A modern geographic barony in Scotland, Ireland and outlying parts of England, constites an administrative division of a country, usually of lower rank and importance than a county.

Origin[link]

A geographic barony is a remnant from mediaeval times of the area of land held under the form of feudal land tenure termed feudal barony, or barony by tenure, either an English feudal barony, a Scottish feudal barony or an Irish feudal barony, which all operated under different legal and social systems. Just as modern counties are no longer under the administrative control of a noble count or earl, geographic baronies are generally no longer connected with feudal barons, certainly not in England where such tenure was abolished with the whole feudal system by the Tenures Abolition Act 1660. The position in Scotland is more complex, although the legal force of the Scottish feudal baron was abolished early in the 21st c.^[1]

Surviving examples[link]

England[link]

Two divisions of the county of Westmorland in England:

• Barony of Kendal
• Barony of Westmorland

Scotland[link]

• Burgh of barony
• List of Scottish feudal baronies
• Prescriptive barony
• Barony of Cartsburn
• Barony of Cowie
• Barony of Craigie in Angus
• Barony of Dirleton
• Lordship and Barony of Hailes
• Barony of Ladyland
• Barony of Peacockbank
• Barony of Plenderleith

Ireland[link]

• Barony (Ireland), a former unit of administration in Ireland, below the level of the counties and latterly not usually associated with any baronial title.

Norway[link]

• In Norway, the only Barony of Rosendal

See also[link]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Barony.

• English Feudal Barony
• Scottish Feudal Barony
• Irish Feudal Barony
• Caput baronium, the seat of a barony in Scotland
• Moot hill, the principal residence in law of a barony in England

References[link]

1. ^ P. G. B. McNeill and H. L. MacQueen, eds, Atlas of Scottish History to 1707 (University of Edinburgh: Edinburgh, 1996), pp. 201-7

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Bernard Baruch
Born	(1870-08-19)August 19, 1870 Camden, South Carolina
Died	June 20, 1965(1965-06-20) (aged 94) New York City, New York
Nationality	American
Alma mater	City College of New York
Occupation	Speculator Financier
Awards	Bernard Baruch Handicap at Saratoga Race Course

Bernard Mannes Baruch (/bəˈruːk/; 1870–1965) was an American financier, stock-market speculator, statesman, and political consultant. After his success in business, he devoted his time toward advising U.S. Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt on economic matters and became a philanthropist.

Early life and education[link]

Bernard Baruch was born in Camden, South Carolina to Simon and Belle Baruch. He was the second of four sons. His father Simon Baruch (1840–1921) was a German immigrant of Ashkenazi Jewish ethnicity who came with his family to the United States in 1855. He studied medicine, became a doctor, and served as a surgeon on the staff of Confederate general Robert E. Lee during the American Civil War. He was a pioneer in physical therapy.^[1] His mother's Sephardic Jewish ancestors (likely from Amsterdam or London) came to New York as early as the 1690s, where they became part of the shipping business.

In 1881 the family moved from Camden to New York City, where Bernard and his brothers attended local schools. He studied at and graduated from the City College of New York.

Career[link]

Baruch became a broker and then a partner in A.A. Housman & Company. With his earnings and commissions, he bought a seat on the New York Stock Exchange for $18,000 ($434,000 in today's dollars). There he amassed a fortune before the age of 30 via speculation in the sugar market. By 1903 Baruch had his own brokerage firm and gained the reputation of "The Lone Wolf of Wall Street" because of his refusal to join any financial house. By 1910, he had become one of Wall Street's best-known financiers.

In 1925 he endowed the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) Mrs. Simon Baruch University Award in memory of his mother, to support scholars who have written unpublished monographs for full-length books on Confederate history. His mother had been an early member of the organization and supported their activities.

Presidential adviser: First World War[link]

In 1916, Baruch left Wall Street to advise president Woodrow Wilson on national defense and terms of peace. He served on the Advisory Commission to the Council of National Defense and, in 1918, became the chairman of the new War Industries Board. With his leadership, this body successfully managed the US's economic mobilization during World War I. In 1919, Wilson asked Baruch to serve as a staff member at the Paris Peace Conference. Baruch did not approve of the reparations France and Britain demanded of Germany, and supported Wilson's view that there needed to be new forms of cooperation between nations, and supporting the creation of the League of Nations.^[2]

In the 1920s and 30s, Baruch expressed his concern that the United States needed to be prepared for the possibility of another world war. He wanted a more powerful version of the War Industries Board, which he saw as the only way to ensure maximum coordination between civilian business and military needs.^[3] Baruch remained a prominent government adviser during this time, and supported Franklin D. Roosevelt's domestic and foreign policy initiatives after his election.

During President Roosevelt's "New Deal" program, Baruch was a member of the "Brain Trust" and helped form the National Recovery Administration (NRA).

Presidential adviser: Second World War[link]

Sir Winston Churchill, British statesman, and Bernard Baruch, financier, converse in the back seat of a car in front of Baruch's home.

When the United States entered World War II, President Roosevelt appointed Baruch a special adviser to the director of the Office of War Mobilization. He supported what was known as a "work or fight" bill. Baruch advocated the creation of a permanent superagency similar to his old Industries Board. His theory enhanced the role of civilian businessmen and industrialists in determining what was needed and who would produce it.^[4] Baruch's ideas were largely adopted, with James Byrnes appointed to carry them out. During the war Baruch remained a trusted adviser and confidant of President Roosevelt, who in 1944 spent a month as a guest at Baruch's South Carolina estate.

In 1946 President Harry S. Truman appointed Baruch as the United States representative to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC). On Friday, June 14, 1946, Baruch presented his Baruch Plan, a modified version of the Acheson–Lilienthal plan, to the UNAEC, which proposed international control of then-new atomic energy. The Soviet Union rejected Baruch's proposal as unfair given the fact that the U.S. already had nuclear weapons; it proposed that the U.S. eliminate its nuclear weapons before a system of controls and inspections was implemented. A stalemate ensued.

Baruch resigned from the commission in 1947. His influence began to diminish, as he grew further out of step with the views of the Truman administration.^[5]

Park bench statesman[link]

Baruch was well-known, and often walked or sat in Washington, D.C's Lafayette Park and in New York City's Central Park. It was not uncommon for him to discuss government affairs with other people while sitting on a park bench: he became known for this.

In 1960, on his ninetieth birthday, a commemorative park bench in Lafayette Park across from the White House was dedicated to him^[6][7] by the Boy Scouts.^[8]

He continued to advise on international affairs until his death on June 20, 1965, in New York City, at the age of ninety-four. His grave is at Flushing Cemetery, Flushing, Queens, New York City, USA.

Favorite book[link]

A favorite book of Bernard Baruch was Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds, by Charles Mackay, first published in 1841. It was also a favorite book of his best friend, Jesse Lauriston Livermore, also known as the Boy Plunger.

Thoroughbred racing[link]

Bernard Baruch owned a string of Thoroughbred racehorses and raced under the name, Kershaw Stable. In 1927 his horse, Happy Argo, won the Carter Handicap.

Legacy and honors[link]

• Baruch College of City University of New York was named for him.
• The Saratoga Race Course named the Bernard Baruch Handicap in his honor.

Purchase of Hobcaw Barony (Bellefield Plantation), Georgetown County, South Carolina[link]

Between 1905 and 1907, Baruch systematically purchased a total of approximately 15,560 acres (63 square kilometers) of the former 18th century Hobcaw Barony, also known as Bellefield Plantation, located on a peninsula called Waccamaw Neck between the Winyah Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, in Georgetown County, South Carolina. Baruch subsequently developed sections of the property as a winter hunting resort. He later transferred the property to his eldest child, Belle W. Baruch. Upon her death in 1964, the property was transferred to The Belle W. Baruch Foundation as a nature and research preserve. The property also includes more than forty historic buildings representing the 18th and 19th century rice cultivation industry, and early-mid 20th century winter resorts. The entire property was named to the National Register of Historic Places on November 2, 1994.^[9].

The Trustees of The Belle W. Baruch Foundation subsequently selected the University of South Carolina and Clemson University as educational institutions with a mandate to preserve and study the Hobcaw Barony, including the estate's coastal ecosystems. The University of South Carolina established the Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine and Coastal Sciences, and Clemson University established the Belle W. Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology & Forest Science. Both universities have also formed partnerships with other schools in South Carolina that carry out research and educational programs which contribute to knowledge of coastal ecosystems. The Belle W. Baruch Foundation maintains a Visitors Center at the entrance to the Hobcaw Barony property, and provides tours and educational programs.^[10]

Notes[link]

References[link]

Biography portal

Primary sources[link]

• Bernard M. Baruch Baruch: My Own Story (1957) two volumes. ISBN 1-56849-095-X
• Bernard M. Baruch; The Making of the Reparation and Economic Sections of the Treaty 1920.
• Bernard M. Baruch; American Industry in War: A Report of the War Industries Board (March 1921) ed by Richard H. Hippelheuser; 1941.

Scholarly secondary sources[link]

• Coit, Margaret L. (2000). Mr. Baruch. Washington, D.C.: BeardBooks. ISBN 1-58798-021-5. 
• Cooper, Mary H.; Marshall, Patrick (2007). "Nuclear Proliferation and Terrorism". Global Issues: Selections from CQ Researcher. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. ISBN 0-87289-410-X. 
• Field, Carter (1944). Bernard Baruch, Park Bench Statesman. New York: McGraw-Hill. 
• Grant, James L. (1997). Bernard M. Baruch: The Adventures of a Wall Street Legend. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-17075-5. 
• Irish, Kerry E. (2006). "Apt Pupil: Dwight Eisenhower and the 1930 Industrial Mobilization Plan". The Journal of Military History 70 (1): 31–61. DOI:10.1353/jmh.2006.0051.  Eisenhower worked closely with Baruch in 1930.
• Schwartz, Jordan A. (1981). The Speculator: Bernard M. Baruch in Washington, 1917–1965. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-1396-6. 
• White, William Lindsay (1971). Bernard Baruch: Portrait of a Citizen. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-8371-3348-3. 
• Leab, Daniel; Kenneth J. Bindas, Alan Harris Stein, Justin Corfield, and Steven L. Danver, ed. (2010). The Great Depression and the New Deal, Volume 1. Sanata Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-1-59884-154-1. 

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Bernard Baruch

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bernard Baruch

• Bernard M. Baruch Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
• Bernard Baruch Portrait
• Bernard Baruch – Jewish Virtual Library
• Bernard Baruch Bench Of Inspiration
• Baruch College of the City University of New York
• Investment Banking Club – Bernard Baruch College
• Annotated bibliography for Bernard Baruch from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
• FBI file on Bernard Baruch
• A film clip "Bernard Baruch Adviser To Presidents Is Dead At 94, 1965/06/21 (1965)" is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
• "Bernard Baruch". Find a Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=65. Retrieved August 11, 2010.