Syrian Arab Army الجيش العربي السوري
A Syrian soldier aims a 7.62mm PKM light machine gun from his position in a foxhole during a firepower demonstration, part of Operation Desert Shield. The soldier is wearing a nuclear-biological-chemical warfare mask.
Founded	August 10, 1946
Headquarters	Damascus
Leadership
President of Syria	Bashar al-Assad
Minister of Defence	Gen. Dawoud Rajiha
Chief of Army Staff	Gen. Fahed al-Jasem el-Freij[1][2]
Manpower
Military age	18
Conscription	Mandatory for all males (2010 numbers pre-Syrian uprising)
Active personnel	220,000[3]
Reserve personnel	280,000[3]
Expenditures
Budget	$1.8 billion (FY11)[3][4]
Percent of GDP	3.5% (FY11)[3][4]
Industry
Foreign suppliers	Russia  Belarus  Iran  China  North Korea[5]

The Syrian Army, officially called the Syrian Arab Army, is the land force branch of the Syrian Armed Forces. It is the dominant military service of the four uniformed services, controlling the senior most posts in the armed forces, and has the greatest manpower, approximately 80 percent of the combined services. The Syrian Army was formed by the French after World War I, after the French obtained a mandate over the region.^[6] In 1919 the French formed the fr:Troupes spéciales du Levant with 8,000 men, which later grew into both the Syrian and Lebanese armies. This force was used primarily as an auxiliaries in support of French troops, and senior officer posts were held by Frenchmen, although Syrians were allowed to hold commissions below the rank of major.

Historically the Syrian Army has acted consistently in defence of the regime. In doing so, it has placed regime security above citizens' human rights on numerous occasions. During the current uprising, a United Nations commission of inquiry indicated such actions may have included murder, torture and rape.^[7]

History[link]

As Syria gained independence in 1946, its leaders envisioned a division-sized army. The 1st Brigade was ready by the time of the Syrian war against Israel on May 15, 1948. It consisted of two infantry battalions and one armoured battalion. The 2nd Brigade was organized during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and also included two infantry battalions and one armoured battalion.^[8]

At the time of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the army was small, poorly armed, and poorly trained. 'Paris had relied primarily on French regulars to keep the peace in Syria and had neglected indigenous forces. Consequently, training was lackadaisical, discipline lax, and staff work almost unheard of. ...there were about 12,000 men in the Syrian army. These troops were mostly grouped into three infantry brigades and an armored force of about battalion size' writes Pollack.^[9]

Between 1948 and 1967, a series of military coups destroyed the stability of the government and any remaining professionalism within the army. In March 1949, the chief of staff, General Husni al-Za'im, installed himself as president. Two more military dictators followed by December 1949. General Adib Shishakli then held power until deposed in the 1954 Syrian coup d'etat. Further coups followed, each attended by a purge of the officer corps to remove supporters of the losers from the force.^[10] 'Discipline in the army broke down across the board as units and their commanders pledged their allegiance to different groups and parties. Indeed, by the late 1950s, the situation had become so bad that Syrian officers regularly disobeyed the orders of superiors who belonged to different ethnic or political groups' writes Pollack.^[11] There was another 1966 Syrian coup d'etat.

However in 1967 the army did appear to have some strength. It had around 70,000 personnel, roughly 550 tanks and assault guns, 500 APCs, and nearly 300 artillery pieces.^[12] The army had sixteen brigades: twelve infantry, two armoured, and two mechanised. The Syrian government deployed twelve of the sixteen brigades to the Golan, including both armoured brigades and one mechanised brigade. Three 'brigade groups', each comprising four brigades, were deployed: the 12th in the north, holding the sector from the B'nat Ya'acov bridge to the slopes of Mount Hermon, the 35th in the south from the B'nat Ya'acov bridge to the Yarmuk River border with Jordan, and the 42nd in reserve, earmarked for a theatre-level counterattack role.

During the Six Day War Israeli assault of the Golan heights, the Syrian army failed to counterattack the Israelis as the Israelis breached the Syrian positions. While Syrian units fought hard whenever the Israelis entered their fields of fire, no attempts appear to have been made to exploit Israeli disorientation and confusion during the initial assault.^[13]

On 18 September 1970 the Syrian government became involved in Black September in Jordan when it sent a reinforced armoured brigade to aid the Palestinian Liberation Organisation.^[14] Syrian armoured units crossed the border and overran Irbid with the help of local Palestinean forces. They encountered several Jordanian Army detachments, but rebuffed them without major difficulty. Two days later, the 5th Infantry Division, heavily reinforced, was also sent into Jordan. Two armoured brigades were attached to the division, bringing its' tank strength up to over 300 T-55s and its manpower to over 16,000. The division entered Jordan at ar-Ramtha, destroyed a company of Jordanian Centurion tanks there, and continued directly towards Amman. Pollack says it is likely that they intended to overthrow the Jordanian monarchy itself. Despite defeating the Jordanian Army at al-Ramtha on 21 September, after fierce air attacks on 22 September, the Syrians stopped the attack and began to retreat.

After 1970 further Syrian engagements included:

• Yom Kippur War against Israel^[15]
• Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), (against Lebanese militias, the PLO and Israel)
• 1982 Lebanon War (against Israel)
• Persian Gulf War (against Iraq)
• 2011-2012 Syrian uprising

On 3 September 1994, Jane's Defence Weekly reported that then-President Hafez Assad had dismissed at least 16 senior military commanders. Among them was Major General Ali Haidar, then commander of the Special Forces, and General Shafiq Fayyadh, a cousin of the President who had commanded the 'crack' 3rd Armoured Division for nearly two decades. The 3rd Armoured Division was 'deployed around Damascus.' JDW commented that 'the Special Forces and the 3rd Armoured Division, along with the 1st Armoured Division are key elements in the security structure that protects Assad's regime. Any command changes involving those formations have considerable political significance.' Post-uprising reporting indicated the 1st Armoured Division had historically been at al-Kiswah and the 3rd Armoured Division was at al-Qutayfah.^[16]

The Syrian armed forces have also been involved in suppressing dissident movements within Syria, for example by fighting a Muslim Brotherhood insurrection in the 1980s and attempting to put down a popular uprising in 2011 and 2012. However, the use of the army in an attempt to repress the current uprising has often been counterproductive; around 10,000 soldiers, including high ranking officers, had defected or deserted as they were unhappy with orders to attack civilians.^[17] But according to Rami Abdel Rahman, the head of the UK-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights , they are less than 1000 soldiers that have deserted the army , he claim that the thousands defected soldiers announced are a 'false hope' *^[18] Some defectors have actually formed the Free Syrian Army as the armed wing of the uprising^[19] and engage in combat with security forces and soldiers around Syria.

However syrian rebels claimed that 40 000 soldiers defected with no confirmation available.^[20]

Current structure[link]

Parts of this article (those related to the structure section) are outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Please see the talk page for more information. (April 2012)

A military policeman

A Syrian soldier aims a Type-56 assault rifle (note the closed frontal sights) from his position in a foxhole during Operation Desert Shield.

In 2010 army regulars were estimated at 220,000, with an additional 300,000 in reserve.^{[citation needed]} The army had eleven divisional formations.^{[citation needed]} The major development in force organization was the establishment of an additional divisional framework based on the special forces and the re-organization of active ground formations into three all arms army corps.^{[citation needed]}

• Three All Arms Army Corps HQ:
  • 1st Corps HQ Damascus, covers from Golan Heights, the fortified zone and south to Der'a near the Jordanian border.
    • 1st Armoured Division
    • 3rd Armoured Division (Damascus)
    • 9th Armoured Division (The 9th Armoured Division served in the 1991 Gulf War as the Arab Joint Forces Command North reserve and saw little action.)^[21]
    • 4th Mechanized Division
    • 7th Mechanized Division
    • 14th as-Saiqa Divisional Command HQ
  • 2nd Corps HQ Zabadani, covers north of Damascus, to Homs and includes Lebanon.
    • 10th Mechanized Division
    • Seven independent Airborne Special Forces Regiments
  • 3rd Corps HQ Aleppo, based in the north and covers Hama, the Turkish and Iraqi borders, the Mediterranean coastline and is tasked with protecting the complex of chemical and biological warfare and missile production and launch facilities. Maintains operational control over the Syrian Navy
    • 5th Armoured Division (The 5th Division, at that time an infantry formation, invaded Jordan during the events of Black September in Jordan, 1970. It was reinforced with two armoured brigades. After an ineffectual defence by the massively outnumbered Jordanian 40th Armoured Brigade, the 5th Division's attack was repelled on 22 September 1970 mostly through the efforts of the Royal Jordanian Air Force.)^[22]
    • 6th Armoured Division
    • 8th Armoured Division
    • 11th Armoured Division

• Four independent Infantry Brigades
• Ten independent Airborne Special Forces Regiments (Seven regiments attached to 2nd corps)
• Two independent Artillery Brigades
• Two independent Anti-tank Brigades
• Surface-to-surface Missile Command with three SSM Brigades (each with three SSM battalions),
  • One brigade with FROG-7,
  • One brigade with Scud-B/C/D.
  • One brigade with SS-21 Scarab,
• Three coastal defence missile brigades (Also they are strong rumors that Syria received C-802 systems and 100 missiles from Iran.):
  • One brigade with 4 SS-C-1B Sepal launchers,
  • One brigade with 6 P-15 Termit launchers, alternative designation SS-C-3 'Styx'
  • One brigade with 6+ P-800 Oniks launchers,
• One Border Guard Brigade

Protecting Damascus:

• 4th Armoured Division (The Defense companies were transformed into the 569th Armoured Division, which then became the 4th Armoured Division.)^[23]
• The Republican Guard Armoured Division:
  • Three Armoured brigades
  • One Mechanized brigade
  • One Artillery regiment

Reserve Force Structure[link]

• 2nd Armoured Division (Aleppo)
• 12th Motorized Division
• 13th Motorized Division

The two Motorized Division will be formed from the best of the following:

• Two Armoured Brigades
• Two independent Armoured Regiments
• Thirty Infantry Brigades
• Three Artillery Brigades

Reservists training are reasonable, but the equipment is old, of poor quality and limited in quantity.

The European Council named Major General Wajih Mahmud as commander of the 18th Armoured Division in the Official Journal of the European Union on 15 November 2011, sanctioning him for violence committed in Homs.^[24]

Equipment[link]

• 10,885 Armoured Fighting Vehicles:
  • 4,950 Main battle tanks (including 1,150 in storage)
  • 1,125 Amphibious Armoured Scout Cars
  • 2,950 Infantry fighting vehicles
  • 1,860 Armoured personnel carriers
• 4,815+ Towed Artillery Pieces:
  • 1,010+ Mortars
  • 2,130+ Gun/Howitzers (400 in storage)
  • 1,675+ Anti-aircraft guns (300+ in storage)
• 1,136 Self Propelled Artillery Pieces:
  • 485 Self-propelled howitzers
  • 650 Self-propelled anti-aircraft guns (240 in storage)
• 6,890+ Anti Tank Guided Weapon Launchers (4,290 in storage)
• 500+ Multiple Launch Rocket Systems
• 102+ Surface to Surface/Ship Missile Launchers:
  • 86+ Tactical ballistic missile launchers
  • 16+ Anti-ship missile launchers
• 4,235+ Surface to Air Missile Launchers:
  • 4,000+ MANPADS
  • 235 Self-propelled air-defence systems

References and sources[link]

1. ^ Leverrier, Ignace (2 October 2011). "Asef Chawkat ou comment s’en débarrasser?". Le Monde. http://syrie.blog.lemonde.fr/2011/10/02/asef-chawkat-ou-comment-s%E2%80%99en-debarrasser/#xtor=RSS-32280322. Retrieved 3 October 2011. 
2. ^ Taheri, Amir (11 August 2011). "The lonely dictator". The New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/opinion/opedcolumnists/the_lonely_dictator_qTPIjYXqKL52xLRF8yRjUM. Retrieved 15 August 2011. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d} International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2010, p.272-273.
4. ^ ^{a b} "Military Strength of Syria". Global Fire Power. http://globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=Syria. Retrieved 2011-07-21. 
5. ^ "SIPRI Arms Transfers Database". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php. Retrieved 8 September 2011. 
6. ^ Pollack, 2002, p.447
7. ^ "Syria committed crimes against humanity: U.N. report". Reuters. 28 November 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/28/us-syria-un-idUSTRE7AR13J20111128. 
8. ^ Morris, Benny (2008), 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War, p. 251. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15112-1.
9. ^ Kenneth Pollack, Arabs at War, 2002, p.448
10. ^ Pollack, 2002, p.457-458
11. ^ Pollack, 2002, p.458
12. ^ Pollack, 2002, p.459-460
13. ^ Pollack, 2002, p.464
14. ^ Pollack, 2002, p.476-478
15. ^ An order of battle of the Syrian Army in October 1973 can be found in Colonel Trevor Dupuy, Elusive Victory - The Arab-Israeli Wars 1947-74, MacDonald and Jane's, London, 1978
16. ^ http://www.matthewaid.com/post/17259349392/is-the-syrian-army-falling-apart
17. ^ http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/over-10-000-soldiers-have-deserted-syria-army-says-high-ranking-defector-1.387494
18. ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/11/20111116154829885782.html
19. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_oBV8dFDuI
20. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hVBCFHwdu5UZ7BYSKEWWyz9WMj4A?docId=CNG.f6d3a9636701d32f2295f7676a30b0bd.4a1
21. ^ Norman Schwarzkopf, It Doesn't Take A Hero, Bantam Books, 1993, pp. 467-9.
22. ^ Pollack, Arabs at War, 2002, pp. 338-340.
23. ^ http://gradworks.umi.com/3330856.pdf
24. ^ Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1151/2011 of 14 November 2011 implementing Regulation (EU) No 442/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria, 14 November 2011

External links[link]

• - Army Equipment
• Tom Cooper, Syrian Tank-Hunters in Lebanon, 1982, Air Combat Information Group
• See also unit listing drawn from Richard M. Bennett, The Syrian Military: A Primer, Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, August/September 2001.

Further reading[link]

• Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948-91, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2002, and Pollack's book reviewed: Brooks, Risa A. "Making Military Might: Why Do States Fail and Succeed? A Review Essay." International Security 28, no. 2 (Fall 2003): 149-191.
• History of the Syrian Arab Army: prussianization of the Arab Army, the Arab Revolt of 1916-1918, and the cult of nationalization of Arabs in the Levant after World War I, Infantry Magazine, Nov-Dec 2005.

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Syrian people
الشعب السوري
Sūriyyīn

Julia Domna Philip the Arab Posidonius Simeon Stylites John of Damascus Elagabalus Zenobia Francis Marrash Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi Qestaki al-Homsi Hashim al-Atassi Faris al-Khoury Jamil al-Ulshi Yusuf al-Azma Sultan Pasha al-Atrash Sami al-Hinnawi Zaki al-Arsuzi Akram El-Hourani Asmahan Riad Ismat Abdallah Dardari George Mourad Asalah Nasri George Wassouf Ghassan Massoud
Total population
Syria: 22,530,746 (July 2012 est.)[1] Diaspora: 17,000,000[2]
Languages
Contemporary Arabic Ancient languages Eblaite, Amorite, Ugaritic, Aramaic
Religion
Islam, mostly Sunni, and a minority of Alawites and Druze Christianity, mostly Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholic
Related ethnic groups
Other Semitic peoples: (due to Arameans and Canaanite Ancestors): Arabs · Assyrians · Lebanese · Palestinians Jordanians · Iraqis · Bahranis · Maltese · Mizrahi Jews Various Iranian peoples: Kurds · Persians · Ossetians Various Aryan peoples: Albanians · Armenians Bosniaks · Greeks Various Caucasians: Georgians · Adyghe Abkhazians · Chechens Various Turkic peoples: Azeris · Turks Various Afro-Asiatic peoples: Egyptians · Berbers

The Syrian people (Arabic: الشعب السوري‎ / ALA-LC: al-sha‘ab al-Sūrī) are the inhabitants and citizens of Syria and are, overall an indigenous Eastern Mediterranean people. While modern-day Syrians are commonly described as Arabs by virtue of their modern-day language and bonds to Arab culture and history, they are, in fact, largely a blend of the various Aramaic speaking groups indigenous to the region who were Arabized when Muslim Arabs from the Arabian Peninsula arrived and settled following the Arab expansion. Syrians are tied together by geography, linguistic heritage, religion, and similar Eastern Mediterranean ethnicities. Most Syrians reside primarily in Syria; however 17 million Syrians^[2] live outside of Syria and they stay connected to their cultural roots by watching Syrian satellite television, listening to Syrian music and preparing Syrian cuisine.

Damascus, the capital of Syria, is one of the most continuously inhabited cities^[3][4] in the world (for 8000 years straight, Syrians inhabited Damascus), and a large percentage of Damascenes are the descendents of the early inhabitants of Damascus.

Language[link]

Arabic is the mother tongue of some 90%^[1] of Syrians as well as the official state language. The Syrian dialect, which belongs to the same Eastern Mediterranean-Levantine family tree of dialects, varies little from Modern Standard Arabic; however it is uniquely different from the other Arabic vernaculars in that it is saturated with Aramaic, Syriac, Greek, Persian, and Phoenician words. However, the standardized form of Arabic, used in formal settings throughout the Arab world, contains the same vocabulary and grammar for all Arab countries. Kurdish, Turkish, and Circassian are also spoken in Syria by their respective minority communities. A direct decendent of the Aramaic of Jesus Christ, is still spoken in ancient Christian village of Ma'loula as well as widely understood within many other Syrian-Christian communities -- all of whom use Syriac as a liturgical language. English, and to a lesser extent French, is widely understood and used in interactions with tourists and other foreigners.

Religion[link]

Religious differences in Syria have historically been tolerated, and religious minorities tend to retain distinct cultural, and religious identities. Sunni Islam is the religion of 74% of Syrians. The Alawites, an ancient off-shoot of Shia Islam that is distinct from Sunni Islam, make up 12% of the population and mostly live in and around Latakia. Christians make up 10% of the country. Most Syrian Christians adhere to the Byzantine liturgical rites, the two largest are the Greek Orthodox and the Greek Catholic churches^[5][6]. The Druze, are a mountainous people who reside in Jebel Druze. The Druze, who helped spark the Great Syrian Revolt, are known as fierce soldiers. The Ismailis are an even smaller sect, that originated in Asia. A small number of Armenian Christians fled Turkey during the Armenian Genocide and settled in Syria. The Kurds, although Sunni Muslim, are very secular and have a distinct language. The Circassians, are of North Caucasus origin and are mostly Sunni Muslim, following the Hanafi school of thought. The Circassians number about 100 000 and mostly live in northern Syria. The nomadic Beduoin lead a lifestyle that keeps them largely separated from the rest of society, herding sheep and moving through the desert, although some have settled in towns and villages. One group that remains on the outside of society both politically and socially, is the roughly 100,000 Palestinian refugees, who were expelled from their homeland in 1948 after the creation of Israel.

Beliefs[link]

As a Mediterranean people, the Syrian people are a mosaic of West and East. Conservative and liberally minded people will live right next each other, and hold debates with each other. Like the other countries in the region, religion permeates life; the government registers every Syrian's religious affiliation.

Cuisine[link]

Syrian cuisine is dominated by Mediterranean ingredients. Olive oil, garlic, olives, peppermint, and sesame oil are some of the ingredients that are used in many traditional meals. Traditional Syrian dishes enjoyed by Syrians include, tabouleh, labaneh, shanklish, wara enab, makdous, kebab, sfiha, moutabal, hummus, maneesh, bameh, and fatoush. Before the main courses, Syrians eat maza, which is basically an appetizer. Syrian Muslim men are more likely to drink tea with their maza; whereas Syrian Christian men prefer to drink Arak with their maza.

Ancient Syrians[link]

100 Syrian pound note with Philip the Arab.

Ancient Syria has stood as a testament to the many cultural and artistic achievements in ancient human civilization. Modern archaeological discoveries have produced extensive writings, which illustrate a brilliant culture rivaling those of Egypt and Mesopotamia in and around the ancient city of Ebla, Syria. Later Syrian artists and scholars contributed to Hellenistic and Roman thought and culture. Shortly after becoming a province of the Byzantine Empire, an indigenous Syrian^[7], Philip the Arab became emperor in 244 AD and quickly signed a peace deal with the Persian Empire. According to the historian Eusebius, Philip the Arab is the first Christian emperor of the eastern part of the Roman Empire. Even though he was from the equestrian order, Philip the Arab rose through the Roman rank and file by merit. After Decius's victory over the Goth invasions, Decius's army declared him Emperor and he went on to defeat Philip the Arab's forces in the battle of Verona^[8].

Zenobia or Zainab in Arabic, was a "warrior queen" who ruled Syria from 267 AD to 272 AD and built the Palmyrene Empire that included the conquest of Egypt. After realizing Zenobia's threat to the Roman Empire, the Roman emperor Aurelian decided to turn his attention away from fighting the Gauls to stopping Zenobia's quest for more Roman territory. In the ancient capital of Syria, Antioch, Aurelian's army defeated Zenobia's forces and put an end to Zenobia's conquests.^[9]

Zeno of Sidon helped found the Epicurean school of philosophy; Cicero was a student of Antiochus of Ascalon at Athens. Posidonius's chronicles of Apamea influenced Livy and Plutarch. Syrians have made many contributions to Arabic literature and music and have an impressive tradition of written poetry and Oral literature.

Famous people from Syrian ancestry[link]

• Rosemary Barkett (born 1939), was the first woman to serve on the Florida Supreme Court, and the first woman Chief Justice of that court. She currently serves as a federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.
• Hala Gorani (born March 1, 1970), is a news anchor and correspondent for CNN International.^[10]
• Steve Jobs (February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011), was the co-founder and former CEO of Apple, the largest Disney shareholder,^[11] and a member of Disney's Board of Directors. Jobs was considered a leading figure in both the computer and entertainment industries.^[12]
• Teri Hatcher, is an actress most famous for her role in Desperate Housewives. Her mother is part Syrian.

See also[link]

Ottoman Syria

References[link]

v t e Syrian people and diaspora By country Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Israel Mexico Pakistan Turkey United States

v t e Syria topics History Timeline · Ancient · Roman · Islamic · Ottoman · Arab Kingdom of Syria · French Mandate · Independent Syria · Modern (Syrian uprising against the Ba'athist regime) Government Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (Regional Command · National Command) · National Progressive Front · Constitution · President · Vice President · Cabinet (Prime Minister, Ministries) · Parliament (Speaker) · Judiciary (Council, Supreme Court) · Military (Army, Air Force, Navy, Air Defense) Politics Elections · Political parties · Arab nationalism · Syrian nationalism Geography Fertile Crescent · Greater Syria · Governorates · Districts · Cities · Southern Syria · Hauran · Golan Heights · Al-Jazira · Syrian Desert · Anti-Lebanon mountains · Hermon · Euphrates · Orontes · Rivers  · Volcanoes Infrastructure Communications · Education · Energy · Health · Media · Transport  · Waste · Water Economy Syrian pound · Central Bank · Companies · International rankings Society Demographics · People · Diaspora (Refugees) · Religion · Holidays · Health · Scouting Culture Music · Television · Cinema · Cuisine · Holidays · Flag · Anthem · Emblem  · Smoking Issues Golan Heights · Iskandaron · Human rights · Terrorism · WMDs Portal