White People

Friday, 26 October 2012

White People

Cousin Sal Asks White People Who Their Favorite Black Person Is

Name a Black Person that White People Love

Dave Chappelle and his white friend Chip

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Achaemenid Empire
http://wn.com/Achaemenid_Empire
Algeria
http://wn.com/Algeria
Alsace
http://wn.com/Alsace
Americas
The Americas, or America, (, , , , , , ) are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World, comprising the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. The plural form the Americas is often used in English, as the singular America is ambiguous: America is more commonly used to refer to the United States of America. The Americas cover 8.3% of the Earth's total surface area (28.4% of its land area) and contain about 13.5% of the human population (about 900 million people).
http://wn.com/Americas
Antofagasta
http://wn.com/Antofagasta
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
http://wn.com/Argentina
Asia Minor
http://wn.com/Asia_Minor
Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria
Bahamas
http://wn.com/Bahamas
Baja California Sur
http://wn.com/Baja_California_Sur
Barbados
Barbados ()or (Bar-bay-dos) is an island nation of the Lesser Antilles, in length and as much as in width, amounting to . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic Ocean and 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about east of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and north-east of Venezuela. Barbados is outside of the principal Atlantic hurricane belt.
http://wn.com/Barbados
Belize
Belize () (formerly British Honduras), is a democratic constitutional monarchy, and the northernmost Central American nation. Belize has a diverse society, comprising many cultures and languages. Although Kriol and Spanish are spoken among the population, Belize is the only country in Central America where English is the official language. Belize is bordered by Mexico to its north, by Guatemala to its south and west, and by the Caribbean Sea to the east.
http://wn.com/Belize
Bermuda
Bermuda (; officially, the Bermudas or Somers Islands) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. Located off the east coast of the United States, its nearest landmass is Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, about to the west-northwest. It is about south of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and northeast of Miami, Florida. Its capital city is Hamilton but the largest municipality is the town of Saint George's.
http://wn.com/Bermuda
Bolivia
Bolivia (), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, (, ) is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west.
http://wn.com/Bolivia
Botswana
The Republic of Botswana () is a sub Saharan country located in Southern Africa. The citizens are referred to as "Batswana" (singular: Motswana). Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. It has held free and fair democratic elections since independence.
http://wn.com/Botswana
Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
http://wn.com/Brazil
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-quarter of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 13 million square miles (34 million km2), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
http://wn.com/British_Empire
Buenos Aires
http://wn.com/Buenos_Aires
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada
Canary Islands
http://wn.com/Canary_Islands
Caribbean
The CaribbeanPronounced or . Both pronunciations are equally valid; indeed, they see equal use even within areas of the Caribbean itself. Cf. Royal Caribbean, which stresses the second syllable. In this case, as a proper noun, those who would normally pronounce it a different way may use the pronunciation associated with the noun when referring to it. More generic nouns such as the Caribbean Community are generally referred to using the speaker's preferred pronunciation.; Dutch ; or more commonly Antilles is a region consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (most of which enclose the sea), and the surrounding coasts. The region is located southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and North America, east of Central America, and to the north of South America.
http://wn.com/Caribbean
Caucasus Mountains
The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system in Eurasia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in the Caucasus region ( ).
http://wn.com/Caucasus_Mountains
Chile
http://wn.com/Chile
Christmas Island
The Territory of Christmas Island is a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean. It is located northwest of the Western Australian city of Perth, south of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, and ENE of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
http://wn.com/Christmas_Island
Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
http://wn.com/Colombia
Costa Rica
:For the plant genus Costarica, see its synonym Sicyos.
http://wn.com/Costa_Rica
Croatia
Croatia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska ), is a country in Central Europe and Southeastern Europe at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Adriatic Sea. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. Croatia borders Slovenia to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the southeast, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast.
http://wn.com/Croatia
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
http://wn.com/Cuba
Côte d'Ivoire
The Republic of (; ), commonly known in English as Ivory Coast, is a country in West Africa. It has an area of 322,462 km2, and borders the countries of Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population which was 15,366,672 in 1998, was estimated to be 20,617,068 in 2009.
http://wn.com/Côte_d'Ivoire
Denmark
http://wn.com/Denmark
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (; , ) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with and an estimated 10 million people.
http://wn.com/Dominican_Republic
Ecuador
http://wn.com/Ecuador
El Salvador
El Salvador (; , literally meaning "Republic of The Savior") is the smallest and also the most densely populated country in Central America. It borders the Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and Honduras. It lies on the Gulf of Fonseca, as do Honduras and Nicaragua further south.
http://wn.com/El_Salvador
England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
http://wn.com/England
Estados Unidos
http://wn.com/Estados_Unidos
Falkland Islands
The Falkland Islands (; ) are an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean, located approximately from the coast of mainland South America. The archipelago, consisting of East Falkland, West Falkland and 776 lesser islands, is a self-governing Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom. The capital, Stanley, is on East Falkland.
http://wn.com/Falkland_Islands
Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
http://wn.com/Finland
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France
French Polynesia
French Polynesia (, ) is a French overseas collectivity in the southern Pacific Ocean. It is made up of several groups of Polynesian islands, the most famous island being Tahiti in the Society Islands group, which is also the most populous island and the seat of the capital of the territory (Papeete). Although not an integral part of its territory, Clipperton Island was administered from French Polynesia until 2007.
http://wn.com/French_Polynesia
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany
Greenland
Greenland ( meaning "Land of the Kalaallit people"; ) is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Physiographically, it is a part of the continent of North America. The largest island in Greenland is also named Greenland, and makes up most of the country's land area.
http://wn.com/Greenland
Guam
http://wn.com/Guam
Hawaii
: For geographic details see Geography and environment or Hawaiian Islands.
http://wn.com/Hawaii
Hindukush
http://wn.com/Hindukush
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong
Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
http://wn.com/Ireland
Israel
http://wn.com/Israel
Italy
http://wn.com/Italy
Kazakhstan
http://wn.com/Kazakhstan
Kenya
The Republic of Kenya (pronounced ) is a country in East Africa. Lying along the Indian Ocean to its southeast and at the equator, Kenya is bordered by Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west and Tanzania to the south. Lake Victoria is to the southwest and is shared between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya has numerous wildlife reserves, containing thousands of animal species. The capital city is Nairobi. Kenya's area is 580,000 km2 with a population of nearly 39 million which is diverse: more than 40 different ethnic groups are present. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks.
http://wn.com/Kenya
Lebanon
Lebanon ( or ; ; ), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: ; French: ), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
http://wn.com/Lebanon
Martinique
Martinique () is an island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of . Like Guadeloupe, it is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. To the northwest lies Dominica, to the south St Lucia, and to the southeast Barbados. As with the other overseas departments, Martinique is one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic. The Island was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1502.
http://wn.com/Martinique
Mauritius
http://wn.com/Mauritius
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico
Mexico City
http://wn.com/Mexico_City
Mexico state
http://wn.com/Mexico_state
Miami
Miami ( or ) is a major city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, the most populous county in Florida, and the eighth-most populous county in the United States, with a population of 2,500,625. The 42nd largest city in the United States, with a population of 433,136, it is the principal, central and most populous city of the South Florida metropolitan area. According to United Nations estimates, the Miami Urbanized Area was the fifth most populous urbanized area in the U.S. in 2000 with a population of 4,919,036, but in 2008 that number increased to 5,232,342, making it the fourth-largest urbanized area in the United States, behind New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago.
http://wn.com/Miami
Microsoft
Microsoft Corporation is a public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions. Established on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800, Microsoft rose to dominate the home computer operating system (OS) market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of OSs. The ensuing rise of stock in the company's 1986 initial public offering (IPO) made an estimated four billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees. Microsoft would come to dominate other markets as well, notably the office suite market with Microsoft Office.
http://wn.com/Microsoft
Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (, ), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990 following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.
http://wn.com/Namibia
New Caledonia
http://wn.com/New_Caledonia
New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/New_Zealand
Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
http://wn.com/Nicaragua
Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island (Norfuk: Norfuk Ailen ) is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia. The island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia, but it enjoys a large degree of self-governance. Together with two neighbouring islands, it forms one of Australia's external territories.
http://wn.com/Norfolk_Island
Norway
http://wn.com/Norway
Pampas
http://wn.com/Pampas
Panama
Panama (), officially the Republic of Panama (; ), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City.
http://wn.com/Panama
Paraguay
http://wn.com/Paraguay
Patagonia
http://wn.com/Patagonia
Puerto Rico
http://wn.com/Puerto_Rico
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia
Réunion
http://wn.com/Réunion
Saint Barthélemy
http://wn.com/Saint_Barthélemy
Saint Helena
http://wn.com/Saint_Helena
Santiago, Chile
http://wn.com/Santiago_Chile
Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
http://wn.com/Scotland
Senegal
http://wn.com/Senegal
Seychelles
Seychelles ( ; French: ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is an island country spanning an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
http://wn.com/Seychelles
Siberia
Siberia ( ), is a vast region, constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union (USSR) from its beginning, as the preceding Russian Empire conquered it in the 16th century.
http://wn.com/Siberia
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
http://wn.com/South_Africa
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
http://wn.com/Spain
Spanish Empire
http://wn.com/Spanish_Empire
Swaziland
The Kingdom of Swaziland (Umbuso weSwatini), sometimes called Ngwane or Swatini, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, bordered to the north, south and west by South Africa, and to the east by Mozambique. The nation, as well as its people, are named after the 19th century king Mswati II.
http://wn.com/Swaziland
Sweden
http://wn.com/Sweden
Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
http://wn.com/Switzerland
Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Syria
São Paulo
http://wn.com/São_Paulo
Tabasco
http://wn.com/Tabasco
Tajikistan
Tajikistan ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (, Jumhurii Tojikiston; , Respublika Tadzhikistan; Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders it to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and People's Republic of China to the east. Tajikistan also lies adjacent to Pakistan and the Gilgit-Baltistan region, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor.
http://wn.com/Tajikistan
The Bahamas
The Bahamas (), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country consisting of 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 islets (rocks). It is located in the Atlantic Ocean north of Cuba and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and southeast of the United States (nearest to the state of Florida). Its total land area is ; slightly larger than the US states of Connecticut and Rhode Island combined), with an estimated population of 330,000. Its capital is Nassau. Geographically, the Bahamas lie in the same island chain as Cuba, Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands, the designation of the Bahamas refers normally to the commonwealth and not the geographic chain.
http://wn.com/The_Bahamas
Trinidad and Tobago
The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago () is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American country of Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles. It shares maritime boundaries with other nations including Barbados to the northeast, Guyana to the southeast, and Venezuela to the south and west.
http://wn.com/Trinidad_and_Tobago
Tristan da Cunha
Tristan da Cunha () is a remote volcanic group of islands in the south Atlantic Ocean, and also the name of the main island of that group. It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world, lying from the nearest land, South Africa, and from South America. It is part of the British overseas territory of which also includes Saint Helena to its north, and equatorial Ascension Island even farther removed, grouping the British South Atlantic islands into one far-flung centrally administered aggregate. Tristan da Cunha is said to be the "most remote inhabited location on Earth." It has a population of 275 (2009 figures).
http://wn.com/Tristan_da_Cunha
Turkmenistan
The Turkmenistan (), also known as Turkmenia () is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.
http://wn.com/Turkmenistan
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States
University of Miami
The University of Miami (informally referred to as UM, U of M, U Miami, Miami, or The U) is a private, non-sectarian university founded in 1925 with its main campus in the city of Coral Gables, Florida. In addition to its main campus, the University of Miami maintains a medical campus in Miami city proper at the Miami Civic Center and a marine research facility on Virginia Key.
http://wn.com/University_of_Miami
Uruguay
Uruguay (, ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (sometimes rendered as the Eastern Republic of Uruguay in the English language; , ), is a country located in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to some 3.5 million people, of whom 1.4 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. An estimated 88% of the population are of European descent.
http://wn.com/Uruguay
Uzbekistan
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan
Venezuela
http://wn.com/Venezuela
Veracruz
http://wn.com/Veracruz
Wales
Wales ( ; pronounced ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of three million and is officially bilingual with the Welsh and English languages having equal status. The Welsh language is an important element of Welsh culture. Its decline has reversed over recent years, with Welsh speakers estimated to be around 20% of the population of Wales.
http://wn.com/Wales
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic (, ) is the name given by historians to the parliamentary republic established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government. It was named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich (sometimes translated as German Empire, but Reich can also mean realm or federal level of government), however, and it was usually known in English simply as Germany. Following World War I, the republic emerged from the German Revolution in November 1918. In 1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11 August of that same year. Germany's period of liberal democracy lapsed in the early 1930s, leading to the ascent of the NSDAP and Adolf Hitler in 1933. Although the constitution of 1919 was never officially repealed, the legal measures taken by the Nazi government in February and March 1933, commonly known as Gleichschaltung ("coordination") meant that the government could legislate contrary to the constitution. The constitution became irrelevant; thus, 1933 is usually seen as the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of Hitler's Third Reich.
http://wn.com/Weimar_Republic
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe ( ; officially the Republic of Zimbabwe and formerly Southern Rhodesia, the Republic of Rhodesia, and Zimbabwe Rhodesia) is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the continent of Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east. Zimbabwe has three official languages: English, Shona (a Bantu language), and Ndebele (also a Bantu language).
http://wn.com/Zimbabwe

Afro-Arab
Afro-Arab (also African Arab) refers to people of mixed Black African and genealogical Arab ancestral heritage and/or linguistically and culturally Arabized Black Africans. There are communities of Afro-Arabs in East Africa, West Africa, North Africa, the Near East and Western Europe.
http://wn.com/Afro-Arab
Afro-Argentines
http://wn.com/Afro-Argentines
Afro-Asian
Afro-Asian or Blasian, refers to people of mixed Sub-Saharan African, or Black, and Asian ancestry.
http://wn.com/Afro-Asian
Alsace
http://wn.com/Alsace
Amerindian
http://wn.com/Amerindian
Andalusian people
The Andalusians are the people of the southern region in Spain. They are generally not considered an ethnically distinct people because they lack two of the most important markers of distinctiveness: their own language and an awareness of a presumed common origin. Andalusian Spanish is said to be a distinct dialect, although it is debatable. The Andalusians have a rich culture which includes the Semana Santa (see Holy Week in Spain), the Carnival of Cadiz and the famous flamenco style of music and dance. Andalusia's own statute of autonomy identifies the region as an "historic nationality" and grants it a high level of devolved political power.
http://wn.com/Andalusian_people
Anglo-Saxons
Anglo-Saxons is the term usually used to describe the invading Germanic tribes in the south and east of Great Britain from the early 5th century AD, and their creation of the English nation, to the Norman conquest of 1066. The Benedictine monk, Bede, writing three centuries later, identified them as the descendants of three Germanic tribes:
http://wn.com/Anglo-Saxons
Arab
http://wn.com/Arab
Arthur de Gobineau
http://wn.com/Arthur_de_Gobineau
Ashkenazi Jews
Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (, , singular: ; also , Yehudei Ashkenaz, "the Jews of Ashkenaz"), are the Jews descended from the medieval Jewish communities along the Rhine in Germany from Alsace in the south to the Rhineland in the north. Ashkenaz is the medieval Hebrew name for this region and thus for Germany. Thus, Ashkenazim or Ashkenazi Jews are literally "German Jews." Later, Jews from Western and Central Europe came to be called "Ashkenaz" because the main centers of Jewish learning were located in Germany. (See Usage of the name for the term's etymology.) Ashkenaz is also a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations ().
http://wn.com/Ashkenazi_Jews
Asian people
Asian people or Asiatic people is a demonym for people from Asia. However, the use of the term varies by country and person, often referring to people from a particular region or subregion of Asia. Though usage may be based on residence, it is usually considered an ethnicity or race.
http://wn.com/Asian_people
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria
Austrians
Austrians () are a nation and an ethnic group originating from the Republic of Austria and its historical predecessor states who share a common Austrian culture and Austrian descent. Due to their common history and belonging to the Holy Roman Empire until 1806, German-speaking Austrians were historically regarded and understood themselves as Germans but after the founding of a German national state, the German Empire in 1871, and after the events of World War II and Nazism, Austrians developed their own distinct identity separated from Germans.
http://wn.com/Austrians
Basque people
The Basques (, , ) as an ethnic group primarily inhabit an area traditionally known as the Basque Country (), a region that is located around the western end of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay and straddles parts of north-eastern Spain and south-western France.
http://wn.com/Basque_people
Belarussian people
http://wn.com/Belarussian_people
Berber people
Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are discontinuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke various Berber languages, which together form a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Today many of them speak Darija and also French in the Maghreb, due to the French colonization of the Maghreb, and especially Spanish in Morocco. Today most Berber-speaking people live in Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Tunisia.
http://wn.com/Berber_people
Bernard Lewis
Bernard Lewis, FBA (born May 31, 1916) is a British-American historian, scholar in Oriental studies, and political commentator. He is the Cleveland E. Dodge Professor Emeritus of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. He specializes in the history of Islam and the interaction between Islam and the West, and is especially famous in academic circles for his works on the history of the Ottoman Empire.
http://wn.com/Bernard_Lewis
Bertil Lundman
http://wn.com/Bertil_Lundman
Black people
The term black people usually refers to a racial group of humans with skin colors that range from light brown to nearly black. According to a recent scientific study, human skin color diversity is highest in sub-Saharan African populations. It is also used to categorize a number of diverse populations together based on historical and prehistorical ancestral relationships. Some definitions of the term include only people of relatively recent Sub Saharan African descent (see African diaspora). Among the members of this group, dark skin is most often accompanied by the expression of natural afro-hair texture. Other definitions of the term "black people" extend to other populations characterized by dark skin, including some indigenous to Oceania and Southeast Asia.
http://wn.com/Black_people
Boer
Boer (, , or ; ) is the Dutch word for farmer, which came to denote the descendants of the Dutch-speaking settlers of the eastern Cape frontier in Southern Africa during the 18th century, as well as those who left the Cape Colony during the 19th century to settle in the Orange Free State, Transvaal (which are together known as the Boer Republics), and to a lesser extent Natal. Their primary motivations for leaving the Cape were to escape British rule and extract themselves from the constant border wars between the British imperial government and the native tribes on the eastern frontier.
http://wn.com/Boer
Bosniaks
http://wn.com/Bosniaks
British people
The British (also known as Britons, informally Brits, or archaically Britishers) are citizens of the United Kingdom, of the Isle of Man, one of the Channel Islands, or of one of the British overseas territories, and their descendants.: In a historical context, the term refers to the ancient Britons, the indigenous inhabitants of Great Britain south of the Forth. British nationality law governs modern British citizenship and nationality, which are acquired, for instance, by birth in the UK or by descent from British nationals.
http://wn.com/British_people
Budini
The Budini (Greek: Boudinoi) were an ancient people who lived in Scythia, in what is today Ukraine.
http://wn.com/Budini
Caldoche
http://wn.com/Caldoche
Canarian people
The Canarians are an ethnic group living in the archipelago of the Canary Islands (an autonomous community of Spain), near the coast of Western Africa. The variety of the Spanish language spoken in the region is the Habla Canaria (Canary speech) or the Dialecto Canario (Canarian dialect), a distinctive dialect of Spanish spoken in the islands.
http://wn.com/Canarian_people
Cantabrian people
http://wn.com/Cantabrian_people
Carleton S. Coon
Carleton Stevens Coon, (23 June 1904 – 3 June 1981) was an American physical anthropologist, Professor of Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania, lecturer and professor at Harvard, and president of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists.
http://wn.com/Carleton_S_Coon
Carolus Linnaeus
http://wn.com/Carolus_Linnaeus
Casta
http://wn.com/Casta
Catalan people
The Catalans are the people from, or with origins in Catalonia, a historical Nation and today an Autonomous Community in Spain. The inhabitants of the adjacent portion of southern France (known in Catalonia proper as Catalunya Nord, and in France as the Pays Catalan) are sometimes included in this definition.
http://wn.com/Catalan_people
Chinese people
The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following:
http://wn.com/Chinese_people
Colored
:This article is about a term used for black people like African-Americans. For other uses, see Coloured people or Color (disambiguation). For the dc Talk song, see Colored People (song).
http://wn.com/Colored
Croatian diaspora
Croatian Diaspora refers to the Croatian communities that have formed outside Croatia.
http://wn.com/Croatian_diaspora
Croatian people
http://wn.com/Croatian_people
Croats
Croats () are a South Slavic ethnic group mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. There are around 4 million Croats living inside Croatia, and an estimated 4.5 million throughout the rest of the world. Responding to political, social and economic pressure, many Croats have since migrated throughout the world, and established a notable Croatian diaspora. Large Croat communities exists in The United States, Chile, Argentina, Germany, Austria, Australia, Canada, Serbia, New Zealand and South Africa. Croats are noted for their culture, which throughout the ages, has been variously influenced by different cultural circles. The strongest influences came from Central Europe and the Mediterranean, where, at the same time, Croats gave their contribution. The Croats are predominantly Catholic and their language is Croatian.
http://wn.com/Croats
Darcy Ribeiro
http://wn.com/Darcy_Ribeiro
David Roediger
David R. Roediger (July 13, 1952) is a professor of history at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). His research interests include the construction of racial identity, class structures, and the history of American radicalism. He writes from a Marxist theoretical framework.
http://wn.com/David_Roediger
Dravidian people
http://wn.com/Dravidian_people
Dravidian race
http://wn.com/Dravidian_race
Dutch people
The Dutch people (Dutch: ) are the dominant ethnic group of the Netherlands. They share a common culture and speak the Dutch language.
http://wn.com/Dutch_people
Earnest Hooton
Earnest Albert Hooton (November 20, 1887, Clemansville, Wisconsin – May 3, 1954, Cambridge, Massachusetts) was a U.S. physical anthropologist known for his work on racial classification and his popular writings such as the book Up From The Ape. Hooton sat on the Committee on the Negro, a group that "focused on the anatomy of blacks and reflected the racism of the time."
http://wn.com/Earnest_Hooton
East Baltic race
The East Baltic race is one of the subcategories of the Europid (White; Caucasian) race into which it was divided by anthropologists in the early 20th century.
http://wn.com/East_Baltic_race
Egyptians
Egyptians (Arabic: '; Egyptian Arabic: '; Coptic: ) are a nation of Mediterranean North Africans indigenous to Egypt.
http://wn.com/Egyptians
English people
The English (from ) are a nation and ethnic group native to England, who speak English. The English identity is of early mediaeval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Anglecynn. England is now a country of the United Kingdom, and the majority of English people in England are British Citizens.
http://wn.com/English_people
European Australian
A European Australian is a person who resides in Australia and is either from Europe or is the descendant of European immigrants or founding colonists. There is no official definition of what a European Australian is, although for the purposes of aggregating data, the Australian Bureau of Statistics in its Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG) has grouped certain ethnic groups into categories of "North West European" and "Southern and Eastern European"
http://wn.com/European_Australian
European Peruvian
European Peruvians currently make up about 15% of the total population of Peru. Traditionally, this ethnic group has been more dominant in the political, commercial, and diplomatic sectors of Peruvian society. Many people from European backgrounds mixed with the Amerindians or Asians creating an entirely new demographic group called "mestizos". Unmixed Europeans live primarily in Lima, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Cajamarca and Arequipa.
http://wn.com/European_Peruvian
Felix von Luschan
http://wn.com/Felix_von_Luschan
French Chilean
A French Chilean (, ) is an Chilean citizen of full or partial French ancestry. Between 1840 and 1940, 20,000 to 25,000 French people immigrated to Chile. The country received the fourth largest amount of French immigrants to South America after Argentina (239,000), Brazil (40,000) and Uruguay (more than 25,000).
http://wn.com/French_Chilean
French people
French people can refer to:
http://wn.com/French_people
Galician people
The Galicians () are an ethnic group, a nationality whose historical homeland is Galicia, which is located in the north-west of Spain. Most Galicians are bilingual, speaking both their historic language, Galician, as well as Castilian.
http://wn.com/Galician_people
German Chilean
http://wn.com/German_Chilean
Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. The common ancestor of all the languages in this branch is Proto-Germanic (also known as Common Germanic), spoken in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. Proto-Germanic, along with all of its descendants, is characterized by a number of unique linguistic features, most famously the consonant change known as Grimm's law. Early varieties of Germanic enter history with the Germanic peoples moving south from northern Europe in the second century BC, to settle in northern central Europe.
http://wn.com/Germanic_languages
Germans
|ref15 =
http://wn.com/Germans
Giuseppe Sergi
http://wn.com/Giuseppe_Sergi
Greek people
http://wn.com/Greek_people
Greeks
Ethnic group
http://wn.com/Greeks
Greeks in Chile
The Greek community in Chile are estimated to number from 90,000 to 120,000 and reside either in the Santiago area or in the Antofagasta area, mostly. Chile is one of the 5 countries with the most descendants of Greeks in the world.
http://wn.com/Greeks_in_Chile
Greeks in Egypt
The Greeks had a thriving presence in Egypt from the Hellenistic period up to today.
http://wn.com/Greeks_in_Egypt
Greeks in Turkey
:''This article is about the Greek communities after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, in 1923. For the pre-1923 Greek communities see: History of Anatolia#Classical Antiquity, Byzantine Empire, Ottoman Greeks.
http://wn.com/Greeks_in_Turkey
Hans F. K. Günther
http://wn.com/Hans_F_K_Günther
Heinrich Kiepert
Heinrich Kiepert (July 31, 1818 - April 21, 1899), German geographer, was born at Berlin as the son of a wealthy businessman.
http://wn.com/Heinrich_Kiepert
Herodotus
http://wn.com/Herodotus
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong
Ilse Schwidetzky
http://wn.com/Ilse_Schwidetzky
Immanuel Kant
http://wn.com/Immanuel_Kant
Indigenous people
http://wn.com/Indigenous_people
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples are people, communities, and nations who claim a historical continuity and cultural affinity with societies endemic to their original territories that developed prior to exposure to the larger connected civilization associated with Western culture. These societies therefore consider themselves distinct from societies of the majority culture/s that have contested their cultural sovereignty and self-determination.
http://wn.com/Indigenous_peoples
Indo-Greeks
The Hellenistic expansion brought the Ancient Greeks in South Asia also known as Indo-Greeks.
http://wn.com/Indo-Greeks
Irish people
http://wn.com/Irish_people
Israeli Jews
| class="infobox" cellspacing="5" style="width: 22em; text-align: center; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em"
http://wn.com/Israeli_Jews
Italian Chilean
http://wn.com/Italian_Chilean
Italian people
The Italian people () are a people that share a common Italian culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a mother tongue. Within Italy, Italians are defined by citizenship, regardless of ancestry or country of residence (though the principle of Jus Sanguinis is used extensively and arguably more favorably in the Italian nationality law), and are distinguished from people of Italian descent and, historically, from ethnic Italians living in the unredeemed territories adjacent to the Italian peninsula.
http://wn.com/Italian_people
Italians
http://wn.com/Italians
Jews
:For the Jewish way of life, including religion, law, culture, and philosophy, see Judaism. "Jew" redirects here; for other uses, see Jew (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Jews
John Beddoe
John Beddoe (born 1826 in Bewdley, Worcestershire - died 19 July 1911) was one of the most prominent English ethnologists in Victorian Britain. Beddoe lived in Bristol.
http://wn.com/John_Beddoe
Joseph Deniker
Joseph Deniker (March 6, 1852, Astrakhan – March 18, 1918, Paris) was a French naturalist and anthropologist, known primarily for his attempts to develop highly-detailed maps of race in Europe.
http://wn.com/Joseph_Deniker
Joshua Prawer
Joshua Prawer (; November 22, 1917–April 30, 1990) was a notable Israeli historian and a scholar of the Crusades and Kingdom of Jerusalem.
http://wn.com/Joshua_Prawer
Kabardinski
http://wn.com/Kabardinski
Lapps
http://wn.com/Lapps
Larry King
Lawrence Harvey "Larry" King (born November 19, 1933) is an American television and radio host.
http://wn.com/Larry_King
Lebanese people
Ethnic group
http://wn.com/Lebanese_people
Liam Donaldson
Sir Liam Joseph Donaldson (b. 3 May 1949, Middlesbrough, England, UK) is currently the Chief Medical Officer for England, the 15th occupant of the post since it was established in 1855. As such he is principal advisor to the United Kingdom Government on health matters and one of the most senior officials in the National Health Service (NHS).
http://wn.com/Liam_Donaldson
Lothrop Stoddard
Theodore Lothrop Stoddard (June 29, 1883 – May 1, 1950) was an American political scientist, historian, journalist, anthropologist, eugenicist, pacifist, and anti-immigration advocate who wrote a number of books which are often cited as prominent examples of early 20th-century scientific racism.
http://wn.com/Lothrop_Stoddard
Madison Grant
Madison Grant (November 19, 1865 – May 30, 1937) was an American lawyer, historian and physical anthropologist, known primarily for his work as a eugenicist and conservationist. As a eugenicist, Grant was responsible for one of the most famous works of scientific racism, and played an active role in crafting strong immigration restriction and anti-miscegenation laws in the United States.
http://wn.com/Madison_Grant
Mariah Carey
Mariah Carey (born March 27, 1970) is an American R&B; singer-songwriter, record producer and actress. She made her recording debut, in 1990, under the guidance of Columbia Records executive Tommy Mottola and became the first recording artist to have her first five singles top the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Following her marriage to Mottola, in 1993, a series of hit records established her position as Columbia's highest-selling act. In 1998, Carey received the World Music Awards for becoming the "World's Best Selling Recording Artist of the 1990's" as well as the award for "World's Best Selling R&B; Artist."
http://wn.com/Mariah_Carey
Mingrelians
http://wn.com/Mingrelians
Non-Hispanic Whites
The terms Non-Hispanic Whites or White, Not Hispanic refers to people in the United States, as defined by the Census Bureau, who are of the white race but not of Hispanic or Latino origin/ethnicity. They are of white race from colonial origin, Europe, North Africa, Middle East, South Asia,Canada, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The majority of Hispanic and Latino Americans are white; like the overall non-Hispanic population of the United States, Hispanics and Latinos can be of any race: white, black, Asian, etc, as race and ethnicity are considered independent of each other. Since the population of descendants of people from Spain in the United States is vastly outnumbered by those from Spain's former colonies, the Non-Hispanic White category can also be effectively used to give a good estimate of the directly descended European population in the United States (European Americans).
http://wn.com/Non-Hispanic_Whites
Norwegian people
http://wn.com/Norwegian_people
Ottoman Empire
http://wn.com/Ottoman_Empire
Palestinian Chilean
http://wn.com/Palestinian_Chilean
Palestinian people
http://wn.com/Palestinian_people
Palestinians
http://wn.com/Palestinians
Pedro Rossello
http://wn.com/Pedro_Rossello
Persian people
Ethnic group|group = Persian Speakers
http://wn.com/Persian_people
Poles
The Polish people, or Poles ( , singular Polak) are the inhabitants of Poland and Polish emigrants irrespective of their ancestry. Their religion is predominantly Roman Catholic. As a nation, they are bounded by the Polish language, which belongs to the Lechitic subgroup of west slavic languages of Central Europe. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora exists throughout Western and Eastern Europe, the Americas and Australia. Polish citizens live predominantly in Poland.
http://wn.com/Poles
Polish people
http://wn.com/Polish_people
Portuguese American
Portuguese Americans are citizens of the United States whose ancestry originates in the southwest European nation of Portugal, including the offshore island groups of the Azores and Madeira.
http://wn.com/Portuguese_American
Portuguese people
The Portuguese () are an ethnic group or nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of south-west Europe. Their language is Portuguese, and Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion.
http://wn.com/Portuguese_people
Proto-Indo-Europeans
The Proto-Indo-Europeans were the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), a reconstructed prehistoric language.
http://wn.com/Proto-Indo-Europeans
Puerto Rican people
http://wn.com/Puerto_Rican_people
Robert Knox
:For the 17th century adventurer see Robert Knox (sailor); for the deceased Harry Potter actor see Rob Knox; for the 1960s Mayor of Berwick-upon-Tweed see Robert Knox (politician)
http://wn.com/Robert_Knox
Sami people
http://wn.com/Sami_people
Scottish people
The Scottish people (Scots Gaelic: Albannaich), or Scots, are a nation and ethnic group native to Scotland. Historically they emerged from an amalgamation of the Celtic Picts (east) and the Gaels (west), incorporating neighbouring Britons as well as Germanic peoples such as the Anglo-Saxons and the Norse.
http://wn.com/Scottish_people
Scottish People
http://wn.com/Scottish_People
Scythians
The Scythians or Scyths (, ) were an ancient Iranian people of horse-riding nomadic pastoralists who throughout Classical Antiquity dominated the Pontic-Caspian steppe, known at the time as Scythia. They were believed to have ranged west of the Altai Mountains until 2006, when a royal burial was found to the east in Mongolia. By Late Antiquity the closely-related Sarmatians came to dominate the Scythians in the west. Much of the surviving information about the Scythians comes from the Greek historian Herodotus (c. 440 BC) in his Histories and Ovid in his poem of exile Epistulae ex Ponto, and archaeologically from the depictions of Scythian life shown in relief on exquisite goldwork found in Scythian burial mounds in Ukraine and Southern Russia.
http://wn.com/Scythians
Semitic
http://wn.com/Semitic
Sephardic Jews
http://wn.com/Sephardic_Jews
Serbs
Serbs (, Romanization: Srbi ) are a native Balkan South Slavic ethnic group. Majority of Serbs live in their ancestral lands in Central Europe and the Balkans (Southeastern Europe), between the Balkan and Carpathian mountains, in the east, and the Adriatic sea, in the west. Significant percentage of Serb people live in diaspora. The total world Serbian population, however, is difficult to measure. Serbs are located mainly in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Serbs are also a significant minority in other republics of the Former Yugoslavia- primarily Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia and Slovenia. Serbs are an officially recognized minority in both Romania and Hungary, as well as Albania and Slovakia. There is a large Serbian diaspora in Western Europe especially in Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and Austria, as well as in France and Italy (which also contains a historical Serb community). More than a million people of Serbian origin live in German speaking countries: Luxembourg (1%), Austria (1,8%), Switzerland (1%), and Germany (~1%).
http://wn.com/Serbs
Silesians
http://wn.com/Silesians
Spaniards
http://wn.com/Spaniards
Spanish people
Spanish people or Spaniards constitute the European nation and ethnic group native of Spain, in the Iberian Peninsula, which forms the southwest of Europe. The Spanish nationality is in essence made up of regional nationalities, reflecting the complex history of Spain. Spain, in its current boundaries, was formed out of a number of predecessor kingdoms in the late 15th century as a result of the Reconquista and the War of the Castilian Succession.
http://wn.com/Spanish_people
Swiss people
The Swiss (, , , ) are citizens and/or natives of Switzerland. The demonym derives from the toponym of Schwyz and has been in widespread use to refer to the Old Swiss Confederacy since the 16th century.
http://wn.com/Swiss_people
Thomas Henry Huxley
http://wn.com/Thomas_Henry_Huxley
Thomas Huxley
http://wn.com/Thomas_Huxley
Turkic peoples
The Turks (or Turkics) are peoples residing in northern, central and western Asia, Mongolia, southern Siberia and northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds. The term Turkic represents a broad ethno-linguistic group of people including existing societies such as the Chuvashes, Kazakhs, Tatars, Kyrgyzs, Turkish, Turkmen, Uyghur, Uzbeks, Bashkirs, Qashqai, Gagauzs, Yakuts, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Karakalpaks, Karachays, Krymchaks, Nogais and as well as past civilizations such as the Kumans, Kipchaks, Avars, Turgeshs, Seljuks, Khazars, Ottomans, Mamluks, Timurids, and possibly the Xiongnu and Huns.
http://wn.com/Turkic_peoples
Ukrainian people
http://wn.com/Ukrainian_people
Ukrainians in Russia
The Ukrainians in Russia make up the largest single Ukrainian diaspora of the Ukrainian people. Officially there are 2,942,961 Ukrainians living in Russia or just over 2% of the total population making them the third largest ethnic group after ethnic Russians and Tatars in the Russian Federation.
http://wn.com/Ukrainians_in_Russia
Vandals
The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century, perhaps best known for their sack of Rome in 455. Although they were not notably more destructive than other invaders of ancient times, Renaissance and Early Modern writers who idealized Rome tended to blame the Vandals for its destruction. This led to the coinage of "vandalism", meaning senseless destruction, particularly the defacing of artworks that were completed with great effort.
http://wn.com/Vandals
Volga Germans
The Volga Germans ( or Russlanddeutsche, , Povolzhskie nemtsy) were ethnic Germans living along the River Volga in the region of southern European Russia around Saratov and to the south. They maintained German culture, language, traditions and churches: Lutherans, Reformed, Roman Catholics, and Mennonites. Many Volga Germans emigrated to the Midwestern United States, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and other countries in the 19th and early 20th centuries. During World War II, many died in Soviet labour camps. In the late 20th century, many of the remaining ethnic Germans moved to Germany.
http://wn.com/Volga_Germans
White Africans
http://wn.com/White_Africans
White American
White American (often used interchangeably with "Caucasian American" and, within the United States, simply "white") is an umbrella term officially employed by some U.S. government agencies, per standards issued by the Office of Management and Budget, for the classification of United States citizens or resident aliens "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa". Like all U.S. racial categories, White American has a "Not Hispanic or Latino" and a "Hispanic or Latino" component, the latter consisting mostly of White Mexican Americans.
http://wn.com/White_American
White Cuban
http://wn.com/White_Cuban
White Mexican
A White Mexican is a Mexican citizen of predominantly European descent. Although Mexico does not have a racial census, some international organizations believe that Mexican people of predominantly European descent make approximately one-sixth of the country's population, or about 18.9 million people, thus making Mexico's white population the third largest in Latin America, after only those of Brazil and Argentina, respectively. They are found in all regions of the country, but are most common in the northern, central and western states.
http://wn.com/White_Mexican
White South African
White South African is a term which refers to people from South Africa who are of Caucasian descent. In linguistic, cultural and historical terms, they are generally divided into the Afrikaans-speaking descendants of mainly Dutch, German and French settlers, known as Afrikaners, and the English-speaking Anglo-Africans who share an Anglophone background (mainly of British and Irish descent).
http://wn.com/White_South_African
Whites in Africa
http://wn.com/Whites_in_Africa
Whites in Kenya
http://wn.com/Whites_in_Kenya
William Z. Ripley
William Zebina Ripley (October 13, 1867 – August 16, 1941) was an American economist, lecturer at Columbia University, professor of economics at MIT, professor of political economics at Harvard University, and racial theorist. Ripley was famous for his criticisms of American railroad economics and American business practices in the 1920s and 1930s and later his tripartite racial theory of Europe. His work of racial anthropology was later taken up by physical anthropologists, eugenicists and white nationalists.
http://wn.com/William_Z_Ripley
Winthrop Jordan
Winthrop Donaldson Jordan (November 11, 1931 – February 23, 2007) was a professor of history and renowned writer on the history of slavery and the origins of racism in the United States.
http://wn.com/Winthrop_Jordan
Xenophon
http://wn.com/Xenophon

George Carlin on white people

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published: 20 Jul 2007

Dear White People...

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published: 13 Jun 2012

Louis CK - Being White

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published: 27 Nov 2008

Dave Chappelle - White People

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published: 04 Oct 2008

White People

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published: 02 Dec 2007

Shit White Girls Say...to Black Girls

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published: 04 Jan 2012

Can white people say nigger ?

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published: 23 Oct 2009

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Nikon - WHY

Nikon D4 Release Video It's here! The Nikon D4 has arrived and it is a freaking HOT camer...

published: 06 Jan 2012

Author: Corey Rich

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File - President Barack Obama disembarks Air Force One upon arrival at Joplin Regional Airport in Joplin, Missouri, May 21, 2012.

Did Obama Just Play His Iran Card?

WorldNews.com

24 Oct 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling By the time President Richard Nixon told his Chinese hosts during a banquet toast, "Let us start a long march together, not in lockstep, but on different...

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Photo: AP / Khin Maung Win

Myanmar Buddhist monks march, protesting against plans to open office of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), in Yangon, Myanmar, Monday, Oct. 15, 2012.

Muslims flee Myanmar as unrest continues

New Straits/Business Times

25 Oct 2012

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Waves, brought by Hurricane Sandy, crash on a house in the Caribbean Terrace neighborhood in eastern Kingston, Jamaica, Wednesday, Oct. 24, 2012.

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Yahoo Daily News

25 Oct 2012

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Photo: U.S. Army Courtesy

Soldiers of the 6th Battalion, 2nd Brigade, 203rd Afghan National Army Corp and Soldiers of 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment, 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division, conducted dismounted patrol to an outpost in Paktika Province, Afghanistan, June 21, 2012.

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23 Oct 2012

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Novosti

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US futures sharply lower ahead of GDP report 26 Oct 2012

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European Union Awards Rights Prize to Jailed Iranians 26 Oct 2012

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Hurricane Sandy: How to prepare for the storm 26 Oct 2012

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Australia: The Fleurieu peninsula - a land of top tucker 26 Oct 2012

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"Whites" redirects here. For other uses, see White (disambiguation).

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v t e

White people (also the Caucasian race) is a term usually referring to human beings characterized (at least in part) by the light pigmentation of their skin. Rather than being a straightforward description of skin color, the term white denotes a specific set of ethnic groups and functions as a color metaphor for race.

The most commonly-used definition of "white person" is "a person with a visible degree of European ancestry".^[1] However, the definition of "white person" differs according to geographical and historical context. Various social constructions of whiteness have had implications in terms of national identity, consanguinity, public policy, religion, population statistics, racial segregation, affirmative action, eugenics, racial marginalization and racial quotas. The concept has been applied with varying degrees of formality and internal consistency in disciplines including sociology, politics, genetics, biology, medicine, biomedicine, language, culture and law.

1 History of the term
- 1.1 Antiquity and Middle Ages: Occasional physical description
- 1.2 "White people" and modern racial hierarchies
  - 1.2.1 White people as a social category
  - 1.2.2 White people in the science of race
2 White skin
- 2.1 Origins of light skin
3 Census and social definitions in different regions
4 European-descended peoples
- 4.1 Historical populations
- 4.2 Contemporary populations
5 References
6 Bibliography

History of the term [link]

The notion of "white people" or a "white race" as a large group of populations contrasting with non-white or "colored" originates in the 17th century. Pragmatic description of populations as "white" in reference to their skin color predates this notion and is found in Greco-Roman ethnography and other ancient sources.

Antiquity and Middle Ages: Occasional physical description [link]

1820 drawing of a Book of Gates fresco of the tomb of Seti I, depicting (from left) four groups of people: Berbers, Nubians, Levantine, Egyptian.^[2]

In the literature of the Ancient Near East and Classical Antiquity, descriptions of the physical aspect of various nations in terms of color is commonplace.

The Sumerians referred to themselves as ùĝ saĝ gíg-ga, meaning "the black-headed people".^[3]Vicki Leone contrasts this in her book Uppity Women of Ancient Times, noting that the Sumerians paintings and mosaics depict a people possessing dark blue eyes.^[4]^{[clarification needed]} The Ancient Egyptian (New Kingdom) funerary text known as the Book of Gates distinguishes "four races of men". These are the Egyptians, the Levantine peoples or "Asiatics", the "Nubians" and the "fair-skinned Libyans".^[5]

Xenophon describes the Ethiopians as black, and the Persian troops as white compared to the sun-tanned skin of Greek troops.^[6] Herodotus similarly used Melanchroes "dark-skinned" for the Egyptians and he compared them to the Aithiopsi "burned-faced" for the Ethiopians. Herodotus also describes the Scythian Budini as having deep blue eyes and bright red hair.^[7]

These color adjectives are typically found in contrast to the "standard" set by the own group, not as a self-description. Classicist James Dee found that, "the Greeks do not describe themselves as "white people"—or as anything else because they had no regular word in their color vocabulary for themselves—and we can see that the concept of a distinct 'white race' was not present in the ancient world."^[8]

Assignment of positive and negative connotations of white and black date to the classical period in a number of Indo-European languages, but these differences were not applied to skin color per se. Religious conversion was described figuratively as a change in skin color.^[8] Similarly, the Rigveda uses krsna tvac "black skin" as a metaphor for irreligiosity.^[9]

The pseudo-Aristotelian Physiognomica (2nd century BC) in keeping with the Aristotelian doctrine of the golden mean postulates that the ideal skin tone was to be found somewhere between very dark and very light:

"Those who are too black are cowards, like for instance, the Egyptians and Ethiopians. But those who are excessively white are also cowards as we can see from the example of women and Europeans, the complexion of courage is between the two."^[10]

Similar views were held by a number of Arabic writers during the time of the medieval Caliphate period. Some Arabs at the time viewed their "swarthy" skin as the ideal skin tone, in comparison to the darker Sub-Saharan Africans and the fairer "ruddy people" (which included Levantines, Persians, Turks, North Caucasians, South Caucasian and Europeans).^[11]

"White people" and modern racial hierarchies [link]

The term "white race" or "white people" entered the major European languages in the later 17th century, originating with the racialization of slavery at the time, in the context of the Atlantic slave trade and enslavement of native peoples in the Spanish Empire. While first a social category, it has repeatedly been ascribed to strains of blood, ancestry, and physical traits, and was eventually made into a subject of scientific research, which culminated in scientific racism, before being widely repudiated by the scientific community. According to historian Irene Silverblatt, "Race thinking … made social categories into racial truths."^[12] Bruce David Baum, citing the work of Ruth Frankenberg, states, "the history of modern racist domination has been bound up with the history of how European peoples defined themselves (and sometimes some other peoples) as members of a superior 'white race.'"^[13]

According to Gregory Jay, a professor of English at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee,

Before the age of exploration, group differences were largely based on language, religion, and geography. ... the European had always reacted a bit hysterically to the differences of skin color and facial structure between themselves and the populations encountered in Africa, Asia, and the Americas (see, for example, Shakespeare's dramatization of racial conflict in Othello and The Tempest). Beginning in the 1500s, Europeans began to develop what became known as "scientific racism," the attempt to construct a biological rather than cultural definition of race ... Whiteness, then, emerged as what we now call a "pan-ethnic" category, as a way of merging a variety of European ethnic populations into a single "race" ...

—Gregory Jay, "Who Invented White People?"^[14]

White people as a social category [link]

A three-part racial schema in color terms was used in seventeenth century Latin America under Spanish rule.^[15] Irene Silverblatt traces "race thinking" in South America to the social categories of colonialism and state formation: "White, black, and brown are abridged, abstracted versions of colonizer, slave, and colonized.^[16] "The term white came into wide use in the British colonies in America from the 1680s.^[8]^[17]

White people in the science of race [link]

18th century beginnings [link]

In 1758, Carolus Linnaeus proposed what he considered to be natural taxonomic categories of the human species. He distinguished between Homo sapiens and Homo sapiens europaeus, and he later added four geographical subdivisions of humans: white Europeans, red Americans, yellow Asians and black Africans. Although Linnaeus intended them as objective classifications, he used both taxonomical and cultural data in his subdivision descriptions.^[18]

In 1775, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach described the white race as "the white color holds the first place, such as it is that most Europeans. The redness of cheeks in this variety is almost peculiar to it: at all events it is but seldom seen in the rest... Color white, Cheeks rosy".^[19] He categorized humans into five races, which largely corresponded with Linnaeus' classifications, except for the addition of Oceanians (whom he called Malay).^[18] He characterized the racial classification scheme of Metzger as making "two principal varieties as extremes:(1) the white man native of Europe, of the northern parts of Asia, America and Africa.."^[20], and the racial classification scheme of John Hunter as having, "seven varieties:... (6) brownish as the southern Europeans, Turks, Abyssinians, Samoiedes and Lapps; (7) white, as the remaining Europeans, the Mingrelians and Kabardinski"^[20]. Blumenbach is known for arguing that physical characteristics like skin color, cranial profile, etc., were correlated with group character and aptitude. Craniometry and phrenology would attempt to make physical appearance correspond with racial categories. The fairness and relatively high brows of Caucasians were held to be apt physical expressions of a loftier mentality and a more generous spirit. The epicanthic folds around the eyes of Mongolians and their slightly sallow outer epidermal layer bespoke their supposedly crafty, literal-minded nature.

Later in life, Blumenbach encountered in Switzerland "eine zum Verlieben schöne Négresse" ("a Negress so beautiful to fall in love with"). Further anatomical study led him to the conclusion that 'individual Africans differ as much, or even more, from other individual Africans as Europeans differ from Europeans'. Furthermore he concluded that Africans were not inferior to the rest of mankind 'concerning healthy faculties of understanding, excellent natural talents and mental capacities'.^[21] These later ideas were far less influential than his earlier assertions with regard to the perceived relative qualities of the different races, which opened the way to secular and scientific racism.^[22]

In a 1775 work, Von den verschiedenen Rassen der Menschen ("Of [About] The Different Races of Humans"), German philosopher Immanuel Kant used the term weiß (white) to refer to "the white one [race] of northern Europe" (p. 267).^[20]

19th and 20th century: the "Caucasian race"[link]

Huxley's map of racial categories from On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind (1870). ^[23] Huxley's Xanthochroi or "light whites" are shown in red. They gradually blend into the category of Melanochroi or "dark whites" (shown in pink) in Southern Europe and North Africa, and into the Mongoloids B category ( light brown) in Eastern Europe and Scandinavia. Blending of all three types mentioned is indicated for the Balkans, Anatolia, the Levant, Persia and Northern India.

Main article: Caucasian race

The study into race and ethnicity in the 18th and 19th centuries developed into what would later be termed scientific racism. During the period of the mid-19th to mid-20th century,^[24] race scientists, including most physical anthropologists classified the world's populations into three, four, or five races, which, depending on the authority consulted, were further divided into various sub-races. During this period the Caucasian race, named after people of the North Caucasus (Caucasus Mountains) but extending to all Europeans, figured as one of these races, and was incorporated as a formal category of both scientific research and, in countries including the United States, social classification.

Meyers Blitz-Lexikon (Leipzig, 1932) divides "Europäid" into various types. Heinrich Kiepert is shown.

There was never any scholarly consensus on the delineation between the Caucasian race, including the populations of Europe, and the Mongoloid one, including the populations of East Asia. Thus, Carleton S. Coon (1939) included the populations native to all of Central and Northern Asia under the Caucasian label, while Thomas Henry Huxley (1870) classified the same populations as Mongoloid, and Lothrop Stoddard (1920) excluded the populations of the Middle East and North Africa as well as those of Central Asia, classifying them as "brown", and counted as "white" only the European peoples.

Some authorities, following Huxley (1870), distinguished the Xanthochroi or "light whites" of Northern Europe with the Melanochroi or "dark whites" of the Mediterranean.

21st century [link]

Alastair Bonnett has stated that, a strong "current of scientific research supports the theory that Europeans were but one expression of a wider racial group (termed sometimes Caucasian), a group that included peoples from Asia and North Africa".^[1]^[25] Bonnett, does, however, note that this is not a commonplace definition: in Europe and North America the inclusion of non-Europeans is a "technicality little favoured outside certain immigration bureaucracies and traditional anthropology."^[1]

Raj Bhopal and Liam Donaldson opine that white people are a heterogeneous group, and the term white should therefore be abandoned as a classification for the purposes of epidemiology and health research, and identifications based on geographic origin and migration history be used instead.^[26]

White skin [link]

Main article: Human skin color

Map of indigenous skin color distribution in the world based on Von Luschan's chromatic scale.

White people are archetypically distinguished by light skin. Europeans have lighter skin (as measured by population average skin reflectance read by spectrophotometer at A₆₈₅) than any other group that was measured. Southern Europeans (measures taken from Spaniards) show a skin pigmentation in parts of the body not exposed to the sun similar to that of Northern Europeans and, in some cases, even lighter.^[27] While all mean values of skin reflectance of non-European populations are lower than Europeans for the groups represented in this study, there is significant overlap between populations.^[28] This observation has been noted by the Supreme Court of the United States, which stated in a 1923 lawsuit over whiteness that the "swarthy brunette[s] ... are darker than some of the lighter hued persons of the brown or yellow races".^[29] The epidermis of light skinned people is not white nor free of pigment. The underlying layers of collagen and adipose tissue are white in people of all races. In lightly pigmented people, the epidermis is an almost transparent layer of film. Consequently the epidermis allows the underlying white tissues to become visible.^[30] Blood vessels interlaced between the adipose tissue produce the pale pink color associated with light skin. Pigments known as carotenes found in the fat produce a more yellow effect. In darker skinned people the epidermis is filled with melanosomes that obscure the underlying layers.^[31]^[32]^[33]

Origins of light skin [link]

Census and social definitions in different regions [link]

Regions with significant populations

Official census statistics identifying "white people".

United States	223,553,265	^[50]
Russia	125,000,000	^[51]
Brazil	92,000,000	^[52]
England	44,679,361	^[53]
Cuba	7,271,926	^[54]
Scotland	4,960,334	^[55]
South Africa	4,472,100	^[56]
Puerto Rico	3,064,862	^[57]
Wales	2,841,505	^[58]

Further information: Whiteness studies

Definitions of white have changed over the years, including the official definitions used in many countries, such as the United States and Brazil.^[59] Some defied official regulations through the phenomenon of "passing", many of them becoming white people, either temporarily or permanently. Through the mid-to-late 20th century, numerous countries had formal legal standards or procedures defining racial categories (see cleanliness of blood, apartheid in South Africa, hypodescent). However, as critiques of racism and scientific arguments against the existence of race arose, a trend towards self-identification of racial status arose. Below are some census definitions of white, which may differ from the social definition of white within the same country. The social definition has also been added where possible.

Argentina [link]

Main articles: Ethnography of Argentina and Argentines of European descent

Argentina, along with other areas of new settlement like Canada, Australia, New Zealand or the United States, is considered a country of immigrants where the vast majority originated from Europe.^[60] Although no official censuses based on ethnic classification have been carried out in Argentina, some international sources state that White Argentines and other whites (Europeans and Middle-Easterners) in Argentina make up somewhere between 89.7%^[61] (around 36.7 million people) and 85.8%^[62] (34.4 million) of the total population. White people can be found in all areas of the country, but especially in the central-eastern region (Pampas), the central-western region (Cuyo), the southern region (Patagonia) and the north-eastern region (Litoral).

White Argentines are mainly descendants of immigrants who came from Europe and the Middle East in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.^[63]^[64] After the regimented Spanish colonists, waves of European settlers came to Argentina from the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. Major contributors included Italy (initially from Piedmont, Veneto and Lombardy, later from Campania, Calabria, and Sicily),^[65] and Spain (most are Galicians and Basques, but there are Asturians, Cantabrians, Catalans, and Andalusians). Smaller but significant numbers of immigrants include Germans, primarily Volga Germans from Russia, but also Germans from Germany, Switzerland, and Austria; French which mainly came from the Occitania region of France; Portuguese, which already conformed an important community since colonial times; Slavic groups, most of which were Croats, Bosniaks, Poles, but also Ukrainians, Belarussians, Russians, Bulgarians, Serbs and Montenegrins; Brits, mainly from England and Wales; Irish who left from the Potato famine or British rule; Scandinavians from Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway; from the Ottoman Empire came mainly Armenians and Arabs (from what are now of Lebanon and Syria). Smaller waves of settlers from Australia and South Africa, and the United States can be traced in Argentine immigration records.

The majority of Argentina's Jewish community derives from immigrants of north and eastern European origin (Ashkenazi Jews), and about 15–20% from Sephardic groups from Syria. Argentina is home to the fifth largest Ashkenazi Jewish community in the world. (See also History of the Jews in Argentina).

By the 1910s, after immigration rates peaked, over 30 percent of the country's population was from outside Argentina, and over half of Buenos Aires' population was foreign-born.^[66]^[67] However, the 1914 National Census revealed that around 80% of the national population were either European immigrants, their children or grandchildren.^[68] Among the remaining 20 percent (those descended from the population residing locally before this immigrant wave took shape in the 1870s), around a third were white.^[69] European immigration continued to account for over half the nation's population growth during the 1920s, and was again significant (albeit in a smaller wave) following World War II.^[68] It is estimated that Argentina received a total amount of 6.6 million European and Middle-Eastern immigrants during the period 1857-1940.^[70]

White Argentines, therefore, likely peaked as a percentage of the national population at over 90% on or shortly after the 1947 census. Since the 1960s, increasing immigration from bordering countries to the north (especially from Bolivia and Paraguay, which have Amerindian and Mestizo majorities) has lessened that majority somewhat.^[68]

Criticism of the national census state that data has historically been collected using the category of national origin rather than race in Argentina, leading to undercounting Afro-Argentines and mestizos.^[71] Africa Viva (Living Africa) is a black rights group in Buenos Aires with the support of the Organization of American States, financial aid from the World Bank and Argentina's census bureau is working to add an "Afro-descendants" category to the 2010 census. The 1887 national census was the final year where blacks were included as a separate category before it was eliminated by the government.^[72]

Australia [link]

Further information: European Australian and White Australian

From 1788, when the first British colony in Australia was founded, until the early 19th century, most immigrants to Australia were English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish convicts. These were augmented by small numbers of free settlers from the British Isles and other European countries. However, until the mid-19th century, there were few restrictions on immigration, although members of ethnic minorities tended to be assimilated into the Anglo-Celtic populations.

People of many nationalities, including many non-white people, emigrated to Australia during the goldrushes of the 1850s. However, the vast majority was still white and the goldrushes inspired the first racist activism and policy, directed mainly at Chinese people.

From the late 19th century, the Colonial/State and later federal governments of Australia restricted all permanent immigration to the country by non-Europeans. These policies became known as the "White Australia policy", which was consolidated and enabled by the Immigration Restriction Act 1901,^[73] but was never universally applied. Immigration inspectors were empowered to ask immigrants to take dictation from any European language as a test for admittance, a test used in practice to exclude people from Asia, Africa, and some European and South American countries, depending on the political climate.

Although they were not the prime targets of the policy, it was not until after World War II that large numbers of southern European and eastern European immigrants were admitted for the first time.^[74] Following this, the White Australia Policy was relaxed in stages: non-European nationals who could demonstrate European descent were admitted (e.g., descendants of European colonizers and settlers from Latin America or Africa), as were autochthonous inhabitants of various nations from the Middle East, most significantly from Lebanon. In 1973, all immigration restrictions based on race and/or geographic origin were officially terminated.

Brazil [link]

Main article: White Brazilian

Recent censuses in Brazil are conducted on the basis of self-identification. In the 2000 census, 53.7% of Brazilians (approximately 93 million people in 2000) were White and 39.1% Pardo or multiracial Brazilians; but in 2008 a new National Survey of Household was conducted, and the percentage of Brazilians who self-identified as "Brancos" diminished to 48.4% (92 million people), while the Pardos increased up to 43.8%.^[75]

This significant percentage change is considered to be caused by people who used to identify themselves as White and now reappreciated their African and/or Amerindian and/or East Asian ancestry, and so they changed their self-identification to "Pardo" and "Asian" (also, the differences of income, life standards and birth/death rate between self-described fair-skinned and grayish-brown-skinned Brazilians — the literal meanings of branco and pardo, the predominant origin in both of these groups according to genetic research is race mixed with mostly European ancestry, from about 75% in the least European-descendant pardos to about 90% in the most European-descendant brancos according to the Brazilian region in which the study was done — can interfere in their growth rate, thus Brazilians of "racial minorities", mainly the Pardo, the only one which surpass 10%, would being surpassing White Brazilians not only by a change of identity but also by birth rate).

White in Brazil is applied as a term to people of European descent (including European Jews), and Middle Easterners of all faiths. The census shows a trend of fewer Brazilians of a different descent (most likely mixed) identifying as white people as their social status increases.^[76]^[77] Nevertheless, light-skinned mulattoes and mestizos with Caucasian features were also historically deemed as more closely related to the branco Middle Easterner and European descendants' group than the pardo "grayish-skinned" multiracial one by a sort of unique social constructs, especially among those multiracials with non-Portuguese European ancestry, and such change of identities actually can mean more of a westernization of the concept of race in Brazil (mixed ancestry, as explained below, is not a factor against in historical definitions of whiteness in Brazil) than a change in the self-esteem of "marginalized and unconscious multiracial populations trying to paint themselves as white in a hopeful attempt to deny their unprivileged person of color status", as common sense among some Brazilians and foreigners is used to state.

Aside from Portuguese colonization, there were large waves of immigration from Southern, Western, Northern, Central and Eastern Europe as well Balkans and the Middle East in Brazil, the fourth largest number of the Americas just after United States, Canada and Argentina. But these communities of European and Middle Eastern descent also mostly have members with some Subsaharan African and/or Amerindian ancestry nowadays, since not only the White population of Portuguese origin which absorved most of the descendants of the immigrants via intermarriage carried them, but interracial marriages and relationships in Brazil were common among most ethnic groups, all of them after 2 or 3 generations in the country, with many White Brazilian children being the offspring from Europeans or Middle Easterners and afrodescendant multiracials or persons of Amerindian/East Asian origin. Non-Portuguese ancestry generally is associated to a image of "foreigner", "European", and as such contributed to achieving whiter social perceptions in the colour scale of the Brazilian society, even if the person is noticeably of mixed origins.

Canada [link]

In the results of Statistics Canada's 2001 Canadian Census, white is one category in the population groups data variable, derived from data collected in question 19 (the results of this question are also used to derive the visible minority groups variable).^[78]

In the 1995 Employment Equity Act, '"members of visible minorities" means persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour'. In the 2001 Census, persons who selected Chinese, South Asian, African, Filipino, Latin American, Southeast Asian, Arab, West Asian, Middle Eastern, Japanese or Korean were included in the visible minority population.^[79] A separate census question on "cultural or ethnic origin" (question 17) does not refer to skin color.^[80]

Chile [link]

Main article: Demographics of Chile

In 2009, Chile had an estimated population of 16,970,000, of which approximately 8.8 million or 52.7% are of European descent, with mestizos estimated at 44%.^[81] Other studies found a white majority measured at 64% to 90% of the Chilean population.^[82]^[83] Chile's various waves of immigrants consisted Spanish, Italians, Irish, French, Greeks, Germans, English, Scots, Croats, and Palestinian arrivals.

The largest ethnic group in Chile arrived from Spain and the Basque regions in the south of France. Estimates of the number of Basque descendants in Chile range from 10% (1,600,000) to as high as 27% (4,500,000).^[84]^[85] ^[86] ^[87] ^[88]^[89]^[90]^[91]

In 1848, an important and substantial German immigration took place, laying the foundation for the German-Chilean community. Sponsored by the Chilean government for the colonization of the southern region, the Germans (including German-speaking Swiss, Silesians, Alsatians and Austrians), strongly influenced the cultural and racial composition of the southern provinces of Chile. The German Embassy in Chile estimated 500,000 to 600,000 Chileans are of German origin.^[92]

It is estimated that nearly 5% of the Chilean population is of Asian descent, chiefly from the Middle East, i.e., Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese, totalling around 800,000.^[93]^[94] Note that Israelis, both Jewish and non-Jewish citizens of the nation of Israel may be included. Chile is home to a large population of immigrants, mostly Christian, from the Levant.^[95] Roughly 500,000 Palestinian descendants are believed to reside in Chile.^[96]^[97]^[98]^[99]^[100]

Another historically significant immigrant group is Croatian. The number of their descendants today is estimated to be 380,000 persons, the equivalent of 2.4% of the population.^[101]^[102] Other authors claim, on the other hand, that close to 4.6% of the Chilean population must have some Croatian ancestry.^[103] Over 700,000 Chileans may have British (English, Scottish or Welsh) origin. 4.5% of Chile's population.^[104] Chileans of Greek descent are estimated 90,000 to 120,000.^[105] Most of them live either in the Santiago area or in the Antofagasta area, and Chile is one of the 5 countries with the most descendants of Greeks in the world.^[106] The descendants of the Swiss reach 90,000^[107] and it is estimated that about 5% of the Chilean population has some French ancestry.^[108] 600,000 to 800,000 are of Italian descent. Other groups of Europeans have followed, but are found in smaller numbers. Together they transformed the country culturally, economically and politically.

Costa Rica [link]

In 2009, Costa Rica had an estimated population of 4,509,290. White people (includes mestizo) make up 94%, 3% of the remainder are black people, 1% are Amerindians, and 1% are Chinese. White Costa Ricans are mostly of Spanish ancestry, but there are also significant numbers of Costa Ricans descended from British Italian, German, English, Dutch, French, Irish, Portuguese, Lebanese and Polish families, as well a sizable Jewish community.^[109]

Cuba [link]

Main article: Demographics of Cuba

Contrary to most other Caribbean nations, Cuba became predominantly populated by European immigrants (followed in such regard by Puerto Rico). In 1958, it was estimated that approximately 74% of Cubans were of European ancestry, mainly of Spanish origin, 10% of African ancestry, 15% of both African and European ancestry (mulattos), and a small 1% of the population was Asian, predominantly Chinese. However, after the Cuban revolution, due to a combination of factors, mainly mass exodus to Miami, United States, a drastic decrease in immigration, and interracial reproduction, Cuba's demography has changed. As a result, those of complete European ancestry and those of pure African ancestry have decreased, the mulatto population has increased, and the Asian population has, for all intents and purposes, disappeared.

The 2002 census figures supplied by the Cuban regime claims that 65% of Cubans were white.^[110] However, the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami says the present Cuban population is 38% white and 62% black/mulatto.^[110] The Minority Rights Group International says that "An objective assessment of the situation of Afro-Cubans remains problematic due to scant records and a paucity of systematic studies both pre- and post-revolution. Estimates of the percentage of people of African descent in the Cuban population vary enormously, ranging from 33.9 per cent to 62 per cent".^[111]^[112]

According to the 2002 census, Cuba's population was 11,177,743.

Mexico [link]

Main article: White Mexican

The only time that the Mexican Government has asked Mexicans about their perception of their own racial heritage was in the 1921 census.^[113] 10% of the population answered that they were white. The Distrito Federal, in the Mexico City area, had the largest total of whites (206,514 of the 1.4 million nationwide), followed by Chihuahua (145,926), Sonora (115,151), Veracruz (114,150), and Mexico state (88,660), while in terms of percentage, the white population was most prominent in Sonora (41.85%), Chihuahua (36.33%), Baja California Sur (33.40%), Tabasco (27.56%), and Distrito Federal (22.79%). Since then, many new white immigrants have arrived, as was described above.

Norway [link]

According to the Norwegian Social Science Data Service, white is a possible answer to ethnic/people group category question. After Norwegians, Sami, Kvens and other Nordics, it is mentioned as white/European. Other categories are Asian, Black/African/Caribbean and "other".^[114]

Peru [link]

As of 2011^[update], the Peruvian population was reported to be composed of Amerindians: 45%,^[115] Mestizos: 37%,^[116] In the 1876 census, 57.6% of the population was classified as Indian, 24.8% as mestizo, 13.8% as white and 3.8% as black and Asian.^[117] According to Alberto Flores Galindo, "By the 1940 census, the last that utilized racial categories, mestizos were grouped with whites, and the two constituted more than 53% of the population."^[118]

Puerto Rico [link]

Official Census ^[119]^[120]^[121]
Year	White	Non-White
1830	50.1	49.9
1899	61.8	38.2
2000	80.5	19.5
2007	76.2	23.8
Racial composition (percentages) by the official Spanish and U.S census.

Main articles: Puerto Rican people and Demographics of Puerto Rico

Contrary to most other Caribbean nations, Puerto Rico gradually became predominantly populated by European immigrants. Puerto Ricans of European, mostly Spanish descent, are said to comprise the majority. (See: Spanish immigration to Puerto Rico). In 1899, one year after the U.S invaded and took control of the island, 61.8% of people self-identified as White. One hundred years later, the total has risen to 80.5% (3,064,862), one percent more than reported in 1950.^[122]

Hundreds from Corsica, France, Ireland, Scotland, Germany, Italy, Lebanon, and Portugal, along with large numbers of immigrants from Spain. This was the result of granted land from Spain during the Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815 (Royal Decree of Graces of 1815), which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with a certain amount of free land.

Between 1960 and 1990, the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or color. Racial categories therefore disappeared from the dominant discourse on the Puerto Rican nation. However, the 2000 census included a racial self-identification question in Puerto Rico and, for the first time ever, allowed respondents to choose more than one racial category to indicate mixed ancestry. (Only 4.2% chose two or more races.) With few variations, the census of Puerto Rico used the same questionnaire as in the U.S. mainland. This decision was a response to intense lobbying by former governor Pedro Rossello's administration to include Puerto Rico in federal census statistics, along with the fifty states. According to census reports, most islanders responded to the new federally mandated categories on race and ethnicity by insisting on their "whiteness"; few declared themselves to be Black or some other race.^[123]

South Africa [link]

Sign reserving a beach for the "white race group" (blanke rassegroep) in South Africa under apartheid.

White South Africans is a term which refers to people from South Africa who identify themselves as white, often as a consequence of the racial classification system under Apartheid. White South Africans are usually predominantly descended from settlers from European countries, such as the Netherlands, Germany, France, Portugal and Great Britain. The white proportion of the population has been decreasing—from 22% in 1911 to 9% in 2010.^[124] Statistics South Africa estimates that there are about 4.3 million white people in South Africa, while CIA estimates their numbers are closer to 5.2 million.^[125]—However, it is clear that all numbers are down from an all-time high of 5.6 million in 1995.^[126]

Prior to the decolonisation movements of the post-World War II era, white people were represented in every part of Africa.^[127] Decolonisation during the 1960s and 1970s often resulted in the mass emigration of European-descended settlers out of Africa—especially from Algeria (1.6 million pieds-noirs in North Africa),^[128] Angola (half-million whites),^[129] Kenya, Congo,^[130] Mozambique and Rhodesia. Nevertheless, White Africans remain an important minority in many African states. The African country with the largest White African population is South Africa.^[131]

Great Britain and Ireland [link]

Historical white identities [link]

Before the Industrial Revolutions in Europe whiteness may have been associated with social status. Aristocrats may have had less exposure to the sun and therefore a pale complexion may have been associated with status and wealth.^[132] This may be the origin of "blue blood" as a description of royalty, the skin being so lightly pigmented that the blueness of the veins could be clearly seen.^[133] The change in the meaning of white that occurred in the colonies (see above) to distinguish Europeans from non-Europeans did not apply to 'home' countries (England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales). Whiteness therefore retained a meaning associated with social status. During the 19th century, when the British Empire was at its peak, many of the bourgeoisie and aristocracy developed extremely chauvinistic attitudes to those of lower social rank. Edward Lhuyd discovered that Welsh, Gaelic, Cornish and Breton are all part of the same language family, which he called "Celtic", and were distinct from the Germanic English; this can be seen in context with 19th century romantic nationalism. On the other hand the discovery of Anglo-Saxon remains also led to a belief that the English were descended from a distinct Germanic lineage that was fundamentally (and racially) different from that of the Celts. Early British anthropologists such as John Beddoe and Robert Knox emphasised this distinction, and it was common to find texts that claimed that Welsh, Irish and Scottish people are the descendants of the indigenous more "primitive" inhabitants of the islands, while the English, are the descendants of a more advanced and recent "Germanic" migration. Beddoe especially postulated that the Welsh and Irish people are closer to the Cro-Magnon, whom he also considered Africanoid, and it was common to find references to the swarthyness of the skin of peoples from the west of the islands, by comparison to the more pale skinned and blond English residing in the east. For example Thomas Huxley's "On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind" (1870) described Irish, Scots and Welsh peoples as a mixture of "melanochroi" (melano—dark coloured), and "xanthochroi", while the English were "xanthochroi" (xanthro—yellow). Just as race reified whiteness in the colonies, so capitalism without social welfare reified whiteness with regards to social class in 19th century Britain and Ireland; this social distinction of whiteness became, over time, associated with racial difference. For example George Sims in How the poor live (1883) wrote of "...a dark continent that is within easy reach of the General Post Office... the wild races who inhabit it will, I trust, gain public sympathy as easily as [other] savage tribes"^[134] and Count Gobineau in The Inequality of Human Races wrote the following:

Every social order is founded upon three social classes, each of which represents a racial variety: the nobility, a more or less accurate reflection of the conquering race; the bourgeoisie composed of mixed stock coming close to the chief race; and the common people who live in servitude or at least in a very depressed position.^[135]

Modern and official use [link]

In the UK, the Office for National Statistics uses the term white as an ethnic category. The terms White British, White Irish, White Scottish and White Other are used. These classifications rely on individuals' self-identification, since it is recognised that ethnic identity is not an objective category.^[136]

Socially, in the UK white usually refers only to people of native British, Irish and European origin.^[137] In 2001 92.2% of the British population identified themselves as white, and 2006 estimates for England only, state the English population as 88.7% white. As of 2007, 22% of primary school children in England were from ethnic minority families.^[138]

United States [link]

Main article: United States Census, 2000

U.S Census 1790–2010 ^[139]^[140]
Year	Population	% of the U.S
1790	3,172,006	80.7
1800	4,306,446	81.1
1850	19,553,068	84.3
1900	66,809,196	87.9
1940	118,214,870	89.8 (highest)
1950	134,942,028	89.5
1980	188,371,622	83.1
2000	211,460,626	75.1 ^[141]
2010	223,553,265	72.4 ^[142] (lowest)

The current U.S. Census definition includes white "a person having origins in any of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa.^[142] The U.S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation describes white people as "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa through racial categories used in the UCR Program adopted from the Statistical Policy Handbook (1978) and published by the Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce.^[143] The "white" category in the UCR includes non-black Hispanics.^[144]

The cultural boundaries separating white Americans from other racial or ethnic categories are contested and always changing. According to John Tehranian, among those not considered white at some points in American history have been: the Irish, Germans, Jews, Italians, Spaniards, white Hispanics, Slavs, and Greeks.^[145] Studies have found that while current parameters officially encompassed Arabs as part of the White American racial category, many Arab Americans from places other than the Levant feel they are not white and are not perceived as white by American society."^[146]

Professor David R. Roediger of the University of Illinois, suggests that the construction of the white race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves.^[147] By the 18th century, white had become well established as a racial term. The process of officially being defined as white by law often came about in court disputes over pursuit of citizenship. The Immigration Act of 1790 offered naturalization only to "any alien, being a free white person". In at least 52 cases, people denied the status of white by immigration officials sued in court for status as white people. By 1923, courts had vindicated a "common-knowledge" standard, concluding that "scientific evidence" was incoherent. Legal scholar John Tehranian argues that in reality this was a "performance-based" standard, relating to religious practices, education, intermarriage and a community's role in the United States.^[148]

In 1923, the Supreme Court decided in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind that people of India were not "free white men" entitled to citizenship, despite anthropological evidence in "the extreme northwestern districts of India"^[149] there is present the "Caucasian or Aryan race"^[149] with an "intermixture of blood"^[149] from the "dark skinned Dravidian". A report from the Pew Research Center in 2008 projects that by 2050, Non-Hispanic White Americans will make up 47% of the population, down from 67% projected in 2005.^[150] White Americans made up nearly 90% of the population in 1950.^[139]

One-third of Americans classified as "white" in a study contained between two and twenty percent African genetic admixture, which can be extrapolated to about 74 million whites in America with this admixture.^[151]^[152]

One drop rule [link]

Further information: One drop rule and Racial segregation

The one drop rule–that a person with any amount of known African ancestry (however small or invisible) is not white–is a classification that was used in parts of the United States.^[153] It is a colloquial term for a set of laws passed by 18 US states between 1910 and 1931, many as a consequence of Plessy v. Ferguson, a Supreme Court decision that upheld the concept of racial segregation by accepting a separate but equal argument. The set of laws was finally declared unconstitutional in 1967, when the Supreme Court ruled on anti-miscegenation laws while hearing Loving v. Virginia, which also found that Virginia's Racial Integrity Act of 1924 was unconstitutional. The one drop rule attempted to create a bifurcated system of either black or white regardless of a person's physical appearance, but sometimes failed as people with African ancestry sometimes passed as "white", as noted above. This contrasts with the more flexible social structures present in Latin America (derived from the Spanish colonial era casta system) where there were less clear-cut divisions between various ethnicities.

As a result of centuries of having children with white people, the majority of African Americans have European admixture, and many white people also have African ancestry. Robert P. Stuckert, member of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Ohio State University said that the majority of the descendants of African slaves are white.^[154] Writer and editor Debra Dickerson questions the legitimacy of the one drop rule, stating that "easily one-third of black people have white DNA".^[155] She argues that in ignoring their European ancestry, African Americans are denying their fully articulated multi-racial identities. The peculiarity of the one drop rule may be illustrated by the case of singer Mariah Carey,^[156] who was publicly called "another white girl trying to sing black", but in an interview with Larry King, responded that—despite her physical appearance and the fact that she was raised primarily by her white mother—due to the one drop rule she did not "feel white".^[157]^[158]^[159]

Uruguay [link]

Main article: Demographics of Uruguay

Uruguayans and Argentines share closely related demographic ties. Different estimates state that Uruguay's population of 3.4 million is composed of 88% to 93% white Uruguayans.^[160]^[161] Uruguay's population is heavily populated by people of European origin, mainly Spaniards, followed closely by Italians,^[162] including numbers of French, Germans, Irish, British, Swiss, Eastern Europeans, Southern Europeans, Dutch, Belgians, Austrians, Scandinavians, Lebanese, and Armenians which migrated to Uruguay in the late 19th century and 20th century.^{[citation needed]} According to the 2006 National Survey of Homes by the Uruguayan National Institute of Statistics: 94.6% self-identified as having a white background, 9.1% chose Afro/Black ancestry, and 4.5% chose a native American ancestry (people surveyed were allowed to choose more than one option).^[163]

European-descended peoples [link]

Historical populations [link]

Blue-eyed Central Asian (Tocharian?) and East-Asian Buddhist monks, Tarim Basin, 9th-10th centuries AD.

Antiquity
- South Asia (Proto-Indo-Europeans who migrated from Eastern Europe and Central Asia 3,000–8,000 years ago)^[164]^[165]
- Asia Minor (Greeks, Celtic Galatians)^[166]
- Tarim Basin in present-day China (possibly Tocharians)^[167]^[168]
- Egypt (Greeks in Egypt)^[169]
- Hindukush and Northern India (Indo-Greeks)^[170]
- North Africa (Roman colonists, Germanic Vandals, Iberian migrants)^[171]^[172]^[173]

Middle Ages
- Asia Minor (Slavs)^[174]
- Greenland (Greenland Vikings)^[175]
- Kingdom of Jerusalem (Franks): 25–35% of the population^[176]^[177]

Contemporary populations [link]

Further information: History of colonialism and Greater Europe

Nations and regions outside of Europe with significant populations of European ancestry:

Africa (see Whites in Africa)
- South Africa (White South African): 9.6% of the population^[131]
- Namibia: 6% of the population, of which most are Afrikaans-speaking, in addition to a German-speaking minority.^[178]
  
  Boer family in South Africa, 1886
- Réunion estimated to be approx. 25% of the population^[179]
- Zimbabwe (Whites in Zimbabwe)
- Botswana^[180]
- Kenya (Whites in Kenya): approx. 0.2% of the population.
- Algeria (Pied-noir)^[181]
- Mauritius (Franco-Mauritian)
- Côte d'Ivoire (French people)^[182]
- Senegal^[183]
- Canary Islands (Spaniards), known as Canarians.
- 22x20px Seychelles (Franco-Seychellois)
- Saint Helena (UK) including Tristan da Cunha (UK): predominantly European.
- Swaziland: 3% of the population^[184]
Asia

Russian settlers in Central Asia, present-day Kazakhstan, 1911.

- Siberia (Russians, Germans and Ukrainians)^[185]^[186]
- Kazakhstan (Russians in Kazakhstan, Germans of Kazakhstan): 30% of the population^[187]
- Uzbekistan (Russians and other Slavs): 5.5% of the population^[188]
- Kyrgyzstan (Russians and other Slavs): 13.5% of the population^[189]^[190]
- Turkmenistan (Russians and other Slavs): 4% of the population^[191]
- Tajikistan (Russians and other Slavs)^[192]
- Hong Kong^[193]
- Christmas Island: approx. 20% of the population.

Latin America (see White Latin American)

Italian immigrants arriving in São Paulo, Brazil c. 1890.

- Argentina (European Immigration to Argentina): 97% of the population ^[194]
- Bolivia: 15% of the population ^[195]
- Brazil (White Brazilian): 47.3% of the population ^[196]
- Chile (White Chilean): 52.7%-90% of the population.^[81]^[82]^[83]^[197]
- Colombia (White Colombian): 20% of the population ^[198]
- Costa Rica^[199]
- Cuba (White Cuban): 65% of the population^[200]
- Dominican Republic: 16% of the population ^[201]
- Ecuador: 7% of the population^[202]
- El Salvador: 12% of the population^[203]
- Mexico (White Mexican): 9% or ~17% of the population.^[204]^[205] and 70-80% more as Mestizos.^[206]^[207]
- Nicaragua: 17% of the population^[208]
- Panama 10% of the population^[209]
- Puerto Rico approx. 80% of the population ^[210]
- Peru (European Peruvian): 15% of the population ^[211]
- Paraguay approx. 20% of the population ^[212]
- Venezuela (White Venezuelan): 20% of the population
- Uruguay: 88% of the population ^[213]
  
  File:Menonite Children.JPG
  Mennonites of German descent in Belize.

Rest of the Americas
- Bahamas: 12% of the population^[214]
- Barbados (White Barbadian): 4% of the population^[215]
- Bermuda: 34.1% of the population^[216]
- Canada: 80% of the population ^[217]
- Falkland Islands, exclusively of British descent.
- French Guiana: 12% of the population^[218]
- Greenland: 12% of the population^[219]
- Martinique: 5% of the population^[220]
- Saint Barthélemy^[221]
- Trinidad and Tobago:^[222] 0.6 % of the population
  
  Portuguese immigrant family in Hawaii during the 19th century.
- United States of America (European American): 72.4% of the population, including Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Whites.

Oceania (see Europeans in Oceania)
- Australia: 89.3% of the population
- New Zealand (New Zealand European): 78% of the population
- New Caledonia (Caldoche): 34.5% of the population
- French Polynesia: 10% of the population^[223]
- Hawaii: 24.7% of the population^[50]
- Guam: 6.9% of the population^[224]
- Norfolk Island: 50% of the population

References [link]

^ ^a ^b ^c Bonnett, Alastair (2000) White Identities. Pearson Education. ISBN 0-582-35627-X
^ "The first are RETH, the second are AAMU, the third are NEHESU, and the fourth are THEMEHU. The RETH are Egyptians, the AAMU are dwellers in the deserts to the east and north-east of Egypt, the NEHESU are the Cushites, and the THEMEHU are the fair-skinned Libyans" (chapter VI, translated by E. A. Wallis Budge, 1905).
^ W. Hallo, W. Simpson (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p. 28. ISBN 0-15-503819-2.
^ "Uppity Women of Ancient Times, page 11". Vicki Leone. http://www.amazon.com/Uppity-Women-Ancient-Times-Vicki/dp/1573240109.
^ "The first are RETH, the second are AAMU, the third axe NEHESU, and the fourth are THEMEHU. The RETH are Egyptians, the AAMU are dwellers in the deserts to the east and north-east of Egypt, the NEHESU are the Cushites, and the THEMEHU are the fair-skinned Libyans" (chapter VI, translated by E. A. Wallis Budge, 1905).
^ Xenophanes of Colophon: Fragments, Xenophanes, J. H. Lesher, University of Toronto Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8020-8508-3, p. 90.; Agesilaus^{[page needed]}
^ Herodotus 4.108 trans. Rawlinson.
^ ^a ^b ^c James H. Dee, "Black Odysseus, White Caesar: When Did 'White People' Become 'White'?" The Classical Journal, Vol. 99, No. 2. (December 2003 – January 2004), pp. 162 ff..
^ Michael Witzel, "Rgvedic History" in: The Indo-Aryans of South Asia (1995): "while it would be easy to assume reference to skin colour, this would go against the spirit of the hymns: for Vedic poets, black always signifies evil, and any other meaning would be secondary in these contexts"
^ Aristotle, Physiognomica, 6.
^ Bernard Lewis (1992). Race and slavery in the Middle East: an historical enquiry. Oxford University Press. pp. 18–9. ISBN 0-19-505326-5
^ Silverblatt, Irene (2004). Modern Inquisitions: Peru and the colonial origins of the civilized world. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 139. ISBN 0-8223-8623-2.
^ Baum, Bruce David (2006). The rise and fall of the Caucasian race: A political history of racial identity. NYU Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-8147-9892-8.
^ Gregory Jay, Who Invented White People?, 1998.
^ Silverblatt, Irene (2004). Modern Inquisitions: Peru and the colonial origins of the civilized world. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 113–16. ISBN 0-8223-8623-2.
^ Silverblatt, Irene (2004). Modern Inquisitions: Peru and the colonial origins of the civilized world. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-8223-8623-2.
^ Baum (2006), p. 48. Winthrop Jordan, White Over Black: American Attitudes Towards the Negro 1974, p. 52, puts the shift from white from earlier Christian, free, and English to around 1680. Theodore Allen (1994). The Invention of the White Race: Racial Oppression and Social Control. Verso. ISBN 0-86091-660-X. http://clogic.eserver.org/1-2/allen.html. "Another seventeenth-century commentator, Morgan Godwyn, found it necessary to explain to the English at home that, in Barbados, 'white' was "the general name for Europeans."
^ ^a ^b Sarah A. Tishkoff and Kenneth K. Kidd (2004) Implications of biography of human populations for 'race' and medicine Nature Genetics
^ Painter, Nell Irvin. Yale University. "Why White People are Called Caucasian?" 2003. September 27, 2007. [1]
^ ^a ^b ^c Quoted in Blumenbach, Johann. The Anthropological Treatise of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. London: Longman Green, 1865.
^ Jack Hitt, "Mighty White of You: Racial Preferences Color America's Oldest Skulls and Bones," Harper's, July 2005, pp. 39–55
^ Fredrickson, George M. Racism: A Short History, p.57, Princeton University Press (2002), ISBN 0-691-00899-X
^ Huxley, T. H. "On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind" (1870) Journal of the Ethnological Society of London
^ Baum (2006), p. 120 gives the range 1840 to 1935.
^ "Allele Frequency of CYP2C19 Gene Polymorphisms in a Healthy Iranian Population". Iranian Journal of Pharmacology & Therapeutics 4 (2): 124–127. 2005-07. "In this study we determined genotypes of CYP2C19 in Iranian population to compare allele frequencies with previous findings in other ethnic groups...By contrast, the absence of CYP2C19*3 in our study further illustrates the ethnical difference between Caucasian and Oriental populations, by confirming the Asian specificity of this allelic variant, whose frequency is very low, or totally absent, in different Caucasian populations [ 14]. No CYP2C19*3 was detected in our study. This allele is extremely rare in non-Oriental populations...the frequency of CYP2C19 allelic variants in Iranians was similar to other Caucasian populations."
^ Bhopal R, Donaldson L (September 1998). "White, European, Western, Caucasian, or what? Inappropriate labeling in research on race, ethnicity, and health". Am J Public Health 88 (9): 1303–7. DOI:10.2105/AJPH.88.9.1303. PMC 1509085. PMID 9736867. http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/88/9/1303?view=long&pmid=9736867.
^ NG, Chaplin G. 2000 The evolution of skin coloration, p. 19.
^ American Anthropological Association, "The Human Spectrum", Race: Are we so different? website.
^ John Tehranian, "Performing Whiteness: Naturalization Litigation and the Construction of Racial Identity in America," The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 109, No. 4. (Jan., 2000), p. 827.
^ Introduction to Skin Histology
^ Skin Color Adaptation
^ Light and the 4 skin color components
^ The 3 skin layers: epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat
^ ^a ^b Juzeniene, A.; Setlow, R.; Porojnicu, A.; Steindal, A.; Moan, J. (2009). "Development of different human skin colors: a review highlighting photobiological and photobiophysical aspects.". Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology 96 (2): 93–100. DOI:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.04.009. PMID 19481954. edit
^ Jablonski, N.; Chaplin, G. (2010). "Colloquium paper: human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (Suppl 2): 8962–8968. Bibcode 2010PNAS..107.8962J. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0914628107. PMC 3024016. PMID 20445093. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3024016. edit
^ Vitamin D: In the evolution of human skin color, A.W.C. Yuena, N.G. Jablonski doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2009.08.007
^ AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGISTS MEETING: European Skin Turned Pale Only Recently, Gene Suggests Science 20 April 2007: Vol. 316. no. 5823, p. 364 doi:10.1126/science.316.5823.364a
^ Frank W Sweet The Paleo-Etiology of Human Skin Tone
^ R. Khan, B.S. Razib Khan Diet, disease and pigment variation in humans Volume 75, Issue 4, Pages 363-367 (October 2010)
^ Miller, et al. (2007), Cis-regulatory changes in Kit ligand expression and parallel evolution of pigmentation in sticklebacks and humans, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/ppmc/articles/PMC2900316/
^ Valenzuela, et al. (2010), Predicting Phenotype from Genotype: Normal Pigmentation, http://www.hmc.psu.edu/pathology/residency/experimental/cheng%20pdf%20files/JForensicSci55-2010.pdf
^ ^a ^b ^c Norton, H.L.; Hammer, M.F. (2006), "Sequence variation in the pigmentation candidate gene SLC24A5 and evidence for independent evolution of light skin in European and East Asian populations.", Program of the 77th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists: 179, http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/3/710.full
^ Stokowski, et al. (2007), A Genomewide Association Study of Skin Pigmentation in a South Asian Population, DOI:10.1086/522235, PMC 2276347, PMID 17999355
^ Ginger RS, Askew SE, Ogborne RM, Wilson S, Ferdinando D, Dadd T, Smith AM, Kazi S, Szerencsei RT, Winkfein RJ, Schnetkamp PP, Green MR (February 2008). "SLC24A5 encodes a trans-Golgi network protein with potassium-dependent sodium-calcium exchange activity that regulates human epidermal melanogenesis". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (9): 5486–95. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M707521200. PMID 18166528.
^ Miles, S.; et al. (2007), Identifying genes underlying skin pigmentation differences among human populations, PMID 16977434
^ Shi, et al. (2001), Melanocortin-1 receptor gene variants in four Chinese ethnic populations, 11, DOI:10.1038/sj.cr.7290070, PMID 11305330, http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v11/n1/full/7290070a.html
^ Heather L. Norton, Rick A. Kittles, Esteban Parra, Paul McKeigue, Xianyun Mao, Keith Cheng, Victor A. Canfield, Daniel G. Bradley, Brian McEvoy and Mark D. Shriver (December 11, 2006) Genetic Evidence for the Convergent Evolution of Light Skin in Europeans and East Asians Oxford Journals [2]
^ Gibbons A (2007). "American Association of Physical Anthropologists meeting. European skin turned pale only recently, gene suggests". Science 316 (5823): 364. DOI:10.1126/science.316.5823.364a. PMID 17446367. http://img46.imageshack.us/img46/4784/eurospaleonlyrecentlypu0.jpg.
^ Shriver, Mark D.; Parra, Esteban J.; Dios, Sonia; Bonilla, Carolina; Norton, Heather; Jovel, Celina; Pfaff, Carrie; Jones, Cecily et al. (2003), "Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping", Human Genetics 112: 387–399, DOI:10.1007/s00439-002-0896-y, PMID 12579416, http://backintyme.com/admixture/shriver01.pdf
^ ^a ^b American FactFinder - Results
^ www.perepis2002.ru
^ 2008 Brazilian population.
^ Census 2001 England's poulation.
^ Cuba 2002 Census.
^ Scotland 2001 Census.
^ /www.statssa.gov.za South Africa statistics.
^ Census 2000: Puerto Rico.
^ 2001 Census: Wales statistics.
^ Adams, J.Q.; Pearlie Strother-Adams (2001). Dealing with Diversity. Chicago, IL: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.
^ Schweimler, Daniel (February 12, 2007). "Argentina's last Jewish cowboys". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6347349.stm. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
^ Argentina This figure is the sum of 86.4% of White/European and 3.3% Arab.
^ The Joshua Project: Ethnic people groups of Argentina [3] These figures do not show up explicitly, but after doing some mathematics, the results are as follows: Argentinians White -the resulting ethnic group out of the melting pot of immigration in Argentina- sum up 29,031,000 or 72.3% of the population. The other relatively unmixed European/Caucasus ethnic groups sum up 4,258,500 (10.6%), and the Arabs sum 1,173,100 more (2.9%). All together, Whites in Argentina comprise 34,462,600 or 85,8% out of a total population of 40,133,230.
^ CIA - The World Factbook - Argentina
^ Enrique Oteiza y Susana Novick sostienen que «la Argentina desde el siglo XIX, al igual que Australia, Canadá o Estados Unidos, se convierte en un país de inmigración, entendiendo por esto una sociedad que ha sido conformada por un fenómeno inmigratorio masivo, a partir de una población local muy pequeña.» (Oteiza, Enrique; Novick, Susana. Inmigración y derechos humanos. Política y discursos en el tramo final del menemismo. [en línea]. Buenos Aires: Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2000 [Citado FECHA]. (IIGG Documentos de Trabajo, N° 14). Disponible en la World Wide Web:http://www.iigg.fsoc.uba.ar/docs/dt/dt14.pdf); El antropólogo brasileño Darcy Ribeiro incluye a la Argentina dentro de los «pueblos trasplantados» de América, junto con Uruguay, Canadá y Estados Unidos (Ribeiro, Darcy. Las Américas y la Civilización (1985). Buenos Aires:EUDEBA, pp. 449 ss.); El historiador argentino José Luis Romero define a la Argentina como un «país aluvial» (Romero, José Luis. «Indicación sobre la situación de las masas en Argentina (1951)», en La experiencia argentina y otros ensayos, Buenos Aires: Universidad de Belgrano, 1980, p. 64)
^ Federaciones Regionales www.feditalia.org.ar
^ Dinámica migratoria: coyuntura y estructura en la Argentina de fines del XX
^ http://www.buenosaires.gov.ar/areas/hacienda/sis_estadistico/anu_estadistico/01/web01/c110.htm
^ ^a ^b ^c Rock, David. Argentina: 1516–1982. University of California Press, 1987.
^ Levene, Ricardo. History of Argentina. University of North Carolina Press, 1937.
^ Yale immigration study
^ Racial Discrimination in Argentina
^ Ackerman, Ruthie (November 27, 2005). "Blacks in Argentina -- officially a few, but maybe a million". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/11/27/MNGH0FU3UG1.DTL.
^ Immigration Restriction Act 1901
^ Stephen Castles, "The Australian Model of Immigration and Multiculturalism: Is It Applicable to Europe?," International Migration Review, Vol. 26, No. 2, Special Issue: The New Europe and International Migration. (Summer, 1992), pp. 549–567.
^ IGBE: Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilio. Tabela 262 - População residente, por cor ou raça.
^ Gregory Rodriguez, "Brazil Separates Into Black and White," LA Times, September 3, 2006. Note that the figures belie the title.
^ Brazil Separates Into a World of Black and White | The New America Foundation
^ "Groups" in Statistics Canada, Sample 20001 Census form. Statistics Canada, 2001 Census Visible Minority and Population Group User Guide
^ Human Resources and Social Development Canada, 2001 Employment Equity Data Report
^ Census 2001: 2B (Long Form)
^ ^a ^b Fernández, Francisco Lizcano (2007). Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI. UAEM. ISBN 978-970-757-052-8. http://books.google.com/?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=chile+60%25+blancos+Esteva-Fabregat.
^ ^a ^b Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile.
^ ^a ^b The Chilean population is rather homogeneous with 95.4 % of its population having European ancestors.
^ Diariovasco.
^ entrevista al Presidente de la Cámara vasca.
^ vascos Ainara Madariaga: Autora del estudio "Imaginarios vascos desde Chile La construcción de imaginarios vascos en Chile durante el siglo XX".
^ Basques au Chili.
^ Contacto Interlingüístico e intercultural en el mundo hispano. instituto valenciano de lenguas y culturas. Universitat de València Cita: " Un 20% de la población chilena tiene su origen en el País Vasco".
^ (Spanish) La población chilena con ascendencia vasca bordea entre el 15% y el 20% del total, por lo que es uno de los países con mayor presencia de emigrantes venidos de Euskadi.
^ El 27% de los chilenos son descendientes de emigrantes vascos. DE LOS VASCOS, OÑATI Y LOS ELORZA Waldo Ayarza Elorza.
^ (Spanish) Presencia vasca en Chile.
^ German Embassy in Chile.^{[dead link]}
^ (Spanish) Arabes de Chile.
^ (Spanish) En Chile viven unas 700.000 personas de origen árabe y de ellas 500.000 son descendientes de emigrantes palestinos que llegaron a comienzos del siglo pasado y que constituyen la comunidad de ese origen más grande fuera del mundo árabe.
^ Arab.
^ Chile: Palestinian refugees arrive to warm welcome.
^ (Spanish) 500,000 descendientes de primera y segunda generación de palestinos en Chile.
^ (Spanish) Santiago de Chile es un modelo de convivencia palestino-judía.^{[dead link]}
^ Exiling Palestinians to Chile.
^ (Spanish) Chile tiene la comunidad palestina más grande fuera del mundo árabe, unos 500.000 descendientes.
^ (Spanish) Diaspora Croata..
^ Splitski osnovnoškolci rođeni u Čileu.
^ hrvatski.
^ "Historia de Chile, Británicos y Anglosajones en Chile durante el siglo XIX". http://www.biografiadechile.cl/detalle.php?IdContenido=1673&IdCategoria=91&IdArea=488&TituloPagina=Historia%20de%20Chile. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
^ (Spanish) Embajada de Grecia en Chile.
^ (Spanish) Griegos de Chile
^ 90,000 descendants Swiss in Chile.
^ (Spanish) 5% de los chilenos tiene origen frances.^{[dead link]}
^ "Costa Rica". The World Factbook. CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cs.html#People. ^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b "A barrier for Cuba's blacks - New attitudes on once-taboo race questions emerge with a fledgling black movement". http://www.miamiherald.com/multimedia/news/afrolatin/part4/index.html.
^ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Cuba : Afro-Cubans". http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49749d342c.html.
^ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Cuba : Overview". http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,COUNTRYPROF,CUB,4562d94e2,4954ce3123,0.html.
^ RACIAL CLASSIFICATIONS IN JALISCO AND THE MEXICAN REPUBLIC – 1921 CENSUS
^ Immigrant population
^ Peru, CIA - The World Factbook
^ Universia, Poblacion de Peru
^ Jeffrey L. Klaiber (1977). "Religion and revolution in Perú, 1824-1976". University of Notre Dame Press. p.46. ISBN 0-268-01599-6
^ Galindo, Alberto Flores (2010). In Search of an Inca: Identity and Utopia in the Andes. Cambridge University Press. p. 247. ISBN 0-521-59861-3.
^ How Puerto Rico became white.
^ Representation of racial identity among puerto ricans and in the u.s. mainland
^ CIA World Factbook Puerto Rico 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
^ Puerto Rico's History on race
^ Representation of racial identity among Island Puerto Ricans
^ Study Commission on U.S. Policy toward Southern Africa (U.S.) (1981). South Africa: time running out : the report of the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa. University of California Press. p. 42. ISBN 0-520-04547-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=sq43lnbklEUC&pg=PA42&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
^ South Africa's population, SouthAfrica.info
^ Million whites leave SA - study, fin24.com, September 24, 2006
^ "We Want Our Country" (3 of 10), TIME
^ "For Pieds-Noirs, the Anger Endures". The New York Times. April 6, 1988.
^ "Flight from Angola", The Economist , August 16, 1975
^ "Jungle Shipwreck". Time. July 25, 1960
^ ^a ^b South Africa: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ Kruszelnicki, Karl, News in Science: Skin Colour 1, http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2001/03/01/249992.htm?site=science/greatmomentsinscience
^ Bonnet, Alistair (2000) White Identities p. 32
^ Bonnet, Alistair (2000) White Identities p. 31
^ Bonnet, Alistair (2000) White Identities p. 37
^ "Ethnic group statistics: A guide for the collection and classification of ethnicity data". Office for National Statistics. 2003. p. 9. http://www.ons.gov.uk/about-statistics/measuring-equality/equality/ethnic-group-statistics/ethnic-group-statistics--a-guide-for-the-collection-and-classification-of-ethnicity-data.pdf. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
^ Kissoon, Priya. King's College of London. Asylum Seekers: National Problem or National Solution. 2005. November 7, 2006.
^ Graeme Paton (2007-10-01). "One fifth of children from ethnic minorities". The Daily Telegraph (London: telegraph.co.uk). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-of-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
^ ^a ^b Official census statistics of the United States race and Hispanic origin population
^ Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data Geographic Area: United States
^ The White Population: 2000, Census 2000 Brief C2010BR-05., U.S. Census Bureau, September 2011.
^ ^a ^b The White Population: 2010, Census 2010 Brief C2KBR/01-4, U.S. Census Bureau, August 2001.
^ Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook, U.S. Department of Justice. Federal Bureau of Investigation. P. 97 (2004)
^ Anthony Walsh (2004). "Race and crime: a biosocial analysis". Nova Publishers. p. 23. ISBN 1-59033-970-3
^ John Tehranian, "Performing Whiteness: Naturalization Litigation and the Construction of Racial Identity in America," The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 109, No. 4. (Jan., 2000), pp. 825–827.
^ Caliber - Sociological Perspectives - 47(4):371 - Abstract
^ Roediger, Wages of Whiteness, 186; Tony Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War (New York, 1998).
^ John Tehranian, "Performing Whiteness: Naturalization Litigation and the Construction of Racial Identity in America," The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 109, No. 4. (Jan., 2000), pp. 817–848.
^ ^a ^b ^c United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, Certificate From The Circuit Court Of Appeals For The Ninth Circuit., No. 202. Argued January 11, 12, 1923.—Decided February 19, 1923, United States Reports, v. 261, The Supreme Court, October Term, 1922, 204–215.
^ "Pew Research Center: Immigration to Play Lead Role In Future U.S. Growth". Pew Research Center. February 11, 2008.
^ http://backintyme.com/essays/item/5
^ Steve Sailer, "Analysis: Race Now Not Black and White," (UPI, May 8, 2002)
^ One drop of blood
^ The African ancestry of the white American population
^ The End of Blackness by Debra Dickerson.
^ Carey Cites Bi-Racial Family for Insecurities American Renaissance News
^ Yahoo questions/answers/ Is Mariah Carey white?
^ Mariah Carey: 'Not another White girl trying to sing Black.'
^ Larry King interview with Mariah Carey
^ Uruguay (07/08)
^ CIA - The World Factbook - Uruguay
^ Uruguay - Population
^ "Extended National Household Survey, 2006: Ancestry" (in Spanish) (PDF). National Institute of Statistics. http://www.ine.gub.uy/enha2006/flash/Flash%20Ascendencia.pdf.
^ Trivedi, Bijal P (2001-05-14). "Genetic evidence suggests European migrants may have influenced the origins of India's caste system". Genome News Network (J. Craig Venter Institute). http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/05_01/Indo-European.shtml. Retrieved 2005-01-27.
^ Genetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian Caste Populations -- Bamshad et al. 11 (6): 994. Genome Research.
^ Archaeologists Find Celts In Unlikely Spot: Turkey, New York Times, December 25, 2001.
^ The Mummies of Xinjiang, DISCOVER Magazine
^ "A meeting of civilisations: The mystery of China's celtic mummies", The Independent, August 28, 2006.
^ Diversity in the Desert: Daily Life in Greek and Roman Egypt, 332 B.C.E. - 641 C.E.
^ "Alexander the Great and precious stones in Afghanistan", The Toronto Times
^ Lewis H. Gann, Peter Duignan (2000). "Africa and the world: an introduction to the history of sub-Saharan Africa from antiquity to 1840". University Press of America. pp.150–163. ISBN 0-7618-1520-1
^ Ottoni C, Primativo G, Hooshiar Kashani B, Achilli A, Martínez-Labarga C et al. (2010). "Mitochondrial Haplogroup H1 in North Africa: An Early Holocene Arrival from Iberia". PLoS ONE 5 (10): e13378. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0013378. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0013378.
^ Cherni L., Fernandes V., Pereira J. B., Costa M. D., Goios A., Frigi S., Yacoubi-Loueslati B., Amor M. B., Slama A. et al. (2009). "Post-last glacial maximum expansion from Iberia to North Africa revealed by fine characterization of mtDNA H haplogroup in Tunisia". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139: 253–260. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.20979. PMID 19090581. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.20979/abstract.
^ "Cyril and Methodius of Thessalonica: The Acculturation of the Slavs".
^ "The Fate of Greenland's Vikings". Archeology.org.
^ Benjamin Z. Kedar, "The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant", in The Crusades: The Essential Readings, ed. Thomas F. Madden, Blackwell, 2002, pg. 244. Originally published in Muslims Under Latin Rule, 1100–1300, ed. James M. Powell, Princeton University Press, 1990. Kedar quotes his numbers from Joshua Prawer, Histoire du royaume latin de Jérusalem, tr. G. Nahon, Paris, 1969, vol. 1, pp. 498, 568–72.
^ Crusaders 'left genetic legacy', BBC News
^ Namibia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ "Anthropometric evaluations of body composition of undergraduate students at the University of La Réunion". http://advan.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/30/4/248.
^ Botswana: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ Raimondo Cagiano De Azevedo (1994). "Migration and development co-operation.". p.25.
^ "Ivory Coast - The Economy". Library of Congress Country Studies.
^ Senegal, About 50,000 Europeans (mostly French) and Lebanese reside in Senegal, mainly in the cities.
^ Swaziland: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ Fiona Hill, Russia — Coming In From the Cold?, The Globalist, 23 February 2004
^ "Siberian Germans".
^ "Migrant resettlement in the Russian federation: reconstructing 'homes' and 'homelands'". Moya Flynn. (1994). p.15. ISBN 1-84331-117-8
^ Robert Greenall, Russians left behind in Central Asia, BBC News, 23 November 2005.
^ Kyrgyzstan: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ "The Kyrgyz – Children of Manas.". Petr Kokaisl, Pavla Kokaislova (2009). p.125. ISBN 80-254-6365-6
^ Turkmenistan: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ Tajikistan - Ethnic Groups. Source: U.S. Library of Congress.
^ HK Census. "HK Census." Statistical Table. Retrieved on 2007-03-08.
^ Argentina: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ Bolivia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ Brazil: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ Informe Latinobarómetro 2011, Latinobarómetro
^ Colombia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ "Costa Rica; People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cs.html#People. Retrieved 2007-11-21. "white (including mestizo) 94%" = 3.9 million whites and mestizos
^ "Tabla II.3 Población por color de la piel y grupos de edades, según zona de residencia y sexo" (in Spanish). Censo de Población y Viviendas. Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas. 2002. http://www.cubagob.cu/otras_info/censo/tablas_html/ii_3.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
^ Dominican Republic: People: Ethnic groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ "Ecuador: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ec.html#People. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
^ El Salvador: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ "Mexico: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html#People. Retrieved 2010-01-24.
^ "Mexico: Ethnic Groups". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico.
^ Mexico: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ Mexico - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
^ "Nicaragua: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nu.html#People. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
^ "Panama; People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pm.html#People. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
^ Puerto Rico: People: Ethnic Groups World Factbook of CIA
^ Peru: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ 8 LIZCANO
^ Uruguay: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ Bahamas: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ Barbados: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ Bermuda: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ Canadian Census 2006
^ French Guiana: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ Greenland
^ Martinique: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ Fact Sheet on St. Barthélemy
^ Trinidad French Creole
^ French Polynesia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
^ Brazil: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA

"Costa Rica". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Microsoft. 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20080529013932/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572479/costa_rica.html. Retrieved 29 December 2010.

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: White people

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v t e White people

European peoples · Caucasian race

European diaspora	White African Algeria Angola Kenya Namibia South Africa Zimbabwe White American White Australian European Canadian White Latin American Argentina Brazil Colombia Mexico New Zealand European

Cultural phenomena	White flight White guilt Missing white woman syndrome Skin whitening Whiteness in Japanese culture Foreign language terms

Historical terms	The White Man's Burden Play the white man First white child Redlegs Honorary whites

Stereotypes	Acting white Angry white male

Taxonomy	Human skin color Color terminology for race US definitions White Anglo-Saxon Protestant

As identity politics	White pride White nationalism

Critical race theory	Whiteness studies

Commons

v t e Historical definitions of race

Color terminology for race	Black people · Brown people · Red people · White people · Yellow people · Bronze people

Typological definitions of race	Australoid race · Capoid race · Caucasian race · Mongoloid race · Negroid race

Typological sub-types	Alpine race · Arabid race · Armenoid race · Atlantid race · Balkans-Caucasian race · Caspian race · Dinaric race · East Baltic race · Ethiopid race · Hamitic race · Dravidian race · Iranid race · Mediterranean race · Nordic race · Northcaucasian race · Pamirid race · Pontid race · Turanid race

Mixed races	Afro-Arabs · Afro-Asians · Coloureds · Eurasians · Mestizos · Mulattos · Zambos · Malay race

Related concepts	Craniofacial anthropometry · Historical definitions of races in India · Aryan race · Semitic race · Martial Race · Master race · Nazism and race · Negritude · Race (classification of humans)

Writers	John Baker · John Beddoe · Robert Bennett Bean · Johann Friedrich Blumenbach · Alice Mossie Brues · Houston Stewart Chamberlain · Sonia Mary Cole · Carleton S. Coon · Joseph Deniker · Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt · Reginald Ruggles Gates · Arthur de Gobineau · Madison Grant · Hans F. K. Günther · Earnest Hooton · Calvin Ira Kephart · Robert Knox · Georges Vacher de Lapouge · Bertil Lundman · Felix von Luschan · Oscar Peschel · Charles Pickering · William Z. Ripley · Ilse Schwidetzky · Charles Gabriel Seligman · Giuseppe Sergi · Lothrop Stoddard · Thomas Griffith Taylor · Paul Topinard

Writings	An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races · The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century · The Passing of the Great Race · Race Life of the Aryan Peoples · The Races of Europe (Coon) · The Races of Europe (Ripley) · The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy

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Not to be confused with David LaChapelle.

Dave Chappelle
Dave Chappelle, 2007
Birth name	David Khari Webber Chappelle
Born	(1973-08-24) August 24, 1973 (age 38) Washington, D.C., U.S.^[1]
Medium	Stand-up, television, film
Nationality	American
Years active	1987–present
Genres	Satire/political satire, improvisational comedy, observational comedy, surreal humor, sketch comedy, black comedy, blue comedy
Subject(s)	Racism, race relations, American politics, African American culture, pop culture, recreational drug use, human sexuality, morality
Influences	Richard Pryor,^[2] Eddie Murphy,^[2] Mel Blanc,^[2] Chris Rock^[3]
Spouse	Elaine Chappelle (2001–present) 3 children
Notable works and roles	Himself and Various in Chappelle's Show Himself in Dave Chappelle's Block Party Achoo in Robin Hood: Men in Tights Thurgood Jenkins in Half Baked
Signature

David Khari Webber "Dave" Chappelle^[4] (/ʃəˈpɛl/; born August 24, 1973)^[1] is an American comedian, screenwriter, television/film producer, actor, and artist. Chappelle began his film career in the film Robin Hood: Men in Tights in 1993 and continued to star in minor roles in the films The Nutty Professor, Con Air, and Blue Streak. His first lead role in a film was in Half Baked in 1998. In 2003, he became widely known for his popular sketch comedy television series, Chappelle's Show, which ran until his abrupt retirement from the show in 2005. Chappelle is ranked forty-third in Comedy Central Presents: 100 Greatest Stand-Ups of All Time.^[5]

1 Early life
2 2003–2006: Standup and Chappelle's Show
- 2.1 Season three turbulence
- 2.2 Return
3 Dave Chappelle's Block Party
4 2007–present
5 Personal life
6 Filmography
7 Discography
8 References
9 External links

Early life [link]

Chappelle was born David Khari Webber Chappelle in Washington, D.C. on August 24, 1973.^[1]^[2] His father, William David Chappelle III, was a professor at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio.^[2] His mother, Yvonne (née Reed), was a professor at Howard University, Prince George's Community College, and the University of Maryland and is also a Unitarian Universalist minister.^[6]^[7]^[8] Chappelle grew up in Silver Spring, Maryland and attended Woodlin Elementary School.^[2] During young Chappelle's formative years, his comic inspiration came from various comedians, particularly Eddie Murphy and Richard Pryor.^[2]

After his parents separated, Chappelle stayed in Washington with his mother while spending summers with his father in Ohio. In 1991, he graduated from Washington's Duke Ellington School of the Arts where he studied theatre arts.^[2]

Chappelle moved to New York City to pursue a career as a comedian. He gathered the courage to perform at Harlem's famed Apollo Theater in front of the infamous "Amateur Night" audience. The performance resulted in him being booed off the stage. Chappelle has described the experience as the moment that gave him the courage to continue his show business aspirations.^[2] He quickly made a name for himself in the New York comedy circuit, even performing in the city's parks. At the age of 19, Chappelle made his film debut as "Ahchoo" in Mel Brooks' Robin Hood: Men in Tights. In the same year, Chappelle was offered the role of Benjamin Buford "Bubba" Blue in Forrest Gump. Concerned about what seemed to be a racially demeaning character, he turned down the part; the film would go on to win Academy Award for Best Picture that year. He has since admitted to regretting the decision.^[9] Chappelle played another supporting movie role in 1994's little-seen Getting In.

He attracted the attention of TV network executives and developed numerous pilots but none of them were picked up for series.^[2]^[10] In 1995, he made a guest appearance in an episode of ABC's highly rated sitcom Home Improvement. The storyline had Chappelle and real-life friend comedian Jim Breuer ask Tim Taylor for advice on their girlfriends. The characters' single outing in the episode proved so popular that ABC decided to give them their own spin-off sitcom titled Buddies. However, after taping a pilot episode, Jim Breuer was fired and replaced with actor Christopher Gartin. Buddies premiered in March 1996 to disappointing ratings. The show was cancelled after only four episodes out of thirteen that were produced. Nine years later, in May 2005, ten of the episodes were released on a single-disc DVD to capitalize on Chappelle's new-found fame.

After the failure of Buddies, Chappelle starred in another pilot. According to Chappelle, the network was uncomfortable with the African-American cast and wanted white actors added. Chappelle resisted and subsequently accused the network of racism. Shortly after this incident, Chappelle's father died. Chappelle returned to Ohio and considered leaving the entertainment business.^[2]^[10]

He later appeared as a nightclub comedian in the 1996 comedy The Nutty Professor starring Eddie Murphy, one of his major comedic influences. He also had a minor role in 1997's Con Air. He and Neal Brennan co-wrote the 1998 cult stoner film Half Baked, Chappelle's first starring role, about a group of marijuana-smoking friends trying to get their friend out of jail. That same year, he appeared in "Pilots and Pens Lost", a 1998 episode of The Larry Sanders Show's sixth season, in which he and the executives of the show's nameless television network satirized the treatment to which scriptwriters and show creators were subjected, as well as the executives' knee-jerk tendencies toward racial stereotypes. In December of that year Chappelle appeared as Tom Hanks' friend and confidant in You've Got Mail. In 1999, he appeared in the Martin Lawrence film Blue Streak.

In 2000, Chappelle recorded his first HBO special, Dave Chappelle: Killin' Them Softly, in Washington, DC.^[11] He followed this up with an appearance as "Conspiracy Brother" in the 2002 racial satire Undercover Brother.

[edit] 2003–2006: Standup and Chappelle's Show

Main article: Chappelle's Show

In 2003, Chappelle debuted his own weekly sketch comedy show on Comedy Central called Chappelle's Show. The show parodied many aspects of American culture including racial stereotypes, politics and pop culture. Along with comedy skits, the show also featured musical performances by mostly hip-hop and soul artists.

Chappelle's pointed social and political commentary quickly helped the show garner critical and commercial success as well as controversy.^[10]^[12] Richard Pryor, one of Chappelle's comedic influences, was a fan of the show and stated that he had "passed the torch" to Chappelle.^[10] Chappelle received two Emmy nominations for the show.^[13] Additionally, the DVD set became the best-selling DVD of a television show to date, overtaking the previous best-selling, The Simpsons first season DVD. It had sold over 3 million copies.^[14] Due to the show's popularity, Comedy Central's parent company Viacom reportedly offered Chappelle a $55 million contract (giving Chappelle a share of DVD sales) to continue production of Chappelle's Show for two more years while allowing him to do side projects. Chappelle had stated that sketches are not his favorite form of comedy, and that the characteristics of the show's format were somewhat like short films.

In June 2004, based on the popularity of the "Rick James" sketch, it was announced that Chappelle was in talks to portray Rick James in a biopic from Paramount Pictures (also owned by Viacom).^[15] James's estate disagreed with the proposed comical tone of the film and put a halt to the talks.^[16]

In 2004, Chappelle recorded his second comedy special, this time airing on Showtime - Dave Chappelle: For What It's Worth, at San Francisco's Fillmore Auditorium.^[17]

Season three turbulence [link]

In a June 2004 stand-up performance in Sacramento, California, Chappelle walked off the stage after berating his audience for constantly shouting "I'm Rick James, bitch!," which became a catchphrase from the popular "Rick James" sketch. After a few minutes, Chappelle returned and continued by saying, "The show is ruining my life." He stated that he disliked working "20 hours a day" and that the popularity of the show was making it difficult for him to continue his stand-up career, which was "the most important thing" to him. He also told the audience:

You know why my show is good? Because the network officials say you're not smart enough to get what I'm doing, and every day I fight for you. I tell them how smart you are. Turns out, I was wrong. You people are stupid.^[18]

Season 3 was scheduled to air on May 31, 2005, but in that month, Chappelle stunned fans and the entertainment industry when he abruptly left during production of the third season of Chappelle's Show and took a trip to South Africa. Chappelle has since stated that he was unhappy with the direction the show had taken.

Coming here I don't have the distractions of fame. It quiets the ego down. I'm interested in the kind of person I've got to become. I want to be well rounded and the industry is a place of extremes. I want to be well balanced. I've got to check my intentions, man.^[19]

Return [link]

In June 2005, Chappelle performed impromptu stand-up shows in Los Angeles.^[20]^[21]^[22] He then went on a tour that began in Newport, Kentucky, not far from his Ohio home.^[23] He also made a surprise appearance on HBO's Def Poetry where he performed two poems, titled Fuck Ashton Kutcher and How I Got the Lead on "Jeopardy!."^[24] He was interviewed for Inside the Actors Studio on December 18, 2005 at Pace University's Michael Schimmel Center for the Arts. The show premiered on February 12, 2006.^[25] Chappelle stated that the death of his father in 1998 had an impact on his decision to go to South Africa. By throwing himself into his work, he had not taken a chance to mourn his father's death. He also said the rumors that he was in drug or psychiatric treatment only persuaded him to stay in South Africa.^[2]

He continued:

I would go to work on the show and I felt awful every day, that's not the way it was. ... I felt like some kind of prostitute or something. If I feel so bad, why keep on showing up to this place? I'm going to Africa. The hardest thing to do is to be true to yourself, especially when everybody is watching.

Chappelle also said that he felt some of his sketches were "socially irresponsible."^[26]^[27] He singled out the "pixie sketch" in which pixies appear to people and encourage them to reinforce stereotypes of their races. In the sketch, Chappelle is wearing blackface and is dressed as a character in a minstrel show.^[28] According to Chappelle, during the filming of the sketch, a crew member was laughing in a way that made him feel uncomfortable and made him rethink the show.^[26]^[27] Chappelle said, "it was the first time I felt that someone was not laughing with me but laughing at me."^[26]

During these interviews, Chappelle did not rule out returning to Chappelle's Show to "finish what we started," but promised that he would not return without changes to the production, such as a better working environment. He also stated he would like to donate half of the DVD sales to charity.^[29] Chappelle expressed disdain at the possibility of his material from the unfinished third season being aired, saying that to do so would be "a bully move," and that he would not return to the show if Comedy Central were to air the unfinished material.^[27] On July 9, 2006, Comedy Central aired the first episode of Chappelle's Show: The Lost Episodes. An uncensored DVD release of the episodes was made available on July 25.

The show still plays in syndication on several television networks despite the relatively small number of episodes compared to most American syndicated television programs.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Dave Chappelle's Block Party

The site of Dave Chappelle's Block Party in Brooklyn.

Chappelle was the star and producer of the Michel Gondry-directed documentary Dave Chappelle's Block Party, which chronicles a Chappelle-hosted concert in the Clinton Hill neighborhood of Brooklyn on September 18, 2004. Several musical artists, including Kanye West, The Roots, Erykah Badu, Mos Def, Dead Prez and Jill Scott are featured in the movie both performing in the concert and in conversation off-stage. The most surprising highlight of the event was the "last minute" reunion of popular 1990s hip hop group The Fugees. Chappelle toured several cities in February and March 2006 to promote the film under the moniker "Block Party All-Stars featuring Dave Chappelle". Universal Pictures' genre division Rogue Pictures released the film in the United States on March 3, 2006.

2007–present [link]

In April 2007, Chappelle set a stand-up endurance record at the Laugh Factory Sunset Strip comedy club, beating comedian Dane Cook's record of 3 hours and 50 minutes. In December of the same year, Chappelle broke his own record with a time of 6 hours and 12 minutes. Cook reclaimed the record in January 2008, with a time of 7 hours.^[30] On November 19, 2009 Chappelle performed at the Laugh Factory in Los Angeles, where it was speculated that he would aim to take back the record. However, he was disqualified according to the club owner, after he left the stage, five hours into his routine.^[31]

Chappelle again appeared on Inside the Actors Studio and in celebration of the show's 200th episode, he humorously interviewed the show's usual host, James Lipton. The episode aired on November 11, 2008.

Personal life [link]

Chappelle lives with his wife Elaine, two sons,^[28] Sulayman^[32] and Ibrahim,^[33] and daughter Sonal, on a 65-acre (260,000 m²) farm,^[2]^[10] just outside Yellow Springs, Ohio.^[23] He also owns several houses in Xenia, Ohio. Regarding his home in Yellow Springs, Ohio, Chappelle says, "Turns out you don't need $50 million to live around these parts, just a nice smile and a kind way about you. You guys are the best neighbors ever," he stated at a blues and jazz festival in the town in mid-September 2006. "That's why I came back and that's why I'm staying."^[34]

Chappelle is a Muslim, having converted to Islam in 1998. He told Time Magazine in a May 2005 interview, "I don’t normally talk about my religion publicly because I don’t want people to associate me and my flaws with this beautiful thing. And I believe it is beautiful if you learn it the right way."^[35]

Filmography [link]

This section requires expansion.

Actor
Year	Film	Role	Notes
1992	Def Comedy Jam	Himself
1993	Robin Hood: Men in Tights	Ahchoo
1993	Undercover Blues	Ozzie
1995	Home Improvement	Dave	One episode
1996	The Nutty Professor	Reggie Warrington
1996	Buddies	Dave Carlisle	Discontinued same year
1997	Con Air	Pinball
1998	Half Baked	Thurgood Jenkins / Sir Smoke-a-Lot
1998	You've Got Mail	Kevin Jackson
1999	200 Cigarettes	Disco Cabbie
1999	Blue Streak	Tulley
2000	Screwed	Rusty P. Hayes
2002	Undercover Brother	Conspiracy Brother
2003–2006	Chappelle's Show	Himself and others
2005	Inside the Actor's Studio	Himself
2006	Dave Chappelle's Block Party	Himself	Documentary
2007	I'm Rick James	Himself	Documentary
2008	Inside the Actor's Studio	Himself

Discography [link]

Actor
Year	Album	Role	Notes
2000	Killin' Them Softly	Executive Producer	Stand Up
2004	For What It's Worth	Executive Producer	Stand Up

References [link]

^ ^a ^b ^c Powell, Kevin (2006-04-30). "Heaven Hell Dave Chappelle". Esquire. http://www.esquire.com/features/ESQ0506CHAPPELLE_92. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m "Dave Chappelle". Inside the Actors Studio. episode 10. season 12. 2006-02-12. Bravo.
^ Wolk, Josh (2004-03-19). "Chris Rock On Fire". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,600310,00.html. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
^ "Obituaries: Henry T. Chappelle". Yellow Springs News. March 1991.
^ "AaIAnnoying.com - Comedy Central's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups". http://www.amiannoying.com/%28S%284jcj0nq2pirw2iioa2psag55%29%29/collection.aspx?collection=2970. Retrieved 19 Sept., 2009.
^ "Yvonne Seon Biography". The History Makers.com. http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/biography.asp?bioindex=611&category=educationMakers. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
^ "Dave Chappelle is Alive and Well". The New York Times. November 27, 2005. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/27/arts/television/27itzkoff.html?pagewanted=print.
^ "Comedy In Oakland: Dave Chappelle". http://www.oaklandseen.com/2010/02/17/comedy-in-oakland-dave-chappelle-on-alicia-keys-john-mayer/.
^ "Forrest Gump Trivia". IMDb.com. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0109830/trivia. Retrieved 2007-03-23.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Leung, Rebecca (December 29, 2004). "Chappelle: 'An Act Of Freedom'". 60 Minutes II, CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/10/19/60II/main650149.shtml. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
^ Dave Chappelle: Killin' Them Softly at Amazon.com; Accessed September 29, 2010
^ Feeney, Matt (March 4, 2004). "Why is Dave Chappelle's Malice So Winning?". Slate.com. http://www.slate.com/id/2096599/. Retrieved 2007-03-23.
^ "Awards for Dave Chappelle". IMDb.com. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0152638/awards.
^ Ault, Susanne (June 3, 2005). "Latest Chappelle DVD is Selling Like Crazy". Video Business. http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA627685.html. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
^ Rashbaum, Alyssa (June 10, 2004). "Dave Chappelle Is Rick James, Bitch!". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1488300/06102004/story.jhtml. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
^ Fleming, Michael (December 13, 2006). "Turner to script singer James's biopic". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117955707.html?categoryid=13&cs=1. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
^ Dave Chappelle: For What It's Worth at Amazon.com; Accessed September 29, 2010
^ Carnes, Jim (June 18, 2004). "Dave Chappelle lets rude crowd have it, sticks up for Cosby's comment.". Sacramento Bee.
^ Robinson, Simon (May 15, 2005). "On the Beach With Dave Chappelle". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1061415,00.html. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
^ Susman, Gary (May 26, 2005). "The Buckeye Stops Here". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1065847,00.html. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
^ Susman, Gary (June 3, 2005). "True Hollywood Story". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1068717,00.html. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
^ Itzkoff, Dave (November 27, 2005). "Dave Chappelle Is Alive and Well (and Playing Las Vegas)". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/27/arts/television/27itzkoff.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5090&en=d4621faea456d339&ex=1290747600&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
^ ^a ^b Kaufman, Gil (September 12, 2005). "Dave Chappelle Is Back Onstage". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1509344/20050912/index.jhtml?headlines=true. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
^ "Def Poetry: Season 5: Episode 1: Summary". HBO. http://www.hbo.com/defpoetry/episodes/season5/episode01.html.
^ "Inside The Actors Studio: Dave Chappelle's Bio". Bravo. http://www.bravotv.com/Inside_the_Actors_Studio/guests/Dave_Chappelle.shtml.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Chappelle's Story: Dave's Moral Dilemma". The Oprah Winfrey Show. http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Chappelles-Story/5.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Transcript: Interview With Dave Chappelle, July 7, 2006". Anderson Cooper 360 CNN. http://insidecable.blogsome.com/2006/07/07/dave-chappelle-on-360-tonight/.
^ ^a ^b Gordon, Devin (May 16, 2005). "Fears of a Clown". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. http://web.archive.org/web/20070205143048/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7773670/site/newsweek/. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
^ "Chappelle's Story: Future of 'Chappelle's Show'". The Oprah Winfrey Show. http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Chappelles-Story/9.
^ "Dane Cook Breaks Dave Chappelle's Laugh Factory Endurance Record". Fox News. January 4, 2008. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,320330,00.html.
^ "Dave Chappelle Fails To Set Comedy Endurance Record When Nature Calls" The Huffington Post; October 20, 2009
^ Klein, Joshua (March 7, 2001). "The sixth man". The Onion. http://www.avclub.com/content/node/22774. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
^ DAVE CHAPPELLE, WIFE AND KIDS - Black Celebrity Kids
^ The Associated Press (September 11, 2006). "Chappelle plans to stay in Ohio town". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-09-11-chappelle-ohio_x.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
^ Van Agtmael, Peter. "On the Beach With Dave Chappelle", Time, May 15, 2005

External links [link]

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Name	Chappelle, Dave
Alternative names	Chappelle, David Khari Webber
Short description	comedian
Date of birth	August 24, 1973
Place of birth	Washington, D.C., United States
Date of death
Place of death

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Sal Iacono (born July 5, 1971)^[1] is an American comedian, writer and game show host best known as "Cousin Sal" on The Man Show and the late night television show Jimmy Kimmel Live.

1 Biography
2 Family
3 Career
4 References
5 External links

Biography [link]

Iacono was born in Brooklyn, New York. He graduated from John Glenn High School in 1989 and attended State University of New York at Oswego, earning a degree in Public Justice in 1993.^[2] He went on to study law at Touro Law Center in Huntington, Long Island receiving his Juris Doctorate in 1996. In 1997, Iacono moved from Long Island to Hollywood to pursue a career in television.

Family [link]

Iacono currently resides near Los Angeles with his wife, two sons and the family dog Carlos.^[3]

He is actually Jimmy Kimmel's cousin.

Career [link]

Television Writing to Hosting [link]

Iacono's first foray into television writing was on the Fox Sports Net program Sports Geniuses,^[1] a sports-themed game show starring Matt Vasgersian on which Sal also appeared nightly in a trivia challenge. From there, he joined the writing staff of Comedy Central's The Man Show starring Adam Carolla and Iacono's cousin Jimmy Kimmel.^[4] In 2002, Iacono joined Kimmel during his weekly prognostication sketches on Fox NFL Sunday. Iacono wrote for the puppet show Crank Yankers.^[5]

When Win Ben Stein's Money co-host Nancy Pimental left the show in 2002, Iacono replaced her, becoming Ben Stein's co-host and comic tormentor.^[6] Iacono was the co-host through the rest of the run of the series and was nominated for an Emmy in the Outstanding Game Show Host category.

[edit] Jimmy Kimmel Live

Iacono has been a permanent member of the Jimmy Kimmel Live writing staff since 2003.^[1] He also appears frequently on the show in comedy sketches. These comedy bits are often shot using a hidden camera, and "Cousin Sal" pretends to be a store employee or delivery person who is incredibly inept or annoying. Cousin Sal's victims are invariably dumbfounded or become extremely infuriated, much to the delight of the viewing audience.^[7]

WWE [link]

On Jimmy Kimmel Live on May 16, 2008, Iacono had a birthday cake delivered to Kimmel on air by his favorite wrestler Rowdy Roddy Piper. He and Piper were confronted by Santino Marella, who had the cake thrown on him and was attacked by Iacono. The following Monday, Marella (dressed as Piper) brought Iacono to the ring on Monday Night Raw to "apologize" to "Cousin Sal". The real Piper entered the ring and Marella got his own apology cake thrown on him and on his way back to the locker room, he challenged Iacono to a wrestling match, which Piper accepted on Iacono's behalf. The match took place at the Friday Night SmackDown! tapings in Los Angeles on June 3, 2008. Sal was accompanied to the ring by Kimmel and Piper, and won the match.^[8]

Podcasts [link]

Iacono is a regular guest on the podcast The B. S. Report by Bill Simmons. "Cousin Sal" picks the lines for the next weeks NFL games, defends the Dallas Cowboys, and talks about sports and sports betting with Bill. In addition Sal also joined the Adam Carolla Podcast on Mondays during the 2010 NFL season to discuss the previous Sunday's NFL action.^[9]

References [link]

External links [link]

Persondata
Name	Iacono, Sal
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	July 5, 1971
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/Sal_Iacono

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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

"Black man" redirects here. For the novel, see Black Man.

Race
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v t e

The term black people is used in some socially-based systems of racial classification for humans of a dark-skinned phenotype, relative to other racial groups represented in a particular social context. Different societies apply different criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and often social variables such as class and socio-economic status also play a role, so that relatively dark-skinned people can be classified as white if they fulfill other social criteria of "whiteness" and relatively light-skinned people can be classified as black if they fulfill the social criteria for "blackness" in a particular setting.^[1]

As a biological phenotype being "black" is often associated with the very dark skin colors of some people who are classified as "black". But, particularly in the United States, the racial or ethnic classification also refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have African ancestry, or to exhibit cultural traits associated with being "African-American". As a result, in the United States the term "black people" is not an indicator of skin color but of socially based racial classification.^[2]

Some definitions of the term include only people of relatively recent Sub-Saharan African descent (see African diaspora). Among the members of this group, dark skin is most often accompanied by the expression of natural afro-hair texture. Other definitions of the term "black people" extend to other populations characterized by dark skin, sometimes including people indigenous to Oceania.^[3]^[4]

Physiological traits [link]

Dark skin [link]

Further information: Human skin color

Map of indigenous skin color distribution in the world based on Von Luschan's chromatic scale.

The evolution of dark skin is linked intrinsically to the loss of body hair in humans. By 1.2 million years ago, all people having descendants today had the same receptor protein of today's Africans; their skin was dark, and the intense sun lowered the chance of survival of those with lighter skin that resulted from mutational variation in the receptor protein.^[5] This is significantly earlier than the speciation of Homo sapiens from Homo erectus some 250,000 years ago.

Skin cancer as a result of ultraviolet light radiation causing mutations in the skin is less common among people with dark skin than it is among those with light skin.^[6]^[7] Dark skin prevents an essential B vitamin, folate, from being destroyed. In the absence of modern medicine and diet, a person with dark skin in the tropics would live longer, be healthier and more likely to reproduce than a person with light skin. As evidence of this expectation of adverse effects of light skin in the tropics, White South Africans ^[8] and white Australians have some of the highest rates of skin cancer in the world.^[9]

Conversely, as dark skin prevents sunlight from penetrating the skin, it hinders the production of vitamin D₃. When humans migrated to less sun-intensive regions in the north, low vitamin D₃ levels became a problem, and humans with lighter skin were more successful in reproducing. White people of Europe, who have low levels of melanin, naturally have an almost colorless skin pigmentation, especially when untanned. This low level of pigmentation allows the blood vessels to become visible, which gives the characteristic pale pink color of white people. The loss of melanin in white people is thought to have been caused by a mutation in one letter out of 3.1 billion letters of DNA.^[10]

The genetic mutations leading to light skin, though different among East Asians and Europeans,^[11] suggest the two groups experienced a similar selective pressure due to settlement in northern latitudes.^[12]

Black skin pigmentation has been linked to a number of other properties, including tactile characteristics, and slower and less pronounced development of wrinkles.^[13]

Hair [link]

Main article: Afro-textured hair

The texture of hair in people of Sub-Saharan African ancestry is noticeably different from that of European and Asian populations. Herodotus described the peoples of Libya (the "western Ethiopians") as woolly-haired.

Such "afro-hair" texture is denser than its straight counterparts. Due to this, it is often referred to as "coily", "thick", "nappy", "bushy", or "woolly". For several reasons, possibly including its relatively flat cross section (among other factors^[14]), this hair type conveys a dry or matte appearance.^[15]^[16] Its unique shape renders it prone to breakage when combed or brushed.^[16]

The specific characteristics of the natural afro-hair form are unique among all mammals.^{[clarification needed]}^{[dubious – discuss]}^[17] The texture likely predates the evolution of dark skin. It evolved when, as pre-human australopithecines lost most of their fur to enable perspiration, the need to protect the newly exposed pale skin underneath this body hair was crucial (see^[18] in light of Rogers and others., 2004 and Harding and others., 2000). The trait ceased to be essential to survival at the equator upon the evolution of hairless dark skin. Yet it has continued to be expressed vestigially among most Melanesians, Andaman Islanders, and sub-Saharan Africans.

Sub-Saharan Africa [link]

Further information: Demographics of Africa

A black woman and her albino son from Tanzania

Sub-Saharan Africa is a common, if imprecise term that encompasses African countries located south of the Sahara Desert. It is commonly used to differentiate the region culturally, ecologically, politically and, more controversially, racially, from North Africa, which has historically been considered part of the Mediterranean sphere and whose residents are primarily of Arab ethnicity.

Because the indigenous people of this region are primarily dark-skinned, it is alternatively called "Black Africa".^[19] However the terminology Black Africa and Sub-Sahara Africa is considered by some as a pejorative term and a vestige of colonialism, which divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity.^[20] Some criticize the use of the term, because, as it has become in many quarters synonymous with Black Africa, people may not realize that there are also indigenous black populations in North Africa. In addition, the Sahara cuts across countries such as Mauritania, Mali, Niger, and Chad, leaving some parts of them in North Africa and some in sub-Saharan Africa.

Some black Africans prefer to be culturally distinguished from those who live in the north of the continent.^[21]

Cultural ideas of a black race [link]

South Africa [link]

A Khoisan man, an ethnic group in South Africa.

In South Africa during the apartheid era, the population was classified into four main racial groups: Black, White, Asian (mostly Indian), and Coloured. The Coloured group included people of mixed Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent (with some Malay ancestry, especially in the Western Cape). The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa.

The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether a person was to be considered Colored or Black, the "pencil test" was employed. This involved inserting a pencil in a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough for the pencil to get stuck.^[22]

During the apartheid era, those classed as "Coloured" were oppressed and discriminated against. But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as "Black".

In the post-apartheid era, the ANC government's laws in support of their affirmative action policies define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians". Their affirmative action policies have also favored "Africans" over "Coloureds". Some South Africans categorized as "African Black" openly state that "Coloureds" did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid. The popular saying by "Coloured" South Africans to illustrate their dilemma is:

We were not white enough under apartheid, and we are not black enough under the ANC (African National Congress)

In 2008, the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era (and their descendents) are to be reclassified as "Black people" solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits, because they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination. Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid do not qualify.^[23]

Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language. Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language, as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa. They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names.^[24]

In the Middle East [link]

Near East and North Africa [link]

Turkey [link]

Israel [link]

An African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem child in Dimona.

About 150,000 black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel,^[45] most of whom came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia.^[46] In addition, Israel is home to over 5,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem movement, who reside mainly in a distinct neighborhood in the Negev town of Dimona. Unknown numbers of black converts to Judaism reside in Israel, most of them converts from the UK, Canada, and the United States. Thousands of mixed-race individuals with non-black Jewish relatives also live in Israel.

In the Americas [link]

Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade from 1492 to 1888. Today their descendants number approximately 150 million,^[47] most of whom live in the United States, the Caribbean and Latin America. Most notably Brazil has the largest population in the world, aside from Nigeria, of individuals of at least partial African descent. Many have a multiracial background of African, Amerindian, European and Asian ancestry. The various regions developed complex social conventions with which their multi-ethnic populations were classified.

United States [link]

Main article: African American

Harriet Tubman, an African-American abolitionist and conductor of the Underground Railroad.

In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States, they commonly referred to themselves as Africans. In Africa, people primarily identified themselves by ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals would be Ashanti, Igbo, Bakongo or Wolof. But when Africans were brought to the Americas, they were forced to give up their ethnic affiliations when they were combined with other groups from Africa. In areas of the Upper South, different ethnic groups were brought together. This is significant as Africans came from a vast geographic region, the West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south east coast such as Mozambique. A new identity and culture was born that incorporated elements of the various ethnic groups and of European cultural heritage, resulting in fusions such as the Black church and Black English. This new identity was based on African ancestry and slave status rather than any one ethnic group.^[48]

In March 1807, Britain, which largely controlled the Atlantic, declared the trans-atlantic slave trade illegal, as did the United States. (The latter prohibition took effect January 1, 1808, the earliest date on which Congress had the power to do so under Article I, Section 9 of the United States Constitution.)

By that time, the majority of black people were U.S.-born, so use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it would give ammunition to those who were advocating repatriating black people back to Africa. In 1835 black leaders called upon black Americans to remove the title of "African" from their institutions and replace it with "Negro" or "Colored American". A few institutions chose to keep their historic names, such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church. "Negro" and "colored" remained the popular terms until the late 1960s.^[49]

The term black was used throughout but not frequently as it carried a certain stigma. In his 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech,^[50] Martin Luther King, Jr. uses the terms negro fifteen times and black four times. Each time he uses black it is in parallel construction with white, for example, "black men and white men".^[51]

With the successes of the civil rights movement, a new term was needed to break from the past and help shed the reminders of legalized discrimination. In place of Negro, activists promoted the use of black as standing for racial pride, militancy and power. Some of the turning points included the use of the term "Black Power" by Kwame Toure (Stokely Carmichael) and the release of James Brown's song "Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud".

African-American Michael Jordan, considered by many the greatest basketball player in history.

In 1988 Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use the term African American because the term has a historical cultural base. Since then African-American and black have essentially a coequal status. Controversy continues over which term is more appropriate. Some such as Maulana Karenga and Owen Alik Shahadah argue African-American is more appropriate because it accurately articulates geography and historical origin.^[48] Others have argued that "black" is a better term because "African" suggests foreignness, despite the long presence of black people in the US.^[52] Still others believe the term black is inaccurate because African Americans have a variety of skin tones.^{[citation needed]} Surveys show that the majority of black Americans have no preference for "African American" or "Black,"^[53] although they have a slight preference for "black" in personal settings and "African-American" in more formal settings.^[54] Increases in the number of immigrants to the United States from Africa, the Caribbean and Latin America have brought up questions about who uses the term African-American. The more recent African immigrants may sometimes view themselves, and be viewed, as culturally distinct from native-born people who are descendants of African slaves.^[55]

The U.S. census race definitions says a black is a person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro," or who provide written entries such as African-American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. However, the Census Bureau notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological.^[56]

A black Gl and a Chinese soldier place the flag of their ally on the front of their jeep, truck convoy on the Stilwell Road, Burma, 1945

A considerable portion of the U.S. population identified as black also has some Native American or European ancestry. For instance, genetic studies of African-American people show an ancestry that is on average 17–18% European.^[57]

One-drop rule [link]

Since the late nineteenth century, the South used a colloquial term, the one-drop rule, to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry. This practice of hypodescent was not put into law until the early twentieth century.^[58] Legally the definition varied from state to state, and was more flexible in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries before the American Civil War. For instance, Thomas Jefferson held persons who were legally white (less than 25% Black) according to Virginia law at the time, but, because they were born to slave mothers, they were born into slavery, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, which Virginia adopted into law in 1662.

Outside of the US, some other countries have adopted the one-drop rule, but the definition of who is black and the extent to which the one-drop "rule" applies varies greatly from country to country.

The one-drop rule may have originated as a means of increasing the number of black slaves^[59] and been maintained as an attempt to keep the white race pure.^[60] One of the results of the one-drop rule was uniting the African-American community.^[58] Some of the most prominent civil-rights activists were multiracial, and advocated equality for all.^{[citation needed]}

Blackness [link]

Barack Obama, the first black president of the United States, was throughout his campaign criticized as being either "too black" or "not black enough".^[61]^[62]^[63]

The concept of blackness in the United States has been described^{[by whom?]} as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about race but more about culture and behavior. Blackness can be contrasted with "acting white," where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans, with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music,^[64] and possibly, from the perspective of a significant number of black youth, academic achievement.^[65]

The notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black president,^[66] because of his warm relations with African Americans, his poor upbringing and also because he is a jazz musician. Christopher Hitchens was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president noting "we can still define blackness by the following symptoms: alcoholic mothers, under-the-bridge habits...the tendency to sexual predation and shameless perjury about the same". Some black activists were also offended, claiming Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people like no other president before^[67] for political gain, while not serving black interests. They note his lack of action during the Rwanda genocide^[68] and his welfare reform which some claim led to the worst child poverty since the 1960s^[69] along with the fact that the number of black people in jail increased during his administration.^[70]

The question of blackness also arose in Democrat Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign. Commentators have questioned whether Obama, who was elected the first black President of the United States, is black enough, as his mother was white American, and his father was a black Kenyan immigrant.^[61]^[63] Obama refers to himself interchangeably as black and African-American.^[71] "Is Barack Obama the first black President of the United States?"^[72]

Brazil [link]

Main article: Race in Brazil

The topic of race in Brazil is a complex and diverse one.^{[citation needed]} A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between a pure black and a very light mulatto over a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with the combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and no one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. That is, race referred to appearance, not heredity.^[73]

Jongo, a Brazilian dance of African origin, c. 1822

There is some disagreement among scholars over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil. It is generally believed that upward mobility and education results in reclassification of individuals into lighter skinned categories. The popular claim is that in Brazil poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks are considered white. Some scholars disagree arguing that whitening of one's social status may be open to people of mixed race, but a typically black person will consistently be identified as black regardless of wealth or social status.^[74]^[75] Multiracial persons can even reappreciate their African heritage and start to declare themselves as black persons with increasings of social status and education.

Statistics [link]

Brazilian Population, by Race, from 1872 to 1991 (Census Data)^[76]
Ethnic group	White	Black	Brown	Yellow (Asian)	Undeclared	Total
1872	3,787,289	1,954,452	4,188,737	-	-	9,930,478
1940	26,171,778	6,035,869	8,744,365	242,320	41,983	41,236,315
1991	75,704,927	7,335,136	62,316,064	630,656	534,878	146,521,661

Demographics of Brazil
Year	White	Pardo	Black
1835	24.4%	18.2%	51.4%
2000	53.7%	38.5%	6.2%
2010	48.4%	42.4%	6.7%

From the year 1500 to 1850 an estimated 3.5 million Africans were forcibly shipped to Brazil.^[74] It is estimated that more than half of the Brazilian population is at least in part descendants of these Africans. Brazil has the largest population of Afro-descendants outside of Africa. In contrast to the US there were no segregation or anti-miscegenation laws in Brazil and as a result intermarriage has affected a large majority of the Brazilian population. Even much of the white/Asian population has either African or Amerindian blood. According to the last census of the twentieth century 54% identified themselves as white, 6.2% identified themselves as black and 39.5% identified themselves as Pardo (brown) — a broad multiracial category.^[77]

A philosophy of whitening emerged in Brazil in the nineteenth century. Until recently the government did not keep data on race. However, statisticians estimate that in 1835 half the population was black, one fifth was Pardo (brown) and one fourth white. By 2000 the black population had fallen to only 6.2% and the Pardo had increased to 40% and white to 55%. Essentially most of the black population was absorbed into the multiracial category by intermixing.^[73] A recent study found that at least 29% of the middle class white Brazilian population had some recent African ancestry.^[78]

Race relations in Brazil [link]

Afro-Brazilian women during a Candomblé ceremony.

Because of the ideology of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the polarization of society into black and white. The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that divide the US are notably absent in Brazil. According to the census, 6.7% of Brazilians said they were black, compared with 6.2% in 2000, and 43.1% said they were mixed race, up from 38.5%. According to Brazil's minister for racial equality, Elio Ferreira de Araujo, attributed the change to growing pride among his country's black and indigenous communities.^[79]

However, the philosophy of the racial democracy in Brazil has drawn criticism from some quarters. Brazil has one of the largest gaps in income distribution in the world. The richest 10% of the population earn 28 times the average income of the bottom 40%. The richest 10 percent is almost exclusively white. One-third of the population lives under the poverty line, with blacks and other non-whites accounting for 70 percent of the poor.^[80]

Fruit sellers in Rio de Janeiro c. 1820

In the US, black people earn 75% of what white people earn.^[81] In Brazil, non-whites earn less than 50% of what whites earn. Some have posited that Brazil does in fact practice the one-drop rule when social economic factors are considered. This is because the gap in income between blacks and other non-whites is relatively small compared to the large gap between whites and non-whites. Other factors such as illiteracy and education level show the same patterns.^[82] Unlike in the US where African Americans were united in the civil-rights struggle, in Brazil the philosophy of whitening has helped divide blacks from other non-whites and prevented a more active civil rights movement.

Though Brazilians of African heritage make up a large percentage ^[83] the population there are very few black politicians. The city of Salvador, Bahia, for instance, is 80% Afro-Brazilian but has never had a black mayor. Critics indicate that US cities that have a black majority, such as Detroit and New Orleans, have never had white mayors since first electing black mayors in the 1970s.^[79]^[84]

Black people in Brazil c. 1821

Non-white people also have limited media visibility. The Latin American media, in particular the Brazilian media, has been accused of hiding its Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian population. For example the telenovelas or soaps are said to be a hotbed of largely light-eyed white and light-skinned mulattoes and mestizos (often deemed as white persons in Brazil if achieving the middle class or higher social status) actors. Most rare empowered persons of color represented in Latin American media possess typically Caucasian features due to a mix of racist standards of beauty, colourism and lookism. Nevertheless, in the last years, the number of empowered afrodescendants (either economically or by other ways) increased in Brazilian media coverage. Despite Brazil also possessing criminal black man stereotypes, it is considered a huge prejudice and mostly not used in a disordered way by the media, in spite of sometimes common "humouristic" sexist jokes and LGBT stereotyping ^[85] and as such lack of politically correctness in native race issues is not a major problem (there are way more stereotypes of Asian people, Europeans or U.S. Americans, for example).

These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some to advocate for the use of the Portuguese term 'negro' to encompass non-whites so as to renew a black consciousness and identity, in effect an African descent rule.^[86] It generates criticism since Pardo, or Brown people, is intended to include caboclos (mestizos), assimilated Amerindians and tri-racials, not only afrodescendants — thus Brazilian of some or no recent African descent, as most White Brazilians, become 60–70% of the population, breaking the argument of possible Brazilian one-drop rule since real noticeable mulattoes, cafuzos (zambos) and black persons are a minority and the Brazilian poor represents larger percents in Brazil. As one would expect from an underdeveloped country, there are pockets of poverty in White-majority and Japanese Brazilian-majority areas, rarer in urban developments but common in rural areas. They are even more common among Mestizo-majority areas, and Amerindian communities.

In Asia and Australasia [link]

Siddi folk dancers performing at Devaliya Naka, Sasan Gir, Gujarat.

File:BillyBlue.jpg

Billy Blue, Jamaican-born convict sent to Australia, where he became a popular member of the community, many streets, landmarks, hotels and businesses in North Sydney having been named in his honour.

China [link]

As of August, 2008, The Migration Information Source article noted that "A Nigerian Embassy spokesman estimated that Nigerians possibly make up the largest group of Black Africans in China, with about 2,000 to 3,000 Nigerians in Guangdong in 2006. Most businessmen only stay temporarily."^[87]^[88]

An ethnic Ati woman of the Philippines. The Negritos were the earliest inhabitants of Southeast Asia.

India and Southeast Asia [link]

Melanesia [link]

There are several groups of dark-skinned people who live in various parts of Asia, Australia and Oceania who sometimes are referred to as black people. They include the Indigenous Australians, the Melanesians (now divided into Austronesian-speaking populations and Papuans, and including the great genetic diversity of New Guinea), the Semang people of the Malay peninsula, and indigenous first nation Fijians. They are as genetically, anthropologically and culturally related to Africans only as much as all other non-Africans are related to Africans, and because of this it has been deemed controversial to label them black people in the sense of some relation to the native African peoples and the African diaspora that is not similarly present in other Asian, Oceanic or European populations.

In Europe [link]

Portrait of a black woman, Katherine, in Antwerp, 1521, by Albrecht Dürer.

Main article: Black people in Europe

United Kingdom [link]

Main article: Black British

According to the Office for National Statistics, as of the 2001 census, there are over a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population describe themselves as "Black Caribbean", 0.8% as "Black African", and 0.2% as "Black other".^[92] Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush. The preferred official umbrella term is "black and minority ethnic" (BME), but sometimes the term "black" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the Southall Black Sisters, which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association, which has a membership of "African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin".^[93]

France [link]

Main article: Afro-French

The pioneering Chadian-French rapper MC Solaar.

While census collection of ethnic background is illegal in France, it is estimated that there are about 2.5 – 5 million black people residing there.^[94]^[95]

Balkans [link]

Due to the Ottoman slave trade that had flourished in the Balkans, the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community.^[96] As a consequence of the slave trade and privateer activity, a considerable number of Ulcinj inhabitants until 1878 were black.^[97] The Ottoman Army also sent an estimated 30,000 Black African troops and cavalrymen to its expedition in Hungary during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18.^[98]

Eastern Europe [link]

Footnotes [link]

^ McPherson, Lionel K; Shelby, Tommie (2008). Blackness and Blood: Interpreting African American Identity. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 179. http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Journal_Samples/PAPA0048-3915~32~2~10%5C010.pdf.
^ Glenn, Evelyn Nakano (2009). Shades of difference: why skin color matters. Stanford University Press. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-8047-5998-4. http://books.google.ca/books?id=WewhspE2Q9UC&lpg=PR1&dq=Shades%20of%20difference%3A%20why%20skin%20color%20matters&pg=PA225#v=onepage&q&f=true
^ Various isolated populations in Southeast Asia sometimes classified as black include the Austronesians and Papuans, the Andamanese islanders, the Semang people of the Malay peninsula, the Aeta people of Luzon, and some other small populations of indigenous peoples.
^ black. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved April 13, 2007, from Dictionary.com website
^ Rogers, Alan R.; Iltis, David; Wooding, Stephen (February 2004). "Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair". Current Anthropology (The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research) 45 (1): 105–8. DOI:10.1086/381006. OCLC 193553649. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/381006. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
^ Nouri, Keyvan (2007). Skin Cancer. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 32. ISBN 0-07-147256-8. http://books.google.com/?id=TlhFQYziim8C&pg=PA32.
^ Edlin, Gordon; Golanty, Eric (312). Health and Wellness. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 0-7637-6593-7. http://books.google.com/?id=Ki_fbxDZsHcC&pg=PA312.
^ "Contribution to Skin Cancer Prevention in South Africa: Modelling the UV Index Utilizing Imprecise Data". http://www.ehrn.co.za/sunsmart/download/15.pdf.
^ "Australia Struggles with Skin Cancer". http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Australia_Struggles_with_Skin_Cancer.asp.
^ "Scientists find DNA change accounting for white skin". Washington Post.
^ Norton, H. L.; Kittles, R. A.; Parra, E.; McKeigue, P.; Mao, X.; Cheng, K.; Canfield, V. A.; Bradley, D. G. et al. (2006). "Genetic Evidence for the Convergent Evolution of Light Skin in Europeans and East Asians". Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (3): 710–22. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl203. PMID 17182896.
^ Juzeniene, Asta; Setlow, Richard; Porojnicu, Alina; Steindal, Arnfinn Hykkerud; Moan, Johan (2009). "Development of different human skin colors: A review highlighting photobiological and photobiophysical aspects". Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 96 (2): 93–100. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.04.009. PMID 19481954.
^ William Montagna, Giuseppe Prota, John A. Kenney Jr. (1993). Black skin: structure and function. Academic Press. p. xii. ISBN 0-12-505260-X. http://books.google.ca/books?id=BpL8V2YJkQ4C&pg=PR12.
^ Franbourg et al. "Influence of Ethnic Origin of Hair on Water-Keratin Interaction" In Ethnic Skin and Hair E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (Eds.). page 101. Informa Healthcare. 2007
^ Nick Arrojo, Jenny Acheson, Great Hair: Secrets to Looking Fabulous and Feeling Beautiful Every Day, (St. Martin's Press: 2008), p.184
^ ^a ^b Dale H. Johnson, Hair and hair care, (CRC Press: 1997), p.237
^ Ethnic Skin and Hair E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (eds.). Informa Healthcare. 2007
^ Iyengar, B. "The hair follicle is a specialized UV receptor in human skin?" Bio Signals Recep, 7(3), pages 188–194. 1998^{[not in citation given]}
^ Keita, Lansana (2004). "Race, Identity and Africanity: A Reply to Eboussi Boulaga". CODESRIA Bulletin (Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa) 1 & 2: 16.
^ http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/language%20new%20reality.htm Language African Reality
^ Keith B., Richburg (Reprint edition (July 1, 1998)). Out of America: A Black Man Confronts Africa. Harvest/HBJ Book. ISBN 0-15-600583-2.
^ Nullis, Clare (2007). "Township tourism booming in South Africa". The Associated Press. http://www.canada.com/topics/travel/features/story.html?id=59ec6285-c9fb-41ab-93f9-419f62733f07&k=67896.
^ "We agree that you are black, South African court tells Chinese", The Times
^ du Preez, Max (2006-04-13). "Coloureds – the most authentic SA citizens". The Star. http://www.thestar.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=3201857.
^ "Mauritania: Fair elections haunted by racial imbalance"
^ Remembering East African slave raids
^ "The Unknown Slavery: In the Muslim world, that is – and it's not over"
^ Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History
^ Lewis. Race and Slavery in the Middle East. Oxford University Press 1994.
^ ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī (Moroccan military organization). Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ "Slaves in Saudi". Naeem Mohaiemen. The Daily Star, 27 July 2004.
^ Lewis 1994, Ch.1
^ "Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations", National Institutes of Health
^ Musselman, Anson. "The Subtle Racism of Latin America". UCLA International Institute. http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=4125.
^ Louis Gosset Jr. Hollywood.com
^ Joseph Finklestone, Anwar Sadat: Visionary Who Dared, pages 5–7,31 ISBN 0-7146-3487-5
^ African Union Summit
^ See Tahfeem ul Qur'an by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Vol. 2 pp. 112–113 footnote 44; Also see commentary on verses ^{[Quran 23:1]}: Vol. 3, notes 7–1, p. 241; 2000, Islamic Publications
^ Tafsir ibn Kathir 4:24
^ "Slavery in Arabia". "Owen 'Alik Shahadah". http://www.arabslavetrade.com.
^ Hunwick, John. "Arab Views of Black Africans and Slavery" (PDF). http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Hunwick.pdf.
^ Labbé, Theola; Omar Fekeiki (2004-01-11). "A Legacy Hidden in Plain Sight". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A6645-2004Jan10. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
^ Ayvalık’ın renkli derneği, retrieved 28 August 2008
^ "Turks with African ancestors want their existence to be felt", Today's Zaman, 11 May 2008, Sunday, retrieved 28 August 2008]
^ "The Ethiopian Population In Israel", Reuters. July 16, 2009.
^ "Why Jews see racism in Israel", Christian Science Monitor, September 1, 2009.
^ "Community Outreach" Seminar on Planning Process for SANTIAGO +5 , Global Afro-Latino and Caribbean Initiative, February 4, 2006
^ ^a ^b Shahadah, Owen 'Alik. "Linguistics for a new African reality". http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/language%20new%20reality.htm.
^ African American Journeys to Africa page63-64
^ Martin Luther King, Jr. (August 28, 1963). I Have a Dream (Google Video). Washington, D.C.. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1732754907698549493. ^{[dead link]}
^ Smith, Tom W. (Winter, 1992). "Changing Racial Labels: From "Colored" to "Negro" to "Black" to "African American"" (PDF). The Public Opinion Quarterly (Oxford University Press) 56 (4): 496–514. DOI:10.1086/269339. OCLC 192150485. http://www.soc.iastate.edu/soc522a/PDF%20readings/Smith.pdf.
^ McWhorter, John H. (8 September 2004). "Why I'm Black, Not African American". Los Angeles Times. http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/_latimes-why_im_black.htm. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
^ Newport, Frank (28 September 2007). "Black or African American?". Gallup. http://www.gallup.com/poll/28816/black-african-american.aspx. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
^ Miller, Pepper; Kemp, Herb (2006). What's Black About? Insights to Increase Your Share of a Changing African-American Market. Paramount Market Publishing, Inc. p. 8. ISBN 0-9725290-9-8. OCLC 61694280. http://books.google.com/books?id=1OzZr_U2x_wC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false.
^ Swarns, Rachel L. (2004-08-29). "'African American' Becomes a Term for Debate". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE5DB1F3EF93AA1575BC0A9629C8B63. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
^ 2000 US Census basics
^ How White Are Blacks? How Black Are Whites? by Steve Sailer
^ ^a ^b James, F. Davis. "Who is Black? One Nation's Definition". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/mixed/onedrop.html.
^ Clarence Page, A Credit to His Races, The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, May 1, 1997.
^ Sweet, Frank (2006-04-01). "Presenting the Triumph of the One-Drop Rule". The One-Drop Rule. http://backintyme.com/essays/?p=25. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
^ ^a ^b "Remarks of Senator Barack Obama: "A More Perfect Union" (transcript)" (pdf). BBC News. 2008-03-18. pp. p2. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/18_03_08_obama_speech.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-27. "This is not to say that race has not been an issue in the campaign. At various stages in the campaign, some commentators have deemed me either "too black" or "not black enough." We saw racial tensions bubble to the surface during the week before the South Carolina primary. The press has scoured every exit poll for the latest evidence of racial polarization, not just in terms of white and black, but black and brown as well." See also: video
^ Adesioye, Lola (2008-06-27). "Too black or not black enough, Obama just can't win". Comment is Free (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/27/barackobama.ralphnader?gusrc=rss&feed=commentisfree. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
^ ^a ^b Coates, Ta-Nehisi Paul (2007-02-01). "Is Obama Black Enough?". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1584736,00.html. Retrieved 2008-06-27. "Barack Obama's real problem isn't that he's too white — it's that he's too black."
^ Edler, Melissa (Spring 2007). "Acting White". Kent State Magazine. http://www.kent.edu/Magazine/Spring2007/ActingWhite.cfm. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
^ Ogbu, J. "Black American students in an affluent suburb: a study of academic disengagement". Erlbaum Associates Press. Mahwah, NJ. 2003.
^ Hansen, Suzy (2002-02-20). "Blacks and Bill Clinton". Salon. http://dir.salon.com/story/books/int/2002/02/20/clinton/index.html. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
^ "Find Articles 404 File not found". http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go1637/is_200204/ai_n6880693. ^{[dead link]}
^ Carroll, Rory (2004-03-31). "US chose to ignore Rwandan genocide". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/mar/31/usa.rwanda. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
^ Roberts, Larry (1999-06-02). "Clinton's welfare reform has increased child poverty". World Socialist Web Site. http://www.wsws.org/articles/1999/jun1999/welf-j02.shtml. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
^ Gray, Kevin A. (2002-12-07). "Soul Brother? Clinton and Black Americans". Counterpunch. http://www.counterpunch.org/gray1207.html. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
^ Kroft, Steve (2007-02-11). "A Transcript Excerpt Of Steve Kroft’s Interview With Sen. Obama". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/11/60minutes/main2458530.shtml. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
^ Swirski, Peter (2010). Ars Americana Ars Politica. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-3766-8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Americana_Ars_Politica.
^ ^a ^b Skidmore, Thomas E. (April 1992). "Fact and Myth: Discovering a Racial Problem in Brazil" (PDF). Working Paper 173. http://www.nd.edu/~kellogg/publications/workingpapers/WPS/173.pdf.
^ ^a ^b Edward E., Telles (2004). Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil. Princeton University Press. pp. 95–98. ISBN 0-691-11866-3.
^ Telles, Edward E. (3 May 2002). "Racial Ambiguity Among the Brazilian Population" (PDF). Ethnic and Racial Studies (California Center for Population Research) 25 (3): 415–441. DOI:10.1080/01419870252932133. http://www.ccpr.ucla.edu/ccprwpseries/ccpr_012_01.pdf.
^ http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/
^ "CIA World Factbook: Brazil". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html. ^{[dead link]}
^ Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians
^ ^a ^b http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/aug/25/brazil-2010-census-kalunga Guardian | Brazil's census offers recognition at last to descendants of runaway slaves
^ Barrolle, Melvin Kadiri. "African 'Americans' in Brazil". New America Media. http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=5b8d531de860940110af2433244782c6. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/nov/17/brazil-census-african-brazilians-majority Guardian Newspaper | Brazil census shows African-Brazilians in the majority for the first time
^ Roland, Edna Maria Santos. "The Economics of Racism: People of African Descent in Brazil". http://www.falapreta.org.br/durban/racism.doc.
^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/nov/17/brazil-census-african-brazilians-majority Guardian | Brazil's census offers recognition at last to descendants of runaway slaves
^ Charles Whitaker, "Blacks in Brazil: The Myth and the Reality," Ebony, February 1991
^ (Portuguese) Vexing stereotypes in humouristic shows is homophobia, lawyer Maria Berenice says. Maria Berenice Dias "homoaffective" (LGBT) rights, Family Law and Succession lawyer blog, 2011.
^ Brazil Separates Into a World of Black and White, Los Angeles Times, September 3, 2006
^ China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration. By Malia Politzer. Migration Information Source. August 2008
^ Guangzhou "Chocolate City": Africans Seek Their Dreams in China. 18-Dec-2008.
^ Extinction threat for Andaman natives. BBC News. March 5, 2005.
^ Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Singh, L; Reddy, AG; Rao, VR; Sehgal, SC; Underhill, PA; Pierson, M; Frame, IG et al. (2003-01-21). "Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population" (PDF). Current Biology 13 (2): 86–93. DOI:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2. OCLC 112009350. PMID 12546781. http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/CB_2002_p1-18.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
^ Chapter 6: The Negrito Race
^ National Statistics Online
^ NBPA Website The emphasis is on the common experience and determination of the people of African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin.
^ Europe's Minority Politicians in Short Supply. The Washington Post. April 24, 2005.
^ In officially colorblind France, blacks have a dream – and now a lobby. Csmonitor.com. January 12, 2007.
^ Yugoslavia – Montenegro and Kosovo – The Next Conflict?
^ ULCINJ – HISTORY
^ African Slave Trade in Russia, By Dieudonne Gnammankou in La Channe et le lien, Doudou Diene, (id.) Paris, Editions UNESCO, 1988
^ MediaRights: Film: Black Russians
^ Лили Голден и Лили Диксон. Телепроект "Черные русские": синопсис. Info on "Black Russians" film project in English
^ The Unmaking of Soviet Life: Everyday Economies After Socialism By Caroline Humphrey Cornell University 2002 p36–37
^ Lisa Taylor, Emergency—Explosion of State and Popular Racism follows Moscow Blasts, International Solidarity with Workers in Russia (ISWoR), 13 September 1999.

External links [link]

two African American boys Clarence 'Grandpa' Liv and Alonzo 'Teddy' Tucker at the Wright Brothers bicycle shop, 1897(old-pictures.com database)
Clarence Liv and Alonzo 'Teddy' Tucker at the Wright Cycle Company, photo taken by Wright Brothers 1897(old-pictures.com)

v t e Historical definitions of race

Color terminology for race	Black people · Brown people · Red people · White people · Yellow people · Bronze people

Typological definitions of race	Australoid race · Capoid race · Caucasian race · Mongoloid race · Negroid race

Typological sub-types	Alpine race · Arabid race · Armenoid race · Atlantid race · Balkans-Caucasian race · Caspian race · Dinaric race · East Baltic race · Ethiopid race · Hamitic race · Dravidian race · Iranid race · Mediterranean race · Nordic race · Northcaucasian race · Pamirid race · Pontid race · Turanid race

Mixed races	Afro-Arabs · Afro-Asians · Coloureds · Eurasians · Mestizos · Mulattos · Zambos · Malay race

Related concepts	Craniofacial anthropometry · Historical definitions of races in India · Aryan race · Semitic race · Martial Race · Master race · Nazism and race · Negritude · Race (classification of humans)

Writers	John Baker · John Beddoe · Robert Bennett Bean · Johann Friedrich Blumenbach · Alice Mossie Brues · Houston Stewart Chamberlain · Sonia Mary Cole · Carleton S. Coon · Joseph Deniker · Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt · Reginald Ruggles Gates · Arthur de Gobineau · Madison Grant · Hans F. K. Günther · Earnest Hooton · Calvin Ira Kephart · Robert Knox · Georges Vacher de Lapouge · Bertil Lundman · Felix von Luschan · Oscar Peschel · Charles Pickering · William Z. Ripley · Ilse Schwidetzky · Charles Gabriel Seligman · Giuseppe Sergi · Lothrop Stoddard · Thomas Griffith Taylor · Paul Topinard

Writings	An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races · The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century · The Passing of the Great Race · Race Life of the Aryan Peoples · The Races of Europe (Coon) · The Races of Europe (Ripley) · The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy

http://wn.com/Black_people

http://nl.wn.com/Zwarten

http://pt.wn.com/Negros

http://de.wn.com/Schwarze

http://fr.wn.com/Noir (humain)

http://es.wn.com/Negro (persona)

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

"Asians" redirects here. For a nomadic Central Asian people of antiquity, see Asii.

For the individual peoples of Asia, see ethnic groups in Asia. For demographic data, see demography of Asia.

The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2009)

Race
Classification
Race (classification of humans)
Genetics
Race and genetics Human genetic variation
Group differences
Cross-race effect History race and intelligence Race and crime (US, UK) Race and health (US) Race and intelligence Race and sports
Social
Historical race concepts Race in Brazil Race in the United States Racial profiling Social interpretations of race Racism Racialism The Race Question (1950)
Related
Ethnic group Genetics Human evolution Racism topics Category: Race
v t e

Asian people^[1] or Asiatic people^[2] is a term with multiple meanings that refers to people who descend from a portion of Asia's population.

Definitions by country [link]

Central Asia [link]

Main articles: Turanid race, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz people, Uzbeks, Turkmens, and Tajiks

for historical background see Transoxiana


Kazakh woman and Uzbek man

Native ethnic groups of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan self-identify themselves as Asian. They are also recognized as Asian by Russians and Chinese.^{[citation needed]}

This self-identification is based phenotypically, and on cultural differences from Russians, as these countries used to be parts of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, and therefore have significant Russian populations. Another reason for such self-identification is patriotic: "the native people of the Center of Asia - are undoubtedly Asians".^{[citation needed]}

Anglophone Africa and Caribbean [link]

Further information: Asians in South Africa, Indo-Caribbean, Indo-African (disambiguation), and Afro-Asian

In parts of anglophone Africa, especially East Africa and South Africa, and in parts of the Anglophone Caribbean, the term "Asian" is more commonly associated with people of South Asian origin, particularly Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans.^[3]

Australia [link]

Main article: Asian Australian

Notably, the Australian Census includes Central Asia, a region that is often considered to be part of the Greater Middle East.^[4] The Australian Census includes four regions of Asia in its official definition. Defined by the 2006–2011 Australian Census, three broad groups have the word Asian included in their name: Central and Southern Asian, South-East Asian and North-East Asian. Russians are classified as Southern and Eastern Europeans while Middle Easterners are classified as North African and Middle Easterners.^[5]

Canada [link]

Main article: Asian Canadian

The Canadian Census' list of Visible Minorities includes "West Asian", "South Asian" and "Southeast Asian".^[6] The Canadian government uses "West Asian" in its statistics; however people from the Arab countries are counted in a separate "Arab" category.^[7]^[8]

New Zealand [link]

New Zealand's census undertaken by Statistics New Zealand defines the Asian to include people of Chinese, Indian, Korean, Filipino, Japanese, Vietnamese, Sri Lankan, Cambodian and Thai ancestries.^[9] In less formal contexts, the term Asian often does not include South Asian people.^[10]

Norway [link]

Statistics Norway considers people of Asian background to be people from all Asian countries.^[11]^[12]

United Kingdom [link]

Main article: British Asian

In the United Kingdom, the term "Asian" is more commonly associated with people of South Asian origin, particularly Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans.^[3]^[13] The UK usage of the term "Asian" is reflected in the "ethnic group" section of UK census forms, which treat "Asian" and "Chinese" as separate (see British Asian).^[14] Most respondents to the UK 2001 Census of non-Chinese East Asian and Southeast Asian descent chose to write-in their ethnicity in the "Other Ethnic Group" category rather than the "Other Asian" category, reflecting the association of the word Asian in the UK with South Asian.^[15] Despite there being a strong presence of East Asians in the United Kingdom there are considerably more South Asians, for example the 2001 Census recorded 1.05 million people of Indian origin and 247,000 of Chinese origin in the UK.^[16] Peter J. Aspinall of the Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, recommends privileging the term "South Asian" over the term "Asian", since the term "Asian" is a "contested term".^[13]

United States [link]

Main articles: Asian American and Racial classification of Indian Americans

In 1968, an Asian activist conference decided on favoring the name "Asian American" over the competing terms: "yellow", "Mongolian", "Asiatic" and "Oriental", since the Filipinos at the meeting thought they were "brown" rather than "yellow" and the conference thought the term "Oriental" was Eurocentric, since they originate from lands "east" only from Europe's standpoint and, since the term "Oriental" suggested to them "passivity".^[17]

Earlier Census forms from 1980 and prior listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups along with White and Black or Negro.^[18] Previously, Asian Americans were classified as "other".^[19] But the 1980 Census marked the first general analyses of Asians as a group, combining several individual ancestry groups into "Asian or Pacific Islander." By the 1990 Census, Asian or Pacific Islander (API) was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry.^[20]^[21]^[22]

Asian ancestries as defined by the 2000 U.S. Census.

The 2000 and 2010 U.S. Census Bureau definition of the Asian "race" includes those who originate from the original peoples of the "Far East", "Southeast Asia" and the "Indian subcontinent".^[23]

In 1930 and 1940, Indian Americans were identified as a separate race, Hindu, and in 1950 and 1960 they were racially classified as Other Race, and then in 1970 they were classified as White. Since 1980, Indians and all other South Asians have been classified as part of the Asian race.^[24] Sociologist Madhulika Khandelwal described how "....as a result of activism, South Asians came to be included as 'Asians' in the census only in the 80's. Prior to that many South Asians had been checking 'Caucasian' or 'Other'."^[25]

Respondents can also report their specific ancestry, e.g.: Okinawan, etc. Someone reporting these ancestries but no race would be classified as "Asian". Unlike South Asians, Middle Eastern Americans and Central Asian Americans have not lobbied to be included as Asians by the U.S. Census Board.^[26]

In normal American usage Asian does not refer to the people from the Pacific Islands who are usually called Pacific Islanders.^[27] The term "Asians and Pacific Islanders" or "Asia/Pacific" was used on the 1990 US Census.^[28] However, in the 2000 US Census, the Asian or Pacific Islander category was separated into two categories, "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander".^[29]

Definition by non-government sources [link]

This is a genetic distance map of human populations made by geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza of Stanford University.^[30] Cavalli-Sforza referred to both "Asian Caucasoids" and "Mongoloids" in Asia which he also called "other Asians" as encompassing "Asian populations".^[30] Cavalli-Sforza also referred to "Amerinds" as being the "aboriginal Asian group" of the Americas.^[30]

Keith Lowe [link]

Dr. Keith Lowe, race-relations expert for the Canadian government,^[31] claims that Asian people refer to Central, South, Southeast and East Asians.^[32]

Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza [link]

In 1994, geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza of Stanford University divided a principal coordinant map of 42 Asian populations into three groupings: Asian Caucasoids, Northeast and East Asian and Southeast Asian.^{[page needed]}^[30] The ethnic groups Cavalli-Sforza said were in the "Asian Caucasoids" cluster were the Armenian, Arabian, Assyrian, Lebanese, Bedouin, Jordanian, E. Iranian, W. Iranian, Uzbek, N. Turkic, Turkish Caucasoid, Turkmen, Brahman, Central Indian, E. Indian, S. Indian, N. Dravidian, Central Dravidian, S. Dravidian and Sri Lankan.^{[page needed]}^[30] The ethnic groups Cavalli-Sforza said were in the Northeast and East Asian cluster were the Koryak, Chukchi, Reindeer Chukchi, Nganasan Samoyed, N. Tungus, Nentsy, N. Chinese, Tibetan, Bhutanese, Ainu, Mongol, Japanese and Korean.^{[page needed]}^[30] The ethnic groups Cavalli-Sforza said were in the Southeast Asian cluster were Indonesian, Malaysian, Taiwan aborigines, Viet Muong, Thai, Philippine, S. Chinese, Balinese and Gurkha.^{[page needed]}^[30]

Moreover, Cavalli-Sforza said there is an approximate boundary between Caucasoids and Mongoloids from the Urals to the eastern part of India.^{[page needed]}^[30] Along this boundary there has been hybridization, causing a "Caucasoid-Mongoloid gradient".^{[page needed]}^[30] Likewise, Cavalli-Sforza said there is a "separation between northern and southern Mongoloids starting from Southeast Asia".^{[page needed]}^[30]

Leonard Lieberman Professor of Anthropology at Central Michigan University said that the perception of there being a discrete Asian race in the mindset of America is due to immigration from the region circled in the picture, but Lieberman said the reality is that "not all Asians can be designated 'Mongoloid'".^[33]

Marta Mirazon Lahr [link]

Dr. Marta Mirazon Lahr of the Department of Biological Anthropology at Cambridge University said "all" "Asian populations" are "grouped under the name Mongoloid".^[34]

Michael Bamshad [link]

Michael Bamshad et al. of the Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, found that "107 sub-Saharan African, 67 East Asian and 81 Western European" individuals genetically clustered with "ancestry from a single population" at levels of "almost 100%", but among "263 individuals from South India" the "proportion of ancestry shared with Europeans and Asians varies widely".^[35]

Karen T. Taylor [link]

Karen T. Taylor forensic art professor at the FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia, said that the term "Asian-derived" is a modern-day euphemism for the "Mongoloid race" and it includes "Native Americans" and "various Asian groups".^[36]

Eugénia Maria Guedes Pinto Antunes da Cunha [link]

Eugénia Maria Guedes Pinto Antunes da Cunha of the Department of Anthropology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, said there has been a modern trend in "most of the forensic anthropology literature" to "rename" the term "Mongoloid", a term in which she includes the "North American Indian", with the term "Asian" or "Asiatic".^[37] Antunes da Cunha said that, even though the "terminology" has changed, the "underlying assumptions are the same".^[37]

Sandra Soo-Jin Lee [link]

Sandra Soo-Jin Lee (Korean:이수진) of the Department of Cultural and Social Anthropology at Stanford University, United States of America, said that the reasoning behind "Asian" being a "race" as defined by the US Census is "difficult to determine" because it includes "South Asians".^[38]

Konstantinos Moraitis [link]

Konstantinos Moraitis (Greek:Κωνσταντίνος Μωραΐτης) of the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology School of Medicine, University of Athens, Greece, said that the "Asian" group which he also refers to as the "Mongoloid" group includes both "Far East" and "Native American" people.^[39]

Matt Cartmill [link]

Race according to the World Book Encyclopedia (2011).^[40]

African

American Indian

Asian

Australian

European

Indian

Melanesian

Micronesian

Polynesian

Matt Cartmill of the Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke University, United States, said "geography has little to do with the race concept in its actual application", since "Asian individuals [can be] born in the same geographical region" as other races.^[41]

Masniari Novita [link]

Masniari Novita of the Biomedical Department of Jember University, Jember, Indonesia, said "Asiatics" are part of the "Mongoloid" race while "Asians from the Indian Subcontinent" are part of the "Caucasian" race.^[42]

Willett Enos Rotzell [link]

Willett Enos Rotzell professor of Botany and Zoology at the Hahnemann Medical College used the term "Asian" "race" to refer to the race he alternatively called the "Yellow or Mongolian race".^[43]

Eduardas Valaitas [link]

Dr. Eduardas Valaitas of DNA Tribes said the "genetic differences" between peoples "traditionally identified" as "Asian" and other "racial group[s]" is "great enough" to provide a "rough estimate" of "percentage membership" in the "Asian" "racial group".^[44] However, Valaitas said this does not apply to the "Subcontinental Indian" and "Samoan" who have "some percentage" of "American Indian, European, East Asian and Sub-Saharan Africa".^[44]

Kyung-Ran Jung [link]

In 2007, Kyung-Ran Jung et al. (Korean:전경란) of the Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea used the term "Asian populations" for the group he also referred to as the "Asian-Mongoloid" in which he included Japanese, Korean, Chinese and Thai for a meta-analysis of alleles in relation to rheumatoid arthritis.^[45]

Physical features [link]

Asian fat distribution [link]

Qing He et al. of the of the Obesity Research Center at Columbia University did a study on "fat distribution" of 358 prepubertal children and found that Asians had less gynoid fat than African Americans and more relative trunk fat than Caucasians, but less relative extremity fat than Caucasians.^[49]

Victor H.H. Goh (Chinese:吴) et al. of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University of Singapore, did a study that found that the World Health Organization's obesity cut off based on body mass index misclassified the true obese in an Asian population by labeling 3.76 times more men and 1.64 times more women as obese than would actually be obese.^[50]

Asian noses [link]

Jeffrey Min Ahn (Korean:안민) professor at the College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, said that the "typical Asian nose" has "a broad low dorsum, decreased tip projection, thick, lobular skin, wide lobule, abundant subcutaneous fatty tissue, alar flaring, a retracted columella, and a small osteocartilaginous framework."^[51]

Eun-Sang Dhong (Korean:동은상) of the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, measured 52 alar cartiliges of 26 Koreans and concluded that the alar cartiliges" in Asians is not much smaller than whites.^[52]

Kyung-Wook Chun (Korean:전경욱) et al. of the Department of Plastic Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea, found using 20 cadavers that in "Asian noses" the size of the alar lobule is mainly due to the size of the dilator naris anterior muscle, the dilator naris posterior muscle and the "thickness of the external skin" rather than due to vestibular skin.^[53]

Asian eyes [link]

Asian teeth [link]

Asian DNA [link]

Human Genetic Map (2007) by
Peter A. Underhill, Department of Genetics, Stanford University and Toomas Kivisild Leverhulme Center of Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge^[58]

1. Europe

2. East Asia

3. Americas

4. Australia and Oceania

5. South Asia

6. East Africa

transition

Rebecca Oakley and Chris Tyler-Smith of the Department of Biochemistry at Oxford University said that 90% of the Y chromosomes of "Asian" (including "Orientals") and European men in their sample (38/42) descend from one of two males.^[59] The Y chromosome type of Group 1 was only found in Caucasian or part Caucasian men, and the Y chromosome type of Group 2 was found in Caucasian and completely non-Caucasian men.^[59] The Y chromosome type of Group 2 was characterized by a large alphoid block containing the additional sites for A&I, EcoO1091, and HindIII, linked to a small poxY1 BgZII fragment.^[59]

Scott W. Ballinger et al. of the Department of Biochemistry at Emory University said "Asian mtDNA lineages" originated in Southern China with the "Southern Mongoloid".^[60]

Hiroki Oota et al. (Japanese:太田博樹) of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany, said "Asian populations" have high mtDNA variation with Vietnamese having the highest mtDNA diversity, but, overall, the genetic distance between "Asian populations" is small.^[61]

Melissa L. Cann et al. of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of California, Berkley, said that early Asians did not mix with "Asian Homo and that the features of "ancient Asian forms" indicate that "Asian erectus" was not ancestral to "Homo sapiens".^[62] Since modern-day "Asians" do not show the amount of mtDNA divergence expected had they mixed with Homo erectus, Cann believes the expanding Homo sapiens from Africa replaced the Asian Homo erectus.^[62]

Douglas C. Wallace of the Department of Biochemistry at Emory University said the mtDNA of the indigenous peoples of the Americas is "clearly Asian in character", but the few founding females carried "rare Asian mtDNAs", causing a different frequency of mtDNA and a "dramatic founder effect".^[63]

Shama Barnabas, B. Joshi and C.G. Suresh of the Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India, said evidence for the original people of India who they refer to as the "proto-Asiatic element" spreading into Southeast Asia to become Southeast Asians is shown by the mtDNA affinities between Indians and East Asians and Southeast Asians in DdeI 10394 site along with the associated Asian-specific AluI 10397 site.^[64]

Nucleotide Diversities of Five Asian Populations and Genetic Distances among The Five Populations by Shinji Harihara et al. (Japanese: 針原伸二) of the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Tokyo^[65]
	Japanese	Korean	Ainu	Aeta	Vedda
Japanese	0.00086 ± 0.00019
Korean	0.000000 ± 0.000127	0.00065 ± 0.00017
Ainu	0.000006 ± 0.000122	0.000004 ± 0.000114	0.00041 ± 0.00015
Aeta	0.000029 ± 0.000157	0.000151 ± 0.000100	0.000145 ± 0.000096	0.00050 ± 0.00022
Vedda	0.000091 ± 0.000214	0.000100 ± 0.000213	0.000096 ± 0.000210	0.000111 ± 0.000232	0.00110 ± 0.00031
Harihara et al. said that the Aeta's close genetic distance to "Mongoloid populations" (Japanese, Korean and Ainu) is consistent with previous studies.^[65] Harihara et al. said the Vedda's large genetic distance from the other four populations may be due to genetic isolation, however Harihara et al. said their present-day mixture Tamils and Sinhalese makes their true phylogeny unclear.^[65]

Genetic diversity within/between continental populations by Hiroki Oota et al. (Japanese:太田博樹) of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany^[61]
	Number of Populations	Within Populations average mean pairwise differences	Between population average F_st
Africa	15	7.99 ± 2.72	0.201
Europe	12	4.63 ± 0.94	0.066
Asia	12	7.12 ± 0.91	0.033
Eurasia	27	5.95 ± 1.51	0.086

mtDNA divergence within and between 5 human populations by Melissa L. Cann et al. of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of California, Berkley^[62]
	% sequence divergence
Population	1	2	3	4	5
1. African	0.47	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.06
2. Asian	0.45	0.35	0.01	0.02	0.04
3. Australian	0.40	0.31	0.25	0.03	0.04
4. Caucasian	0.40	0.31	0.27	0.23	0.05
5. New Guinean	0.42	0.34	0.29	0.29	0.25
The divergence is calculated by a way developed by Masatoshi Nei. Values of the mean pairwise divergence between individuals within populations (δ_x) appear on the diagonal. values below the diagonal (δ_xy) are the mean pairwise divergences between individuals belonging to two different populations, X and Y. Values above the diagonal (δ) are interpopulation divergences, corrected for variation within those populations with the equation δ = δ_xy - 0.5(δ_x + δ_y)

Ancestors, lineages and extents of divergence in the geneaological tree for 134 types of human mtDNA by Melissa L. Cann et al. of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of California, Berkley^[62]
		Number of descendant lineages or clusters specific to a region
Ancestor	Total	Africa	Asia	Australia	Europe	New Guinea	% divergence	age*
a	7	1	0	0	0	0	0.57	143-285
b	2	0	1	0	0	0	0.45	112-225
c	20	0	7	3	1	3	0.43	108-215
d	2	0	0	1	1	0	0.39	98-195
e	14	2	2	4	2	0	0.34	85-170
f	19	1	7	4	4	1	0.30	75-150
g	10	2	3	2	2	1	0.28	70-140
h	30	2	4	0	15	1	0.27	68-135
i	8	1	0	0	6	0	0.26	65-130
j	22	1	3	1	5	1	0.25	65-125
All	134	10	27	15	36	7	-	-
*Assuming that the mtDNA divergence rate is 2-4% per million years

A study by the The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium in 2009 found that East Asian and South-East Asian populations clustered together, and suggested a common origin for these populations. At the same time they observed a broad discontinuity between this cluster and South Asia, commenting "most of the Indian populations showed evidence of shared ancestry with European populations". It was noted that "genetic ancestry is strongly correlated with linguistic affiliations as well as geography".^[66]

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Overseas Asians and Asian diasporas

By origin

East Asians

By Country	Chinese · Japanese · Koreans

By Ethnicity	Tibetans

South Asians

By Country	Afghans · Bangladeshis · Indians · Nepalis · Pakistanis · Sri Lankans

By Ethnicity	Balochis · Oriya · Kashmiri · Pashtuns · Punjabis · Sikhs · Sindhis · Tamils (Sri Lankan)

Southeast Asians

By Country	Burmese · Filipinos · Indonesians · Vietnamese

By Ethnicity	Acehnese · Malays · Minangkabau

By residence

The Americas	Canada · Latin America (Argentina · Brazil · Peru) · United States (Hispanic and Latino)

Elsewhere	Australia · South Africa · United Kingdom (South Asians · East and Southeast Asians)

v t e Asian Americans

East Asian	Chinese (Tibetan¹) Japanese Korean Mongolian Taiwanese

South Asian²	Bangladeshi Indian Indo-Caribbean Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Tamil

Southeast Asian	Burmese Cambodian Filipino Hmong Indonesian Laotian Mien Singaporean Thai Vietnamese

Other	Afro-Asian Amerasian Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans Eurasian Multiracial American Punjabi Mexican

History	General Immigration Military

Topics	Arts and Entertainment Demographics Politics Stereotypes

¹ The US Census Bureau reclassifies anyone identifying as "Tibetan American" as "Chinese American".^[12] ² The US Census Bureau considers Afghanistan a South Asian country, but does not classify Afghan Americans as Asian.^[13]

v t e Migration to the United Kingdom from Asia

East Asia	Chinese Hong Kong Mongolian Japanese Korean

South Asia	Afghan Bangladeshi Indian London Nepali Pakistani London Sri Lankan Tamil

Southeast Asia	Burmese Filipino Malaysian Singaporean Thai Vietnamese

West Asia	Armenian Assyrian Cypriot Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Kurdish Lebanese Turkish London Yemeni

v t e Canadians of Asian descent by area of origin

East Asia	Chinese (Hong Kong) Japanese Korean Taiwanese Tibetan

Southeast Asia	Cambodian Filipino Indonesian Laotian Singaporean Thai Vietnamese

South Asia	Afghan Bangladeshi Indian Nepali Pakistani Sri Lankan Tamil

West Asia	Armenian Iranian Turkish

v t e Asian Australians

East Asia	Chinese Japanese Korean Mongolian Taiwanese

South Asia	Afghan Bangladeshi Indian Nepali Pakistani Sri Lankan

Southeast Asia	Cambodian Filipino Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Singaporean Thai Vietnamese

West Asia	Arab (Jordanian Lebanese Palestinian Saudi) Armenian Assyrian Iranian Israeli Turkish

v t e Historical definitions of race

Color terminology for race	Black people · Brown people · Red people · White people · Yellow people · Bronze people

Typological definitions of race	Australoid race · Capoid race · Caucasian race · Mongoloid race · Negroid race

Typological sub-types	Alpine race · Arabid race · Armenoid race · Atlantid race · Balkans-Caucasian race · Caspian race · Dinaric race · East Baltic race · Ethiopid race · Hamitic race · Dravidian race · Iranid race · Mediterranean race · Nordic race · Northcaucasian race · Pamirid race · Pontid race · Turanid race

Mixed races	Afro-Arabs · Afro-Asians · Coloureds · Eurasians · Mestizos · Mulattos · Zambos · Malay race

Related concepts	Craniofacial anthropometry · Historical definitions of races in India · Aryan race · Semitic race · Martial Race · Master race · Nazism and race · Negritude · Race (classification of humans)

Writers	John Baker · John Beddoe · Robert Bennett Bean · Johann Friedrich Blumenbach · Alice Mossie Brues · Houston Stewart Chamberlain · Sonia Mary Cole · Carleton S. Coon · Joseph Deniker · Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt · Reginald Ruggles Gates · Arthur de Gobineau · Madison Grant · Hans F. K. Günther · Earnest Hooton · Calvin Ira Kephart · Robert Knox · Georges Vacher de Lapouge · Bertil Lundman · Felix von Luschan · Oscar Peschel · Charles Pickering · William Z. Ripley · Ilse Schwidetzky · Charles Gabriel Seligman · Giuseppe Sergi · Lothrop Stoddard · Thomas Griffith Taylor · Paul Topinard

Writings	An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races · The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century · The Passing of the Great Race · Race Life of the Aryan Peoples · The Races of Europe (Coon) · The Races of Europe (Ripley) · The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy

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