published: 06 Feb 2012
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84th parallel north
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Afghanistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Afghanistan -
Alaska
Alaska () is the largest state of the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Approximately half of Alaska's 698,473 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. As of 2009, Alaska remains the least densely populated state of the U.S.
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Alberta
Alberta is the most populous of Canada's three prairie provinces. It covers nearly the same land area as the state of Texas, and had a population of 3.7 million in 2009. It became a province on September 1, 1905, on the same day as Saskatchewan.
http://wn.com/Alberta -
Anguilla
Anguilla ( ) is a British overseas territory in the Caribbean, one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles. It consists of the main island of Anguilla itself, approximately long by wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population. The island's capital is The Valley. The total land area of the territory is , with a population of approximately 13,500 (2006 estimate).
http://wn.com/Anguilla -
Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda (; Spanish for "ancient" and "bearded") is a twin-island nation lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of two major inhabited islands, Antigua and Barbuda, and a number of smaller islands (including Great Bird, Green, Guinea, Long, Maiden and York Islands). Separated by a few sea miles, the group is in the middle of the Leeward Islands part of the Lesser Antilles, roughly at 17 degrees north of the Equator. Being a former part of the British Empire has strongly influenced the country's governance, language, and culture.
http://wn.com/Antigua_and_Barbuda -
Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region, is the smallest, and shallowest of the world's five major oceanic divisions. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea, classifying it as one of the mediterranean seas of the Atlantic Ocean. Alternatively, the Arctic Ocean can be seen as the northernmost lobe of the all-encompassing World Ocean.
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Aruba
http://wn.com/Aruba -
Atlantic Canada
http://wn.com/Atlantic_Canada -
Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
Bangladesh
http://wn.com/Bangladesh -
Barbados
Barbados ()or (Bar-bay-dos) is an island nation of the Lesser Antilles, in length and as much as in width, amounting to . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic Ocean and 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about east of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and north-east of Venezuela. Barbados is outside of the principal Atlantic hurricane belt.
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Battle of Vimy Ridge
The Battle of Vimy Ridge was a military engagement fought primarily as part of the Battle of Arras, in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France, during the First World War. The main combatants were the Canadian Corps against three divisions of the German Sixth Army. The battle, which took place from 9 April to 12 April 1917, was part of the opening phase of the British-led Battle of Arras, a diversionary attack for the French Nivelle Offensive.
http://wn.com/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge -
Belize
Belize () (formerly British Honduras), is a democratic constitutional monarchy, and the northernmost Central American nation. Belize has a diverse society, comprising many cultures and languages. Although Kriol and Spanish are spoken among the population, Belize is the only country in Central America where English is the official language. Belize is bordered by Mexico to its north, by Guatemala to its south and west, and by the Caribbean Sea to the east.
http://wn.com/Belize -
Bermuda
Bermuda (; officially, the Bermudas or Somers Islands) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. Located off the east coast of the United States, its nearest landmass is Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, about to the west-northwest. It is about south of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and northeast of Miami, Florida. Its capital city is Hamilton but the largest municipality is the town of Saint George's.
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Bonaire
http://wn.com/Bonaire -
Botswana
The Republic of Botswana () is a sub Saharan country located in Southern Africa. The citizens are referred to as "Batswana" (singular: Motswana). Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. It has held free and fair democratic elections since independence.
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British Columbia
British Columbia (B.C.) (, C.-B.) is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment"). Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858. In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-quarter of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 13 million square miles (34 million km2), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
http://wn.com/British_Empire -
Brunei
http://wn.com/Brunei -
Calgary
Calgary () is the largest city in the Province of Alberta, Canada. It is located in the south of the province, in an area of foothills and prairie, approximately east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies. The city is located in the Grassland region of Alberta.
http://wn.com/Calgary -
Cameroon
http://wn.com/Cameroon -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Cape Breton Island
http://wn.com/Cape_Breton_Island -
Cayman Islands
The Cayman Islands ( or ) is a British Overseas Territory located in the western Caribbean Sea. The territory comprises the islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little Cayman, located south of Cuba and northwest of Jamaica. It is considered a part of the geographic Western Caribbean Zone. The territory is a major offshore financial centre in the Caribbean.
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Central Canada
Central Canada (sometimes the Central provinces) is a region consisting of Canada's two largest and most populous provinces: Ontario and Quebec. Due to their high populations, Ontario and Quebec have traditionally held a significant amount of political power in Canada, leading to some amount of resentment from other regions of the country. Before Confederation, the term 'Canada' specifically referred to Central Canada. Today, the term "Central Canada" is less often used than the names of the individual provinces.
http://wn.com/Central_Canada -
CFS Alert
Canadian Forces Station Alert, also CFS Alert, is a Canadian Forces signals intelligence intercept facility located in Alert, Nunavut on the northeastern tip of Ellesmere Island, at .
http://wn.com/CFS_Alert -
Christmas Island
The Territory of Christmas Island is a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean. It is located northwest of the Western Australian city of Perth, south of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, and ENE of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
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Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
http://wn.com/Colombia -
Cook Islands
http://wn.com/Cook_Islands -
Coral Sea Islands
The Coral Sea Islands Territory includes a group of small and mostly uninhabited tropical islands and reefs in the Coral Sea, northeast of Queensland, Australia. The only inhabited island is Willis Island. The territory covers 780,000 km2, extending east and south from the outer edge of the Great Barrier Reef, and including Heralds Beacon Island, Osprey Reef, the Willis Group, and fifteen other reef/island groups.
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Costa Rica
:For the plant genus Costarica, see its synonym Sicyos.
http://wn.com/Costa_Rica -
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
http://wn.com/Cuba -
Curaçao
http://wn.com/Curaçao -
Cyprus
http://wn.com/Cyprus -
Dominica
Dominica, ( ) officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. To the north-northwest lies Guadeloupe, to the southeast Martinique. Its size is and the highest point in the country is Morne Diablotins, which has an elevation of . The Commonwealth of Dominica has an estimated population of 72,500. The capital is Roseau.
http://wn.com/Dominica -
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (; , ) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with and an estimated 10 million people.
http://wn.com/Dominican_Republic -
Edmonton
Edmonton () is the capital of the Canadian province of Alberta. The city is located on the North Saskatchewan River in the central region of the province, an area with some of the most fertile farmland on the prairies. It is the second largest city in Alberta after Calgary, and is the hub of Canada's sixth-largest census metropolitan area.
http://wn.com/Edmonton -
El Salvador
El Salvador (; , literally meaning "Republic of The Savior") is the smallest and also the most densely populated country in Central America. It borders the Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and Honduras. It lies on the Gulf of Fonseca, as do Honduras and Nicaragua further south.
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Falkland Islands
The Falkland Islands (; ) are an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean, located approximately from the coast of mainland South America. The archipelago, consisting of East Falkland, West Falkland and 776 lesser islands, is a self-governing Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom. The capital, Stanley, is on East Falkland.
http://wn.com/Falkland_Islands -
Fiji
Fiji (; ), officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (; ), is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about 2000 km northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its more immediate neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, France's New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec to the southeast, Tonga to the east, the Samoas and France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast and Tuvalu to the north. Fiji has had inhabitants since the second millennium B.C. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch and the British explored Fiji.Fiji was a British colony up until 1970; British occupation lasted almost a century. Because of the abundance of forest, mineral, and fish resources, Fiji is one of the most developed economies in the Pacific island realm. Today, the main sources of foreign exchange are its tourist industry and sugar exports. The country's currency is the Fijian dollar.
http://wn.com/Fiji -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Francophonie
http://wn.com/Francophonie -
Gatineau
Gatineau ( census population 242,124) is a city in western Quebec, Canada, the fourth largest by population in the province (after Montreal, Quebec City and Laval). It is paired with Ottawa, the capital of Canada. It is situated on the northern bank of the Ottawa River, immediately across from Ottawa, Ontario, and is located within Canada's National Capital Region. Ottawa and Gatineau comprise a single Census Metropolitan Area.
http://wn.com/Gatineau -
Ghana
http://wn.com/Ghana -
Gibraltar
Gibraltar () is a British overseas territory located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean, overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar. The territory itself is a peninsula of whose isthmus connects to the north with Spain. The Rock of Gibraltar is the major landmark of the area and gives its name to the densely populated town, home to almost 30,000 Gibraltarians.
http://wn.com/Gibraltar -
Great Lakes
http://wn.com/Great_Lakes -
Greenland
Greenland ( meaning "Land of the Kalaallit people"; ) is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Physiographically, it is a part of the continent of North America. The largest island in Greenland is also named Greenland, and makes up most of the country's land area.
http://wn.com/Greenland -
Grenada
Grenada () is an island country and Commonwealth Realm consisting of the island of Grenada and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Grenada is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela, and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
http://wn.com/Grenada -
Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe (; ; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is an archipelago located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of 400,000. It is the first overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. As with the other overseas departments, Guadeloupe is also one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic since 2007.
http://wn.com/Guadeloupe -
Guatemala
http://wn.com/Guatemala -
Guernsey
The Bailiwick of Guernsey ( ; , ) is a British Crown Dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy.
http://wn.com/Guernsey -
Guyana
Guyana ( ), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is a state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana has been a former colony of the British, Dutch and for a brief period, the French. It is the only state of the Commonwealth of Nations on mainland South America, and is also a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which has its secretariat headquarters in Guyana's capital, Georgetown. Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966 and became a Republic on 23 February 1970.
http://wn.com/Guyana -
Haiti
Haiti (; French , ; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, ), officially the Republic of Haiti ( ;
http://wn.com/Haiti -
Hamilton, Ontario
:For Hamilton Township in Northumberland County, see Hamilton, Ontario (township)
http://wn.com/Hamilton_Ontario -
Honduras
Honduras (, , ) is a republic in Central America. It was formerly known as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras (now Belize). The country is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea.
http://wn.com/Honduras -
Horseshoe Falls
The Horseshoe Falls, also known as the Canadian Falls, is a waterfall on the Niagara River. Two-thirds of the falls is located in Ontario, Canada and one-third in New York State, United States of America according to the US Geological Survey. It is located between Terrapin Point on Goat Island in New York State, and Table Rock on the Ontario side of the falls.
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Iceland
:
http://wn.com/Iceland -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India -
Interior Plateau
The Interior Plateau comprises a large region of central British Columbia, and lies between the Cariboo and Monashee Mountains on the east, and the Hazelton Mountains, Coast Mountains and Cascade Range on the west. The continuation of the plateau into the United States is known there as the Columbia Plateau. The Interior Plateau is not part of the Interior Mountains, a huge area that constitutes most of the northern two thirds of the Canadian province of British Columbia between the Coast Mountains, Rocky Mountains and the various small ranges on the inland lea of the Coast Mountains between the Bulkley Ranges and the Bella Coola River. Physiographically, the Interior Plateau is a section of the larger Northern Plateaus province, which in turn is part of the Intermontane Plateaus physiographic division.
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Isle of Man
The Isle of Man (; , ), otherwise known simply as Mann (, ), is a self-governing British Crown Dependency, located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, within the British Isles. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann. The Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The island is not part of the United Kingdom, but its foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the UK Government. Although it does not usually interfere in the island's domestic matters, its "good government" is the ultimate responsibility of the Crown (i.e., in practice, the Government of the United Kingdom).
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Jamaica
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Jersey
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Kenya
The Republic of Kenya (pronounced ) is a country in East Africa. Lying along the Indian Ocean to its southeast and at the equator, Kenya is bordered by Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west and Tanzania to the south. Lake Victoria is to the southwest and is shared between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya has numerous wildlife reserves, containing thousands of animal species. The capital city is Nairobi. Kenya's area is 580,000 km2 with a population of nearly 39 million which is diverse: more than 40 different ethnic groups are present. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks.
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Kiribati
Kiribati ( ; ), officially the Republic of Kiribati, is an island nation located in the central tropical Pacific Ocean. It is composed of 32 atolls and one raised coral island, dispersed over 3.5 million square kilometres, (1,351,000 square miles) straddling the equator, and bordering the International Date Line at its easternmost point.
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Kitchener, Ontario
The City of Kitchener () is a city in Southern Ontario, Canada. It was the Town of Berlin from 1854 until 1912 and the City of Berlin from 1912 until 1916. The city had a population of 204,668 in the Canada 2006 Census. The metropolitan area, which includes the neighbouring cities of Waterloo and Cambridge, has 451,235 people, making it the eleventh largest Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) in Canada and the fifth largest CMA in Ontario. It is the seat of the Waterloo Regional Municipality, and is adjacent to the smaller cities of Cambridge to the south, and Waterloo to the north. Kitchener and Waterloo are often referred to jointly as "Kitchener-Waterloo" (K-W), although they have separate municipal governments. Including Cambridge, the three cities are known as "the tri-cities".
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Lesotho
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London, Ontario
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Lower Mainland
The Lower Mainland is a name commonly applied to the region surrounding Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. As of 2007, 2,524,113 people live in the region; sixteen of the province's thirty most populous municipalities are located there.
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Malawi
The Republic of Malawi (; Chichewa ) is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Its size is over with an estimated population of more than 13,900,000. Its capital is Lilongwe, the second largest city is Blantyre and the third large city is Mzuzu. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area.
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Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
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Maldives
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Malta
Malta , officially the Republic of Malta (), is a southern European country and consists of an archipelago situated centrally in the Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily and 288 km east of Tunisia, with the Strait of Gibraltar 1,826 km to the west and Alexandria 1,510 km to the east.
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Manitoba
Manitoba is a Canadian prairie province with an area of . The province has over 110,000 lakes and has a largely continental climate because of its flat topography. Agriculture, mostly concentrated in the fertile southern and western parts of the province, is vital to the province's economy; other major industries are transportation, manufacturing, mining, forestry, energy, and tourism.
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Maritimes
The Maritime provinces, also called the Maritimes or the Canadian Maritimes, is a region of Eastern Canada consisting of three provinces: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.
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Martinique
Martinique () is an island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of . Like Guadeloupe, it is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. To the northwest lies Dominica, to the south St Lucia, and to the southeast Barbados. As with the other overseas departments, Martinique is one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic. The Island was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1502.
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Mauritius
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Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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Montreal
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Montserrat
Montserrat () is a British overseas territory located in the Leeward Islands, part of the chain of islands called the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. It measures approximately 16 km (10 miles) long and 11 km (7 miles) wide, giving of coastline. Christopher Columbus gave Montserrat its name on his second voyage to the New World in 1493, after Montserrat mountain located in Catalonia. Montserrat is nicknamed the Emerald Isle of the Caribbean, both for its resemblance to coastal Ireland and for the Irish descent of its inhabitants.
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Mozambique
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Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (, ), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990 following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
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NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO ( ; ), also called the "(North) Atlantic Alliance", is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party.
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Nauru
Nauru ( ), officially the Republic of Nauru and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island nation in Micronesia in the South Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, 300 km to the east. Nauru is the world's smallest island nation, covering just .
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Nazi Germany
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Netherlands
{{Infobox country
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New Brunswick
New Brunswick (; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally bilingual province (English and French) in the federation. The provincial capital is Fredericton, while Saint John is the most populous city. Statistics Canada estimates the provincial population in 2009 to be 750,457; a majority are English-speaking, but there is also a large Francophone minority (33%), chiefly of Acadian origin.
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New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
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Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
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Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
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Niue
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island (Norfuk: Norfuk Ailen ) is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia. The island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia, but it enjoys a large degree of self-governance. Together with two neighbouring islands, it forms one of Australia's external territories.
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North Pole
The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is, subject to the caveats explained below, defined as the point in the northern hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets the Earth's surface. It should not be confused with the North Magnetic Pole.
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Northern Canada
Northern Canada, colloquially the North, is the vast northernmost region of Canada variously defined by geography and politics. Politically, the term refers to the three territories of Canada: Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. Similarly, the Far North (when contrasted to the North) may refer to the Canadian Arctic: the portion of Canada north of the Arctic Circle.
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Norway
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Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia (pronounced ; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of . As of 2009, the population is 940,397, which makes Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province.
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Nunavut
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Ontario
Ontario is a Province of Canada located in the east-central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area, (Nunavut and the Northwest Territories are larger in area, but they are not provinces.) The province's largest metropolitan area and Canada's most populous city, Toronto, is the capital city of Ontario. The national capital of Canada, Ottawa, is located in Ontario as well.
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Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord was the code name for the operation that launched the invasion of German-occupied western Europe during World War II by Allied forces. The operation commenced on 6 June 1944 with the Normandy landings (commonly known as D-Day). A 12,000-plane airborne assault preceded an amphibious assault involving almost 7,000 vessels. Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on 6 June; more than 3 million troops were in France by the end of August.
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Ottawa
Ottawa ( or ) is the capital of Canada, a municipality and the second largest city within the province of Ontario. Located in the Ottawa Valley, in the eastern portion of Southern Ontario, the city lies on the Ottawa River, a major waterway forming the local boundary between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec.
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Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.
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Pakistan
{{Infobox country
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Panama
Panama (), officially the Republic of Panama (; ), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City.
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Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea ( , also or ; Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) (PNG), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is a part of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua). It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. The capital is Port Moresby.
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Parliament of Canada
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Pitcairn Islands
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Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island (PEI or P.E.I.; , Scottish Gaelic: ''Eilean a' Phrionnsa'') is a Canadian province consisting of an island of the same name, as well as other islands. The maritime province is the smallest in the nation in both land area and population (excluding the territories). The island has a few other names: "Garden of the Gulf" referring to the pastoral scenery and lush agricultural lands throughout the province; and "Birthplace of Confederation", referring to the Charlottetown Conference in 1864, although PEI did not join the confederation itself until 1873 when it became the seventh Canadian province.
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Puerto Rico
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Quebec
Quebec or ( ) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
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Quebec City
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Regina, Saskatchewan
Regina ( - "ridge-eye-na") is the capital of Saskatchewan, Canada. The city is the second largest in the province (after Saskatoon), and is a cultural and commercial metropole for southern Saskatchewan. Its summer agricultural exhibition was originally established in 1884 as the Assiniboia Agricultural Association and since the mid-1960s has been styled "Buffalo Days". It is governed by Regina City Council. Regina is the cathedral city of the Roman Catholic and Romanian Orthodox Dioceses of Regina and the Anglican Diocese of Qu'Appelle. Citizens of Regina are referred to as Reginans. The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Sherwood No. 159.
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Rupert's Land
'''Rupert's Land''', also sometimes called "Prince Rupert's Land", was a territory in British North America, consisting of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, that was nominally owned by the Hudson's Bay Company for 200 years from 1670 to 1870, although numerous aboriginal groups lived in the same territory and disputed the sovereignty of the area. The area once known as Rupert's Land is now mainly a part of Canada, but a small portion is now in the United States of America. It was named after Prince Rupert of the Rhine, a nephew of Charles I and the first Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company.
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Rwanda
The Republic of Rwanda (, , or in English, or in Kinyarwanda) is a unitary republic of central and eastern Africa. It borders Uganda to the north; Tanzania to the east; Burundi to the south; and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Rwanda is landlocked but is noted for its lakes, particularly Lake Kivu, which occupies the floor of the Rift Valley along most of the country's western border. Although close to the equator, the country has a temperate climate due to its high elevation, with the highest point being Mount Karisimbi. The terrain consists of mountains and gently rolling hills, with plains and swamps in the east. Abundant wildlife, including rare mountain gorillas, have led to a fast-growing tourism sector. The largest cities in Rwanda are Kigali, Gitarama, and Butare. Unlike many African countries, Rwanda is home to only one significant ethnic and linguistic group, the Banyarwanda. The country is well known for its native styles of dance, particularly the Intore dance, and for its drummers. Kinyarwanda, English and French are the official languages.
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Saba
Saba () is a Caribbean island and the smallest special municipality of the Netherlands, located at . It consists largely of the potentially active volcano Mount Scenery (877 m), the highest point of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Netherlands proper.
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Saint Barthélemy
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Saint Lucia
Saint Lucia (; ) is an island country in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. Part of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique. It covers a land area of 620 km2 (238 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 160,000. Its capital is Castries. The island nation has been the home of two Nobel laureates, Arthur Lewis and Derek Walcott. It is the nation with the second most such honorees per capita after Faroe Islands.
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Samoa
Samoa , officially the Independent State of Samoa, formerly known as Western Samoa and German Samoa, is a country governing the western part of the Samoan Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. It became independent from New Zealand in 1962. The two main islands of Samoa are Upolu and one of the biggest islands in Polynesia, Savai'i. The capital city Apia and Faleolo International Airport are situated on the island of Upolu.
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Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of . Saskatchewan is bounded on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, and on the south by the American states of Montana and North Dakota.
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Saudi Arabia
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Seychelles
Seychelles ( ; French: ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is an island country spanning an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
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Sherbrooke
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Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone () (Krio: Sa Lone), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the north and east, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and southwest. Sierra Leone covers a total area of and has a population estimated at 6.5 million. It is a former British Colony and now a constitutional republic comprising three provinces and the Western Area; which are further divided into fourteen districts.
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Singapore
{{Infobox Country
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Sint Eustatius
Sint Eustatius ( ), also known affectionately to the locals as Statia () or Statius, is a Caribbean island and a special municipality of the Netherlands. It lies in the northern Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, southeast of the Virgin Islands and immediately to the northwest of Saint Kitts and Nevis and to the southeast of Saba, at . The island is named after the legendary Christian martyr Saint Eustace. The regional capital is Oranjestad.
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Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands ) is a sovereign state in Oceania, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands. It covers a land mass of 28,400 square kilometres (10,965 sq mi). The capital, Honiara, is located on the island of Guadalcanal. The nation of the Solomon Islands is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
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South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
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Southern Ontario
Southern Ontario is a region of the province of Ontario, Canada that lies south of the French River and Algonquin Park. Depending on the inclusion of the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts, its surface area would cover between 14 to 15% of the province. It is the southernmost region of Canada, and contains the only place in the nation where one can travel north to the United States. At Windsor, Ontario if one travels north they will reach Detroit, Michigan.
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Soviet Union
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Sri Lanka
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (commonly known as Sri Lanka (, , or ); ; , ) is a country and a sovereign state off souther coast of the Indian subcontinent. A island nation in South Asia, it was till 1972 known as Ceylon (, , or ). Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.
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St. Catharines
St. Catharines (2006 population 131,989; metropolitan population 390,317) is the largest city in Canada's Niagara Region and the sixth largest urban area in Ontario, Canada, with 97.11 square kilometres (37.5 sq mi) of land. It lies in Southern Ontario 51 kilometres (32 mi) south of Toronto across Lake Ontario and is 19 kilometres (12 mi) inland from the international boundary with the United States of America along the Niagara River. It is the northern entrance of the Welland Canal. Residents of St. Catharines are known as St. Catharinians.
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Stadacona
Stadacona was a 16th century St. Lawrence Iroquoian village near present-day Quebec City.
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Swaziland
The Kingdom of Swaziland (Umbuso weSwatini), sometimes called Ngwane or Swatini, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, bordered to the north, south and west by South Africa, and to the east by Mozambique. The nation, as well as its people, are named after the 19th century king Mswati II.
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Tanzania
The United Republic of Tanzania (; phonetical: tan-zann-ei-a; or sometimes tan-zanneia; ) is a country in central East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern borders lie on the Indian Ocean.
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The Bahamas
The Bahamas (), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country consisting of 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 islets (rocks). It is located in the Atlantic Ocean north of Cuba and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and southeast of the United States (nearest to the state of Florida). Its total land area is ; slightly larger than the US states of Connecticut and Rhode Island combined), with an estimated population of 330,000. Its capital is Nassau. Geographically, the Bahamas lie in the same island chain as Cuba, Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands, the designation of the Bahamas refers normally to the commonwealth and not the geographic chain.
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The Gambia
The Republic of the Gambia, commonly known as the Gambia, or Gambia, is a country in Western Africa. The Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, bordered to the north, east, and south by Senegal, with a small coast on the Atlantic Ocean in the west.
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Tokelau
Tokelau () is a territory of New Zealand that consists of three tropical coral atolls with a combined land area of 10 km2 and a population of approximately 1,400 in the South Pacific Ocean. The atolls lie north of the Samoan Islands, east of Tuvalu, south of the Phoenix Islands, southwest of the more distant Line Islands (both islands groups belonging to Kiribati) and northwest of the Cook Islands.
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Tonga
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Toronto
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Trinidad and Tobago
The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago () is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American country of Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles. It shares maritime boundaries with other nations including Barbados to the northeast, Guyana to the southeast, and Venezuela to the south and west.
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Tuvalu
Tuvalu ( or ), formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, midway between Hawaii and Australia. Its nearest neighbours are Kiribati, Nauru, Samoa and Fiji. It comprises four reef islands and five true atolls. Its population of 12,373 makes it the second-least populous sovereign state in the world, with only Vatican City having fewer inhabitants. In terms of physical land size, at just Tuvalu is the fourth smallest country in the world, larger only than the Vatican City at , Monaco at and Nauru at .
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Uganda
The Republic of Uganda ( or ) is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also bordered by Kenya and Tanzania.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Vancouver
Vancouver () is a coastal city located in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. It is named for British Captain George Vancouver, who explored the area in the 1790s. The name Vancouver itself originates from the Dutch "van Coevorden", denoting somebody from Coevorden, a city in the Netherlands.
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Vanuatu
Vanuatu ( or ), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (, Bislama: Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is an island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is some east of northern Australia, northeast of New Caledonia, west of Fiji, and southeast of the Solomon Islands, near New Guinea.
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Waterloo, Ontario
Waterloo is a city in Southern Ontario, Canada. It is the smallest of the three cities in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, and is adjacent to the larger city of Kitchener.
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Windsor, Ontario
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Winnipeg
Winnipeg () is the capital and largest city of Manitoba, Canada, and is the primary municipality of the Winnipeg Capital Region, with more than sixty percent of Manitoba's population. It is located near the longitudinal centre of North America, at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers (a point now commonly known as The Forks).
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Yugoslavia
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Yukon
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Zambia
The Republic of Zambia () is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west. The capital city is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of the country. The population is concentrated mainly around the Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt to the northwest.
http://wn.com/Zambia
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A. Y. Jackson
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Acadians
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Arthur Lismer
Arthur Lismer, CC (27 June 1885 – 23 March 1969) was an English-born Canadian painter and member of the Group of Seven.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
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Basque people
The Basques (, , ) as an ethnic group primarily inhabit an area traditionally known as the Basque Country (), a region that is located around the western end of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay and straddles parts of north-eastern Spain and south-western France.
http://wn.com/Basque_people -
Beaver Wars
The Beaver Wars, also called the Iroquois Wars or the French and Iroquois Wars, commonly refer to a series of conflicts fought in the mid-17th century in eastern North America. Encouraged and armed by their Dutch and English trading partners, the Iroquois sought to expand their territory and monopolize the fur trade and the trade between European markets and the tribes of the western Great Lakes region. The conflict pitted the nations of the Iroquois Confederation, led by the dominant Mohawk, against the French-backed and largely Algonquian-speaking tribes of the Great Lakes region.
http://wn.com/Beaver_Wars -
Benjamin West
http://wn.com/Benjamin_West -
Beverley McLachlin
Beverley McLachlin, PC (born September 7, 1943) is the Chief Justice of Canada, the first woman to hold this position. She also serves as a Deputy of the Governor General of Canada.
http://wn.com/Beverley_McLachlin -
Bill Reid
William (Bill) Ronald Reid, OBC (born Victoria, BC, 12 January 1920; died Vancouver, BC, 13 March 1998) was a Canadian artist whose works included jewelry, sculpture, screen-printing, and painting. He was born to an American father of Scottish-German descent and a mother from the Haida (one of the First Nations of the Pacific coast) in Victoria, British Columbia. He developed a keen interest in Haida art while working as a radio announcer in Toronto, where he also studied jewelry making, having first learnt about his heritage from his maternal grandfather, who had himself been trained by Charles Edenshaw, a Haida artist of great renown.
http://wn.com/Bill_Reid -
Black Canadians
'''
http://wn.com/Black_Canadians -
Brian Mulroney
Martin Brian Mulroney, PC, CC, GOQ (; born March 20, 1939) was the 18th Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. His tenure as Prime Minister was marked by the introduction of highly contentious economic reforms, such as the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the Goods and Services Tax, and the failure of equally contentious constitutional reforms through the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords. Prior to his political career, he was a prominent lawyer and businessman in Montreal.
http://wn.com/Brian_Mulroney -
Calixa Lavallée
http://wn.com/Calixa_Lavallée -
Canadians
Canadians are citizens of Canada. Canada is a multiethnic society, home to people of many different ethnic and national backgrounds. Aside from the indigenous Aboriginal peoples, who according to the 2006 Canadian Census enumerated 1,172,790, 3.8% of the country's total population, nearly all Canadians or their ancestors immigrated to Canada within the past five centuries, and the overwhelming majority arrived in the 20th century.
http://wn.com/Canadians -
Chinese Canadian
Chinese Canadians (also known as Canasians) are Canadians of Chinese descent and constitute the second-largest visible minority group in Canada, standing at 1,346,510 which comprises 3.9% of the population in 2006. Out of those 1,346,510 people, 211,145 people were of Chinese and one other ethnic origin.
http://wn.com/Chinese_Canadian -
Coureur des bois
A coureur des bois (, runner of the woods) was a French woodsman, who travelled to the interior of Canada to engaged in the fur trade with the natives without permission from the French authorities. The Coureurs de Bois was an adventurer, expert canoeist, and skilled businessmen. The coureurs de bois, mostly of French descent, operated during the late 17th century and early 18th century in eastern North America, particularly in New France. Later, a limited number of permits were issued to coureurs des bois who became known as voyageurs.
http://wn.com/Coureur_des_bois -
Donnacona
http://wn.com/Donnacona -
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born 21 April 1926) is the reigning queen and head of state of 16 independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. In addition, as Head of the Commonwealth, she is the figurehead of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations and, as the British monarch, she is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
http://wn.com/Elizabeth_II -
Emily Carr
http://wn.com/Emily_Carr -
First Nations
http://wn.com/First_Nations -
Francis I of France
http://wn.com/Francis_I_of_France -
Franco-Albertan
The Franco-Albertans are an extended community of French Canadians or French-speaking people living in Alberta. They are centred in the Bonnie Doon area of Edmonton, and there are tens of thousands of Franco-Albertans living in communities such as Legal north of Edmonton, Bonnyville, Plamondon, and St. Paul in the northeastern part of the province, northwest areas such as the hamlet of St. Isidore, Municipal District of Smoky River No. 130-including the towns of Falher, Donnelly, McLennan and Girouxville and north central Alberta. Immigration from Quebec to Alberta in the 1970s and again in the 21st century has also increased the francophone population of the province, especially in the cities of Calgary, Edmonton and Fort McMurray.
http://wn.com/Franco-Albertan -
Franco-Manitoban
http://wn.com/Franco-Manitoban -
Franco-Ontarian
Franco-Ontarians ( or Franco-Ontariennes if female) are French Canadian or francophone residents of the Canadian province of Ontario. They are sometimes known as "Ontarois".
http://wn.com/Franco-Ontarian -
Franklin Carmichael
Franklin Carmichael (May 4, 1890 – October 24, 1945) was a Canadian artist. He was the youngest original member of the Group of Seven.
http://wn.com/Franklin_Carmichael -
Frederick Varley
http://wn.com/Frederick_Varley -
French Canadian
http://wn.com/French_Canadian -
Humphrey Gilbert
Sir Humphrey Gilbert (c. 1539 – 9 September 1583)
http://wn.com/Humphrey_Gilbert -
Inuit
The Inuit are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada (Northwest Territories, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland), Russia (Siberia) and the United States (Alaska). The Inuit language is grouped under Eskimo-Aleut languages. An Inuk is an Inuit person.
http://wn.com/Inuit -
Irish Canadian
Irish Canadians are immigrants and descendants of immigrants who originated in Ireland. 1.2 million Irish immigrants arrived, 1825 to 1970, at least half of those in the period from 1831-1850. By 1867, they were the second largest ethnic group (after the French), and comprised 24% of Canada's population. Not all Irish immigrants were Catholic, and increasingly more Catholic Irish after 1850 usually headed to the U.S., England, Australia and Scotland. By 1931 there were 1,230,000 Canadians of Irish descent, half of whom lived in Ontario.
http://wn.com/Irish_Canadian -
Jacques Cartier
http://wn.com/Jacques_Cartier -
Jean Chrétien
http://wn.com/Jean_Chrétien -
John A. Macdonald
Sir John Alexander Macdonald, GCB, KCMG, PC, PC (Can), (11 January 18156 June 1891) was the first Prime Minister of Canada and the dominant figure of Canadian Confederation. Macdonald's tenure in office spanned 18 years, making him the second longest serving Prime Minister of Canada. He is the only Canadian Prime Minister to win six majority governments. He was the major proponent of a national railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway, completed in 1885, linking Canada from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. He won praise for having helped forge a nation of sprawling geographic size, with two diverse European colonial origins, numerous Aboriginal nations, and a multiplicity of cultural backgrounds and political views.
http://wn.com/John_A_Macdonald -
John Cabot
http://wn.com/John_Cabot -
Kevin S. MacLeod
http://wn.com/Kevin_S_MacLeod -
Korean War
http://wn.com/Korean_War -
Lawren Harris
:This article is about the Canadian artist. For the American painter (born 1937) see "Lawrence Harris".
http://wn.com/Lawren_Harris -
Lester B. Pearson
http://wn.com/Lester_B_Pearson -
List of Canadians
This is a list of Canadians, people born in Canada, or who became citizens of Canada, grouped by their area of notability.
http://wn.com/List_of_Canadians -
Norsemen
Norsemen is used to refer to the group of people as a whole who speak one of the North Germanic languages as their native language. ("Norse", in particular, refers to the Old Norse language belonging to the North Germanic branch of Indo-European languages, especially Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese, Swedish and Danish in their earlier forms.)
http://wn.com/Norsemen -
Pierre Trudeau
http://wn.com/Pierre_Trudeau -
Queen Victoria
http://wn.com/Queen_Victoria -
Robert Borden
:Not to be confused with his cousin Frederick Borden, Canadian Minister of Militia and Defence from 1896 to 1911.
http://wn.com/Robert_Borden -
Samuel de Champlain
Samuel de Champlain (ca. 1567 or 1580 – December 25, 1635) ( ), "The Father of New France", was a French navigator, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat and chronicler, who founded Quebec City on July 3, 1608.
http://wn.com/Samuel_de_Champlain -
Scottish Canadian
Scottish Canadians are people of Scottish descent or heritage living in Canada. As the third-largest ethnic group in Canada and among the first to settle in Canada, Scottish people have made a large impact on Canadian culture since colonial times. According to the 2001 Census of Canada, the number of Canadians claiming full or partial Scottish descent is 4,719,850 [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo;=PR&Code;=01&Table;=2&Data;=Count&StartRec;=1&Sort;=3&Display;=All&CSDFilter;=5000], or 15.10% of the nation's total population, however this is said to be a major underestimation.
http://wn.com/Scottish_Canadian -
Second Boer War
The Second Boer War (, Afrikaans:Tweede Vryheidsoorlog or Tweede Boereoorlog), was fought from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902. The Second Boer War was fought between the British Empire and the Dutch-speaking Boer inhabitants of the two independent Boer republics: the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State. It ended with the annexation of the region under the British Empire, ultimately forming the Union of South Africa as part of the Commonwealth. The conflict is commonly referred to as The Boer War but is also known as the South African War outside South Africa, the Anglo-Boer War among most South Africans, and in Afrikaans as the Anglo-Boereoorlog or Tweede Vryheidsoorlog ("Second War of Liberation") or the Engelse oorlog (English War).
http://wn.com/Second_Boer_War -
Stephen Harper
Stephen Joseph Harper, PC, MP (born April 30, 1959) is the 22nd and current Prime Minister of Canada, and leader of the Conservative Party. Harper became Prime Minister after his party won a minority government in the 2006 federal election. He is the first Prime Minister from the newly reconstituted Conservative Party, following a merger of the Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance parties.
http://wn.com/Stephen_Harper -
Thomas Mulcair
Thomas J. Mulcair (born October 24, 1954, Ottawa, Ontario) is the Member of Parliament for Outremont, Quebec, Canada. He was the Member of the National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Chomedey in Laval from 1994 to 2007. He served as the Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment and Parks from 2003 until 2006. Elected MP for Outremont in a by-election in 2007, he was named Deputy Leader of the New Democratic Party, jointly with Libby Davies.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Mulcair -
Théodore Robitaille
http://wn.com/Théodore_Robitaille -
Tom Thomson
Thomas John Thomson (August 5, 1877 – July 8, 1917), also known as Tom Thomson, was an influential Canadian artist of the early 20th century. He directly influenced a group of Canadian painters that would come to be known as the Group of Seven, and though he died before they formally formed, he is sometimes incorrectly credited as being a member of the group itself. Thomson died under mysterious circumstances, which added to his mystique.
http://wn.com/Tom_Thomson -
Tommy Douglas
http://wn.com/Tommy_Douglas -
Ukrainian Canadian
A Ukrainian Canadian (, translit. Ukrayintsi Kanady) is a person of Ukrainian descent or origin who was born in or immigrated to Canada. In 2006, there were an estimated 1,209,085 persons residing in Canada (mainly Canadian-born citizens) of Ukrainian origin, making them Canada's ninth largest ethnic group, and giving Canada the world's third-largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia. Self-identified Ukrainians are the plurality in several rural areas of Western Canada.
http://wn.com/Ukrainian_Canadian -
Wilfrid Laurier
http://wn.com/Wilfrid_Laurier
karaoke
A look out California
Ooo-ooo, I gotta warn ya
Here comes Canada
Canada, you got an open door
You got so many things
I swear, I never saw them before
So much more, you got a world in store
You got a home from home, got a hold so strong
Can't seem to ignore
These things I do
I do for nobody else but me
A look out California
Ooo-ooo, I gotta warn ya
Here comes Canada
Canada, you proved your worth
You got snow peaked mountains tumbling down
You had them from birth
Say it clear, so the world can hear
I swear I never left you
Without shedding a tear
These things I do
I do for nobody else but me
A look out California
Ooo-ooo, I gotta warn ya
Here comes Canada
These things I do
I do for nobody else but me
A look out California
Ooo-ooo, I gotta warn ya
I'm not scared of waking up
I'm not afraid of getting cut
'Cause you can't take that stuff to Canada
You can't take it anywhere
You could la, la, la, la, la
And you could lie to all your friends
But you can't take that stuff to Canada
You can't take it anywhere
I used to have a golden tongue
But now the words just feel like stones
'Cause you can't take that stuff to Canada
Fancy hotel rooms
Windows with a view
Staring into nothing
I thought I saw you
Your colours dancing in my mind
But they were only neon signs
Oh Canada
I'm trying to find you
Will you wait for me.
There's people on the street
I know I'll never meet
I wonder what they're thinking
What their dreams are
But they just keep on walking by
I can see the questions in their eyes
Oh Canada
You're a tree among towers
Just starting to climb
Please don't grow too quickly now
Don't leave us all behind
Pages of progress start to turn
Too quickly and the pages burn
Let's hope that we don't learn - too late
Let's hope it's never too late to learn
No don't let the madness wash you way.
Life keeps rolling by
Before it goes I'll try
To be stronger - to be wiser
Maybe just understand
What makes people fight to survive
While by themselves they slowly sigh
Oh Canada -
Where are you going
Will you wait for me
Oh Canada
I'm trying to find you
Will you wait for me
I'm gonna move to Canada
Yeah I've made up my mind
Leave everything behind
I'll catch a plane, fly away from this rain
I'm gonna move to Canada
I'm gonna meet Neil Young
I just know we'll get along
Show up at his house
Convince him and his spouse
I'll pick up my guitar and play
A couple of my songs
A couple of my songs
A couple of my songs
That I'll sing at the top of my lungs
I'm gonna move to Canada
Yeah I've made up my mind
Leave everything behind
I'll catch a plane, fly away from this rain
Mister Young will be impressed
And offer me a record deal
And tell me to call him Neil
We'll have a ball until Canada's too small
Then I'll pack up my guitar and I
Will move to the US
I'll move to the US
I'll move to the US
To be a sensational succes
I'm gonna move to Canada
Yeah I've made up my mind
Leave everything behind
I'll catch a plane, fly away from this rain
After Canada the USA is a piece of cake
All the sales records I'll break
"The Best Thing Since The Beatles"
Is what magazines will write
With my guitar and band
I will conquer every town
I'll conquer every town
I'll conquer every town
Me, the singing rock'n roll clown
I still wanna move to Canada
But for now I'll just stay here
I think it's best for my career
When I get home from the office
Where I've worked all my life
I pick up my guitar and play
A couple of my old songs
A couple of my old songs
A couple of my old songs
And I think: "Damn"
"Neil Young would have loved these songs,
He would have loved these songs"
Maybe next year
Maybe next year
Maybe next year
Maybe next year
Matching books:
North American Free Trade Agreement, 1992 Oct. 7
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Printemps
- Beige Station Wagon
- Hexenhaus
- Hey Garland
- Record Function
- The King's Ashes
- Look to the Trees
- Vorhies
- Madisonville, KY
- Asleep in Leaves
- Esther
- As Dry as Bone
- Cold Mouse Winter
- Automne
- La Chaleur du sud
- Les Cavaliers bleus
- Le loup s'endort
- Recommence
- Chattanooga
- Angelina
- La Fille du lac
- Bouge ma vie
- Les Fantômes
- Kevin
- Pauvre Joe
- Un bout de ciel
- Mourir les sirènes
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Immigrating to Canada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Published: 06 Feb 2012
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
A short look at how Citizenship and Immigration Canada selects who immigrates to Canada. How does CIC determine immigration levels? How does CIC decide who to accept? Who are the people CIC selects to come to Canada? In an entertaining and informative way, this video provides answers to those questions. Closed captioning for this video, along with a transcript and downloadable versions, is available at www.cic.gc.ca
http://wn.com/Immigrating_to_Canada
Canada - Keep Exploring
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Published: 03 May 2012
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
From rocky coast to sandy beach, nightlife to wildlife, mountaintop to metropolis, Canada has something for everyone. Want to plan your trip to Canada? Visit canada.travel Join us on Facebook and Twitter: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/Canada_Keep_Exploring
How McDonald's Canada Makes their World Famous Fries
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:14
- Published: 16 Oct 2012
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Did you know that McDonald's World Famous Fries are made from whole potatoes harvested mainly from farms in New Brunswick, Alberta, and Manitoba? Watch and see exactly how our fries get made, from the farm to the fryer. Visit mcdonalds.ca
http://wn.com/How_McDonald's_Canada_Makes_their_World_Famous_Fries
Tom Brokaw Explains Canada To Americans
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:16
- Published: 27 Feb 2010
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Tom Brokaw explains the relationship between Canada and The United States, in a pre-recorded short film that aired on NBC, prior to the Opening Ceremonies of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada on Feb. 12th, 2010. *** i saw others take it upon themselves to put TomCanAm video on themselves. and i thank them. they can't silence us all. everyone should post it. i'm serious. i put it back up. if i disappear you know why. thanks all of you. the video is even more inspiring when you think about how we can unite to fight big business and erase imaginary copyright borders. here's to freedom. cheers.
http://wn.com/Tom_Brokaw_Explains_Canada_To_Americans
RMR: Canada Explained
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:43
- Published: 04 Feb 2009
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Everything you wanted to know about Canada but were afraid to ask.
http://wn.com/RMR_Canada_Explained
California On Canada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:53
- Published: 22 Aug 2010
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Comedian Kassem G talks to beach goers about Canada. *** Watch the UNCUTS: Asian Geniuses: www.youtube.com Shower Time: www.youtube.com John The Boxer: www.youtube.com *** I'm here too: Instagram: gmessak www.youtube.com twitter.com gplus.to kassemg.tumblr.com http Posters: www.districtlines.com
http://wn.com/California_On_Canada
Jim Carrey - Canada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Published: 21 Mar 2008
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
funny stand up of Jim Carrey talking about canada
http://wn.com/Jim_Carrey_Canada
Americas Rugby Championship Final: Argentina 28, Canada 8 (Oct. 20)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Published: 23 Oct 2012
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
(footage courtesy of www.SendToNews.com) Argentina proved triumphant at the 2012 Americas Rugby Championship, defeating Canada 28-9 and winning their third ARC. Argentina and Canada both came into Saturday's final 2-0 after beating the United States and Uruguay in their first two games. Kolby Solinsky Black Press PREVIEW - Canada vs. Argentina: www.bclocalnews.com Recap - Canada vs. USA: www.bclocalnews.com Recap - Canada vs. Uruguay: www.bclocalnews.com
http://wn.com/Americas_Rugby_Championship_Final_Argentina_28,_Canada_8_Oct_20
1NewCa.com: 2012 Garden and Floral EXPO: Sheridan Nurseries - 100 years of Innovation in Canada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:57
- Published: 22 Oct 2012
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Sheridan Nurseries is a supplier of hardy nursery stock, and perennial varieties. The Nursery Operation which is now 1800 acres in size produces over 800 nursery stock varieties, and over 600 perennial varieties comprising of more than 5000000 plants per year. Over the years, Sheridan Nurseries has been responsible for several plant introductions including "Green Gem", "Green Mountain" and "Green Velvet" Boxwood; "Ivory Silk" Lilac Tree; "Mountbatten" Juniper; "Glenleven" and "Green Globe" Linden and the Hybrid Tea Rose "Sunsation".
http://wn.com/1NewCacom_2012_Garden_and_Floral_EXPO_Sheridan_Nurseries_100_years_of_Innovation_in_Canada
One on one soldier Tug of War, Canada vs USA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Published: 21 Mar 2012
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Prior to the departure of 31 Canadian Brigade Group (31 CBG) personnel from Camp Atterbury, Indiana, Canadian soldiers observed US National Guard soldiers playing an interesting version of the game Tug of War. 31 CBG soldiers were fascinated by the spectacle and cheered on the competitors. Finally, one young Canadian soldier dared to challenge the hometown crowd, and put national pride on the line. In this video, Master Corporal John Celestino of the Windsor Regiment (left), participates in a game of Tug of War with a US National Guard soldier (right). This version of the game builds esprit de corps and really works the leg muscles...just ask Master Corporal Celestino! Nearly 300 reserve soldiers from 31 Canadian Brigade Group, the formation of army units in South-western Ontario, trained at the Indiana National Guard training centers at Camp Atterbury Joint Maneuver Training Center (near Edinburgh, Indiana) and Muscatatuck Urban Training Center (near Butlerville, Indiana) from March 10 to 17, 2012. The exercise began with preparation training at Camp Atterbury Joint Maneuver Training Center, leading to a large-scale helicopter deployment and ground assault at the Muscatatuck Urban Training Center. Army Reservists train part-time throughout the year while maintaining civilian careers or attending school. Many took time off from work or studies to attend the exercise. Some on this exercise have served previously overseas, bringing a wealth of real-world experience to <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/One_on_one_soldier_Tug_of_War,_Canada_vs_USA
Weird Storms in Canada - May 25 - 27, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:43
- Published: 28 May 2012
- Updated: 20 Oct 2012
sheilaaliens.net Awesomely strange weather in parts of Canada the past few days. Windsor, Sarnia and Ottawa. Video sources: www.theweathernetwork.com
http://wn.com/Weird_Storms_in_Canada_May_25_27,_2012
Felix Baumgartner / Boards of Canada - Dayvan Cowboy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:04
- Published: 15 Oct 2012
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
"I'm going home." All cites in credits. This is intended to be a spiritual successor to www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Felix_Baumgartner_Boards_of_Canada_Dayvan_Cowboy
Match Highlights: Canada 3 - 0 Cuba, FIFA World Cup Qualifiers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Published: 13 Oct 2012
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Boards of Canada - Everything You Do is a Balloon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:01
- Published: 28 Jan 2008
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Video sampled from "One Got Fat" (1963) bicycle safety movie www.archive.org
http://wn.com/Boards_of_Canada_Everything_You_Do_is_a_Balloon
O Canada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:32
- Published: 29 Jan 2008
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
The national anthem of Canada. O Canada. O Canada! Our home and native land! True patriot love in all thy sons command. With glowing hearts we see thee rise, The True North strong and free! From far and wide, O Canada, we stand on guard for thee. God keep our land glorious and free! O Canada, we stand on guard for thee. O Canada, we stand on guard for thee. You can download this and a few other versions at: www.pch.gc.ca
http://wn.com/O_Canada
American Cop In Canada Wishes He Had His Gun Because...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Published: 10 Aug 2012
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
"Walt Wawra, a police officer from Kalamazoo, Michigan, was vacationing in Calgary, Alberta, with his wife Debbie when he encountered a situation that made him reach for his off-duty handgun. But the weapon wasn't there because he had been told he has "no need to carry one in Canada." So he fired a letter to the Calgary Herald instead to complain about his inability to protect his family from the city's riff raff...".* Ana Kasparian and Cenk Uygur discuss on The Young Turks. *Read more here from Neetzan Zimmerman in Gawker: gawker.com Support The Young Turks by Subscribing bit.ly Like Us on Facebook: www.fb.com Follow Us on Twitter: twitter.com Buy TYT Merch: theyoungturks.spreadshirt.com Find out how to watch The Young Turks on Current by clicking here: www.current.com
http://wn.com/American_Cop_In_Canada_Wishes_He_Had_His_Gun_Because
Vancouver, British Columbia (Canada) - with Lonely Planet's Robert Reid
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Published: 06 Mar 2012
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
Meet Lonely Planet's travel editor, Robert Reid. Robert has berry-picked, beer-swilled and biked his way around Canada, in a quest to explore the country like a local. Robert experiences his first 'Japadog', learns discus from a 92-year-old athlete and discovers that in Vancouver, the outdoors is where it's at. Explore Canada Like a Local: www.explorecanadalikealocal.com Join us on Facebook and Twitter www.facebook.com www.twitter.com Video content provided by Lonely Planet: Lonely Planet has produced this video for the Canadian Tourism Commission. The Canadian Tourism Commission has had no influence over its content. The views expressed are those of Lonely Planet, told without fear or favour.
http://wn.com/Vancouver,_British_Columbia_Canada_with_Lonely_Planet's_Robert_Reid
Canada Tourism Commercial
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Published: 25 Nov 2009
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
This Commercial is a School Project, it's a West Coast Tour, not featuring East Coast, Sorry Guys Canada
http://wn.com/Canada_Tourism_Commercial
Canada Crushing America In...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Published: 21 Jul 2012
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
"According to data from Environics Analytics WealthScapes published in the Globe and Mail, the net worth of the average Canadian household in 2011 was $363202, while the average American household's net worth was $319970. A few days later, Canada and the US both released the latest job figures. Canada's unemployment rate fell, again, to 7.2 percent, and America's was a stagnant 8.2 percent. Canada continues to thrive while the US struggles to find its way out of an intractable economic crisis and a political sine curve of hope and despair." Read more: www.bloomberg.com Cenk Uygur and Ana Kasparian break down the numbers, and debate a move to Canada. Do these numbers shock you? Tell us what you think in the comment section below. Support The Young Turks by Subscribing bit.ly Like Us on Facebook: www.fb.com Follow Us on Twitter: twitter.com Find out how to watch The Young Turks on Current by clicking here: www.current.com
http://wn.com/Canada_Crushing_America_In
Rick Mercer Report: Canada Explained.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:43
- Published: 24 May 2011
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
UN slams Canada's government for war on Youth
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Published: 13 Oct 2012
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
A UN committee has issued a withering indictment of the Harper government. They claimed that the Harper government's controversial Bill C-10 makes it easier for youth to be tried as adults, describing it as "excessively punitive". www.presstv.ir
http://wn.com/UN_slams_Canada's_government_for_war_on_Youth
Classified - "Oh... Canada" [Official Video]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Published: 22 Jan 2010
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Official video for "Oh Canada", from Classified's 2009 album 'Self Explanatory'. Directed by Cazhmere in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Become a fan of Classified on Facebook: www.facebook.com/classifiedmusic
http://wn.com/Classified_Oh_Canada_Official_Video_
Quebexit: Canada on verge of separation?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Published: 04 Sep 2012
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Quebec's separatist party is expecting a comeback amidst student protest and economic uncertainty - READ MORE on.rt.com RT LIVE rt.com Subscribe to RT! www.youtube.com Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter twitter.com Follow us on Google+ plus.google.com RT (Russia Today) is a global news network broadcasting from Moscow and Washington studios. RT is the first news channel to break the 500 million YouTube views benchmark.
http://wn.com/Quebexit_Canada_on_verge_of_separation?
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For other uses, see Canada (disambiguation).
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Canada
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare (Latin) "From Sea to Sea" |
||||||
| Anthem: "O Canada" Royal anthem: "God Save the Queen"[1][2] |
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.svg) |
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| Capital | Ottawa 45°24′N 75°40′W / 45.4°N 75.667°W / 45.4; -75.667 |
|||||
| Largest city | Toronto | |||||
| Official language(s) | English and French | |||||
| Recognised regional languages | Chipewyan, Cree, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Slavey (North and South) and Tłįchǫ[3] | |||||
| Demonym | Canadian | |||||
| Government | Federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy[4] | |||||
| - | Monarch | Elizabeth II | ||||
| - | Governor General | David Johnston | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Stephen Harper | ||||
| - | Chief Justice | Beverley McLachlin | ||||
| Legislature | Parliament | |||||
| - | Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - | Lower house | House of Commons | ||||
| Establishment | from the United Kingdom | |||||
| - | Constitution Act, 1867 | July 1, 1867 | ||||
| - | Statute of Westminster | December 11, 1931 | ||||
| - | Canada Act | April 17, 1982 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 9,984,670 km2 (2nd) 3,854,085 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | 8.92 (891,163 km2/344,080 mi2) | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2012 estimate | 34,839,000[5] (35th) | ||||
| - | 2011 census | 33,476,688[6] | ||||
| - | Density | 3.41/km2 (228th) 8.3/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $1.396 trillion[7] (14th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $40,541[7] (12th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $1.736 trillion (10th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $50,436[7] (9th) | ||||
| Gini (2005) | 32.1[8] (medium) | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.908[9] (very high) (6th) |
|||||
| Currency | Canadian dollar ($) (CAD) |
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| Time zone | (UTC−3.5 to −8) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | (UTC−2.5 to −7) | ||||
| Date formats | dd-mm-yyyy, mm-dd-yyyy, and yyyy-mm-dd (CE) | |||||
| Drives on the | Right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | CA | |||||
| Internet TLD | .ca | |||||
| Calling code | +1 | |||||
Canada (
/ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
Canada is a federal state that is governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level. Canada's diversified economy is one of the world's largest, and is reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade – particularly with the United States, with which Canada has had a long and complex relationship. It is a member of the G7, G8, G20, NATO, OECD, WTO, Commonwealth of Nations, Francophonie, OAS, APEC, and United Nations.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Main article: Name of Canada
The name Canada comes from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata, meaning "village" or "settlement".[10] In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona.[11] Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village, but also the entire area subject to Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona); by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this region as Canada.[11]
In the 17th and early 18th centuries, "Canada" referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River and the northern shores of the Great Lakes. The area was later split into two British colonies, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. They were reunified as the Province of Canada in 1841.[12]
Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country, and the word Dominion was conferred as the country's title.[13] However, as Canada asserted its political autonomy from the United Kingdom, the federal government increasingly used simply Canada on state documents and treaties, a change that was reflected in the renaming of the national holiday from Dominion Day to Canada Day in 1982.[14]
History[link]
Main article: History of Canada
See also: List of years in Canada
Aboriginal peoples[link]
Main article: Aboriginal peoples in Canada
Archaeological studies and analyses of DNA haplogroups have indicated a human presence in the northern Yukon region from 24,500 BC, and in southern Ontario from 7500 BC.[15][16][17] The Paleo-Indian archaeological sites at Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada.[18][19][20] The characteristics of Canadian Aboriginal societies included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks.[21][22] Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, and have only been discovered through archaeological investigations.[23]
The aboriginal population is estimated to have been between 200,000[24] and two million in the late 15th century,[25] with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Health.[26] As a consequence of the European colonization, Canada's aboriginal peoples suffered from repeated outbreaks of newly introduced infectious diseases such as influenza, measles, and smallpox (to which they had no natural immunity), resulting in a forty- to eighty-percent population decrease in the centuries after the European arrival.[24] Aboriginal peoples in present-day Canada include the First Nations,[27] Inuit,[28] and Métis.[29] The Métis are a mixed-blood people who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married European settlers.[30] In general, the Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during the colonization period.[31]
European colonization[link]
Main articles: New France and Canada under British rule (1763–1867)
Further information: Former colonies and territories in Canada
The first known attempt at European colonization began when Norsemen settled briefly at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland around 1000 AD.[32] No further European exploration occurred until 1497, when Italian seafarer John Cabot explored Canada's Atlantic coast for England.[33] Basque and Portuguese mariners established seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast in the early 16th century.[34] In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River, where on July 24 he planted a 10-metre (33 ft) cross bearing the words "Long Live the King of France", and took possession of the territory in the name of King Francis I of France.[35]
In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed St. John's, Newfoundland, as the first North American English colony by the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I.[36] French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603, and established the first permanent European settlements at Port Royal in 1605 and Quebec City in 1608. Among the French colonists of New France, Canadiens extensively settled the St. Lawrence River valley and Acadians settled the present-day Maritimes, while fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana. The Beaver Wars broke out in the mid-17th century over control of the North American fur trade.[37]
The English established additional colonies in Cupids and Ferryland, Newfoundland, beginning in 1610. The Thirteen Colonies were founded to the south soon after.[34] A series of four French and Indian Wars erupted between 1689 and 1763.[38] Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht; the Treaty of Paris (1763) ceded Canada and most of New France to Britain after the Seven Years' War.[39]
The Royal Proclamation of 1763 created the Province of Quebec out of New France, and annexed Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia.[14] St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) became a separate colony in 1769.[40] To avert conflict in Quebec, the British passed the Quebec Act of 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law there. This angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the 1775 outbreak of the American Revolution.[14]
The 1783 Treaty of Paris recognized American independence and ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. New Brunswick was split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes. To accommodate English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province into French-speaking Lower Canada (later Quebec) and English-speaking Upper Canada (later Ontario), granting each its own elected legislative assembly.[41]
The Canadas were the main front in the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain. Following the war, large-scale immigration to Canada from Britain and Ireland began in 1815.[25] Between 1825 and 1846, 626,628 European immigrants reportedly landed at Canadian ports.[43] Between one-quarter and one-third of all Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891 died of infectious diseases.[24]
The desire for responsible government resulted in the abortive Rebellions of 1837. The Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture.[14] The Act of Union 1840 merged The Canadas into a united Province of Canada. Responsible government was established for all British North American provinces by 1849.[44] The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel. This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858).[45]
Confederation and expansion[link]
Main articles: Canadian Confederation and Territorial evolution of Canada
Following several constitutional conferences, the 1867 Constitution Act officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, initially with four provinces – Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.[46][47][48] Canada assumed control of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to form the Northwest Territories, where the Métis' grievances ignited the Red River Rebellion and the creation of the province of Manitoba in July 1870.[49] British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which had been united in 1866) joined the Confederation in 1871, while Prince Edward Island joined in 1873.[50] Prime Minister John A. Macdonald and his Conservative government established a National Policy of tariffs to protect the nascent Canadian manufacturing industries.[48]
To open the West, the government sponsored the construction of three transcontinental railways (including the Canadian Pacific Railway), opened the prairies to settlement with the Dominion Lands Act, and established the North-West Mounted Police to assert its authority over this territory.[51][52] In 1898, during the Klondike Gold Rush in the Northwest Territories, the Canadian government created the Yukon Territory. Under the Liberal Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier, continental European immigrants settled the prairies, and Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905.[50]
Early 20th century[link]
Main article: Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years
Because Britain still maintained control of Canada's foreign affairs under the Confederation Act, its declaration of war in 1914 automatically brought Canada into World War I. Volunteers sent to the Western Front later became part of the Canadian Corps. The Corps played a substantial role in the Battle of Vimy Ridge and other major engagements of the war.[53] Out of approximately 625,000 Canadians who served in World War I, around 60,000 were killed and another 173,000 were wounded.[54] The Conscription Crisis of 1917 erupted when conservative Prime Minister Robert Borden brought in compulsory military service over the objections of French-speaking Quebecers. In 1919, Canada joined the League of Nations independently of Britain,[53] and the 1931 Statute of Westminster affirmed Canada's independence.[4]
The Great Depression of the early 1930s brought great economic hardship to Canada. In response to the downturn, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a welfare state (as pioneered by Tommy Douglas) in the 1940s and 1950s.[55] Canada declared war on Germany independently during World War II under Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, three days after Britain. The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939.[53]
Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war, including the failed 1942 Dieppe Raid, the Allied invasion of Italy, the Normandy landings, the Battle of Normandy, and the Battle of the Scheldt in 1944.[53] Canada provided asylum for the monarchy of the Netherlands while that country was occupied, and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to its liberation from Nazi Germany.[56] The Canadian economy boomed during the war as its industries manufactured military materiel for Canada, Britain, China, and the Soviet Union.[53] Despite another Conscription Crisis in Quebec, Canada finished the war with a large army and strong economy.[57]
Modern times[link]
The Dominion of Newfoundland (now Newfoundland and Labrador) was unified with Canada in 1949.[58] Canada's post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new Canadian identity, marked by the adoption of the current Maple Leaf Flag in 1965,[59] the implementation of official bilingualism (English and French) in 1969,[60] and the institution of official multiculturalism in 1971.[61] Socially democratic programs were also instituted, such as Medicare, the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans, though provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions.[62] Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the 1982 patriation of Canada's constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[63] In 1999, Nunavut became Canada's third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government.[64]
At the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, giving birth to a modern nationalist movement. The radical Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) ignited the October Crisis in 1970,[65] and the sovereignist Parti Québécois was elected in 1976, organizing an unsuccessful referendum on sovereignty-association in 1980. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the Meech Lake Accord failed in 1990.[66] This led to the formation of the Bloc Québécois in Quebec and the invigoration of the Reform Party of Canada in the West.[67][68] A second referendum followed in 1995, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of just 50.6 to 49.4 percent. In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled that unilateral secession by a province would be unconstitutional, and the Clarity Act was passed by parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation.[66]
In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These included the explosion of Air India Flight 182 in 1985, the largest mass murder in Canadian history;[69] the École Polytechnique massacre in 1989, a university shooting targeting female students;[70] and the Oka Crisis of 1990,[71] the first of a number of violent confrontations between the government and Aboriginal groups.[72] Canada also joined the Gulf War in 1990 as part of a US-led coalition force, and was active in several peacekeeping missions in the late 1990s.[73] Canada sent troops to Afghanistan in 2001, but declined to send forces to Iraq when the US invaded in 2003.[74] In 2011, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention into the Libyan civil war.[75]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Canada
Canada occupies a major northern portion of North America, sharing land borders with the contiguous United States to the south and the US state of Alaska to the northwest. Canada stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean.[76][77] Greenland is to the northeast, while Saint Pierre and Miquelon is south of Newfoundland.
By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second-largest country in the world, after Russia. By land area alone, Canada ranks fourth.[77] The country lies between latitudes 41° and 84°N, and longitudes 52° and 141°W.
Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60° and 141°W longitude,[78] but this claim is not universally recognized. Canada is home to the world's northernmost settlement, Canadian Forces Station Alert, on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island – latitude 82.5°N – which lies 817 kilometres (508 mi) from the North Pole.[79] Much of the Canadian Arctic is covered by ice and permafrost. Canada has the longest coastline in the world, with a total length of 202,080 kilometres (125,570 mi);[77] additionally, its border with the United States is the world's longest land border, stretching 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi).[80]
Since the end of the last glacial period, Canada has consisted of eight distinct forest regions, including extensive boreal forest on the Canadian Shield.[82] Canada has around 31,700 large lakes,[83] more than any other country, containing much of the world's fresh water.[84] There are also fresh-water glaciers in the Canadian Rockies and the Coast Mountains. Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley, and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.[85] The volcanic eruption of the Tseax Cone in 1775 was among Canada's worst natural disasters, killing 2,000 Nisga'a people and destroying their village in the Nass River valley of northern British Columbia. The eruption produced a 22.5-kilometre (14.0 mi) lava flow, and, according to Nisga'a legend, blocked the flow of the Nass River.[86]
Canada's population density, at 3.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (8.5 /sq mi), is among the lowest in the world. The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor, situated in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.[87]
Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F), but can drop below −40 °C (−40 °F) with severe wind chills.[88] In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 °C (104 °F).[89]
Government and politics[link]
Main articles: Government of Canada and Politics of Canada
See also: Elections in Canada and List of political parties in Canada
Canada has a parliamentary system within the context of a constitutional monarchy, the monarchy of Canada being the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[90][91][92][93] The sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II, who also serves as head of state of 15 other Commonwealth countries and each of Canada's ten provinces and resides predominantly in the United Kingdom. As such, the Queen's representative, the Governor General of Canada (presently David Lloyd Johnston), carries out most of the federal royal duties in Canada.[94][95]
The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in areas of governance is limited;[92][96][97] in practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by the Cabinet, a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the elected House of Commons and chosen and headed by the Prime Minister of Canada (presently Stephen Harper),[98] the head of government, though the governor general or monarch may in certain crisis situations exercise their power without ministerial advice.[96] To ensure the stability of government, the governor general will usually appoint as prime minister the person who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the House of Commons.[99] The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is thus one of the most powerful institutions in government, initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for appointment by the Crown, besides the aforementioned, the governor general, lieutenant governors, senators, federal court judges, and heads of Crown corporations and government agencies.[96] The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition (presently Thomas Mulcair) and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check.[100]
Each of the 308 Members of Parliament in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in an electoral district or riding. General elections must be called by the governor general, on the advice of the prime minister, within four years of the previous election, or may be triggered by the government losing a confidence vote in the House.[101] The 105 members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, serve until age 75.[102] Five parties had representatives elected to the federal parliament in the 2011 elections: the Conservative Party of Canada (governing party), the New Democratic Party (the Official Opposition), the Liberal Party of Canada, the Bloc Québécois, and the Green Party of Canada. The list of historical parties with elected representation is substantial.
Canada's federal structure divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the ten provinces. Provincial legislatures are unicameral and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons.[97] Canada's three territories also have legislatures, but these are not sovereign and have fewer constitutional responsibilities than the provinces.[103] The territorial legislatures also differ structurally from their provincial counterparts.[104]
Law[link]
Main articles: Law of Canada and Court system of Canada
The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law of the country, and consists of written text and unwritten conventions. The Constitution Act, 1867 (known as the British North America Act prior to 1982) affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments; the Statute of Westminster 1931 granted full autonomy; and the Constitution Act, 1982, ended all legislative ties to the UK, added a constitutional amending formula, and added the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which guarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually cannot be overridden by any government – though a notwithstanding clause allows the federal parliament and provincial legislatures to override certain sections of the Charter for a period of five years.[105]
Although not without conflict, European Canadians' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful. The Crown and Aboriginal peoples began interactions during the European colonialization period. Numbered Treaties, the Indian Act, the Constitution Act of 1982, and case laws were established.[106] A series of eleven treaties were signed between Aboriginals in Canada and the reigning Monarch of Canada from 1871 to 1921.[107] These treaties are agreements with the Government of Canada administered by Canadian Aboriginal law and overseen by the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. The role of the treaties was reaffirmed by Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982, which "recognizes and affirms existing Aboriginal and treaty rights".[106] These rights may include provision of services such as health care, and exemption from taxation.[108] The legal and policy framework within which Canada and First Nations operate was further formalized in 2005, through the First Nations–Federal Crown Political Accord.[106]
Canada's judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution. The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and final arbiter and has been led by the Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin, P.C. (the first female Chief Justice) since 2000.[109] Its nine members are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the Prime Minister and Minister of Justice. All judges at the superior and appellate levels are appointed after consultation with nongovernmental legal bodies. The federal cabinet also appoints justices to superior courts at the provincial and territorial levels.[110]
Common law prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where civil law predominates. Criminal law is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada.[111] Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is officially a provincial responsibility, conducted by provincial police forces.[112] However, in most rural areas and some urban areas, policing responsibilities are contracted to the federal Royal Canadian Mounted Police.[113]
Foreign relations and military[link]
Main articles: Foreign relations of Canada and Military history of Canada
Canada currently employs a professional, volunteer military force of over 67,000 regular personnel and approximately 43,000 reserve personnel, including supplementary reserves.[114] The unified Canadian Forces (CF) comprise the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, and Royal Canadian Air Force. In 2011, Canada's military expenditure totalled approximately C$24.5 billion.[115]
Canada and the United States share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partner.[116] Canada nevertheless has an independent foreign policy, most notably maintaining full relations with Cuba and declining to officially participate in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Canada also maintains historic ties to the United Kingdom and France and to other former British and French colonies through Canada's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the Francophonie.[117] Canada is noted for having a positive relationship with the Netherlands, owing, in part, to its contribution to the Dutch liberation during World War II.[56]
Canada's strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in British military efforts in the Second Boer War, World War I and World War II. Since then, Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations.[118][119] Canada was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and of NATO in 1949. During the Cold War, Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the Korean War and founded the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in cooperation with the United States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the Soviet Union.[120]
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During the Suez Crisis of 1956, future Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson eased tensions by proposing the inception of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force, for which he was awarded the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize.[121] As this was the first UN peacekeeping mission, Pearson is often credited as the inventor of the concept. Canada has since served in 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989,[53] and has since maintained forces in international missions in Rwanda, the former Yugoslavia, and elsewhere; Canada has sometimes faced controversy over its involvement in foreign countries, notably in the 1993 Somalia Affair.[122]
Canada joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990 and hosted the OAS General Assembly in Windsor, Ontario, in June 2000 and the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City in April 2001.[123] Canada seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC).[124]
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In 2001, Canada deployed troops to Afghanistan as part of the US stabilization force and the UN-authorized, NATO-led International Security Assistance Force. Starting in July 2011, Canada began withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan. In all, Canada lost 158 soldiers, one diplomat, two aid workers, and one journalist during the mission,[125] which cost approximately C$11.3 billion.[126]
In February 2007, Canada, Italy, the United Kingdom, Norway, and Russia announced their joint commitment to a $1.5-billion project to help develop vaccines for developing nations, and called on other countries to join them.[127] In August 2007, Canada's territorial claims in the Arctic were challenged after a Russian underwater expedition to the North Pole; Canada has considered that area to be sovereign territory since 1925.[128] In July 2010, the federal government announced the largest purchase in Canadian military history – the acquisition of 65 F-35 Lightning II jet fighters, totalling C$9 billion.[129] Between March and October 2011, Canadian forces participated in a UN-mandated NATO intervention into the 2011 Libyan civil war.[130]
Provinces and territories[link]
Main article: Provinces and territories of Canada
See also: Canadian federalism
Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories. In turn, these may be grouped into four main regions: Western Canada, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Canada ("Eastern Canada" refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together). Provinces have more autonomy than territories, having responsibility for social programs such as health care, education, and welfare. Together, the provinces collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world. Using its spending powers, the federal government can initiate national policies in provincial areas, such as the Canada Health Act; the provinces can opt out of these, but rarely do so in practice. Equalization payments are made by the federal government to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces.[131]
A clickable map of Canada exhibiting its ten provinces and three territories, and their capitals.
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Canada
Canada is the world's eleventh-largest economy, with a 2011 nominal GDP of approximately US$1.74 trillion.[7] It is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the G8, and is one of the world's top ten trading nations, with a highly globalized economy.[132][133] Canada is a mixed economy, ranking above the US and most western European nations on the Heritage Foundation's index of economic freedom.[134] The largest foreign importers of Canadian goods are the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan.[135]
In the past century, the growth of Canada's manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy to an advanced, urbanized, industrial one. Like many other First World nations, the Canadian economy is dominated by the service industry, which employs about three-quarters of the country's workforce.[136] However, Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of its primary sector, in which the logging and petroleum industries are two of the most prominent elements.[137]
Canada is one of the few developed nations that are net exporters of energy.[138] Atlantic Canada possesses vast offshore deposits of natural gas, and Alberta also hosts large oil and gas resources. The immense Athabasca oil sands give Canada the world's second-largest proven oil reserves, after Saudi Arabia.[139] Canada is additionally one of the world's largest suppliers of agricultural products; the Canadian Prairies are one of the most important global producers of wheat, canola, and other grains.[140] Canada is a major producer of zinc and uranium, and is a leading exporter of many other minerals, such as gold, nickel, aluminum, and lead.[141][138] Many towns in northern Canada, where agriculture is difficult, are sustainable because of nearby mines or sources of timber. Canada also has a sizable manufacturing sector centred in southern Ontario and Quebec, with automobiles and aeronautics representing particularly important industries.[142]
Canada's economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since World War II. The Automotive Products Trade Agreement of 1965 opened Canada's borders to trade in the automobile manufacturing industry. In the 1970s, concerns over energy self-sufficiency and foreign ownership in the manufacturing sectors prompted Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's Liberal government to enact the National Energy Program (NEP) and the Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA).[143] In the 1980s, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservatives abolished the NEP and changed the name of FIRA to "Investment Canada", in order to encourage foreign investment.[144] The Canada – United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) of 1988 eliminated tariffs between the two countries, while the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) expanded the free-trade zone to include Mexico in 1994.[140] In the mid-1990s, Jean Chrétien's Liberal government began to post annual budgetary surpluses, and steadily paid down the national debt.[145]
In 2008, Canada's imported goods were worth over $442.9 billion, of which $280.8 billion originated from the United States, $11.7 billion from Japan, and $11.3 billion from the United Kingdom.[135] The country’s 2009 trade deficit totaled C$4.8 billion, compared with a C$46.9 billion surplus in 2008.[146]
The global financial crisis of 2008 caused a major recession, which led to a significant rise in unemployment in Canada.[147] By October 2009, Canada's national unemployment rate reached 8.6 percent, with provincial unemployment rates varying from a low of 5.8 percent in Manitoba to a high of 17 percent in Newfoundland and Labrador.[148] Between October 2008 and October 2010, the Canadian labour market lost 162,000 full-time jobs and a total of 224,000 permanent jobs.[149] Canada's federal debt was estimated to total $566.7 billion for the fiscal year 2010–11, up from $463.7 billion in 2008–09.[150] Canada’s net foreign debt rose by $41 billion to $194 billion in the first quarter of 2010.[151]
Science and technology[link]
Main article: Science and technology in Canada
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In 2011, Canada spent approximately C$29.9 billion on domestic research and development.[152] The country has produced ten Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry and medicine,[153] and is home to a number of global technology firms, such as smartphone maker Research In Motion and video games developer BioWare.[154] Canada ranks twelfth in the world for Internet users as a proportion of the population, with over 28 million users – equivalent to around 84 percent of its total 2011 population.[155]
The Canadian Space Agency operates a highly active space program, conducting space, planetary, and aviation research, and developing rockets and satellites. In 1984, Marc Garneau became Canada's first astronaut, serving as payload specialist on NASA's STS-41-G Space Shuttle mission. As of 2012, nine Canadians have flown into space, over the course of fifteen manned missions.[156]
Canada is a participant in the International Space Station (ISS), and is a pioneer in space robotics, having constructed the Canadarm, Canadarm2 and Dextre robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA. Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including Radarsat-1 and 2, ISIS and MOST.[157] Canada has also produced a successful and widely used sounding rocket, the Black Brant; over 1,000 Black Brants have been launched since the rocket's introduction in 1961.[158]
Demographics[link]
Main articles: Demographics of Canada and Population of Canada by year
See also: Ethnic origins of people in Canada
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1851 | 2,415,000 | — |
| 1861 | 3,174,000 | +31.4% |
| 1871 | 3,689,000 | +16.2% |
| 1881 | 4,325,000 | +17.2% |
| 1891 | 4,833,000 | +11.7% |
| 1901 | 5,371,000 | +11.1% |
| 1911 | 7,207,000 | +34.2% |
| 1921 | 8,788,000 | +21.9% |
| 1931 | 10,377,000 | +18.1% |
| 1941 | 11,507,000 | +10.9% |
| 1951 | 14,009,000 | +21.7% |
| 1961 | 18,238,000 | +30.2% |
| 1971 | 21,962,000 | +20.4% |
| 1981 | 24,820,000 | +13.0% |
| 1991 | 28,031,000 | +12.9% |
| 2001 | 31,021,000 | +10.7% |
| 2011 | 33,476,000 | +7.9% |
| Source: Statistics Canada[6][159] | ||
The 2011 Canadian census counted a total population of 33,476,688, an increase of around 5.9 percent over the 2006 figure.[6][160] Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth. The main drivers of population growth are immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth. About four-fifths of the population lives within 150 kilometres (93 mi) of the United States border.[161] Approximately 80 percent of Canadians live in urban areas concentrated in the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor, the BC Lower Mainland, and the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor in Alberta.[162] In common with many other developed countries, Canada is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2006, the average age was 39.5 years;[163] by 2011, it had risen to approximately 39.9 years.[164]
According to the 2006 census, the country's largest self-reported ethnic origin is Canadian (accounting for 32% of the population), followed by English (21%), French (15.8%), Scottish (15.1%), Irish (13.9%), German (10.2%), Italian (4.6%), Chinese (4.3%), First Nations (4.0%), Ukrainian (3.9%), and Dutch (3.3%).[165] There are 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands, encompassing a total of 1,172,790 people.[166]
Canada's aboriginal population is growing at almost twice the national rate, and four percent of Canada's population claimed aboriginal identity in 2006. Another 16.2 percent of the population belonged to a non-aboriginal visible minority.[167] The largest visible minority groups are South Asian (4.0%), Chinese (3.9%) and Black (2.5%). Between 2001 and 2006, the visible minority population rose by 27.2 percent.[168] In 1961, less than two percent of Canada's population (about 300,000 people) could be classified as belonging to a visible minority group, and less than one percent as aboriginal.[169] By 2007, almost one in five (19.8%) were foreign-born, with nearly 60 percent of new immigrants coming from Asia (including the Middle East).[170] The leading sources of immigrants to Canada were China, the Philippines and India.[171] According to Statistics Canada, visible minority groups could account for a third of the Canadian population by 2031.[172]
Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world,[173] driven by economic policy and family reunification, and is aiming for between 240,000 and 265,000 new permanent residents in 2012,[174] a similar number of immigrants as in recent years.[175] In 2010, a record 280,636 people immigrated to Canada.[176] New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas like Toronto and Vancouver.[177] Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees.[178] The country resettles over one in 10 of the world’s refugees.[179]
According to the 2001 census, 77.1 percent of Canadians identify as Christian; of this, Catholics make up the largest group, accounting for 43.6 percent of the population. The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada (accounting for 9.5% of Canadians), followed by Anglicans (6.8%), Baptists (2.4%), Lutherans (2%), and other Christian denominations (4.4%). About 16.5 percent declare no religious affiliation, and the remaining 6.3 percent are affiliated with non-Christian religions, the largest of which are Islam (2.0%) and Judaism (1.1%).[180]
Canadian provinces and territories are responsible for education. The mandatory school age ranges between 5–7 to 16–18 years,[181] contributing to an adult literacy rate of 99 percent.[77] In 2002, 43 percent of Canadians aged 25 to 64 possessed a post-secondary education; for those aged 25 to 34, the rate of post-secondary education reached 51 percent.[182] The Programme for International Student Assessment indicates that Canadian students rank well above the OECD average, particularly in mathematics, sciences, and reading.[183]
| Largest metropolitan areas in Canada by population (2011 Census) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Province | Population | Name | Province | Population | |||
| Toronto | Ontario | 5,583,064 | London | Ontario | 474,786 | |||
| Montreal | Quebec | 3,824,221 | St. Catharines–Niagara | Ontario | 392,184 | |||
| Vancouver | British Columbia | 2,313,328 | Halifax | Nova Scotia | 390,328 | |||
| Ottawa–Gatineau | Ontario–Quebec | 1,236,324 | Oshawa | Ontario | 356,177 | |||
| Calgary | Alberta | 1,214,839 | Victoria | British Columbia | 344,615 | |||
| Edmonton | Alberta | 1,159,869 | Windsor | Ontario | 319,246 | |||
| Quebec | Quebec | 0765,706 | Saskatoon | Saskatchewan | 260,600 | |||
| Winnipeg | Manitoba | 0730,018 | Regina | Saskatchewan | 210,556 | |||
| Hamilton | Ontario | 0721,053 | Sherbrooke | Quebec | 201,890 | |||
| Kitchener–Cambridge-Waterloo | Ontario | 0477,160 | St. John's | Newfoundland and Labrador | 196,966 | |||
Language[link]
Main articles: Languages of Canada and List of endangered languages in Canada
English – 57.8%
English and French (Bilingual) – 17.4%
French – 22.1%
Sparsely populated area (<0.4 persons per km2)
Canada's two official languages are Canadian English and Canadian French. Official bilingualism is defined in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Official Languages Act, and Official Language Regulations; it is applied by the Commissioner of Official Languages. English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and in all federal institutions. Citizens have the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French, and official-language minorities are guaranteed their own schools in all provinces and territories.[184]
English and French are the first languages of 59.7 and 23.2 percent of the population respectively. Approximately 98 percent of Canadians speak English or French: 57.8 percent speak English only, 22.1 percent speak French only, and 17.4 percent speak both.[185] The English and French official-language communities, defined by the first official language spoken, constitute 73.0 and 23.6 percent of the population respectively.[186]
The 1977 Charter of the French Language established French as the official language of Quebec.[187] Although more than 85 percent of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, there are substantial Francophone populations in Ontario, Alberta, and southern Manitoba; Ontario has the largest French-speaking population outside Quebec.[188] New Brunswick, the only officially bilingual province, has a French-speaking Acadian minority constituting 33 percent of the population. There are also clusters of Acadians in southwestern Nova Scotia, on Cape Breton Island, and through central and western Prince Edward Island.[189]
Other provinces have no official languages as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and for other government services, in addition to English. Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec allow for both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures, and laws are enacted in both languages. In Ontario, French has some legal status, but is not fully co-official.[190] There are 11 Aboriginal language groups, composed of more than 65 distinct dialects.[191] Of these, only the Cree, Inuktitut and Ojibway languages have a large enough population of fluent speakers to be considered viable to survive in the long term.[192] Several aboriginal languages have official status in the Northwest Territories.[193] Inuktitut is the majority language in Nunavut, and is one of three official languages in the territory.[194]
In 2005, over six million people in Canada listed a non-official language as their mother tongue. Some of the most common non-official first languages include Chinese (mainly Cantonese; 1,012,065 first-language speakers), Italian (455,040), German (450,570), Punjabi (367,505) and Spanish (345,345).[195] English and French are the most-spoken home languages, being spoken at home by 68.3 and 22.3 percent of the population respectively.[196]
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Canada
Canadian society is often depicted as being "diverse and multicultural".[197][198] Canada's culture draws influences from its broad range of constituent nationalities, and policies that promote multiculturalism are constitutionally protected.[199] In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many French-speaking commentators speak of a culture of Quebec that is distinct from English Canadian culture.[200] However, as a whole, Canada is in theory a cultural mosaic – a collection of several regional, aboriginal, and ethnic subcultures.[201] Government policies such as publicly funded health care, higher taxation to redistribute wealth, the outlawing of capital punishment, strong efforts to eliminate poverty, an emphasis on multiculturalism, strict gun control, and the legalization of same-sex marriage are further social indicators of Canada's political and cultural values.[202]
Historically, Canada has been influenced by British, French, and aboriginal cultures and traditions. Through their language, art and music, aboriginal peoples continue to influence the Canadian identity.[203] Many Canadians value multiculturalism and see Canada as being inherently multicultural.[63] American media and entertainment are popular, if not dominant, in English Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the United States and worldwide.[204] The preservation of a distinctly Canadian culture is supported by federal government programs, laws, and institutions such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the National Film Board of Canada, and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission.[205]
Canadian visual art has been dominated by figures such as Tom Thomson – the country's most famous painter – and by the Group of Seven. Thomson's career painting Canadian landscapes spanned a decade up to his death in 1917 at age 39.[206] The Group were painters with a nationalistic and idealistic focus, who first exhibited their distinctive works in May 1920. Though referred to as having seven members, five artists – Lawren Harris, A. Y. Jackson, Arthur Lismer, J. E. H. MacDonald, and Frederick Varley – were responsible for articulating the Group's ideas. They were joined briefly by Frank Johnston, and by commercial artist Franklin Carmichael. A. J. Casson became part of the Group in 1926.[207] Associated with the Group was another prominent Canadian artist, Emily Carr, known for her landscapes and portrayals of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast.[208]
The Canadian music industry has produced internationally renowned composers, musicians and ensembles.[209] Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences presents Canada's music industry awards, the Juno Awards, which were first awarded in 1970.[210] The national anthem of Canada O Canada adopted in 1980, was originally commissioned by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, the Honourable Théodore Robitaille, for the 1880 St. Jean-Baptiste Day ceremony.[211] Calixa Lavallée wrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier. The text was originally only in French, before it was translated to English in 1906.[212]
Canada's official national sports are ice hockey and lacrosse.[213] Hockey is a national pastime and the most popular spectator sport in the country. It is also the sport most played by Canadians, with 1.65 million participants reported in 2004. Seven of Canada's eight largest metropolitan areas – Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton and Winnipeg – have franchises in the National Hockey League (NHL), and there are more Canadian players in the NHL than from all other countries combined. Other popular spectator sports include curling and football; the latter is played professionally in the Canadian Football League (CFL). Golf, baseball, skiing, soccer, cricket, volleyball, rugby league and basketball are widely played at youth and amateur levels, but professional leagues and franchises are not widespread.[214]
Canada has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, the 1994 Basketball World Championship and the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup. Canada was the host nation for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia.[215]
Canada's national symbols are influenced by natural, historical, and Aboriginal sources. The use of the maple leaf as a Canadian symbol dates to the early 18th century. The maple leaf is depicted on Canada's current and previous flags, on the penny, and on the Arms of Canada.[216] Other prominent symbols include the beaver, Canada Goose, Common Loon, the Crown, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police,[216] and more recently, the totem pole and Inuksuk.[217]
See also[link]
References[link]
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- ^ Kallmann, Helmut. "National and royal anthems". In Marsh, James Harley. Encyclopedia of Music in Canada. Historica-Dominion. http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0002533. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Official Languages Act. Government of the Northwest Territories. 2004. p. 4. http://www.nwtlanguagescommissioner.ca/pdf/Official_Languages_act.pdf.
- ^ a b Hail, M; Lange, S (February 25, 2010). "Federalism and Representation in the Theory of the Founding Fathers: A Comparative Study of US and Canadian Constitutional Thought". Publius: the Journal of Federalism 40 (3): 366–388. DOI:10.1093/publius/pjq001.
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- ^ "Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data". 2006 Census: Topic-based tabulations. Statistics Canada. June 12, 2008. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=837928&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89122&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=73&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ "One in 6 Canadians is a visible minority". CBC. April 2, 2008. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/04/02/stats-immigration.html. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
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- ^ Pendakur, Krishna. "Visible Minorities and Aboriginal Peoples in Vancouver's Labour Market". Simon Fraser University. http://www.rhdcc-hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/equality/racism/racism_free_init/pendakur.shtml. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
- ^ "2006 Census: Immigration, citizenship, language, mobility and migration". The Daily. Statistics Canada. December 4, 2007. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/071204/dq071204a-eng.htm. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
- ^ Lilley, Brian (2010). "Canadians want immigration shakeup". Parliamentary Bureau. Canadian Online Explorer. http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Politics/2010/11/09/16054896.html. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
- ^ Friesen, Joe (March 9, 2010). "The changing face of Canada: booming minority populations by 2031". The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/the-changing-face-of-canada-booming-minority-populations-by-2031/article1494651/. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
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- ^ "Supplementary Information for the 2012 Immigration Levels Plan". Citizenship and Immigration Canada. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/notices/notice-levels2012.asp. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
- ^ "Canada's 2011 immigration level unchanged". CBC. November 2, 2010. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/montreal/story/2010/11/02/con-immigration.html. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
- ^ "Canada welcomes highest number of legal immigrants in 50 years while taking action to maintain the integrity of Canada’s immigration system". Citizenship and Immigration Canada. February 13, 2011. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/releases/2011/2011-02-13.asp. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
- ^ "When immigration goes awry". Toronto Star. July 14, 2006. http://www.thestar.com/Canada2020/article/106702. Retrieved January 8, 2010.
- ^ "Government of Canada Tables 2011 Immigration Plan". Canada News Centre. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/releases/2010/2010-11-01a.asp. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
- ^ "Canada's Generous Program for Refugee Resettlement Is Undermined by Human Smugglers Who Abuse Canada's Immigration System". Public Safety Canada. http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/media/nr/2010/nr20101021-6-eng.aspx. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
- ^ "Population by religion, by province and territory (2001 Census)". Statistics Canada. January 25, 2005. http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo30a-eng.htm. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
- ^ "Overview of Education in Canada". Council of Ministers of Education, Canada. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5mYLss1b9. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ "Creating Opportunities for All Canadians". Department of Finance Canada. November 14, 2005. http://www.fin.gc.ca/ec2005/agenda/agc4-eng.asp. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
- ^ "Comparing countries' and economies' performances". OECD. 2009. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/12/46643496.pdf. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
- ^ "Official Languages and You". Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. June 16, 2009. http://www.ocol-clo.gc.ca/html/faq1_e.php. Retrieved September 10, 2009.
- ^ "2006 Census: The Evolving Linguistic Portrait, 2006 Census: Highlights". Statistics Canada. 2006 (2010). http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-555/p1-eng.cfm. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
- ^ "Population by knowledge of official language, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. 2006. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo15-eng.htm. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
- ^ Bourhis, Richard Y; Montaruli, Elisa; Amiot, Catherine E (May 2007). "Language planning and French-English bilingual communication: Montreal field studies from 1977 to 1997". International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2007 (185): 187–224. DOI:10.1515/IJSL.2007.031.
- ^ Lachapelle, R (March 2009). "The Diversity of the Canadian Francophonie". Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/about-apercu/diversity-franco-diversite-eng.htm. Retrieved September 24, 2009.
- ^ Hayday, Matthew (2005). Bilingual Today, United Tomorrow: Official Languages in Education and Canadian Federalism. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 49. ISBN 0-7735-2960-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=3D6LPBGT59kC&pg=PA49.
- ^ Heller, Monica (2003). Crosswords : language, education and ethnicity in French Ontario. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 72, 74. ISBN 978-3-11-017687-2.
- ^ "Aboriginal languages". Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-589-x/4067801-eng.htm. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G Jr. (2005) (Web Version online by SIL International). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
- ^ Fettes, Mark; Norton, Ruth (2001). "Voices of Winter: Aboriginal Languages and Public Policy in Canada". In Castellano, Marlene Brant; Davis, Lynne; Lahache, Louise. Aboriginal education: fulfilling the promise. UBC Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-7748-0783-0.
- ^ Russell, Peter H (2005). "Indigineous Self-Determination: Is Canada as Good as it Gets?". In Hocking, Barbara. Unfinished constitutional business?: rethinking indigenous self-determination. Aboriginal Studies Press. p. 180. ISBN 0-85575-466-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=mxreMX_cf4EC&pg=PA180.
- ^ "Population by mother tongue, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. January 27, 2005. http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo11a-eng.htm. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
- ^ "First Official Language Spoken (7) and Sex (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas 1, 2001 Census – 20% Sample Data". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=55535&APATH=3&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=41&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=0&GK=0&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
- ^ Anne-Marie Mooney Cotter (February 28, 2011). Culture clash: an international legal perspective on ethnic discrimination. Ashgate Publishing. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-4094-1936-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=0AcvVUevrMYC&pg=PA176.
- ^ "Den Tandt: Canada’s socially progressive values now stretch from coast to coast". Canada.com. April 30, 2012. http://www.canada.com/news/Tandt+Canada+socially+progressive+values+stretch+from+coast+coast/6537774/story.html. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
- ^ "Canadian Multiculturalism". Library of Parliament. September 15, 2009. pp. 1–7. http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/prb0920-e.pdf. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
- ^ Franklin, Daniel P; Baun, Michael J (1995). Political culture and constitutionalism: a comparative approach. Sharpe. p. 61. ISBN 1-56324-416-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=NtvKidOH9pgC&pg=PA61.
- ^ Garcea, Joseph; Kirova, Anna; Wong, Lloyd (January 2009). "Multiculturalism Discourses in Canada". Canadian Ethnic Studies 40 (1): 1–10. DOI:10.1353/ces.0.0069.
- ^ Bricker, Darrell; Wright, John (2005). What Canadians think about almost everything. Doubleday Canada. pp. 8–23. ISBN 0-385-65985-7.
- ^ Magocsi, Paul R (2002). Aboriginal peoples of Canada: a short introduction. University of Toronto Press. pp. 3–6. ISBN 0-8020-3630-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=GkAuYRVjlE8C&pg=PA3.
- ^ Blackwell, John D (2005). "Culture High and Low". International Council for Canadian Studies World Wide Web Service. http://www.iccs-ciec.ca/blackwell.html#culture. Retrieved March 15, 2006.
- ^ "Mandate of the National Film Board". National Film Board of Canada. 2005. http://www.onf.ca/medias/download/documents/pdf/NFB_STRATEGIC_PLAN.pdf. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
- ^ Brock, Richard (2008). "Envoicing Silent Objects: Art and Literature at the Site of the Canadian Landscape". Canadian Journal of Environmental Education 13 (2): 50–61.
- ^ Hill, Charles C (1995). The Group of Seven – Art for a Nation. National Gallery of Canada. pp. 15–21, 195. ISBN 0-7710-6716-X.
- ^ Newlands, Anne (1996). Emily Carr. Firefly Books. pp. 8–9. ISBN 1-55209-046-9.
- ^ Dorland, Michael (1996). The cultural industries in Canada: problems, policies and prospects. J. Lorimer. p. 95. ISBN 1-55028-494-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=vtDhVXAkpxcC&pg=PA95.
- ^ Edwardson, Ryan (2008). Canadian content, culture and the quest for nationhood. University of Toronto Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-8020-9759-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=IxVuSFLo8fAC&pg=PA127.
- ^ "'O Canada'". Historica-Dominion. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0002611. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
- ^ "Hymne national du Canada". Canadian Heritage. June 23, 2008. http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-fra.cfm. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
- ^ Wieting, Stephen G (2001). Sport and memory in North America. Frank Cass. p. 4. ISBN 0-7146-8205-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=dvWqyW9lmXsC&pg=PA4.
- ^ Conference Board of Canada (December 2004). "Survey: Most Popular Sports, by Type of Participation, Adult Population". Strengthening Canada: The Socio-economic Benefits of Sport Participation in Canada – Report August 2005. Sport Canada. http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/sc/pubs/socio-eco/tab2_tab_e.cfm. Retrieved July 1, 2006.
- ^ "Vancouver 2010". The Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. 2009. http://www.vancouver2010.com/. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
- ^ a b Canadian Heritage (2002). Symbols of Canada. Canadian Government Publishing. ISBN 0-660-18615-2.
- ^ Ruhl, Jeffrey (January 2008). "Inukshuk Rising". Canadian Journal of Globalization 1 (1): 25–30.
Further reading[link]
Main article: Bibliography of Canada
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"James Carrey" redirects here. For other uses, see James Carey (disambiguation) and James Cary (disambiguation).
| Jim Carrey | |
|---|---|
 Carrey at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival |
|
| Born | James Eugene Carrey (1962-01-17) January 17, 1962 (age 50) Newmarket, Ontario, Canada |
| Occupation | Actor, comedian, producer |
| Years active | 1979–present |
| Height | 6' 2" |
| Spouse | Melissa Womer (1987–1995) Lauren Holly (1996–1997) |
| Partner | Jenny McCarthy (2005–2010) Anastasia Vitkina (2011–present) |
| Children | 1 |
| Website | |
| JimCarrey.com | |
James Eugene "Jim" Carrey (born January 17, 1962) is a Canadian-American actor, comedian, and producer. Carrey has received four Golden Globe Award nominations, winning two. Known for his highly energetic, slapstick performances, he has been described as one of the biggest movie stars in Hollywood.[1]
Carrey first gained recognition in 1990 after landing a recurring role in the sketch comedy In Living Color. His first leading roles in major productions came with Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (1994), Dumb and Dumber (1994), The Mask (1994), and Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (1995). In 1997, he gave a critically acclaimed performance in Liar Liar, which earned him a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor. He then starred in the critically acclaimed hits The Truman Show (1998) and Man on the Moon (1999), both garnering him two Golden Globe Awards for Best Actor.
In 2000, he gained further recognition for his portrayal of the The Grinch in How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Three years later, Carrey starred in the major blockbuster film Bruce Almighty (2003). The following year he starred in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004), for which he received another Golden Globe nomination in addition to a BAFTA Award nomination. He then starred in popular productions Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004), Fun with Dick and Jane (2005), Yes Man (2008), A Christmas Carol (2009), and Mr. Popper's Penguins (2011).
He is set to star in Burt Wonderstone in 2013 as Steve Gray, in addition to reprising his role as Lloyd Christmas in Dumb and Dumber 2 in 2014. He is also set to star as Mr. Applegate in a film adaption of the broadway musical Damn Yankees.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Carrey was born in Newmarket, Ontario, the son of Kathleen (née Oram), a homemaker, and Percy Carrey, a musician and accountant.[2][3] He has three older siblings, John, Patricia, and Rita. He was raised Roman Catholic.[4][5] His mother was of French, Irish, and Scottish descent[6] and his father was of French Canadian ancestry (the family's original surname was Carré).[7][8] After his family moved to Scarborough, Ontario, when Carrey was 14 years old, he attended Blessed Trinity Catholic School, in North York, for two years, enrolled at Agincourt Collegiate Institute for another year, then briefly attended Northview Heights Secondary School for the remainder of his high school career (all together, he spent three years in Grade 10).
Carrey lived in Burlington, Ontario, for eight years and attended Aldershot High School, where he once opened for 1980s new wave band Spoons. In a Hamilton Spectator interview (February 2007), Carrey remarked, "If my career in show business hadn't panned out I would probably be working today in Hamilton, Ontario at the Dofasco steel mill." When looking across the Burlington Bay toward Hamilton, he could see the mills and thought, "Those were where the great jobs were."[9] At this point, he already had experience working in a science testing facility in Richmond Hill, Ontario.
Career[link]
Early work[link]
While struggling to obtain work and making a name for himself, Carrey's father decided to help the young comedian put together a stage act, driving him to Toronto to debut at comedy club Yuk Yuk's.[10] Unfortunately, Carrey's impersonations bombed and this gave him doubts about his capability as a professional entertainer. His family, at the time, were struggling financially meaning it was difficult for them to support Carrey's ambitions. Eventually, the family's financial problems were soon dealt with and they moved into a new home.[10] With a now more domestic stability, Carrey worked up the nerve to return to the stage with a more polished act. In a short period of time, Carrey went from open mic nights to regular paid shows; a growing reputation building in the process. One reviewer in the Toronto Star raved that Carrey was "a genuine star coming to life."[11] Carrey was soon noticed by comedian Rodney Dangerfield, who signed the young comedian to open Dangerfield's tour performances.[12] He eventually brought Carrey to Las Vegas, after which he decided to move to Hollywood. Carrey began performing at The Comedy Store and in 1982, appeared on the televised stand-up show An Evening at the Improv.[13] The following year, he debuted his act on The Tonight Show.[14]
Despite his increasing popularity as a stand-up comedian, Carrey turned his attention to the film and television industries, auditioning to be a cast member for the 1980–1981 season of NBC's Saturday Night Live. Carrey was not selected for the position (although he did host the show in May 1996, and again in January 2011[15] ). He was, after a period of time, cast in seveal low-budget films: Rubberface (1981) playing a struggling young comic, and Copper Mountain (1983) playing a sex-starved teen, the latter including his impersonation of Sammy Davis Jr. Since the film had a less than one hour runtime consisting largely of musical performances by Rita Coolidge and Ronnie Hawkins, it was not considered a full-length feature film.
In 1984, Carrey was soon cast, surprisingly, as the lead in the NBC sitcom The Duck Factory, in which he played a quirky young artist alongside Jay Tarses. However, the show was unceremoniously cancelled during its first season. Despite the sudden cancellation, Carrey landed supporting roles in several low-budget films: Once Bitten (1985), Peggy Sue Got Married (1986), and The Dead Pool (1988). When Carrey returned to stand-up, he retired his old act vowing that he didn't want to be famous for imitating other people; "Some nights it was a melee, literally, where I'd be standing trying to defend myself for what I was doing. People would be screaming at me to do my old act, and getting actually violent and angry at me,".[14] While many thought he was "crazy" for retiring his old act, others were increasingly interested in what Carrey was attempting to do, Judd Apatow in particular. The pair struck up a friendship and soon began writing material together.
Carrey continued to land small roles in film and television productions, which led to a friendship with fellow comedian Damon Wayans, who co-starred with Carrey as an extraterrestrial in 1989's Earth Girls Are Easy. Damon soon introduced Carrey to his brother Keenen, who at the time, was creating a sketch comedy show known as In Living Color, for the new Fox network. Carrey eventually landed a recurring role in the show which first aired on April 15, 1990. By the third season, Carrey was one of the few remaining original cast members and was ready to move onto bigger things, after agreeing to take on his first lead role in a Hollywood blockbuster film.
Rise to fame[link]
Carrey did not experience true stardom until landing the lead role in the slapstick comedy Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (1994), which premiered only months before In Living Color ended. Despite agreeing to play the title character, Carrey would only take the role if he was allowed to rewrite the script, mostly to suit his over-the-top visions. The film, while dismissed by most critics, was an international hit, and transformed Carrey into a bankable box-office star overnight. In that same year, he landed two lead roles in The Mask and Dumb and Dumber, respectively. The Mask garnered him his first Golden Globe Award for Best Actor nomination, with Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times praising him for his "joyful performance".[16] Well-received by critics, Dumb and Dumber was a commercial success, grossing over $270 million worldwide,[17] and again boosting Carrey's fanbase.
In 1995, Carrey starred in the Joel Schumacher-directed superhero film Batman Forever, in which Batman tries to stop Two-Face and the Riddler (played by Carrey) in their villainous scheme to drain information from all the brains in Gotham City. The feature received reasonable reviews upon release with most criticism aimed towards the movie's "blatant commercialism", as stated by Peter Travers.[18] In that same year, Carrey reprised his role as Ace Ventura in Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls. Like the original film, it was well-received by the public but heavily criticised by critics. However, it was a huge box-office success, earning $212 million worldwide in addition to breaking records, with a $40 million opening weekend.[19] Carrey earned $20 million for his next film, The Cable Guy (1996). Directed by Ben Stiller, Carrey played a lonely, slightly menacing cable TV installer who infiltrates the life of one of his customers (played by Matthew Broderick). The film tested Carrey's boundaries of his tried and true "hapless, hyper, overconfident" characters that he is known for regularly playing. However, it did not fare well with critics, many reacting towards Carrey's change of tone to previous films.[20] Despite the reviews, The Cable Guy grossed $102 million worldwide.[21]
He soon bounced back in 1997 with the critically acclaimed comedy Liar Liar, playing Fletcher Reede, an incredibly successful lawyer who has built his career on lying, regularly breaking promises that he makes to his son Max. Max soon makes a birthday wish that for just one day, his dad can't tell a lie. Carrey was praised for his performance, earning a second Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor. Janet Maslin of The New York Times said, "Well into his tumultuous career, Mr. Carrey finally turns up in a straightforward comic vehicle, and the results are much wilder and funnier than this mundane material should have allowed."[22]
Critical acclaim[link]
The following year he decided to take a pay cut to play the serious role of Truman Burbank in the satirical comedy-drama film The Truman Show (1998).[23] The film was highly praised and brought Carrey further international acclaim, leading many to believe he would be nominated for an Oscar.[24] However, he did pick up his first Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama. The Truman Show was a commercial success also, earning $264 million worldwide against a budget of $60 million.[25][26] According to a Film4 critic, the film, "...allows Carrey to edge away from broad comedy." but nonetheless called it "A hilarious and breathtakingly conceived satire..."[27] That same year, Carrey appeared as a fictionalized version of himself on the final episode of Garry Shandling's The Larry Sanders Show, in which he deliberately ripped into Shandling's character. In 1999, Carrey had the lead role in Man on the Moon. He portrayed comedian Andy Kaufman to critical acclaim,[28] with many believing that Carrey would finally be nominated for Best Actor. He again received his second Golden Globe Award for the second consecutive year. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times commented on Carrey's performance stating, "A brilliant, almost terrifying impersonation."
In 2000, Carrey reteamed with the Farrelly Brothers, who had directed him in Dumb and Dumber, in the comedy classic, Me, Myself & Irene, a film that received mixed reviews[29] but enjoyed box office success. Carrey played the role of state trooper Charlie Baileygates, who has multiple personalities and romances a woman portrayed by Renée Zellweger. That same year, Carrey starred in the second highest grossing Christmas film of all time, How the Grinch Stole Christmas, playing the title character, for which he received praise and criticism.[30] The film garnered him his third Golden Globe Award nomination in addition to countless other nominations and several wins.
For his next feature film, Carrey starred opposite Jennifer Aniston and Morgan Freeman in Tom Shadyac's international hit comedy Bruce Almighty (2003). Carrey played a TV newsman who unexpectedly receives God's omnipotent abilities when the deity decides to take a break. The film received mixed reviews upon release[31] but despite this was a financial success, earning over $484 million worldwide, and going on to become the seventeenth highest-grossing live action comedy of all time. The film has since gained a cult following.[19][32] In 2004, Carrey starred in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. The film received overwhelming acclaim upon release; Carrey was highly praised for his portrayal of Joel Barish, in addition to his co-star Kate Winslet, who received an Oscar nomination. According to CNN's reviewer Paul Clinton, Carrey's performance was "the best, most mature and sharply focused performance ever."[33] He received his fourth Golden Globe Award nomination, and was also nominated for his first BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role.
Carrey's next appearance was in the 2004 black comedy drama film Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events, which was based on the popular children's novels of the same name. The film received a positive reception, with Desson Thomson from The Washington Post commenting on Carrey's approach to the character of Count Olaf, stating "Olaf is a humorless villain in the book. He's not amusing like Carrey at all. To which I would counter: If you can't let Carrey be Carrey, put someone boring and less expensive in the role. In his various disguises he's rubbery, inventive and improvisationally inspired. I particularly liked his passing imitation of a dinosaur."[34][35] That same year, Carrey was inducted into the Canadian Walk of Fame.[36] In 2005, Carrey starred in a remake of Fun with Dick and Jane, playing Dick, a husband who becomes a bank robber after he loses his job. The film was dismissed by most critics but did manage to become a box office hit.
Continued success[link]
In 2007, Carrey reunited with Joel Schumacher, director of Batman Forever, for The Number 23, a psychological thriller co-starring Virginia Madsen and Danny Huston. In the film, Carrey plays a man who becomes obsessed with the number 23, after finding a book about a man with the same obsession. The film was lauded by critics and did not fare well at the box office. The following year Carrey provided his voice for Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who! (2008). Carrey voiced the beloved elephant for the CGI-animated feature, which received overwhelmingly positive reviews and delivered family crowds en masse. The film was also a box office success raking in over $290 million worldwide.[37] Later in the year, Carrey returned to live action comedy, starring opposite Zooey Deschanel and Bradley Cooper in Yes Man (2008). Carrey played down-and-out man, Carl Allen, who had gone nowhere in life, thanks to always saying no to everything, until he signs up for a self-help program that teaches him the power of saying yes. Despite reviews being mixed, Rene Rodriquez of The Miami Herald stated, "Yes Man is fine as far as Jim Carrey comedies go, but it's even better as a love story that just happens to make you laugh."[38] The film had a decent performance at the box office, earning $225 million worldwide.
Since 2009, Carrey's work has included a leading role in Glenn Ficarra and John Requa's I Love You Phillip Morris, premiering in January 2009 at the Sundance Film Festival before receiving a wide release in February 2010. Carrey portrayed Steven Jay Russell, a con artist, imposter and multiple prison escapee who falls in love with his fellow inmate, Phillip Morris (played by Ewan McGregor). The film received largely positive reviews with Damon Wise of The Times giving the film four stars out of five, stating, "I Love You Phillip Morris" is an extraordinary film that serves as a reminder of just how good Carrey can be when he's not tied into a generic Hollywood crowd-pleaser. His comic timing remains as exquisite as ever."[39]
For the first time in his career, Carrey portrayed multiple characters in Disney's 3D animated take on the classic Charles Dickens tale, A Christmas Carol (2009), voicing Ebenezer Scrooge and the Ghosts of Christmas Past, Present, and Future. Directed by Robert Zemeckis, the film also starred Robin Wright Penn, Bob Hoskins, Colin Firth, Gary Oldman and Cary Elwes. The film received reasonable reviews and was a financial success. In 2011, Carrey landed the lead role in Mr. Popper's Penguins, playing Thomas "Tom" Popper Jr. a realtor who becomes the caretaker of a family of penguins. The film received a mixed reception upon release.[40] He is set to star alongside former co-star Steve Carell in the Don Scardino-directed comedy film Burt Wonderstone (2013). Carrey will play Steve Gray, a dangerous street magician who overshadows Burt Wonderstone (played by Carell), a formerly successful magician whos partnership with another magician ends; Gray must convince Burts old partner to return to the act. Carrey entered negotiations for the role in October 2011. Principal photography began on January 10, 2012 and concluded on March 13. The film is currently in post-production.
On April 1, 2012 it was confirmed that Carrey, along with Jeff Daniels, would return for Dumb and Dumber 2. Bobby and Peter Farrelly are scheduled to direct and write the script, with the movie going into production in September 2012.[41]
As of April 2012, Carrey's films have grossed over $4.6 billion worldwide, unadjusted for inflation.[42]
Personal life[link]
Relationships[link]
Carrey has been married twice. His first marriage was to former actress and Comedy Store waitress Melissa Womer, whom he married on March 28, 1987. The two divorced in 1995. A year later Carrey married his Dumb and Dumber co-star Lauren Holly, on September 23, 1996; the marriage lasted less than a year.[43] In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Carrey was involved in a series of relationships, including Laurie Holden, January Jones, and Anine Bing. In addition, Carrey had a much-publicized yet short-lived romance with his Me, Myself and Irene co-star Renée Zellweger, whom he dated, and at one point engaged, from 1999 to 2000.[44]
Carrey met model and actress Jenny McCarthy in 2005 and made their relationship public in June 2006. In April 2010, the two ended their near five-year relationship.[45] Despite the split and media circulations, McCarthy stated in October 2010 that, "Jim and I are still good friends".[46]
Family[link]
Carrey has one child, a daughter named Jane Erin Carrey (born September 6, 1987 in Los Angeles County) from his first marriage.[47] Carrey announced via his Twitter account on February 27, 2010, in Los Angeles[48] that his daughter had given birth to her first child with musician husband Alex Santana. He announced that his grandson's name was Jackson Riley Santana.
Citizenship[link]
Carrey received U.S. citizenship in October 2004 and remains a dual citizen of both the United States and his native Canada.[49]
Beliefs[link]
Carrey has been a critic of the scientific consensus that no evidence links the childhood MMR vaccination to the development of autism, and wrote an article questioning the merits of vaccination and vaccine research for the Huffington Post.[50] With former partner Jenny McCarthy, Carrey led a "Green Our Vaccines" march in Washington, D.C., to advocate for the removal of toxins from children's vaccines, out of a belief that children had received "too many vaccines, too soon, many of which are toxic".[51]
Filmography[link]
Actor[link]
| Title | Year | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| The All-Night Show | 1980 | Additional voices | Television series Voice role |
| The Sex and Violence Family Hour | 1983 | Various | |
| Rubberface | 1981 | Tony Moroni | Television movie |
| Copper Mountain | 1983 | Bobby Todd | |
| All in Good Taste | 1983 | Ralph Parker | Speechless role |
| Buffalo Bill | 1984 | Jerry Lewis Impersonator | Television series Uncredited |
| Finders Keepers | 1984 | Lane Bidlekoff | |
| The Duck Factory | 1984 | Skip Tarkenton | Television series 13 episodes |
| Once Bitten | 1985 | Mark Kendall | |
| Peggy Sue Got Married | 1986 | Walter Getz | |
| The Dead Pool | 1988 | Johnny Squares | Credited as James Carrey |
| Earth Girls Are Easy | 1989 | Wiploc | |
| Mike Hammer: Murder Takes All | 1989 | Brad Peters | Television movie |
| Pink Cadillac | 1989 | Lounge Entertainer | Credited as James Carrey |
| In Living Color | 1990–1994 | Various | Television series 142 episodes Credited as James Carrey 2012 TV Land Award for Groundbreaking Show |
| High Strung | 1991 | Death | Uncredited |
| Doing Time on Maple Drive | 1992 | Tim Carter | Television movie |
| The Itsy Bitsy Spider | 1992 | The Exterminator | Voice role Credited as James Carrey |
| Ace Ventura: Pet Detective | 1994 | Ace Ventura | Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Actor – Comedy, On Video Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Male Newcomer, On Video Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor London Critics Circle Film Award for Newcomer of the Year (also for The Mask) Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance |
| The Mask | 1994 | The Mask / Stanley Ipkiss | London Critics Circle Film Award for Newcomer of the Year (also for Ace Ventura: Pet Detective) Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Dance Sequence (shared with Cameron Diaz) |
| Dumb and Dumber | 1994 | Lloyd Christmas | MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (shared with Lauren Holly) Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo (shared with Jeff Daniels) |
| Batman Forever | 1995 | Riddler / Edward Nygma | Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Villain |
| Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls | 1995 | Ace Ventura | Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance MTV Movie Award for Best Male Performance People's Choice Award for Favorite Actor in a Comedy Movie Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (shared with Sophie Okonedo) Nominated – American Comedy Award for Funniest Actor (Leading Role) |
| The Cable Guy | 1996 | Ernie "Chip" Douglas | Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance MTV Movie Award for Best Villain Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Fight (shared with Matthew Broderick) |
| Liar Liar | 1997 | Fletcher Reede | Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Actor – Comedy MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated – Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor |
| The Truman Show | 1998 | Truman Burbank | Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama MovieGuide Award: Grace Award MTV Movie Award for Best Male Performance Nominated – American Comedy Award for Funniest Actor (Leading Role) Nominated – Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Actor – Drama Nominated – Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Nominated – Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Actor |
| Simon Birch | 1998 | Adult Joe Wenteworth | |
| Man on the Moon | 1999 | Andy Kaufman (also as Tony Clifton) | Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated – American Comedy Award for Funniest Actor (Leading Role) Nominated – Canadian Comedy Award for Film – Male Performance Nominated – London Critics Circle Film Award for Actor of the Year (also for How the Grinch Stole Christmas) Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Male Performance Nominated – Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated – Satellite Award for Best Actor, Musical or Comedy Film Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role |
| Me, Myself & Irene | 2000 | Charlie Baileygates/Hank Evans | Teen Choice Award for Wipeout Scene of the Summer Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance Nominated – Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Actor – Comedy/Romance |
| How the Grinch Stole Christmas | 2000 | The Grinch | Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Actor – Comedy Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor MTV Movie Award for Best Villain People's Choice Award for Favorite Star in a Motion Picture Comedy Teen Choice Award for Choice Hissy Fit Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Actor Nominated – Canadian Comedy Award for Film – Pretty Funny Male Performance Nominated – Empire Award for Best Actor Nominated – London Critics Circle Film Award for Actor of the Year (also for Man on the Moon) |
| The Majestic | 2001 | Peter Appleton | |
| Pecan Pie | 2003 | The Driver | Short film |
| Bruce Almighty | 2003 | Bruce Nolan | Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor MTV Movie Award, Mexico, for Most Divine Miracle in a Movie Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor – Comedy Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (shared with Jennifer Aniston) Nominated – Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Chemistry (shared with Morgan Freeman) |
| Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind | 2004 | Joel Barish | San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Nominated – Empire Award for Best Actor Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated – Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated – People's Choice Award for Favorite Leading Man Nominated – People's Choice Award for Favorite On-Screen Chemistry (shared with Kate Winslet) Nominated – Satellite Award for Best Actor – Musical of Comedy Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Actor |
| Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events | 2004 | Count Olaf | People's Choice Award for Favorite Funny Male Star Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Bad Guy Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Villain Nominated – Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor Nominated – Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor: Action/Adventure/Thriller Nominated – Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Liar |
| Fun with Dick and Jane | 2005 | Dick Harper | Nominated – Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor Nominated – Teen Choice Award for Choice Actor: Comedy |
| The Number 23 | 2007 | Walter Sparrow / Fingerling | Nominated – Razzie Award for Worst Actor Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor: Horror/ Thriller |
| Horton Hears a Who! | 2008 | Horton | Voice role Nominated – Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie |
| Yes Man | 2008 | Carl Allen | MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance People's Choice Award for Favorite Funny Male Star Nominated – Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor Nominated – Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor: Comedy Nominated – Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Hissy Fit Nominated – Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Rockstar Moment |
| I Love You Phillip Morris | 2009 | Steven Jay Russell | |
| A Christmas Carol | 2009 | Ebenezer Scrooge Ghost of Christmas Past Ghost of Christmas Present Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come |
Voice role Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie |
| Under the Sea 3D | 2009 | Narrator | |
| The Office | 2011 | Finger Lakes guy | Television series Guest star Episode: "Search Committee" Nominated – People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Guest Star |
| Mr. Popper's Penguins | 2011 | Tom Popper | Nominated – Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor |
| 30 Rock | 2012 | Dave Williams | Television series Guest star Episode: "Leap Day" |
| Burt Wonderstone | 2013 | Steve Gray | Post-production |
| Pierre Pierre | 2013 | TBA | Pre-production December 19, 2013 scheduled release date |
| Dumb and Dumber 2 | 2014 | Lloyd Christmas | In development[52][41] |
| Damn Yankees | TBA | Mr. Applegate | In development[53] |
| Bruce Almighty 2 | TBA | Bruce Nolan | In development[54][55][56] |
| Ripley's Believe It or Not! | TBA | Robert Ripley | In development[57][58][59] |
Producer[link]
| Title | Year | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Jim Carrey: The Unnatural Act | 1991 | Producer and writer |
| Ace Ventura: Pet Detective | 1994 | Writer (screenplay) |
| Bruce Almighty | 2003 | Producer |
| Fun with Dick and Jane | 2005 | Producer |
Other appearances[link]
| Year | Song | Album |
|---|---|---|
| 1998 | "I Am the Walrus" | In My Life |
| 1999 | "This Friendly World" | Man on the Moon |
Other accolades[link]
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | People's Choice Awards | Favorite Motion Picture Star in a Comedy | Won |
| 2003 | Teen Choice Awards | Choice Comedian | Won |
| 2004 | Nominated | ||
| 2004 | TV Land Awards | Big Star/Little Screen Favourite | Nominated |
| 2005 | People's Choice Awards | Favorite Funny Male Star | Won |
| Teen Choice Awards | Choice Comedian | Nominated | |
| 2006 | MTV Movie Awards | MTV Generation Award | Won |
| 2009 | People's Choice Awards | Favorite Funny Male Star | Nominated |
| 2010 | People's Choice Awards | Favourite Comedy Star | Won |
| 2012 | Kids' Choice Awards | Favorite Movie Actor | Nominated |
References[link]
- ^ Shanlin, Calum. "Throwback Thursday: Jim Carrey at 20". CBC (CBC Live). http://www.cbc.ca/live/throwback-thursday-jim-carrey-at-20.html. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
- ^ "USA WEEKEND Magazine". Usaweekend.com. May 25, 2003. http://www.usaweekend.com/03_issues/030525/030525carrey.html. Retrieved November 21, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Jim Carrey Biography (1962–)". Filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/1/Jim-Carrey.html. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
- ^ Puig, Claudia (May 27, 2003). "Spiritual Carrey still mighty funny". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/2003-05-20-carrey_x.htm. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
- ^ "Jim Carrey: Carrey'd Away". Movieline. January 7, 1994. http://www.movieline.com/1994/07/carreyd-away.php?page=3. Retrieved October 8, 2010.
- ^ "Jim Carrey Online • View topic – Scottish Interview & Clip". Jimcarreyonline.com. http://www.jimcarreyonline.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=75657&sid=c288b4a04f1da0728280242f21ef58de. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
- ^ Stated on Inside the Actors Studio
- ^ "Jim Carrey: The Joker Is Wild (2000)". Knelman, Martin. U.S.: Firefly Books Ltd. p. 8. ISBN 1-55209-535-5 (U.S.).. ASIN 1552095355.
- ^ Holt, Jim (February 26, 2007). "It's all in the numbers: Jim Carrey could be at Dofasco if Hollywood hadn't worked out". The Hamilton Spectator: pp. Go14
- ^ a b "Jim Carrey Biography". Bio. Bio. http://94.236.123.155:8082/biographies/jim-carrey.html. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
- ^ "Up, up goes a new comic star," Bruce Blackadar, Toronto Star, February 27, 1981, p. C1.
- ^ "Jim Carrey – An Introduction". Famouswhy.com. http://articles.famouswhy.com/jim_carrey-_an_introduction/. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
- ^ "An Evening at the Improv". IMDB. IMDB. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0401003/fullcredits. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
- ^ a b Leung, Rebecca. "Carrey: 'Life Is Too Beautiful'". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-18560_162-656547.html. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
- ^ McGlynn, Katla. "Jim Carrey Spoofs 'Black Swan' on 'SNL'". Huffington Post. Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/09/jim-carrey-black-swan_n_806425.html. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (July 29, 1994). "The Mask". rogerebert.com. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19940729/REVIEWS/407290304/1023. Retrieved August 1, 2006.
- ^ Weinraub, Bernard (January 3, 1995). "'Dumb and Dumber' Tops Holiday Film Grosses". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE6D6153BF930A35752C0A963958260. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ Peter Travers (December 8, 2000). "Batman Forever". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5948895/review/5948896/batman_forever.
- ^ a b "Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (1995)". Box Office Mojo. 1996-03-02. http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aceventura2.htm. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
- ^ "The Cable Guy – Movie Reviews, Trailers, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/cable_guy. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
- ^ "The Cable Guy (1996)". Boxofficemojo.com. August 30, 1996. http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=cableguy.htm. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
- ^ Maslin, Janet. Tomatoes "The Truth Shall Set You Free. Not!". The New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9401E2DC163BF932A15750C0A961958260&partner=Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
- ^ "The Truman Show Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/truman_show/. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
- ^ Svetkey, Benjamin (June 5, 1998). "The Truman Pro". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,283442,00.html. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
- ^ "The Truman Show". Box Office Mojo. http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=trumanshow.htm. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
- ^ "1998 Yearly Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. http://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=1998&p=.htm. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
- ^ "Film4 Review". Rotten Tomatoes. Film4. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/truman_show/reviews/?type=top_critics. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
- ^ Rotten Tomatoes – Man on the Moon Retrieved March 31, 2007
- ^ "Me, Myself & Irene". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/me_myself_and_irene/. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ "How the Grinch Stole Christmas". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/how_the_grinch_stole_christmas/. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
- ^ Rotten Tomatoes on Bruce Almighty
- ^ "Hollywood.com's Highest Grossing Comedy Films of All Time List". Hollywood.com. http://www.hollywood.com/news/Hollywoodcoms_Highest_Grossing_Comedy_Films_of_All_Time_List/3467963. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
- ^ CNN.com "the best, most mature and sharply focused performance ever from Jim Carrey"
- ^ Thomson, Deeson (April 17, 2004). "A Fortunate Series of Scenes". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4634-2004Dec16.html. Retrieved April 10, 2009.
- ^ "Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/lemony_snicket/. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
- ^ "Jim Carrey, 2004 inductee". Canada's Walk of Fame. http://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inductee/jim-carrey. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
- ^ "Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/horton-hears-a-who2008/. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
- ^ "Miami Herald Yes Man Review". The Miami Herald. December 19, 2008. http://www.miami.com/yes-man-pg-13-article/. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
- ^ Wise, Damon (January 20, 2009). "I Love You Phillip Morris at the Sundance Film Festival, Utah". London: The Times. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/film_reviews/article5548068.ece. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
- ^ "Mr. Popper's Penguins – Rotten Tomatoes". http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mr_poppers_penguins_2010/. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
- ^ a b "Exclusive: Dumb and Dumber 2 Begins Production This September". ComingSoon.net. 2012-04-01. http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=88661. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
- ^ "Jim Carrey Movie Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. http://boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?id=jimcarrey.htm. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
- ^ "Jim Carrey". Whos Dated Who?. Whosdatedwho.com. http://www.whosdatedwho.com/tpx_1200/jim-carrey/. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
- ^ "Renee Zellweger was engaged to Jim Carrey". Zimbio. Zimbio.com. http://www.zimbio.com/dating/mdGo6RLibqH/Renee+Zellweger+engaged+Jim+Carrey/Renee+Zellweger. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
- ^ "Jim Carrey And Jenny McCarthy Announce Split After Five Years Together | Showbiz News | Sky News". News.sky.com. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Showbiz-News/Jim-Carrey-And-Jenny-McCarthy-Announce-Split-After-Five-Years-Together/Article/201004115596449?f=rss. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
- ^ "Jenny McCarthy: Jim and I are still good friends". Scoop Celebrity. http://www.scoopcelebrity.com/jenny-mccarthy-jim-good-friends/. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
- ^ No Lie – Jim Carrey Will Be a Grandfather – Jim Carrey's 21-year-old daughter is expecting! July 10, 2009, People.
- ^ JimCarrey. "Jim Carrey (JimCarrey) on Twitter". Twitter. http://twitter.com/JimCarrey. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
- ^ Silverman, Stephen M. (October 14, 2004). "Jim Carrey Becomes New U.S. Citizen". People.com. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,714343,00.html. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
- ^ "Jim Carrey: The Judgment on Vaccines Is In???". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-carrey/the-judgment-on-vaccines_b_189777.html. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
- ^ Brady, Jonann; Dahle, Stephanie (June 4, 2008). "Celeb Couple to Lead 'Green Vaccine' Rally". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/OnCall/story?id=4987758. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
- ^ "Dumb and Dumber 2". JimCarreyOnline.com. http://www.jimcarreyonline.com/movies/dumbndumber2.html. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
- ^ "Damn Yankees". JimCarreyOnline.com. http://www.jimcarreyonline.com/movies/damnyankees.html. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
- ^ Allen, Lucas. ""Bruce Almighty" Sequel in the works". JimCarreyOnline.com. http://www.jimcarreyonline.com/recent/news.php?id=1693. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
- ^ Goodwin, Liam. "Jim Carrey returning for Bruce Almighty 2?". filmonic.com. http://filmonic.com/jim-carrey-returning-for-bruce-almighty-2. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
- ^ Schaefer, Sandy. "'Bruce Almighty 2' Is Officially Being Developed". Screen Rant. http://screenrant.com/bruce-almighty-sequel-sandy-146637/. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
- ^ "Believe It or Not". JimCarreyOnline.com. http://www.jimcarreyonline.com/movies/believeitornot.html. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
- ^ "Ripley's Believe It or Not!". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ripleys-believe-it-or-not/. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
- ^ Heritage, Stuart. "Jim Carrey And Tim Burton Team Up For 'Believe It Or Not'". Heckler Spray. http://www.hecklerspray.com/jim-carrey-and-tim-burton-team-up-for-believe-it-or-not/20051690.php. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
Further reading[link]
- Krulik, Nancy (2001). Jim Carrey: Fun and Funnier. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7434-2219-8. http://books.google.ca/books?id=5QJsSTTjIJAC&lpg=PP1&dq=Jim%20Carrey&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jim Carrey |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jim Carrey |
- Official website
- Jim Carrey at the Internet Movie Database
- Jim Carrey's channel on YouTube
- Jim Carrey on Twitter
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Carrey, Jim |
| Alternative names | Carrey, James Eugene |
| Short description | Canadian-American actor |
| Date of birth | January 17, 1962 |
| Place of birth | Newmarket, Ontario, Canada |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Carrey
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Felix Baumgartner | |
|---|---|
| Nickname | B.A.S.E. 502 |
| Born | (1969-04-20) April 20, 1969 (age 43) Salzburg, Austria |
Felix Baumgartner (born 20 April 1969 in Salzburg, Austria) is an Austrian skydiver and a BASE jumper. He is renowned for the particularly dangerous nature of the stunts he has performed during his career. Baumgartner spent time in the Austrian military where he practiced parachute jumping, including training to land on small target zones.
Contents |
Biography[link]
He was born on 20 April 1969 in Salzburg, Austria.[1]
In 1999 he claimed the world record for the highest parachute jump from a building when he jumped from the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[2]
On 31 July 2003, Baumgartner became the first person to skydive across the English Channel using a specially made fibre wing.[3]
Baumgartner set the world record for the lowest BASE jump ever, from the hand of the Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro.[4]
He became the first person to BASE jump from the completed Millau Viaduct in France on 27 June 2004[citation needed] and the first person to sky dive onto, then BASE jump from, the Turning Torso building in Malmö, Sweden on 18 August 2006.[5]
On 12 December 2007 he became the first person to jump from the 91st floor observation deck, then went to the 90th floor (about 390 m (1,280 ft)) of the then tallest completed building in the world, Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan.[6]
[edit] Red Bull Stratos
In January 2010, it was reported that Baumgartner was working with a team of scientists and sponsor Red Bull to attempt the highest sky-dive on record.[7] Baumgartner was going to make the 120,000 ft (36,600 m) jump from a capsule suspended from a balloon filled with helium, intending to become the first parachutist to break the sound barrier; the feat was scheduled to take place sometime in 2011.[8][9][10] Joseph Kittinger, who holds the records Baumgartner is attempting to break, was advising Baumgartner during the "Stratos" mission in the hopes of getting scientific data on next-generation full pressure suits.[7][11] However, on October 12, 2010, Red Bull announced it was placing the project on hold after Daniel Hogan filed a lawsuit in California Superior Court in Los Angeles, California in April, claiming he had originated the idea of the parachute dive from the edge of space in 2004 and that Red Bull had stolen the idea from him.[12][13] The lawsuit was resolved out of court in June 2011[14] and on 5 February 2012, The Daily Telegraph reported that the project would be resumed.[15]
On 15 March 2012 he completed the first of two test jumps from 71,581 feet (21,818 m). During the jump he spent approximately three minutes and 43 seconds in free fall, reaching speeds of more than 360 miles per hour (580 km/h), before opening his parachute. In total, the jump lasted approximately eight minutes and eight seconds and Baumgartner became only the third person to safely parachute from a height of over 13.5 miles (21.7 km).[16]
See also[link]
- Michel Fournier, who has been working on a 25 mile jump for several years.[17]
- Joseph Kittinger, world record holder for skydiving from 102,800 ft
- Yves Rossy, the first man to cross the English Channel using a jet-powered wing
References[link]
- ^ "Felix Baumgartner". redbull.co.uk. http://www.redbull.co.uk/cs/Satellite/en_UK/Profile/Felix-Baumgartner-021242964685433. Retrieved 23 Mar 2012.
- ^ "Archive: 1999". felixbaumgartner.com. http://www.felixbaumgartner.com/index.php?id=20. Retrieved 23 Mar 2012.
- ^ "Birdman Flies Atair Parachutes Across English Channel". Atairaerospace.com. 2003-11-21. http://www.atairaerospace.com/press/2003/11/birdman-flies-atair-parachutes-across.html. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
- ^ The Man Who Would Fall to Earth, Esquire, p. 4, 2010-07-14, accessed 2010-07-14; "he leapt from the outstretched hand of O Cristo Redentor, the ninety-eight-foot-tall statue that looms over Rio de Janeiro. ...the final product was ... a world record — lowest BASE jump ever".
- ^ "Pr-jippo kan sluta med åtal". 2006-08-18. http://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/pr-jippo-kan-sluta-med-atal-1.682661. Retrieved 5 December 2010. (Swedish)
- ^ "Extreme Felix Baumgartner jumping off Taipei 101". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8U-z-SnbJU&feature=related. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
- ^ a b Charles Q Choi (22 January 2010). "'Space diver' to attempt first supersonic freefall". New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18427-space-diver-to-attempt-first-supersonic-freefall.html. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
- ^ "Man to Break Sound Barrier Jumping from Edge of Space". Gizmodo.com. http://gizmodo.com/5454895/man-to-break-sound-barrier-jumping-from-edge-of-space. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
- ^ Tony Paterson (25 January 2010). "Faster than the speed of sound: the man who falls to earth". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/faster-than-the-speed-of-sound-the-man-who-falls-to-earth-1877875.html. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
- ^ Quain, John R. (11 April 2010). "Daredevil to Plunge From Outer Space in Supersonic Suit". FOXNews.com. http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2010/04/09/felix-baumgartner-red-bull-supersonic-suit/. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
- ^ John Tierney (March 15, 2010). "A Supersonic Jump, From 23 Miles in the Air". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/16/science/16tier.html?src=me&ref=general. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
- ^ Pasztor, Andy (12 October 2010). "Lawsuit Grounds Red Bull". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704164004575548514271289990.html.
- ^ "Statement regarding Red Bull Stratos". http://redbullstratos.digitalnewsagency.com/story/view/4992-statement-regarding-red-bull-stratos/all. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
- ^ "Official statement on closing of legal case". Red Bull Stratos press release. 30 June 2011. http://www.redbullstratos.com/JumpOnHold.aspx.
- ^ "Sky diver to break sound barrier with jump from edge of space". The Daily Telegraph. 05 Feb 2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/9061387/Sky-diver-to-break-sound-barrier-with-jump-from-edge-of-space.html.
- ^ Dunn, Marcia (March 15, 2012). "Skydiver jumps 13.6 miles on path to world's highest jump". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Latest-News-Wires/2012/0315/Skydiver-jumps-13.6-miles-on-path-to-world-s-highest-jump. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
- ^ Dermot McGrath. "The Man Who Will Fall to Earth". Wired.com. http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2002/07/53928. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
External links[link]
- Official website
- Red Bull Stratos Project
- Felix Jumping from the Christ Redemeer - Rio de Janeiro - Brazil
 External media |
|
|---|---|
 |
Felix Baumgartner |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Baumgartner, Felix |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Skydiver |
| Date of birth | 20 April 1969 |
| Place of birth | Salzburg, Austria |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Boards of Canada | |
|---|---|
 Mike Sandison and Marcus Eoin |
|
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Hell Interface |
| Origin | Edinburgh, Scotland |
| Genres | Electronic Ambient IDM Experimental Psychedelic Downtempo |
| Years active | 1986–present |
| Labels | Warp, Skam, Music70 |
| Website | boardsofcanada.com |
| Members | |
| Mike Sandison Marcus Eoin |
|
| Past members | |
| Christopher Horne[1] | |
Boards of Canada (commonly abbreviated BoC) are a Scottish electronic music duo consisting of brothers Mike Sandison (born June 1, 1970) and Marcus Eoin (born July 21, 1971). They are signed with Warp Records and have released several works on that label with little advertising and few interviews, while also having an elusive and obscure back-catalogue of releases on their self-run Music70 label. They have also recorded four tracks under the alias Hell Interface.
Contents |
Musical style[link]
Boards of Canada's music is reminiscent of the warm, analogue sounds of 1970s media and contains themes of childhood, nostalgia and the natural world. Mike and Marcus have mentioned the documentary films of the National Film Board of Canada, from which the group's name is derived, as a source of inspiration.
History[link]
Early years (1986–1994)[link]
Growing up in a musical family, brothers[2] Mike Sandison and Marcus Eoin began playing instruments at a young age. They experimented with recording techniques at around the age of 10, using tape machines to layer cut-up samples of found sounds over compositions of their own. In their teens they participated in a number of amateur bands; however, it was not until 1986 when Marcus was invited to Mike's band that Boards of Canada was born. By 1989, the band had been reduced to Sandison and Eoin.[3] In the early 1990s, a number of collaborations took place and the band put on small shows among the "Hexagon Sun" collective.
[edit] From Twoism onwards (1995–present)
In 1995, the band made their first Hexagon Sun studio release, the EP Twoism. Like earlier Music70 releases, it was produced in a self-financed limited run and was privately distributed, primarily to friends and labels. Unlike previous releases, however, a small number of copies were also released to the public through the IDM mailing list. Though not a widespread commercial release, it was considered of sufficient quality and worth to be subsequently re-pressed in 2002. The band made another release in 1996; titled Boc Maxima, it was a semi-private release that was notable for being a full-length album, and was the precursor to Music Has the Right to Children, with which it shares many tracks.
Boards of Canada's first commercial release occurred after attracting the attention of Autechre's Sean Booth, of the English label Skam Records, one of many people sent a demo EP. Skam issued what was considered Boards of Canada's first "findable" work, Hi Scores, in 1996. Music has the Right to Children was subsequently released in 1998. John Peel featured Boards of Canada on his BBC Radio 1 program in January of that year. The session featured two remixes from Music Has the Right to Children — "Aquarius (Version 3)" and "Olson (Version 3)" — along with the tracks "Happy Cycling" and "XYZ". Excluding "XYZ", the set was released on a Warp Records CD titled Peel Session TX 21/07/1998.
Though never an actively touring band, Boards of Canada did perform a handful of shows. Early shows saw them supporting Warp labelmates Seefeel and Autechre in a handful of UK dates. They also participated in a few festivals and multi-artist bills, including two Warp parties: Warp's 10th Anniversary Party in 1999, and The Incredible Warp Lighthouse Party almost one year later. They made their most prominent showing in 2001 as one of the headliners at the Tortoise-curated All Tomorrow's Parties festival. They have not performed a live show since.
The band released a four-track EP, In a Beautiful Place Out in the Country, in November 2000, their first original release in two years. The LP edition was pressed on sky blue vinyl. A full-length album, Geogaddi, was then released in 2002. It was described by Sandison as "a record for some sort of trial-by-fire, a claustrophobic, twisting journey that takes you into some pretty dark experiences before you reach the open air again."[4]
Their third album for Warp Records, The Campfire Headphase, was released on 17 October 2005 (18 October in the United States). The album featured fifteen tracks, including "Peacock Tail", "Chromakey Dreamcoat," and "Dayvan Cowboy". Two versions of "Dayvan Cowboy" — the original and a remix by Odd Nosdam — are on the six-track EP, Trans Canada Highway, which was released on 26 May 2006.
In late 2009 the Warp20 (Recreated) compilation featured two BoC covers, one by Bibio of their song "Kaini Industries" and one by Mira Calix of "In a Beautiful Place Out in the Country". Warp20 (Recreated) is part of the larger Warp20 boxed set, which also includes two previously unreleased Boards of Canada tracks, "Seven Forty Seven" and a 1.8 second sample of "Spiro".
Recently, rumors gained attention in the internet about a new album release from Boards of Canada in 2012. A fan posted a quote in the official Band's Facebook page: "Rumors of a new BOC album are rife? Any truth in this?" the band in response wrote just "yes". A representative from Warp Records said that there is no information about scheduled release but confirmed that the band is "definitely working on new material".[5]
Sound and methods[link]
BoC's sound is a product of their use of analog equipment, mix of electronic and conventional instrumentation, use of distorted samples as well as live and recorded lyrics, and their layering and blending of these elements.[6][7] Because they avoid a purely synthetic sound, their music is often described as having a warm, emotive quality often meant to inspire nostalgia. This is helped by the use of samples from 1970s television shows and other media prevalent in the era of the brothers' shared childhood, especially the nature-inspired documentaries produced by the National Film Board of Canada.
Brief interludes or vignettes feature prominently in BoC's music. Such songs are often weaving melodies or speech accompanied by atmospherics to capture a specific moment or mood. They often last less than two minutes, but, as BoC state, "we write far more of [these] than the so-called 'full-on' tracks, and, in a way, they are our own favorites".[8] BoC have written an enormous number of such fragments as well as full-length tracks, most of which have been held back from release. It does not appear that their music is made exclusively for commercial release; rather, albums seem to be the result of selecting complementary songs from current work. For instance, Geogaddi's development allegedly involved the creation of 400 song fragments and 64 complete songs, of which 22 were selected (possibly 23, if the final track of complete silence is included).[8] Says Marcus: "The idea of the perfect album is this amorphous thing that we're always aiming at […] the whole point of making music is at least to aim at your own idea of perfection."[8]
Interviews with the Sandison brothers provide some insight into their creative inspiration. They have cited several acts that have influenced their work, including Joni Mitchell, The Incredible String Band ("we have all the String Band records […] our rural sensibilities are similar"),[8] The Beatles ("[they] really became enthralling to us through their psychedelism")[9] and My Bloody Valentine ("even if we don't sound like them, there's a connection in terms of the approach to music").[10]
They have also expressed a strong interest in the power of subliminal messaging and their work is full of cryptic messages,[11] including references to numerology and cult figures such as David Koresh of the Branch Davidians, amongst other vague hints.[12] When questioned about their aims in making such references, BoC express themselves in neutral terms ("We're not religious at all [...] and if we're spiritual at all it's purely in the sense of caring about art and inspiring people with ideas.")[8] while remaining fascinated with the ability of music to influence the minds of others ("[We] do actually believe that there are powers in music that are almost supernatural. I think you actually manipulate people with music...").[13]
Discography[link]
Main article: Boards of Canada discography
Major releases[link]
- 1995: "Twoism" - (Music70)
- 1996: "Hi Scores" - (Skam)
- 1998: "Aquarius" - (Skam)
- 1998: Music Has the Right to Children – (Warp/Skam) #193 UK
- 1999: Peel Session TX 21/07/1998 (Warp)
- 2000: In a Beautiful Place Out in the Country – (Warp/Music70)
- 2002: Geogaddi – (Warp/Music70) #21 UK
- 2005: The Campfire Headphase – (Warp) #41 UK
- 2006: Trans Canada Highway (Warp)
[edit] Old Tunes and other oddities
Main article: Old Tunes
Supposed early Boards of Canada recordings have been found online, claiming to be original tracks from Catalog 3, Acid Memories, Hooper Bay and other pre-Twoism albums. All unreleased albums are presumed to be inauthentic BoC recordings, with the exceptions of Boc Maxima and the Old Tunes tapes.[14] While the Old Tunes tapes are believed to be authentic, mostly due to the inclusion of very similar tracks found elsewhere on official releases, there has never been any official recognition of their authenticity.
Media usage[link]
Many Boards of Canada compositions are used in the BBC's motoring show, Top Gear, such as 1969 from the album Geogaddi, and Pete Standing Alone from the predecessor album Music Has the Right to Children.
The composition "Dayvan Cowboy" from The Campfire Headphase was used in CSI: Miami and Kyle XY.
The composition "Rue The Whirl" was used in an episode of Spaced.
The composition "Amo Bishop Roden" is used in Season 3, episode 5 of Skins.
The compositions "Turquoise Hexagon Sun", "Aquarius", and "Sixtyniner" were used in the dark humour animated series Monkey Dust, which aired on BBC Three from 2003-2005.
"Roygbiv" was used in a scene of That Mitchell and Webb look in episode 2 of season 2.
The compositions "Gyroscope" and "You Could Feel the Sky" were used in the Norwegian Black Metal documentary Until The Light Takes Us.
The composition "Open the Light" is used in "Are we still evolving?" episode of BBC Horizon documentary programme.
David Firth often uses Boards of Canada compositions in his animations, notably "Beware the Friendly Stranger," a track from Geogaddi which was the backing to Firth's cartoon series Salad Fingers.
Adult Swim on Cartoon Network sometimes uses samples from "The Campfire Headphase" for its Bumps or messages to its audience.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Boards of Canada Biography". Matador Records. http://www.matadorrecords.com/boards_of_canada/biography.html. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ Hoffmann, Heiko. "Pitchfork: Interviews: Boards of Canada" (Sep 2005)
- ^ Campbell, Peter I. and Goderich, S. "Matador Records' Boards of Canada Biography" (Sep 1998), Matador Records. Retrieved on 2006-03-23.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Don't Get Too Excited About a New Boards of Canada Album Just Yet, Everybody | News". Pitchfork. 2012-03-14. http://pitchfork.com/news/45754-dont-get-too-excited-about-a-new-boards-of-canada-album-just-yet-everybody/. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ Pytlik, Mark. "The Colour & The Fire" (Feb 2002), HMV magazine. Retrieved on 2007-02-20.
- ^ Micallef, Ken. "Northern Exposure" (Jul 2002), Remix magazine. Retrieved on 2007-02-20.
- ^ a b c d e Poolman, Koen. "Play Twice Before Listening" (Mar 2002), OOR magazine. Retrieved on 2007-02-20.
- ^ Kyrou, Ariel & Leloup, Jean-Yves. "Two Aesthetes of Electronic Music" (Jun 1998), Virgin Megaweb magazine. Retrieved on 2007-02-20.
- ^ Hoffmann, Heiko. "The Downtempo Duo" (Sep 2005), Pitchfork Media. Retrieved on 2007-02-20.
- ^ Diddy, Mikey P. "Brainwashing, Misanthropy and Society: An Analysis of Boards of Canada's Geogaddi". Retrieved on 2006-03-23.
- ^ Brown, Colin. "What the hell is up with Boards of Canada? Shorter analysis of Geogaddi". Retrieved on 2006-03-23.
- ^ Nicholls, Steve. "Big Country" (Mar 2001), XLR8R Issue 47. Retrieved on 2007-02-21.
- ^ "Discography - bocpages - the unofficial boards of canada wiki". bocpages. http://bocpages.org/wiki/Discography#Early_vs._Late_Releases. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Boards of Canada |
- Official website
- Boards of Canada at Warp Records
- Boards of Canada at Allmusic
- Boards of Canada at the Internet Movie Database
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Rick Mercer | |
|---|---|
 Rick Mercer, September 2007 |
|
| Born | Richard Vincent Mercer (1969-10-17) October 17, 1969 (age 42) St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada |
| Website | |
| http://www.rickmercer.com/ | |
Richard Vincent "Rick" Mercer (born October 17, 1969) is a Canadian comedian, television personality, political satirist, and blogger.
Mercer first came to national attention in 1990, when he premiered his one man show Show Me the Button, I'll Push It, or Charles Lynch Must Die at the Great Canadian Theatre Company in Ottawa. A pointed, satirical political commentary on Canadian life after Meech Lake, Show Me the Button made Mercer a national star as he toured the show across Canada.[citation needed] Mercer came to greater attention for his role in the satirical news show This Hour Has 22 Minutes, and his spinoff special Talking To Americans was the highest-rated comedy special in the history of CBC Television, with 2.7 million viewers.
Contents |
Television shows[link]
In 1992, he created and performed his second show, I've Killed Before, I'll Kill Again, which was also a popular touring show. Also in that year, he began to work with former CODCO members Cathy Jones, Mary Walsh, and with fellow Newfoundlander Greg Thomey, to create a new television series for CBC Television which became This Hour Has 22 Minutes.
In the first eight seasons of 22 Minutes, Mercer provided some of the show's signature moments, including an Internet petition (on the 22 Minutes website) to force Canadian Alliance leader Stockwell Day to change his first name to Doris.
Mercer's tightly scripted and performed two-minute "rants," in which he would speak directly to the camera about a current political issue, shot in a style similar to those Denis Leary used in MTV commercials, quickly became the show's signature segment. In 1998, he published a book, Streeters, which compiled many of his most famous 22 Minutes rants. It quickly became a national bestseller. In 2007 he published his second book, Rick Mercer Report: The Book.
In November 2010, Mercer contributed a rant he had previously recorded in 2007 on the subject of teen bullying in high schools to Dan Savage's It Gets Better Project.[1]
[edit] Made in Canada
Main article: Made in Canada
Mercer co-created the series Made in Canada, which ran for five seasons on CBC Television from 1998–2003. The show was a fast-paced situation comedy which self-referentially satirized the Canadian TV production industry, often drawing from details of its own production companies and including thinly veiled parodies of contemporary programs. It was syndicated abroad as The Industry and won several Gemini Awards (which were themselves satirized in subsequent episodes.)
[edit] Talking to Americans
Main article: Talking to Americans
One of Mercer's trademark comedy routines on 22 Minutes was Talking to Americans, in which he would travel to a major American city or institution and conduct on-the-street interviews with average Americans regarding Canadian politics, the weather, etc., often with hilarious results as the subject's ignorance about Canada was illustrated. One famous example saw Mercer asking Americans' opinion on whether Canada should change its "20 Hour Clock" to the 24 hour one used by the United States. He received approval from citizens and from the Governor of Iowa, Tom Vilsack. On another occasion he got the support of Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee in calling on Canadians to save the "National Igloo."
Mercer made international headlines in 2000 when he pulled a Talking to Americans stunt on then-presidential candidate George W. Bush. He successfully got Bush to answer questions about non-existent Canadian Prime Minister "Jean Poutine". Bush was not amused at the time, and thereafter refused to accept interviews from the CBC[citation needed]. However, he did make a joking reference to this incident during his visit to Canada in 2004. In the same US election campaign, Mercer asked Democratic candidate Al Gore to promise to visit the "Canadian capital city" of Toronto after his election. Gore did not question Mercer's incorrect identification of the capital of Canada.
In 2001, Mercer co-produced a CBC special based on Talking to Americans, which attracted 2.7 million Canadian viewers—the highest-rated television special in Canadian history. Later, the respected ABC News program Nightline would devote a show to it. This was his last major project related to 22 Minutes—at the end of the 2000–2001 season, he announced his departure from that show. It was rumoured that he had decided to leave because of friction between Mercer and co-star Mary Walsh[citation needed], although other reasons include focusing on his other television show, Made in Canada. Talking to Americans was nominated for a Gemini Award, but following the 9/11 attacks, Mercer declined the nomination.
[edit] The Rick Mercer Report
Main article: Rick Mercer Report
In 2003, Made in Canada ended its run as well, and Mercer began to work on a new CBC series, Rick Mercer's Monday Report. Similar in format to 22 Minutes and The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, the show debuted in January 2004. Also in 2003, Mercer went to Afghanistan to visit the Canadian troops stationed there (See: Operation Athena), resulting in the television special Christmas in Kabul.
Despite reports of a long-standing feud Mercer invited Walsh to appear on Monday Report as a special guest to promote her own series Hatching, Matching and Dispatching.
At the end of its second season, Monday Report was the highest rated arts and entertainment show on the CBC. Mercer has had a who's who from the world of Canadian entertainment and politics appear as guests on his show. Ex-Prime Minister Paul Martin gave him a private tour of 24 Sussex Drive and former New Democratic Party leader Ed Broadbent made snow angels with Mercer on Parliament Hill. Other prominent guests were NDP leader Jack Layton; Conservative Party leader Stephen Harper (now Prime Minister); Green Party leader Elizabeth May; then-Conservative MP Belinda Stronach; Conservative MP Peter MacKay; Newfoundland and Labrador Premier Danny Williams; Olympic gold medallist Kyle Shewfelt; author Pierre Berton; recording artists Jann Arden, Bif Naked, Rush bassist Geddy Lee and drummer and lyricist Neil Peart, and Sarah McLachlan; publishing mogul Conrad Black; and former Prime Minister Jean Chrétien. When Mercer hosted a relief benefit concert for the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami at the Pengrowth Saddledome in Calgary, musical guests Barenaked Ladies appeared in a segment Mercer shot backstage completely naked.
Since Mercer launched his own show, he became a regular target of his old show 22 Minutes. Criticism of Mercer focused mostly on his ongoing support of the Canadian Forces and his personal wealth.[citation needed]
In 2005, the CBC moved Monday Report to Tuesday nights, which caused the show's name to be changed to The Rick Mercer Report. On his blog, Mercer wrote of the time slot shift that "we ended the season as the highest rated comedy show on the network. Clearly some drastic changes were needed."
A book by Mercer, Rick Mercer Report: The Book, based on his television program, was published on September 25, 2007, by Doubleday Canada. This was Mercer's first book since his bestselling Streeters of 1998, and contained a collection of the best of Mercer's "rants" from the first four seasons of Rick Mercer Report, together with choice moments from interviews for the program and other writings by Mercer. On CBC Radio's Sounds Like Canada on September 21, Shelagh Rogers said of the book that "it's the most fun I've had in bed in a long time." The book entered the Globe and Mail books chart on October 6 at number three. A continuing commercial success, it was number one in the Globe bestseller list in the week before Christmas 2007, and has been reprinted eight times.
An expanded and updated paperback version of Rick Mercer Report: The Book, called Rick Mercer Report: The Paperback Book, was published by Anchor Canada on September 16, 2008 and immediately entered the top ten of the Globe and Mail bestseller list. It continues to sell well and has been reprinted several times.
Other film and television work[link]
Mercer has hosted It Seems Like Yesterday, which examines pop-culture from the 1950s to the 1980s. He has appeared in a few films, including Secret Nation, Understanding Bliss and Bon Cop, Bad Cop.
Awards[link]
Mercer has received more than 20 Gemini Awards for his television work. He has also been a winner of the prestigious Sir Peter Ustinov Comedy Award, presented to him at the 2003 Banff Television Festival. In 1993, Newfoundland premier Clyde Wells honoured Mercer with the Newfoundland and Labrador Arts Council's Artist of the Year award. In 2004, Mercer was presented with the Governor General's Performing Arts Award. He donated his $15,000 cash prize to the LSPU hall, the theatre in Newfoundland where Mercer performed his early work.
He holds honorary degrees from Laurentian University in Sudbury, Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John's, Brock University in St. Catharines, McMaster University in Hamilton, Bishop's University in Sherbrooke, and the University of British Columbia. He received an honorary high school diploma for his outstanding efforts and determination from Landmark East School in Wolfville, Nova Scotia in 1999.[2]
Mercer was awarded the 30th Annual Bob Edwards Award in Calgary.[3]
In 2007, he was named honorary colonel of the 423 Maritime Helicopter Squadron, based in Shearwater, Nova Scotia; the squadron flies the Sea King helicopters.[4][5]
Spokesperson and endorsements[link]
Rick Mercer is co-chair, along with Belinda Stronach, in the Spread the Net campaign, partnered through UNICEF, which kicked off at Brock University on September 10, 2008. Spread the Net provides bed nets for $10 each to prevent the spread of malaria among children in Africa.
In December 2004 Mercer appeared on the commercials advertising the One-Tonne Challenge for the Government of Canada. Mercer also appeared as a model in a national ad for men's clothing store, Harry Rosen, wearing a Canali suit. All of Mercer's fees for the campaign went to Casey House, a hospice in Toronto for people living with AIDS. Casey House was founded by June Callwood, who appeared as a celebrity guest on Monday Report.
In September 2005, Mercer became the national spokesperson for the 2005 Walk For Life, a series of 132 fund-raising walks across Canada that raise money for people living with HIV and AIDS. The Walk for Life is a project of the Canadian AIDS Society.
Mercer has narrated an animated science video on climate change for Science North in Sudbury.
In November 2010, Mercer joined the It Gets Better campaign, a series of videos that aim to help gay and lesbian youth to overcome bullying.[6]
Personal life[link]
Mercer was born in St. John's, Newfoundland. He dropped out of Prince of Wales High School in St. John's before completing his diploma requirements. However, in 2002 he was presented with an honorary doctor of letters by Laurentian University and in 2005 he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by Memorial University of Newfoundland.[7] He was a member of the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets when he was in his teen years.
Mercer's partner is television producer Gerald Lunz. Although the romantic relationship came first, Lunz is also Mercer's long-time partner in business, who discovered him, fostered his career, and is currently the executive producer of The Rick Mercer Report. He regards his personal life as private, and says little about it in public beyond acknowledging that he is gay;[8][9][10] in a 2011 interview on CBC Radio One's The Current, he clarified that he doesn't specifically mention his sexuality on Rick Mercer Report because it's just "not what the show is about".[11]
References[link]
- ^ "Rick Mercer joins It Gets Better campaign". cbc.ca, November 2, 2010.
- ^ Reader's Digest, 2002
- ^ Nolan LewisGauntlet Entertainment (2004-09-30). "University of Calgary Gauntlet article". Gauntlet.ucalgary.ca. http://gauntlet.ucalgary.ca/story/4492. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
- ^ "That's Col. Rick to you: Mercer gets a military gig". Cbc.ca. 2007-01-24. http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2007/01/24/mercer-colonel.html. Retrieved 2009-02-04. [dead link]
- ^ CBC News. http://www.cbc.ca/mrl3/8752/vsu/wmv-hi/gordon-mercer070125.wmv.
- ^ "CBC News - Nfld. & Labrador - Rick Mercer joins It Gets Better campaign". Cbc.ca. 2010-11-02. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2010/11/02/rick-mercer-gets-better-112.html. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ "The Gazette | Rick Mercer". Mun.ca. 2005-06-30. http://www.mun.ca/marcomm/gazette/issues/vol37no15/convocation4.php. Retrieved 2009-02-04. [dead link]
- ^ Jonathon Gatehouse. "Rick's Shtick". Maclean's. http://www.macleans.ca/culture/entertainment/article.jsp?content=20040216_75361_75361. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
- ^ "Feature". fab. http://www.fabmagazine.com/features/329/mercer.html. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
- ^ Gordon Bowness (2007-09-27). "Her majesty's loyal opposition". Toronto: Xtra!. http://www.xtra.ca/public/viewstory.aspx?AFF_TYPE=3&STORY_ID=3632&PUB_TEMPLATE_ID=2. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
- ^ "Rick Mercer comes out — again — after his rant goes viral". Toronto Star, October 27, 2011.
Further reading[link]
- Mercer, Rick (2008), Rick Mercer Report: The Paperback Book, Anchor Canada, ISBN 9780385665193, http://books.google.ca/books?id=Ayhl-wbRqRIC&lpg=PA1&dq=Rick%20Mercer%20Report%3A&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Mercer, Rick (2007), Rick Mercer Report: The Book, Doubleday Canada, ISBN 978-0-385-66518-6, http://books.google.ca/books?id=ltoAqCAEnCMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Rick%20Mercer%20Report%3A&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Rick Mercer |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Mercer, Rick |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1969-10-17 |
| Place of birth | St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
