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Focus is the debut album by Cynic, released September 14, 1993 through Roadrunner Records.

Overview and musical approach[link]

After years of being hailed as promising in Florida's death metal scene, Cynic recorded Focus. The result was an album combining their love of death metal with other influences, notably jazz-fusion. Instead of choosing the brutal and hard-hitting approach to metal like most of their contemporaries, Focus takes an experimental stance to music.

Although being often dubbed progressive metal, the musical approach on Focus has arguably even more in common with jazz than it has with the progressive metal or progressive rock movements, leading some to coin the term "jazz metal" to describe the music. Elements of both can be found: progressive rock/metal is reflected in some song structures and occasional odd-time meters, while jazz influences are evident in some harmonic and rhythmic phenomena. The songs alternate between harsh death metal parts and more serene, smoother passages. In general, the parts flow smoothly into each other instead of making abrupt, sudden transitions. In addition to being rather complex rhythmically, the songs also feature an advanced approach to harmony, as far as heavy metal music is considered. The vocal melodies are mostly simple and linear, leaving a lot of melodic space for the guitars and even bass instead.

The most distinct feature on the album is the use of two types of main vocals, almost equally prominent. In a traditional death metal vein, the album features a hoarse, guttural, growling voice - death grunts - courtesy of keyboardist Tony Teegarden. Lead singer Paul Masvidal was in danger of losing his voice at the time and thus did not perform the growling vocals himself. The other main type of vocal output is Masvidal singing through a vocoder-type effect, resulting in a synthesized voice with a robotic quality.

Individual players[link]

Guitarist/vocalist Paul Masvidal and drummer Sean Reinert had joined Chuck Schuldiner's Death to record the seminal Human. Certain similarities can be heard between the two albums, although Focus only rarely reaches the level of aggression found on Human.

The guitar parts of Masvidal and Jason Gobel intertwine, bringing to mind such guitar duos as Television's Tom Verlaine and Richard Lloyd, or Robert Fripp and Adrian Belew from King Crimson. Only rarely do both guitars play the same part simultaneously; most of the time both guitars have their distinct own parts that tie together to form a fabric of harmonies and melodies, in addition to numerous guitar solos. Masvidal's flowing, Allan Holdsworth-esque solos stand out with their free phrasing.

Masvidal and Gobel use very similar gear throughout the record. Both play a Steinberger brand electric guitar equipped with a Roland MIDI pickup and guitar synthesizer, and both used ADA amplification. Most of the synthesized sounds on the album are generated with these guitar synthesizers, not keyboards. The Steinberger guitars also feature a tremolo system which bends each string an equal amount, allowing the bending of full chord shapes in tune. A demonstration of this is heard in the very first guitar chord of "I'm But A Wave To...".

Sean Malone plays a Kubicki fretless bass nearly throughout the album. The fretless bass has a soft attack and a round, warm sound rather atypical to heavy metal, which usually prefers the punchier attack of fretted bass. On some parts on Focus Malone plays a 12-string Chapman stick instead. Malone's bass lines do not generally follow either guitar part. His lines are often quite busy and create a throbbing rhythmical pulse that syncopates with Reinert's drumwork. He also delivers a rare bass solo on the instrumental track "Textures".

Sean Reinert's drum style meshes together elements from both heavy metal and jazz. He skillfully uses accents, fills and varied dynamics to keep the songs rhythmically vivid. He occasionally plays a 16th-note double bass drum beat to emphasize certain parts of songs, but does not play blast beat on the album. In addition to an acoustic drum kit, he also uses electronic drums on some songs. The introduction to "Sentiment" demonstrates Reinert playing a polymetric beat consisting of several different meters on top of each other.

Lyrical approach[link]

The lyrics, written by Masvidal, are poetic, philosophically and spiritually laden texts that take on subjects such as perceiving the world as whole, distinguishing reality and illusion, concentration and meditation. Many of the songs incorporate themes, titles or excerpts from other works: "Veil of Maya" takes its title from a George William Russell poem of the same name, while "Sentiment" quotes a prayer from Whispers From Eternity by Paramahansa Yogananda. Many influences from oriental mysticism and religions as well as some New Age themes are present. The whole lyrical perspective is positive, humane and humble, all rather atypical qualities within the realm of death metal.

Influences[link]

Atheist had previously fused death metal with jazz. Cynic itself has had a notable influence on some later groups. Echoes of Cynic's approach can be heard in the music of many later death metal groups such as Martyr, Aletheian, Textures, Decrepit Birth, Behold... the Arctopus and even Meshuggah, as well as some progressive metal groups such as Spiral Architect, Opeth, Sceptic, Between the Buried and Me and Continuo Renacer.

Track listing[link]

1. "Veil of Maya" – 5:23
2. "Celestial Voyage" – 3:40
3. "The Eagle Nature" – 3:30
4. "Sentiment" – 4:23
5. "I'm But a Wave to..." – 5:30
6. "Uroboric Forms" – 3:32
7. "Textures" – 4:42
8. "How Could I" – 5:29

Remaster[link]

In 2004 Roadrunner Records released a remastered version of Focus, which contained the original eight tracks and six bonus tracks. Three of these were remixed versions of Focus songs, while the three other songs are taken from the members' post-Cynic project Portal's eponymous demo. Portal featured almost the same lineup as Cynic. Sean Malone was replaced by Chris Kringel and a fifth member, Aruna Abrams, joined on vocals and keyboards. All Cynic songs were written by Cynic; all Portal songs were written by Portal. The remixed tracks feature the same lineup as the original release.

• All music written by Cynic, all lyrics by Paul Masvidal.

1. "Veil Of Maya" – 5:21
2. "Celestial Voyage" – 3:37
3. "The Eagle Nature" – 3:28
4. "Sentiment" – 4:24
5. "I'm But A Wave To..." – 5:28
6. "Uroboric Forms" – 3:30
7. "Textures" – 4:40
8. "How Could I" – 5:28
9. "Veil Of Maya (2004 Remix)" – 5:22
10. "I'm But A Wave To... (2004 Remix)" – 5:21
11. "How Could I (2004 Remix)" – 6:20
12. Portal: "Cosmos" – 4:21
13. Portal: "The Circle's Gone" – 5:20
14. Portal: "Endless Endeavors" – 9:56

• Total Length: 70:39

Credits[link]

• Tony Teegarden − death growls, keyboards
• Paul Masvidal − guitar, guitar synthesizer, vocals
• Sean Reinert − drums, percussion, keyboards
• Jason Gobel − guitar, guitar synthesizer
• Sean Malone − bass, Chapman stick (Cynic tracks only)

References[link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2010)

External links[link]

• The Cynical Sphere (all things Cynic-related)

Look up focus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Focus, FOCUS, or foci may refer to:

In science, mathematics or computing:

• Focus (cognitive process), selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things
• Focus (computing), a term used to describe which of a number of GUI elements currently accepts keyboard input
• Focus (optics), a point toward which light rays are made to converge
• Focus (linguistics), a concept referring to the way information in one phrase relates to information that has come before
• Focus (earthquake), an earthquake's underground point of origin or hypocenter
• FOCUS, a database reporting program
• FOCUS (hardware), a CPU architecture
• Helicon Focus, an image software program
• Focus (geometry), a focus of a conic section
• Samsung Focus, a smartphone manufactured by Samsung which runs Microsoft Windows Phone

In music:

• Focus (Stan Getz album), 1961 jazz album
• Focus (Cynic album), 1993 metal album
• Focus (band), 1970s Dutch band
• Bernard "Focus..." Edwards, Jr., a U.S. music producer
• "Focus", a song by John Reuben
• "Focus", a song by Joe Budden

In writing:

• Focus (encyclopedia), a Swedish language encyclopedia
• Focus (German magazine), a German weekly news magazine
• Focus (Italian magazine), an Italian magazine
• Focus (Polish magazine), a Polish magazine
• Focus (Christian magazine), a Christian magazine
• Focus (novel), a 1945 novel by Arthur Miller
  • Focus (film), a 2002 film of the novel
• BBC Focus, a monthly science and technology magazine

Other meanings:

• Focus (film), a 2002 film
• AGM-87 Focus, a U.S. Navy air-to-surface missile
• Focus Bikes, a German bicycle manufacturer
• Ford Focus (international), international model of Ford Focus automobile
• Ford Focus (North America), North American model of Ford Focus automobile
• Focus (board game), an abstract strategy game
• Focus group, a form of qualitative research in which a group of people are asked about their attitude towards a product, service, concept, advertisement, idea, or packaging
• Focus mitt, a padded target attached to a glove and usually used in training boxers and other combat athletes
• Operation Focus, the Israeli name for the attack against the Egyptian Air Force in the Six-Day War
• Focus, in Final Fantasy XIII, a task given to L'Cie to grant eternal life upon completion, or the life of a mindless Cieth on failure
• Foci, Hungarian word for association football

Company and organizations:

• Focus (DIY), a UK chain of do-it-yourself stores
• Focus.com, a business social networking platform
• FOCUS Brands, American restaurant franchiser and operator
• Focus Features, the art house films division of NBC Universal's Universal Studios
• Focus Films, U.K. independent film producer
• FOR Organizing Committee of the United States, an American post-Trotskyist group, known as FOCUS
• Focus Humanitarian Assistance, an international emergency relief organization
• Focus Ireland, Irish nonprofit organization providing services for homeless people
• FOCUS Program, a voluntary study program at numerous American universities
• Fellowship of Catholic University Students
• Focus Software, former name of Zemax Development Corporation, a maker of optical design software
• The Focus Group (Business), a UK-based apparel company
• Focus Home Interactive, a French publisher of computer games
• Families OverComing Under Stress, a stress management program
• FOCUS,a Photography Society of DPS Dwarka,New Delhi

See also[link]

• Hyperfocus
• Strong focusing

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