Edinburgh

Friday, 26 October 2012

Edinburgh

Edinburgh - What song are you listening to?

Edinburgh Online Fashion Week 2012: Behind the scenes day 4

Andrew Doyle vs drunk hecklers at the Edinburgh Fringe

The Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo 2012

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A68 road
The A68 is a major road in the United Kingdom, running from Darlington in England to Dalkeith in Scotland.
http://wn.com/A68_road
A701 road
The A701 is a major road in Scotland that runs from Dumfries to Edinburgh.
http://wn.com/A701_road
A702 road
The A702 is a major road in Scotland, that runs from Edinburgh to St. John's Town of Dalry in Dumfries and Galloway. It is the last section of a sometimes recommended route between London and Edinburgh, the English and Scottish capitals, which now follows the M1, M6, A74(M) and A702 roads, rather than the more direct A1 and A1(M) which runs all the way.
http://wn.com/A702_road
A71 road
The A71 is a major road in Scotland linking Edinburgh with Lanarkshire and Ayrshire. It adjoins the Livingston Bypass A899.
http://wn.com/A71_road
A772 road
The A772 was a major A road located in Edinburgh, Scotland. The A772 was originally the A7 before a major renumbering of the roads into Edinburgh and also begins there, at a junction with the A701 in the neighbourhood of Nether Liberton. From this junction, the A772 heads south-east through Gilmerton, a suburb of Edinburgh. This part is known as Gilmerton Road and has a 30 mph speed limit. At the edge of Gilmerton, the road becomes Drum Street, where it passes The Drum, an 18th-century country house, before reverting to Gilmerton Road.
http://wn.com/A772_road
A8 road (Scotland)
The A8 is a major road in Scotland, connecting Edinburgh to Greenock via Glasgow. Its importance diminished following the construction of the M8 motorway which covers much of the route between Edinburgh and Glasgow (though with interruption).
http://wn.com/A8_road_(Scotland)
A8000 road
The B800 is a short road in eastern Scotland, connecting the Forth Road Bridge to Kirkliston.
http://wn.com/A8000_road
A89 road
The A89 is a trunk road in Scotland, United Kingdom. It runs from Glasgow to Newbridge in Edinburgh. It was once the A8, which has now been replaced, mostly by the M8. The A89 runs from Edinburgh for about to Livingston and an extra to Bathgate. It runs through Armadale, Airdrie and Coatbridge and through to Glasgow.
http://wn.com/A89_road
A90 road
The A90 road is a major north to south road in eastern Scotland, running from Edinburgh to Fraserburgh in Aberdeenshire.
http://wn.com/A90_road
Aalborg
http://wn.com/Aalborg
Abbeyhill
Abbeyhill is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland.
http://wn.com/Abbeyhill
Aberdeen
Aberdeen (; , (pronounced ) is Scotland's third most populous city, one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom's 29th most populous city. It has an official population estimate of .
http://wn.com/Aberdeen
Alnwickhill
Alnwickhill is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is north of Kaimes.
http://wn.com/Alnwickhill
Anguilla
Anguilla ( ) is a British overseas territory in the Caribbean, one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles. It consists of the main island of Anguilla itself, approximately long by wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population. The island's capital is The Valley. The total land area of the territory is , with a population of approximately 13,500 (2006 estimate).
http://wn.com/Anguilla
Angus
Angus (Aonghas in Gaelic) is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland, a registration county and a lieutenancy area. The council area borders onto Aberdeenshire, Perth and Kinross and Dundee City. Main industries include agriculture and fishing.
http://wn.com/Angus
Ardmillan
Ardmillan is a mainly residential suburb of Edinburgh, Scotland. It borders on Dalry, Gorgie, and Polwarth.
http://wn.com/Ardmillan
Armagh
Armagh (pronounced ar-maa, ) is a large settlement in Northern Ireland, and the county town of County Armagh. It is an ancient site of worship for both Celtic paganism and Christianity. Although classed as a medium-sized town, Armagh was granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994. Its population of 14,590 (2001 Census) makes it the least-populated city in both Northern Ireland and the island of Ireland.
http://wn.com/Armagh
Asturias
The Principality of Asturias (, ; ) is an autonomous community within the kingdom of Spain, former Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages. It is situated on the Spanish north coast (Bay of Biscay) facing the Cantabrian Sea.
http://wn.com/Asturias
Auckland
http://wn.com/Auckland
Baberton
Baberton is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is south-west of the Edinburgh City Bypass, and south of the Edinburgh to Bathgate railway line. The village of Juniper Green is situated to the south of Baberton. From Baberton there about a 20 minute walk to the foot of the Pentland Hills.
http://wn.com/Baberton
Balerno
Balerno is a suburb of Edinburgh, Scotland situated 12 kilometres south west of the city centre, next to Juniper Green and Currie. Administratively, Balerno falls within the jurisdiction of the City of Edinburgh Council.
http://wn.com/Balerno
Balgreen
http://wn.com/Balgreen
Balmoral Hotel
The Balmoral is a luxury five-star hotel and landmark in Edinburgh, Scotland, known as the North British Hotel until the late 1980s. It is located in the heart of the city at the east end of Princes Street, the main shopping street beneath the Edinburgh Castle rock, and the southern edge of the New Town.
http://wn.com/Balmoral_Hotel
Bangor, Gwynedd
Bangor is a city in Gwynedd, north west Wales, and one of the smallest cities in Britain. It is a university city with a population of 13,725 at the 2001 census, not including around 10,000 students at Bangor University. Including nearby Menai Bridge on Anglesey, which does not however form part of the City of Bangor itself, the population is about 18,000. Although it is Wales's fourth largest city, this is somewhat misleading as it only ranks as 36th largest urban area in Wales. According to the census, 46.6% of the population speak Welsh.
http://wn.com/Bangor_Gwynedd
Bankhead, Edinburgh
Bankhead is an area of Edinburgh, Scotland. It borders the bypass (and Hermiston Gait to the west, the Calders to the south, Sighthill to the east, and South Gyle/Edinburgh park to the north. It is mostly occupied by a large industrial park. Amongst the companies here, Royal Mail and Burtons Biscuits have a large presence. Ethicon also had a plant here, but it has closed, and will reportedly be replaced by a sports facilities. Stevenson College, and the former Sighthill campus of Napier University are just to the west.
http://wn.com/Bankhead_Edinburgh
Barnton, Edinburgh
Barnton is an affluent suburb of Edinburgh, Scotland, located to the north-west of the city.
http://wn.com/Barnton_Edinburgh
Bath, Somerset
Bath ( or ) is a city in the ceremonial county of Somerset in the south west of England. It is situated west of London and south-east of Bristol. The population of the city is 83,992. It was granted city status by Royal Charter by Queen Elizabeth I in 1590, and was made a county borough in 1889 which gave it administrative independence from its county, Somerset. The city became part of Avon when that county was created in 1974. Since 1996, when Avon was abolished, Bath has been the principal centre of the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset (B&NES;).
http://wn.com/Bath_Somerset
Battle of Flodden
The Battle of Flodden or Flodden Field was fought in the county of Northumberland in northern England on 9 September 1513, between an invading Scots army under King James IV and an English army commanded by Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey. It ended in a victory for the English and was the largest battle (in terms of numbers) fought between the two nations.
http://wn.com/Battle_of_Flodden
Bedlam Theatre
Bedlam Theatre is a student-run theatre owned by the University of Edinburgh and notable for being the oldest student-run theatre in Britain.
http://wn.com/Bedlam_Theatre
Beechmount
Beechmount is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is south of A8.
http://wn.com/Beechmount
Belfast
Belfast () is the capital of and the largest city in Northern Ireland. It is the seat of devolved government and legislative Northern Ireland Assembly. It is the largest urban area in Northern Ireland, the second-largest city in Ireland and the 15th-largest city in the United Kingdom. It is the main settlement in the province of Ulster. The city of Belfast has a population of 267,500 and lies at the heart of the Belfast urban area, which has a population of 483,418. The Belfast metropolitan area has a total population of 579,276. Belfast is also the 100th-largest urban zone in the EU. Belfast was granted city status in 1888.
http://wn.com/Belfast
Bellevue Chapel
Bellevue Chapel is a church in Rodney Street in Canonmills, Edinburgh, Scotland.
http://wn.com/Bellevue_Chapel
Bermuda
Bermuda (; officially, the Bermudas or Somers Islands) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. Located off the east coast of the United States, its nearest landmass is Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, about to the west-northwest. It is about south of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and northeast of Miami, Florida. Its capital city is Hamilton but the largest municipality is the town of Saint George's.
http://wn.com/Bermuda
Bingham, Edinburgh
Bingham is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is east of Duddingston.
http://wn.com/Bingham_Edinburgh
Birmingham
Birmingham ( , locally ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands county of England. It is the most populous British city outside London with a population of 1,028,700 (2009 estimate), and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the United Kingdom's second most populous Urban Area with a population of 2,284,093 (2001 census). Birmingham's metropolitan area, which includes surrounding towns to which it is closely tied through commuting, is also the United Kingdom's second most populous with a population of 3,683,000.
http://wn.com/Birmingham
Blackford Hill
Blackford Hill (164 m) is a hill in the south of the Scottish capital city of Edinburgh, in the area of Blackford, near Morningside, The Grange, and the Braid Hills.
http://wn.com/Blackford_Hill
Blackford, Edinburgh
Blackford is an area in the south of Edinburgh, Scotland. It is a reasonably affluent area, and contains Blackford Hill, one of the supposed "Seven Hills of Edinburgh", which has the city's Astronomical observatory on it. The Pentland Hills dominate views to the south.
http://wn.com/Blackford_Edinburgh
Blackhall, Edinburgh
Blackhall is a suburb in the north west of the Scottish capital city Edinburgh.
http://wn.com/Blackhall_Edinburgh
Bonaly
Bonaly is an area on the south-western outskirts of Edinburgh and the northern slopes of the Pentland Hills, lying within the Parish of Colinton. It is a mix of mainly post-war housing, woodland, pasture-land and heather moorland. Bonaly Burn has its sources in the hills above Bonaly and flows towards Oxgangs, where it becomes the Braid Burn. The Edinburgh City Bypass passes through Bonaly.
http://wn.com/Bonaly
Bonnyrigg
Bonnyrigg is a town in Midlothian, Scotland, eight miles (13 kilometres) southeast of Edinburgh city centre. The town had a population of 11,260 in the 1991 census which has risen to 14,457 according to the 2001 census. Along with Lasswade, Bonnyrigg is a twin town with St-Cyr-L'Ecole, France.
http://wn.com/Bonnyrigg
Brades
Brades (or Brades Estate; approx. pop. 1,000) is a village and de facto capital of Montserrat since 1998. It is located in the Carr's Bay/Little Bay vicinity at the northwest end of Montserrat. The official capital Plymouth in the south of the island has been abandoned since 1997 due to the eruption of Soufriere Hills volcano, which buried Plymouth. Interim government buildings have since been built at Brades. Several names have been suggested for the new capital, which is now being constructed in the Little Bay area. They include Port Diana, in memory of Princess Diana , and St. Patrick's, to commemorate the March 17th uprising and to attract Irish-American tourists.
http://wn.com/Brades
Bradford
Bradford () lies at the heart of the City of Bradford, a metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, in Northern England. It is situated in the foothills of the Pennines, west of Leeds, and northwest of Wakefield. Bradford became a municipal borough in 1847, and received its charter as a city in 1897. Following local government reform in 1974, city status was bestowed upon the wider metropolitan borough.
http://wn.com/Bradford
Braepark, Edinburgh
Braepark is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is north of A90.
http://wn.com/Braepark_Edinburgh
Braid Hills
The Braid Hills form an area towards the south-western edge of Edinburgh, Scotland.
http://wn.com/Braid_Hills
Brighton and Hove
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http://wn.com/Brighton_and_Hove
Brisbane
Brisbane () is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland and the third most populous city in Australia. Brisbane's metropolitan area has an approximate population of 2 million. A resident of Brisbane is commonly known as a "Brisbanite".
http://wn.com/Brisbane
Bristol
Bristol () is a city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, with an estimated population of 433,100 for the unitary authority in 2009, and a surrounding Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with an estimated 1,006,600 residents, it is England's sixth, and the United Kingdom's eighth most populous city, one of the group of English Core Cities and the most populous city in South West England.
http://wn.com/Bristol
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-quarter of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 13 million square miles (34 million km2), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
http://wn.com/British_Empire
Brittany
http://wn.com/Brittany
Broomhouse
Broomhouse (Lowland Scots: Bruimhoose) is a district of Edinburgh, Scotland. It is mainly residential, low-rise housing. It borders on Sighthill, and Saughton/Stenhouse. The Glasgow railway goes past here, and it is sandwiched between two arterial routes, but there is no station here. There are two schools (one Roman Catholic the other non-denominational, a community centre, two Church congregations (St. Joseph's R.C and St David's Broomhouse C.o.S.) and a counselling centre here. Medical and library facilities are in nearby Sighthill and Corstorphine.
http://wn.com/Broomhouse
Broughton, Edinburgh
Broughton is an ancient feudal barony today within the City of Edinburgh, Scotland. Its borders are defined, approximately, as being Leith Walk in the south east, Broughton Street in the south west, Broughton Road in the north west and McDonald Road in the north east. Moving clockwise from south east, Broughton is bordered by Greenside and Calton, the New Town, Canonmills, and Pilrig.
http://wn.com/Broughton_Edinburgh
Brunstane
Brunstane is a south eastern suburb of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland. It is served by Brunstane railway station on the Edinburgh Crossrail.
http://wn.com/Brunstane
Bruntsfield
Bruntsfield is an area of Edinburgh, Scotland, about twenty minutes walk south-west of the city centre. In feudal times it fell within the barony of Colinton.
http://wn.com/Bruntsfield
Bughtlin
Bughtlin is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is east of A902.
http://wn.com/Bughtlin
Burdiehouse
Burdiehouse is an area in the south east of Edinburgh, Scotland, near Gilmerton and Southhouse. Its name is often stated to be a corruption of Bordeaux-house (cf Little France nearby), but this is by no means certain.
http://wn.com/Burdiehouse
Burgh Muir
The Burgh Muir was an area to the south of Edinburgh city centre upon which much of the southern portion of the city now rests, following expansions of the 18th and 19th centuries. It was part of the ancient forest of Drumselch, and was gifted to the city by David I in the 12th century.
http://wn.com/Burgh_Muir
Burghmuirhead
Burghmuirhead (alternatively Boroughmuirhead) is an area of Edinburgh, Scotland.
http://wn.com/Burghmuirhead
Bute House
http://wn.com/Bute_House
Calton Hill
Calton Hill is a hill in central Edinburgh, Scotland, just to the east of the New Town. Views of, and from, the hill are often used in photographs and paintings of the city.
http://wn.com/Calton_Hill
Cambridge
http://wn.com/Cambridge
Cameron Toll
Cameron Toll is a suburb located to the south of Edinburgh, Scotland.
http://wn.com/Cameron_Toll
Cammo
:This article is about the Scottish suburb. Cammo is also a common term for camouflage, or military camouflage.
http://wn.com/Cammo
Canongate Kirk
http://wn.com/Canongate_Kirk
Canonmills
Canonmills is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is south-east of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Inverleith.
http://wn.com/Canonmills
Cardiff
Cardiff (, {{lang-cy|) is the capital, largest city and most populous county of Wales. The city is Wales' chief commercial centre, the base for most national cultural and sporting institutions, the Welsh national media, and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales. According to recent estimates, the population of the unitary authority area is 324,800, while the wider metropolitan area has a population of nearly 1.1 million, more than a third of the total Welsh population. Cardiff is a significant tourism centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 14.6 million visitors in 2009.
http://wn.com/Cardiff
Carriden
http://wn.com/Carriden
Cayman Islands
The Cayman Islands ( or ) is a British Overseas Territory located in the western Caribbean Sea. The territory comprises the islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little Cayman, located south of Cuba and northwest of Jamaica. It is considered a part of the geographic Western Caribbean Zone. The territory is a major offshore financial centre in the Caribbean.
http://wn.com/Cayman_Islands
Central Lowlands
The Central Lowlands or Midland Valley is a geologically defined area of relatively low-lying land in southern Scotland. It consists of a rift valley between the Highland Boundary Fault to the north and the Southern Uplands Fault to the south. The Central Lowlands are one of the three main geographical sub-divisions of Scotland, the other two being the Highlands and Islands which lie to the north and west and the Southern Uplands, which lie south of the associated second fault line.
http://wn.com/Central_Lowlands
Charlotte Square
Charlotte Square is a city square in Edinburgh, Scotland, part of the New Town, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Charlotte Square was the last part of the initial phase of the New Town to be completed in 1820. Much of it was the 1791 design of Robert Adam, who died in 1792, just as building began. The north-west corner (Glenfinlas Street) was only completed in the 1990s, but was done to the original design concept.
http://wn.com/Charlotte_Square
Chesser
Chesser is a suburb of Edinburgh, Scotland, south of the water of Leith.
http://wn.com/Chesser
Chester
Chester () is a city in Cheshire, England. Lying on the River Dee, close to the border with Wales, it is home to 77,040 inhabitants, and is the largest and most populous settlement of the wider unitary authority area of Cheshire West and Chester, which had a population of 328,100 according to the 2001 Census. Chester was granted city status in 1541.
http://wn.com/Chester
Chichester
Chichester () is a cathedral city in West Sussex, South-East England. It has a long history as a settlement; its Roman past and its subsequent importance in Anglo-Saxon times are only its beginnings. It is the seat of a bishopric, with a 12th century cathedral, and is home to some of the oldest churches and buildings in Great Britain.
http://wn.com/Chichester
City of Lancaster
The City of Lancaster (), is a local government district of Lancashire, England, with the status of a city and non-metropolitan district. It is named after its largest settlement, Lancaster, but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Morecambe, Heysham, and Carnforth, as well as outlying villages and rural hinterland. The city has a population of 133,914, and an area of .
http://wn.com/City_of_Lancaster
City of Leeds
The City of Leeds is a local government district of West Yorkshire, England, governed by Leeds City Council, with the status of a city and metropolitan borough. The district includes Leeds and other smaller towns such as Guiseley, Morley, Rothwell, Otley, Pudsey and Wetherby. It has a population of () and is the second largest local government district in England by population; and the second largest metropolitan district by area.
http://wn.com/City_of_Leeds
City of London
http://wn.com/City_of_London
City of St Albans
The City of St Albans (), also known as the City and District of St Albans or District of St Albans, is a local government district, in Hertfordshire, England. It was created in 1974 and since then has held the status of non-metropolitan district and city. The local authority is St Albans City Council. It has routes to the M1 motorway via the A414 road (formerly the M10 motorway), and rail routes to London St Pancras and Watford via St Albans City railway station and St Albans Abbey railway station respectively.
http://wn.com/City_of_St_Albans
City of Westminster
The City of Westminster () is a London borough occupying much of the central area of London, England, including most of the West End. It is located to the west of and adjoining the ancient City of London, directly to the east of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , and its southern boundary is the River Thames. It is an Inner London borough and was created in 1965 when Greater London was established. At its creation Westminster was awarded city status, which had been previously held by the smaller Metropolitan Borough of Westminster. Aside from a number of large parks and open spaces, the density of the district is high. Many sites thought of as being in London are actually in Westminster, including Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament, and 10 Downing Street. The city is divided into a number of localities including the ancient political district of Westminster around the Palace of Westminster; the shopping areas around Oxford Street, Regent Street, Piccadilly and Bond Street; and the night time entertainment district of Soho. Much of the city is residential, and in 2008 it was estimated to have a population of 236,000. The local authority is Westminster City Council.
http://wn.com/City_of_Westminster
City of Winchester
Winchester () is a local government district in Hampshire, England, with city status. It covers an area of central Hampshire including the city of Winchester itself, and neighbouring towns and villages including New Alresford, Colden Common and Bishops Waltham.
http://wn.com/City_of_Winchester
Clackmannanshire
Clackmannanshire, often abbreviated to Clacks ( and from the meaning 'Stone of Manau') is a local government council area in Scotland, and a lieutenancy area, bordering Perth and Kinross, Stirling and Fife.
http://wn.com/Clackmannanshire
Clermiston
Clermiston is a suburb of Edinburgh, Scotland, to the north of Clerwood and west of Corstorphine Hill.
http://wn.com/Clermiston
Clerwood
http://wn.com/Clerwood
Colinton
Colinton is a suburb of Edinburgh, Scotland situated 6 kilometres south west of the city centre. It is bordered by Dreghorn to the south and Craiglockhart to the north-east. To the north-west it extends to Lanark Road (the A70) and to the south-west to the City Bypass. Bonaly is a subsection of the area on its southern side.
http://wn.com/Colinton
Comely Bank
Comely Bank is an area of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, United Kingdom. It is south-west of Royal Botanic Garden. It is situated between Stockbridge and Craigleith.
http://wn.com/Comely_Bank
Comiston
Comiston is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is south of Morningside and west of the Braid Hills.
http://wn.com/Comiston
Constitution Street
Constitution Street runs from the foot of Leith Walk north to Leith docks in Leith, Edinburgh, Scotland. Constitution Street will form part of the future Edinburgh Trams network, although the section of the line running from Leith Walk to the Ocean Terminal shopping centre has been delayed until 2011.
http://wn.com/Constitution_Street
Cornwall
Cornwall (; ) is a ceremonial county and unitary authority of England, United Kingdom, forming the tip of the south-western peninsula of Great Britain. It is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Taken with the Isles of Scilly, Cornwall has a population of , and covers an area of . The administrative centre and only city is Truro.
http://wn.com/Cornwall
Corstorphine Hill
Corstorphine Hill is one of the hills of Edinburgh, Scotland, named for nearby Corstorphine. There are traditionally said to be seven hills in Edinburgh in reference to the Seven hills of Rome, but this figure is debatable, and as the city has expanded, even more so. It is a long ridge shaped hill, mostly forested ("Corstorphine Woods") with broad leaves, and has extensive development on its south side, including Edinburgh Zoo. Much housing has been built on the lower slopes, and houses in other parts of the city have been built using stone quarried from Corstorphine Hill.
http://wn.com/Corstorphine_Hill
Coventry
Coventry ( or ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the county of West Midlands in England. Coventry is the 9th largest city in England and the 11th largest in the United Kingdom. It is also the second largest city in the English Midlands, after Birmingham, with a population of 300,848, although Leicester and Nottingham have larger urban areas. The population of Coventry has risen to 309,800 as of 2008.
http://wn.com/Coventry
Cowgate
The Cowgate is a street in Edinburgh, Scotland, located about 5 minutes' walk from Edinburgh Castle, within the city's World Heritage Site. The street's name is derived from the fact that cows were herded down it for Edinburgh's market days in previous centuries (gate being a Scots term for "street"; compare with ).
http://wn.com/Cowgate
Craigcrook
Craigcrook is a suburb of Edinburgh, Scotland, best known for Craigcrook Castle. It is fairly affluent, and lies on the north east slopes of Corstorphine Hill. It is near Clerwood, and Blackhall. It is near the newly built Hillpark area of Blackhall.
http://wn.com/Craigcrook
Craigentinny
Craigentinny is a suburb in the east of Edinburgh, Scotland.
http://wn.com/Craigentinny
Craigmillar
Craigmillar (from Scottish Gaelic Crag Maol Ard meaning 'High Bare Rock') is an area of Edinburgh, Scotland, about 3 miles south-east of the city centre, with Duddingston to the north and Newcraighall to the east.
http://wn.com/Craigmillar
Cramond
Cramond is a seaside village now part of suburban Edinburgh, Scotland, located in the north-west corner of the city at the mouth of the River Almond where it enters the Firth of Forth.
http://wn.com/Cramond
Crewe Toll
Crewe Toll is an area in Edinburgh, the Scottish capital.
http://wn.com/Crewe_Toll
Crown Dependencies
The Crown Dependencies are British possessions of the Crown, as opposed to overseas territories of the United Kingdom. They comprise the Channel Island Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel, and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea.
http://wn.com/Crown_Dependencies
Currie
Currie is a suburb of Edinburgh, Scotland, situated 10 kilometres south west of the city centre. A former village within the County of Midlothian, it lies to the south west of the city, between Juniper Green (NE) and Balerno (SW) on the Lanark Road. Administratively, Currie falls within the jurisdiction of the City of Edinburgh Council.
http://wn.com/Currie
Curriehill
Curriehill is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is north-west of Currie.
http://wn.com/Curriehill
Dalkeith
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http://wn.com/Dalkeith
Dalmeny
Dalmeny is a suburban village in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is located on the south side of the Firth of Forth, east-southeast of South Queensferry and west-northwest of central Edinburgh; it falls under the local governance of the City of Edinburgh Council.
http://wn.com/Dalmeny
Dalry, Edinburgh
Dalry is an area close to the centre of the Scottish capital Edinburgh. It is the area between Haymarket and Gorgie. In fact the phrase Gorgie-Dalry is commonly used by the council. It also borders Ardmillan. The area has become an increasingly desirable residential location in recent years, and the area is well located for a range of shops, restaurants and leisure facilities. Princes Street, in central Edinburgh, is five to ten minutes walk from the area. Many of Edinburgh's major employers are also within walking distance, including those based in the city's central financial district, The Exchange.
http://wn.com/Dalry_Edinburgh
Davidson's Mains
Davidsons Mains is a former village which is now a suburb of Edinburgh, Scotland. It is adjacent to the areas of Barnton, Cramond, Silverknowes, Blackhall and Corbiehill/House O'Hill. The neighbourhood has a wide variety of residential classes ranging from lower-middle to upper-middle class.
http://wn.com/Davidson's_Mains
Dean Cemetery
Dean Cemetery is a well-known cemetery in Dean Village in Edinburgh, Scotland.
http://wn.com/Dean_Cemetery
Dean Gallery
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http://wn.com/Dean_Gallery
Dean Village
Dean Village (from dene, meaning 'deep valley') is a former village immediately northwest of Edinburgh, Scotland city centre. It was known as the "Water of Leith Village" and was a successful grain milling hamlet for more than 800 years. At one time there were no fewer than eleven working mills there, driven by the strong currents of the Water of Leith. The mylnes of Dene were listed in the King David I Charters.
http://wn.com/Dean_Village
Delhi
Delhi, known locally as Dilli (, , {{Lang-ur| '), and by the official name National Capital Territory of Delhi''' (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with more than 12.25 million inhabitants in the territory and with nearly 22.2 million residents in the National Capital Region urban area (which also includes Noida, Gurgaon, Greater Noida, Faridabad and Ghaziabad). The name Delhi is often also used to include some urban areas near the NCT, as well as to refer to New Delhi, the capital of India, which lies within the metropolis. The NCT is a federally administered union territory.
http://wn.com/Delhi
Derby
Derby ( ), is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands region of England. It lies upon the banks of the River Derwent and is located in the south of the ceremonial county of Derbyshire. In the 2001 census, the population of the city was 233,700, whilst that of the Derby Urban Area was 229,407. According to the 2001 census, Derby was at that time the 18th largest settlement in England, measured by urban area.
http://wn.com/Derby
Derry
Derry or Londonderry is the second-biggest city in Northern Ireland and the fourth-biggest city on the island of Ireland. The name Derry is an Anglicisation of the word Doire or Doire Cholmchille meaning "oak-wood of Colm Cille" , the original name of the city in Irish. In 1613, the city was granted a Royal Charter by King James I and the "London" prefix was added, changing the name of the city to Londonderry. While the city is more usually known as Derry, Londonderry is also used and remains the legal name.
http://wn.com/Derry
Diego Garcia
http://wn.com/Diego_Garcia
Douglas, Isle of Man
Douglas () is the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man, with a population of 26,218 people (2006). It is located at the mouth of the River Douglas, and a sweeping bay of two miles. The River Douglas forms part of the town's harbour and main commercial port.
http://wn.com/Douglas_Isle_of_Man
Drumbrae
Drumbrae is the name of a suburb of west Edinburgh, Scotland generally considered to be part of the neighbouring larger area of Corstorphine. This is a commuter settlement as many people who live in the area travel to the centre of town to go to their work.
http://wn.com/Drumbrae
Drylaw
Drylaw is a suburb in the north west of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland between Blackhall and Granton. Formerly the estate of Drylaw House, the home of the Loch family, the area became the site of a major housing scheme in the 1950s designed to rehouse the occupants of the slums of Leith. It is on the A902 road
http://wn.com/Drylaw
Dubai
Dubai ( ; ) is one of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It is located south of the Persian Gulf on the Arabian Peninsula and has the largest population with the second-largest land territory by area of all the emirates, after Abu Dhabi. Dubai and Abu Dhabi are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the country's legislature.
http://wn.com/Dubai
Duddingston
Duddingston is a former village in the east of Edinburgh, Scotland, next to Holyrood Park.
http://wn.com/Duddingston
Duddingston Kirk
Duddingston Kirk is a Parish Church in the Church of Scotland, located adjacent to Holyrood Park in Duddingston Village, on the east side of the City of Edinburgh. Regular services are held at the Kirk, conducted by the minister, Rev Dr James A. P. Jack (from 2001).
http://wn.com/Duddingston_Kirk
Dudley
Dudley () is a large town in the West Midlands, England, with a population of 194,919. Since 1974 it has been the administrative centre of the wider Metropolitan Borough of Dudley; the original County Borough had undergone a lesser expansion in 1966. It is the 19th largest settlement in England measured by Urban Sub-Area, the second largest town in the United Kingdom, behind Reading and the largest settlement in the UK without its own university.
http://wn.com/Dudley
Dumbiedykes
Dumbiedykes is a residential area in the centre of Edinburgh, Scotland.
http://wn.com/Dumbiedykes
Dundee
Dundee () (from the ) is the fourth-largest city in Scotland; fully named as Dundee City, it is one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. It lies on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, which feeds into the North Sea.
http://wn.com/Dundee
Dunfermline
http://wn.com/Dunfermline
Durham
Durham (, locally ) is a city in the North East of England. It is within the County Durham local government district, and is the county town of the larger ceremonial county. It lies to the south of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Chester-le-Street and Sunderland and to the north of Darlington.
http://wn.com/Durham
East Craigs
East Craigs is a popular residential suburb of Edinburgh located in the north-west of the city. It lies next to the green belt, and prior to development was a working farm. Development of the area began in 1922 when East Craigs Farm was purchased by the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency (SASA) as a centre for agricultural research. However, much of the land was made available to housing developers from the 1930s onwards. It neighbours West Craigs (which is much less developed), Maybury and Drumbrae.
http://wn.com/East_Craigs
East Lothian
East Lothian (, ) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy Area. It borders the City of Edinburgh, Scottish Borders and Midlothian. Its administrative centre is Haddington, although its largest town is Musselburgh.
http://wn.com/East_Lothian
East Pilton
East Pilton is a housing estate in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is north of Ferry Road, west of Granton and east of West Pilton and Muirhouse.
http://wn.com/East_Pilton
East Renfrewshire
East Renfrewshire (, ) is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. Until 1975 it formed part of the county of Renfrewshire for local government purposes along with the modern council areas of Renfrewshire and Inverclyde. Although no longer a local authority area, Renfrewshire still remains the registration county and lieutenancy area of East Renfrewshire.
http://wn.com/East_Renfrewshire
Eastfield, Edinburgh
Eastfield is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is south of the Firth of Forth.
http://wn.com/Eastfield_Edinburgh
Edinburgh
http://wn.com/Edinburgh
Edinburgh Airport
Edinburgh Airport is located at Turnhouse in the City of Edinburgh, Scotland, and was the busiest airport in Scotland in 2009, handling just over nine million passengers. It was also the seventh busiest airport in the UK by passengers and the fifth busiest by aircraft movements. It is located west of the city centre and is situated just off the M8 motorway.
http://wn.com/Edinburgh_Airport
Edinburgh Crossrail
Edinburgh Crossrail is a suburban rail service through Edinburgh, Scotland, from Newcraighall in the east to Bathgate and Stirling/Dunblane in the west.
http://wn.com/Edinburgh_Crossrail
Edinburgh New Town
http://wn.com/Edinburgh_New_Town
Edinburgh Playhouse
The Edinburgh Playhouse is a former cinema in Edinburgh, Scotland which now hosts touring musicals and music concerts. Its capacity is 3,059, (Stalls: 1,519, Balcony: 860 and Circle: 680) making it the UK's largest working theatre in terms of audience capacity. (The Hammersmith Apollo, which is a similar building, has more seats, but it is only used for concerts, not for musicals). The theatre is owned by Ambassador Theatre Group.
http://wn.com/Edinburgh_Playhouse
Edinburgh Zoo
Edinburgh Zoo, formally the Scottish National Zoological Park, is a non-profit zoological park located in Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland. The mission statement of Edinburgh Zoo is "To excite and inspire our visitors with the wonder of living animals, and so to promote the conservation of threatened species and habitats".
http://wn.com/Edinburgh_Zoo
Edmonton
Edmonton () is the capital of the Canadian province of Alberta. The city is located on the North Saskatchewan River in the central region of the province, an area with some of the most fertile farmland on the prairies. It is the second largest city in Alberta after Calgary, and is the hub of Canada's sixth-largest census metropolitan area.
http://wn.com/Edmonton
EH postcode area
The EH postcode area, also known as the Edinburgh postcode area, is a group of postcode districts around Armadale, Balerno, Bathgate, Bo'ness, Bonnyrigg, Broxburn, Currie, Dalkeith, Dunbar, East Linton, Edinburgh, Gorebridge, Gullane, Haddington, Heriot, Humbie, Innerleithen, Juniper Green, Kirkliston, Kirknewton, Lasswade, Linlithgow, Livingston, Loanhead, Longniddry, Musselburgh, Newbridge, North Berwick, Pathhead, Peebles, Penicuik, Prestonpans, Rosewell, Roslin, South Queensferry, Tranent, Walkerburn, West Calder and West Linton in Scotland.
http://wn.com/EH_postcode_area
EICC
http://wn.com/EICC
Ely, Cambridgeshire
Ely ( ) is a cathedral city in Cambridgeshire, England. It is 14 miles (23 km) north-northeast of Cambridge.
http://wn.com/Ely_Cambridgeshire
England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
http://wn.com/England
European route E15
The E15 is part of the United Nations international E-road network. It is a north-south "reference road", running from Inverness, Scotland south through England and France to Algeciras, Spain. Along most of its route between Paris and London, the road parallels the LGV Nord (as the French A1 autoroute) and High Speed 1 (as the English M20 motorway).
http://wn.com/European_route_E15
Exeter
Exeter () is a historic city in Devon, England. It lies within the ceremonial county of Devon, of which it is the county town as well as the home of the county council. Currently the administrative area has the status of a non-metropolitan district, and is therefore under the administration of the County Council. The city is on the River Exe, about northeast of Plymouth, and southwest of Bristol. According to the 2001 Census, its population in that year was 111,076.
http://wn.com/Exeter
Fairmilehead
Fairmilehead is a district of South Edinburgh. It lies approximately 3 miles due south of the city centre and borders Midlothian.
http://wn.com/Fairmilehead
Falkland Islands
The Falkland Islands (; ) are an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean, located approximately from the coast of mainland South America. The archipelago, consisting of East Falkland, West Falkland and 776 lesser islands, is a self-governing Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom. The capital, Stanley, is on East Falkland.
http://wn.com/Falkland_Islands
Ferniehill
Ferniehill is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is west of Danderhall.
http://wn.com/Ferniehill
Ferry Road
Ferry Road is one of the major roads of Edinburgh, Scotland, and is often referred to as an area in its own right. It runs from the eastern end of Davidson's Mains village in the west, to Leith in the east, passing through Goldenacre on the way.
http://wn.com/Ferry_Road
Fettes College
Fettes College is an independent boarding and day school in Edinburgh, Scotland.
http://wn.com/Fettes_College
Fife
Fife (; ) is a county and council area of Scotland. It is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland boundaries to Perth and Kinross and Clackmannanshire. It was originally one of the Pictish kingdoms, known as Fib, and is still commonly known as the Kingdom of Fife within Scotland.
http://wn.com/Fife
Firrhill
http://wn.com/Firrhill
Firth of Forth
The Firth of Forth () is the estuary or firth of Scotland's River Forth, where it flows into the North Sea, between Fife to the north, and West Lothian, the City of Edinburgh and East Lothian to the south. It was known as Bodotria in Roman times.
http://wn.com/Firth_of_Forth
Florence
Florence ( , ; alternative obsolete spelling: Fiorenza, Latin: Florentia) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with 367,569 inhabitants (1,500,000 in the metropolitan area).
http://wn.com/Florence
Fort Kinnaird
Fort Kinnaird is a large outdoor retail park, which is located in the village of Newcraighall, just off the A1 in the southeast of Edinburgh, Scotland. Fort Kinnaird has many shops, restaurants and entertainment complexes and is soon to be extended for the second time in as many years in the area that once housed Megabowl, Chiquito, Frankie & Benny's, Odeon and Harveys.. This redevelopment was expected to open late 2009, with a major reorganization of the existing car parking areas as well as new restaurants and new pedestrian zones but has currently been delayed.
http://wn.com/Fort_Kinnaird
Fountainbridge
Fountainbridge is an area of Edinburgh, Scotland, a short distance west of the city centre, adjoining Tollcross to the east, Bruntsfield to the south, Dalry to the west and Haymarket to the north.
http://wn.com/Fountainbridge
Fruitmarket Gallery
The Fruitmarket Gallery is an art gallery in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is located in the centre of the city, next to the main railway station.
http://wn.com/Fruitmarket_Gallery
Galicia (Spain)
:This article is about the nation in Spain. For the Polish-Ukrainian region, see Galicia (Eastern Europe).
http://wn.com/Galicia_(Spain)
George IV Bridge
George IV Bridge is an elevated street in Edinburgh, Scotland. Measuring 300-metres in length, the bridge was constructed between 1829 and 1832 as part of the Improvement Act of 1827. Named for King George IV, it was designed by architect Thomas Hamilton (1784 - 1858), to connect the South Side district of Edinburgh to the district of New Town. Two of Edinburgh Old Town's traditional streets, Old Bank Close and ''Liberton's Wynd'', had to be demolished for the construction of the bridge.
http://wn.com/George_IV_Bridge
Gibraltar
Gibraltar () is a British overseas territory located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean, overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar. The territory itself is a peninsula of whose isthmus connects to the north with Spain. The Rock of Gibraltar is the major landmark of the area and gives its name to the densely populated town, home to almost 30,000 Gibraltarians.
http://wn.com/Gibraltar
Gilmerton, Edinburgh
Gilmerton is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is south-west of Danderhall. Its name derives from a combination of - from which we have the first, Gilmer, element - and .
http://wn.com/Gilmerton_Edinburgh
Glasgow
Glasgow ( (); (pronounced )) is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Clyde in the country's west central lowlands. A person from Glasgow is known as a Glaswegian, which is also the name of the local dialect.
http://wn.com/Glasgow
Gloucester
Gloucester ( ) is a city, district and county town of Gloucestershire in the South West region of England. Gloucester lies close to the Welsh border, and on the River Severn, approximately north-east of Bristol, and south-southwest of Birmingham.
http://wn.com/Gloucester
Gogar
Gogar is a rural exurb of Edinburgh, Scotland, located to the west of the city. It is not far from Gogarloch, Edinburgh Park and Maybury. The Fife Circle Line is to the north of the city.
http://wn.com/Gogar
Gogarburn
http://wn.com/Gogarburn
Gogarloch
http://wn.com/Gogarloch
Goldenacre
Goldenacre is an area in Edinburgh, Scotland, lying on and to the south of the Ferry Road, and south of Trinity.
http://wn.com/Goldenacre
Gorgie
Gorgie is an area of west Edinburgh, Scotland, located near Murrayfield, Ardmillan and Dalry. It is home to Tynecastle Stadium, home of Scottish Premier League side Heart of Midlothian Football Club, and the North British Distillery, which creates a distinctive odour in parts of the area.
http://wn.com/Gorgie
Granton, Edinburgh
Granton is an area in the north of Edinburgh, Scotland. Granton forms part of Edinburgh's waterfront along the Firth of Forth, and is historically an industrial area, having a large harbour. In the later part of the 20th century the area became extensively derelict, leading to moves to redevelop Granton as part of Edinburgh's large scale waterfront regeneration programme.
http://wn.com/Granton_Edinburgh
Grassmarket
The Grassmarket is a small area of central Edinburgh, Scotland, named after the old market square at its heart.
http://wn.com/Grassmarket
Greenbank, Edinburgh
Greenbank is a residential district of south Edinburgh, Scotland. It is situated between the districts of Morningside and Oxgangs, i.e. slightly to the south-west of the heart of Morningside.
http://wn.com/Greenbank_Edinburgh
Greendykes
Greendykes is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is a fairly large council scheme, which consists mostly of low-rise flats but also houses two 14 storey tower blocks (Greendykes House and Wauchope House). It is sometimes considered to be part of Craigmillar, areas such as Niddrie, Niddrie Mains and Newcraighall are also situated nearby. The area is going through a massive regeneration programme and all low-rise housing is currently (2009) abandoned and scheduled to be demolished. It will be replaced by affordable housing through a joint venture known as PARClife between the city council and EDI, a private cmpany 100% owned by the Council. Greendykes was ranked as the 4th most deprived area in Scotland in the recent Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2006.
http://wn.com/Greendykes
Greenhill, Edinburgh
Greenhill is a small area of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland.
http://wn.com/Greenhill_Edinburgh
Greyfriars Kirkyard
Greyfriars Kirkyard is the graveyard surrounding Greyfriars Kirk in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is located at the southern edge of the Old Town, adjacent to George Heriot's School. Burials have been taking place since the late 16th century, and a number of notable Edinburgh residents are interred at Greyfriars. The Kirkyard is operated by City of Edinburgh Council in liaison with a charitable trust, which is linked to but separate from the church. The Kirkyard and its monuments are protected as a category A listed building.
http://wn.com/Greyfriars_Kirkyard
Grytviken
Grytviken (Swedish for "The Pot Cove") is the principal settlement in the British territory of South Georgia in the South Atlantic. It was so named by a 1902 Swedish surveyor who found old English try pots used to render seal oil at the site. It is the best harbour on the island, consisting of a bay (King Edward Cove) within a bay (Cumberland East Bay). The site is quite sheltered, provides a substantial area of flat land suitable for building on, and has a good supply of fresh water.
http://wn.com/Grytviken
Guernsey
The Bailiwick of Guernsey ( ; , ) is a British Crown Dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy.
http://wn.com/Guernsey
Hamilton, Bermuda
Hamilton is the capital of the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda. It is the territory's financial centre and a major port and tourist destination.
http://wn.com/Hamilton_Bermuda
Hamilton, Ontario
:For Hamilton Township in Northumberland County, see Hamilton, Ontario (township)
http://wn.com/Hamilton_Ontario
Haymarket TMD
Haymarket TMD is a railway Traction Maintenance Depot situated inside Edinburgh, Scotland, next to Haymarket Station and Murrayfield Stadium. The depot is operated by First ScotRail. The depot code is HA.
http://wn.com/Haymarket_TMD
Haymarket, Edinburgh
Haymarket is an area of Edinburgh, Scotland. It is situated in the west of the city and is a focal point for many main roads, notably Dalry Road (which leads to Gorgie Road and the M8 motorway to Glasgow), Corstorphine Road (leading to the M9, Stirling, and the north) and Shandwick Place (leading to Princes Street, and the city centre).
http://wn.com/Haymarket_Edinburgh
Hereford
Hereford () is a cathedral city, civil parish and county town of Herefordshire, England. It lies on the River Wye, approximately east of the border with Wales, southwest of Worcester, and northwest of Gloucester. With a population of 55,700 people, it is the largest settlement in the county.
http://wn.com/Hereford
Hermiston, Edinburgh
Hermiston is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is north of Riccarton. The Union Canal passes through the new Hermiston Quay development.
http://wn.com/Hermiston_Edinburgh
Holy Corner
Holy Corner is a colloquial name for a small area of Edinburgh, Scotland, and (along with Church Hill) is actually part of the area more properly known as Burghmuirhead, itself part of the lands of Greenhill. Holy Corner lies between the areas of Bruntsfield and Morningside. It is well-known to local people (and most Edinburgh taxi drivers) and has borne the name for a long while, but never appears on maps or in addresses, being really just a nickname.
http://wn.com/Holy_Corner
Holyrood Abbey
Holyrood Abbey is a ruined abbey of the Canons Regular in Edinburgh, Scotland. The abbey (which is sited in the grounds of the Palace of Holyroodhouse, which it predates) was founded in 1128 by King David I of Scotland.
http://wn.com/Holyrood_Abbey
Hunter's Tryst
'''Hunter's Tryst''' is the name of a long-established inn in Edinburgh, Scotland; it has lent its name to the surrounding area, near Fairmilehead.
http://wn.com/Hunter's_Tryst
Ingliston
Ingliston is an area in the west of Edinburgh, Scotland.
http://wn.com/Ingliston
Inverclyde
Inverclyde (, ) is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders on to Renfrewshire and North Ayrshire, and is otherwise surrounded by the Firth of Clyde. Inverclyde is one of three council areas contained within the boundaries of the historic Renfrewshire, the other two being East Renfrewshire and a Renfrewshire area with reduced boundaries. The older Renfrewshire still remains in the form of a registration county and lieutenancy area covering Inverclyde.
http://wn.com/Inverclyde
Inverkeithing
http://wn.com/Inverkeithing
Inverleith
http://wn.com/Inverleith
Inverness
http://wn.com/Inverness
Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
http://wn.com/Ireland
Isle of Man
The Isle of Man (; , ), otherwise known simply as Mann (, ), is a self-governing British Crown Dependency, located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, within the British Isles. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann. The Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The island is not part of the United Kingdom, but its foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the UK Government. Although it does not usually interfere in the island's domestic matters, its "good government" is the ultimate responsibility of the Crown (i.e., in practice, the Government of the United Kingdom).
http://wn.com/Isle_of_Man
Jersey
http://wn.com/Jersey
Jock's Lodge
'''Jock's Lodge''' is a suburb of Edinburgh, Scotland. It is bordered by Meadowbank to the west, and Piershill to the east. The origin of the name is uncertain, but it occurs as early as 1650. Jock is thought to be the name of a local shepherd in the early 17th century, with a small house near the junction of London Road and Restalrig Road South.
http://wn.com/Jock's_Lodge
John Witherspoon
http://wn.com/John_Witherspoon
Joppa, Edinburgh
Joppa is the easternmost suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is bounded on the north by the coast of the Firth of Forth, on the west by Portobello, to the south by the open area south of Milton Road and to the east by Musselburgh in East Lothian. The name "Joppa" appears in the late 18th century and is of uncertain origin.
http://wn.com/Joppa_Edinburgh
Juniper Green
Juniper Green is a village on the outskirts of Edinburgh, Scotland situated 9 kilometres south west of the city centre. It bridges the city bypass, and extends along the foothills of the Pentlands. It is bordered by Colinton to the east and Currie to the south-west. Administratively, Juniper Green falls within the jurisdiction of the City of Edinburgh Council. By general consent, the geography of Juniper Green includes Baberton Mains to the north.
http://wn.com/Juniper_Green
Kaimes
Kaimes is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is south of Alnwickhill.
http://wn.com/Kaimes
King's Buildings
The '''King's Buildings''' are a campus of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, and contains most of the schools within the College of Science and Engineering, excepting only part of the School of Informatics and the institute of Geography, which are located at the central George Square campus. The campus lies between West Mains Road and Mayfield Road, about 2 miles south of George Square.
http://wn.com/King's_Buildings
Kingsknowe
Kingsknowe is a suburb of Edinburgh the capital of Scotland. It is south-west of Craiglockhart. It borders Wester Hailes, Slateford and Longstone
http://wn.com/Kingsknowe
Kingston upon Hull
Kingston upon Hull ( usually referred to as Hull, is a city and unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It stands on the River Hull at its junction with the Humber estuary, 25 miles (40 km) inland from the North Sea. Hull has a resident population of ().
http://wn.com/Kingston_upon_Hull
Kingston, Jamaica
Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica, located on the southeastern coast of the island. It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a long sand spit which connects the town of Port Royal and the Norman Manley International Airport to the rest of the island. In the Americas, Kingston is the largest predominantly English-speaking city south of the United States.
http://wn.com/Kingston_Jamaica
Kirkcaldy
Kirkcaldy (; ) is a town and former royal burgh in Fife, on the east coast of Scotland. It lies on a shallow bay on the northern shore of the Firth of Forth and is the largest settlement between the cities of Dundee and Edinburgh. The name of the town is believed to have derived from the Pictish words ' and ' and may translate as "place of the hard fort" or "place of Caled's fort". Kirkcaldy has long been nicknamed the Lang Toun (Scots for 'long town') in reference to the 0.9 mile (1.4 km) main street of the early town, depicted so on maps as early as the 16th and 17th centuries. The street would eventually reach a length of four miles (6.4 km). According to an estimate taken in 2006, Kirkcaldy has a population of 48,630, making the town the largest settlement in Fife.
http://wn.com/Kirkcaldy
Kirkliston
Kirkliston is a small village within the City of Edinburgh council area of Scotland. It sits on the historic route between Edinburgh and Queensferry, the gateway to Fife and the north. Today, it is bypassed by the A90. It lies close to the world-famous Forth Road Bridge and Forth Rail Bridge, and is in proximity to Edinburgh Airport.
http://wn.com/Kirkliston
Kraków
http://wn.com/Kraków
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur (translated as: "muddy confluence," "muddy estuary," and "muddy city"; in English; Malay , locally or even , and often abbreviated as K.L.) is the capital and largest city of Malaysia. The city proper, making up an area of , has an estimated population of 1.6 million in 2006. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million. It is the fastest growing metropolitan region in the country, in terms of population as well as economy.
http://wn.com/Kuala_Lumpur
Lauriston
Lauriston is an area of central Edinburgh, Scotland. The former location of the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, the area is undergoing a major re-development known as Quartermile. New apartments, restaurants, hotels and offices are planned.
http://wn.com/Lauriston
Leeds
Leeds () is a city and metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. In 2001 Leeds' main urban subdivision had a population of 443,247, while the entire city had a population of (). Leeds is the cultural, financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area, which at the 2001 census had a population of 1.5 million, and the Leeds city region, an economic area with Leeds at its core, had a population of 2.9 million. Leeds is the UK's largest centre for business, legal, and financial services outside London, and according to the most recent Office for National Statistics estimates, Leeds is the fastest growing city in the UK.
http://wn.com/Leeds
Leicester
Leicester (, ) is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands area of England. It is also the county town of Leicestershire. The city lies on the River Soar and at the edge of the National Forest. In 2006, the population of the Leicester unitary authority was estimated at 289,700, the largest in the East Midlands, whilst 441,213 people lived in the wider Leicester Urban Area. Eurostat's Larger Urban Zone listed the population of the area at 772,400 people as of 2004. Leicester is the 10th most populous settlement in the United Kingdom using the 2001 census definitions and the urban area is the fifteenth largest conurbation in the UK, the second largest in the region behind the Nottingham Urban Area.
http://wn.com/Leicester
Leith
Leith ( ; ) is a district and former municipal burgh in the north of the city of Edinburgh at the mouth of the Water of Leith and is the port of Edinburgh, Scotland. It lies on the south shore of the Firth of Forth, in the unitary local authority of the City of Edinburgh.
http://wn.com/Leith
Leith Walk
Leith Walk is one of the longest streets in Edinburgh, Scotland. It stretches from The Foot Of Leith Walk (The Fit ay the Walk in Scots) at the junction of Great Junction Street and Constitution Street to the junction with London Road, it then continues as Leith Street to the east end of Princes Street. Technically however, none of the properties in its upper half are addressed as "Leith Walk" and the name is simply colloquial in the upper section. These sections are correctly titled Elm Row, Haddington Place, Crichton Place, Albert Place etc.
http://wn.com/Leith_Walk
Liberton, Scotland
Liberton is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is in the south of the city, south-east of the King's Buildings campus of the University of Edinburgh.
http://wn.com/Liberton_Scotland
Lincoln, England
http://wn.com/Lincoln_England
Lisburn
Lisburn () is the second-largest city in Northern Ireland and the fifth-largest on the island of Ireland, though will be over taken by Tallaght when the west Dublin suburb is awarded city status as proposed. It is situated south-west of Belfast on the River Lagan, which lies as the boundary between County Antrim and County Down. Lisburn forms part of the Belfast metropolitan area. It had a population of 71,465 people in the 2001 Census.
http://wn.com/Lisburn
Little France
Little France is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is on the A7.
http://wn.com/Little_France
Liverpool
Liverpool () is a city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England, along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary. It was founded as a borough in 1207 and was granted city status in 1880. Liverpool is the fourth largest city in the United Kingdom (third largest in England) and has a population of 435,500, and lies at the centre of the wider Liverpool Urban Area, which has a population of 816,216.
http://wn.com/Liverpool
Livingston F.C.
Livingston Football Club is a Scottish association football club based in Livingston, West Lothian. The club currently plays in the Scottish Football League Second Division.
http://wn.com/Livingston_FC
Livingston, Scotland
http://wn.com/Livingston_Scotland
Loanhead
Loanhead (pop. 6,900) is a small town in Midlothian, Scotland, to the south of Edinburgh, and close to Roslin, Bonnyrigg and Dalkeith. The town was built on coal and shale mining, and the paper industry.
http://wn.com/Loanhead
Lochend, Edinburgh
Lochend is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is south of Leith.
http://wn.com/Lochend_Edinburgh
Lochrin
Lochrin is a small area in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is in the south-west corner of the city centre, part of the Tollcross area, and beside Fountainbridge. Lochrin contains a wide mixture of retail shops, leisure facilities, other businesses and tenement housing. Major new office and residential developments are replacing some of the older buildings and land vacated by an Arnold Clark (formerly Rootes) car showroom.
http://wn.com/Lochrin
London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
http://wn.com/London
Lothian
Lothian (Lowden in Scots, Lodainn in Gaelic) forms a traditional region of Scotland, lying between the southern shore of the Firth of Forth and the Lammermuir Hills.
http://wn.com/Lothian
Lothian Road
http://wn.com/Lothian_Road
Lothians
http://wn.com/Lothians
Manchester
Manchester () is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. In 2009, the population of the city was estimated to be 483,800, making it the seventh-most populous local authority district in England. Manchester lies within one of the UK's largest metropolitan areas; the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester had an estimated population of 2,600,100, the Greater Manchester Urban Area a population of 2,240,230, and the Larger Urban Zone around Manchester, the second-most-populous in the UK, had an estimated population in the 2004 Urban Audit of 2,539,100. The demonym of Manchester is Mancunian.
http://wn.com/Manchester
Marchmont
Marchmont is a mainly residential area of Edinburgh, Scotland. It lies roughly a mile to the south of the Old Town, separated from it by The Meadows and Bruntsfield Links. To the west it is bounded by Bruntsfield; to the south-southwest by Greenhill and then Morningside; to the south-southeast by The Grange; and to the east by Sciennes.
http://wn.com/Marchmont
Maybury
http://wn.com/Maybury
Mayfield, Edinburgh
Mayfield is an area of Edinburgh, Scotland, about one mile south from the city centre, with Craigmillar to the south-east and Newington to the north. Mayfield is the also the name of several streets in the area.
http://wn.com/Mayfield_Edinburgh
Meadowbank Thistle
http://wn.com/Meadowbank_Thistle
Melbourne
http://wn.com/Melbourne
Merchiston
Merchiston is a prosperous, mainly residential area in the south-west of Edinburgh, Scotland. The housing is primarily a mixture of large, late Georgian, Victorian and Edwardian villas – several of the latter by Edward Calvert – together with a smaller number of Victorian tenements and some relatively large, early-20th century villas. In recent years many of these villas have been subjected to development with blocks of flats being built in their once expansive gardens and the original houses themselves being divided into small numbers of flats.
http://wn.com/Merchiston
Merchiston Castle
Merchiston Castle or Merchiston Tower was probably built by Alexander Napier, the second Laird of Merchiston around 1454. It serves as the seat for Clan Napier. It is perhaps most notable for being the home of John Napier, the 8th Laird of Merchiston, inventor of logarithms who was born there in 1550.
http://wn.com/Merchiston_Castle
Midlothian
Midlothian (, , ) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy area. It borders the Scottish Borders, East Lothian and the City of Edinburgh council areas.
http://wn.com/Midlothian
Montserrat
Montserrat () is a British overseas territory located in the Leeward Islands, part of the chain of islands called the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. It measures approximately 16 km (10 miles) long and 11 km (7 miles) wide, giving of coastline. Christopher Columbus gave Montserrat its name on his second voyage to the New World in 1493, after Montserrat mountain located in Catalonia. Montserrat is nicknamed the Emerald Isle of the Caribbean, both for its resemblance to coastal Ireland and for the Irish descent of its inhabitants.
http://wn.com/Montserrat
Moray
{{infobox Scotland council area|+
http://wn.com/Moray
Moredun
Moredun is a district of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is east of Liberton, while Craigour is situated just to its north.
http://wn.com/Moredun
Mortonhall
Mortonhall is an area of Edinburgh, Scotland, on the south edge of the city. It is perhaps best known for its crematorium, designed by Sir Basil Spence, which is considered to be an outstanding example of Scottish modern architecture. It is based on the same design as his work at Coventry Cathedral. The crematorium has a lush woodland setting, and acts as a local park. The land to the NW acts as a Garden of Remembrance. The large expanse of open ground to the west acts as a Cemetery, but owing to a policy of all stones having to be laid flat, it has a rather sterile appearance.
http://wn.com/Mortonhall
Muirhouse
Muirhouse is a suburb in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is mostly working class, but is being redeveloped and attracting middle-class residents. It is west of Granton and the housing estates of East Pilton and West Pilton, and East of Davidsons Mains. It is bounded to the south by Ferry Road and to the East by Pennywell Road.
http://wn.com/Muirhouse
Multrees Walk
Multrees Walk is an upscale pedestrian shopping area in central Edinburgh, off the east side of St Andrew Square. The shops on the Walk are purveyors of luxury goods including clothing, stationery and handbags. It links St Andrew Square and St James Shopping Centre.
http://wn.com/Multrees_Walk
Murrayfield
Murrayfield is an affluent area in the west of Edinburgh, Scotland. It is to the east of Corstorphine and west of Roseburn. The A8 road runs east-west through the north of the area.
http://wn.com/Murrayfield
Murrayfield Ice Rink
The Murrayfield Ice Rink is a 3,800-seat multi-purpose arena in the Murrayfield area of Edinburgh, Scotland, right next door to Murrayfield Stadium. It was built between 1938 and 1939. It is home to the Edinburgh Capitals ice hockey team. A 7-sheet curling rink was constructed in the 1970s following the closure of the Haymarket Ice Rink.
http://wn.com/Murrayfield_Ice_Rink
Museum of Edinburgh
The Museum of Edinburgh is a museum in Edinburgh, Scotland, depicting the town's origins, history and legends. Situated in the late 16th-century Huntly House on the Royal Mile, it is maintained by Edinburgh City Council.
http://wn.com/Museum_of_Edinburgh
Museum of Scotland
The Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland, is a building which, together with the adjacent Royal Museum, comprises the National Museum of Scotland. It is dedicated to the history, people and culture of Scotland. The museum is on the intersection of Chambers Street and George IV Bridge, in central Edinburgh. It is part of National Museums Scotland. Admission is free.
http://wn.com/Museum_of_Scotland
Musselburgh
:This article is about Musselburgh in Scotland. For Musselburgh in New Zealand, see Musselburgh, New Zealand
http://wn.com/Musselburgh
New Town, Edinburgh
The New Town is a central area of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is often considered to be a masterpiece of city planning, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Although still referred to as the New Town, it was built in stages between 1765 and around 1850, and retains much of the original neo-classical period architecture.
http://wn.com/New_Town_Edinburgh
Newbridge, Edinburgh
Newbridge is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is south of Kirkliston. Newbridge (including Ratho Station) had a total population of 1,013 at the 2001 Census.
http://wn.com/Newbridge_Edinburgh
Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne (locally ) (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, in North East England. Situated on the north bank of the River Tyne, the city developed in the area that was the location of the Roman settlement called Pons Aelius, though it owes its name to the castle built in 1080, by Robert II, Duke of Normandy, the eldest son of William the Conqueror. The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade and it later became a major coal mining area. The port developed in the 16th century and, along with the shipyards lower down the river, was amongst the world's largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres. These industries have since experienced severe decline and closure, and the city today is largely a business and cultural centre, with a particular reputation for nightlife.
http://wn.com/Newcastle_upon_Tyne
Newcraighall
Newcraighall is a suburb of Edinburgh, located in the southeast of the Scottish capital. A former mining village, its prosperity was based on the Midlothian coalfields and in particular the now closed Monktonhall pit. The village had a miners club (demolished after a fire on 15th July 2009) and bowling green. Newcraighall now plays host to an out of town shopping complex known as The Fort or Kinnaird Park.
http://wn.com/Newcraighall
Newhaven, Edinburgh
Newhaven is a harbour village on the Firth of Forth, within the City of Edinburgh, Scotland, between Leith and Granton. It has about 5000 inhabitants.
http://wn.com/Newhaven_Edinburgh
Newport
Newport () is a city and unitary authority area in Wales. Standing on the banks of the River Usk, it is located about east of Cardiff and is the largest urban area within the historic county boundaries of Monmouthshire and the preserved county of Gwent. The City of Newport, which includes rural areas as well as the built up area, is governed by the unitary Newport City Council, and has a population of 140,200, making it the seventh most populous unitary authority in Wales.
http://wn.com/Newport
Newry
http://wn.com/Newry
Newtongrange
Newtongrange is a former mining village in Midlothian, Scotland. Known in local dialect as Nitten, or Nitten by the Bing,
http://wn.com/Newtongrange
Niddrie, Edinburgh
This article is about Niddrie, a suburb of Edinburgh. See also: Longniddry, Niddry Castle.'
http://wn.com/Niddrie_Edinburgh
Nor Loch
The Nor Loch, also known as the '''Nor' Loch and the North Loch''', was a loch formerly in Edinburgh, Scotland, in the area now occupied by Princes Street Gardens, which lies between the Royal Mile and Princes Street.
http://wn.com/Nor_Loch
North Ayrshire
North Ayrshire (, ) is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It is headquartered at Cunninghame House in Irvine.
http://wn.com/North_Ayrshire
North Lanarkshire
North Lanarkshire (, ) is one of 32 council areas in Scotland. It borders onto the northeast of the City of Glasgow and contains much of Glasgow's suburbs and commuter towns and villages. It also borders Stirling, Falkirk, East Dunbartonshire, West Lothian and South Lanarkshire. The council covers parts of the former counties of Lanarkshire, Dunbartonshire, and Stirlingshire.
http://wn.com/North_Lanarkshire
Northampton
Northampton () is a large market town and local government district in the East Midlands region of England. It is about north-west of London and around south-east of Birmingham, and lies on the River Nene. It is the county town of Northamptonshire.
http://wn.com/Northampton
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. At the time of the 2001 UK Census, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom.
http://wn.com/Northern_Ireland
Northumbria
Northumbria or Northhumbria () was a medieval kingdom of the Angles, in what is now Northern England and South-East Scotland, becoming subsequently an earldom in a united Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England. The name reflects the approximate southern limit to the kingdom's territory, the Humber Estuary.
http://wn.com/Northumbria
Norwich
Norwich ( or ) is a city in England. It is the regional administrative centre and county town of Norfolk. During the 11th century, Norwich was the second largest city in England, after London, and one of the most important places in the kingdom.
http://wn.com/Norwich
Nottingham
Nottingham () is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands region of the United Kingdom. It is located in the ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire, and is one of eight members of the English Core Cities Group. Whilst the City of Nottingham has a historically tightly drawn boundary which accounts for its relatively small population of 288,700, the wider Nottingham Urban Area has a population of 667,000 and is the seventh-largest urban area in the United Kingdom, ranking between those of Liverpool and Sheffield.
http://wn.com/Nottingham
Old Town, Edinburgh
The Old Town of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It has preserved its medieval plan and many Reformation-era buildings.
http://wn.com/Old_Town_Edinburgh
Orkney
Orkney () also known as the Orkney Islands (and sometimes incorrectly as "The Orkneys"), is an archipelago in northern Scotland, situated north of the coast of Caithness. Orkney comprises approximately 70 islands of which 20 are inhabited.
http://wn.com/Orkney
Our Dynamic Earth
Our Dynamic Earth is a science centre in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is a prominent visitors attraction in the city, and also functions as a conference venue. It sits in the Holyrood area, beside the Scottish Parliament building and at the foot of Arthur's Seat.
http://wn.com/Our_Dynamic_Earth
Oxford
Oxford () is a city, and the county town of Oxfordshire, in South East England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 151,000 living within the district boundary. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre. For a distance of some along the river, in the vicinity of Oxford, the Thames is known as The Isis.
http://wn.com/Oxford
Oxgangs
Oxgangs is a suburb in the south-west of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom. It is named for an oxgang, an ancient Scottish land measure.
http://wn.com/Oxgangs
Parkgrove
Parkgrove is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland.
http://wn.com/Parkgrove
Parkhead, Edinburgh
Parkhead is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is south-west of the Water of Leith. It is one of the smaller Wards in the Edinburgh City Council. It is bounded to the north by the Calder Road (A71), to the east by Sighthill, southwest lies Wester Hailes and the south is bounded by the Kingsknowe Park.
http://wn.com/Parkhead_Edinburgh
Penicuik
Penicuik is a burgh in Midlothian, Scotland, lying on the west bank of the River North Esk. The town was developed as a planned village in 1770 by Sir James Clerk of Penicuik. It became a burgh in 1867 . The town was well known for its paper mills, the last of which closed in 2005. More recently the town was home to the Edinburgh Crystal works. Penicuik has two secondary schools, Penicuik High School and Beeslack Community High School.
http://wn.com/Penicuik
Pentland Hills
The Pentland Hills are a range of hills to the south-west of Edinburgh, Scotland. The range is around 20 miles in length, and runs south west from Edinburgh towards Biggar and the upper Clydesdale.
http://wn.com/Pentland_Hills
Perth, Scotland
Perth () is a town and former city and royal burgh in central Scotland. Sitting on the banks of the River Tay, it is the administrative centre of Perth and Kinross council area and the historic county town of Perthshire. According to an estimate taken in 2008, Perth has a population of 44,820.
http://wn.com/Perth_Scotland
Peterborough
Peterborough ( or ) is a cathedral city and unitary authority area in the East of England, with an estimated population of as of June 2007. For ceremonial purposes it is in the county of Cambridgeshire. The Town Hall is north of Charing Cross, London. The city stands athwart the River Nene, which flows into the North Sea approximately to the north-east, and the East Coast Main Line railway.
http://wn.com/Peterborough
Piershill
Piershill is a suburb of north east Edinburgh, Scotland, in the shadow of Arthur's Seat.
http://wn.com/Piershill
Pilrig
Pilrig is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. The name derives from a tower (pil/peel) at the end of a field (rig).
http://wn.com/Pilrig
Pilton, Edinburgh
Pilton is a working class high-density suburb of northern Edinburgh, Scotland. It is to the north of the Ferry Road and near Granton.
http://wn.com/Pilton_Edinburgh
Pitcairn Islands
http://wn.com/Pitcairn_Islands
Pleasance
Pleasance can refer to two possible entities. Originally a street in central Edinburgh, Scotland, it is now better known as the trading name of Pleasance Theatre Trust Ltd., an arts organisation that spawned in 1985 as part of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.. Pleasance Theatre Trust Ltd. is the parent organisation that runs Pleasance Theatre Edinburgh (for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe), and Pleasance Theatre Islington. Two of the 25 (in 2009) venues Pleasance Theatre Trust Ltd. runs for the Edinburgh Fringe Festival are also theatres for the rest of the year (known colloquially as 'The Pleasance'), and are part of the University of Edinburgh's student union. The buildings in the complex contain the offices of many student societies, such as Edinburgh Global Partnerships and Student (newspaper), a newspaper produced by students at the university.
http://wn.com/Pleasance
Plymouth
Plymouth () is a city and unitary authority area on the coast of Devon, England, about south-west of London. It is built between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west, where they join Plymouth Sound. Since 1967 the City of Plymouth has included the suburbs of Plympton and Plymstock, which are on the east side of the River Plym.
http://wn.com/Plymouth
Plymouth, Montserrat
Plymouth was the capital as well as the only port of entry to Montserrat, an overseas territory of the United Kingdom located in the Caribbean Sea.
http://wn.com/Plymouth_Montserrat
Polwarth, Edinburgh
Polwarth is a mainly residential area of Edinburgh, Scotland. It is bounded by Bruntsfield and Merchiston to the east and south, Gorgie and Dalry to the north, and Craiglockhart to the west.
http://wn.com/Polwarth_Edinburgh
Portsmouth
Portsmouth () is a city located in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England. Portsmouth is the United Kingdom's only island city, being mainly located on Portsea Island. The City of Portsmouth and Portsmouth Football Club are both nicknamed Pompey. As a significant naval port for centuries, Portsmouth is home to the world's oldest dry dock still in use and also home to some famous ships, including HMS Warrior and Lord Nelson's flagship HMS Victory. Although smaller than in its heyday, the naval base remains a major dockyard and base for the Royal Navy and Royal Marine Commandos whose Headquarters resides there. There is also a thriving commercial ferryport serving destinations on the continent for freight and passenger traffic. The nickname Pompey is thought to have derived from shipping entering Portsmouth harbour making an entry in their logs as Pom. P. in reference to Portsmouth Point. Navigational charts also use this abbreviation.
http://wn.com/Portsmouth
Powderhall
Powderhall is an area in the north of Edinburgh, the Scottish capital. It is mainly centred around Broughton Road. Until recently it was best known for its greyhound racing track, which has now closed. The site has been redeveloped for housing and business purposes. This was one of a number of greyhound racing tracks in the city, and played host to motorcycle speedway racing from 1977 to 1995, as home to the Edinburgh Monarchs, who have since relocated to Armadale. The New Year Sprint, an open 110 metre event, was staged at Powderhall from 1870 onwards. Since 1999 it has been held in Musselburgh.
http://wn.com/Powderhall
Prestonfield
Prestonfield is a suburb in the south of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, which lies to the north of the A7 road.
http://wn.com/Prestonfield
Prestongrange
Prestongrange is a place in East Lothian, Scotland, UK, situated between Musselburgh to the west, and Prestonpans in the east.
http://wn.com/Prestongrange
Princes Street
Princes Street is one of the major thoroughfares in central Edinburgh, Scotland, and its main shopping street. It is the southernmost street of Edinburgh's New Town, stretching around 1 mile (1.6 km) from Lothian Road in the west to Leith Street in the east. The street is mostly closed to private cars, with public transport given priority. The street has virtually no buildings on the south side, allowing views of the Old Town, Edinburgh Castle, and the valley between.
http://wn.com/Princes_Street
Princeton University
Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and is one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution.
http://wn.com/Princeton_University
Ratho
Ratho is a village in the west of Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland. It was formerly in the old county of Midlothian. Newbridge and Kirkliston are other villages in the area. The Union Canal passes through Ratho. Edinburgh Airport is situated only 4 miles (7 km) away.
http://wn.com/Ratho
Ratho Station
Ratho Station is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland.
http://wn.com/Ratho_Station
Ravelston
Ravelston is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, to the south of Queensferry Road (the A90).
http://wn.com/Ravelston
Reading, Berkshire
Reading ( ) is the largest town in England, located at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet, and on both the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 motorway, some west of London. For ceremonial purposes it is in the Royal County of Berkshire and has served as the county town since 1867.
http://wn.com/Reading_Berkshire
Redford, Edinburgh
Redford is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is in the south-west of the city, south-east of the Colinton area, and is known particularly for Redford Barracks, an army base.
http://wn.com/Redford_Edinburgh
Regent Terrace
Regent Terrace is a residential road of 34 classical 3-bay townhouses, on the side of Calton Hill in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland. Regent Terrace was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with the rest of Edinburgh's New and Old Town in 1995.
http://wn.com/Regent_Terrace
Renfrewshire
Renfrewshire () is one of 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland. It is one of three council areas contained within the boundaries of the historic Renfrewshire, also known as the County of Renfrew or Greater Renfrewshire, the other two being Inverclyde to the west and East Renfrewshire to the east. Renfrewshire can also refer to the area within the former county boundaries, which is used as a registration county and lieutenancy area.
http://wn.com/Renfrewshire
Restalrig
Restalrig is a suburb of Edinburgh, Scotland. It is located east of the city centre, west of the A199 road, and to the east of Lochend, with which it overlaps. Restalrig Road is the main route through the area, running from London Road at Jock's Lodge, to Leith Links at the south edge of Leith.
http://wn.com/Restalrig
Riccarton, Edinburgh
Riccarton is an area in Edinburgh's Green Belt, in Scotland. It is mainly undeveloped, with much farmland and few houses.
http://wn.com/Riccarton_Edinburgh
Ripon
Ripon is a cathedral city, market town and successor parish in the Borough of Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England, located at the confluence of two streams of the River Ure in the form of the Laver and Skell. The city is noted for its main feature the Ripon Cathedral which is architecturally significant, as well as the Ripon Racecourse and other features such as its market. The city itself is just over 1,300 years old. It is one of only two cities in North Yorkshire, the other being York.
http://wn.com/Ripon
Road Town
Road Town, located on Tortola, is the capital of the British Virgin Islands. It is situated on the horseshoe-shaped Road Harbour in the centre of the island's south coast. The town's population was about 9,400 in 2004.
http://wn.com/Road_Town
Rose Street
Rose Street is a street in the New Town of Edinburgh, Scotland. It is a narrow street running parallel between Princes Street and George Street, and was formerly used as a service entrance to the houses on those roads as well as local shops and servants quarters. Today, it is principally a residential, office and shopping street. However, it is well known for containing a large number of bars and public houses. It has been pedestrianised.
http://wn.com/Rose_Street
Roseburn
Roseburn is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland.
http://wn.com/Roseburn
Ross Fountain
Ross Fountain is an ornate iron fountain from the mid-19th Century located at the west end of Princes Street Gardens in Edinburgh. Figures depicted on the fountain include mermaids and four females depicting science, the arts, poetry and industry. A final female figure stands at the apex of the fountain.
http://wn.com/Ross_Fountain
Rothera
http://wn.com/Rothera
Royal Mile
The Royal Mile is a succession of streets which form the main thoroughfare of the Old Town of the city of Edinburgh in Scotland.
http://wn.com/Royal_Mile
Royal Museum
:For other museums called the Royal Museum, see Royal Museum (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Royal_Museum
Saint Helier
http://wn.com/Saint_Helier
Saint Peter Port
http://wn.com/Saint_Peter_Port
Salisbury
Salisbury ( , or locally ) is a cathedral city in Wiltshire, England. It has also been called New Sarum to distinguish it from the original site of settlement to the north of the city at Old Sarum, but this alternative name is not in common use.
http://wn.com/Salisbury
San Diego
http://wn.com/San_Diego
Saudi Arabia
http://wn.com/Saudi_Arabia
Saughton
Saughton (Sauchton in Scots) is a suburb of the west of Edinburgh, Scotland, bordering on Sighthill, Longstone, and Stenhouse. In Scots, a "sauch" is a willow. The Water of Leith flows by here.
http://wn.com/Saughton
Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
http://wn.com/Scotland
Scott Monument
The Scott Monument is a Victorian Gothic monument to Scottish author Sir Walter Scott (not to be confused with the National Monument). It stands in Princes Street Gardens in Edinburgh, opposite the Jenners department store on Princes Street and near to Edinburgh Waverley Railway Station.
http://wn.com/Scott_Monument
Scottish parliament
http://wn.com/Scottish_parliament
Scottish Parliament
{{Infobox Legislature
http://wn.com/Scottish_Parliament
Scottish Widows
Scottish Widows PLC is an investment company located in Edinburgh, Scotland, now a subsidiary of the Lloyds Banking Group.
http://wn.com/Scottish_Widows
Seafield, Edinburgh
Seafield is an area of north east Edinburgh, Scotland. There is little housing here, and the area is mainly light industrial. Several cream processing plants are in the southern precincts. There have been plans to move the city waste processing unit here from Broughton and there is also a cat and dog home here.
http://wn.com/Seafield_Edinburgh
Shandon, Edinburgh
Shandon is an area of Edinburgh within North Merchiston approximately three miles west of the centre of Edinburgh. It is bounded by Slateford Road to the north, Harrison Road to the east, the Union Canal to the south and the Glasgow-Edinburgh (via Slateford) and Suburban rail lines to the west.
http://wn.com/Shandon_Edinburgh
Sheffield
Sheffield () is a city and metropolitan borough of South Yorkshire, England. Its name derives from the River Sheaf, which runs through the city. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the city has grown from its largely industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base. The population of the City of Sheffield is () and it is one of the eight largest regional English cities that make up the English Core Cities Group.
http://wn.com/Sheffield
Shetland
Shetland (from etland; Old Norse) is an archipelago in Scotland, off the northeast coast. The islands lie to the northeast of Orkney, from the Faroe Islands and form part of the division between the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the North Sea to the east. The total area is approximately . Administratively, the area is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland for which the now-archaic spelling Zetland was used until 1970. The islands' administrative centre and only burgh is Lerwick.
http://wn.com/Shetland
Sighthill, Edinburgh
Sighthill is a suburb in the west of Edinburgh, Scotland.
http://wn.com/Sighthill_Edinburgh
Silverknowes
Silverknowes is a suburb of Edinburgh, Scotland. Predominantly middle class as a result of an influx of relatively affluent in-comers taking advantage of the neighbourhood's excellent transport links, quiet suburban surroundings and, crucially, its position within "catchment area" of the renowned local primary and secondary schools (respectively Davidson's Mains and Royal High School), Silverknowes lies to the northwest of the city. The neighbourhood contains over 2000 homes, ranging in size from bungalow to semi-detached housing, much of it built during the mid-twentieth century.
http://wn.com/Silverknowes
Slateford
Slateford is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is east of the Water of Leith.
http://wn.com/Slateford
South Gyle
South Gyle is an area of Edinburgh, Scotland, lying on the western edge of the city and to the south and west of an area of former marshland once known as the Gogarloch, on the edge of Corstorphine. To the north, some streets in the area have names including the words "North Gyle" but North Gyle does not correspond to a recognised separate area. Most of the buildings in the area are of recent origin, dating from the later 1980s, 1990s and early 21st century, with the exception of some farm workers' cottages and an early 1970s council estate abutting South Gyle railway station.
http://wn.com/South_Gyle
South Queensferry
Queensferry (often referred to as South Queensferry to distinguish it from North Queensferry), originally a Royal Burgh in West Lothian, is now part of the City of Edinburgh, Scotland. It is located some ten miles to the north west of the city centre, on the shore of the Firth of Forth between the Forth Bridge and the Forth Road Bridge, approximately 8 miles (13 km) from Edinburgh Airport. The town's population is around 12,000 people. The older Scottish Gaelic name is Cas Chaolas meaning "Steep Sided Strait", but a translation of the English is now more frequently used.
http://wn.com/South_Queensferry
Southampton
Southampton () is the largest city in the county of Hampshire on the south coast of England, and is situated south-west of London and north-west of Portsmouth. Southampton is a major port and the closest city to the New Forest. It lies at the northernmost point of Southampton Water at the confluence of the River Test and River Itchen, with the River Hamble joining to the south of the urban area. The local authority is Southampton City Council, which is a unitary authority.
http://wn.com/Southampton
St. James Centre
The St. James Centre is a shopping centre located in Edinburgh, Scotland. It was designed by Ian Burke & Martin in 1964.
http://wn.com/St_James_Centre
Standard Life
Standard Life plc () is a major asset managing company headquartered in Edinburgh, Scotland, and operates across the globe. Formerly a mutual society, since 10 July 2006, the company has been listed on the London Stock Exchange. It is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. Established as the Life Insurance Company of Scotland in 1825, Standard Life provides life assurance and pensions, investment management, banking and healthcare insurance products to over 6 million customers worldwide.
http://wn.com/Standard_Life
Stirling
Stirling (Gaelic: Sruighlea , Scots: Stirlin) is a city and former ancient burgh in Scotland, and is at the heart of the wider Stirling council area. The city is clustered around a large fortress and medieval old-town beside the River Forth. Historically it was strategically important as the "Gateway to the Highlands", with its position near the boundary between the Scottish Lowlands and Highlands, and its crossing of the Forth, the nearest to the river mouth.
http://wn.com/Stirling
Straiton, Loanhead
http://wn.com/Straiton_Loanhead
Swansea
Swansea ( , , "mouth of the Tawe") is a coastal city and county in Wales, United Kingdom. Swansea is in the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan. Situated on the sandy South West Wales coast, the county area includes the Gower Peninsula and the Lliw uplands. Swansea is the second most populous city in Wales after Cardiff and the third most populous county in Wales after Cardiff and Rhondda Cynon Taf. During its 19th century industrial heyday, Swansea was one of the key centres of the world copper industry, earning the nickname 'Copperopolis'.
http://wn.com/Swansea
Swanston, Edinburgh
Swanston is an area of Edinburgh, Scotland. It is a small village lying to the south of the larger suburban area of Fairmilehead, on the south side of the Edinburgh City Bypass off Oxgangs Road, and five miles from the city centre. The name is also used to encompass some of the more modern housing on the approach road to the village, on the north side of the bypass. Swanston lies on the lower northern slopes of the Pentland Hills, which are accessible from the village.
http://wn.com/Swanston_Edinburgh
Sydney
Sydney () is the largest and most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. With an approximate population of 4.5 million in the Sydney metropolitan area the city is the largest in Oceania. Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population of people from numerous places around the world.
http://wn.com/Sydney
Talbot Rice Gallery
http://wn.com/Talbot_Rice_Gallery
The Calders
The Calders are a mainly residential part of Sighthill, in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is sometimes considered to be part of Wester Hailes or Sighthill. They are not to be confused with the Calders of West Lothian, aka West Calder, Mid Calder and East Calder. The Union Canal goes by here into the city. The Calders also contains the Wester Hailes Education Centre. The bulk of the housing stock is council owned, and the area contains some of the remaining high rises in Edinburgh (Cobbinshaw House, Dunsyre House and Medwin House). The majority of the other buildings here are four storeys high, and a small percentage are two storey.
http://wn.com/The_Calders
The Cameo, Edinburgh
The Cameo is an Edinburgh cinema which started life as the King's Cinema on 8 January 1914 and is one of the oldest cinemas in Scotland still in use. Since becoming the Cameo in 1949, it has been an independent cinema with a tradition of showing art house films. From 1949 onward it has been an important venue for the Edinburgh International Film Festival. It is at Tollcross, and since 1992 has been a three-screen cinema.
http://wn.com/The_Cameo_Edinburgh
The Canongate
The Canongate is a small district at the heart of Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland. The main street running through the area is called Canongate without the definite article, "the". Canongate, the street, forms the lower part of the Royal Mile in Edinburgh's historic Old Town. Until formal incorporation into Edinburgh in 1856, Canongate was a separate burgh. The easterly end of the Canongate is sometimes regarded as being in the Holyrood area of the city, with the rest being in the Old Town, rather than being considered an area in its own right.
http://wn.com/The_Canongate
The Gyle
http://wn.com/The_Gyle
The Hub (Edinburgh)
The Hub, at the top of Edinburgh's Royal Mile, is the home of the Edinburgh International Festival, and a central source of information on all the Edinburgh Festivals. Its gothic spire - the highest point in central Edinburgh - towers over the surrounding buildings, including the adjacent castle. The building was designed in collaboration by Edinburgh architect J Gillespie Graham, and the famous gothic revivalist Augustus Pugin, and constructed between 1842 and 1845.
http://wn.com/The_Hub_(Edinburgh)
The Meadows (park)
:This article describes the park in Edinburgh. For other uses, see The Meadows (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/The_Meadows_(park)
The Mound
The Mound is an artificial hill in central Edinburgh, Scotland, which connects Edinburgh's New Town and its Old Town. It was formed by the dumping of 1,501,000 cartloads of earth excavated from the draining of the Nor Loch - which today forms Princes Street Gardens and the foundations of Princes Street. The Mound was officially opened in 1781. When the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway was extended to Waverley in 1846, tunnels were driven under The Mound to allow access to the west.
http://wn.com/The_Mound
The Valley, Anguilla
The Valley is the capital of Anguilla and the main "town" on the island. , it has a population of 1,169.
http://wn.com/The_Valley_Anguilla
Tollcross, Edinburgh
Tollcross is a crossroads in the South-West of the City Centre of Edinburgh, Scotland, and also the surrounding area which derives its name from the junction.
http://wn.com/Tollcross_Edinburgh
Torphin
Torphin, an area around Torphin Hill, is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. The Edinburgh City Bypass runs through the area.
http://wn.com/Torphin
Traverse Theatre
Traverse Theatre is Scotland's new writing theatre. It is situated in Edinburgh, Scotland and was founded in 1963.
http://wn.com/Traverse_Theatre
Trinity, Edinburgh
Trinity is a well-regarded suburb of northern Edinburgh, Scotland, once a part of Greater Leith (itself a part of the city since 1920). As with many other city suburbs, the name has broader and narrower meanings. Generally it may be taken to mean the part of town lying between Ferry Road or Inverleith to the south, and the coast to the north. It is bordered by Granton to the west, and Newhaven to the east.
http://wn.com/Trinity_Edinburgh
Truro
Truro (; ) is a city and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, and is the centre for administration, leisure and retail in Cornwall, with a population of 17,431. Truro urban statistical area, which includes parts of surrounding parishes, has a population of 20,920. It is the only city in the county, and the most southerly city in Great Britain. People from Truro are known as Truronians.
http://wn.com/Truro
Turnhouse
Turnhouse is a suburb in the west of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland.
http://wn.com/Turnhouse
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom
Vancouver
Vancouver () is a coastal city located in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. It is named for British Captain George Vancouver, who explored the area in the 1790s. The name Vancouver itself originates from the Dutch "van Coevorden", denoting somebody from Coevorden, a city in the Netherlands.
http://wn.com/Vancouver
Victoria Quay
Victoria Quay (VQ) is a Scottish Government building situated in Leith, Edinburgh. Designed by Robert Matthew Johnson Marshall, construction began in 1993 and the building was officially opened by the Queen on Monday 1 July 1996. Civil servants began moving to Victoria Quay in phases from autumn 1995-1996 before the official opening ceremony.
http://wn.com/Victoria_Quay
Wales
Wales ( ; pronounced ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of three million and is officially bilingual with the Welsh and English languages having equal status. The Welsh language is an important element of Welsh culture. Its decline has reversed over recent years, with Welsh speakers estimated to be around 20% of the population of Wales.
http://wn.com/Wales
Warriston
Warriston is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is north-east of the Royal Botanic Garden. The name derives from Warriston House a local mansion house, now demolished.
http://wn.com/Warriston
Water of Leith
:This article is about the river in Scotland. For the river in Dunedin, New Zealand, see Water of Leith, New Zealand
http://wn.com/Water_of_Leith
Wells
Wells is a small cathedral city and civil parish in the Mendip district of Somerset, England, on the southern edge of the Mendip Hills. Although the population, recorded in the 2001 census, is only 10,406, it has had city status since 1205. It is the second-smallest city in England, following the City of London, though St David's in Wales is the smallest city in the UK.
http://wn.com/Wells
West Coates
West Coates is an upmarket residential district of central Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is on A8, in proximity to Haymarket railway station.
http://wn.com/West_Coates
West Craigs
West Craigs is the name given to two separate areas of Scotland.
http://wn.com/West_Craigs
West End, Edinburgh
The West End of Edinburgh, Scotland, forms a large part of the city centre. If Old Town is the historic centre, and New Town is the economic centre, then the West end can be thought of as the city's cultural centre, as it boasts many of the city's arts venues. Such venues include Usher Hall, The Filmhouse, the Royal Lyceum and the Traverse Theatre. The Village hosts art festivals and crafts fairs.
http://wn.com/West_End_Edinburgh
West Lothian
West Lothian (, ) is one of the 32 unitary council areas in Scotland, and a Lieutenancy area. It borders the City of Edinburgh, Falkirk, North Lanarkshire, the Scottish Borders and South Lanarkshire.
http://wn.com/West_Lothian
West Pilton
West Pilton is a housing estate in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is north of Ferry Road, east of Muirhouse, and immediately west of East Pilton and then Granton.
http://wn.com/West_Pilton
Wester Broom
Wester Broom is a district of Edinburgh, Scotland. It borders Broomhouse/Forrester, Corstorphine and South Gyle. It is sometimes considered to be part of one of the latter two. It is mainly residential, with a few small shops and a large Tesco nearby. The Fife railway line is arguably the boundary, although some will extend it south to the Glasgow line, and to include Forresters and two schools.
http://wn.com/Wester_Broom
Wester Hailes
Wester Hailes is a socially deprived area in the south west of Edinburgh, Scotland.
http://wn.com/Wester_Hailes
Westfield, Edinburgh
Westfield is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is north of A71.
http://wn.com/Westfield_Edinburgh
Westminster
Westminster is an area of Central London, within the City of Westminster, England. It lies on the north bank of the River Thames, southwest of the City of London and southwest of Charing Cross. It has a large concentration of London's historic and prestigious landmarks and visitor attractions, including Buckingham Palace and Westminster Abbey.
http://wn.com/Westminster
Wolverhampton
Wolverhampton () is a city and metropolitan borough in the Black Country area of the West Midlands, England. In 2004, the local government district had an estimated population of 239,100; the wider Urban Area had a population of 251,462, which makes it the 13th most populous city in England.
http://wn.com/Wolverhampton
Worcester
Worcester (, ), pronounced locally and in most parts of England as , is a city and county town of Worcestershire in the West Midlands of England. Worcester is situated some 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Birmingham and 29 miles (47 km) north of Gloucester, and has an approximate population of 94,000 people. The River Severn runs through the middle of the city, overlooked by the twelfth-century Worcester Cathedral.
http://wn.com/Worcester
Xi'an
http://wn.com/Xi'an
York
York () is a walled city, situated at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The city has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events throughout much of its two millennia of existence.
http://wn.com/York

Aberdeenshire
Aberdeenshire (, ) is one of the 32 unitary council areas in Scotland and a lieutenancy area.
http://wn.com/Aberdeenshire
Adam Smith
http://wn.com/Adam_Smith
Alistair Darling
Alistair Maclean Darling (born 28 November 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who has been a Member of Parliament (MP) since 1987, currently for Edinburgh South West. He served as the Chancellor of the Exchequer from 2007 to 2010. Darling was one of only three people to have served in the Cabinet continuously from Labour's victory in 1997 until its defeat in 2010 (the others being Gordon Brown and Jack Straw).
http://wn.com/Alistair_Darling
Arthur Conan Doyle
http://wn.com/Arthur_Conan_Doyle
Arthur Marwick
Arthur John Brereton Marwick (29 February 1936 – 27 September 2006) was a professor in history. Born in Edinburgh, he was a graduate of Edinburgh University and Balliol College, Oxford.
http://wn.com/Arthur_Marwick
Boards of Canada
Boards of Canada (commonly abbreviated BoC) are a Scottish electronic music duo consisting of brothers Mike Sandison (born June 1, 1970) and Marcus Eoin (born July 21, 1971). They are signed with Warp Records and have released several works on that label with little advertising and few interviews, while also having an elusive and obscure back-catalogue of releases on their self-run Music70 label. They have also recorded four tracks under the alias Hell Interface.
http://wn.com/Boards_of_Canada
Breton people
The Bretons are an ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France. They trace much of their heritage to groups of Brythonic speakers who settled the area from south western Great Britain in two waves from the 4th to 6th centuries. The traditional language of Brittany is Breton (Brezhoneg) and is spoken by approximately 365,000 people, of whom about 240,000 speak it fluently . Breton is closely related to the Brythonic languages Cornish (closely) and Welsh (more distantly). The region of Brittany is named after them. Brittany and its people are included as one of the six Celtic nations. Another linguistic minority are present in Brittany, namely speakers of the Gallo language. The actual number of ethnic Bretons in Brittany and France as a whole is difficult to assess as the French government do not take account of such statistics. The present day population of Brittany based on a January 2007 estimate is 4,365,500.
http://wn.com/Breton_people
Buddhist
http://wn.com/Buddhist
Burke and Hare
http://wn.com/Burke_and_Hare
Callum Innes
Callum Innes (born 1962) is a Scottish abstract painter and former Turner Prize nominee.
http://wn.com/Callum_Innes
Celtic nations
The Celtic nations are territories in North-West Europe in which that area's own Celtic languages and cultural traits have survived. The term "nation" is used in this context to mean a generally defined region that is associated with a common identity, language or culture. It is not synonymous with "sovereign state", but rather with traditional territories or "countries".
http://wn.com/Celtic_nations
Celts
The Celts ( or , see names of the Celts) were a diverse group of tribal societies in Iron Age and Roman-era Europe who spoke Celtic languages.
http://wn.com/Celts
Charles Darwin
http://wn.com/Charles_Darwin
Colin Keir
http://wn.com/Colin_Keir
Colin Maclaurin
http://wn.com/Colin_Maclaurin
Cornish people
The Cornish () are a people associated with Cornwall,: a county in the south-west of England that is seen in some respects as distinct from the rest of England, having more in common with the other Celtic parts of the United Kingdom such as Wales, as well as with other Celtic nations in Europe. For some, the Cornish represent a distinct ethnic group within the UK, which can trace its roots to the ancient Britons who inhabited southern and central Great Britain prior to the Roman conquest, and many in the county today continue to assert a distinct identity, separately or in addition to English or British identities. Cornish identity has been adopted by migrants into Cornwall, as well as by emigrant and descendant communities from Cornwall, the latter sometimes referred to as the Cornish diaspora.
http://wn.com/Cornish_people
Daniel Rutherford
Professor Daniel Rutherford (3 November 1749 – 15 November 1819) was a Scottish chemist and physician who is most famous for the isolation of nitrogen in 1772.
http://wn.com/Daniel_Rutherford
David Hume
http://wn.com/David_Hume
David I of Scotland
http://wn.com/David_I_of_Scotland
Deacon Brodie
http://wn.com/Deacon_Brodie
Edwin of Northumbria
http://wn.com/Edwin_of_Northumbria
Ellsworth Kelly
Ellsworth Kelly (born May 31, 1923) is an American painter and sculptor associated with Hard-edge painting, Color Field painting and the Minimalist school. His works demonstrate unassuming techniques that emphasize the simplicity of form. Kelly often employs bright colors to enhance his works. Ellsworth Kelly lives and works in Spencertown, New York.
http://wn.com/Ellsworth_Kelly
Gavin Strang
Gavin Steel Strang (born 10 July 1943) is a British politician who served in the House of Commons for forty years (1970-2010), representing Edinburgh East in the Labour interest. He served as a minister in the 1974-1979 government under Prime Ministers Harold Wilson and James Callaghan as well as in the Cabinet under Tony Blair. By the time of his retirement he was the longest-serving incumbent Scottish MP.
http://wn.com/Gavin_Strang
George Grubb
George D. W. Grubb is, since May 2007, the Lord Provost and ex officio Lord-Lieutenant of Edinburgh. He is also a Liberal Democrat councillor of the City of Edinburgh Council for Almond ward.
http://wn.com/George_Grubb
Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic in older literature) are a historical ethno-linguistic group, originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Indo-European Germanic languages, which diversified out of Common Germanic in the course of the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
http://wn.com/Germanic_peoples
Greyfriars Bobby
Greyfriars Bobby was a Skye Terrier who became known in 19th-century Edinburgh after reportedly spending 14 years guarding the grave of his owner, John Gray, until he died himself on 14 January 1872. A year later, Lady Burdett-Coutts had a statue and fountain erected at the southern end of the George IV Bridge to commemorate him.
http://wn.com/Greyfriars_Bobby
Hafliði Hallgrímsson
http://wn.com/Hafliði_Hallgrímsson
Hippolyte Blanc
Hippolyte Jean Blanc (8 August 1844 – 17 March 1917) was a Scottish architect. Best known for his church buildings in the Gothic revival style, Blanc was also a keen antiquarian who oversaw meticulously researched restoration projects.
http://wn.com/Hippolyte_Blanc
Ian Rankin
Ian Rankin, OBE, DL (born 28 April 1960 in Cardenden, Fife), is a British crime writer. His best known books are the Inspector Rebus novels. He has also written several pieces of literary criticism.
http://wn.com/Ian_Rankin
Ian Wilmut
Sir Ian Wilmut, OBE (born 7 July 1944) is an English embryologist and is currently Director of the MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Edinburgh. He is best known as the leader of the research group that in 1996 first cloned a mammal from an adult somatic cell, a Finnish Dorset lamb named Dolly. He was granted an OBE in 1999 for services to embryo development. In December 2007 it was announced that he would be knighted in the 2008 New Year Honours.
http://wn.com/Ian_Wilmut
Ifor Williams
Sir Ifor Williams (16 April 1881 - 4 November 1965) was a Welsh scholar who laid the foundations for the academic study of Old Welsh, particularly early Welsh poetry.
http://wn.com/Ifor_Williams
Indian people
http://wn.com/Indian_people
Indulf
http://wn.com/Indulf
Irish people
http://wn.com/Irish_people
Irvine Welsh
Irvine Welsh (born 27 September 1958 Leith, Edinburgh) is a contemporary Scottish novelist, best known for his novel Trainspotting. His work is characterised by raw Scottish dialect, and brutal depiction of the realities of Edinburgh life. He has also written plays, screenplays, and directed several short films.
http://wn.com/Irvine_Welsh
J K Rowling
http://wn.com/J_K_Rowling
J. K. Rowling
Joanne "Jo" Rowling, OBE (born 31 July 1965; married name Murray), better known under the pen name J. K. Rowling (, ), is a British author best known as the creator of the Harry Potter fantasy series, the idea for which was conceived whilst on a train trip from Manchester to London in 1990. The Potter books have gained worldwide attention, won multiple awards, sold more than 400 million copies and been the basis for a popular series of films, in which Rowling had creative control serving as a producer in two of the seven instalments.
http://wn.com/J_K_Rowling
James Bond
James Bond 007 is a fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short story collections. The character has also been used in the longest running and most financially successful English-language film franchise to date, starting in 1962 with Dr. No.
http://wn.com/James_Bond
James Boswell
http://wn.com/James_Boswell
James Hogg
http://wn.com/James_Hogg
James Hutton
James Hutton MD (Edinburgh, 3 June 1726 OS (14 June 1726 NS) 26 March 1797) was a Scottish geologist, physician, naturalist, chemist and experimental farmer. He is considered the father of modern geology. His theories of geology and geologic time, also called deep time, came to be included in theories which were called plutonism and uniformitarianism.
http://wn.com/James_Hutton
James Young Simpson
Sir James Young Simpson (7 June 1811 – 6 May 1870) was a Scottish doctor and an important figure in the history of medicine. Simpson discovered the anaesthetic properties of chloroform and successfully introduced it for general medical use.
http://wn.com/James_Young_Simpson
John Napier
:For other people with the same name, see John Napier (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/John_Napier
John Witherspoon
http://wn.com/John_Witherspoon
Joseph Black
Joseph Black FRSE FRCS (16 April 1728 – 6 December 1799) was a Scottish physician, known for his discoveries of latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide. He was professor of Medicine at University of Glasgow (where he also served as lecturer in Chemistry). James Watt, who was appointed as philosophical instrument maker at the same university (1756), became involved in Black's works and conducted experiments on steam with Black. The chemistry buildings at both the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow are named after Black.
http://wn.com/Joseph_Black
Kenneth H. Jackson
http://wn.com/Kenneth_H_Jackson
Kenny MacAskill
Kenneth "Kenny" Wright MacAskill (born 28 April 1958) is a Scottish National Party politician, the Cabinet Secretary for Justice and Member of the Scottish Parliament for Edinburgh East and Musselburgh since 2007.
http://wn.com/Kenny_MacAskill
King Fahd
http://wn.com/King_Fahd
Louisa Stevenson
Louisa Stevenson (15 July 1835–1908) was a Scottish campaigner for women's university education, women's suffrage and effective, well-organised nursing.
http://wn.com/Louisa_Stevenson
Major Weir
http://wn.com/Major_Weir
Malcolm Chisholm
Malcolm Chisholm (born 7 March 1949) is a Scottish Labour Party politician, and a former Scottish Executive minister.
http://wn.com/Malcolm_Chisholm
Manx people
The Manx (Manx: Manninee) are an ethnic group coming from the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea in northern Europe. They are often described as a Celtic people, though they have had a mixed background including Norse and English influences.
http://wn.com/Manx_people
Margaret Gelling
http://wn.com/Margaret_Gelling
Mark Lazarowicz
Mark Lazarowicz, (born 8 August 1953) is a British Labour Co-operative politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Edinburgh North and Leith since 2001. As of October 2010, he has been appointed as part of the shadow team for the Department for International Development along with Rushanara Ali with Harriet Harman in charge
http://wn.com/Mark_Lazarowicz
Mary, Queen of Scots
Mary, Queen of Scots (born as Mary Stewart and known in French as Marie Stuart; 8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587) was Scottish queen regnant from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567. In lists of Scottish monarchs, she is recognised as Mary I.
http://wn.com/Mary_Queen_of_Scots
Max Born
Max Born (11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German born physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of notable physicists in the 1920s and 30s. Born won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics (shared with Walther Bothe).
http://wn.com/Max_Born
Muriel Spark
Dame Muriel Spark, DBE (1 February 1918 in Edinburgh – 13 April 2006 in Florence) was an award-winning Scottish novelist. In 2008 The Times newspaper named Spark to its list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".
http://wn.com/Muriel_Spark
Nigel Griffiths
Nigel Griffiths (born 20 May 1955) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Edinburgh South from 1987 to 2010.
http://wn.com/Nigel_Griffiths
Nigel Osborne
Nigel Osborne MBE, FRCM (born 23 June 1948 Manchester, Lancashire, England of Scottish parents) is a British composer.
http://wn.com/Nigel_Osborne
Nora K. Chadwick
http://wn.com/Nora_K_Chadwick
Oliver Cromwell
http://wn.com/Oliver_Cromwell
Picts
http://wn.com/Picts
Robert Adam
Robert Adam (3 July 1728 – 3 March 1792) was a Scottish neoclassical architect, interior designer and furniture designer. He was the son of William Adam (1689–1748), Scotland's foremost architect of the time, and trained under him. With his older brother John, Robert took on the family business, which included lucrative work for the Board of Ordnance, after William's death.
http://wn.com/Robert_Adam
Robert Knox
:For the 17th century adventurer see Robert Knox (sailor); for the deceased Harry Potter actor see Rob Knox; for the 1960s Mayor of Berwick-upon-Tweed see Robert Knox (politician)
http://wn.com/Robert_Knox
Robin Harper
Robin Harper FRSSA (Born 4 August 1940 in Thurso, Caithness) is a Scottish politician, and Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Lothians. He was co-convener of the Scottish Green Party until 2008. He is the party's spokesman on education and young people.
http://wn.com/Robin_Harper
Ronnie Corbett
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For other uses, see Edinburgh (disambiguation).

City of Edinburgh
Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann
Scots: Edinburgh

— Unitary authority & city —

City of Edinburgh

Clockwise from top-left: View from Calton Hill, University of Edinburgh Old College, View of a section of Old Town, Edinburgh Castle, Princes Street as seen from Calton Hill.

Flag
Coat of arms of City of Edinburgh Coat of arms	Logo of the Council

Nickname(s): "Auld Reekie", "Athens of the North", "Edina", "Dunedin"

Motto: "Nisi Dominus Frustra" "Except the Lord in vain" associated with Edinburgh since 1647, it is a normal heraldic contraction of a verse from the 127th Psalm, "Except the Lord build the house, they labour in vain that build it. Except the Lord keep the city, the watchman waketh but in vain"

City of Edinburgh

Location in Scotland

Coordinates: 55°57′11″N 3°11′20″W / 55.95306°N 3.18889°WCoordinates: 55°57′11″N 3°11′20″W / 55.95306°N 3.18889°W

City of Edinburgh

Edinburgh

Admin HQ

Edinburgh City Centre

Founded

prior to the 7th century

Burgh Charter

1125

City status

1889

Government

• Type

Unitary Authority, City

• Governing body

The City of Edinburgh Council

• Lord Provost

George Grubb

• MSPs

• MPs:

Area

• Unitary authority & city

100.00 sq mi (259.0 km²)

Population (2010)

• Unitary authority & city

486,120^[1]

• Urban

420,893^[2]

• Urban density

4,776/sq mi (1,844/km²)

Time zone

Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0)

• Summer (DST)

British Summer Time (UTC+1)

Postcode

0131

GB-EDH

00QP

NUTS 3

UKM25

Website

www.edinburgh.gov.uk (Official Council site)
www.edinburgh-inspiringcapital.com (Visitor-facing site)

Edinburgh (ⁱ/ˈɛdɪnbʌrə/ ED-in-burr-ə; Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann) is the capital city of Scotland and the seat of the Scottish Parliament. It is the second largest city in Scotland and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The City of Edinburgh Council governs one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. The council area includes urban Edinburgh and a 30 square miles (78 km²) rural area. Located in the south-east of Scotland, Edinburgh lies on the east coast of the Central Belt, along the Firth of Forth, near the North Sea.

The city was one of the historical major centres of the Enlightenment, led by the University of Edinburgh, helping to earn it the nickname Athens of the North.^[3] The Old Town and New Town districts of Edinburgh were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 in recognition of the unique character of the Medieval Old Town and the planned Georgian New Town. It covers both the Old and New Towns together with the Dean Village and the Calton Hill areas. There are over 4,500 listed buildings within the city.^[4] In May 2010, it had a total of 40 conservation areas covering 23% of the building stock and 23% of the population, the highest such ratios of any major city in the UK.^[5] In the 2011 mid-year population estimates, Edinburgh had a total resident population of 495,360.^[6]

The city hosts the annual Edinburgh Festival, a group of official and independent festivals held annually over about four weeks beginning in early August. The number of visitors attracted to Edinburgh for the Festival is roughly equal to the settled population of the city. The best-known of these events are the Edinburgh Fringe, the largest performing-arts festival in the world; the Edinburgh International Festival; the Edinburgh Military Tattoo; and the Edinburgh International Book Festival. Other annual events include the Hogmanay street party and the Beltane Fire Festival. Edinburgh attracts over 1 million overseas visitors a year, making it the second most visited tourist destination in the United Kingdom.^[7]

Etymology [link]

Main article: Etymology of Edinburgh

The name "Edinburgh" appears to derive from the Celtic British place name Eidyn, mentioned in a number of medieval Welsh sources.^[8]^[9]^[10]^:297 Kenneth H. Jackson argued strongly that "Eidyn" referred exclusively to the location of modern Edinburgh,^[11] but others, such as Ifor Williams and Nora K. Chadwick, suggest it applied to the wider area as well.^[12]^[13] The name "Eidyn" may survive today in other toponyms, such as Dunedin and Carriden (from Caer Eidyn), fifteen miles to the west.^[10]

Edinburgh Castle

Present-day Edinburgh was the location of Din Eidyn, a dun or hillfort associated with the kingdom of the Gododdin.^[14] The modern Scottish Gaelic name "Dùn Eideann" derives directly from the British Din Eidyn; the English and Scots form are similar, adding the element -burgh, from the Old English burh, also meaning fort.^[15] Some sources claim Edinburgh's name is derived from an Old English form such as Eadwinesburh, in reference to the 7th century king Edwin of Northumbria.^[16] However, modern scholarship refutes this, as the form Eidyn predates Edwin.^[15]^[17]

The first evidence of the existence of the town as a separate entity from the fort lies in an early 12th century royal charter, generally thought to date from 1124, by King David I granting land to the Church of the Holy Rood of Edinburgh. This suggests that the town came into official existence between 1018 (when King Malcolm II secured the Lothians from the Northumbrians) and 1124.^[18] By the 1170s King William the Lion was using the name "Edenesburch" in a charter (in Latin) confirming the 1124 grant of David I.^[19]

History [link]

Further information: Timeline of Edinburgh history

Humans have settled the Edinburgh area from at least the Bronze Age, leaving traces of primitive stone settlements at Holyrood, Craiglockhart Hill and the Pentland Hills for example.^[20] Local culture was influenced through the Iron Age by Hallstatt and La Tene Celtic cultures from central Europe. By the time the Romans arrived in Lothian at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD, they discovered a Celtic Brythonic tribe whose name they recorded as Votadini, likely to be a Latin version of the name they called themselves.

The Angles of Northumbria had a significant influence in what was to become South-East Scotland, notably from AD 638 when it appears the Gododdin stronghold was besieged. Though far from exclusive (cf Picts and Scots), this influence continued over three centuries. It was not until c. AD 950 when, during the reign of Indulf, son of Constantine II, the city, referred to at this time in the Pictish Chronicle as 'oppidum Eden',^[21] fell to the Scots and finally remained under their jurisdiction.^[22] During this period of Germanic influence in south east Scotland, when the city's name gained its Germanic suffix, 'burgh', the seeds for the language we know today as Scots were sown.

Edinburgh in the 17th century

By the 12th century Edinburgh, founded upon the famous castle rock, the volcanic crag and tail geological feature shaped by 2 million years of glacial activity, was well established becoming one of the earliest Scottish Royal Burghs. Founded in the mid 12th century, a separate Burgh of regality, known as the Canongate and held by the Abbey of Holyrood, developed to the East. Through the late medieval period Edinburgh grew quickly and continued to flourish economically and culturally through the Renaissance period. It was at the centre of the 16th century Scottish Reformation and the Wars of the Covenant a hundred years later.

In 1603, King James VI of Scotland succeeded to the English throne, uniting the two kingdoms in a personal union known as the Union of the Crowns. Scotland remained a sovereign kingdom with the Parliament of Scotland in Edinburgh. King James VI progressed to London where he established his court, maintaining his rule in Scotland through his Privy Council which merely received his written instructions and executed his will.^[23] Despite promising to return every three years, he returned to Edinburgh only once, in 1617.

Disputes between the Presbyterian Covenanters and the Anglican Church in 1639 led to the Bishops' Wars, the initial conflict of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. During the Third English Civil War Edinburgh was taken by the Commonwealth forces of Oliver Cromwell prior to Charles II's eventual defeat at the Battle of Worcester.

In 17th century Edinburgh a defensive wall, built in the 16th century largely as protection against English invasion following James IV's defeat at the Battle of Flodden and hence named the Flodden Wall, still defined the boundaries of the city. Due to the restricted land area available for development, houses increased in height instead. Buildings of 11 storeys were common and there are records of buildings as high as 14 or even 15 storeys,^[24] an early version of the modern-day skyscraper. Many of the stone-built structures can still be seen today in the Old Town.

In 1706 and 1707 the Acts of Union were passed by the Parliaments of England and Scotland uniting the two Kingdoms into the Kingdom of Great Britain. As a consequence, the Parliament of Scotland merged with the Parliament of England to form the Parliament of Great Britain, which sat at Westminster in London. The union was opposed by many Scots at the time and this led to riots within the city.^[25]

From early times, and certainly from the 14th century, Edinburgh (like other royal burghs of Scotland) used armorial devices in many ways, including on seals. In 1732, the 'achievement' or 'coat of arms' was formally granted by the Lord Lyon King of Arms. These arms were used by Edinburgh Town Council until the reorganisation of local government in Scotland in May 1975, when it was succeeded by the City of Edinburgh District Council and a new coat of arms, based on the earlier one, was granted. In 1996, further local government reorganisation resulted in the formation of the City of Edinburgh Council, and again the coat of arms was updated.^[26]

Edinburgh Castle from the Grass Market, 1865

During the Jacobite rising of 1745, Edinburgh was briefly occupied by Jacobite forces before their march into England. Following their ultimate defeat at the Battle of Culloden, near Inverness, there was a period of reprisals and pacification, largely directed at the Catholic Highlanders. In Edinburgh the Hanoverian monarch attempted to gain favour by supporting new developments to the north of the castle, naming streets in honour of the King and his family; George Street, Frederick Street, Hanover Street and Princes Street, named in honour of George III's two sons.

The city was at the heart of the Scottish Enlightenment.^[27] Celebrities from across the continent would be seen in the city streets, among them famous Scots such as David Hume, Walter Scott, Robert Adam, David Wilkie, Robert Burns, James Hutton and Adam Smith. Edinburgh became a major cultural centre, earning it the nickname Athens of the North because of the Greco-Roman style of the New Town's architecture, as well as the rise of the Scottish intellectual elite who were increasingly leading both Scottish and European intellectual thought.^[28]

In the 19th century, Edinburgh, like many cities, industrialised, but did not grow as fast as Scotland's second city, Glasgow, which replaced it as the largest city in the country, benefiting greatly at the height of the British Empire.

The Scotland Act 1998 which came into force in 1999 established a devolved Scottish parliament and Scottish Executive, both based in Edinburgh responsible for governing Scotland, with reserved matters such as defence, taxation and foreign affairs remaining the responsibility of Westminster.

A panorama of Edinburgh, seen from the Scott Monument

Geography [link]

Arthur's Seat viewed across southern parts of Edinburgh from Blackford Hill

The Water of Leith near the Dean Village

Bounded by the Firth of Forth to the north and the Pentland Hills, which skirt the periphery of the city to the south, Edinburgh lies in the eastern portion of the Central Lowlands of Scotland.^[29] The city sprawls over a landscape which is the product of early volcanic activity and later periods of intensive glaciation.^[30] Igneous activity between 350 and 400 million years ago, coupled with faulting led to the dispersion of tough basalt volcanic plugs, which predominate over much of the area.^[30] One such example is Castle Rock which forced the advancing icepack to divide, sheltering the softer rock and forming a mile-long tail of material to the east, creating a distinctive crag and tail formation.^[30] Glacial erosion on the northern side of the crag gouged a large valley resulting in the now drained Nor Loch. This structure, along with a ravine to the south, formed an ideal natural fortress which Edinburgh Castle was built upon.^[30] Similarly, Arthur's Seat is the remains of a volcano system dating from the Carboniferous period, which was eroded by a glacier moving from west to east during the ice age.^[30] Erosive action such as plucking and abrasion exposed the rocky crags to the west before leaving a tail of deposited glacial material swept to the east.^[31] This process formed the distinctive Salisbury Crags, which formed a series of teschenite cliffs between Arthur's Seat and the city centre.^[32] The residential areas of Marchmont and Bruntsfield are built along a series of drumlin ridges south of the city centre, which were deposited as the glacier receded.^[30]

Other viewpoints in the city such as Calton Hill and Corstorphine Hill are similar products of glacial erosion.^[30] The Braid Hills and Blackford Hill are a series of small summits to the south west of the city commanding expansive views over the urban area of Edinburgh and northwards to the Forth.^[30]

Edinburgh is drained by the Water of Leith, which finds its source at the Colzium Springs in the Pentland Hills and runs for 29 kilometres (18 mi) through the south and west of the city, emptying into the Firth of Forth at Leith.^[33] The nearest the river gets to the city centre is at Dean Village on the edge of the New Town, where a deep gorge is spanned by the Dean Bridge, designed by Thomas Telford and built in 1832 for the road to Queensferry.^[33] The Water of Leith Walkway is a mixed use trail that follows the river for 19.6 kilometres (12.2 mi) from Balerno to Leith.^[34]

Designated in 1957, Edinburgh is ringed by a green belt stretching from Dalmeny in the west to Prestongrange in the east.^[35] With an average width of 3.2 kilometres (2 mi) the principal objective of the green belt was to contain the outward expansion of Edinburgh and to prevent the agglomeration of urban areas.^[35] Expansion within the green belt is strictly controlled but developments such as Edinburgh Airport and the Royal Highland Showground at Ingliston lie within the zone.^[35] Similarly, urban villages such as Juniper Green and Balerno sit on green belt land.^[35] One feature of the green belt in Edinburgh is the inclusion of parcels of land within the city which are designated as green belt even though they do not adjoin the main peripheral ring. Examples of these independent wedges of green belt include Holyrood Park and Corstorphine Hill.^[35]

Areas [link]

Old and New Towns of Edinburgh *
UNESCO World Heritage Site

Country	Scotland
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, iv
Reference	728
Region **	Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription	1995 (19th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO

Main article: Areas of Edinburgh

Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is divided into areas that generally encompass a park (sometimes known as "links"), a main local street (i.e. street of local retail shops), a high street (the historic main street, not always the same as the main local street, such as in Corstorphine) and residential buildings. In Edinburgh many residences are tenements, although the more southern and western parts of the city have traditionally been more affluent and have a greater number of detached and semi-detached villas.

The historic centre of Edinburgh is divided into two by the broad green swath of Princes Street Gardens. To the south the view is dominated by Edinburgh Castle, perched atop the extinct volcanic crag, and the long sweep of the Old Town trailing after it along the ridge. To the north lies Princes Street and the New Town. The gardens were begun in 1816 on bogland which had once been the Nor Loch.

To the immediate west of the castle lies the financial district, housing insurance and banking buildings. Probably the most noticeable building here is the circular sandstone building that is the Edinburgh International Conference Centre.

Old Town [link]

Main article: Old Town, Edinburgh

Map of the city, showing New Town, Old Town, and the West End.

The Old Town has preserved its medieval plan and many Reformation-era buildings. One end is closed by the castle and the main artery, the Royal Mile, leads away from it; minor streets (called closes or wynds) lead downhill on either side of the main spine in a herringbone pattern. Large squares mark the location of markets or surround public buildings such as St. Giles' Cathedral and the Law Courts. Other notable places nearby include the Royal Museum of Scotland, Surgeons' Hall and McEwan Hall. The street layout is typical of the old quarters of many northern European cities, and where the castle perches on top of a rocky crag (the remnants of an extinct volcano) the Royal Mile runs down the crest of a ridge from it.

Due to space restrictions imposed by the narrowness of the "tail", the Old Town became home to some of the earliest "high rise" residential buildings. Multi-storey dwellings known as lands were the norm from the 16th century onwards with ten and eleven storeys being typical and one even reaching fourteen or fifteen storeys.^[36] Additionally, numerous vaults below street level were inhabited to accommodate the influx of immigrants during the Industrial Revolution.

Panoramic view of the North Bridge and north elevation of the Old Town

New Town [link]

Main article: New Town, Edinburgh

The New Town was an 18th century solution to the problem of an increasingly crowded Old Town. The city had remained incredibly compact, confined to the ridge running down from the castle. In 1766 a competition to design the New Town was won by James Craig, a 22-year-old architect. The plan that was built created a rigid, ordered grid, which fitted well with enlightenment ideas of rationality. The principal street was to be George Street, which follows the natural ridge to the north of the Old Town. Either side of it are the other main streets of Princes Street and Queen Street. Princes Street has since become the main shopping street in Edinburgh, and few Georgian buildings survive on it. Linking these streets were a series of perpendicular streets. At the east and west ends are St. Andrew Square and Charlotte Square respectively. The latter, designed by Robert Adam, influenced Edinburgh street architecture into the early 19th century.^[37] Bute House, the official residence of the First Minister of Scotland, is on the north side of Charlotte Square. Sitting in the hollow between the Old and New Towns was the Nor Loch, which had been both the city's water supply and place for dumping sewage. By the 1820s it was drained. Craig's original plans included Princes Street Gardens and an ornamental canal^[38] in place of the Nor Loch. Excess soil from the construction of the buildings was dumped into the loch, creating what is now The Mound and the canal idea was abandoned. In the mid-19th century the National Gallery of Scotland and Royal Scottish Academy Building were built on The Mound, and tunnels to Waverley Station driven through it. The New Town was so successful that it was extended greatly. The grid pattern was not maintained, but rather a more picturesque layout was created.

Edinburgh New Town viewed from Edinburgh Castle

Southside [link]

A popular residential part of the city is its south side, comprising a number of areas including St Leonards, Marchmont, Newington, Sciennes, The Grange and Blackford. The Edinburgh "Southside" is broadly analogous to the area covered by the Burgh Muir, and grew in popularity as a residential area following the opening of the South Bridge. These areas are particularly popular now with families (many state and private schools are here), students (the central University of Edinburgh campus is based around George Square just north of Marchmont and the Meadows, and Napier University (with major campuses around Merchiston & Morningside), as well as with visiting festival-goers. These areas are also the subject of several works of fiction: Ian Rankin's Inspector Rebus lives in Marchmont and worked in St Leonards; and Churchhill, in Morningside, was the home of Muriel Spark's Miss Jean Brodie.

Leith [link]

Forth Road Bridge which connects Edinburgh and Fife

Main article: Leith

Leith is the port of Edinburgh. It still retains a separate identity from Edinburgh, and it was a matter of great resentment when, in 1920, the burgh of Leith was merged^[39] into the county of Edinburgh. Even today the parliamentary seat is known as 'Edinburgh North and Leith'. With the redevelopment of Leith, Edinburgh has gained the business of a number of cruise liner companies which now provide cruises to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. Leith also has the Royal Yacht Britannia, berthed behind the Ocean Terminal and Easter Road, the home ground of Hibernian F.C.

Urban area [link]

The urban area of Edinburgh is almost entirely contained within the City of Edinburgh Council boundary, merging with Musselburgh in East Lothian. Nearby towns close to the city borders include Dunfermline, Bonnyrigg, Dalkeith, Loanhead, Newtongrange, Penicuik, Livingston and Broxburn. The EU classifies this area as a Larger Urban Zone with a population of nearly 800,000 people.

Climate [link]

Like much of the rest of Scotland, Edinburgh has a temperate, maritime climate which is relatively mild despite its northerly latitude.^[40] Winters are generally mild, with daytime temperatures rarely falling below freezing, and compare favourably with places such as Moscow, Labrador and Newfoundland which lie at similar latitudes.^[40] Summer temperatures are normally moderate, with daily upper maxima rarely exceeding 22 °C.^[40] The highest temperature ever recorded in the city was 31.4 °C (88.5 °F) on 4 August 1975^[40] at Turnhouse Airport. The lowest temperature recorded in recent years was −14.6 °C (5.7 °F) during December 2010 at Gogarbank.^[41]

The proximity of the city to the sea mitigates any large variations in temperature or extremes of climate. Given Edinburgh's position between the coast and hills, it is renowned as a windy city, with the prevailing wind direction coming from the south-west which is associated with warm, unstable air from the North Atlantic Current that can give rise to rainfall – although considerably less than cities to the west, such as Glasgow.^[40] Rainfall is distributed fairly evenly throughout the year.^[40] Winds from an easterly direction are usually drier but colder, and are usually accompanied by Haar (fog), a persistent coastal fog. Vigorous Atlantic depressions, known as European windstorms, can affect the city between October and May.^[40]

Climate data for Edinburgh, Royal Botanic Gardens, 26m asl, 1971–2000, Extremes 1951–
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	15.0 (59.0)	15.2 (59.4)	20.0 (68.0)	22.8 (73.0)	29.0 (84.2)	27.8 (82.0)	28.3 (82.9)	30.0 (86.0)	26.7 (80.1)	24.4 (75.9)	17.3 (63.1)	15.4 (59.7)	30.0 (86.0)
Average high °C (°F)	6.7 (44.1)	7.3 (45.1)	9.4 (48.9)	11.7 (53.1)	14.6 (58.3)	17.2 (63.0)	19.0 (66.2)	18.9 (66.0)	16.4 (61.5)	13.2 (55.8)	9.6 (49.3)	7.1 (44.8)	12.59 (54.67)
Average low °C (°F)	1.2 (34.2)	1.4 (34.5)	2.7 (36.9)	4.3 (39.7)	6.7 (44.1)	9.6 (49.3)	11.4 (52.5)	11.3 (52.3)	9.5 (49.1)	6.7 (44.1)	3.6 (38.5)	1.5 (34.7)	5.83 (42.49)
Record low °C (°F)	−15.5 (4.1)	−11.7 (10.9)	−11.1 (12.0)	−6.1 (21.0)	−2.4 (27.7)	1.1 (34.0)	4.4 (39.9)	2.2 (36.0)	−1.1 (30.0)	−3.7 (25.3)	−8.3 (17.1)	−11.5 (11.3)	−15.5 (4.1)
Precipitation mm (inches)	66 (2.6)	49 (1.93)	53 (2.09)	40 (1.57)	49 (1.93)	59 (2.32)	62 (2.44)	62 (2.44)	63 (2.48)	79 (3.11)	64 (2.52)	63 (2.48)	709 (27.91)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	53	74	112	144	187	168	169	160	126	100	72	46	1,411
Source no. 1: Royal Botanic Gardens^[42]
Source no. 2: ScotClim^[43]

Climate data for Edinburgh, Turnhouse Airport, 37m asl, 1971–2000
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	6.6 (43.9)	7.1 (44.8)	9.1 (48.4)	11.3 (52.3)	14.4 (57.9)	17.3 (63.1)	19.3 (66.7)	19.1 (66.4)	16.4 (61.5)	13.0 (55.4)	9.2 (48.6)	7.2 (45.0)	12.5 (54.5)
Average low °C (°F)	0.5 (32.9)	0.6 (33.1)	1.1 (34.0)	3.3 (37.9)	5.8 (42.4)	8.7 (47.7)	10.6 (51.1)	10.5 (50.9)	8.5 (47.3)	5.8 (42.4)	2.5 (36.5)	1.1 (34.0)	5.0 (41.0)
Precipitation mm (inches)	64 (2.52)	45 (1.77)	55 (2.17)	40 (1.57)	50 (1.97)	55 (2.17)	56 (2.2)	55 (2.17)	64 (2.52)	70 (2.76)	61 (2.4)	68 (2.68)	682.4 (26.866)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	48	67	99	133	179	170	170	152	119	91	65	41	1,334
Source: MeteoFrance^[44]

Climate data for Edinburgh, Gogarbank, 61m asl, 1971–2000
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	6.4 (43.5)	6.8 (44.2)	8.8 (47.8)	10.9 (51.6)	14.2 (57.6)	17.0 (62.6)	19.0 (66.2)	18.7 (65.7)	16.0 (60.8)	12.6 (54.7)	9.0 (48.2)	7.0 (44.6)	12.2 (54.0)
Average low °C (°F)	0.7 (33.3)	0.9 (33.6)	2.1 (35.8)	3.4 (38.1)	5.8 (42.4)	8.6 (47.5)	10.5 (50.9)	10.4 (50.7)	8.5 (47.3)	5.9 (42.6)	2.7 (36.9)	1.3 (34.3)	5.1 (41.2)
Precipitation mm (inches)	64.2 (2.528)	44.7 (1.76)	52.2 (2.055)	42.5 (1.673)	49.1 (1.933)	52.5 (2.067)	57.6 (2.268)	53.3 (2.098)	62.4 (2.457)	69.5 (2.736)	61.4 (2.417)	66.8 (2.63)	676.2 (26.622)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	49.0	72.9	106.3	140.7	186.9	179.1	179.2	160.6	124.8	97.7	68.1	40.6	1,405.8
Source: MetOffice^[45]

Demography [link]

Edinburgh compared^[46]^[47]
UK Census 2001	Edinburgh	Lothian	Scotland
Total population	448,624	778,367	5,062,011
Population growth 1991–2001	7.1%	7.2%	1.3%
White	95.9%	97.2%	98.8%
Asian	2.6%	1.6%	1.3%
Under 16 years old	16.3%	18.6%	19.2%
Over 65 years old	15.4%	14.8%	16.0%
Christian	54.8%	58.1%	65.1%
Muslim	1.5%	1.1%	0.8%

At the United Kingdom Census 2001, Edinburgh had a population of 448,624, a rise of 7.1% on 1991.^[46] Estimates in 2010 placed the total resident population at 486,120 split between 235,249 males and 250,871 females.^[6] This makes Edinburgh the second largest city in Scotland after Glasgow and the seventh largest in Britain.^[46] According to the European Statistical agency, Eurostat, Edinburgh sits at the heart of a Larger Urban Zone covering 665 square miles (1,720 km²) with a population of 778,000.^[48]

Edinburgh has a higher proportion of those aged between 16 and 24 than the Scottish average, but has a lower proportion of those classified as elderly or pre-school.^[6] Over 95% of Edinburgh respondents classed their ethnicity as White in 2001, with those identifying as being Indian and Chinese at 1.6% and 0.8% of the population respectively.^[49] In 2001, 22% of the population were born outside Scotland with the largest group of people within this category being born in England at 12.1%.^[49] Since the 2004 enlargement of the European Union, a large number of migrants from the accession states such as Poland, Lithuania and Latvia have settled in the city, with many working in the service industry.^[50]

The cramped tenements off the Royal Mile were once home to most of Edinburgh's population.

There is evidence of human habitation on Castle Rock from as early as 3,000 years ago.^[51] A census conducted by the Edinburgh presbytery in 1592 estimated a population of 8,000 scattered equally north and south of the High Street which runs down the spine of the ridge leading from the Castle.^[52] In the 18th and 19th Centuries, the population began to expand rapidly, rising from 49,000 in 1751 to 136,000 in 1831 primarily due to rural out-migration.^[53] As the population swelled, overcrowding problems in the Old Town, particularly in the cramped tenements that lined the present day Royal Mile and Cowgate, were exacerbated.^[53] Sanitary problems and disease were rife.^[53] The construction of James Craig's masterplanned New Town from 1766 onwards witnessed the migration of the professional classes from the Old Town to the lower density, higher quality surroundings taking shape on land to the north.^[54] Expansion southwards from the Royal Mile/Cowgate axis of the Old Town saw more tenements being built in the 19th century, giving rise to present day areas such as Marchmont, Newington and Bruntsfield.^[55]

A bagpiper busking in central Edinburgh.

Early 20th century population growth coincided with lower density suburban development in areas such as Gilmerton, Liberton and South Gyle. As the city expanded to the south and west, detached and semi detached villas with large gardens replaced tenements as the predominant building style. Nonetheless, the 2001 census revealed that over 55% of Edinburgh's population live in tenements or blocks of flats compared to the Scottish average of 33.5%.^[56]

Throughout the early to mid 20th century many new estates were built in areas such as Craigmillar, Niddrie, Pilton, Muirhouse, Piershill and Sighthill, linked to slum clearances in the Old Town.

There were estates built in North Edinburgh in the 1950s to cope with overcrowding in the inner city, Clermiston is one such estate.

Religion [link]

Christianity [link]

The fan vaulted ceiling dominates the interior of St John's Church in central Edinburgh.

The Church of Scotland claims the largest membership of any religious denomination in Edinburgh. As of 2010, there are 83 congregations in the Church of Scotland's Presbytery of Edinburgh.^[57] Its most notable church is St Giles' Cathedral, while St Cuthbert's, situated at the west end of Princes Street Gardens and in the shadow of Edinburgh Castle, lays claim to being the oldest Christian site in city, although its magnificent and unique building designed by Hippolyte Blanc dates mainly from the late 19th century. Other Church of Scotland churches include Greyfriars Kirk, Barclay Church, Canongate Kirk and St Andrew's and St George's Church. In the south east of the city is the 12th century Duddingston Kirk. The Church of Scotland Offices are in Edinburgh, as is the Assembly Hall and New College on The Mound.

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh has a large number of churches across the city, the number of parishes totalling 28, under the aegis of St Giles' City of Edinburgh Deanery.There are also a further 6 churches and chapels belonging to religious orders where Sunday Mass is offered. Its notable structures include St Mary's Cathedral (the mother church of Scots Catholicism), the Sacred Heart of Jesus, St Patrick's, St. Columba's, St. Peter's and Star of the Sea. The Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter fulfil their ministry in St. Andrew’s Church (Ravelston) and in St Cuthbert’s House Chapel. St. Margaret's and St. Leonard's Church (Newington) is an apostolate of the traditionalist Society of St. Pius X. The leader of Scotland's Catholics, Keith Patrick Cardinal O'Brien, has his official residence in the area of the city known locally as Holy Corner, and the diocesan offices are in Marchmont.^[58]

The Scottish Episcopal Church, part of the Anglican Communion, has a number of churches across the city. Its centre is the late 19th century Gothic style St Mary's Cathedral in the West End's Palmerston Place. The historic former pro-cathedral of the city is Old Saint Paul's, off the Royal Mile, which was established in 1689 when St Giles' Cathedral and the wider Church of Scotland converted from Episcopal to Presbyterian governance.

St. Giles' Cathedral

In addition, there are a number of independent churches situated throughout the city; these churches tend to have a high percentage of student congregants and include Destiny Church, The Rock Elim Church, Kings Church Edinburgh, Charlotte Chapel, Carrubbers Christian Centre, Morningside Baptist Church, Bellevue Chapel and Deeper Life Bible Church, Stockbridge.

Biblical unitarians are represented by a Christadelphian church, established in Edinburgh since 1853.^[59] The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) hold Meetings for Worship in several locations, especially the main Quaker Meeting House in Victoria Terrace.

Saint Giles is the patron saint of Edinburgh.^[60]

Other faiths [link]

Edinburgh Central Mosque – Edinburgh's main mosque and Islamic Centre – is on Potterrow, in the city's south side, near Bristo Square. It was opened in the late 1990s and the construction was largely financed by a gift from King Fahd of Saudi Arabia.^[61] There are other mosques in Annandale Street Lane, off Leith Walk, and in Queensferry Road, Blackhall as well as a number of other Islamic centres across the city.^[62] The first recorded presence of a Jewish community in Edinburgh dates back to the late 17th century.^{[citation needed]} Edinburgh's Orthodox synagogue, which was opened in 1932, is in Salisbury Road and can accommodate a congregation of 2000. A Liberal Jewish congregation also meets in the city. There are a Sikh gurdwara and a Hindu mandir, both in Leith, and a Brahma Kumaris centre^[63] in the Polwarth area. Edinburgh Buddhist Centre, run by the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order, is situated in Melville Terrace. A number of other Buddhist traditions are represented by groups which meet in the capital: the Community of Interbeing (followers of Thich Nhat Hanh), Rigpa, Samye Dzong, Theravadin, Pure Land and Shambala. There is a Soto Zen Priory in Portobello^[64] and a Theravadin Thai Buddhist Monastery in Slateford Road.^[65] Edinburgh is home to an active Baha'i Community,^[66] a Theosophical Society, in Great King Street,^[67] and the city has a number of practising Pagans. Edinburgh has an active Inter-Faith Association.

Governance [link]

Main article: Politics of Edinburgh

Edinburgh City Chambers is the headquarters of the City of Edinburgh Council.

Following local government reorganisation in 1996, Edinburgh constitutes one of the 32 Unitary Authorities of Scotland.^[68] Today, the City of Edinburgh Council is the administrative body for the local authority and has its powers stipulated by the Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994.^[69] Like all other unitary and island authorities in Scotland, the council has powers over most matters of local administration such as housing, planning, local transport, parks, economic development and regeneration.^[69] The council is composed of 58 elected councillors, returned from 17 multi-member electoral wards in the city.^[70] Each ward elects three or four councillors by the single transferable vote system, to produce a form of proportional representation. Following the 2007 Scottish Local Elections the incumbent Labour Party lost majority control of the council, after 23 years, to a Liberal Democrat/SNP coalition.^[71]

The debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament

Since 2007, the council has operated a committee structure, headed by the Lord Provost, who chairs the full council and acts as a figurehead for the city.^[72] The Provost, currently Donald Wilson, also serves as ex officio the Lord Lieutenant of the city.^[73] A Leader and Policy & Strategy Committee, appointed by the full council, are responsible for the day-to-day running of the city administration. Jenny Dawe was the Council Leader since May 2007, however she lost her seat in the elections in May 2012, with Andrew Burns now the Council leader, after Labour and SNP formed a coalition administration. Councillors are also appointed to sit on the boards of public bodies such as Lothian and Borders Police and the Forth Estuary Transport Authority.^[72]

In terms of national governance, Edinburgh is represented in the Scottish Parliament. For electoral purposes, the city area is divided between six of the nine constituencies in the Lothians electoral region.^[74] Each constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first past the post system of election, and the region elects seven additional MSPs, to produce a form of proportional representation.^[74]

Edinburgh is also represented in the British House of Commons by five Members of Parliament elected from single member constituencies by the first past the post system.

Economy [link]

Main article: Economy of Edinburgh

Edinburgh Park

The Bank of Scotland's head office in central Edinburgh.

Edinburgh is the most competitive large city in the UK according to the Centre for International Competitiveness.^[75] Edinburgh also has the highest Gross value added per employee of any city in the UK outside London, measuring £50,256 in 2007.^[76] A combination of these factors saw Edinburgh named the Best Small City of the future by fDi Magazine for 2010/11.^[77] Education and health, finance and business services, retailing and tourism are the largest employers.^[78] The economy of Edinburgh is largely based on the services sector – centred around banking, financial services, higher education, and tourism. As of March 2010 unemployment in Edinburgh is comparatively low at 3.6%, and remains consistently below the Scottish average of 4.5%.^[79] Banking has been a part of the economic life of Edinburgh for over 300 years, with the establishment of the Bank of Scotland – now part of the Lloyds Banking Group – by an act of the original Parliament of Scotland in 1695. Today, together with the financial services industry, with particular strengths in insurance and investment underpinned by the presence of Edinburgh based firms such as Scottish Widows and Standard Life, Edinburgh is the UK's second financial centre after London and Europe's fourth by equity assets.^[80] In world terms, it ranks ahead of Dubai, Amsterdam and Washington D.C. in the Global Financial Centres Index.^[80] The Royal Bank of Scotland opened its new global headquarters at Gogarburn in the west of the city in October 2005. Edinburgh has recently become home to the headquarters of Tesco Bank^[81] and Virgin Money.^[82]

Edinburgh Financial District

Tourism is an important economic mainstay in the city. As a World Heritage Site, tourists come to visit such historical sites as Edinburgh Castle, the Palace of Holyroodhouse and the Georgian New Town. This is augmented in August of each year with the presence of the Edinburgh Festivals, which bring in over 4.4 million visitors,^[79] and generate in excess of £100m for the Edinburgh economy.^[83]

As the centre of Scotland's government, as well as its legal system, the public sector plays a central role in the economy of Edinburgh, with many departments of the Scottish Government located in the city. Other major employers include NHS Scotland and local government administration.

Transport [link]

Main article: Transport in Edinburgh

Edinburgh Airport

Edinburgh Airport is Scotland's busiest airport and principal international gateway to the capital, handling just over 9 million passengers in 2009.^[84] In anticipation of rising passenger numbers, the airport operator BAA outlined a draft masterplan in 2006 to provide for the expansion of the airfield and terminal building.^[85] The possibility of building a second runway to cope with an increased number of aircraft movements has also been mooted.^[85]

A train arriving at Waverley Station

As an important hub on the East Coast Main Line, Edinburgh Waverley is the primary railway station serving the city. With more than 14 million passengers per year, the station is the second busiest in Scotland behind Glasgow Central.^[86] Waverley serves as the terminus for trains arriving from London King's Cross and is the departure point for many rail services within Scotland operated by First ScotRail.

To the west of the city centre lies Haymarket railway station which is an important commuter stop. Opened in 2003, Edinburgh Park station serves the adjacent business park in the west of the city and the nearby Gogarburn headquarters of the Royal Bank of Scotland. The Edinburgh Crossrail connects Edinburgh Park with Haymarket, Waverley and the suburban stations of Brunstane and Newcraighall in the east of the city.^[87] There are also commuter lines to South Gyle and Dalmeny, which serves South Queensferry by the Forth Bridges, and to the south west of the city out to Wester Hailes and Curriehill

Lothian Buses on Princes Street

Lothian Buses operate the majority of city bus services within the City and to surrounding suburbs, with the majority of routes running via Princes Street. Services further afield operate from the Edinburgh Bus Station off St. Andrew Square. Lothian, as the successor company to the City's Corporation Trams, also operates all of the City's branded public tour bus services, the night bus network and airport buses.^[88] Lothian's Mac Tours subsidiary has one of the largest remaining fleets of ex-London Routemaster buses in Britain, many converted to open top tour buses.^[89] In 2007, the average daily ridership of Lothian Buses was over 312,000 – a 6% rise on the previous year.^[88]

Construction work for tram tracks in Princes Street, November 2009

In order to tackle traffic congestion, Edinburgh is now served by six park and ride sites on the periphery of the city at Sheriffhall, Ingliston, Riccarton, Inverkeithing (in Fife) and Newcraighall. A new facility at Straiton opened in October 2008. A referendum of Edinburgh residents in February 2005 rejected a proposal to introduce congestion charging in the city.

Edinburgh has been without a tram system since 16 November 1956.^[90] Following parliamentary approval in 2007, construction began on a new Edinburgh tram line in early 2008. The first stage of the project was originally expected to be operational by July 2011^[91] but, following delays, controversies and cost increases, is unlikely to be working before 2014.^[92] The first phase will see trams running from Edinburgh Airport in the west of the city to York Place in the city centre. Plans exist to extend the line down Leith Walk to Ocean Terminal and Newhaven, but have been postponed due to cost.^[93] If fully realised, the project will see trams run from Haymarket through Ravelston and Craigleith to Granton on the waterfront.^[93] Future proposals include a line going west from the airport to Ratho and Newbridge, and a line running along the length of the waterfront.^[94]

Education [link]

Main article: List of schools in Edinburgh

Old College at the University of Edinburgh.

There are four universities in Edinburgh with over 100,000 students studying in the city.^[95] Established by Royal Charter in 1583, the University of Edinburgh is one of Scotland's ancient universities and is the fourth oldest in the country after St Andrews, Glasgow and Aberdeen.^[96] Originally centred around Old College the university expanded to premises on The Mound, the Royal Mile and George Square.^[96] Today, the King's Buildings in the south of the city contain most of the schools within the College of Science and Engineering. In 2002, the medical school moved to purpose built accommodation adjacent to the new Edinburgh Royal Infirmary at Little France. The University was placed 20th in the world in the 2011 QS World University Rankings.^[97]

The former Craiglockhart Hydropathic Building now forms part of the Napier University campus.

In the 1960s Heriot-Watt University and Napier Technical College were established.^[96] Heriot-Watt traces its origins to 1821 as the world's first mechanics' institute, when a school for technical education for the working classes was opened.^[98] Based in Riccarton to the west of the city, Heriot-Watt specialises in the disciplines of engineering, business and mathematics.^[99] Napier College was renamed Napier Polytechnic in 1986 and gained university status in 1992.^[100] Edinburgh Napier University has campuses in the south and west of the city, including the former Craiglockhart Hydropathic and Merchiston Tower.^[100] It is home to the Screen Academy Scotland.

Queen Margaret University was founded in 1875, as The Edinburgh School of Cookery and Domestic Economy, by Christian Guthrie Wright and Louisa Stevenson.^[101]

Queen Margaret University campus.

Further education colleges in the city include Jewel and Esk College (incorporating Leith Nautical College founded in 1903), Telford College, opened in 1968, and Stevenson College, opened in 1970. The Scottish Agricultural College also has a campus in south Edinburgh. Other notable institutions include the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh which were established by Royal Charter, in 1506 and 1681 respectively. The Trustees Drawing Academy of Edinburgh was founded in 1760 – an institution that became the Edinburgh College of Art in 1907.^[102]

There are 18 nursery, 94 primary and 23 secondary schools in Edinburgh administered by the city council.^[103] In addition, the city is home to a large number of independent, fee-paying schools including Edinburgh Academy, Fettes College, George Heriot's School, George Watson's College, Merchiston Castle School, Stewart's Melville College and The Mary Erskine School. In 2009, the proportion of pupils in education at independent schools was 24.2%, far above the national average of just over 4% and higher than in any other region of Scotland.^[104]

Healthcare [link]

The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh is the main public hospital for the city.

Hospitals in Edinburgh include the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, which includes Edinburgh University Medical School, and the Western General Hospital, which includes a large cancer treatment centre and the nurse-led Minor Injuries Clinic. The Royal Infirmary is the main Accident & Emergency hospital not just for Edinburgh but also Midlothian and East Lothian, and is the headquarters of NHS Lothian, making it a centric focus for Edinburgh and its hinterland. The Royal Edinburgh Hospital specialises in mental health; it is situated in Morningside. The Royal Hospital for Sick Children is in Sciennes Road; it is popularly known as 'the Sick Kids'. There are two private hospitals, Murrayfield Hospital in the west of the city and Shawfield Hospital in the south; both are owned by Spire Healthcare.

Culture [link]

Further information: Nicknames of Edinburgh and Edinburgh Zoo

Festivals and celebrations [link]

File:Edinburgh castle tattoo.jpg

Pipers emerging from Edinburgh Castle during the Edinburgh Military Tattoo

Culturally, Edinburgh is best known for the Edinburgh Festival, which is a series of separate events running from the end of July until early September each year. The longest established festival is the Edinburgh International Festival, which first ran in 1947.^[105] The International Festival centres on a programme of high-profile theatre productions and classical music performances, featuring international directors, conductors, theatre companies and orchestras.^[106]

Lightshow at Edinburgh Castle during the Edinburgh Military Tattoo

The International Festival has since been overtaken in both size and popularity by the Edinburgh Fringe. What began as a programme of marginal acts has become the largest arts festival in the world, with 1867 different shows being staged in 2006, in 261 venues.^[107] Comedy is now one of the mainstays of the Fringe, with numerous notable comedians getting their 'break' here, often through receipt of the Edinburgh Comedy Award.^[108]^[109] In 2008 the largest comedy venues on the Edinburgh Fringe launched as a festival within a festival, labelled the Edinburgh Comedy Festival. Already at its inception it was the largest comedy festival in the world.^[110] Alongside these major festivals, there is also the Edinburgh Art Festival, Edinburgh International Film Festival (moved to June from 2008), the Edinburgh Jazz and Blues Festival, and the Edinburgh International Book Festival. The Edge Festival (formerly known as T on the Fringe), a popular music offshoot of the Fringe, began in 2000, replacing the smaller Flux and Planet Pop series of shows.^[108]

Running concurrently with the summer festivals, the Edinburgh Military Tattoo occupies the Castle Esplanade every night, with massed pipers and fireworks. As well as the various summer festivals there is also the Edinburgh International Science Festival. Held annually in April it is one of the largest of its kind in Europe.^[111]

A Viking longship being burnt during Edinburgh's annual Hogmanay celebrations.

Equally famous is the annual Hogmanay celebration. Originally a street party held on Princes Street and the Royal Mile, the Hogmanay event has been officially organised since 1993. In 1996, over 300,000 people attended, leading to ticketing of the main street party in later years, with a limit of 100,000 tickets.^[112] Hogmanay now covers four days of processions, concerts and fireworks, with the street party commencing on Hogmanay. During the street party Princes Street is accessible by ticket only, with live bands playing, food and drink stalls, and a clear view of the castle and fireworks.^[113] Alternative tickets are available for entrance into the Princes Street Gardens concert and Céilidh, where well-known artists perform and ticket holders are invited to participate in traditional Scottish céilidh dancing. The event attracts thousands of people from all over the world.^[112]

On the night of 30 April, the Beltane Fire Festival takes place on Edinburgh's Calton Hill. The festival involves a procession followed by the re-enactment of scenes inspired by pagan spring fertility celebrations.^[114] At the beginning of October each year, the Dussehra Hindu Festival is also held on Calton Hill.^[115]

Music, theatre and film [link]

The Edinburgh Festival Theatre

Outside festival season, Edinburgh continues to support a number of theatres and production companies. The Royal Lyceum Theatre has its own company, while the King's Theatre, Edinburgh Festival Theatre, and Edinburgh Playhouse stage large touring shows. The Traverse Theatre presents a more contemporary programme of plays. Amateur theatre companies productions are staged at the Bedlam Theatre, Church Hill Theatre, and the King's Theatre amongst others. Youth Music Theatre: UK has a regional office in the city.

Traverse Theatre

The Usher Hall is Edinburgh's premier venue for classical music, as well as the occasional prestige popular music gig.^[116] Other halls staging music and theatre include The Hub, the Assembly Rooms and the Queen's Hall. The Scottish Chamber Orchestra is based in Edinburgh.

Edinburgh has two repertory cinemas, the Edinburgh Filmhouse, and the Cameo, and the independent Dominion Cinema, as well as the usual range of multiplexes.^[117]

Edinburgh has a healthy popular music scene. Occasional large gigs are staged at Murrayfield and Meadowbank, with mid-sized events at venues such as the Corn Exchange, HMV Picture House, the Liquid Rooms, and the Bongo Club. Smaller more intimate shows can be found at venues like Cabaret Voltaire, Sneaky Pete's, The Store, The Voodoo Rooms, Bannerman's, Henry's Cellar Bar and Forrest Cafe.

In 2010, PRS for Music listed Edinburgh amongst the UK's top ten 'most musical' cities.^[118]

Edinburgh is also home to a flourishing group of contemporary composers such as Nigel Osborne, Peter Nelson, Lyell Cresswell, Hafliði Hallgrímsson, Edward Harper, Robert Crawford, Robert Dow and John McLeod^[119] whose music is heard regularly on BBC Radio 3 and throughout the UK.

Rockstar North, most famously known for creating the Grand Theft Auto series, are based in Edinburgh.

Media [link]

The Edinburgh Evening News is based in Edinburgh and published every day apart from Sunday. The newspaper's owners also hold The Scotsman, a national paper which is published in the city. The Herald also covers Edinburgh, which is published in Glasgow.

The city has two commercial radio stations: Forth One, a station aimed at young listeners with a mainstream chart music output, and Forth 2 on medium wave which plays classic hits. Capital Radio Scotland and Real Radio Scotland also have transmitters in Edinburgh. Along with the UK national radio stations, Radio Scotland and the Gaelic language service BBC Nan Gaidheal is also broadcast, despite few speakers residing in the city. DAB digital radio is broadcast over two local multiplexes.

Edinburgh, along with the rest of Scotland, had completed the digital switchover for television. Television, along with most radio services, are broadcast to the city from the Craigkelly transmitting station situated on the opposite side of the Firth of Forth.

Museums, libraries and galleries [link]

Museum of Scotland

Edinburgh has a large number of museums and libraries, many of which are national institutions. These include the National Museum of Scotland, the National Library of Scotland, National War Museum of Scotland, the Museum of Edinburgh and the Museum of Childhood.

The National Gallery of Scotland

Edinburgh contains Scotland's five National Galleries as well as numerous smaller galleries.^[120] The national collection is housed in the National Gallery of Scotland, located on the Mound, and now linked to the Royal Scottish Academy, which holds regular major exhibitions of painting. Contemporary collections are shown in the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, and the nearby Dean Gallery. The Scottish National Portrait Gallery focuses on portraits and photography.

The council-owned City Art Centre shows regular art exhibitions. Across the road, The Fruitmarket Gallery offers world class exhibitions of contemporary art, featuring work by British and international artists with both emerging and established international reputations.^[121]

There are private galleries, including Doggerfisher and Ingleby Gallery, the latter providing a varied programme including shows by Callum Innes, Peter Liversidge, Ellsworth Kelly, Richard Forster, and Sean Scully.^[122]

The city hosts several of Scotland's galleries and organisations dedicated to contemporary visual art. Significant strands of this infrastructure include: The Scottish Arts Council, Edinburgh College of Art, Talbot Rice Gallery (University of Edinburgh) and the Edinburgh Annuale.

Literature and philosophy [link]

Edinburgh has a long literary tradition, going back to the Scottish Enlightenment and in more recent years being declared the first UNESCO City of Literature in 2004.^[123] Edinburgh's Enlightenment produced philosopher David Hume and the pioneer of political economy, Adam Smith.^[123] Writers such as James Boswell, Robert Louis Stevenson, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Kenneth Grahame, Muriel Spark and Sir Walter Scott all lived and worked in Edinburgh. Today, the city is the home of many publishing companies. J K Rowling, author of the Harry Potter novels, is a resident of Edinburgh. Edinburgh has also become associated with the crime novels of Ian Rankin, and the work of Irvine Welsh, whose novels are mostly set in the city and are often written in colloquial Scots. Edinburgh is also home to the international best-selling author Alexander McCall Smith.^[124]

Nightlife and shopping [link]

Jenners department store on Princes Street.

Edinburgh has a large number of pubs, clubs and restaurants. The traditional areas were the Grassmarket, Lothian Road and surrounding streets, Rose Street and its surrounds and the Bridges. In recent years George Street in the New Town has grown in prominence, with a large number of new, upmarket public houses and nightclubs opening, along with a number on the parallel Queen Street. Stockbridge and the waterfront at Leith are also increasingly fashionable areas, with a number of pubs, clubs and restaurants. On a side note on the nightlife, Edinburgh is the Top UK city for male single travelers, according to a recent Excite EU study.

Princes Street is the main shopping area in the city centre, with a wide range of stores from souvenir shops, from chains such as Boots and H&M and institutions like Jenners. George Street, north of Princes Street, is home to a number of upmarket chains and independent stores. The St. James Centre, at the eastern end of George Street and Princes Street, hosts a substantial number of national chains including a large John Lewis. Multrees Walk, adjacent to the St. James Centre, is a recent addition to the city centre, hosting brands such as Louis Vuitton, Emporio Armani, Mulberry and Calvin Klein, with Harvey Nichols anchoring the development.

Edinburgh also has substantial retail developments outside the city centre. These include The Gyle and Hermiston Gait in the west of the city, Cameron Toll, Straiton Retail Park and Fort Kinnaird in the south and east, and Ocean Terminal to the north, on the Leith waterfront. The Royal Yacht Britannia lies in dock here next to the centre.

Sport [link]

Football [link]

Tynecastle Stadium

Edinburgh has two professional football clubs – Heart of Midlothian and Hibernian. They are known locally as Hearts and Hibs and both teams currently play in the Scottish Premier League. Hearts play at Tynecastle Stadium in Gorgie, while Hibs play at Easter Road Stadium, which straddles the former boundary between Edinburgh and Leith.

Edinburgh was also home to senior sides St Bernard's, and Leith Athletic. Most recently, Meadowbank Thistle played at Meadowbank Stadium until 1995, when the club moved to Livingston, becoming Livingston F.C.. Previously, Meadowbank Thistle had been named Ferranti Thistle. The Scottish national team has occasionally played at Easter Road and Tynecastle.

Murrayfield Stadium, home to the Scottish national rugby union team

Non-league sides include Spartans and Edinburgh City, who play in the East of Scotland League along with Civil Service Strollers F.C., Lothian Thistle F.C., Edinburgh University A.F.C., Leith Athletic F.C., Tynecastle F.C., Craigroyston F.C. and Heriot-Watt University F.C.. Edinburgh United F.C. plays in the Scottish Junior Football Association, East Region.

Rugby union [link]

The Scotland national rugby union team plays at Murrayfield Stadium, which is owned by the Scottish Rugby Union and is also used as a venue for other events, including music concerts. Edinburgh's professional rugby team, Edinburgh Rugby, play in the Magners League at Murrayfield. It is the largest capacity stadium in Scotland, with around 67,000 seats. Edinburgh is also home to RBS Premier One rugby teams Heriot's Rugby Club, Boroughmuir RFC, the Edinburgh Academicals and Currie RFC.

Ice hockey [link]

The Edinburgh Capitals are the latest of a succession of ice hockey clubs to represent the Scottish capital. Previously Edinburgh was represented by the Murrayfield Racers and the Edinburgh Racers. The club play their home games at the Murrayfield Ice Rink and compete in the ten team professional Elite Ice Hockey League along with three other Scottish teams which are the Fife Flyers, Braehead Clan and the Dundee Stars.

Other sports [link]

The Scottish cricket team, who represent Scotland at cricket internationally and in the Friends Provident Trophy, play their home matches at The Grange.

The Heart of Midlothian

The Edinburgh Diamond Devils is a baseball club claiming its first Scottish Championship in 1991 as the "Reivers." 1992 saw the team repeat as national champions, becoming the first team to do so in league history and saw the start of the club's first youth team, the Blue Jays. The name of the club was changed in 1999.

The Edinburgh Capitals is an ice hockey team playing in the Elite Ice Hockey League since the 2005/2006 season.^[125]

Edinburgh has also hosted various national and international sports events including the World Student Games, the 1970 British Commonwealth Games, the 1986 Commonwealth Games and the inaugural 2000 Commonwealth Youth Games. For the Games in 1970 the city built major Olympic standard venues and facilities including the Royal Commonwealth Pool and the Meadowbank Stadium. The Royal Commonwealth Pool, currently undergoing refurbishment and due to re-open for spring 2012, will host the Diving competition of the 2014 Commonwealth Games, held by Glasgow.

In American football, the Scottish Claymores played WLAF/NFL Europe games at Murrayfield, including their World Bowl 96 victory. From 1995 to 1997 they played all their games there, from 1998 to 2000 they split their home matches between Murrayfield and Glasgow's Hampden Park, then moved to Glasgow full-time, with one final Murrayfield appearance in 2002. The city's most successful non-professional team are the Edinburgh Wolves who currently play at Meadowbank Stadium.

The Edinburgh Marathon has been held in the city since 2003 with more than 13,000 taking part annually. The city also has a half-marathon, as well as a number of 10 km and 5 km races, including a 5 km race on the first of January each year.

Edinburgh has a speedway team, the Edinburgh Monarchs, which is currently based at the Lothian Arena in Armadale, West Lothian. Speedway was staged at four venues in the City. Marine Gardens operated 1928–1931 and 1938–1939. Old Meadowbank operated 1948–1954 and 1960–1967. Powderhall operated 1977–1995. A training track at the Gyle operated 1968. The Monarchs have won the Premier League 3 times 2003, 2008 and 2010.

Edinburgh Eagles are a rugby league team who play in the Rugby League Conference Scotland Division. Murrayfield Stadium has also hosted the Magic Weekend where all Super League matches are played (at Murrayfield) all on the one weekend.

Punting took place on the Union Canal between Hermiston and Ratho. This stretch was the course of the annual Scottish Boat Race between the Honourable Society of Edinburgh Boaters and the University of Cambridge Dampers Club.

Notable residents [link]

Main article: List of Edinburgh people

Sir Walter Scott

Scotland has a rich history in science and engineering, with Edinburgh contributing its fair share of famous names. James Clerk Maxwell, the founder of the modern theory of electromagnetism, was born here and educated at the Edinburgh Academy and University of Edinburgh, as was the engineer and telephone pioneer Alexander Graham Bell.^[126] Other names connected to the city include Max Born, physicist and Nobel laureate; Charles Darwin, the biologist who discovered natural selection; David Hume, a philosopher, economist and historian; James Hutton, regarded as the "Father of Geology"; John Napier inventor of logarithms;^[127] chemist and one of the founders of thermodynamics Joseph Black; pioneering medical researchers Joseph Lister and James Young Simpson; chemist and discoverer of the element nitrogen, Daniel Rutherford; mathematician and developer of the maclaurin series, Colin Maclaurin and Ian Wilmut, the geneticist involved in the cloning of Dolly the sheep just outside Edinburgh. The stuffed carcass of Dolly the sheep is now on display in the National Museum of Scotland.

Deacon Brodie on Edinburgh's Royal Mile

Famous authors of the city include Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes, Muriel Spark, author of The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, James Hogg, author of The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, Ian Rankin, author of the Inspector Rebus series of crime thrillers, J. K. Rowling, the author of Harry Potter, who began her first book in an Edinburgh coffee shop, Adam Smith, economist, born in Kirkcaldy, and author of The Wealth of Nations, Sir Walter Scott, the author of famous titles such as Rob Roy, Ivanhoe and Heart of Midlothian, Robert Louis Stevenson, creator of Treasure Island, Kidnapped and The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and Irvine Welsh, author of Trainspotting.^[128]

Edinburgh has been home to the actor Sir Sean Connery, famed as the first cinematic James Bond;^[129] Ronnie Corbett, a comedian and actor, best known as one of The Two Ronnies;^[130], actor Brian Cox and Dylan Moran, the Irish comedian. Famous city artists include the portrait painters Sir Henry Raeburn, Sir David Wilkie and Allan Ramsay. Historians such as Douglas Johnson (historian) and Arthur Marwick had roots here.

The city has produced or been home to musicians that have been extremely successful in modern times, particularly Ian Anderson, frontman of the band Jethro Tull; Wattie Buchan, lead singer and founding member of punk band The Exploited; Shirley Manson, lead singer for the band Garbage; The Proclaimers; the Bay City Rollers; Boards of Canada and Idlewild.

Greyfriars Bobby

Edinburgh is the home town of the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair, who was born in the city and attended Fettes College;^[131] Robin Harper the co-convener of the Scottish Green Party; and John Witherspoon, the only clergyman to sign the United States Declaration of Independence, and later president of Princeton University.^[132]

On the more sinister side, famous criminals from Edinburgh's history include Deacon Brodie, pillar of society by day and burglar by night, who is said to have influenced Robert Louis Stevenson's story, the Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde,^[133] the murderers Burke and Hare^[134] who provided fresh corpses for anatomical dissection by the famous surgeon Robert Knox^[135] and Major Weir a notorious warlock.

Another Edinburgh resident in the past, and arguably its most famous, known throughout the world, was Greyfriars Bobby. The small Skye terrier reputedly kept vigil over his deceased master's grave in Greyfriars Kirkyard for 14 years in the 1870s and 80s, giving rise to a heart-warming story of canine devotion which plays its part in attracting visitors to the city.

Twinning arrangements [link]

The City of Edinburgh has entered into 11 international twinning arrangements since 1954.^[136] Most of the arrangements are styled as 'Twin Cities', but the agreement with Kraków is designated as a 'Partner City'.^[136] The agreement with the Kyoto Prefecture, concluded in 1994, is officially styled as a 'Friendship Link', reflecting its status as the only region to be twinned with Edinburgh.^[136]

Munich, Germany (1954)
Nice, France (1958)
Florence, Italy (1964)
Dunedin, New Zealand (1974)
Vancouver, Canada (1977)
San Diego, United States (1977)
Xi'an, China (1985)
Kiev, Ukraine (1989)
Aalborg, Denmark (1991)
Kyoto Prefecture, Japan (1994)
Kraków, Poland (1995)^[137]
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (1996)

Sources [link]

Notes [link]

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^ KS01 Usual resident population, Key Statistics for Settlements and Localities Scotland General Register Office for Scotland
^ "Edinburgh, the 'Athens of the North'". Learning and Teaching Scotland. http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/scottishenlightenment/scotland/edinburgh.asp. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
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^ City of Edinburgh statistics, May 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c "General Register Office for Scotland – mid-2011 population estimates by sex, single year of age and administrative area". http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/population-estimates/mid-2011/11mype-cahb-table2.pdf.
^ "National Statistics Online – International Visits". ONS. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090426025500/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=178. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ Williams, Ifor (1972). The Beginnings of Welsh Poetry: Studies. University of Wales Press. p. 47. ISBN 0-7083-0035-9.
^ Chadwick, Nora K. (1968). The British Heroic Age: the Welsh and the Men of the North. University of Wales Press. p. 107. ISBN 0-7083-0465-6.
^ ^a ^b Dumville, David (1994). "The eastern terminus of the Antonine Wall: 12th or 13th century evidence". Proceedings of the Society of the Antiquaries of Scotland 124: 293–298.
^ Jackson, Kenneth H. (1969). The Gododdin: The Oldest Scottish Poem. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 77–78.
^ Williams, Ifor (1972). The Beginnings of Welsh Poetry: Studies. University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-0035-9.
^ Chadwick, Nora K. (1968). The British Heroic Age: the Welsh and the Men of the North. University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-0465-6.
^ Gardens of the 'Gododdin' Craig Cessford Garden History, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Summer, 1994), pp. 114–115 doi:10.2307/1587005
^ ^a ^b Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World. McFarland. pp. 118–119. ISBN 0-7864-2248-3. http://books.google.com/?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
^ Blackie, Geographical Etymology: A Dictionary of Place-names Giving Their Derivations, 68.
^ Gelling, Margaret; W. F. H. Nicolaisen and Melville Richards (1970). The Names of Towns and Cities in Britain. Batsford. pp. 88–89. ISBN 0-7134-5235-8.
^ Two Notes on the Norse Kingdoms in Northumbria A. Campbell The English Historical Review, Vol. 57, No. 225 (January 1942), pp. 85–97
^ The Topographical, Statistical, and Historical Gazeteer of Scotland: A-H. 1842. p. 800. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5GIPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA800&dq=edenesburch+king+william#v=onepage&q=edenesburch%20king%20william&f=false. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
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^ Lynch et al., The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (2001), p.658
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^ William Robertson (1997). William Robertson and the expansion of empire. University Press, Cambridge. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-521-57083-1. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8nS5CMLeamwC&pg=PA2&dq=edinburgh+was+at+the+heart+of+the+scottish+enlightenment#v=onepage&q=edinburgh%20was%20at%20the%20heart%20of%20the%20scottish%20enlightenment&f=false. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
^ Blackwood's Edinburgh magazine, Volume 11. 1822. p. 323. http://books.google.com/books?id=PNhT1uVIZvYC&pg=PA323&dq=athens+of+the+north+edinburgh#v=onepage&q=athens%20of%20the%20north%20edinburgh&f=false. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
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^ Stuart Piggott (1982). Scotland before History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-85224-470-3.
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e G. Bramley, C. Hague, K. Kirk, A. Prior, J. Raemaekers and H. Smith (11 August 2004). "Review of Green Belt policy in Scotland – Edinburgh and Midlothian". Scottish Government. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/08/19785/41543. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
^ Chambers, Robert. Notices of the most remarkable fires in Edinburgh: from 1385 to 1824 .... http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BFkLAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Notices+of+the+most+remarkable+fires+in+Edinburgh,+from+1385+to+1824&source=bl&ots=-a7sysfr7I&sig=XRNYc1Kx7qx_B3LHZF63A9jyC2w&hl=en&ei=FIKKTIi9KYaX4Abs8ajsCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=fifteen&f=false. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
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^ History of princes Street Retrieved 7 June 2010
^ "The Story of Leith XXXIII. How Leith was Governed". http://www.electricscotland.com/history/leith/33.htm.
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^ "Mean Temp Data". Weather.org.uk. http://www.weather.org.uk/climate/scotclim.html. Retrieved 1 Nov 2011.
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^ ^a ^b ^c "Edinburgh Comparisons – Population and Age Structure". City of Edinburgh Council. http://download.edinburgh.gov.uk/Census_2001_City_Comparisons/CCTable1Population.pdf. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
^ "Comparative Population Profile – Edinburgh Locality". Scotland's Census Results Online (SCROL). http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainArea=edinburgh&mainLevel=Locality. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
^ "Urban Audit City Profiles – Edinburgh". Eurostat. http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityProfiles.aspx?CityCode=UK007C&CountryCode=UK. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
^ ^a ^b "Edinburgh Comparisons – Ethnicity, Country of Birth & Migration". City of Edinburgh Council. http://download.edinburgh.gov.uk/Census_2001_City_Comparisons/CCTable2EthnicComp.pdf. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
^ Orchard, Pam; Szymanski, A. and Vlahova, N. (20 December 2007). "A Community Profile of EU8 Migrants in Edinburgh and an Evaluation of their Access to Key Services". Scottish Government. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/12/18150102/0. Retrieved 28 February 2009.
^ Edwards, B. & Jenkins, P. (2005) p21
^ Lynch, M. (2001), p219
^ ^a ^b ^c Edwards, B. & Jenkins, P. (2005), p9
^ Edwards, B. & Jenkins, P. (2005) p46
^ Robinson, P. in Edwards, B. & Jenkins, P. (2005), p46
^ "Edinburgh Comparisons – Dwellings". City of Edinburgh Council. http://download.edinburgh.gov.uk/Census_2001_City_Comparisons/CCTable4Dwellings.pdf. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
^ Church of Scotland Yearbook, 2010–2011 edition, ISBN 978-0-86153-610-8
^ "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh". Archdiocese-edinburgh.com. http://www.archdiocese-edinburgh.com/index.htm. Retrieved 24 August 2011. ^{[dead link]}
^ 'Edinburgh Christadelphian Church' on searchforhope.org
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^ "Brahma Kumaris Official Website – Around the UK". Bkwsu.org. 20 August 2011. http://www.bkwsu.org/uk/whatson/arounduk?org=158. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
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^ Claralynn Nunamaker (6 May 2011). "Local Groups – Edinburgh Buddhist sangha, meditation". Mysangha.org.uk. http://www.mysangha.org.uk/3.html. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
^ "Overview (Edinburgh Baha'i Community UK)". Edin-bahai.org.uk. http://www.edin-bahai.org.uk/. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
^ "theosophical-society-scotland.co.uk". theosophical-society-scotland.co.uk. http://www.theosophical-society-scotland.co.uk/page2.html. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
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^ ^a ^b "Chapter 6 – Functions – Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994". Office of Public Sector Information (OPSI). 3 November 1994. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1994/ukpga_19940039_en_4#pt1-ch6. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
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^ "Jobs boost as Tesco to base finance arm in Capital". The Scotsman (Edinburgh). 2 March 2009. http://news.scotsman.com/tesco/Jobs-boost-as-Tesco-to.5027951.jp. Retrieved 10 May 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Virgin Money provides jobs boost for city". The Scotsman (Edinburgh). 13 January 2010. http://news.scotsman.com/virgin/Virgin-Money-provides--jobs.5977175.jp. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
^ "2004 Festival Economic Impact Study results". Edinburgh Festival Fringe. 14 October 2005. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927195132/http://www.edfringe.com/story.html?id=923. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
^ "BAA press release". Baa.com. 3 December 2009. http://www.baa.com/portal/controller/dispatcher.jsp?CiID=e9f009d0c5d06210VgnVCM10000036821c0a____&ChID=b78aa08ae5c6d110VgnVCM10000036821c0a____&Ct=B2C_CT_PRESS_RELEASE&CtID=a22889d8759a0010VgnVCM200000357e120a____&ChPath=Home^BAA+Airports^Press+releases. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Edinburgh Airport Master Plan". British Airports Authority (BAA). July 2006. http://www.edinburghairport.com/assets/B2CPortal/Static%20Files/Edimasterplanv2_single.pdf. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
^ "Edinburgh Waverley". Network Rail. http://www.networkrail.co.uk/aspx/807.aspx. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
^ "Edinburgh CrossRail project". Scottish Government. 4 December 2001. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2001/12/729. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Lothian Buses – The Company". Lothian Buses. 2008. http://www.lothianbuses.com/company.php. Retrieved 21 March 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Edinburgh Bus Tours – History on the move". Lothian Buses. 2008. http://www.edinburghtour.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=148&Itemid=156. Retrieved 21 March 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ Wiseman, Richard Joseph Stewart (2005). Edinburgh's Trams: The Last years. Catrine: Stenlake Publishing. pp. Pg. 2–3. ISBN 1-84033-343-X.
^ "Edinburgh Tram Project Contracts Closure and Infrastructure Construction Commences". City of Edinburgh Council. 13 May 2008. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080602015432/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/servlet/QsProtected?IDC=CEC/Corporate_Services/Corporate_Communications/Press_Releases/NewsRelease.idc&ID=3883. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
^ "Train interchange delay threatens to push back tram project". thescotsman.scotsman.com. 18 June 2009. http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/edinburgh/Train-interchange-delay-threatens-to.5471930.jp. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
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^ "Edinburgh Life". Napier University. http://www.napier.ac.uk/napierlife/edinburghlife/Pages/default.aspx. Retrieved 29 May 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lynch, Michael (2001). The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. Pg. 610–615. ISBN 0-19-211696-7.
^ "QS World University Rankings 2011/12". Quacquarelli Symonds. http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2011=105. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
^ "The History of Heriot-Watt University". Heriot-Watt University. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080215054251/http://www.hw.ac.uk/archive/histuni.htm. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
^ "About Heriot-Watt University". Heriot-Watt University Careers Service. http://www.hw.ac.uk/careers/employers.php. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Napier University History". Napier University. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080527182035/http://www.news.napier.ac.uk/background/bkInfo6.htm. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
^ "History: From Edinburgh School of Cookery to Queen Margaret University". Queen Margaret University. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080208140016/http://www.qmu.ac.uk/the_university_college/history.htm. Retrieved 11 April 2007.
^ "Edinburgh College of Art". The Independent (UK). 12 August 2010. http://www.independent.co.uk/student/into-university/az-uni-colleges/edinburgh-college-of-art-458923.html. Retrieved 16 January 2011. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Primary Schools". City of Edinburgh Council. July 2006. Archived from the original on 12 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080112184257/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/Learning/Schools/CEC_primary_schools. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
^ Scottish Council of Independent Schools (2009). "SCIS Pupil Statistics 2009". http://www.scis.org.uk/assets/files/Extended%202009%20Fact%20Card%20-%20nos%20by%20LA.pdf. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
^ Pamment, Charles (28 July 2006). "The arts go on show in Edinburgh". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5140294.stm#international. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
^ "'New world' theme for Edinburgh International Festival". BBC News. 17 March 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/8570849.stm. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
^ "Stage set for Edinburgh Fringe success". BBC News Edinburgh, East, & Fife. August 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-10855725. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Edinburgh festival fringe 2010 programme unveiled". The Edinburgh Festival fringe. http://www.edfringe.com/news/edinburgh-festival-fringe-2010-programme-unveiled. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
^ "Kane wins Edinburgh comedy award". BBC News Scotland. 08 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-11114711. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
^ "Edinburgh Comedy Festival 2008 Introduction". Official site of the Edinburgh Comedy Festival. Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080626173159/http://www.edcomfest.com/index.aspx. Retrieved 4 February 2008.
^ "Scottish Science Festivals". The Scottish Government. http://scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/science/Scienceengagement/sciencefestivals. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Hogmanay-the Scottish New Year". BBC. 10 May 2006. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A10358165. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
^ "Edinburgh's Hogmanay: the party to end all parties". The Scotsman. UK. 29 December 2010. http://living.scotsman.com/features/Edinburgh39s-Hogmanay-the-party-to.6673980.jp. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
^ Jamieson, Alastair (19 February 2004). "Pagan fire festival reignites with a fee". The Scotsman (Edinburgh). http://news.scotsman.com/edinburgh/Pagan-fire-festival-reignites-with.2504759.jp. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
^ McEwan, Allen, Festival is flaming marvellous, The Edinburgh Evening News, 2008-10-06, Accessed 7 June 2010
^ "Heritage & Culture". The Scotsman. UK. 27 February 2010. http://heritage.scotsman.com/nostalgia/As-the-Capital39s-worldrenowned-concert.6110556.jp. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
^ "Edinburgh venues". Edinburgh Guide.com. http://www.edinburghguide.com/venues. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
^ "Bristol is UK's 'most musical city'". The Daily Telegraph (London). 12 March 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/7427088/Bristol-is-UKs-most-musical-city.html.
^ "John McLeod: Composer". Johnmcleod.uk.com. http://www.johnmcleod.uk.com. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
^ "Portrait of the Nation". National Galleries of Scotland. http://www.nationalgalleries.org/. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
^ "Simon Schama's Power of Art". http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/powerofart/cities/edinburgh.shtml. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
^ "Trio grande". Heraldscotland. http://www.heraldscotland.com/arts-ents/stage-visual-arts/trio-grande-1.820517. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Sustainable Urbanism". Ralf Brand. http://www.scribd.com/doc/9413404/Sustainable-Urbanism-Edinburgh. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
^ "Book News – Latest Book and Author News – Page 10". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/?ibPage=10. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
^ "Edinburgh Capitals:: Club History". http://edinburgh-capitals.com/history/detail.php?id=14. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
^ "Alexander Graham Bell". University of Toronto. http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=42027. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
^ J J O'Connor and E F Robertson (April 1998). "John Napier". University of St Andrews. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Napier.html. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
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^ "Blair's birthplace is bulldozed in Edinburgh". The Scotsman. UK. 9 August 2006. http://edinburghnews.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=1156262006. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
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^ "Stevenson, Robert Louis, 1850–1894. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library". http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/SteJekl.html.
^ "The Worlds of Burke and Hare". http://burkeandhare.com.
^ Rosner, Lisa (2010). The Anatomy Murders. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-4191-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Twin and Partner Cities". City of Edinburgh Council. http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/685/european_international_and_parliamentary_relations/3. Retrieved 16 January 2009.
^ "Krakov, the open city". www.krakow.pl. http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/?LANG=UK&MENU=l&TYPE=ART&ART_ID=16. Retrieved 19 July 2009.

References [link]

Campbell, Donald (2003). Edinburgh: A Cultural and Literary History. Signal Books. ISBN 1-902669-73-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=cfaW7pkoPioC&pg=PA5&dq=edinburgh+northumbria.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Edinburgh

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Edinburgh.

Edinburgh travel guide from Wikitravel
Edinburgh at the Open Directory Project
Edinburgh – Inspiring Capital, the official introduction to Edinburgh City Region
The City of Edinburgh Council
Edinburgh – The official Tourist Board
City wiki of Edinburgh
National Library of Scotland: SCOTTISH SCREEN ARCHIVE (selection of archive films about Edinburgh)

The City of Edinburgh

v t e Edinburgh

History	Mary, Queen of Scots Greyfriars Kirk Burke and Hare Kingdom of Scotland Act of Union 1707 Parliament of Scotland David Hume Edinburgh Review Holyrood Abbey Treaty of Edinburgh Old Town New Town Robert Adam James Craig Church of Scotland Disruption of 1843 Thomas Aikenhead Deacon Brodie North British Railway Visit of King George IV Sir Walter Scott Edwin of Northumbria Devolution Burgh Lothian Edinburgh Stock Exchange

Governance	Neighbourhoods City of Edinburgh Council Lord Provost of Edinburgh Wards and Councillors Council Election 2007 Scottish Parliament Lothian and Borders Police Lothian and Borders Fire and Rescue Service

Buildings and Landmarks	Edinburgh Castle Palace of Holyroodhouse Museum of Scotland Scottish Parliament Building Forth Bridge Forth Road Bridge Arthur's Seat Scott Monument St Giles Cathedral Calton Hill National Monument Usher Hall Festival Theatre EICC Royal Scottish Academy National Gallery of Scotland Parliament House Ross Fountain Princes Street Gardens Balmoral Hotel Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Victoria Quay Bute House St Andrew's House Our Dynamic Earth Craiglockhart Castle Royal Museum Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art Old College New College

Economy	Edinburgh Park Edinburgh BioQuarter Caledonian Brewery Standard Life HBOS Royal Bank of Scotland Scottish Widows Ocean Terminal Fort Kinnaird

Transport	Edinburgh Airport Lothian Buses Edinburgh Waverley Railway Station Haymarket Railway Station Crossrail Trams Edinburgh City Bypass A1 road Waverley Line Forth Estuary Transport Authority

Health and Education	Schools Hospitals University of Edinburgh Napier University Heriot-Watt University Queen Margaret University Edinburgh College of Art Moray House School of Education Telford College Jewel and Esk Valley College Stevenson College Scottish Agricultural College

Festivals	Edinburgh Fringe Edinburgh International Festival Hogmanay Edinburgh Military Tattoo Edinburgh International Book Festival Edinburgh International Film Festival Edinburgh International Television Festival

Other topics	Geography of Edinburgh Famous people from Edinburgh Media Sport Religion Parks Streets Squares

Category

v t e Areas of Edinburgh

Abbeyhill Alnwickhill Ardmillan Baberton Balerno Balgreen Bankhead Barnton Beechmount Bingham Blackford Blackhall Bonaly Bonnington Burghmuirhead Braepark Braid Hills Broomhouse Broughton Brunstane Bruntsfield Bughtlin Burdiehouse The Calders Calton Hill Cameron Toll Cammo The Canongate Canonmills Chesser Church Hill Clermiston Clerwood Colinton Comely Bank Comiston Corstorphine Cowgate Craigcrook Craigentinny Craigleith Craiglockhart Craigmillar Cramond Crewe Toll Currie Curriehill Dalmeny Dalmahoy Dalry Davidson's Mains Dean Village Drumbrae Drylaw Duddingston Dumbiedykes East Craigs East Pilton Easter Road Eastfield Edinburgh Park Fairmilehead Ferniehill Ferry Road Firrhill Forrester Fountainbridge Gilmerton Gogar Gogarloch Goldenacre Gorgie The Grange Grassmarket Granton Greenbank Greendykes Greenhill Haymarket Hermiston Holy Corner Holyrood Holyrood Park Hunter's Tryst Ingliston Inverleith Jock's Lodge Joppa Juniper Green Kaimes Kingsknowe Kirkliston Lauriston Leith Liberton Little France Lochend Lochrin Longstone Marchmont Maybury Mayfield Meadowbank The Meadows Merchiston Moredun Morningside Mortonhall Mountcastle Muirhouse Murrayfield New Town Newbridge Newcraighall Newhaven Newington Niddrie Northfield Old Town Oxgangs Parkgrove Parkhead Piershill Pilrig Pilton Polwarth Portobello Powderhall Prestonfield Ratho Ratho Station Ravelston Redford Restalrig Riccarton Roseburn Saughton Sciennes Seafield Shandon Sighthill Silverknowes Slateford South Gyle South Queensferry Stenhouse Stockbridge Swanston Tollcross Torphin Trinity Turnhouse Tynecastle Warriston West Coates West Craigs West Pilton Wester Hailes Wester Broom Western Harbour Westfield West End

Transport in Edinburgh

Bus

Present	Lothian Buses list of routes First Edinburgh

Past	Edinburgh Corporation Transport Lothian Regional Transport Eastern Scottish SMT

Rail

Present

Stations	Brunstane Curriehill Dalmeny Edinburgh Park Haymarket Kingsknowe Newcraighall Slateford South Gyle Waverley Wester Hailes

Lines	Edinburgh Crossrail Edinburgh to Aberdeen Line Edinburgh to Dunblane Line Fife Circle Line Forth Railway Bridge North Berwick Line North Clyde Line Shotts Line

Operations	First Scotrail Caledonian Sleeper Haymarket TMD

Past

Stations	Abbeyhill Balerno Balgreen Halt Blackford Hill Craiglockhart Duddingston & Craigmillar Edinburgh Princes Street Gorgie East Leith Central Meadowbank Stadium Merchiston Morningside Road Newington Piershill Portobello (E&DR) Portobello (NBR) Scotland Street St Leonards

Lines	Edinburgh, Leith and Newhaven Railway Edinburgh Suburban and Southside Junction Railway The Innocent Railway

Operations	Caledonian Railway Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway North British Railway LNER Scottish Region of British Railways ScotRail

Future

Tram

Past	Edinburgh Corporation Tramways

Future	Edinburgh Trams

Roads

Motorways	M8 M9

A Roads	A1 European route E15 A68 A7 A772 A71 A702 A701 A8 A89 A800 A90 Edinburgh City Bypass Forth Road Bridge Forth Replacement Crossing

Streets	Chambers Street Constitution Street Cowgate Drummond Street Ferry Road George IV Bridge George Street Great Junction Street Leith Walk Mayfield Road The Mound Pleasance Princes Street Regent Terrace Rose Street Royal Mile Shandwick Place South Bridge West Port

Other

Air	Edinburgh Airport Edinburgh Airport Rail Link

Water	Forth Estuary Transport Authority Firth of Forth hovercraft (proposed) Union Canal

Cycling	National Cycle Route 1 National Cycle Route 75 National Cycle Route 76

Council areas of Scotland

v t e Cities of the United Kingdom

England	Bath Birmingham Bradford Brighton and Hove Bristol Cambridge Canterbury Carlisle Chelmsford Chester Chichester Coventry Derby Durham Ely Exeter Gloucester Hereford Kingston upon Hull Lancaster Leeds Leicester Lichfield Lincoln Liverpool London Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne Norwich Nottingham Oxford Peterborough Plymouth Portsmouth Preston Ripon St Albans Salford Salisbury Sheffield Southampton Stoke-on-Trent Sunderland Truro Wakefield Wells Westminster Winchester Wolverhampton Worcester York

Scotland	Aberdeen Dundee Edinburgh Glasgow Inverness Perth Stirling

Wales	Bangor Cardiff Newport St Asaph St Davids Swansea

Northern Ireland	Armagh Belfast Derry Lisburn Newry

Overseas Territories	George Town Gibraltar Hamilton

25 largest settlements in the UK by urban core population*

London: 7,172,091
Birmingham: 970,892
Glasgow: 629,501
Liverpool: 469,017
Leeds: 443,247

Sheffield: 439,866
Edinburgh: 430,082
Bristol: 420,556
Manchester: 394,269
Leicester: 330,574

Coventry: 303,475
Kingston-upon-Hull: 301,416
Bradford: 293,717
Cardiff: 292,150
Belfast: 276,459

Stoke-on-Trent: 259,252
Wolverhampton: 251,462
Nottingham: 249,584
Plymouth: 243,795
Southampton: 234,224

Reading: 232,662
Derby: 229,407
Dudley: 194,619
Newcastle upon Tyne: 189,863
Northampton: 189,474

*Based on 2001 Census data.

Commonwealth Games host cities

1930: Hamilton
1934: London
1938: Sydney
1950: Auckland
1954: Vancouver
1958: Cardiff
1962: Perth
1966: Kingston
1970: Edinburgh
1974: Christchurch
1978: Edmonton
1982: Brisbane
1986: Edinburgh
1990: Auckland
1994: Victoria
1998: Kuala Lumpur
2002: Manchester
2006: Melbourne
2010: Delhi
2014: Glasgow
2018: "Gold Coast

Capitals of British administrative divisions

British Overseas Territories	Crown Dependencies	Constituent countries

The Valley, Anguilla Hamilton, Bermuda Rothera, British Antarctic Territory Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory Road Town, British Virgin Islands George Town, Cayman Islands Stanley, Falkland Islands Gibraltar, Gibraltar Plymouth (de jure), Brades (de facto), Montserrat Adamstown, Pitcairn Islands Jamestown, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Grytviken (de jure), King Edward Point (de facto), Sth Georgia & Sth Sandwich Islands Episkopi Cantonment, Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Cockburn Town, Turks and Caicos Islands	Saint Helier, Jersey Saint Peter Port, Guernsey Douglas, Isle of Man	London, England and the United Kingdom Edinburgh, Scotland Cardiff, Wales Belfast, Northern Ireland

Celtic nations and their cultures

Nations

Celtic League definition	Brittany · Cornwall · Ireland · Isle of Man · Scotland · Wales

Other claimants	Asturias · Galicia

Languages

Brythonic Breton · Cornish · Welsh
Goidelic Irish · Manx · Scottish Gaelic
Mixed Shelta · Bungee

Peoples

Breton · Cornish · Irish · Irish Travellers · Manx · Scottish · Ulster-Scots · Welsh

Culture

Brittany · Cornwall · Ireland · Isle of Man · Scotland · Wales · Celtic art

Music

Brittany · Cornwall · Ireland · Isle of Man · Scotland · Wales · Festival Interceltique de Lorient

Sport

Bando · Cammag · Cnapan · Cornish hurling · Cornish wrestling · Curling · Gaelic football · Gaelic handball · Golf · Gouren · Rounders · Highland games · Hurling · Road bowls · Shinty

http://wn.com/Edinburgh

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh

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Andrew Doyle TD
Teachta Dála
Incumbent
Assumed office May 2007
Constituency	Wicklow
Personal details
Born	1960 (1960) (age 52)
Nationality	Irish
Political party	Fine Gael
Website	www.andrewdoyle.ie

Andrew Doyle (born 1960) is an Irish Fine Gael politician. He is currently a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Wicklow constituency.^[1] He was elected to Dáil Éireann on his first attempt at the 2007 general election. He was re-elected to the 31st Dáil in February 2011.^[2]

He represented the East Wicklow electoral area on Wicklow County Council from 1999–2007, and was Chairman of the council in 2005–06.^[2]

From July 2010 to March 2011, he was party spokesperson on Agriculture, Fisheries and Food,^[3] having previously served as deputy spokesperson on Agriculture with special responsibility for Food and Horticulture from 2007–2010.

References [link]

^ "Mr. Andrew Doyle". Oireachtas Members Database. http://www.oireachtas.ie/members-hist/default.asp?housetype=0&HouseNum=30&MemberID=2170&ConstID=184. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
^ ^a ^b "Andrew Doyle". ElectionsIreland.org. http://electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID=5403. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
^ "Bruton & Noonan return to Fine Gael frontbench". RTÉ News. 1 July 2010. http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/0701/finegael.html. Retrieved 3 July 2010.

External links [link]

Oireachtas
Preceded by Mildred Fox (Independent)	Fine Gael Teachta Dála for Wicklow 2007–present	Incumbent

v t e Current members of Dáil Éireann

As elected to the 31st Dáil in 2011, with changes Ceann Comhairle: Seán Barrett

Fine Gael (74)	Bannon Barry Breen Bruton Butler Buttimer C. Byrne Cannon Carey Coffey A. Collins Conlan Connaughton Coonan Corcoran Kennedy Coveney Creed Creighton J. Daly Deasy Deenihan Deering R. Doherty Donohoe Doyle Durkan English Farrell Feighan Fitzgerald Fitzpatrick C. Flanagan T. Flanagan Griffin Harrington Harris B. Hayes T. Hayes Heydon Hogan H. Humphreys Keating Kehoe E. Kenny Kyne Lawlor Mathews McEntee McFadden McGinley McHugh McLoughlin Mitchell Mitchell O'Connor Mulherin D. Murphy E. Murphy Neville Noonan O'Donnell O'Donovan O'Dowd O'Mahony O'Reilly Perry J. P. Phelan Reilly Ring Shatter Stanton Timmins Twomey Varadkar Walsh

Labour Party (35)	Burton E. Byrne Conaghan Conway Costello Dowds · A. Ferris Gilmore Hannigan Howlin K. Humphreys Keaveney Kelly S. Kenny C. Lynch K. Lynch Lyons Maloney McCarthy McNamara Nash Nolan Ó Ríordáin J. O'Sullivan A. Phelan Quinn Rabbitte Ryan Sherlock Shortall Spring Stagg Tuffy Wall White

Fianna Fáil (19)	Browne Calleary N. Collins Cowen Dooley S. Fleming Kelleher Kirk Kitt Martin McConalogue Michael McGrath McGuinness Moynihan Ó Cuív O'Dea Ó Fearghaíl Smith Troy

Sinn Féin (14)	Adams Colreavy Crowe P. Doherty Ellis M. Ferris McDonald McLellan Mac Lochlainn O'Brien Ó Caoláin Ó Snodaigh Stanley Tóibín

Socialist Party (2)	C. Daly Higgins

People Before Profit Alliance (2)	Boyd Barrett J. Collins

WUAG (1)	Healy

Independents (18)	Broughan Donnelly L. Flanagan T. Fleming Grealish Halligan Healy-Rae Lowry F. McGrath Mattie McGrath C. Murphy Naughten Nulty M. O'Sullivan Penrose Pringle Ross Wallace

Italics = Party leaders Bold = Ministers

Persondata
Name	Doyle, Andrew
Alternative names
Short description	Irish politician
Date of birth	1960
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

This article about a Fine Gael politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

http://wn.com/Andrew_Doyle

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Doyle

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Alastair Mackenzie
Born	(1970-02-08) 8 February 1970 (age 42) Trinafour, Scotland
Spouse	Susan Vidler

Alastair Mackenzie is a Scottish actor. He was born in 1970 in Trinafour, near Perth and educated at Westbourne House School and Glenalmond College in Perthshire.

Mackenzie left home at the age of 18 and moved to London. Though best known as playing the young laird Archie MacDonald in the BBC drama Monarch of the Glen,^[1] he also has some theatre and film credits to his name.

He lives in Islington with his partner, Scottish actress Susan Vidler, with whom he has two children: a daughter, Martha, born in December 1999 and a son, Freddy, born in September 2004.^[1]^[2]^[3] His brother is director David Mackenzie, with whom he co-founded Sigma Films.

1 Credits
2 References
3 External links

Credits [link]

Television [link]

The Mentalist, Series 1, Episode 18 (2009) .... Royston Daniel
Reichenbach Falls (2007) .... Jack Harvey
The Shell Seekers (2006) .... Richard
Agatha Christie's Poirot - Death on the Nile (2004) .... Ferguson
Strange (2002/I) .... Rich^[4]
Monarch of the Glen (2000–05) .... Archibald 'Archie' Horatio Hector MacDonald (Series 1-5) (2000–2003)
Psychos (1999) .... Dr. 'Shug' Nevin
Lewis (2010) .... Sebastian Anderson - Lawyer
Skins (2012) .... Gregory

Guest-starring TV roles [link]

Murdoch Mysteries playing "Detective Edwin Scanlon" (episode # 2.2 "Snakes and Ladders") 10 February 2009
Comic Relief Does Fame Academy playing "Himself" (episode # 2.5) 5 March 2005
Poirot playing "Ferguson" in episode: "Death on the Nile" (episode # 12.1) 12 April 2004
Strange playing "Rich" (voice) in episode: "Asmoth" (episode # 1.6) 5 July 2003^[5]
French & Saunders playing "Archie MacDonald" in episode: "Celebrity Christmas Puddings" 25 December 2002
This Is Your Life playing "Himself" in episode: "Julian Fellowes" 23 May 2002
Hamish Macbeth playing "Gavin Robb" in episode: "In Search of a Rose" (episode # 2.2) 31 March 1996
Game On! playing "Chris" (as Sam MacKenzie) in episode: "Fame" (episode # 1.6) 10 April 1995
Lovejoy playing "Freddy" (as Sam MacKenzie) in episode: "Day of Reckoning" (episode # 6.2) 9 October 1994
Soldier Soldier playing "Tim" (as Sam MacKenzie) in episode: "Further Education" (episode # 4.7) 1994

Movies [link]

You Instead (2011) .... Mark
New Town Killers (2008) .... Jamie
Snuff-Movie (2005) .... Andy
The Last Great Wilderness (2002) .... Charlie
Horsehair (1998) .... Mick
California Sunshine (1997) (as Alistair Mackenzie) .... Andy
Boca a boca (1995) .... Oswaldo, el Director Americano; aka Boca a acob (Spain: approximation of original mirrored title); aka Mouth to Mouth
Dragonworld (1994) (as Sam Mackenzie) .... John McGowan

Theatre credits [link]

Agamemnon
The Sorcerer's Apprentice
Cymbeline
Four Dogs and a Bone
The Priory

Screenwriting [link]

The Last Great Wilderness (2002)

Producing [link]

Hallams Foe Pas (2007/8)

References [link]

External links [link]

Alastair Mackenzie at the Internet Movie Database

Persondata
Name	Mackenzie, Alastair
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1970
Place of birth	Trinafour, Scotland
Date of death
Place of death

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