Visa Inc.

Type	Public
Traded as	NYSE: V S&P 500 Component
Industry	Financial services
Founded	Fresno, California, U.S. (1970 (1970))
Headquarters	595 Market Street, Financial District, San Francisco, California, United States
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Joseph Saunders (chairman & CEO) John Partridge (president)
Products	Payment systems
Revenue	US$ 08.065 billion (2010)[1]
Operating income	US$ 04.638 billion (2010)[1]
Net income	US$ 02.966 billion (2010)[1]
Total assets	US$ 33.408 billion (2010)[1]
Total equity	US$ 25.014 billion (2010)[1]
Employees	6,900 (2010)[1]
Website	visa.com

Visa Inc. (pronunciation: /ˈviːzə/ or /viːsə/; NYSE: V) is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered on 595 Market Street, Financial District in San Francisco, California, United States, although much of the company's staff is based in Foster City, California. It facilitates electronic funds transfers throughout the world, most commonly through Visa-branded credit card and debit cards.^[2] Visa does not issue cards, extend credit or set rates and fees for consumers; rather, Visa provides financial institutions with Visa-branded payment products that they then use to offer credit, debit, prepaid and cash-access programs to their customers. In 2008, according to The Nilson Report, Visa held a 38.3% market share of the credit card marketplace and 60.7% of the debit card marketplace in the United States.^[3] In 2009, Visa’s global network (known as VisaNet) processed 62 billion transactions with a total volume of $4.4 trillion.^[4][5]

Visa has operations across Asia-Pacific, North America, Central and South America, Caribbean, Central and Eastern Europe, Africa and Middle East. Visa Europe is a separate membership entity that is an exclusive licensee of Visa Inc.'s trademarks and technology in the European region, issuing cards such as Visa Debit.

History[link]

In mid-September 1958, Bank of America (BofA) launched its pioneering BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno, California, with an initial mailing of 60,000 unsolicited credit cards.^[6] The original idea was the brainchild of BofA's in-house product development think tank, the Customer Services Research Group, and its leader, Joseph P. Williams. Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue what became the world's first successful credit card "drop", or mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards (that is actual working cards, not mere applications) to a large population.^[7]

Williams' accomplishment was in the successful implementation of the all-purpose credit card, not in coming up with the idea.^[8] By the mid-1950s, the typical middle-class American already maintained revolving credit accounts with several different merchants, which was clearly inefficient and inconvenient due to the need to carry so many cards and pay so many separate bills each month.^[9] The need for a unified financial instrument was already palpably obvious to the American financial services industry, but no one could figure out how to do it. There were already charge cards like Diners Club (which had to be paid in full at the end of each billing cycle), and "by the mid-1950s, there had been at least a dozen attempts to create an all-purpose credit card."^[9] However, these prior attempts had been carried out by small banks which lacked the resources to make them work.^[9] Williams and his team studied these failures carefully and believed they could avoid replicating those banks' mistakes; they also studied existing revolving credit operations at Sears and Mobil Oil to learn why they were successful.^[10] Fresno was selected for its population of 250,000 (big enough to make a credit card work, small enough to control initial startup cost), BofA's market share of that population (45%), and relative isolation, to control public relations damage in case the project failed.^[11]

The 1958 test at first went smoothly, but then BofA panicked when it confirmed rumors that another bank was about to initiate its own drop in San Francisco, BofA's home market.^[12] By March 1959, drops began in San Francisco and Sacramento; by June, BofA was dropping cards in Los Angeles; by October, the entire state had been saturated with over 2 million credit cards, and BankAmericard was being accepted by 20,000 merchants.^[13] However, the program was riddled with problems, as Williams (who had never worked in a bank's loan department) had been too earnest and trusting in his belief in the basic goodness of the bank's customers, and he resigned in December 1959.^[14] Twenty-two percent of accounts were delinquent, not the 4% expected, and police departments around the state were confronted by numerous incidents of the brand new crime of credit card fraud.^[15] Both politicians and journalists joined the general uproar against Bank of America and its newfangled credit card, especially when it was pointed out that the cardholder agreement held customers liable for all charges, even those resulting from fraud.^[16] BofA officially lost over $8.8 million on the launch of BankAmericard, but when the full cost of advertising and overhead was included, the bank's actual loss was probably around $20 million.^[16]

One of the former Visa logos, used from 1970 to 2006.

However, after purging Williams and his protégés, BofA management realized that BankAmericard was salvageable.^[17] They conducted a "massive effort" to clean up after Williams, imposed proper financial controls, published an open letter to 3 million households across the state apologizing for the mess they had caused, and eventually were able to make the new financial instrument work.^[18]

The original goal of BofA was to offer the BankAmericard product across California, but in 1965, BofA began to sign licensing agreements with a group of banks outside of California. BofA itself (like all other U.S. banks at the time) could not expand directly into other states due to federal restrictions not repealed until 1994. Over the following 11 years, various banks licensed the card system from Bank of America, thus forming a network of banks backing the BankAmericard system across the United States.^[19] The "drops" of unsolicited credit cards continued unabated, thanks to BofA and its licensees and competitors, until they were outlawed in 1970^[20] due to the serious financial chaos they caused, but not before over 100 million credit cards had been distributed into the American population.^[21]

During the late 1960s, BofA also licensed the BankAmericard program to banks in several other countries, which began issuing cards with localized brand names. For example:^{[citation needed]}

• In Canada, an alliance of banks (including Toronto-Dominion Bank, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, Royal Bank of Canada, Banque Canadienne Nationale and Bank of Nova Scotia) issued credit cards under the Chargex name from 1968 to 1977.
• In France, it was known as Carte Bleue (Blue Card). The logo still appears on many French-issued Visa cards today.
• In the UK, the only BankAmericard issuer for some years was Barclaycard.

In 1970, the Bank of America gave up control of the BankAmericard program.^{[citation needed]} The various BankAmericard issuer banks took control of the program, creating National BankAmericard Inc. (NBI), an independent non-stock corporation which would be in charge of managing, promoting and developing the BankAmericard system within the United States, although Bank of America continued to issue and support the international licenses themselves. By 1972, licenses had been granted in 15 countries. In 1974, IBANCO, a multinational member corporation, was founded in order to manage the international BankAmericard program.^{[citation needed]}

		Sample Barclaycard (left), as issued in the UK in the 1960s/70s. Co-branded cards were also issued by affiliates, such as the Co-operative Bank and Yorkshire Bank. The Chargex logo (right) used in Canada, along with the names of the 5 Canadian federal banks that issued Chargex cards.
Sample Barclaycard (left), as issued in the UK in the 1960s/70s. Co-branded cards were also issued by affiliates, such as the Co-operative Bank and Yorkshire Bank. The Chargex logo (right) used in Canada, along with the names of the 5 Canadian federal banks that issued Chargex cards.

In 1976, the directors of IBANCO determined that bringing the various international networks together into a single network with a single name internationally would be in the best interests of the corporation; however in many countries, there was still reluctance to issue a card associated with Bank of America, even though the association was entirely nominal in nature. For this reason, in 1975 BankAmericard, Chargex, Barclaycard, Carte Bleue, and all other licensees united under the new name, "Visa", which retained the distinctive blue, white and gold flag. NBI became Visa USA and IBANCO became Visa International.^{[citation needed]}

The term Visa was conceived by the company's founder, Dee Hock. He believed that the word was instantly recognizable in many languages in many countries, and that it also denoted universal acceptance. Nowadays, the term Visa has become a recursive backronym for Visa International Service Association.

In October 2007, Bank of America announced it was resurrecting the BankAmericard brand name as the "BankAmericard Rewards Visa".^[22]

Corporate structure[link]

Prior to October 3, 2007, Visa comprised four non-stock, separately incorporated companies that employed 6000 people worldwide: Visa International Service Association (Visa), the worldwide parent entity, Visa U.S.A. Inc., Visa Canada Association, and Visa Europe Ltd. The latter three separately incorporated regions had the status of group members of Visa International Service Association. The unincorporated regions (Visa Latin America (LAC), Visa Asia Pacific and Visa Central and Eastern Europe, Middle East and Africa (CEMEA)) were divisions within Visa.

Billing & finance charge methods[link]

Initially, signed copies of sales drafts were included in each customer's monthly billing statement for verification purposes--an industry practice known as "Country Club Billing". By the late 1970s, however, billing statements no longer contained these enclosures, but rather a summary statement show posting date, purchase date, reference number, merchant name, and the dollar amount of each purchase. At the same time, many issuers, particularly Bank of America, were in the process of changing their methods of finance charge calculation. Initially, a "previous balance" method was used--calculation of finance charge on the unpaid balance shown on the prior month's statement. Later, it was decided to use "average daily balance" which resulted in increased revenue for the issuers by calculating the number of days each purchase was included on the prior month's statement. Several years later, "new average daily balance"--in which transactions from previous AND current billing cycles were used in the calculation--was introduced. By the early 1980s, many issuers introduced the concept of the annual fee as yet another revenue enhancer. Today, many cards are co-branded with various merchants, airlines, etc. and marketed as "reward cards".

IPO and restructuring[link]

On October 11, 2006, Visa announced that some of its businesses would be merged and become a publicly traded company, Visa Inc.^[23][24][25] Under the IPO restructuring, Visa Canada, Visa International, and Visa U.S.A. were merged into the new public company. Visa's Western Europe operation became a separate company, owned by its member banks who will also have a minority stake in Visa Inc.^[26] In total, more than 35 investment banks participated in the deal in several capacities, most notably as underwriters. The law firm Davis Polk & Wardwell served as counsel to the underwriters, while the law firm White & Case LLP served as counsel to Visa Inc. in the global restructuring process.

On October 3, 2007, Visa completed its corporate restructuring with the formation of Visa Inc. The new company was the first step towards Visa's IPO.^[27] The second step came on November 9, 2007, when the new Visa Inc. submitted its $10 billion IPO filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).^[28] On February 25, 2008, Visa announced it would go ahead with an IPO of half its shares.^[29] The IPO took place on March 18, 2008. Visa sold 406 million shares at US$44 per share ($2 above the high end of the expected $37–42 pricing range), raising US$17.9 billion in the largest initial public offering in U.S. history.^[30] On March 20, 2008, the IPO underwriters (including JP Morgan, Goldman Sachs & Co., Banc of America Securities LLC, Citi, HSBC, Merrill Lynch & Co., UBS Investment Bank and Wachovia Securities) exercised their overallotment option, purchasing an additional 40.6 million shares, bringing Visa's total IPO share count to 446.6 million, and bringing the total proceeds to US$19.1 billion.^[31] Visa now trades under the ticker symbol "V" on the New York Stock Exchange.^[32]

WikiLeaks[link]

Visa Europe began suspending payments to WikiLeaks on 7 December 2010.^[33] The company "said it was awaiting an investigation into 'the nature of its business and whether it contravenes Visa operating rules' - though it did not go into details".^[34] In return Datacell, the IT company that enables WikiLeaks to accept credit and debit card donations, announced that it will take legal action against Visa Europe.^[35] On December 8, the group Anonymous performed a DDoS attack on visa.com^{[clarification needed]}, bringing the site down.^[36] Although "[t]he Norway-based financial services company Teller AS, which Visa ordered to look into WikiLeaks and its fundraising body, the Sunshine Press, found no proof of any wrongdoing, Visa Europe announced in January 2011 that "it would continue blocking donations to the secret-spilling site until it completes its own investigation".^[34]

The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay stated that Visa may be "violating WikiLeaks' right to freedom of expression" by withdrawing their services.^[37]

Corporate affairs[link]

Headquarters[link]

This section requires expansion.

Visa's headquarters are located on the top three floors of the 595 Market Street building in San Francisco.^[38] As of 2009, 125 people work at the Visa headquarters. The company's center of employment is its campus in Foster City, California, which as of 2009, houses 2,400 employees.^[39]

Visa had been headquartered in San Francisco until 1985, when it moved to San Mateo.^[40]

Around 1993, Visa began consolidating various scattered offices in San Mateo to a location in Foster City.^[40] Visa's headquarters were in Foster City, and Visa became Foster City's largest employer. Visa owns four buildings at the intersection of Metro Center Boulevard and Vintage Park Drive. As of 2009, before the headquarters move, it employed about 3,000 people at the complex. During that year, Visa signed a 10 year lease agreement for the top three floors of 595 Market Street and moved its top executives there. Visa continued to keep employees at the Foster City offices.^[38]

In 2010, SolarCity moved its headquarters to the former Visa offices in San Mateo.^[41]

Visa also kept its regional headquarters in San Mateo; it occupied a 23-acre (9.3 ha) office complex with six buildings consisting of 270,000-square-foot (25,000 m²) of space, located at California Highway 92 and West Hillsdale Boulevard. In 2007, Interland Family Trust sold the former San Mateo Visa building, now named the San Mateo Office Park, for $86 million to two firms, Lowe and O'Connor Capital Partners. The complex was scheduled to undergo a $16 million renovation.^[42]

Operations[link]

Visa offers through its issuing members the following types of cards:

• Debit cards (pay from a checking / savings account)
• Credit cards (pay monthly payments with interest)
• Prepaid cards (pay from a cash account that has no checkwriting privileges)

Visa operates the PLUS automated teller machine network and the Interlink EFTPOS point-of-sale network, which facilitate the "debit" protocol used with debit cards and prepaid cards. They also provide commercial payment solutions for small businesses, midsize and large corporations, and governments.^[43]

Operating regulations[link]

Visa has a set of rules that govern the participation of financial institutions in its payment system. Acquiring banks are responsible for ensuring that their merchants comply with the rules.

Rules address how a cardholder must be identified for security, how transactions may be denied by the bank and how banks may cooperate for fraud prevention, and how to keep that identification and fraud protection standard and non-discriminatory. Other rules govern what creates an enforceable proof of authorization by the cardholder.^[44]

The rules prohibit merchants from imposing a minimum or maximum purchase amount in order to accept a Visa card and from charging cardholders a fee for using a Visa card.^[44] In ten U.S. states, surcharges for the use of a credit card are forbidden by law (California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Oklahoma and Texas) but a discount for cash is permitted under specific rules.^[45] Some countries have banned the no-surcharge rule, most notably the UK^[46] and Australia^[47] and retailers in those countries may apply surcharges to any credit-card transaction, Visa or otherwise.

Unlike MasterCard, Visa does permit merchants to ask for photo ID, although the merchant rule book states that this practice is "discouraged". As long as the Visa card is signed, a merchant may not deny a transaction because a cardholder refuses to show a photo ID.^[44]

The Dodd-Frank Act allows U.S. merchants to set a minimum purchase amount on credit card transactions, not to exceed $10.^[48][49]

Recent complications include the addition of exceptions for non-signed purchases by telephone or on the Internet, and an additional security system called "Verified by Visa" for purchases on the Internet.

payWave[link]

In September 2007, Visa introduced Visa payWave, a contactless payment technology feature that allows cardholders to wave their card in front of contact-less payment terminals without the need to physically swipe or insert the card into a point-of-sale device.^[50] This is similar to the MasterCard PayPass service, with both using RFID technology.

In Europe, Visa has introduced the V PAY card which is chip-only and PIN-only.^[51]

In Australia the major banks, such as the National Australia Bank (NAB), do not allow their customers to opt out of having payWave-enabled Visa cards. The same can be said for Mastercard's contact-less payment systems. Customers who are unhappy with the way payWave permits transactions without the requirement for either PIN or signature have been advised to refrain from having a Visa card attached to their account.^{[citation needed]}

Trade mark and design[link]

Logo design[link]

The blue and gold in Visa's logo were originally chosen to represent the blue sky and golden-colored hills of California, where the legacy Bank of America was founded. The Visa symbol is used by merchants to denote the acceptance of Visa payment cards.

In 2006, Visa removed its trademark flag logo from all its cards, websites and retailer's windows. This was the first time that Visa had changed its logo.^[52] The new logo has a simple white background with the name Visa in blue with an orange flick on the 'V' (shown in the infobox at the top of this page).

For the new Visa Debit and Visa Electron logo, see the relevant pages.

Dove hologram[link]

In 1984, most Visa cards around the world began to feature a hologram of a dove on its face, generally under the last four digits of the Visa number. This was implemented as a security feature - true holograms would appear 3-dimensional and the image would change as the card was turned. At the same time, the Visa logo, which had previously covered the whole card face, was reduced in size to a strip on the card's right incorporating the hologram. This allowed issuing banks to customize the appearance of the card. Similar changes were implemented with MasterCard cards.

On most Visa cards, holding the face of the card under an ultraviolet light will reveal the dove picture, as an additional security test. (On newer Visa cards, the UV dove is replaced by a small V over the Visa logo.)

Beginning in 2005, the Visa standard was changed to allow for the hologram to be placed on the back of the card, or to be replaced with a holographic magnetic stripe ("HoloMag").^[53] The HoloMag card was shown to occasionally cause interference with card readers, so Visa eventually withdrew designs of HoloMag cards and reverted to traditional magnetic strips.^{[54][dead link]}

Advertising[link]

More People Go with Visa[link]

In March 2009, Visa launched its first global advertising campaign: "More people go with Visa." The new campaign enabled Visa to align marketing worldwide under a single theme that could be executed locally for maximum relevance and impact and highlight how Visa differs from standard cash and checks in security, control, and convenience. Since its launch, Visa has used the platform to create customized campaigns in support of its sponsorship properties including the Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup. In 2010, Visa introduced first-ever global campaigns in support of both the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games ("Go World") and 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa ("Go Fans"). Advertising creative from the Go Fans campaign was customized and appeared in 30 markets around the world to strengthen the campaign’s relevance in those regions.

Currency of Progress[link]

In October 2009, Visa launched Currency of Progress, an effort to better educate the world about how digital currency advances economic empowerment and business efficiency worldwide. Through real-life testimonials, Currency of Progress illustrates how the migration from cash and checks to electronic payments helps individuals access their money more securely and conveniently; builds stronger, more efficient businesses; and enables governments to be more cost-effective and responsive to their citizens. The website contains the campaign’s video testimonials, fact sheets on key areas such as security, government efficiency, financial literacy, innovation, and merchant benefits, along with real-world case studies.

Sponsorships[link]

Olympics and Paralympics[link]

• Visa has been a worldwide sponsor of the Olympic Games since 1986 and is the only card accepted at all Olympic venues. Its current contract with the IOC and IPC as the exclusive services sponsor will continue through 2020.^[55] This includes the Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games, London 2012 Olympic Games, the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games, the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games, the 2018 Olympic Winter Games, and the 2020 Olympic Games. However, for London this may change following an Office of Fair Trading intervention.

• Visa extended its partnership with the International Paralympic Committee through 2012, which includes the 2010 Vancouver Paralympic Winter Games and the 2012 London Paralympic Games. In 2002, Visa became the first global sponsor of the IPC.^[56]

Others[link]

• Visa is currently the shirt sponsor for the Argentina national rugby union team, nicknamed the Pumas. Also, Visa sponsors the Copa Libertadores and the Copa Sudamericana, the most important football club tournaments in South America.

• Until 2005, Visa was the exclusive sponsor of the Triple Crown thoroughbred tournament.

• Visa sponsored the Rugby World Cup, and the 2007 tournament in France was its last.^[57]

• In 2007, Visa became sponsor of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. The FIFA partnership provides Visa with global rights to a broad range of FIFA activities - including both the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Women's World Cup.

• Since 1995, Visa has sponsored the U.S. NFL and a number of NFL teams, including the San Francisco 49ers whose practice jerseys display the Visa logo.^[58] Visa's sponsorship of the NFL currently extends through the 2014 season.^[59]

• Visa sponsored PacWest Racing's IndyCar team in 1995 and 1996, with drivers Danny Sullivan and Mark Blundell respectively.

Legal proceedings[link]

Visa Inc.'s former headquarters in Foster City, California, is still home to a significant portion of the company's operations.

Visa settled an antitrust lawsuit brought by a class of U.S. merchants, including Wal-Mart, for billions of dollars in 2003. According to a website associated with the suit,^[60] Visa and MasterCard settled the plaintiffs' claims for a total of $3.05 billion, and Visa's share of this settlement is reported to have been the larger.

In October 2010, Visa and MasterCard reached a settlement with the U.S. Justice Department in another antitrust case. The companies agreed to allow merchants displaying their logos to decline certain types of cards (because interchange fees differ), or to offer consumers discounts for using cheaper cards.^[61]

In December 2010, Visa reached a settlement with the European Union in yet another antitrust case, promising to reduce debit card payments to 0.2 percent of a purchase.^[62] A senior official from the European Central Bank called for a break-up of the Visa/Mastercard duopoly by creation of a new European debit card for use in the Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA).^[63] After VISA's blocking of payments to WikiLeaks, members of European Parliament expressed concern that payments from European citizens to a European corporation could apparently be blocked by the US, and called for a further reduction in the dominance of Visa and Mastercard in the European payment system.^[64]

See also[link]

Electronics portal

	San Francisco Bay Area portal
	Companies portal

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Visa corporate profile
• Visa's Official Blog
• Yahoo! — Visa U.S.A. Inc. Company Profile
• Yahoo! — Visa International Company Profile

Nastia Liukin
Liukin in 2009.
Personal information
Full name	Anastasia Valeryevna Liukin
Nickname(s)	Nastia, Nastie
Country represented	United States
Born	(1989-10-30) October 30, 1989 (age 22) Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Moscow, Russian Federation)
Hometown	Parker, Texas, United States
Height	5 ft 3 in (1.60 m)
Weight	99 lb (45 kg)
Discipline	Women's artistic gymnastics
Level	Senior International Elite
Years on national team	(2002–present)
Gym	World Olympic Gymnastics Academy
Head coach(es)	Valeri Liukin
Assistant coach(es)	Natalya Marakova
Former coach(es)	Anna Liukin Joe Drake
Choreographer	Natalya Marakova
Music	"Variations on Dark Eyes" by Lara St. John
Medal record Women's gymnastics Competitor for the  United States Olympic Games Gold 2008 Beijing All-around Silver 2008 Beijing Team Silver 2008 Beijing Uneven bars Silver 2008 Beijing Balance beam Bronze 2008 Beijing Floor World Championships Gold 2005 Melbourne Uneven bars Gold 2005 Melbourne Beam Gold 2007 Stuttgart Team Gold 2007 Stuttgart Beam Silver 2005 Melbourne All-around Silver 2005 Melbourne Floor Silver 2006 Aarhus Team Silver 2006 Aarhus Uneven bars Silver 2007 Stuttgart Uneven bars Pan American Games Gold 2003 Santo Domingo Team Gold 2003 Santo Domingo Beam Gold 2007 Rio de Janeiro Team Silver 2003 Santo Domingo All-around Silver 2007 Rio de Janeiro Uneven bars Silver 2007 Rio de Janeiro Beam Bronze 2003 Santo Domingo Uneven bars Bronze 2003 Santo Domingo Floor Pacific Rim Championships Gold 2006 Honolulu Team Gold 2006 Honolulu All-around Gold 2006 Honolulu Uneven bars Gold 2008 San Jose Team Gold 2008 San Jose All-around Gold 2008 San Jose Beam Silver 2006 Honolulu Beam Silver 2008 San Jose Uneven bars

Anastasia Valeryevna "Nastia" Liukin (Russian: Анастасия "Настя" Валерьевна Люкина; born October 30, 1989) is an American artistic gymnast. She is the 2008 Olympic individual all-around Champion, the 2005 and 2007 World Champion on the balance beam, and the 2005 World Champion on the uneven bars. With nine World Championships medals, seven of them individual, Liukin is tied with Shannon Miller for the second-highest tally of World Championship medals; Alicia Sacramone has ten.^[1][2] Liukin has also tied Miller's record as the American gymnast having won the most medals in a single non-boycotted Olympic Games.^[3]

The daughter of two former Soviet champion gymnasts, Olympic gold medalist Valeri Liukin – the first man to do a triple backflip – and World Champion rhythmic gymnast Anna Kotchneva, Nastia Liukin was born in Moscow and moved to the United States as a young child. She began gymnastics after spending time in the gym while her parents coached. Liukin is coached by her father at the World Olympic Gymnastics Academy, her family's gymnastics club in Plano, Texas.

Liukin became a member of the U.S. junior national team when she was 12 years old and won the National all-around title at the age of 13. She was the all-around silver medalist at the 2003 Pan American Games. Since 2005, Liukin has been a key member of the U.S. senior team. She is a four-time all-around U.S. National Champion, winning twice as a junior and twice as a senior. She has been the U.S. senior National Champion on the uneven bars since 2005. Liukin has represented the United States at three World Championships, the 2003 and 2007 Pan American Games, and the 2006 and 2008 Pacific Rim Championships. In October 2011, Liukin announced that she was returning to the sport of gymnastics with the hopes of making the 2012 Olympic team.^[4]

Personal life[link]

Liukin was born on October 30, 1989, in Moscow, Russia SFSR, Soviet Union. She is the only child of two former Soviet champion gymnasts: 1988 Summer Olympics gold medalist Valeri Liukin and 1987 World Clubs Champion in rhythmic gymnastics Anna Kotchneva.^[5][6] Liukin and her family are members of the Russian Orthodox church.^[7] Her nickname Nastia is a Russian diminutive for Anastasia. The family moved to the United States when Nastia Liukin was two and a half years old, after the breakup of the Soviet Union,^[8] and settled first in New Orleans before moving to Texas.^[9] In 1994, Valeri Liukin teamed with another former Soviet champion athlete, Evgeny Marchenko, to open the World Olympic Gymnastics Academy (WOGA) in Plano.^[5][10]

Liukin is fluent in English and Russian.^[5][11] She graduated from Spring Creek Academy, located in Plano, Texas, in the spring of 2007.^[12] She had enrolled as a freshman international business major at Southern Methodist University in January 2008, but took a leave from classes to concentrate on preparations for the 2008 Olympic Games. She returned to campus in Spring 2009, but her travel schedule and professional commitments caused her to withdraw before the end of the semester. Nastia's signature color is pink, hence her pink leotard worn during the 2008 Beijing Olympics All-Around competition.^[13][14]

Liukin currently updates a blog on her official website and regularly posts on Twitter as @NastiaLiukin. She has a line of GK Gymnastics Leotards and grips and a line of pink gymnastics equipment from AAI.

It is rumored that Nastia Liukin was in a relationship with American figure skater Evan Lysacek. People Magazine claimed to confirm their relationship in a February 2010 article,^[15] but Lysacek denied the rumors in an interview with Entertainment Tonight, stating that the two are just "very close friends."^[16]

Junior career[link]

Liukin began gymnastics at the age of three because she was "always hanging around in the gym"^[17] with her parents, who could not afford a babysitter to look after her while they were working as coaches. Liukin's parents initially did not aspire for their daughter to become a gymnast, knowing the pressure of high-level competition firsthand, but relented when they noticed her aptitude for the sport.^[5][11][18]

Liukin competed in her first National Championships as a junior in 2002, at the age of 12½. In contrast to her WOGA teammates Carly Patterson and Hollie Vise who finished first and second respectively, Liukin suffered a fall on the uneven bars which rendered her unable to finish the routine. She continued through the rest of the competition, and despite the incomplete bars set, finished 15th, which landed her one of the final spots on the U.S. National Team.^[8][19] She was chosen to compete with the U.S. team at the 2002 Junior Pan American Championships, where she contributed to the team gold medal and placed second on the uneven bars, balance beam and all-around.^[17]

By 2003, Liukin was one of the strongest junior gymnasts in the United States. She won the junior division of the U.S. National Championships, as well as gold medals on three of the four events: uneven bars, balance beam and floor exercise. She repeated these accomplishments in 2004. Liukin was a member of the gold-medal winning U.S. team at the 2003 Pan Am Games; she took second place in the all-around behind fellow American Chellsie Memmel. She also won the all-around in the junior division of the 2004 Pacific Alliance Championships.^[20]

Born in 1989, Liukin was ten months too young to compete as a senior in 2004, and thus was not eligible for a place on the U.S. team for the 2004 Olympics in Athens. Her scores in the junior division at the 2004 U.S. National Championships were competitive with those being posted by the seniors, and Marta Karolyi, U.S. National Team Coordinator, has said that if Liukin had been eligible, she would have been named to the Olympic team.^[5][21]

Senior career[link]

2005–2006[link]

In 2005, Liukin won her first senior National Championships and, once again, earned gold medals on the bars and beam. At the 2005 World Championships in Melbourne she finished second in the AA behind teammate Chellsie Memmel with a score of 37.822.

In event finals she won the gold on the uneven bars and balance beam, and the silver on the floor exercise.^[22][23]

In March 2006, Liukin placed first in the all-around at the American Cup.^[24] At the 2006 Pacific Alliance Championships, Liukin tied with teammate Memmel for first in the all-around, won the uneven bars title and a silver medal on beam, and contributed to the U.S. team's gold medal performance.^[25] She competed at the 2006 U.S. Classic as the defending all-around champion, but falls on the uneven bars and floor resulted in a fourth-place finish. However, she scored extremely well on the balance beam, and was the only competitor in the meet, junior or senior, to earn a score over 16.00 on this event.^[26]

In late August, at the 2006 U.S. National Championships, Liukin successfully defended her all-around, beam and bars titles, becoming a two-time senior National Champion.^[17] She was named to the U.S. team for the 2006 World Gymnastics Championships in Aarhus, Denmark, and was expected by many to be a strong contender for the all-around title. However, due to an ankle injury sustained in training before the competition began, she was only able to compete on one event, the uneven bars. In spite of her injury, in the qualification round, Liukin's bars set earned a 16.2, the highest score of any competitor on any apparatus in the meet. Her bars routine in team finals scored a 15.7 and helped the U.S. team win the silver medal. Liukin also qualified for the event finals on bars, where she took a small step on her dismount and finished with a 16.05, earning a silver medal behind Britain's Beth Tweddle.^[27]

2007[link]

Liukin's ankle injury required surgery, and the recovery period kept her out of both national and international competition for much of the year. In July 2007, although she was still recovering from her injury, she returned to competition as a member of the American team for the Pan Am Games in Rio de Janeiro. She competed only on bars and beam, contributing to the team's gold medal finish and winning an individual silver medal in the uneven bars finals and an individual silver medal on the balance beam final.^[13][28]

Despite limited training time on floor and vault in the summer of 2007, Liukin opted to compete all-around at the 2007 U.S. National Championships. She posted the highest score of the entire meet on bars and the second highest score on beam on the second day of competition, winning the senior bars title for the third year in a row and placing second on beam. However, she also suffered several falls and errors on floor and vault, and finished in third place overall, more than five points behind Shawn Johnson, the all-around gold medalist.^[29][30][31]

Following Nationals, Liukin was named to the American team for the World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany, competing all-around in the team qualifying round and in on bars and beam in the finals. Liukin's score for her bars routine in team finals was a 16.375, the highest score of the day and, in the end, the entire World Championships. However, at the end of her beam routine, her foot slipped while she was setting up her dismount, prompting her to change her usual skill, a two and a half twisting salto, to a simple back tuck. While she lost credit for her dismount, she also avoided a deduction for a fall, and earned a 15.175. The team recovered from this and other mistakes to finish first overall with 184.400, nearly a point ahead of the silver medal Chinese.^[31][32]

Liukin's struggles with the balance beam continued in the all-around final, where she fell from the apparatus during her flight series. In spite of a 16.100 on bars, the highest score of the day from any competitor on any event, she finished the competition in fifth place. In the event finals, however, Liukin rallied and regained her World Champion title on the balance beam with a score of 16.025.^[30][33] She also earned a silver on the uneven bars, scoring a 16.300 after taking a step on her dismount.^[34]

2008[link]

Liukin in competition

Liukin performs on the balance beam at the 2008 U.S. National Championships.

Liukin performing on the balance beam at the 2008 Olympics.

Liukin's first meet of the 2008 season was the American Cup in New York City, where she defeated 2007 winner Shawn Johnson to regain her title. She posted the highest score of the meet, a 16.600 on the uneven bars.^[35] In March, Liukin competed at the Pacific Rim (formerly Pacific Alliance) Championships in San Jose, where she led the American team to a gold medal and won the all-around and balance beam titles. In the team competition, Liukin posted an all-time high score of 16.650 on the uneven bars, but in event finals, she fell on her Gienger release move and took a step on her dismount, earning a 15.225 and taking second place.^[36][37]

At the 2008 U.S. National Championships in Boston, Liukin fell on floor on her double front tuck the first day of competition, but had a strong meet on her other events and placed second in the all-around behind Shawn Johnson. She regained her National Champion title on the beam and defended her national title on the uneven bars for the fourth consecutive year, scoring a 17.050 in preliminaries and a 17.100 in finals, the highest recorded score for any American gymnast at any event since the advent of the new Code of Points.^[38] In June, Liukin competed in the U.S. Olympic Trials in Philadelphia, finishing second behind Johnson, and earning a berth on the American team for Beijing.^[39]

2008 Olympics[link]

Liukin performed all-around in the qualifying round of competition. She qualified to the all-around final with a score of 62.375, which ranked her second among all competitors and 0.35 points behind Shawn Johnson, her friend and Olympic roommate.^[40] Liukin also qualified to three event finals: beam, uneven bars and floor exercise; more than any other American competitor.^[41]

In the team finals, Liukin performed on three events: beam, bars and floor exercise. Her uneven bars score of 16.900 was the highest mark awarded in the entire Olympic competition.^[42] Liukin performed second on balance beam, matching her qualifying score of 15.975.^[43][44] On floor exercise, she stepped out of bounds on her first tumbling pass, incurring a 0.10 point penalty, with a final score of 15.200.^[44][45] The American team earned the silver medal, 2.375 points behind China.

On August 15, Liukin performed clean routines on all four events (sticking her landings on 3 out of 4 events) to win the all-around gold medal with a final score of 63.325.^[46][47][48] Shawn Johnson took the silver medal with a score of 62.725. The win marked the third time that an American woman had won the Olympic all-around title; Mary Lou Retton and Carly Patterson were the two previous American gold medalists. It was also the fourth time in the history of the Games that two athletes from the same country have taken first and second place in the women's all-around. The last time this was accomplished was the 2000 Olympics, when Romanian gymnasts won gold and silver; Soviet gymnasts also won gold and silver all-around medals at the 1952 and 1960 Games.^[49]

In the event finals, Liukin displayed a beautiful routine to earn a surprising bronze medal on floor exercise with the score of 15.425, behind teammate Shawn Johnson with 15.500, and Romanian Sandra Izbasa with 15.650.^[50] On uneven bars, Liukin and China's He Kexin both posted final marks of 16.725, and earned identical A and B-panel scores of 7.70 and 9.025, respectively. However, He Kexin won the gold medal, and Liukin was awarded the silver, after a tie-breaking calculation that took into account individual marks given by judges on the B-panel.^[51][52] In the balance beam final, Liukin scored 16.025 to claim silver behind Shawn Johnson's 16.225.^[53] With her fifth Beijing medal, Liukin tied Mary Lou Retton and Shannon Miller for the most gymnastics medals won by an American in a single Olympic Games.^[3][54]

Nastia Liukin in 2009

Following her success in Beijing, Liukin was named the USOC Female Athlete of the Month (August) and ultimately USOC Co-Sportswoman of the Year alongside swimmer Natalie Coughlin, the Women's Sports Foundation Individual Sportswoman of the Year, FIG Athlete of the Year and USAG Sportswoman of the Year. In addition she was ranked third in the Associated Press' 2008 Female Athlete of the Year voting.

In March 2009 Liukin was announced as one of 12 semifinalists for the AAU Sullivan Award. The annual award honors the athlete who best represents "the qualities of leadership, character, sportsmanship, and the ideals of amateurism". On April 15, 2009, Liukin's Olympic teammate Shawn Johnson won the AAU Sullivan Award.^[55]

2009[link]

Liukin decided that she was not done with gymnastics and made her first post-Olympics competitive appearance at the CoverGirl Classic, where she competed only on balance beam. She placed 2nd behind teammate Ivana Hong. Liukin thought about competing uneven bars and beam at the U.S. Championships, but decided to once again just perform on beam. She placed 4th and looked on track to possibly make a fourth World Championships team. Liukin was added to the National Team and included in the World Championships selection camp. However, she pulled out of Worlds selection consideration because she felt that she was not quite up to World Championships standards.

2012[link]

On May 26, 2012, Nastia made her return to official competition. She competed in the 2012 Secret US Classic. She worked on Beam, and scored a 14.900.

Routines[link]

As of 2008, Liukin performed the following skills on these apparatuses:

Following the 2008 Olympic Games, Liukin had a skill on beam named after her in the 2005–08 FIG Code of Points. The 'Liukin' was rated as a D and was described as follows: salto forward piked, take off from one leg to one foot landing to scale, hold for two seconds. Changes in the 2009–2012 FIG Code of Points meant that the skill is no longer considered as an appropriate skill.

Floor music[link]

On March 18, 2009, Liukin announced that she is working on a new floor routine.^[56]

• 2006–2008: "Variations on Dark Eyes"^[57]
• 2004–2005: "Second Kill" and "Building the Bullet" by Luis Bacalov
• 2001–2003: "Rondo Capriccioso" by Camille Saint-Saëns

Media appearances[link]

Film and television[link]

Outside of competitive gymnastics, Liukin had cameo roles in the April 2006 Touchstone Pictures film Stick It,^[58][59] a 2008 episode of Gossip Girl^[60] and a quick cameo appearance on the newest Bravo TV show, NYC Prep. She has expressed a desire to become an actress in the future.^[17] Following the Beijing Olympics, Liukin appeared on many talk shows in the United States, including The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Late Night With Conan O'Brien, and the Oprah Winfrey Show.

She also appeared in the second season of Make It or Break It.

Liukin was on The Tour of Gymnastics Superstars, which was broadcast nationwide on MyNetworkTV.^[61] Tapings of the second show of the tour were included in Frosted Pink with a Twist, which was a television special about women's cancers. The TV special aired on ABC on October 12, 2008,^[62] and featured singers Jesse McCartney, Kenny Loggins, Cyndi Lauper and Carole King.^[63][64]

Liukin is set to guest-star on the CW's Hellcats.^[65]

On the April 16, 2012 episode of The Price Is Right, Liukin appeared as a guest model.

Professional Alliances[link]

Liukin has her own line of gymnastics equipment, which includes mats and balance beams in her signature pink, produced by American Athletic, Inc.^[66][67]

Liukin's corporate sponsors include Visa, AT&T, GK Elite Sportswear and Longines. She appeared in an Adidas commercial with Nadia Comăneci which ran during the 2004 Olympics and a 2008 commercial for Visa Inc. She signed an endorsement deal on March 15, 2010 and appears in commercials for Subway^[68] After the Beijing Olympics, she was signed to be one of two American Olympians featured on Wheaties cereal boxes.

Liukin has expressed interest in the fashion world; she has served as a Longines Sports Ambassador of Elegance since 2006^[21][69][70] and, along with her teammates Shawn Johnson and Alicia Sacramone, was one of the first female athletes ever to be signed as CoverGirl spokesmodels.^[71] She also collaborated with Vanilla Star Jeans to create a junior girls' clothing line and has modeled for Max Azria.^[72] In June 2010, she launched a line of girls' wear called Supergirl by Nastia for department store chain JC Penney.^[73]

In October 2008, Liukin partnered with World Vision to help her home state of Texas to recover from Hurricane Ike.^[74]

Competitive history[link]

See also[link]

• List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nastia Liukin

Gymnastics portal

• Official site
• Nastia Liukin at Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique
• Nastia Liukin at USA Gymnastics
• Nastia Liukin at the United States Olympic Committee
• Nastia Liukin at the Internet Movie Database
• "Nastia Liukin", on Time’s list of "100 Olympic Athletes To Watch"
• Nastia Liukin talking about her experiences at the 2008 Beijing Games on Gymnastike.org
• "Nastia Liukin: Reflecting on Beijing Part I" – Interview with Gymnastike (Dec 08)
• "Nastia Liukin: Reflecting on Beijing Part 2" – Interview with Gymnastike (Dec 08)
• Nastia Liukin Cup on Universal Sports