald Articles he described the saints as currently residing "in their graves and in heaven."[149]
The Lutheran theologian Franz Pieper observed that Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard.[150] Lessing (1755) had earlier reached the same conclusion in his analysis of Lutheran Orthodoxy on this issue.[151]
Luther's Commentary on Genesis contains a passage which concludes "...the soul does not sleep (anima non sic dormit), but wakes (sed vigilat) and experiences visions".[152] Francis Blackburne in 1765 argued that John Jortin misread this and other passages from Luther,[153] while Gottfried Fritschel pointed out in 1867 that it actually refers to the soul of a man "in this life" (homo enim in hac vita) tired from his daily labour (defatigus diurno labore) who at night enters his bedchamber (sub noctem intrat in cubiculum suum) and whose sleep is interrupted by dreams.[154]
Henry Eyster Jacobs' English translation from 1898 reads:
- "Nevertheless, the sleep of this life and that of the future life differ; for in this life, man, fatigued by his daily labour, at nightfall goes to his couch, as in peace, to sleep there, and enjoys rest; nor does he know anything of evil, whether of fire or of murder."[155]
On Islam[link]
Further information: Protestantism and Islam
At the time of the Marburg Colloquy, Suleiman the Magnificent was besieging Vienna with a vast Ottoman army.[156] Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses, provoking accusations of defeatism. He saw the Turks as a scourge sent to punish Christians by God, as agents of the Biblical apocalypse that would destroy the antichrist, whom Luther believed to be the papacy, and the Roman Church.[157] He consistently rejected the idea of a Holy War, "as though our people were an army of Christians against the Turks, who were enemies of Christ. This is absolutely contrary to Christ's doctrine and name".[158] On the other hand, in keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms, Luther did support non-religious war against the Turks.[159] In 1526, he argued in Whether Soldiers can be in a State of Grace that national defence is reason for a just war.[160] By 1529, in On War against the Turk, he was actively urging Emperor Charles V and the German people to fight a secular war against the Turks.[161] He made clear, however, that the spiritual war against an alien faith was separate, to be waged through prayer and repentance.[162] Around the time of the Siege of Vienna, Luther wrote a prayer for national deliverance from the Turks, asking God to "give to our emperor perpetual victory over our enemies".[163]
In 1542, Luther read a Latin translation of the Qur'an.[164] He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called "Mohammedanism" or "the Turk".[165] Though Luther saw the Muslim faith as a tool of the devil, he was indifferent to its practice: "Let the Turk believe and live as he will, just as one lets the papacy and other false Christians live."[166] He opposed banning the publication of the Qur'an, wanting it exposed to scrutiny.[167]
Augsburg Confession[link]
Further information: Augsburg Confession and Apology of the Augsburg Confession
File:Augsburg Confession and Apology (first edition).jpg
First edition of the Augsburg Confession and Apology, 1531
Shaken by the Siege of Vienna, Charles V convened the Imperial Diet at Augsburg in 1530, aiming to unite the empire against the Turks.[168] To achieve this, he needed first to resolve the religious controversies in his lands, "considering with love and kindness the views of everybody".[169] He asked for a statement of the evangelical case, and one was duly devised by Luther, Melanchthon, and their colleagues at Wittenberg. Melanchthon drafted the document, known as the Augsburg Confession, and travelled with the elector's party to Augsburg, where it was read to the emperor and diet on 25 June 1530.[170] (Luther was left behind at the Coburg fortress in southern Saxony because he remained under the imperial ban and lacked a safe-conduct to attend the diet.[171]) Luther's writings during his 165 days at Coburg, including the Exhortation to all Clergy Assembled at Augsburg, show that, unlike Melanchthon, he was set against making concessions.[172]
Despite the Confession's avoidance of strident language or abuse of the pope, the diet rejected it on 22 September and ordered the reformers to renounce heresy and submit to the control of the Roman Catholic Church by the following April or face the imperial army.[173] That decision confirmed Luther's belief that the mission had been futile. It prompted the Lutheran princes to form a military alliance, the Schmalkaldic League, which Luther cautiously supported on grounds of self-defence in his Warning to His Dear German People of 1531.[174] The Augsburg Confession had become the statement of faith on which Lutherans were prepared to stand or fall. Though a modification of Luther's own position, it nevertheless is regarded as the first Lutheran treatise.[175]
Depiction of Luther[link]
In the 1530s and 1540s, printed images of Luther that emphasized his monumental size were crucial to the spread of Protestantism. In contrast to images of frail Catholic saints, Luther was presented as a stout man with a "double chin, strong mouth, piercing deep-set eyes, fleshy face, and squat neck." He was shown to be physically imposing, an equal in stature to the secular German princes with whom he would join forces to spread Lutheranism. His large body also let the viewer know that he did not shun earthly pleasures like drinking or conjugal relations with his wife—behavior that was a stark contrast to the ascetic life of the medieval religious orders. Famous images from this period include the woodcuts by Hans Brosamer (1530) and Lucas Cranach the Elder and Lucas Cranach the Younger (1546).[176]
Antinomian controversy[link]
Early in 1537, Johannes Agricola (1494–1566) – serving at the time as pastor in Luther's birthplace, Eisleben – preached a sermon in which he claimed that God's gospel, not God's moral law (the Ten Commandments), revealed God's wrath to Christians. Based on this sermon and others by Agricola, Luther suspected that Agricola was behind certain anonymous antinomian theses circulating in Wittenberg. These theses asserted that the law is no longer to be taught to Christians but belonged only to city hall.[177] Luther responded to these theses with six series of theses against Agricola and the antinomians, four of which became the basis for disputations between 1538 and 1540.[178] He also responded to these assertions in other writings, such as his 1539 open letter to C. Güttel Against the Antinomians,[179] and his book On the Councils and the Church from the same year.[180]
In his theses and disputations against the antinomians, Luther reviews and reaffirms, on the one hand, what has been called the "second use of the law," that is, the law as the Holy Spirit's tool to work sorrow over sin in man's heart, thus preparing him for Christ's fulfillment of the law offered in the gospel.[181] Luther states that everything that is used to work sorrow over sin is called the law, even if it is Christ's life, Christ's death for sin, or God's goodness experienced in creation.[182] Simply refusing to preach the Ten Commandments among Christians – thereby, as it were, removing the three letters l-a-w from the church – does not eliminate the accusing law.[183] Claiming that the law – in any form – should not be preached to Christians anymore would be tantamount to asserting that Christians are no longer sinners in themselves and that the church consists only of essentially holy people.[184]
On the other hand, Luther also points out that the Ten Commandments – when considered not as God's condemning judgment but as an expression of his eternal will, that is, of the natural law – also positively teach how the Christian ought to live.[185] This has traditionally been called the "third use of the law."[186] For Luther, also Christ's life, when understood as an example, is nothing more than an illustration of the Ten Commandments, which a Christian should follow in his or her vocations on a daily basis.[187]
The Ten Commandments, and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians accorded to them by the sacrament of baptism, are a present foreshadowing of the believers' future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life.[188] Luther's teaching of the Ten Commandments, therefore, has clear eschatological overtones, which, characteristically for Luther, do not encourage world-flight but direct the Christian to service to the neighbor in the common, daily vocations of this perishing world.
In the 20th century, there have been attempts to show that the "third use of the law" was a typical "Reformed" doctrine and that Luther himself never taught this,[189] but in light of Luther's disputations against the antinomians and other texts, this position cannot be maintained.[citation needed]
Bigamy of Philip of Hesse[link]
From December 1539, Luther became implicated in the bigamy of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, who wanted to marry one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting. Philip solicited the approval of Luther, Melanchthon, and Bucer, citing as a precedent the polygamy of the patriarchs. The theologians were not prepared to make a general ruling, and they reluctantly advised the landgrave that if he was determined, he should marry secretly and keep quiet about the matter.[190] As a result, on 4 March 1540, Philip married a second wife, Margarethe von der Sale, with Melanchthon and Bucer among the witnesses. However, Philip was unable to keep the marriage secret, and he threatened to make Luther's advice public. Luther told him to "tell a good, strong lie" and deny the marriage completely, which Philip did during the subsequent public controversy.[191] In the view of Luther's biographer Martin Brecht, "giving confessional advice for Philip of Hesse was one of the worst mistakes Luther made, and, next to the landgrave himself, who was directly responsible for it, history chiefly holds Luther accountable".[192] Brecht argues that Luther's mistake was not that he gave private pastoral advice, but that he miscalculated the political implications.[193] The affair caused lasting damage to Luther's reputation.[194]
Anti-Judaism and antisemitism[link]
Main article: Martin Luther and antisemitism
Luther wrote about the Jews throughout his career, though only a few of his works dealt with them directly.[195] Luther rarely encountered Jews during his life, but his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw Jews as a rejected people guilty of the murder of Christ, and he lived within a local community that had expelled Jews some ninety years earlier.[196] He considered the Jews blasphemers and liars because they rejected the divinity of Jesus, whereas Christians believed Jesus was the Messiah.[197] At the same time, Luther believed that all human beings who set themselves against God shared one and the same guilt.[198] As early as 1516, Luther wrote, "...[M]any people are proud with marvelous stupidity when they call the Jews dogs, evildoers, or whatever they like, while they too, and equally, do not realize who or what they are in the sight of God".[199] In 1523, Luther advised kindness toward the Jews in That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew, but only with the aim of converting them to Christianity.[200] When his efforts at conversion failed, he grew increasingly bitter toward them.[201]
Luther's other major works on the Jews were his 60,000-word treatise Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen (On the Jews and Their Lies), and Vom Schem Hamphoras und vom Geschlecht Christi (On the Holy Name and the Lineage of Christ), both published in 1543, three years before his death.[202] Luther argued that the Jews were no longer the chosen people but "the devil's people": he referred to them with violent, vile language.[203][204] Luther advocated setting synagogues on fire, destroying Jewish prayerbooks, forbidding rabbis from preaching, seizing Jews' property and money, and smashing up their homes, so that these "poisonous envenomed worms" would be forced into labour or expelled "for all time".[205] In Robert Michael's view, Luther's words "We are at fault in not slaying them" amounted to a sanction for murder.[206] Luther's "recommendations" for how to treat the Jews was a clear reference to the "sharp mercy" of Deuteronomy 13, the punishments prescribed by Moses for those who led others to "false gods".[207]
Luther spoke out against the Jews in Saxony, Brandenburg, and Silesia.[208] Josel of Rosheim, the Jewish spokesman who tried to help the Jews of Saxony in 1537, later blamed their plight on "that priest whose name was Martin Luther—may his body and soul be bound up in hell!—who wrote and issued many heretical books in which he said that whoever would help the Jews was doomed to perdition."[209] Josel asked the city of Strasbourg to forbid the sale of Luther's anti-Jewish works: they refused initially, but relented when a Lutheran pastor in Hochfelden used a sermon to urge his parishioners to murder Jews.[208] Luther's influence persisted after his death. Throughout the 1580s, riots led to the expulsion of Jews from several German Lutheran states.[210]
Luther was the most widely read author of his generation, and he acquired the status of a prophet within Germany.[211] According to the prevailing view among historians,[212] his anti-Jewish rhetoric contributed significantly to the development of antisemitism in Germany,[213] and in the 1930s and 1940s provided an "ideal underpinning" for the Nazis' attacks on Jews.[214] Reinhold Lewin writes that "whoever wrote against the Jews for whatever reason believed he had the right to justify himself by triumphantly referring to Luther." According to Michael, just about every anti-Jewish book printed in the Third Reich contained references to and quotations from Luther. Heinrich Himmler wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the Jews in 1940.[215] The city of Nuremberg presented a first edition of On the Jews and their Lies to Julius Streicher, editor of the Nazi newspaper Der Stürmer, on his birthday in 1937; the newspaper described it as the most radically anti-Semitic tract ever published.[216] It was publicly exhibited in a glass case at the Nuremberg rallies and quoted in a 54-page explanation of the Aryan Law by Dr. E.H. Schulz and Dr. R. Frercks.[217] On 17 December 1941, seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge, "since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory." According to Daniel Goldhagen, Bishop Martin Sasse, a leading Protestant churchman, published a compendium of Luther's writings shortly after Kristallnacht, for which Diarmaid MacCulloch, Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford argued that Luther's writing was a "blueprint."[218] Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, "On 10 November 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany." The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews."[219] According to Professor Dick Geary, the Nazis won a larger share of the vote in Protestant than in Catholic areas of Germany in elections of 1928 to November 1932.[220]
At the heart of scholars' debate about Luther's influence is whether it is anachronistic to view his work as a precursor of the racial antisemitism of the Nazis. Some scholars see Luther's influence as limited, and the Nazis' use of his work as opportunistic. Biographer Martin Brecht points out that "There is a world of difference between his belief in salvation and a racial ideology. Nevertheless, his misguided agitation had the evil result that Luther fatefully became one of the 'church fathers' of anti-Semitism and thus provided material for the modern hatred of the Jews, cloaking it with the authority of the Reformer."[221] Johannes Wallmann argues that Luther's writings against the Jews were largely ignored in the 18th and 19th centuries, and that there was no continuity between Luther's thought and Nazi ideology.[222] Uwe Siemon-Netto agreed, arguing that it was because the Nazis were already anti-Semites that they revived Luther's work.[223][224] Hans J. Hillerbrand agreed that to focus on Luther was to adopt an essentially ahistorical perspective of Nazi antisemitism that ignored other contributory factors in German history.[225] Similarly, Roland Bainton, noted church historian and Luther biographer, wrote "One could wish that Luther had died before ever [On the Jews and Their Lies] was written. His position was entirely religious and in no respect racial."[226][227]
Other scholars argue that, even if his views were merely anti-Judaic, their violence lent a new element to the standard Christian suspicion of Judaism. Ronald Berger writes that Luther is credited with "Germanizing the Christian critique of Judaism and establishing anti-Semitism as a key element of German culture and national identity."[228] Paul Rose argues that he caused a "hysterical and demonizing mentality" about Jews to enter German thought and discourse, a mentality that might otherwise have been absent.[229]
Since the 1980s, Lutheran Church denominations have repudiated Martin Luther's statements against the Jews and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against Lutherans.[230][231]
Final years and death[link]
Luther had been suffering from ill health for years, including Ménière's disease, vertigo, fainting, tinnitus, and a cataract in one eye.[232] From 1531 to 1546, his health deteriorated further. The years of struggle with Rome, the antagonisms with and among his fellow reformers, and the scandal which ensued from the bigamy of the Philip of Hesse incident, in which Luther had played a leading role, all may have contributed. In 1536, he began to suffer from kidney and bladder stones, and arthritis, and an ear infection ruptured an ear drum. In December 1544, he began to feel the effects of angina.[233]
His poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments. His wife Katharina was overheard saying, "Dear husband, you are too rude," and he responded, "They are teaching me to be rude."[234] In 1545 and 1546 Luther preached three times in the Market Church in Halle, staying with his friend Justus Jonas during Christmas.[235]
File:Luthertombstoneunderaltar.jpg
Luther's tombstone in the Castle Church in Wittenberg.
His last sermon was delivered at Eisleben, his place of birth, on 15 February 1546, three days before his death.[236] It was "entirely devoted to the obdurate Jews, whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all German territory," according to Léon Poliakov.[237] James Mackinnon writes that it concluded with a "fiery summons to drive the Jews bag and baggage from their midst, unless they desisted from their calumny and their usury and became Christians."[238] Luther said, "we want to practice Christian love toward them and pray that they convert," but also that they are "our public enemies ... and if they could kill us all, they would gladly do so. And so often they do."[239]
Luther's final journey, to Mansfeld, was taken because of his concern for his siblings' families continuing in their father Hans Luther's copper mining trade. Their livelihood was threatened by Count Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control. The controversy that ensued involved all four Mansfeld counts: Albrecht, Philip, John George, and Gerhard. Luther journeyed to Mansfeld twice in late 1545 to participate in the negotiations for a settlement, and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion.
The negotiations were successfully concluded on 17 February 1546. After 8:00 pm, he experienced chest pains. When he went to his bed, he prayed, "Into your hand I commit my spirit; you have redeemed me, O Lord, faithful God" (Ps. 31:5), the common prayer of the dying. At 1:00 am he awoke with more chest pain and was warmed with hot towels. He thanked God for revealing his Son to him in whom he had believed. His companions, Justus Jonas and Michael Coelius, shouted loudly, "Reverend father, are you ready to die trusting in your Lord Jesus Christ and to confess the doctrine which you have taught in his name?" A distinct "Yes" was Luther's reply.
File:Luther death-hand mask.jpg
Cast of Luther's face and hands at his death, in the Market Church in Halle[240]
An apoplectic stroke deprived him of his speech, and he died shortly afterwards at 2:45 a.m. on 18 February 1546, aged 62, in Eisleben, the city of his birth. He was buried in the Castle Church in Wittenberg, beneath the pulpit.[241] The funeral was held by his friends Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon.[242] A year later, troops of Luther's adversary Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor entered the town, but were ordered by Charles not to disturb the grave.[242]
A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement. The statement was in Latin, apart from "We are beggars," which was in German.
1. No one can understand Virgil's Bucolics unless he has been a shepherd for five years. No one can understand Virgil's Georgics, unless he has been a farmer for five years. 2. No one can understand Cicero's Letters (or so I teach), unless he has busied himself in the affairs of some prominent state for twenty years. 3. Know that no one can have indulged in the Holy Writers sufficiently, unless he has governed churches for a hundred years with the prophets, such as Elijah and Elisha, John the Baptist, Christ and the apostles. Do not assail this divine Aeneid; nay, rather prostrate revere the ground that it treads. We are beggars: this is true.[243][244]
Luther is honoured on 18 February with a commemoration in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and a feast day in the Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints; in the Church of England's Calendar of Saints he is commemorated on 31 October.
Works and editions[link]
- The Erlangen Edition (Erlangener Ausgabe: "EA"), comprising the Exegetica opera latina – Latin exegetical works of Luther.
- The Weimar Edition (Weimarer Ausgabe) is the exhaustive, standard German edition of Luther's Latin and German works, indicated by the abbreviation "WA". This is continued into "WA Br" Weimarer Ausgabe, Briefwechsel (correspondence), "WA Tr" Weimarer Ausgabe, Tischreden (tabletalk) and "WA DB" Weimarer Ausgabe, Deutsche Bibel (German Bible).
- The American Edition (Luther's Works) is the most extensive English translation of Luther's writings, indicated either by the abbreviation "LW" or "AE". The first 55 volumes were published 1955-1986, and a twenty volume extension (vols. 56-75) is planned of which volumes 58, 60, and 68 have appeared thus far.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Plass, Ewald M. "Monasticism," in What Luther Says: An Anthology. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1959, 2:964.
- ^ Ewald M. Plass, What Luther Says, 3 vols., (St. Louis: CPH, 1959), 88, no. 269; M. Reu, Luther and the Scriptures, Columbus, Ohio: Wartburg Press, 1944), 23.
- ^ Luther, Martin. Concerning the Ministry (1523), tr. Conrad Bergendoff, in Bergendoff, Conrad (ed.) Luther's Works. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1958, 40:18 ff.
- ^ Fahlbusch, Erwin and Bromiley, Geoffrey William. The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Grand Rapids, MI: Leiden, Netherlands: Wm. B. Eerdmans; Brill, 1999–2003, 1:244.
- ^ Tyndale's New Testament, trans. from the Greek by William Tyndale in 1534 in a modern-spelling edition and with an introduction by David Daniell. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989, ix–x.
- ^ Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther. New York: Penguin, 1995, 269.
- ^ Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther. New York: Penguin, 1995, p. 223.
- ^ Hendrix, Scott H. "The Controversial Luther", Word & World 3/4 (1983), Luther Seminary, St. Paul, MN, p. 393: "And, finally, after the Holocaust and the use of his anti-Jewish statements by National Socialists, Luther's anti-semitic outbursts are now unmentionable, though they were already repulsive in the sixteenth century. As a result, Luther has become as controversial in the twentieth century as he was in the sixteenth." Also see Hillerbrand, Hans. "The legacy of Martin Luther", in Hillerbrand, Hans & McKim, Donald K. (eds.) The Cambridge Companion to Luther. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
- ^ a b c Marty, Martin. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 1.
- ^ Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:3–5.
- ^ Marty, Martin. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 3.
- ^ Rupp, Ernst Gordon. "Martin Luther," Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed 2006.
- ^ Marty, Martin. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, pp. 2–3.
- ^ a b Marty, Martin. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 4.
- ^ a b c d Marty, Martin. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 5.
- ^ a b c d Marty, Martin. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 6.
- ^ Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:48.
- ^ Schwiebert, E.G. Luther and His Times. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1950, 136.
- ^ Marty, Martin. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 7.
- ^ Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther. New York: Penguin, 1995, 40–42.
- ^ Kittelson, James. Luther The Reformer. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Publishing House, 1986), 53.
- ^ Kittelson, James. Luther The Reformer. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Publishing House, 1986, 79.
- ^ Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther. New York: Penguin, 1995, 44–45.
- ^ Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:93.
- ^ Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:12–27.
- ^ "Johann Tetzel," Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007: "Tetzel's experiences as a preacher of indulgences, especially between 1503 and 1510, led to his appointment as general commissioner by Albert, archbishop of Mainz, who, deeply in debt to pay for a large accumulation of benefices, had to contribute a considerable sum toward the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Albrecht obtained permission from Pope Leo X to conduct the sale of a special plenary indulgence (i.e., remission of the temporal punishment of sin), half of the proceeds of which Albrecht was to claim to pay the fees of his benefices. In effect, Tetzel became a salesman whose product was to cause a scandal in Germany that evolved into the greatest crisis (the Reformation) in the history of the Western church."
- ^ (Trent, l. c., can. xii: "Si quis dixerit, fidem justificantem nihil aliud esse quam fiduciam divinae misericordiae, peccata remittentis propter Christum, vel eam fiduciam solam esse, qua justificamur, a.s.")
- ^ (cf. Trent, Sess. VI, cap. iv, xiv)
- ^ a b Hillerbrand, Hans J. "Martin Luther: Indulgences and salvation," Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007.
- ^ Thesis 55 of Tetzel's One Hundred and Six Theses. These "Anti-theses" were a reply to Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses and were drawn up by Tetzel’s friend and former Professor, Konrad Wimpina. Theses 55 & 56 (responding to Luther's 27th Theses) read: "For a soul to fly out, is for it to obtain the vision of God, which can be hindered by no interruption, therefore he errs who says that the soul cannot fly out before the coin can jingle in the bottom of the chest." In, The reformation in Germany, Henry Clay Vedder, 1914, Macmillon Company, p. 405. [1] Animam purgatam evolare, est eam visione dei potiri, quod nulla potest intercapedine impediri. Quisquis ergo dicit, non citius posse animam volare, quam in fundo cistae denarius possit tinnire, errat. In: D. Martini Lutheri, Opera Latina: Varii Argumenti, 1865, Henricus Schmidt, ed., Heyder and Zimmer, Frankfurt am Main & Erlangen, vol. 1, p. 300. (Print on demand edition: Nabu Press, 2010, ISBN 1-142-40551-6 ISBN 978-1-142-40551-9). [2] See also:
"Johann Tetzel". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. - ^ See Ludwig von Pastor, The History of the Popes, from the Close of the Middle Ages, Ralph Francis Kerr, ed., 1908, B. Herder, St. Louis, Volume 7, pp. 348–349. [3]
- ^ Krämer, Walter and Trenkler, Götz. "Luther," in Lexicon van Hardnekkige Misverstanden. Uitgeverij Bert Bakker, 1997, 214:216.
- ^ Ritter, Gerhard. "Luther, Frankfurt 1985.
- ^ Gerhard Prause "Luthers Thesanschlag ist eine Legende,"in Niemand hat Kolumbus ausgelacht. Düsseldorf, 1986.
- ^ Bekker, Henrik. "Dresden Leipzig & Saxony Adventure Guide". Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 125. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=41aJOjMZ3nwC&pg=PT125#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
- ^ Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:204–205.
- ^ Spitz, Lewis W. The Renaissance and Reformation Movements, St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1987, 338.
- ^ Wriedt, Markus. "Luther's Theology," in The Cambridge Companion to Luther. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 88–94.
- ^ Bouman, Herbert J. A. "The Doctrine of Justification in the Lutheran Confessions", Concordia Theological Monthly, 26 November 1955, No. 11:801.
- ^ Dorman, Ted M., "Justification as Healing: The Little-Known Luther", Quodlibet Journal: Volume 2 Number 3, Summer 2000. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
- ^ "Luther's Definition of Faith". http://www.ProjectWittenberg.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/luther-faith.txt.
- ^ "Justification by Faith: The Lutheran-Catholic Convergence". http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=155.
- ^ Luther, Martin. "The Smalcald Articles," in Concordia: The Lutheran Confessions. Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2005, 289, Part two, Article 1.
- ^ Michael A. Mullett, Martin Luther, London: Routledge, 2004, ISBN 978-0-415-26168-5, 78; Oberman, Heiko, Luther: Man Between God and the Devil, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-300-10313-1, 192–93.
- ^ Mullett, 68–69; Oberman, 189.
- ^ Richard Marius, Luther, London: Quartet, 1975, ISBN 0-7043-3192-6, 85.
- ^ Papal Bull Exsurge Domine, 15 June 1520.
- ^ Mullett, 81–82.
- ^ Mullett, 82.
- ^ Mullett, 83.
- ^ Oberman, 197.
- ^ Mullett, 92–95; Roland H. Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther, New York: Mentor, 1955, OCLC 220064892, 81.
- ^ Marius, 87–89; Bainton, Mentor edition, 82.
- ^ Marius, 93; Bainton, Mentor edition, 90.
- ^ G. R. Elton, Reformation Europe: 1517–1559, London: Collins, 1963, OCLC 222872115, 177.
- ^ Brecht, Martin. (tr. Wolfgang Katenz) "Luther, Martin," in Hillerbrand, Hans J. (ed.) Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, 2:463.
- ^ Brecht, 1:460.
- ^ Wilson, 153, 170; Marius, 155.
- ^ Bratcher, Dennis. "The Diet of Worms (1521)," in The Voice: Biblical and Theological Resources for Growing Christians. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
- ^ Reformation Europe: 1517–1559, London: Fontana, 1963, 53; Diarmaid MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490–1700, London: Allen Lane, 2003, 132.
- ^ Luther, Martin. "Letter 82," in Luther's Works. Jaroslav Jan Pelikan, Hilton C. Oswald and Helmut T. Lehmann (eds), Vol. 48: Letters I, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1999, c1963, 48:246; Mullett, 133. John, author of Revelation, had been exiled on the island of Patmos.
- ^ Brecht, 2:12–14.
- ^ Mullett, 132, 134; Wilson, 182.
- ^ Brecht, 2:7–9; Marius, 161–62; Marty, 77–79.
- ^ Martin Luther, "Let Your Sins Be Strong," a Letter From Luther to Melanchthon, August 1521, Project Wittenberg, retrieved 1 October 2006.
- ^ Brecht, 2:27–29; Mullett, 133.
- ^ Brecht, 2:18–21.
- ^ Marius, 163–64.
- ^ Mullett, 135–36.
- ^ Wilson, 192–202; Brecht, 2:34–38.
- ^ Bainton, Mentor edition, 164–65.
- ^ Letter of 7 March 1522. Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, Vol VII, Ch IV; Brecht, 2:57.
- ^ Brecht, 2:60; Bainton, Mentor edition, 165; Marius, 168–69.
- ^ a b Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, Vol VII, Ch IV.
- ^ Marius, 169.
- ^ Mullett, 141–43.
- ^ Michael Hughes, Early Modern Germany: 1477–1806, London: Macmillan, 1992, ISBN 0-333-53774-2, 45.
- ^ A. G. Dickens, The German Nation and Martin Luther, London: Edward Arnold, 1974, ISBN 0-7131-5700-3, 132–33. Dickens cites as an example of Luther's "liberal" phraseology: "Therefore I declare that neither pope nor bishop nor any other person has the right to impose a syllable of law upon a Christian man without his own consent".
- ^ Hughes, 45–47.
- ^ Hughes, 50.
- ^ Jaroslav J. Pelikan, Hilton C. Oswald, Luther's Works, 55 vols. (St. Louis and Philadelphia: Concordia Pub. House and Fortress Press, 1955–1986), 46: 50–51.
- ^ Mullett, 166.
- ^ Hughes, 51.
- ^ Andrew Pettegree, Europe in the Sixteenth Century, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-20704-X, 102–103.
- ^ Wilson, 232.
- ^ Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, Vol VII, Ch V, rpt. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 17 May 2009; Bainton, Mentor edition, 226.
- ^ a b c Scheible, Heinz (1997) (in German). Melanchthon. Eine Biographie. Munich: C.H.Beck. p. 147. ISBN 3-406-42223-3.
- ^ Lohse, Bernhard, Martin Luther: An Introduction to his Life and Work,, translated by Robert C. Schultz, Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1987, ISBN 0-567-09357-3, 32; Brecht, 2:196–97.
- ^ Brecht, 2:199; Wilson, 234; Lohse, 32.
- ^ Schaff, Philip. "Luther's Marriage. 1525.", History of the Christian Church, Volume VII, Modern Christianity, The German Reformation. § 77, rpt. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 17 May 2009; Mullett, 180–81.
- ^ Marty, 109; Bainton, Mentor edition, 226.
- ^ Brecht, 2: 202; Mullett, 182.
- ^ Oberman, 278–80; Wilson, 237; Marty, 110.
- ^ Bainton, Mentor edition, 228; Schaff, "Luther's Marriage. 1525."; Brecht, 2: 204.
- ^ MacCulloch, 164.
- ^ Bainton, Mentor edition, 243.
- ^ Brecht, 2:260–63, 67; Mullett, 184–86.
- ^ Brecht, 2:267; Bainton, Mentor edition, 244.
- ^ Brecht, 2:267; MacCulloch, 165. On one occasion, Luther referred to the elector as an "emergency bishop" (Notbischof).
- ^ Mullett, 186–87; Brecht, 2:264–65, 267.
- ^ Brecht, 2:264–65.
- ^ Brecht, 2:268.
- ^ Brecht, 2:251–54; Bainton, Mentor edition, 266.
- ^ Brecht, 2:255.
- ^ Mullett, 183; Eric W. Gritsch, A History of Lutheranism, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8006-3472-1, 37.
- ^ Brecht, 2:256; Mullett, 183.
- ^ Brecht, 2:256; Bainton, Mentor edition, 265–66.
- ^ Brecht, 2:256; Bainton, Mentor edition, 269–70.
- ^ Brecht, 2:256–57.
- ^ Brecht, 2:258.
- ^ Brecht, 2:263.
- ^ Mullett, 186. Quoted from Luther's preface to the Small Catechism, 1529; MacCulloch, 165.
- ^ Marty, 123.
- ^ Brecht, 2:273; Bainton, Mentor edition, 263.
- ^ Marty, 123; Wilson, 278.
- ^ Luther, Martin. Luther's Works. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971, 50:172–73; Bainton, Mentor edition, 263.
- ^ Brecht, 2:277, 280.
- ^ See texts at English translation
- ^ Charles P. Arand, "Luther on the Creed." Lutheran Quarterly 2006 20(1): 1–25. Issn: 0024-7499; James Arne Nestingen, "Luther's Catechisms" The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation. Ed. Hans J. Hillerbrand. (1996)
- ^ Mullett, 145; Lohse, 119.
- ^ Mullett, 148–50.
- ^ Mullett, 148; Wilson, 185; Bainton, Mentor edition, 261. Luther inserted the word "alone" (allein) after the word "faith" in his translation of St Paul's Epistle to the Romans, 3:28. The clause is rendered in the English Authorised Version as "Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith without the deeds of the law".
- ^ Lindberg, Carter. "The European Reformations: Sourcebook". Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2000. pg. 49. Original sourcebook excerpt taken from "Luther's Works". St. Louis: Concordia/Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1955–86. ed. Jaroslav Pelikan and Helmut T. Lehmann, vol. 35. pgs. 182, 187–189, 195.
- ^ Wilson, 183; Brecht, 2:48–49.
- ^ Mullett, 149; Wilson, 302.
- ^ Marius, 162.
- ^ Lohse, 112–17; Wilson, 183; Bainton, Mentor edition, 258.
- ^ Daniel Weissbort and Astradur Eysteinsson (eds.), Translation—Theory and Practice: A Historical Reader, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-871200-6, 68.
- ^ For a short collection see online hymns
- ^ a b c Christopher Boyd Brown, Singing the Gospel: Lutheran Hymns and the Success of the Reformation. (2005)
- ^ Robin A. Leaver, "Luther's Catechism Hymns." Lutheran Quarterly 1998 12(1): 79–88, 89–98.
- ^ Robin A. Leaver, "Luther's Catechism Hymns: 5. Baptism." Lutheran Quarterly 1998 12(2): 160–169, 170–180.
- ^ Christoph Markschies, Michael Trowitzsch: Luther zwischen den Zeiten – Eine Jenaer Ringvorlesung; Mohr Siebeck, 1999; p. 215–219 (in German).
- ^ Mullett, 194–95.
- ^ Brecht, 2:325–34; Mullett, 197.
- ^ Wilson, 259.
- ^ Weimar Ausgabe 26, 442; Luther's Works 37, 299–300.
- ^ Oberman, 237.
- ^ Marty, 140–41; Lohse, 74–75.
- ^ Quoted by Oberman, 237.
- ^ Brecht 2:329.
- ^ Oberman, 238.
- ^ Psychopannychia (the night banquet of the soul), manuscript Orléans 1534, Latin Strasbourg 1542, 2nd.ed. 1545, French, Geneva 1558, English 1581.
- ^ Liber de Anima 1562
- ^ D. Franz Pieper Christliche Dogmatik, 3 vols., (Saint Louis: CPH, 1920), 3:575: "Hieraus geht sicher so viel hervor, daß die abgeschiedenen Seelen der Gläubigen in einem Zustande des seligen Genießens Gottes sich befinden .... Ein Seelenschlaf, der ein Genießen Gottes einschließt (so Luther), ist nicht als irrige Lehre zu bezeichnen"; English translation: Francis Pieper, Christian Dogmatics, 3 vols., (Saint Louis: CPH, 1953), 3:512: "These texts surely make it evident that the departed souls of the believers are in a state of blessed enjoyment of God .... A sleep of the sould which includes enjoyment of God (says Luther) cannot be called a false doctrine."
- ^ Sermons of Martin Luther: the House Postils, Eugene F. A. Klug, ed. and trans., 3 vols., (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1996), 2:240.
- ^ Weimarer Ausgabe 43, 360, 21–23 (to Genesis 25,7–10): also Exegetica opera latina Vol 5–6 1833 p. 120 and the English translation: Luther's Works, American Edition, 55 vols. (St. Louis: CPH), 4:313; "Sufficit igitur nobis haec cognitio, non egredi animas ex corporibus in periculum cruciatum et paenarum inferni, sed esse eis paratum cubiculum, in quo dormiant in pace."
- ^ Smalcald Articles, Part II, Article II, paragraph 12
- ^ Smalcald Articles, Part II, Article II, paragraph 28
- ^ Gerhard Loci Theologici, Locus de Morte, § 293 ff. Pieper writes: "Luther speaks more guardedly of the state of the soul between death and resurrection than do Gerhard and the later theologians, who transfer some things to the state between death and resurrection which can be said with certainty only of the state after the resurrection" (Christian Dogmatics, 3:512, footnote 21).
- ^ Article in the Berlinischer Zeitung 1755 in Complete Works ed. Karl Friedrich Theodor Lachmann – 1838 p. 59 "Was die Gegner auf alle diese Stellen antworten werden, ist leicht zu errathen. Sie werden sagen, daß Luther mit dem Worte Schlaf gar die Begriffe nicht verbinde, welche Herr R. damit verbindet. Wenn Luther sage, daß die Seele IS nach dem Tode schlafe, so denke er nichts mehr dabey, als was alle Leute denken, wenn sie den Tod des Schlafes Bruder nennen. Tode ruhe, leugneten auch die nicht, welche ihr Wachen behaupteten :c. Ueberhaupt ist mit Luthers Ansehen bey der ganzen Streitigkeit nichts zu gewinnen"
- ^ Exegetica opera Latina, Volumes 5–6 Martin Luther, ed. Christopf Stephan Elsperger (Gottlieb) p. 120 "Differunt tamen somnus sive quies hujus vitae et futurae. Homon enim in hac vita defatigatus diurno labore, sub noctem intrat in cubiculum suum tanquam in pace, ut ibi dormiat, et ea nocte fruitur quiete, neque quicquam scit de ullo malo sive incendii, sive caedis. Anima autem non sic dormit, sed vigilat, et patitur visiones loquelas Angelorum et Dei. Ideo somnus in futura vita profundior est quam in hac vita et tamen anima coram Deo vivit. Hac similitudine, quam habeo a somno viventia." (Commentary on Genesis – Enarrationes in Genesin, 1535–1545)"
- ^ Blackburne A short historical view of the controversy concerning an intermediate state (1765) p121
- ^ Gottfried Fritschel. Zeitschrift für die gesammte lutherische Theologie und Kirche p. 657 "Denn dass Luther mit den Worten "anima non sic dormit, sed vigilat et patitur visiones, loquelas Angelorum et Dei" nicht dasjenige leugnen will, was er an allen andern Stellen seiner Schriften vortragt"
- ^ Henry Eyster Jacobs Martin Luther the Hero of the Reformation 1483 to 1546 1898. Emphasis added.
- ^ Mallett, 198; Marius, 220. The siege was lifted on 14 October 1529, which Luther saw as a divine miracle.
- ^ Andrew Cunningham, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,. 2000, ISBN 0-521-46701-2, 141; Mullett, 239–40; Marty, 164.
- ^ From On War against the Turk, 1529, quoted in William P. Brown, The Ten Commandments: The Reciprocity of Faithfulness, Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2004, ISBN 0-664-22323-0, 258; Lohse, 61; Marty, 166.
- ^ Marty, 166; Marius, 219; Brecht, 2:365, 368.
- ^ Mullett, 238–39; Lohse, 59–61.
- ^ Brecht, 2:364.
- ^ Wilson, 257; Brecht, 2:364–65.
- ^ Brecht, 2:365; Mullett, 239.
- ^ Brecht, 3:354.
- ^ Daniel Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-45908-7, 109; Mullett, 241; Marty, 163.
- ^ From On war against the Turk, 1529, quoted in Roland E. Miller, Muslims and the Gospel, Minneapolis: Kirk House Publishers, 2006, ISBN 1-932688-07-2, 208.
- ^ Brecht, 3:355.
- ^ Hughes, 55.
- ^ Gritsch, 45.
- ^ Mullett, 198–200; Elton, 148–49.
- ^ Wilson, 265.
- ^ Mullett, 201–203; Marius, 223.
- ^ Mullett, 207; Wilson, 269.
- ^ Mullett, 208; Gritsch, 48–49; Marius, 244.
- ^ Mullett, 203–204.
- ^ Roper, Lyndal (April 2010). "Martin Luther's Body: The 'Stout Doctor' and His Biographers". American Historical Review 115 (2): 351–362.
- ^ Cf. Luther, Only the Decalogue Is Eternal: Martin Luther's Complete Antinomian Theses and Disputations, ed. and tr. H. Sonntag, Minneapolis: Lutheran Press, 2008, 23–27. ISBN 978-0-9748529-6-6
- ^ Cf. ibid., 11–15.
- ^ Cf. Luther's Works 47:107–119. There he writes: "Dear God, should it be unbearable that the holy church confesses itself a sinner, believes in the forgiveness of sins, and asks for remission of sin in the Lord’s Prayer? How can one know what sin is without the law and conscience? And how will we learn what Christ is, what he did for us, if we do not know what the law is that he fulfilled for us and what sin is, for which he made satisfaction?" (112–113).
- ^ Cf. Luther's Works 41, 113–114, 143–144, 146–147. There he said about the antinomians: "They may be fine Easter preachers, but they are very poor Pentecost preachers, for they do not preach de sanctificatione et vivificatione Spiritus Sancti, “about the sanctification by the Holy Spirit,” but solely about the redemption of Jesus Christ" (114). "Having rejected and being unable to understand the Ten Commandments, ... they see and yet they let the people go on in their public sins, without any renewal or reformation of their lives" (147).
- ^ Cf. Luther, Only the Decalogue Is Eternal, 33–36.
- ^ Cf. ibid., 170–172
- ^ Cf. ibid., 76, 105–107.
- ^ Cf. ibid., 140, 157.
- ^ Cf. ibid., 75, 104–105, 172–173.
- ^ The "first use of the law," accordingly, would be the law used as an external means of order and coercion in the political realm by means of bodily rewards and punishments.
- ^ Cf. ibid., 110.
- ^ Cf. ibid., 35: "The law, therefore, cannot be eliminated, but remains, prior to Christ as not fulfilled, after Christ as to be fulfilled, although this does not happen perfectly in this life even by the justified. ... This will happen perfectly first in the coming life." See also ibid., 43–44, 91–93.
- ^ E.g., by Erlangen theologian Werner Elert (1885–1954), cf. ibid., 21.
- ^ Brecht, Martin, Martin Luther, tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 3: 206.
- ^ Brecht, Martin, Martin Luther, tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 3:212.
- ^ Brecht, Martin, Martin Luther, tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 3:214.
- ^ Brecht, Martin, Martin Luther, tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 3:205–15.
- ^ Oberman, Heiko, Luther: Man Between God and the Devil, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006, 294.
- ^ Michael, Robert.[disambiguation needed
] Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, 109; Mullett, 242. - ^ Edwards, Mark. Luther's Last Battles. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983, 121.
- ^ Brecht, 3:341–43; Mullett, 241; Marty, 172.
- ^ Rupp, Gordan. Martin Luther and the Jews. London: , 1972, 9.
- ^ Luther, "Lectures on Romans", Luthers Werke. 25:428.
- ^ Brecht, 3:334; Marty, 169; Marius, 235.
- ^ Noble, Graham. "Martin Luther and German anti-Semitism," History Review (2002) No. 42:1–2; Mullett, 246.
- ^ Brecht, 3:341–47.
- ^ Luther, On the Jews and their Lies, quoted in Michael, 112.
- ^ Luther, Vom Schem Hamphoras, quoted in Michael, 113.
- ^ Luther, On the Jews and Their Lies, Luthers Werke. 47:268–271.
- ^ Luther, On the Jews and Their Lies, quoted in Robert Michael, "Luther, Luther Scholars, and the Jews," Encounter 46 (Autumn 1985) No. 4:343–344.
- ^ "Deuteronomy 13" (in English Standard Version). The Bible. http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy%2013&version=ESV.
- ^ a b Michael, 117.
- ^ Quoted by Michael, 110.
- ^ Michael, 117–18.
- ^ Gritsch, 113–14; Michael, 117.
- ^ "The assertion that Luther's expressions of anti-Jewish sentiment have been of major and persistent influence in the centuries after the Reformation, and that there exists a continuity between Protestant anti-Judaism and modern racially oriented anti-Semitism, is at present wide-spread in the literature; since the Second World War it has understandably become the prevailing opinion." Johannes Wallmann, "The Reception of Luther's Writings on the Jews from the Reformation to the End of the 19th century", Lutheran Quarterly, n.s. 1 (Spring 1987) 1:72–97.
- ^ Berger, Ronald. Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach (New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 2002), 28; Johnson, Paul. A History of the Jews (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1987), 242; Shirer, William. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960).
- ^ Grunberger, Richard. The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi German 1933–1945 (NP:Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971), 465.
- ^ Himmler wrote: "what Luther said and wrote about the Jews. No judgment could be sharper."
- ^ Ellis, Marc H. Hitler and the Holocaust, Christian Anti-Semitism", (NP: Baylor University Center for American and Jewish Studies, Spring 2004), Slide 14. [4].
- ^ See Noble, Graham. "Martin Luther and German anti-Semitism," History Review (2002) No. 42:1–2.
- ^ Diarmaid MacCulloch, Reformation:Europe's House Divided, 1490–1700. New York:Penguin Books Ltd, 2004, pp. 666–667.
- ^ Bernd Nellessen, "Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung," in Buttner (ed), Die Deutchschen und die Jugendverfolg im Dritten Reich, p.265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners (Vintage, 1997)
- ^ Who voted for the Nazis? (electoral history of the National Socialist German Workers Party),History Today, October 1998, Vol.48, Issue 10, pages 8–14
- ^ Brecht 3:351.
- ^ Wallmann, 72–97.
- ^ Siemon-Netto, The Fabricated Luther, 17–20.
- ^ Siemon-Netto, "Luther and the Jews," Lutheran Witness 123 (2004) No. 4:19, 21.
- ^ Hillerbrand, Hans J. "Martin Luther," Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007. Hillerbrand writes: "His strident pronouncements against the Jews, especially toward the end of his life, have raised the question of whether Luther significantly encouraged the development of German anti-Semitism. Although many scholars have taken this view, this perspective puts far too much emphasis on Luther and not enough on the larger peculiarities of German history."
- ^ Bainton, Roland: Here I Stand, (Nashville: Abingdon Press, New American Library, 1983), p. 297
- ^ For similar views, see:
- Briese, Russell. "Martin Luther and the Jews," Lutheran Forum (Summer 2000):32;
- Brecht, Martin Luther, 3:351;
- Edwards, Mark U. Jr. Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983, 139;
- Gritsch, Eric. "Was Luther Anti-Semitic?", Christian History, No. 3:39, 12.;
- Kittelson, James M., Luther the Reformer, 274;
- Oberman, Heiko. The Roots of Anti-Semitism: In the Age of Renaissance and Reformation. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984, 102;
- Rupp, Gordon. Martin Luther, 75;
- Siemon-Netto, Uwe. Lutheran Witness, 19.
- ^ Berger, Ronald. Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach (New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 2002), 28.
- ^ Rose, Paul Lawrence. Revolutionary Antisemitism in Germany from Kant to Wagner. Princeton University Press, 1990. Cited in Berger, Ronald. Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach. New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 2002, 28.
- ^ Synod deplores and disassociates itself from Luther’s negative statements about the Jewish people and the use of these statements to incite anti-Lutheran sentiment, from a summary of Official Missouri Synod Doctrinal Statements
- ^ Lull, Timothy Martin Luther's Basic Theological Writings, Second Edition (2005), p. 25
- ^ Iversen OH (1996). "[Martin Luther's somatic diseases. A short life-history 450 years after his death]" (in Norwegian). Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. 116 (30): 3643–46. PMID 9019884.
- ^ Edwards, 9.
- ^ Spitz, 354.
- ^ Die Beziehungen des Reformators Martin Luther zu Halle buergerstiftung-halle.de (German)
- ^ Luther, Martin. Sermon No. 8, "Predigt über Mat. 11:25, Eisleben gehalten," 15 February 1546, Luthers Werke, Weimar 1914, 51:196–197.
- ^ Poliakov, Léon. From the Time of Christ to the Court Jews, Vanguard Press, p. 220.
- ^ Mackinnon, James. Luther and the Reformation. Vol. IV, (New York: Russell & Russell, 1962, p. 204.
- ^ Luther, Martin. Admonition against the Jews, added to his final sermon, cited in Oberman, Heiko. Luther: Man Between God and the Devil, New York: Image Books, 1989, p. 294. A complete translation of Luther's Admonition can be found in Wikisource.s:Warning Against the Jews (1546)
- ^ Martin Luther's Death Mask on View at Museum in Halle, Germany artdaily.com
- ^ Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 3:369–79.
- ^ a b McKim, Donald K. (2003). The Cambridge companion to Martin Luther. Cambridge companions to religion. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 0-521-01673-8.
- ^ Kellermann, James A. (translator) "The Last Written Words of Luther: Holy Ponderings of the Reverend Father Doctor Martin Luther". 16 February 1546.
- ^ Original German and Latin of Luther's last written words is: "Wir sein pettler. Hoc est verum." Heinrich Bornkamm, Luther's World of Thought, tr. Martin H. Bertram (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1958), 291.
Further reading[link]
For works by and about Luther, see Martin Luther (resources) or Luther's works at Wikisource.
- Erikson, Erik H. (1958). Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History. New York: W. W. Norton.
- Dillenberger, John (1961). Martin Luther: Selections from his Writings. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. OCLC 165808.
- Lull, Timothy (1989). Martin Luther: Selections from his Writings. Minneapolis: Fortress. ISBN 0-8006-3680-5.
- Luther, M. The Bondage of the Will. Eds. J. I. Packer and O. R. Johnson. Old Tappan, N.J.: Revell, 1957. OCLC 22724565.
- Luther's Works, 55 vols. Eds. H. T. Lehman and J. Pelikan. St Louis Missouri, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1955–86. Also on CD-ROM. Minneapolis and St Louis: Fortress Press and Concordia Publishing House, 2002.
- Reu, Johann Michael Thirty-five Years of Luther Research Chicago: Wartburg Publishing House, 1917.
External links[link]
This audio file was created from a revision of the "Martin Luther" article dated 2011-07-17, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
Works written by or about Martin Luther at Wikisource- Media related to Martin Luther at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to Martin Luther at Wikiquote- The Mutopia Project has compositions by Martin Luther
- Booknotes interview with Martin Marty on Martin Luther, April 11, 2004.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Luther, Martin |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | German theologian and priest |
| Date of birth | 10 November 1483 |
| Place of birth | Eisleben, Germany |
| Date of death | 18 February 1546 |
| Place of death | Eisleben, Germany |
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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (June 2008) |
| Susanna Hoffs | |
|---|---|
 Susanna Hoffs, 2008 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Susanna Lee Hoffs |
| Born | (1959-01-17) January 17, 1959 (age 53) Los Angeles, California, United States |
| Origin | Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Genres | Rock, pop |
| Instruments | Voice, guitar, piano, bass guitar, harmonica, drums |
| Years active | 1981–present |
| Associated acts | The Bangles, Ming Tea, Matthew Sweet |
| Website | www.thebangles.com |
| Notable instruments | |
| Rickenbacker 325 Rickenbacker 350SH Signature Model Taylor SHSM (Susanna Hoffs Signature Model) Acoustic Guitar |
|
Susanna Lee Hoffs (born January 17, 1959) is an American vocalist, guitarist and actress. She is best known as a member of the all-female pop band the Bangles.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Hoffs was born on the Westside of Los Angeles, California to a Jewish family.[1] Her mother, Tamar Simon Hoffs, played Beatles music for Hoffs when she was a child, and she began playing the guitar in her teens. Hoffs attended Palisades High School in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles. In 1980, she graduated from University of California, Berkeley with a Bachelor degree in Art. When she entered Berkeley she was a fan of Classic Rock bands that played in large stadiums. While a student at Berkeley, she attended the final Sex Pistols show at Winterland and a Patti Smith concert. Exposure to punk rock changed her career goal from dancer to musician in a band.[2] She eventually joined Vicki Peterson and Debbi Peterson in what would later become the pop music group The Bangles.
Career with The Bangles[link]
The Bangles' first recorded release was a self-titled EP in 1982 on the Faulty Products Label. The Bangles released their first full album All Over the Place in 1984 on Columbia Records. They had a moderate hit with the single "Hero Takes a Fall", but their commercial breakthrough came with the album Different Light in 1986, which produced the hit singles "Manic Monday" and "Walk Like an Egyptian".
In 1986, Susanna Hoffs co-wrote the song "I Need a Disguise" for the album Belinda for Belinda Carlisle, formerly of the all-girl group The Go-Go's.
With increasing fame, Hoffs also appeared on the covers of numerous magazines, and the Rickenbacker guitar company issued a Susanna Hoffs model of the 350 (which she customized herself).
In 1987, Hoffs starred in the film The Allnighter, which was directed by her mother Tamar Simon Hoffs, and also featured Joan Cusack and Pam Grier.
The Bangles released their third album Everything in 1988, with their biggest-selling single "Eternal Flame", which was co-written and sung by Hoffs. The Bangles disbanded in 1990.
In the late 1990s, Hoffs contacted the other members of The Bangles with the hope of reuniting. They recorded the single "Get the Girl" for the second Austin Powers movie in 1999. Subsequently, they announced their decision to reunite full-time in 2000. Their fourth album, Doll Revolution, was released in 2003.
Solo career[link]
Hoffs released a solo album, When You're a Boy, in 1991, which was not a commercial success; although it did spawn a U.S Top 40 hit with "My Side of the Bed." In the UK the single landed at #44, for only 4 weeks on chart, and the album also landed decently in Europe. Hoffs recorded another album during 1993/1994, prior to leaving Columbia Records, but it went unreleased. In 1996, Hoffs released her second solo album, Susanna Hoffs. Although it received much praise in the media and yielded a minor US hit and a UK hit at #33 for 2 weeks with a cover of the Lightning Seeds single "All I Want", but still it was not a big commercial success.
Hoffs is the subject of Freddy Blohm's song "The Corner of Her Eye".[citation needed] N. N. Maddox released a song entitled "Susanna Hoffs"[citation needed] and she is mentioned in "I'd Love to Kiss the Bangles" by The Saw Doctors. Robbie Fulks wrote about her in "That Bangle Girl," which appears on his album The Very Best of Robbie Fulks.
Hoffs appeared in the first Austin Powers movie as a member of the fictitious 1960s rock group Ming Tea, fronted by the title character. In real life, Ming Tea consisted of actor Mike Myers, Hoffs, Canadian musician/producer Christopher Ward, and singer Matthew Sweet. This group made a number of television performances (with Myers in character as Powers) and had a minor hit with the song "BBC". Hoffs returned with the group in the second and third Austin Powers films. Hoffs also did a cover of "The Look of Love" for the soundtrack of the first Austin Powers movie and a cover of the song "Alfie" for the soundtrack of the third film.
Hoffs recorded a cover of the Oingo Boingo song "We Close Our Eyes" for the Buffy The Vampire Slayer soundtrack. She is also responsible for the song "Now and Then", from the 1994 film of the same name.
Hoffs also contributed a song to the film Red Roses and Petrol (written and directed by Tamar Simon Hoffs) titled "The Water is Wide." The song can be heard in the closing credits and is available on the film's soundtrack.
In February 2009, Hoffs appeared on stage at the Key Club in Los Angeles, singing with thenewno2, the "post-Bristol" psychedelic blues band led by Dhani Harrison.
In December 2011, Hoffs provided an original song for use in promoting Visit South Walton, the tourism promotion agency for Walton County, Florida (formerly identified as the Beaches of South Walton). The song, "This Is The Place", will be used in advertising and marketing the popular coastal area that comprises fifteen beach communities.
Sid n Susie[link]
In 2006, Hoffs teamed up with fellow Ming Tea rocker Matthew Sweet; under the name "Sid n Susie," they recorded fifteen cover versions of classic rock songs from the 1960s and 1970s for an album titled Under the Covers, Vol. 1. The album was released in April 2006. On July 18, they appeared on Late Night with Conan O'Brien to promote the album and tour. The duo released another album Under the Covers, Vol. 2 on July 21, 2009, which included covers of songs by Fleetwood Mac, Carly Simon, Rod Stewart and more.
Personal life[link]
In 1993, she married Jay Roach, the director of the Austin Powers movies and Meet the Parents, and producer of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. She has two sons.[3]
Discography[link]
Albums[link]
| Date | Title | US Chart | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solo | |||
| 1991 | When You're a Boy | 83 | |
| 1996 | Susanna Hoffs | - | |
| With The Bangles | |||
| 1982 | Bangles | - | |
| 1984 | All Over the Place | 80 | |
| 1986 | Different Light | 2 | |
| 1988 | Everything | 15 | |
| 1990 | Greatest Hits | 97 | |
| 2003 | Doll Revolution | 62 | |
| 2011 | Sweetheart of the Sun | - | |
| Collaborations | |||
| 2006 | Under the Covers, Vol. 1 | 192 | with Matthew Sweet |
| 2009 | Under the Covers, Vol. 2 | 106 | with Matthew Sweet |
Singles[link]
| Date | Title | Chart | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US | UK[4] | |||
| Solo releases | ||||
| 1991 | "My Side of the Bed" | 30 | 44 | |
| "Unconditional Love" | - | 65 | ||
| "Only Love" | - | - | ||
| 1996 | "All I Want" | 77 | 32 | |
| With The Bangles Only charting singles are listed |
||||
| 1985 | "Hero Takes A Fall" | - | 96 | |
| "Going Down To Liverpool" | - | 79 | ||
| 1986 | "Manic Monday" | 2 | 2 | |
| "If She Knew What She Wants" | 29 | 31 | ||
| "Going Down To Liverpool" | - | 56 | UK only re-release | |
| "Walk Like an Egyptian" | 1 | 3 | ||
| 1987 | "Walking Down Your Street" | 11 | 16 | |
| "Following" | - | 55 | ||
| "Hazy Shade Of Winter" | 2 | 11 | From the Less Than Zero Motion Picture Soundtrack | |
| 1988 | "In Your Room" | 5 | 35 | |
| 1989 | "Eternal Flame" | 1 | 1 | |
| "Be With You" | 30 | 23 | ||
| "I'll Set You Free" | - | 74 | UK only release | |
| 1990 | "Walk Like an Egyptian (Remix)" | - | 73 | |
| 2003 | "Something That You Said" | - | 38 | |
| "I Will Take Care Of You" | - | 84 | ||
| With Ming Tea | ||||
| 1997 | "BBC" | - | - | From Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery Soundtrack |
| 2002 | "Daddy Wasn't There" | - | - | From Austin Powers in Goldmember Soundtrack |
| All chart data refers to the Billboard Hot 100 unless noted otherwise | ||||
DVDs and films[link]
| Year | Title |
|---|---|
| 1978 | Stony Island |
| 1982 | The Haircut |
| 1987 | The Allnighter |
| 1990 | The Bangles — Greatest Hits: Videos (VHS) |
| 1997 | Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery |
| 1999 | Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me |
| 2002 | Austin Powers in Goldmember |
| 2003 | Doll Revolution Bonus DVD |
| 2003 | Red Roses and Petrol – soundtrack only |
| 2005 | The Bangles — Greatest Hits: Videos (DVD) |
References[link]
- ^ Tom Teicholz (2006). "Susanna Hoffs walks like a -- rockstar no, a mom -- rockstar/mom". The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles. http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=16541. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
- ^ Mike Ragogna (September 26, 2011). "Sweetheart Of The Sun & Modern Art: Chatting With The Bangles' Susanna Hoffs and Matthew Sweet". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mike-ragogna/sweetheart-of-the-sun-mod_b_980517.html. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
- ^ "No more manic Mondays". The Sun-Herald. September 5, 2005. http://www.smh.com.au/news/music/no-more-manic-mondays/2005/09/04/1125772400754.html. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
- ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 254. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Susanna Hoffs |
- The Bangles official website
- Susanna Hoffs at the Internet Movie Database
|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hoffs, Susanna |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | January 17, 1959 |
| Place of birth | Los Angeles, California, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Susanna_Hoffs
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Susanna Hoffs
http://nl.wn.com/Susanna Hoffs
http://de.wn.com/Susanna Hoffs
http://it.wn.com/Susanna Hoffs
http://es.wn.com/Susanna Hoffs
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Hoffs
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
|
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010) |
| The Saw Doctors | |
|---|---|
 The Saw Doctors live at Guilfest 2011. |
|
| Background information | |
| Origin | Tuam, County Galway, Ireland |
| Genres | Rock |
| Years active | 1986–present |
| Labels | Shamtown |
| Website | The Saw Doctors' official website |
| Members | |
| Leo Moran Davy Carton Kevin Duffy Anthony Thistlethwaite Rickie O'Neill |
|
| Past members | |
| Fran Breen John "Turps" Burke Eímhín Craddock Pearse Doherty John Donnelly Jim Higgins Tony Lambert Derek Murray Mary O'Connor Padraig Stevens |
|
The Saw Doctors are an Irish rock band. Formed in 1986 in Tuam, County Galway, they have achieved eighteen Top 30 singles in Ireland, including three number ones. Their first number one, "I Useta Lover," topped the Irish charts for nine consecutive weeks in 1990, and still holds the record for the country's all-time biggest-selling single.[1] Renowned for their live performances, the band has a cult following, especially in Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. On 15 February 2008, they received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the Meteor Ireland Music Awards.[2]
Contents |
Career[link]
Origins and line-up[link]
The Saw Doctors were formed in 1986 by Leo Moran (formerly a member of defunct Tuam reggae band, Too Much for the White Man), Davy Carton (formerly a songwriter and guitarist with short-lived Tuam punk band Blaze X), and local vocalist Mary O'Connor. The trio got their start playing small gigs in local venues such as Tuam's Imperial Hotel. O'Connor left the group the following year to emigrate to London. Carton and Moran added other musicians, and carried on with the band.
Moran and Carton have been the only constant presences in the Saw Doctors' ever-shifting line-up. Past members have included musical artist, producer and co producer of the bands debut album, John "Turps" Burke 87 to 93; bass player Pearse Doherty; keyboard and accordion player Tony Lambert; keyboard player and guitarist Derek Murray; and drummers Padraig Stevens, John Donnelly, Jimi Higgins, and Fran Breen. The fluidity of the band's line-up in part accounts for the variety of musical influences, including pop, punk, rock and roll, and traditional Irish, that make up the band's signature sound.
At present, the Saw Doctors are Leo Moran (vocals, guitar), Davy Carton (vocals, guitar), Kevin Duffy (keyboards), Anthony Thistlethwaite (bass guitar, saxphone), and Rickie O'Neill (drums).
Rise to fame[link]
The Saw Doctors rose to gain national attention during 1987 and 1988 as they toured in support of popular Irish bands such as the Hothouse Flowers and The Stunning. They also proved to be a success when they played at the 1988 Galway Arts Festival. In the spring of 1988, when The Saw Doctors were playing a six-week residency at the Quays Bar in Galway, their live show attracted the attention of The Waterboys, who were then recording their Fisherman's Blues album in nearby Spiddal. Pub sessions and budding friendships among the two groups would prove fruitful for the Saw Doctors' future, and would see eventual crossovers between the two groups. The band's current bass player, Anthony Thistlethwaite, and former drummer, Fran Breen, have both been members of The Waterboys.
In the autumn of 1988, The Saw Doctors filmed a rockumentary on a flat-bed truck while driving between Galway and Salthill. A parody of U2's newly released Rattle and Hum film, in which U2 played Bob Dylan's "All Along the Watchtower" from a flat-bed truck in San Francisco, The Saw Doctors' Crackle and Buzz had its world premiere at the Claddagh Palace Cinema in Galway. The Saw Doctors played live from the cinema's balcony, caricaturing the short acoustic set U2 played atop the Savoy Cinema on O'Connell Street when Rattle and Hum premiered there on 27 October 1988. Footage from the tongue-in-cheek stunt was featured on RTÉ's main evening news.
In late 1988 and early 1989, The Saw Doctors accompanied The Waterboys on tours of Ireland and Great Britain.[3] In August 1989, The Waterboys' frontman Mike Scott produced the band's first single, "N17," a song about an Irish emigrant longing to be driving on the N17 national route which connects Galway with Co. Mayo and Co. Sligo, psssing through the Saw Doctors' hometown of Tuam.[3] Although "N17" did not chart upon its original release, the band's appearance at the inaugural 1990 Féile music festival in Thurles, County Tipperary, cemented their reputation as a live act. The song became known as the band's anthem.
Following their success at Féile, the band released their second single, "I Useta Lover," a humorously off-colour paean to an ex-girlfriend. The single topped the Irish charts in September 1990 and spent nine weeks at number one, becoming Ireland's all-time best-selling single.[3] A re-released "N17" reached number one in the Irish charts at Christmas 1990, and the following year, the band's debut album If This Is Rock and Roll, I Want My Old Job Back entered the Irish albums chart at number one.[3]
In 1992 the band released their second Album All The Way From Tuam, which included live favorites "Green & Red Of Mayo", "Exhilarating Sadness" and "You Got Me On The Run" as well as the singles "Wake Up Sleeping", "Pied Piper", "Never Mind The Strangers", "Me Heart Is Living In The Sixties Still" and their next number one hit, "Hay Wrap". After the release of All The Way From Tuam the band parted company with Warner Music, and formed their own record label Shamtown Records.
The first release under their new Shamtown label was the "Small Bit Of Love" EP which gained them their first Top 30 hit in the UK Singles Chart and an appearance on BBC Television's Top Of The Pops.
The band released their third studio album Same Oul' Town in February 1996. It went on to peak at number six in the UK Albums Chart. It included the hit singles "World Of Good", "To Win Just Once" and the double A-side "Clare Island" / "Everyday". However, the hit singles dried up for the band after the success of Same Oul' Town. Many line-up changes happened over the next few years. However, the band had successful British and US tours, as well as appearing at the Glastonbury Festival and Oxegen.
In October 1998, their fourth album Songs From Sun Street was released, which included tracks that had been part of the live show for the previous few years including "Galway & Mayo", "Tommy K" & "I'll Be On My Way". They also appeared in the 1999 Walter Foote film The Tavern as well as contributing songs to its soundtrack.
The fifth studio album Villains? was released in 2001 and contained the minor hit "This Is Me". Entertainment.ie said in its review "to many music fans they're a novelty act that's long since passed its sell-by date. It would be a shame, however, if their dodgy image obscured the music, since Villains? is by some distance the best album they've ever made."
Pearse Doherty left the band after the touring of Villains? was completed leaving only Carton and Moran as members from the early days. The line-up changed to include Anthony Thistlethwaite on bass guitar. Thistlethwaite had been playing saxophone on and off with the band since the late 1980s, even playing on their first single "N17".
Live In Galway was released on CD and DVD in 2004. Another live album, Live On News Years Day as well as the sixth studio album The Cure followed. Their career was giving a boost when at the 2008 Meteor Irish Music Awards, The Saw Doctors received the Lifetime Achievement Award. The week before the Meteor Awards the band appeared on the Podge & Rodge Show on RTE. When on the show they covered The Sugababes song "About You Now", and later decided to release the track as a single. In October 2008 "About You Now" reached number one in the Irish chart, some seventeen years since their last chart-topping feat.
They followed this with the release of another live album and DVD, Live At The Melody Tent, recorded in Cape Cod in the summer of 2008. "She Loves Me" charted at number two. In 2009 after six studio albums, Universal Music released To Win Just Once - The Best of The Saw Doctors. The compilation album featured twenty two of their tracks, and went platinum within weeks of release.
During 2010 the band played a number of music festival appearances, including playing at the 40th anniversary of the Glastonbury Festival. September 2010 saw the release of their seventh album, The Further Adventures of... The Saw Doctors.
Their cover version of "Downtown", recorded with its original singer Petula Clark, was released on 11 December 2011.
Live shows and recordings[link]
Although the Saw Doctors have released only seven studio albums over their two-decade career, their live shows have brought them international renown. In 2004, the band recorded its show before a crowd at the Black Box Theatre, Galway, and released a live audio CD and a concert DVD, both titled Live in Galway. The DVD also contained a 50-minute documentary, "A Different Kind of World," following the Saw Doctors around their favourite locales in the West of Ireland (including a trip to Clare Island) and showing them on tour in Brooklyn, New York. A follow-up live album, New Year's Day, again featured the band in the Black Box Theatre, this time on New Year's Day 2005. The band donated profits from this album to victims of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.
The band performed three songs at Celtic Park, Glasgow on 21 November 2006 before Celtic F.C.'s UEFA Champions League match with Manchester United F.C..
Other projects[link]
The Saw Doctors' song "She Says" is used as the theme song to the BBC Northern Ireland comedy series Give My Head Peace. Under the name "The Folk Footballers," Leo Moran and former Saw Doctor Padraig Stevens released The First Fifteen, a collection of songs that celebrated the Galway football team in the wake of its success in the 1998 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship. Re-released in 2001, when Galway again won the All-Ireland football championship, the album included a host of local talent. Further collaborations brought a self-titled album by another side-project band, The Shambles". Guinness used the Saw Doctors song "Never Mind the Strangers" in an advertisement campaign for Harp Lager in the US. The Saw Doctors made an appearance in The Tavern and "Same Oul' Town" was featured in the film. The Saw Doctors appeared on the 2007 Killinascully Christmas special. The band reappeared in 2010 Killinascully Christmas special
Fans[link]
The Saw Doctors have a rabid international fan base that has been compared to that of the Grateful Dead.[4] Fueled by those in Ireland as well as those of Irish descent in the US, UK, and elsewhere, this unofficial fan club prides itself on seeing the band live as many times as possible. They meet online in a forum on the band's website and pursue ongoing global conversations about the band.[5]
Lottery win[link]
In April 1993, the Saw Doctors' keyboard and accordion player Tony Lambert, who had previously played with Bonnie Tyler and The Sensational Alex Harvey Band, won £852,000 (Irish punts), or approximately €1 million (euro) in today's currency, when he hit the jackpot in the Irish National Lottery's Lotto game.[6] Lambert, who at the time was living in a converted bus that he had driven from his native Wales to Galway and parked just off the N17 road, had purchased his winning ticket in a local Claregalway shop. After his win, he left the band and settled in County Galway, where he restored an old house and built his own recording studio.
Coincidentally, the Saw Doctors' song "To Win Just Once" was written and recorded shortly before Lambert hit the Lotto jackpot. It is the only song on the Same Oul' Town album that features his musicianship.[6]
Discography[link]
Albums[link]
- If This Is Rock and Roll, I Want My Old Job Back (1991)
- All the Way from Tuam (1992)
- Same Oul' Town (1996)
- Sing A Powerful Song (compilation) (1997)
- Songs from Sun Street (1998)
- Villains? (2001)
- Play It Again, Sham! [compilation] (2002)
- Live in Galway [live] (2004)
- New Year's Day [live] (2005)
- The Cure (2006)
- That Takes the Biscuit (2007)
- Live At The Melody Tent [live] (2008)
- To Win Just Once / The Best Of The Saw Doctors [compilation] (2009)[3]
- The Further Adventures of... The Saw Doctors (2010)
Discontinued releases[link]
- "Friends Demos B-Sides" [contained other artists] (1994)
- "Somewhere Far Away" (1999)
- "Live On New Year's Day" [limited to 1000 copies, then re-released as "New Year's Day"] (2005)
Irish singles chart[link]
| Single | Chart position | Date |
|---|---|---|
| "Downtown" | 2 | December 2011 |
| "Red Cortina (Special Acapella 2010)" | 4 | December 2010 |
| "She Loves Me" | 2 | July 2009 |
| "About You Now" | 1 | October 2008 |
| "I Useta Lover" (re-issue) | 7 | November 2007 |
| "She Says" | 17 | June 1998 |
| "Clare Island" / "Everyday" | 28 | December 1996 |
| "To Win Just Once" | 24 | June 1996 |
| "World of Good" | 10 | January 1996 |
| "Small Bit of Love" | 5 | November 1994 |
| "Me Heart is Livin in the Sixties Still" | 27 | July 1993 |
| "Never Mind The Strangers" | 11 | November 1992 |
| "Pied Piper" | 3 | September 1992 |
| "Presentation Boarder" | 7 | December 1991 |
| "Hay Wrap" | 1 | September 1991 |
| "Red Cortina" / "Only One Girl" | 4 | July 1991 |
| "N17" | 18 | March 1991 |
| "That's What She Said Last Night" | 3 | February 1991 |
| "N17" / "It Won't Be Tonight" | 2 | November 1990 |
| "I Useta Lover" | 1 | August 1990 |
UK singles chart[link]
| Single | Chart position | Date |
|---|---|---|
| "Stars Over Cloughanover" | 69 | October 2005 |
| "This Is Me" | 31 | June 2003 |
| "Simple Things" | 56 | December 1997 |
| "To Win Just Once" | 14 | July 1996 |
| "World of Good" | 15 | January 1996 |
| "Small Bit of Love" | 24 | November 1996 |
Music samples[link]
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|
||||||||
References[link]
- ^ RTÉ.ie Entertainment: Saw Doctors to be honoured at Meteors
- ^ "Saw Doctors to be honoured at Meteors - RTÉ Ten". Rte.ie. http://www.rte.ie/ten/2008/0111/sawdoctors.html. Retrieved 2012-04-28.
- ^ a b c d e Strong, Martin C. (2000). The Great Rock Discography (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Mojo Books. p. 847. ISBN 1-84195-017-3.
- ^ "The Saw Doctors Tickets — Irish Rebels". Retrieved 24 October 2008.
- ^ "Sawdoctors Forum". Retrieved 24 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Saw Doctors: To win just once". http://www.sawdoctors.com/index.php?page=shop.product_details&category_id=1&flypage=shop.flypage&product_id=21&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=50&vmcchk=1&Itemid=50. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
External links[link]
http://wn.com/The_Saw_Doctors
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/The Saw Doctors
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saw_Doctors
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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