Baijiu
A porcelain bottle and glass of Maotai, a variety of baijiu
Chinese name
Chinese	白酒
Literal meaning	white liquor
Transcriptions Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin báijiǔ Wu - Romanization bah cieu Cantonese (Yue) - Jyutping baak6 jau2
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	燒酒
Simplified Chinese	烧酒
Transcriptions Wu - Romanization sau cieu
Min Bei name
Min Bei	chhau jiu 燒酒 (Jian'ou dialect)

Baijiu (Chinese: 白酒; pinyin: báijiǔ, pronounced [pǎɪ̯ t͡ɕi̯òʊ̯]), or shaojiu (烧酒) is a Chinese distilled alcoholic beverage. The name baijiu literally means "white liquor," "white alcohol" or "white spirits". Baijiu is often translated as "wine" or "white wine". However, it is actually a distilled liquor, generally about 40-60% alcohol by volume (ABV).

Baijiu is a clear drink usually distilled from sorghum, although sometimes other grains may be used; baijiu varieties produced in southern China are typically made from glutinous rice, while those from northern China are generally made of sorghum, wheat, barley, millet, or occasionally Job's tears. The jiuqu starter culture used in the production of baijiu mash is usually made of pulverized wheat grains.

Because of its clarity, baijiu can appear similar to several other liquors, but generally has a significantly higher ABV than, for example, Japanese shōchū (25%) or Korean soju (20-45%).

History[link]

Chinese wine has over 5000 years history. In the long process of development, it has developed a unique style. It is characterized by double fermented semi-solid state fermentation using fungi as main microbial starter for the saccharification and fermentation agent. This is a typical feature of wines produced in the far east. Chinese Baijiu is mainly brewed with grain except a few kinds using fruit. ^[1]

In China, Baijiu is generally not viewed as necessity, but has its unique place in social life. One can get a glimpse of Chinese politics, economy, farming, commerce, and culture through the history of baijiu. Baijiu is deeply ingrained into all aspects of Chinese society.

China is a country founded on agriculture, so all political and commercial activities are based on agriculture development. And baijiu, being grain based, firmly attaches itself to agriculture, becoming part of the latter. Prosperity of the wine industry is directly affected by grain harvest of the year. Rulers of various dynasties have used Jiujin (banning baijiu) to regulate baijiu production, thus ensuring sufficient food supply. On the other hand, baijiu industry reflects the rise and fall of agricultural production, providing clues to understand the history of natural disasters and political climate. Han dynasty sees the introduction of baijiu tax, which quickly become a major source of income for the country. Changes to the baijiu tax also reflects balance of power amongst political forces.

Modern Culture[link]

Chinese people have always celebrated important occasions with alcohol. They will invite their close friends to a drinking session when someone moves in a new house, marries, starts a new business, even when their children get in a good school. In ancient times, soldiers would celebrate by drinking BaiJiu after winning a battle. If a warrior fell in a battle, his fellows would scatter Baijiu on the ground as part of a memorial ceremony. Today, people just play simple finger-guessing, depending on the volume of drink being consumed. A common phrased exchanged would be, “If we are good friends, then bottoms up; if not, then just take a sip”.

Serving[link]

Chinese traditionally serve baijiu either warm or at room temperature in a small ceramic bottle. They then pour the baijiu into small cups. Baijiu may be purchased as a set of items consisting of bottles of baijiu, a small heater, and four to six small cups. The serving method and containers are similar to those used for sake and soju, though baijiu differs significantly. Baijiu is generally sold in glass or ceramic bottles and consumed in shot glasses, much like vodka. It is traditional to drink baijiu with food rather than on its own, though the latter is not uncommon.

In 2007, a report in Time magazine mentioned integrating baijiu into cocktails.^[2]

Taste[link]

Baijiu has a distinctive smell and taste that is highly valued in Chinese culinary culture. Connoisseurs of the beverage focus especially on its fragrance.

However, a number of accounts, generally from non-Chinese reviewers, comment unfavorably on the taste of baijiu, comparing it with paint thinner, rubbing alcohol, and diesel fuel. The typically high ABV of much baijiu is commonly cited by the Chinese as the reason for these impressions.^[3][4]

Pricing[link]

Low grades of baijiu can be quite inexpensive; a bottle of roughly 250 mL (8 Ounces) may be purchased for the same price as a can of beer. However, higher grades, which are often aged for many years, can be quite expensive; the highest grade of Wuliangye (五粮液) retails for 26,800 yuan (US$3,375).^[5] Some popular varieties of baijiu include Maotai jiu, gaoliang jiu, erguotou, Luzhou Laojiao (Luzhou Old Cellar), and Wuliangye.

Classification[link]

Locally-made crockery jars of baijiu in a liquor store in Haikou, Hainan, China, with signs indicating alcoholic content and price per jin (500 grams)

Chinese fermented wines, or huangjiu, have a wide variety of classification methods, but baijiu are grouped primarily by their fragrance.

• "Sauce" fragrance (醬香; pinyin: jiàng xiāng): A highly fragrant distilled liquor of bold character. To the Western palate, sauce fragrance baijiu can be quite challenging. It has solvent and barnyard aromas, with the former, in combination with the ethanol in the liquor, imparting a sharp ammonia-like note. It has been described as stinky tofu crossed with grappa. To the initiated, it is quite delicious and is considered the perfect complement for fine preserved and pickled foods (醬菜, jìang cài). This class is also referred to as "Mao xiang" (茅香), after the best known wine of this class, Maotai.
• Heavy/thick fragrance (濃香 or 瀘香; pinyin: nóng xiāng or lú xīang): A class of distilled liquor that is sweet tasting, unctuous in texture, and mellow, with a gentle lasting fragrance contributed by the high levels of esters, primarily ethyl acetate. Most liquors of this class are made using Aspergillus type starters. An example of this type of liquor is Five Grains Liquid (Wuliangye, 五粮液) of Yibin.
• Light fragrance (清香 or 汾香; pinyin: qīng xiāng or fēn xiāng): Delicate, dry, and light, with a delectable mellow and clean mouthfeel. The flavours of this distilled liquor is contributed primarily by ethyl acetate and ethyl lactate. An example of this kind of liquor is Fen jiu (汾酒; pinyin: fén jiǔ) of Shanxi.
• Rice fragrance (米香; pinyin: mǐ xiāng): The character of this class of wine is exemplified by baijiu distilled from rice, such as Tri-Flower Liquor (San Hua jiu, 三花酒) of Guilin. This type of wine has long history and is made using Rhizopus spp. type starters ("Small starter"). It has a clean mouthfeel and is slightly aromatic aroma, dominated by ethyl lactate with lesser flavour contributions by ethyl acetate.
• Honey fragrance (蜂香; pinyin: fēng xiāng): A class of distilled liquor with the fragrance of honey. Liquors of this class are subtle in flavour and sweet in taste.
• Layered fragrance (兼香 or 復香; pinyin: jiān xiāng or fù xiāng): A class of distilled liquors that contain the characters of "Sauce", Heavy, and Light fragrance distilled liquors. As such, liquors of this class vary widely in their aroma, mouthfeel, and dryness. An example of this type of liquor is Xifeng Jiu (西凤酒; literally "Western Phoenix Liquor"), produced in Fengxiang (Phoenix Flying, 凤翔) County of Shaanxi.

[edit] Types of baijiu

Unflavored[link]

A bottle of Erguotou

• Fen jiu (汾酒; pinyin: fén jiǔ): this liquor dates back to the Northern and Southern Dynasties (550 AD). It is the original Chinese white liquor made from sorghum. Alcohol content by volume: 63–65%.^{[6][dead link]}
• Erguotou (二锅头; pinyin: èrguōtóu; lit. "head of the second pot") is a strong, clear distilled liquor. It is often inexpensive, and thus particularly popular among blue-collar workers across northern and northeastern China. It is probably the most commonly drunk baijiu in Beijing, and is frequently associated with that city. Red Star (红星, hóng xīng) is a popular brand found in Beijing homes everywhere.
• Maotai (茅台; pinyin: Máotái, spelt Moutai on the bottle): this liquor has a production history of over 200 years, originally coming from the town of Maotai, Guizhou. It is made from wheat and sorghum with a unique distilling process that involves seven iterations of the brewing cycle. This liquor became known to the world after winning a gold medal at the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco, California. Mao Zedong served maotai at state dinners during Richard Nixon's state visit to China, and Henry Kissinger once remarked to Deng Xiaoping that "if we drink enough Maotai we can solve anything."^[4] Alcohol content by volume: 54–55%.
• Luzhou Laojiao (泸州老窖): Luzhou Laojiao is one of the most popular wines within China, with history extending over 400 years. It is famed for the quality of its distillation along with its unique aroma and mouth feel, the latter of which is due to the unique clay used within the brewing environment, which infuses the spirit with the taste it is so renown for.
• Gaoliang jiu (高粱酒; pinyin: gāoliáng jiǔ): "Gaoliang", commonly written "Kaoliang", is the Chinese word for a specific type of sorghum. The wine originates from Dazhigu (大直沽, located east of Tianjin), first appearing in the Ming Dynasty. Nowadays, Taiwan is a large producer of Kaoliang. Alcohol content by volume: 54–63%.^[7]

A jar of Gaoliang jiu

• Daqu jiu (大麴酒; pinyin: dà qū jiǔ): Originally from Sichuan with 300 years of history. This wine is made with sorghum and wheat and is fermented for a long time. Alcohol content by volume: 52%.
• Shuang zheng jiu (雙蒸酒; pinyin: shuāng zhēng jiǔ; lit. "double distilled wine") and San zheng jiu (三蒸酒; sān zhēng jiǔ, lit. "triple distilled wine"): two varieties of rice wine from the area of Jiujiang, Jiangxi, made by distilling twice and three times respectively. Alcohol content by volume: 32% and 38–39% respectively.^[8]

A glass and bottle of Jiugui

• Wuliangye (五粮液; pinyin: wǔ liáng yè) is a strong, aged distilled liquor produced in the city of Yibin, in southern Sichuan.^[9] Its factory includes, on its grounds, a Liquor History Museum.^[10] Wuliangye uses five grains (sorghum, rice, glutinous rice, corn, wheat) as raw material, hence the name -- “five grain liquor”. The water which is using brew WuLiangYe is from the middle of Min River.
• Jiugui (酒鬼; pinyin: jiǔ guǐ; lit. "drunkard" or "alcoholic"; also called Sot) is a clear distilled liquor made from spring water, sorghum, glutinous rice, and wheat. It is produced by the Hunan Jiugui Liquor Co., Ltd., in the town of Zhenwu, in Jishou county-level city, Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, in the western part of the Hunan province, and ranges from 38% to 54% alcohol by volume.^[11]

Flavored[link]

• Meiguilu jiu (玫瑰露酒; sold as Mei Kuei Lu Chiew; pinyin: méiguīlu jiǔ; lit. "rose essence liquor"): a variety of gaoliang jiu distilled with a special species of rose and crystal sugar. Alcohol content by volume: 54–55%.^[12][13]
• Guihua chen jiu (桂花陈酒) is a distilled liquor flavored with Sweet Osmanthus flowers. Its alcohol content is 17-18%.^[14]
• Wujiapi jiu (五加皮酒; sold as Wu Chia Pi Chiew; pinyin: wǔ jiā pí jiǔ): a variety of gaoliang jiu with a unique selection of Chinese herbal medicine (including Angelica sinensis) added to the brew. Alcohol content by volume: 54–55%.^[15]
• Yuk Bing Siu Zau (玉冰燒酒; Mandarin: yù bīng shāo jiǔ; less commonly known as 肉醪燒, Mandarin: ròu láo shāo): a Cantonese rice liquor with over 100 years of history, made with steamed rice. After distillation, pork fat is stored with the liquor but removed before bottling. Its name probably derives from the brewing process: in Cantonese, yuk ("jade") is a homophone of "meat", and bing means "ice," which describes the appearance of the pork fat floating in the liquor. Cantonese rice wine breweries prospered in the Northern Song Dynasty, when the Foshan area was exempted from alcohol tax. Alcohol content by volume: 30%.
• Sanhua jiu (三花酒; pinyin: sānhuā jiǔ, lit. "three flowers liquor"):^photo a rice liquor made in Guilin with allegedly over a thousand year history. It is famous for the fragrant herbal addition, and the use of spring water from Mount Elephant in the region. Alcohol content by volume: 55–57%.^[16]

A glass and bottle of Zhuyeqing jiu from Shanxi province

• Zhuyeqing jiu (竹葉青酒; pinyin: zhúyè qīnq jiǔ, lit. "bamboo leaf green liquor"; also spelled Chu Yeh Ching):^photo this sweet liquor, produced in Shanxi, is fen jiu brewed with a dozen or more selected Chinese herbal medicines. One of the ingredients is bamboo leaves, which gives the liquor a yellowish-green color and its name. Its alcohol content ranges between 38 and 46% by volume.^[17]
• To Mei Chiew (荼薇酒; Mandarin: tú wéi jiǔ) is a Cantonese liquor produced in Xiaolan Town, Zhongshan prefecture-level city, Guangdong province, from rice wine, with added to mei (荼薇) flowers and crystal sugar syrup. Aged for more than one year. 30% alcohol by volume.^[18]
• Pi Lu Chiew (碧綠酒; pinyin: bì lǜ jiǔ; lit. "jade/emerald green liquor"):^photo Of Wuhan origin, this liquor is infused with Chinese medicinal herbs and sugar.^[19]
• Imperial Lotus White Chiew (御蓮白酒; pinyin: yà lián bái jiǔ; lit. "court lotus white liquor"): This is a variety of kaoliang jiu (sorghum liquor), infused with twenty medicinal herbs. It was first produced for the Chinese royal family in 1790.^[20]
• Chajiu (茶酒; pinyin: chá jiǔ, literally "tea liquor") is a product of fairly recent origin. It consists of gaoliang jiu flavored with tea leaves and hawthorn berries. It is usually a light reddish brown in color (similar to oolong tea), and varieties made with oolong, green, and black tea are available. Chajiu is produced by several manufacturers, primarily in the Sichuan province. Although the strength differs according to the brand and variety, chajiu ranges between 8% and 28% alcohol by volume.
• Xifeng Jiu

See also[link]

• Chinese grape wine
• Chinese wine
• Er guo tou
• Huangjiu
• Kaoliang
• Maotai
• Oghi (distilled beverage)
• Rice baijiu
• Soju

References[link]

External links[link]

• Baijiu Case Study

v t e Chinese alcoholic beverages Beer in China Wine in China Beverages Baijiu Beijing Beer Canton (liqueur) Choujiu Er guo tou Gouqi jiu Huangjiu Kaoliang Luzhou Laojiao Maotai Mijiu Rice baijiu Shaoxing wine Tibetan beer Wuliangye Yibin Xifeng jiu Companies CR Snow Guangzhou Zhujiang Brewery Group Tsingtao Brewery Beijing Yanjing Brewery Harbin Brewery Kingway Brewery Hangzhou Qiandaohu Beer Co., Ltd. San Miguel Brewery Hong Kong (serving Hainan)

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