- published: 17 Jun 2009
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- author: YeahYeahYeahsVEVO
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Antarctica
Antarctica
This map uses an orthographic projection, near-polar aspect. The South Pole is near the center, where longitudinal lines converge.
Antarctica (
i/æntˈɑrtɨkə/ or /ænˈtɑːktɨkə/) is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million km2 (5.4 million sq mi), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages at least 1 mile (1.6 km) in thickness.
Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 inches) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89 °C (−129 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Only cold-adapted organisms survive there, including many types of algae, animals (for example mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades), bacteria, fungi, plants, and protista. Vegetation where it occurs is tundra.
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Atlas
An atlas is a collection of maps; it is typically a map of Earth or a region of Earth, but there are atlases of the other planets (and their satellites) in the Solar System. Atlases have traditionally been bound into book form, but today many atlases are in multimedia formats. In addition to presenting geographic features and political boundaries, many atlases often feature geopolitical, social, religious and economic statistics. They also have information about the map and places in it.
The origin of the term atlas is a common source of misconception, perhaps because two different mythical figures named 'Atlas' are associated with map making.
In works of art, this Atlas is represented as carrying the heavens or the Celestial Sphere, on his shoulders. The earliest such depiction is the Farnese Atlas, now housed at the Museo Archeologico Nazionale Napoli in Naples, Italy. This figure is frequently found on the cover or title-pages of atlases. This is particularly true of atlases published by Dutch publishers during the second half of the seventeenth century. The image became associated with Dutch merchants, and a statue of this figure adorns the front of the World Trade Center in Amsterdam.
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Edo
Edo (江戸, Edo?, literally "bay-entrance" or "estuary"), also romanized as Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of the Japanese capital Tokyo. It was seat of power for the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868. During this period it grew to become one of the largest cities in the world and home to an urban culture centered on the notion of a "floating world".
From the establishment of the Tokugawa bakufu's headquarters at Edo, although Kyoto remained the formal capital of the country the de facto capital was now Edo; it was the center of political power. Edo grew from what had been a small, little-known fishing village in 1457 to a metropolis with an estimated population of 1,000,000 by 1721 (the largest city in the world at the time).
Edo was repeatedly devastated by fires, with the Great Fire of Meireki in 1657 (in which an estimated 100,000 people died) the most disastrous. During the Edo period there were about 100 fires (most begun by accident, often quickly escalating and spreading through neighbourhoods of wooden machiya which were heated with charcoal fires. Between 1600 and 1945, Edo/Tokyo was leveled every 25–50 years or so by fire, earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruptions or war.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem (
/dʒəˈruːsələm/; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim ; Arabic: القُدس al-Quds and/or أورشليم Ûrshalîm) is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such, and one of the oldest cities in the world. It is located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 801,000 residents over an area of 125.1 km2 (48.3 sq mi). Jerusalem is also a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times. The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE. In 1538, walls were built around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond its boundaries.
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Library of Congress
The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de facto national library of the United States of America, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in four buildings in Washington, D.C., as well as the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and number of books. The head of the Library is the Librarian of Congress, currently James H. Billington.
The Library of Congress was instituted for Congress in 1800, and was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century. After much of the original collection had been destroyed during the War of 1812, Thomas Jefferson sold 6,487 books, his entire personal collection, to the library in 1815. After a period of decline during the mid-19th century the Library of Congress began to grow rapidly in both size and importance after the American Civil War, culminating in the construction of a separate library building and the transference of all copyright deposit holdings to the Library. During the rapid expansion of the 20th century the Library of Congress assumed a preeminent public role, becoming a "library of last resort" and expanding its mission for the benefit of scholars and the American people.
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Ordnance Survey
Ordnance Survey (Welsh: Arolwg Ordnans), an executive agency and non-ministerial government department of the Government of the United Kingdom, is the national mapping agency for Great Britain, producing maps of Great Britain (and to an extent, the Isle of Man), and one of the world's largest producers of maps with a particular both historical and architectural form in the maps resulting from the conflict at both local and world level of the scales of maps known from the 19th Century as the 'Battle of the Scales'.
The name reflects its creation together with the original military purpose of the organisation (see ordnance and surveying) in the first instance in mapping Scotland at the time of the creation of the British United Kingdom following many centuries of conflict and confirmed later during the Napoleonic Wars when there was a threat of invasion from France, and its logo includes the War Department's broad arrow heraldic mark. Ordnance Survey mapping is usually classified as 'large scale' (i.e. showing more detail) or 'small scale'. Large-scale mapping comprises maps at six inches to the mile or more (1:10,560, superseded by 1:10,000 in the 1950s); it was available in sheet-map form till the 1980s, since when it has become digital. Small-scale mapping comprises maps at fewer than six inches to the mile and includes the "leisure maps", such as the popular one inch to the mile and its metric successors, still available in traditional sheet-map form. Ordnance Survey of Great Britain maps are in copyright for 50 years after publication date. Some of the Copyright Libraries hold complete or near-complete collections of pre-digital O.S. mapping.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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Alan MacEachren
Alan M. MacEachren (born 1952) is an American geographer, Professor of Geography and Director, GeoVISTA Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University. He is known for his cross-disciplinary work in the fields of human-centered geographic visualization, scientific and information visualization, and in statistics.
Alan MacEachren received a B.A. in geography in 1974 at the Ohio University, an M.A. in geography in 1976 from the University of Kansas and a Ph.D. in geography 1979 from University of Kansas.
From 1979 to 1983 he was Assistant Professor of Geography at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Director of the Department of Geography Cartography Laboratory. From 1980 to 1983 he was Director of the Department of Geography Spatial Analysis Laboratory, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. In 1983 he became Assistant Professor of Geography at the University of Colorado-Boulder and in 1985 switched to Associate Professor of Geography and Director of the Deasy GeoGraphics Laboratory at the Pennsylvania State University, where he worked until 1992. From 1992 he was Professor of Geography, and since 1998 Director, GeoVISTA Center, Department of Geography, Penn State University. In Fall 2007 he was Visiting Professor, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, and since 2007 also Affiliate Professor of Information Sciences and Technology, Penn State University.
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Arthur H. Robinson
Arthur H. Robinson (January 5, 1915 – October 10, 2004) was an American geographer and cartographer, who was professor in the Geography Department at the University of Wisconsin in Madison from 1947 until he retired in 1980. He was a prolific writer and influential philosopher on cartography, and one of his most notable accomplishments is the Robinson projection in 1961.
Arthur H. Robinson was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada to American parents. He lived in Great Britain while he was young, and received his post-secondary education in the United States. His undergraduate work was done at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, obtaining a B.A. degree in 1936. During his undergraduate work he became especially interested in cartography, and received some practice drawing maps for faculty textbooks[dead link] while earning a master's degree in geography from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1938, and he earned his Ph.D. degree from the Ohio State University in 1947. While at Ohio State University, Robinson worked to solve problems in the Map communication model.
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Bruce H. McCormick
Bruce Howard McCormick (1928 - 2007) was an American computer scientist, Emeritus Professor at the Department of Computer Science, and founding director of the Brain Networks Lab at Texas A&M University.
McCormick took his BS in Physics from MIT in 1950, followed by two years on a Fulbright Scholarship to Cambridge University, England. There he studied quantum field theory with Professor Paul Dirac, founder of the field of quantum mechanics and holder of the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with Professor Erwin Schrödinger. McCormick returned to the U.S. to take his PhD in Physics at Harvard University in 1955, with the thesis "Two investigations in meson theory in the non-relativistic limit". He then became a Postdoctoral Fellow at Brookhaven National Laboratory.
In 1957 McCormick accepted a post as staff physicist at the Alvarez Hydrogen Bubble Chamber Group at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The Chamber Group was led by Dr. Luis Alvarez, who later won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1960 Dr. McCormick began 12 years at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign where he was a professor of physics, computer science, and bioengineering. Afterwards, he served as head of the electrical engineering and computer science department at the University of Illinois at Chicago. McCormick joined Texas A&M in 1983 as the first department head of the newly formed Department of Computer Science in the Dwight Look College of Engineering. In August 2005 Dr. McCormick retired from Texas A&M but continued his research there, exploring and understanding the complexity and scaling properties of the brain's microcircuit structure.
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Buckminster Fuller
Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller (July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983) was an American systems theorist, architect, engineer, author, designer, inventor, and futurist.
Fuller published more than 30 books, inventing and popularizing terms such as "Spaceship Earth", ephemeralization, and synergetic. He also developed numerous inventions, mainly architectural designs, the best known of which is the geodesic dome. Carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their resemblance to geodesic spheres.
Fuller was born on July 12, 1895, in Milton, Massachusetts, the son of Richard Buckminster Fuller and Caroline Wolcott Andrews, and also the grandnephew of the American Transcendentalist Margaret Fuller. He attended Froebelian Kindergarten. Spending much of his youth on Bear Island, in Penobscot Bay off the coast of Maine, he had trouble with geometry, being unable to understand the abstraction necessary to imagine that a chalk dot on the blackboard represented a mathematical point, or that an imperfectly drawn line with an arrow on the end was meant to stretch off to infinity. He often made items from materials he brought home from the woods, and sometimes made his own tools. He experimented with designing a new apparatus for human propulsion of small boats.
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Clifford A. Pickover
Clifford Alan Pickover (born 1957) is an American author, editor, and columnist in the fields of science, mathematics, and science fiction, and is employed at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown, New York.
He received his Ph.D. in 1982 from Yale University's Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, where he conducted research on X-ray scattering and protein structure. Pickover graduated first in his class from Franklin and Marshall College, after completing the four-year undergraduate program in three years.
He joined IBM at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in 1982, as a member of the speech synthesis group and later worked on the design-automation workstations. For much of his career, Pickover has published technical articles in the areas of scientific visualization, computer art, and recreational mathematics. Pickover is still employed at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, where he is the editor of the IBM Journal of Research and Development.
He is currently an associate editor for the scientific journal Computers and Graphics and is an editorial board member for Odyssey and Leonardo. He is also the Brain-Strain columnist for Odyssey magazine, and, for many years, he was the Brain-Boggler columnist for Discover magazine.
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Edward Tufte
Edward Rolf Tufte ( /ˈtʌfti/; born 1942) is an American statistician and professor emeritus of political science, statistics, and computer science at Yale University. He is noted for his writings on information design and as a pioneer in the field of data visualization.
Edward Rolf Tufte was born in 1942 in Kansas City, Missouri, to Virginia Tufte and Edward E. Tufte. He grew up in Beverly Hills, California, and graduated from Beverly Hills High School. He received a BA and MS in statistics from Stanford University and a PhD in political science from Yale. His dissertation, completed in 1968, was entitled The Civil Rights Movement and Its Opposition. He was then hired by Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School, where he taught courses in political economy and data analysis while publishing three quantitatively inclined political science books.
In 1975, while at Princeton, Tufte was asked to teach a statistics course to a group of journalists who were visiting the school to study economics. He developed a set of readings and lectures on statistical graphics, which he further developed in joint seminars he subsequently taught with renowned statistician John Tukey, a pioneer in the field of information design. These course materials became the foundation for his first book on information design, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information.
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Frederik de Wit
Frederick de Wit refers to the Amsterdam art, print and map seller Frederick de Wit (1629/30 - 1706). (also seen as Frederic, Frederik, Frederico, Fredericus. de Witt and de Widt).
Frederick de Wit was born Frederick Hendricksz or Frederick son of Hendrick. He was born to a Protestant family in 1629/30, in Gouda, a small city in the province of Holland, one of the seven united provinces of the Netherlands. His father Hendrick Fredericsz (1608 - 29 July1668) was a hechtmaecker (knife handle maker) from Amsterdam, and his mother Neeltij Joosten († before 1658) was the daughter of a merchant in Gouda. Frederick was married on the 29th of August 1661, to Maria van der Way (1632–1711), the daughter of a wealthy Catholic merchant in Amsterdam. From ca. 1648 until his death at the end of July 1706, Frederick de Wit lived and worked in Amsterdam. Frederick and Maria had seven children, but only one Franciscus Xaverius (1666-1727) survived them.
By 1648, during the height of the Dutch Golden Age, De Wit had moved from Gouda to Amsterdam. As early as 1654 he had opened a printing office and shop under the name “De Drie Crabben” (the Three Crabs) which was also the name of his house on the Kalverstraat. In 1655, De Wit changed the name of his shop to the “Witte Pascaert” (the White Chart). Under this name De Wit and his firm became internationally known.
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George Bradshaw
George Bradshaw (29 July 1801 – 6 September 1853) was an English cartographer, printer and publisher. He is best known for developing the most successful and longest published series of combined railway timetables.
Bradshaw was born at Windsor Bridge, Pendleton, in Salford, Lancashire. On leaving school he was apprenticed to an engraver named Beale in Manchester, and in 1820 he set up his own engraving business in Belfast, returning to Manchester in 1822 to set up in that city as an engraver and printer, principally of maps.
He was a religious man. Although his parents were far from wealthy, when he was young they enabled him to take lessons from a minister devoted to the teachings of Emanuel Swedenborg. He later joined the Society of Friends (the Quakers) and gave a considerable part of his time to philanthropic work. He worked a great deal with radical reformers such as Richard Cobden in organising peace conferences and in setting up schools and soup kitchens for the poor of Manchester. It is his belief as a Quaker that is quoted as causing the early editions of Bradshaw's guides to have avoided using the names of months based upon Roman deities (i.e. a "pagan" usage). (Quaker usage was (and still is) "First month" for January, "Second month" for February and so on. Days of the week were "First day" for Monday and so on.)
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George G. Robertson
George G. Robertson is an American information visualization expert and Senior Researcher, Visualization and Interaction (VIBE) Research Group, Microsoft Research. With Stuart K. Card, Jock D. Mackinlay and others he invented a number of Information Visualization techniques.
Robertson has worked as a faculty member of the Computer Science Department at Carnegie-Mellon University, a Senior Scientist at Thinking Machines, and a Senior Scientist at Bolt Beranek and Newman. Before his current position at Microsoft he was Principal Scientist at Xerox PARC. Since 1996 he is a Principal Researcher in the Visualization and Interaction group at Microsoft Research.
He is an ACM Fellow and manages a project on 3D User Interfaces and Information Visualization. He is associate editor of the Journal of Information Visualization.
Robertson's research interests are "user interfaces, 3D interactive animation, 3D graphics, information visualization, intelligent information access, multimedia, and hypermedia".
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Jacques Bertin
Jacques Bertin (July 27, 1918 – May 3, 2010) was a French cartographer and theorist, known from his book Semiologie Graphique (Semiology of Graphics), edited in 1967. This monumental work, based on his experience as a cartographer and geographer, represents the first and widest intent to provide a theoretical foundation to Information Visualization.
Jacques Bertin was born in 1918 in Maisons-Laffitte, Yvelines. When he was 10, he received the first prize of cartography at primary school. He never had problems with drawing, and pursued interests including architecture, the teaching of drawing and cartography. Finally he ended up studying geography and cartography at the Sorbonne.
He became founder and director of the Cartographic Laboratory of the École pratique des hautes études (EPHE) in 1954 and director of education in 1957. In 1967 he became professor of the Sorbonne, and in 1974 he became director of education and director of the Geographical Laboratory of the École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS), which is part of the École pratique des hautes études (EPHE, VIe Section). Later in the 1970s he became head of research at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS).
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Jock D. Mackinlay
Jock D. Mackinlay is an American information visualization expert and Director of Visual Analysis at Tableau Software. With Stuart K. Card, George G. Robertson and others he invented a number of Information Visualization techniques.
Jock Mackinlay was born in Nuremberg, Germany and received his BA in Mathematics and Computer Science from UC Berkeley in 1975 and his PhD in computer science from Stanford University in 1986, where he pioneered the automatic design of graphical presentations of relational information.
In 1976 Mackinlay started working as a Systems Analyst for the Bank of America in San Francisco. In 1977 he became a Systems Analyst at Minimax Research Corporation. From 1979 to 1986 he was Research Assistant at Stanford University. In 1986 he joined Xerox PARC, where he collaborated with the User Interface Research Group to develop many novel applications of computer graphics for information access, coining the term "Information Visualization". Much of the fruits of this research can be seen in his 1999 published book, Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think, written and edited with Stuart K. Card and Ben Shneiderman. He holds numerous patents in user interfaces and visual analysis. He joined Tableau Software in 2004 as Director of Visual Analysis.
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List of orienteers
This is a list of all orienteering competitors found in Wikipedia and are notable within the orienteering sport.
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Michael Friendly
Michael Lewis Friendly (born 1945) is a Professor of Psychology at York University in Ontario, Canada, and an Associate Coordinator with the Statistical Consulting Service.
Michael Friendly received his PhD in 1972 in psychometrics and cognitive psychology from Princeton University's Department of Psychology. There he held a Psychometric Fellowship awarded by the Educational Testing Service.
He is Professor of Psychology at York University, Canada, and has been associate coordinator and director of the Statistical Consulting Service since 1985.
He is Associate Editor of the Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics and an Editor of Statistical Science.
His research interests developed from generally applying quantitative and computer methods to problems in cognitive psychology, including the cognitive aspects of extracting information from graphical displays in 1991 to the history of statistics and data visualization; graphical methods for data and information visualization in 2008.
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Michael Maltz
Michael D. Maltz (1938) is an American electrical engineer, criminologist and Emeritus Professor at University of Illinois at Chicago in criminal justice, and adjunct professor and researcher at Ohio State University.
Michael Maltz was born in Brooklyn, New York on December 18, 1938. He attended Stuyvesant High School in New York City, graduating in 1955, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, graduating with a degree in electrical engineering in 1959. In 1963, Maltz earned a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Stanford University.
Maltz was a professor (1972–2002) at University of Illinois at Chicago in criminal justice and in Information and Decision Sciences, and is currently adjunct professor of sociology and researcher at Ohio State University. He was also the editor of the Journal of Quantitative Criminology from 1996 to 2000. In addition he was a Visiting Fellow for Research and Policy Studies at the US Bureau of Justice Statistics, from 1995 to 2000.
In 1985 Maltz was awarded the prestgious Lanchester Prize by the Operations Research Society of America, recognizing his book Recidivism as that year's "best contribution to operations research and the management sciences published in English". This book also won the Leslie T. Wilkins Award for the Outstanding Book in the Fields of Criminology and Criminal Justice. In 1996 Maltz had a Fulbright Scholarship at El Colegio de Michoacán in Mexico.
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Nigel Holmes
Nigel Holmes (1942) is a British graphic designer and theorist, who focuses on information graphics and information design.
Holmes received a MA in illustration from the Royal College of Art in 1966.
From 1966 to 1977 he worked as a freelance illustrator and graphic designer in London, England for newspapers and magazines. From 1978 to 1994 he went to New York working for Time Magazine to design so called "explanation graphics" for the magazine. In that time he also continued other work as freelance designer, lecturer, and authored a book on "Wordless diagrams".
After a sabbatical in 1994 in 1995 he started his own illustration company, working for clients as Apple, Fortune, Nike, The Smithsonian Institution, Sony, United Healthcare, US Airways and Visa. He also continues to create illustrations and graphics for Harper’s, The New York Observer and The New York Times, among others.
Nigel Holmes published several books on various aspects of information design. A selection:
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Otto Neurath
Otto Neurath (Vienna, December 10, 1882 - Oxford, December 22, 1945) was an Austrian philosopher of science, sociologist, and political economist. Before he was to flee his native country in 1934, Neurath was one of the leading figures of the Vienna Circle.
Neurath was born in Vienna, the son of Wilhelm Neurath (1840–1901), a well-known political economist at the time. He studied mathematics in Vienna and gained his Ph.D. in the department of Political Science and Statistics at the University of Berlin.
He married Anna Schapire in 1907. She died as a result of childbirth (Paul Neurath) in 1911, and he married a close friend, the mathematician and philosopher Olga Hahn. Perhaps because of Olga's blindness and then because of the outbreak of war, his son, Paul Neurath was sent to a children's home outside Vienna, where Neurath's mother lived, and returned to live with his father and Olga when he was nine years old.
Neurath taught political economy at the Neue Wiener Handelsakademie (New College of Commerce, Vienna) until war broke out. Subsequently he became director of the Deutsches Kriegwirtschaftsmuseum (German Museum of War Economy, later the Deutsches Wirtschaftmuseum) at Leipzig. Wolfgang Schumann, known from the Dürerbund for which Neurath had written many articles, urged him to work out a plan for socialization. Neurath joined the German Social Democratic Party in 1918-19 and ran an office for central economic planning in Munich. When the Bavarian Soviet Republic was defeated, Neurath was imprisoned but returned to Austria after intervention from the Austrian government. While in prison he wrote "Anti-Spengler", a critical attack on Oswald Spengler's "Decline of the West".
wn.com/Otto_Neurath -
Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy ( /ˈtɒləmi/; Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaudios Ptolemaios; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c. AD 90 – c. AD 168), was a Greek-Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. This theory, proposed by Theodore Meliteniotes, could be correct, but it is late (ca. 1360) and unsupported. There is no reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else than Alexandria, where he died around AD 168.
Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, at least three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest (in Greek, Ἡ Μεγάλη Σύνταξις, "The Great Treatise", originally Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, "Mathematical Treatise"). The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise known sometimes in Greek as the Apotelesmatika (Ἀποτελεσματικά), more commonly in Greek as the Tetrabiblos (Τετράβιβλος "Four books"), and in Latin as the Quadripartitum (or four books) in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day.
wn.com/Ptolemy -
Thomas A. DeFanti
Tom DeFanti is a computer graphics researcher and pioneer. His work has ranged from early computer animation, to scientific visualization, virtual reality, and grid computing. He is a distinguished professor of Computer Science at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and a research scientist at the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology.
DeFanti did his PhD work in the early 1970s at Ohio State University, under Charles Csuri in the Computer Graphics Research Group. For his dissertation, he created the GRASS programming language, a three-dimensional, real-time animation system usable by computer novices.
In 1973, he joined the faculty of the University of Illinois at Chicago. With Dan Sandin, he founded the Circle Graphics Habitat, now known as the Electronic Visualization Laboratory (EVL). At UIC, DeFanti further developed the GRASS language, and later created an improved version, ZGRASS, implemented on the low-cost Datamax UV-1. The GRASS and ZGRASS languages have been used by a number of computer artists, including Larry Cuba, in his film 3/78 and the animated Death Star sequence for Star Wars. Later significant work done at EVL includes development of the graphics system for the Bally home computer, invention of the first data glove, co-editing the 1987 NSF-sponsored report Visualization in Scientific Computing that outlined the emerging discipline of scientific visualization, invention of PHSColograms, and invention of the CAVE Automatic Virtual Environment. DeFanti's current work includes heading the TransLight/StarLight international multi-gigabit networking project and co-directing the OptIPuter optical networking and visualization project.
wn.com/Thomas_A._DeFanti -
William Playfair
William Playfair (22 September 1759 – 11 February 1823) was a Scottish engineer and political economist, the founder of graphical methods of statistics.
William Playfair invented four types of diagrams: in 1786 the line graph and bar chart of economic data, and in 1801 the pie chart and circle graph, used to show part-whole relations.
Playfair was born in 1759 in Scotland during the Enlightenment, a Golden Age in the arts, sciences, industry and commerce. He was the fourth son of the reverend James Playfair of the parish of Liff & Benvie near the city of Dundee in Scotland; his notable brothers were architect James Playfair and mathematician John Playfair. His father died in 1772 when William was 13, leaving the eldest brother John to care for the family and his education. After his apprenticeship with Andrew Meikle, the inventor of the threshing machine, he became draftsman and personal assistant to James Watt in 1777 at 18.
Playfair had a variety of careers. He was in turn a millwright, engineer, draftsman, accountant, inventor, silversmith, merchant, investment broker, economist, statistician, pamphleteer, translator, publicist, land speculator, convict, banker, ardent royalist, editor, blackmailer and journalist. On leaving Watt's company in 1782, he set up a silversmithing business and shop in London, which failed. In 1787 he moved to Paris, taking part in the storming of the Bastille two years later. He returned to London in 1793, where he opened a "security bank", which also failed. From 1775 he worked as a writer and pamphleteer and did some engineering work.
wn.com/William_Playfair
- Peter Broderick
- The Snake The Cross The Crown
- Yeah Yeah Yeahs
- Terminal
- Hey Ocean
- Falling Up
- Snake The Cross The Crown
- Rogue Wave
- Mixtapes
- Isabella Castillo
karaoke
you settled down in the wrong place
pack up your bags and move away
again
closer is where you'll be
closer but never quite there
then you realize you
settled in the wrong place again
this open map is all you've got
close your eyes and point to another spot
this time just keep 'em
just keep those eyes closed
don't even look at the spot you just chose
I recall my father,
Strong and sturdy,
Solid as the ground.
I recall my mother,
Early morning,
Waiting for the sun.
Demurred by the strength of my father,
Enthroned by the grace of my mother.
They'll still hang around.
I recall my lovers,
Their many colors,
And what was never found.
I recall my brothers;
And only brothers never wander far.
Enslaved by the weight of my lovers,
Entombed by the love of my brothers.
They'll still be around.
Pack up
I'm straight
Enough
Oh, say say say
Oh, say say say
Oh, say say say
Oh, say say say
Oh, say say say
Wait, they don't love you like i love you
Wait, they don't love you like i love you
Ma-a-a-a-ps, wait!
They don't love you like i love you...
Made off
Don't stray
My kind's your kind
I'll stay the same
Pack up
Don't stray
Oh, say say say
Oh, say say say
Wait! they don't love you like i love you
Wait! they don't love you like i love you
Ma-a-a-aps, wait!
They don't love you like i love you...
Wait! they don't love you like i love you
Ma-a-a-aps, wait!
They don't love you like i love you...
Wait, they don't love you like i love you
Wait, they don't love you like i love you
Ma-a-a-a-ps, wait!
They don't love you like i love you...
Wait, they don't love you like i love you
Ma-a-a-a-ps, wait!
I don't mind if we never make it to where we're headed
as long as we don't end up here
we need to find our own way
believe in something we half made
we're making good time
remember where we were last year
driving all around this tired town
looking for something to do and telling ourselves
we need to find our own way
believe in something we half made
we need to find our own way
believe in something we half made
so many times i dreamt a normal life
seeing her at night and what it must feel like
to wake up in my bed
no ringing in my head
it's been sometime
it's been sometime
it's based on love
we'll never know
what the world could be
where this could go
called home to say I'm doing better
think I've finally may have myself together
we need to find our own way
believe in something we half made
we need to find our own way
You drew a map so we'd remember
All the places that we went to
And although we never meant to we lost it on our way
You drew a map so we'd remember
How to get back to the highway
But instead we followed moonlight and were completely lead astray
We have traveled this way, all of our days
And we will keep on following the dotted lines
'Til we find a better place
We took a trail down to the beach where
We heard the music play before
The fires they went on forever
Like flaming jewels upon the shore
We sat there soaking up the starlight
And sang along to every song
Though we didn't know the words
We made them up as we went along
And we have traveled this way, all of our days
And we will keep on following the dotted lines
'Til we find a better place
[x2]
You drew a map so we'd remember
All the places that we went to
And although we never meant to we lost it on our way
And we have traveled this way, all of our days
And we will keep on following the dotted lines
'Til we find a better place
We have traveled this way, all of our days
And we will keep on following the dotted lines
We have traveled this way, all of our days
We will travel this way, all of our days
We have traveled this way, all of our days
We will travel this way, all of our days
One last hour before this place is on fire
Losing all as the flames grow higher and higher
Here I stand
The further I'm from you the harder I try to exist
(Take these blinds from my eyes and wake me from the inside)
Somebody tell me how did it come to this?
(Take these blinds from my eyes and wake me from the inside)
This last hour, the night dropped into the sea
The light spread wider, the sky broke open and free
Here I stand
The further I'm from you the harder I try to exist
(Take these blinds from my eyes and wake me from the inside)
Somebody tell me how did it come to this?
(Take these blinds from my eyes and wake me, wake me from the inside)
Further out, maybe you could meet me where I am
And further out, I know there is hope within your hands
Within your hands, within your hands
The further I'm from you the harder I try to exist
(Take these blinds from my eyes and wake me from the inside)
Somebody tell me how did it come to this?
(Take these blinds from my eyes and wake me from the inside)
The further I'm from you the harder I try to exist
(Take these blinds from my eyes and wake me from the inside)
Somebody tell me how did it come to this?
I recall my father,
Strong and sturdy,
Solid as the ground.
I recall my mother,
Early morning,
Waiting for the sun.
Demurred by the strength of my father,
Enthroned by the grace of my mother.
They'll still hang around.
I recall my lovers,
Their many colors,
And what was never found.
I recall my brothers;
And only brothers never wander far.
Enslaved by the weight of my lovers,
Entombed by the love of my brothers.
Pack up;
I’m straight;
Enough;
Oh say, say, say;
Oh say, say, say;
Oh say, say, say;
Oh say, say, say;
Oh say, say, say
Wait, they don’t love you like I love you; wait, they
don’t love you like I love you;
Ma-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-aps;
Wait! They don’t love you like I love you.....
Lay off;
Don’t stray;
Well, my kind's,your kind;
I’ll stay the same!
Pack up;
Don’t stray;
Oh say, say, say;
Oh say, say, say!
Wait! They don’t love you like I love you;
wait! They don’t love you like I love you;
Ma-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-aps;
Wait! They don’t love you like I love you!
wait! They don’t love you like I love you!
Ma-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-aps!
Wait! They don’t love you like I love you …
(guitar solo)
Wait! They don’t love you like I love you;
And wait! They don’t love you like I love you;
Ma-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-aps;
Wait! They don’t love you like I love you!
And wait! They don’t love you like I love you!
Ma-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-aps!
You don't know why I say these things, but it's ok
I'm just tired, and stressed over back in the day
She said don't you ever miss those days?
I just miss those records shops, and the nights I got to stay, it's ok
It's what I need
Don't forget me
You fall in love, too easily
So I'll just forget the world
I surrender, this feeling of regret
Cause I really think I'd rather look ahead and just forget
I'm just full of problems that make you feel alone
And you know I like to talk, but I'll just take the long way home
It's not hard to remind yourself why you tried
This open road and a song to sit by your side
I'm just scared of the doubt
But I wont let it last, yeah I'll forget about that
It's what I need
Don't forget me
You fall in love, too easily
Maps by Isabella Castillo1, 2
3, 4
1, 2
3, 4
Iba yo corriendo en el escolarium
Iba tarde a clase
Y nos tropezamos
Me reí cuando te conocí
Yo soy la guardiana que nunca te miente ee
Si me necesitas siempre estoy pendiente ee
Tu ya sabes que estoy aquí
Soy tu amiga y en mi puedes confiar
Soy tu amiga y eso no va a cambiar
1, 2 cuenta conmigo
3, 4 cuento contigo
Seremos siempre las super MAPS
1, 2 cuenta conmigo
3, 4 cuento contigo
Siempre MAPS hasta el final
Teletransportandonos en la tormenta
Siempre yo te salvo
Siempre estoy atenta
De que no te pase nada mal
Yo se
Que no es necesario explicar
Con solo llamarte tu estas
Siempre siempre estas
Soy tu amiga y en mi puedes confiar
Soy tu amiga y eso no va a cambiar
1, 2 cuenta conmigo
3, 4 cuento contigo
Seremos siempre las super MAPS
1, 2 cuenta conmigo
3, 4 cuento contigo
Siempre MAPS hasta el final
1, 2 cuenta conmigo
3, 4 cuento contigo
Seremos siempre las super MAPS
1, 2 cuenta conmigo
3, 4 cuento contigo
Siempre MAPS hasta el final
1, 2 cuenta conmigo
3, 4 cuento contigo
Seremos siempre las super MAPS
1, 2 cuenta conmigo
3, 4 cuento contigo
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Yeah Yeah Yeahs - Maps
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Music video by Yeah Yeah Yeahs performing Maps. (C) 2003 Interscope Records
http://wn.com/Yeah_Yeah_Yeahs_Maps
Maps- Yeah Yeah Yeahs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
just trying out windows movie maker
http://wn.com/Maps_Yeah_Yeah_Yeahs
Google Maps (Part I of "The Googling")
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Two young men take a turn down the wrong street view.
http://wn.com/Google_Maps_Part_I_of_The_Googling
Maps - Yeah Yeah Yeahs with Lyrics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
maps - yeah yeah yeahs with lyrics to larissa fernandéz :)
http://wn.com/Maps_Yeah_Yeah_Yeahs_with_Lyrics
Google Maps Introduction
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
Go to Google Maps: maps.google.com | Google Maps Playlist www.youtube.com | Use Google Maps to get directions, search for a local business, and create your own custom map.
http://wn.com/Google_Maps_Introduction
Google Maps Navigation (Beta)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:50
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
a demonstration of Google Maps Navigation (Beta), an internet-connected GPS navigation system that provides turn-by-turn voice guidance as a free feature of Google Maps on Android 2.0 phones.
http://wn.com/Google_Maps_Navigation_Beta
MAPS - DON'T FEAR
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
The official video for the single 'Don't Fear', shot on a Friday night out in Northampton. www.myspace.com/mapsmusic www.twitter.com/thisismaps www.facebook.com/mapsmusic
http://wn.com/MAPS_DON'T_FEAR
Minecraft: Star Wars Adventure Map
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Download ➜ hypixel.net ➜ Website: hypixel.net ➜ Want more Minecraft maps ? Like, Fav and Subscribe :) ➜ Facebook: www.facebook.com ➜ Twitter: twitter.com ➜ Building Team: www.youtube.com No mods are required. But you need the lastest snapshot from www.mojang.com and the Mine Wars texture pack. Download Texture Pack: www.planetminecraft.com This is our first Adventure Map, it is quite short (about 30 minutes) but a lot of details was spent in the design and playing around with the snapshot. There is a class system, you can choose between the Jedi and Trooper. Please make sure to setup the server proprieties as advertised to prevent bugs or unbalances. Quests 1- Save the hostages. 2- Repair the generator and start both canons. 3- Disable the AT-AT. Side Quests 1- Obtain the Diamond Lightsaber in the Temple. 2- Obtain the Red Lightsaber from the wrecked ship. 3- Find the hidden disc to trade for a powerful gun at the merchant. 2 players minimum are required for the finale. Good luck! Important required server settings enable-command-block=true gamemode=0 spawn-monsters=true view-distance=15 spawn-npcs=true pvp=false difficulty=1 Music in the main video from www.audiojungle.net Music in the choice videos from www.rhsoundtracks.net Voice acting from World of Warcraft.
http://wn.com/Minecraft_Star_Wars_Adventure_Map
Geography Tutor - Types of Maps and Map Projections
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
www.tmwmedia.com Discover this fascinating series which targets the specific and critical areas of geographic knowledge defined by educators as profoundly lacking in today's students. The Geography Tutor video series is designed to sharpen basic geography skills and teach concepts that students find difficult to understand. Each video is 15-18 minutes. This episode explores various types of maps and map projections: political, physical, relief, climate, vegetation and more.
http://wn.com/Geography_Tutor_Types_of_Maps_and_Map_Projections
How to create a "My Map" in Google Maps
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
Go to Google Maps: maps.google.com | Google Maps Playlist www.youtube.com | How to create personalized, annotated, customized maps using Google Maps.
http://wn.com/How_to_create_a_My_Map_in_Google_Maps
Maps, 'You Don't Know Her Name'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
James, plyayed by Didier Leplae, is a garage inventor who single-handedly builds a masterpiece. He creates a tall, lithe, beautiful female android. And when she comes to life, he does what any man would do. James makes her his partner for the community dance-a-thon. This video also features Milwaukee Dancing Sensations Myke and Debbi. Commondeer Films Director Toben Seymour Producer Justin Benoliel Cinematographer Ross Riege Editor Ryan Bartley Written by Nathan Lackie and Toben Production Designer Matt Lackie Art Engineers Rodeo DeZur and Kevin Morrow Color By Ghost Town Puppeteers Kurt Hartwig, Joan Williamson, Andy North and Toben Seymour Special Thanks to Purple Onion Productions
http://wn.com/Maps,_'You_Don't_Know_Her_Name'
Earth View in Google Maps
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
Earth view is a new feature in Google Maps that allows you to see maps in 3D. Simply click the Earth button to explore 3D imagery and terrain from around the world in your browser. Learn more at maps.google.com
http://wn.com/Earth_View_in_Google_Maps
Grachi 2 -Maps -Letra
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
LIKE NO OLVIDES COMPARTIR Creditos A: CosasGrachi - Por la Musica de Fondo..
http://wn.com/Grachi_2_-Maps_-Letra
The Front Bottoms, "Maps"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Directed by Garage Films' Pablo Nieto, produced by East Pleasant Pictures
http://wn.com/The_Front_Bottoms,_Maps
Best of Google Maps "Street View"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
If anyone is interested we're also going to discuss these images on an upcoming episode of my podcast, "Wicked Happy Fun Time". itunes.apple.com www.wickedhappyfuntime.com The song used in the video is "Ascension", and is used with permission from the group "Hyperstory" http
http://wn.com/Best_of_Google_Maps_Street_View
When You Leave - Maps
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:11
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
When you leave by Maps.
http://wn.com/When_You_Leave_Maps
Maps & Atlases - Solid Ground
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
The debut music video from Maps & Atlases for "Solid Ground" of their first full-length release Perch Patchwork (Barsuk Records). Directed by Taryn Gould and Emily Kowalczyk.
http://wn.com/Maps_Atlases_Solid_Ground
Google vs Apple: The amazing maps race - Tech Tonic
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
The iPhone 5 has been a hit with consumers. But the accompanying iOS 6 maps app - not so much. Reuters puts the heavily panned product to the test against Google in bustling Hong Kong. (September 27, 2012)
http://wn.com/Google_vs_Apple_The_amazing_maps_race_Tech_Tonic
Apple Maps Dark Knight Parody Movie HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:33
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Watch clips from THE DARK KNIGHT: goo.gl Subscribe to TRAILERS: bit.ly Subscribe to COMING SOON: bit.ly Apple Maps Dark Knight Parody Movie HD See what happens when Batman tries to use his Apple Maps App to navigate Gotham on his way to save Rachel in The Dark Knight. SPOILER ALERT: He...
http://wn.com/Apple_Maps_Dark_Knight_Parody_Movie_HD
Black Ops 2 ZOMBIES - "Nuketown Zombies" Map & New Gamemode! (Black Ops Zombies Gameplay)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
• NEW Black Ops 2 ZOMBIES trailer: tinyurl.com Get Black Ops 2 "Nuketown Zombies" map HERE! tinyurl.com • Care Package & ALL Black Ops 2 editions: tinyurl.com Call of Duty: Black Ops 2 Zombies - Information on the re-invented Nuketown map for Zombies and a possible new gamemode! Let me know what you think of the new map and mode! :) • Follow me on Twitter! www.twitter.com Subscribe for more Black Ops 2 news! Ali-A --- BLACK OPS 2 ZOMBIES "NUKETOWN ZOMBIES" MAP NEW GAMEMODE GAME MODE ZOMBIE CALL OF DUTY COD BO2 GAMEPLAY BLACK OPS 2 ZOMBIES "NUKETOWN ZOMBIES" MAP NEW GAMEMODE GAME MODE ZOMBIE CALL OF DUTY COD BO2 GAMEPLAY BLACK OPS 2 ZOMBIES "NUKETOWN ZOMBIES" MAP NEW GAMEMODE GAME MODE ZOMBIE CALL OF DUTY COD BO2 GAMEPLAY
http://wn.com/Black_Ops_2_ZOMBIES_Nuketown_Zombies_Map_New_Gamemode!_Black_Ops_Zombies_Gameplay
Map your world with Google Map Maker
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:15
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
Whether it's adding your favorite dog park, editing local sights and businesses or mapping your entire town, Google Map Maker makes it easy to update the places you care about on Google Maps for everyone to see. Visit mapmaker.google.com
http://wn.com/Map_your_world_with_Google_Map_Maker
Google Maps Street View - launch video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:43
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
Street View is a new feature of Google Maps that allows you to quickly and easily view and navigate high-resolution, 360 degree street level images of various cities around the world See at maps.google.com
http://wn.com/Google_Maps_Street_View_launch_video
Miss Teen USA 2007 - South Carolina answers a question
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:48
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Miss Teen USA 2007 - Ms. South Carolina answers a question
http://wn.com/Miss_Teen_USA_2007_South_Carolina_answers_a_question
photo: AP / Sebastian D'souza
21 Nov 2012
MUMBAI, India - India executed the lone surviving gunman from the 2008 terror attack on Mumbai early Wednesday, India's home ministry said. Ajmal Kasab, a Pakistani citizen, was one of 10 gunmen who rampaged through the streets of India's financial capital in November 2008, killing 166 people. Kasab was hung at 7:30 a.m. Wednesday at a jail in...(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: AP / Melanie Gouby
21 Nov 2012
Hundreds of government soldiers and police in the Democratic Republic of Congo have surrendered to rebels at a stadium in Goma, Al Jazeera's Nazanine Moshiri has reported from the scene. The M23 rebel group, believed to be backed by Rwanda seized the strategic, provincial capital of Goma in eastern Congo on Tuesday, home to more than 1 million...(size: 18.7Kb)
photo: AP
23 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. I was fortunate to have been raised near an American Indian archaeological spot located on the Great Plains. In elementary school, a fellow classmate would periodically bring and show grinding stones, arrow- and spearheads, stone farming implements, and pictures of what the excavated site may have...(size: 7.1Kb)
photo: AP / Emilio Morenatti
22 Nov 2012
A new battle is underway in Pakistan with its powerful military front-and-centre, but the fight is not against armed insurgents or ideological extremists - this opponent is a muscle-flexing Supreme Court. For the first time in decades, the military's iron grip over the South Asian country has been challenged, and it remains to be seen if it will...(size: 23.7Kb)
photo: UN / Logan Abassi
21 Nov 2012
A report by the UN says global attempts to curb emissions of CO2 are falling well short of what is needed to stem dangerous climate change. The UN's Environment Programme says greenhouse gases are 14% above where they need to be in 2020 for temperature rises this century to remain below 2C. The authors say this target is still technically...(size: 3.5Kb)
Wall Street Journal
24 Nov 2012
By ANNA RUSSELL When John Adams and other Americans signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783, affirming U.S. independence from Britain, one key step was to figure out exactly where the U.S. was. To do this, diplomats consulted the third edition of John Mitchell's 1755 map of the British and French North American territories. A copy of the third edition...(size: 4.5Kb)
Irish Times
24 Nov 2012
PATRICK FREYNE Maps produced by the All Island Research Observatory help us see Ireland through new eyes. A visual column in Weekend Review, featuring their work, begins today ���Did you know that one of your neighbours has four cars?��� says Justin Gleeson, the manager of the All Island Research Observatory (Airo) at NUI Maynooth, to the Irish...(size: 8.7Kb)
Chicago Tribune
24 Nov 2012
NEW DELHI (Reuters) - India is stamping its own map on visas it issues to holders of new Chinese passports that contain a map depicting disputed territory within China's borders, the latest twist in tension in Asia over China's territorial claims. China's new microchip-equipped passports contain a map that marks its claims over disputed waters and...(size: 2.3Kb)
The Siasat Daily
24 Nov 2012
November 23: With China showing Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin as part of its territory in maps of the country in their new e-passports, India has countered the Chinese assertiveness by issuing visas to Chinese nationals containing Indian maps including these regions as part of it. In a move bound to upset India, the Chinese government started...(size: 3.1Kb)
IBN Live
24 Nov 2012
New Delhi: India is stamping its own map on visas it issues to holders of new Chinese passports...(size: 0.7Kb)
The Times of India
24 Nov 2012
NEW DELHI: After the recent quiet over territorial issues, New Delhi and Beijing are back to bitter one-upmanship which started with China's newly launched e-passports showing Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin in J&K; as parts of China. India has responded by not just registering a strong protest with China but by also imprinting its own map on visas...(size: 2.6Kb)
LA Daily News
24 Nov 2012
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LA Daily News
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For other uses, see Map (disambiguation).
A map is a visual representation of an area—a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, regions, and themes.
Many maps are static two-dimensional, geometrically accurate (or approximately accurate) representations of three-dimensional space, while others are dynamic or interactive, even three-dimensional. Although most commonly used to depict geography, maps may represent any space, real or imagined, without regard to context or scale; e.g. brain mapping, DNA mapping, and extraterrestrial mapping.
Contents |
Geographic maps[link]
Cartography or map-making is the study and practice of crafting representations of the Earth upon a flat surface (see History of cartography), and one who makes maps is called a cartographer.
Road maps are perhaps the most widely used maps today, and form a subset of navigational maps, which also include aeronautical and nautical charts, railroad network maps, and hiking and bicycling maps. In terms of quantity, the largest number of drawn map sheets is probably made up by local surveys, carried out by municipalities, utilities, tax assessors, emergency services providers, and other local agencies. Many national surveying projects have been carried out by the military, such as the British Ordnance Survey (now a civilian government agency internationally renowned for its comprehensively detailed work).
In addition to location information maps may also be used to portray contour lines indicating constant values of elevation, temperature, rainfall, etc.
Orientation of maps[link]
The orientation of a map is the relationship between the directions on the map and the corresponding compass directions in reality. The word "orient" is derived from Latin oriens, meaning East. In the Middle Ages many maps, including the T and O maps, were drawn with East at the top (meaning that the direction "up" on the map corresponds to East on the compass). Today, the most common – but far from universal – cartographic convention is that North is at the top of a map. Several kinds of maps are often traditionally not oriented with North at the top:
- Maps from non-Western traditions are oriented a variety of ways. Old maps of Edo show the Japanese imperial palace as the "top", but also at the centre, of the map. Labels on the map are oriented in such a way that you cannot read them properly unless you put the imperial palace above your head.[citation needed]
- Medieval European T and O maps such as the Hereford Mappa Mundi were centred on Jerusalem with East at the top. Indeed, prior to the reintroduction of Ptolemy's Geography to Europe around 1400, there was no single convention in the West. Portolan charts, for example, are oriented to the shores they describe.
- Maps of cities bordering a sea are often conventionally oriented with the sea at the top.
- Route and channel maps have traditionally been oriented to the road or waterway they describe.
- Polar maps of the Arctic or Antarctic regions are conventionally centred on the pole; the direction North would be towards or away from the centre of the map, respectively. Typical maps of the Arctic have 0° meridian towards the bottom of the page; maps of the Antarctic have the 0° meridian towards the top of the page.
- Reversed maps, also known as Upside-Down maps or South-Up maps, reverse the "North is up" convention and have South at the top.
- Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion maps are based on a projection of the Earth's sphere onto an icosahedron. The resulting triangular pieces may be arranged in any order or orientation.
- Modern digital GIS maps such as ArcMap typically project north at the top of the map, but use math degrees (0 is east, degrees increase counter-clockwise), rather than compass degrees (0 is north, degrees increase clockwise) for orientation of transects. Compass decimal degrees can be converted to math degrees by subtracting them from 450; if the answer is greater than 360, subtract 360.
Scale and accuracy[link]
Many, but not all, maps are drawn to a scale, expressed as a ratio such as 1:10,000, meaning that 1 of any unit of measurement on the map corresponds exactly, or approximately, to 10,000 of that same unit on the ground. The scale statement may be taken as exact when the region mapped is small enough for the curvature of the Earth to be neglected, for example in a town planner's city map. Over larger regions where the curvature cannot be ignored we must use map projections from the curved surface of the Earth (sphere or ellipsoid) to the plane. The impossibility of flattening the sphere to the plane implies that no map projection can have constant scale: on most projections the best we can achieve is accurate scale on one or two lines (not necessarily straight) on the projection. Thus for map projections we must introduce the concept of point scale, which is a function of position, and strive to keep its variation within narrow bounds. Although the scale statement is nominal it is usually accurate enough for all but the most precise of measurements.
Large scale maps, say 1:10,000, cover relatively small regions in great detail and small scale maps, say 1:10,000,000, cover large regions such as nations, continents and the whole globe. The large/small terminology arose from the practice of writing scales as numerical fractions: 1/10,000 is larger than 1/10,000,000. There is no exact dividing line between large and small but 1/100,000 might well be considered as a medium scale. Examples of large scale maps are the 1:25,000 maps produced for hikers; on the other hand maps intended for motorists at 1:250,000 or 1:1,000,000 are small scale.
It is important to recognise that even the most accurate maps sacrifice a certain amount of accuracy in scale to deliver a greater visual usefulness to its user. For example, the width of roads and small streams are exaggerated when they are too narrow to be shown on the map at true scale; that is, on a printed map they would be narrower than could be perceived by the naked eye. The same applies to computer maps where the smallest unit is the pixel. A narrow stream say must be shown to have the width of a pixel even if at the map scale it would be a small fraction of the pixel width.
Some maps, called cartograms, have the scale deliberately distorted to reflect information other than land area or distance. For example, this map of Europe has been distorted to show population distribution, while the rough shape of the continent is still discernable.
Another example of distorted scale is the famous London Underground map. The basic geographical structure is respected but the tube lines (and the River Thames) are smoothed to clarify the relationships between stations. Near the center of the map stations are spaced out more than near the edges of map.
Further inaccuracies may be deliberate. For example, cartographers may simply omit military installations or remove features solely in order to enhance the clarity of the map. For example, a road map may not show railroads, smaller waterways or other prominent non-road objects, and even if it does, it may show them less clearly (e.g. dashed or dotted lines/outlines) than the main roads. Known as decluttering, the practice makes the subject matter that the user is interested in easier to read, usually without sacrificing overall accuracy. Software-based maps often allow the user to toggle decluttering between ON, OFF and AUTO as needed. In AUTO the degree of decluttering is adjusted as the user changes the scale being displayed.
Map types and projections[link]
Main article: World map
Maps of the world or large areas are often either 'political' or 'physical'. The most important purpose of the political map is to show territorial borders; the purpose of the physical is to show features of geography such as mountains, soil type or land use including infrastruction such as roads, railroads and buildings. Topographic maps show elevations and relief with contour lines or shading. Geological maps show not only the physical surface, but characteristics of the underlying rock, fault lines, and subsurface structures.
Maps that depict the surface of the Earth also use a projection, a way of translating the three-dimensional real surface of the geoid to a two-dimensional picture. Perhaps the best-known world-map projection is the Mercator projection, originally designed as a form of nautical chart.
Aeroplane pilots use aeronautical charts based on a Lambert conformal conic projection, in which a cone is laid over the section of the earth to be mapped. The cone intersects the sphere (the earth) at one or two parallels which are chosen as standard lines. This allows the pilots to plot a great-circle route approximation on a flat, two-dimensional chart.
- Azimuthal or Gnomonic map projections are often used in planning air routes due to their ability to represent great circles as straight lines.
- Richard Edes Harrison produced a striking series of maps during and after World War II for Fortune magazine. These used "bird's eye" projections to emphasise globally strategic "fronts" in the air age, pointing out proximities and barriers not apparent on a conventional rectangular projection of the world.
Electronic maps[link]
From the last quarter of the 20th century, the indispensable tool of the cartographer has been the computer. Much of cartography, especially at the data-gathering survey level, has been subsumed by Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The functionality of maps has been greatly advanced by technology simplifying the superimposition of spatially located variables onto existing geographical maps. Having local information such as rainfall level, distribution of wildlife, or demographic data integrated within the map allows more efficient analysis and better decision making. In the pre-electronic age such superimposition of data led Dr. John Snow to discover the cause of cholera. Today, it is used by agencies of the human kind, as diverse as wildlife conservationists and militaries around the world.
Even when GIS is not involved, most cartographers now use a variety of computer graphics programs to generate new maps.
Interactive, computerised maps are commercially available, allowing users to zoom in or zoom out (respectively meaning to increase or decrease the scale), sometimes by replacing one map with another of different scale, centered where possible on the same point. In-car global navigation satellite systems are computerised maps with route-planning and advice facilities which monitor the user's position with the help of satellites. From the computer scientist's point of view, zooming in entails one or a combination of:
- replacing the map by a more detailed one
- enlarging the same map without enlarging the pixels, hence showing more detail by removing less information compared to the less detailed version
- enlarging the same map with the pixels enlarged (replaced by rectangles of pixels); no additional detail is shown, but, depending on the quality of one's vision, possibly more detail can be seen; if a computer display does not show adjacent pixels really separate, but overlapping instead (this does not apply for an LCD, but may apply for a cathode ray tube), then replacing a pixel by a rectangle of pixels does show more detail. A variation of this method is interpolation.
For example:
- Typically (2) applies to a Portable Document Format (PDF) file or other format based on vector graphics. The increase in detail is, of course, limited to the information contained in the file: enlargement of a curve may eventually result in a series of standard geometric figures such as straight lines, arcs of circles or splines.
- (2) may apply to text and (3) to the outline of a map feature such as a forest or building.
- (1) may apply to the text as needed (displaying labels for more features), while (2) applies to the rest of the image. Text is not necessarily enlarged when zooming in. Similarly, a road represented by a double line may or may not become wider when one zooms in.
- The map may also have layers which are partly raster graphics and partly vector graphics. For a single raster graphics image (2) applies until the pixels in the image file correspond to the pixels of the display, thereafter (3) applies.
See also: Webpage (Graphics), PDF (Layers), MapQuest, Google Maps, Google Earth, OpenStreetMap or Yahoo! Maps.
Conventional signs[link]
The various features shown on a map are represented by conventional signs or symbols. For example, colors can be used to indicate a classification of roads. Those signs are usually explained in the margin of the map, or on a separately published characteristic sheet.[1]
Some cartographers prefer to make the map cover practically the entire screen or sheet of paper, leaving no room "outside" the map for information about the map as a whole. These cartographers typically place such information in an otherwise "blank" region "inside" the map -- cartouche, map legend, title, compass rose, bar scale, etc. In particular, some maps contain smaller "sub-maps" in otherwise blank regions—often one at a much smaller scale showing the whole globe and where the whole map fits on that globe, and a few showing "regions of interest" at a larger scale in order to show details that wouldn't otherwise fit. Occasionally sub-maps use the same scale as the large map—a few maps of the contiguous United States include a sub-map to the same scale for each of the two non-contiguous states.
See also: Japanese map symbols
Labeling[link]
To communicate spatial information effectively, features such as rivers, lakes, and cities need to be labeled. Over centuries cartographers have developed the art of placing names on even the densest of maps. Text placement or name placement can get mathematically very complex as the number of labels and map density increases. Therefore, text placement is time-consuming and labor-intensive, so cartographers and GIS users have developed automatic label placement to ease this process.[2][3]
Non geographical spatial maps[link]
Maps exist of the solar system, and other cosmological features such as star maps. In addition maps of other bodies such as the Moon and other planets are technically not geological maps.
Non spatial maps[link]
Diagrams such as schematic diagrams and Gantt charts and treemaps display logical relationships between items, and do not display spatial relationships at all.
Some maps, for example the London Underground map, are topological maps. Topological in nature, the distances are completely unimportant; only the connectivity is significant.
See also[link]
- General
- Atlas
- Automatic label placement
- Cartography
- Counter-mapping
- Geography
- Globe
- Map–territory relation
- Map design and types
- Modern maps
- Censorship of maps
- Google Maps
- Japanese map symbols
- List of online map services
- MapQuest
- Maps of the UK and Ireland
- Map of the United States
- NASA World Wind
- Orthophotomap - A map created from Orthophotography
- ABmaps
- Intermap Technologies
- Engels Maps
- Ordnance Survey Maps
- Map history
- Early world maps
- George Bradshaw, including maps of the British railway network, first published in 1839
- History of cartography
- List of cartographers
- Ordnance Survey UK map agency
- Sanborn Maps - detailed American fire insurance maps
- Related topics
- Aerial landscape art
- Aerial photography
- Automatic label placement
- Digital geologic mapping
- Geographic coordinate system
- Geography Cup
- Index map
- Map database management
- National Mine Map Repository
- Global Map
Footnotes[link]
- ^ Ordnance Survey, Explorer Map Symbols; Swisstopo, Conventional Signs; United States Geological Survey, Topographic Map Symbols.
- ^ Imhof, E., “Die Anordnung der Namen in der Karte,” Annuaire International de Cartographie II, Orell-Füssli Verlag, Zürich, 93-129, 1962.
- ^ Freeman, H.,, Map data processing and the annotation problem, Proc. 3rd Scandinavian Conf. on Image Analysis, Chartwell-Bratt Ltd. Copenhagen, 1983.
References[link]
- David Buisseret, ed., Monarchs, Ministers and Maps: The Emergence of Cartography as a Tool of Government in Early Modern Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992, ISBN 0-226-07987-2
- Denis E. Cosgrove (ed.) Mappings. Reaktion Books, 1999 ISBN 1-86189-021-4
- Freeman, Herbert, Automated Cartographic Text Placement. White paper.
- Ahn, J. and Freeman, H., “A program for automatic name placement,” Proc. AUTO-CARTO 6, Ottawa, 1983. 444-455.
- Freeman, H., “Computer Name Placement,” ch. 29, in Geographical Information Systems, 1, D.J. Maguire, M.F. Goodchild, and D.W. Rhind, John Wiley, New York, 1991, 449-460.
- Mark Monmonier, How to Lie with Maps, ISBN 0-226-53421-9
- O'Connor, J.J. and E.F. Robertson, The History of Cartography. Scotland : St. Andrews University, 2002.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Maps |
- Geography and Maps, an Illustrated Guide, by the staff of the U.S. Library of Congress.
- Historical Maps from the Hargrett Library Collection (University of Georgia) - browse over 1000 maps from as early as 1544. DjVu format; requires free plugin or JAVA
- The History of Cartography Project at the University of Wisconsin, a comprehensive research project in the history of maps and mapping
- Mapping History Project - University of Oregon
- Mapping the World The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division at The New York Public Library
- Online map collections at the Library of Congress
- John H.W. Stuckenberg Map Digital Collection at Gettysburg College
- Journal of Maps
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
