This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. It does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve it by adding citations to reliable sources. Tagged since April 2012. The notability of this article's subject is in question. If notability cannot be established, it may be listed for deletion or removed. Tagged since June 2009.

The dice bob was a hairstyle that first started at Dimaggio's Hair Studio in New York's Tribeca district in the early 1980s. It was primarily popular among lesbians at the time.

A variant of the classic bob, the dice bob was said to be "6-sided", in that the hair would be shaped with various flat planes.

Hats were often worn to accentuate the style, however only light hats could be worn to ensure the style was not damaged. If worn with hats, the style would often require a lot of hair spray to remain in shape.

Lesbians at the time were moving towards male hairstyles, with butch fashion. The dice bob was a way for lesbians to remain feminine but still belong to a subculture.

It was considered fashionable at the time to go to dice bob parties and clubs where a dice bob style was required for entry. CBGBs, the classic club, often had Dice Bob nights in the early 80s.

As attitudes became more moderate, many lesbians felt it was no longer necessary to belong to a subculture and felt that this further differentiated them from non-lesbians, so the style waned in the late 80s. A resurgence was felt in the early 2000s however.

Four coloured dice showing all six possible sides (on a right-handed, 6-sided die with pips)

A die (plural dice, from Old French dé, from Latin datum "something which is given or played")^[1] is a small throwable object with multiple resting positions, used for generating random numbers. This makes dice suitable as gambling devices for games like craps, or for use in non-gambling tabletop games.

A traditional die is an often rounded cube, with each of its six faces showing a different number (pips) from 1–6. The design as a whole is aimed at the die providing a randomly determined integer from one to six, each of those values being equally likely. A variety of similar devices are also described as dice; such specialized dice may have polyhedral or irregular shapes and may have faces marked with symbols instead of numbers. They may be used to produce results other than one through six. Loaded and crooked dice are designed to favor some results over others for purposes of cheating or amusement.

History[link]

Bone die found at Cantonment Clinch (1823–1834), an American fort used in the American Civil War by both Confederate and Union forces at separate times.

Dice have been used throughout Asia since before recorded history; the oldest known dice were excavated as part of a 5000-year-old backgammon set at the Burnt City, an archeological site in south-eastern Iran.^[2] Other excavations from ancient tombs in the Indus Valley civilization indicate a South Asian origin.^[3] Dicing is mentioned as an Indian game in the Rigveda, Atharvaveda and Buddha games list;^[4] it also plays a critical role in the great Hindu epic Mahabharata, where Yudhisthira plays a game of dice against the Kauravas for the northern kingdom of Hastinapura, which becomes the trigger for a war. There are several biblical references to "casting lots", as in Psalm 22, indicating that dicing was commonplace in the region during King David's reign. Knucklebones was a skill game played by women and children; a derivative form had the four sides of the bone receive different values and count as modern dice. Gambling with two or three dice was a very popular form of amusement in Greece, especially with the upper classes, and an invariable accompaniment to symposia.

Knucklebones die, made of steatite.

Dice were originally made from the talus of hoofed animals, colloquially known as "knucklebones". These are approximately tetrahedral, giving the term "bones" used for dice. Modern Mongolians still use such bones as shagai, for games and fortunetelling. Besides bone, materials like ivory, wood and recently plastics like cellulose acetate have been used. Dice are hard to differentiate from knucklebones because ancient writers confused the two, but both were used in prehistoric times.

The Romans were passionate gamblers, especially at the peak of the Roman Empire, and dicing was common though forbidden except during the Saturnalia. Horace derided what he thought as a typical youth of the period, who wasted time on dicing instead of horse-chasing. Throwing dice for money was the cause of many special laws in Rome; one of these stated that no lawsuit could be filed by a person who allowed gambling in his house, even if he had been cheated or assaulted. Professional gamblers were common; some of their loaded dice are preserved in museums. The public houses were the resorts of gamblers, and frescos exist showing two quarrelling dicers being ejected by the host. Twenty-sided dice date back to the 2nd century AD.^[5]

A collection of historical dice from Asia.

Tacitus stated that the Germans were passionately fond of dicing, so much that they would stake their personal liberty when bankrupt. During the Middle Ages, dicing became the favorite pastime of the knights, with dicing schools and guilds. After the downfall of feudalism, the landsknechts established a reputation as the most notorious dicing gamblers of their time; many of the dice then were curiously carved in the images of men and beasts. In France, dicing was played by both knights and ladies, despite repeated legislation, including interdictions on the part of St. Louis in 1254 and 1256. The markings on Chinese dominoes evolved from the markings on dice.

Construction[link]

Western, Asian and casino dice.

Common dice are small cubes most commonly 1.6 cm across, whose faces are numbered from one to six, usually by patterns of round dots called pips. (While the use of Hindu-Arabic numerals is occasionally seen, such as in the game Pop-O-Matic Trouble, the ambigrammatic properties of the digits (for instance, 6 can look like a 9 upside down) make such dice uncommon.) Traditionally, opposite sides of a die add up to seven, implying that the 1, 2 and 3 faces share a vertex;^[6] these faces may be placed clockwise or counterclockwise about this vertex. If the 1, 2 and 3 faces run counterclockwise, the die is called right-handed and vice versa. Western dice are normally right-handed and Chinese dice are normally left-handed.^[7]

Typical facets of an Asian-style (top) and a Western-style die (bottom). The pips on the Asian-style facets are arranged more compactly than the Western-style facets.

The pips on dice are arranged in specific patterns as shown in the picture to the left. Asian style dice bear similar patterns to Western ones, but the pips are closer to the centre of the face; the one's pip is larger than the others, with that and the four's pips coloured red. In some older sets, the "one" pip is a colorless depression. It is suggested^[who?] that an entirely black and white color combination on the one's and four's sides would be unlucky; red, a lucky color in Chinese culture, would counteract this. The word for four in Chinese is a homophone of the word for death and is considered unlucky; it is probable that red fours are of Indian origin.^[7][8]

The result of a die roll is determined by the way it is thrown, according to the laws of classical mechanics; they are made random by uncertainty due to factors like movements in the thrower's hand. Thus, they are a type of hardware random number generator. Some people^[who?] claim that the pips on the faces of certain styles of dice cause a small bias, but there is no research to support this claim; this is reduced somewhat in the Asian die with its oversized single pip.^{[citation needed]} Casino dice have flush markings, offering the assurance that this brings them very close to providing true uniformly distributed random numbers.^{[citation needed]}

Dice are thrown, singly or in groups, from the hand or from a container designed for this, onto a flat surface; the face of the die that is uppermost when it comes to rest provides the value of the throw. A typical dice game today is craps, where two dice are thrown at a time and wagers are made on the total value of the two dice. Dice are frequently used to randomize moves in board games, usually by deciding the distance through which a piece will move along the board; examples of this are backgammon and Monopoly.

Clones of board games must use computer generated dice; the values are usually determined by a pseudorandom number generator, then displayed as a visual representation of a die. The reverse is also possible, with bar coded dice shuffling as a source of true random data for computers.^[9]

Manufacturing[link]

Non-precision dice are manufactured via the plastic injection molding process. The pips or numbers on the dice are a part of the mold. The coloring for numbering is achieved by submersing the dice entirely in paint, which is allowed to dry and then polished via a tumble finishing process, similar to rock polishing. The abrasive agent scrapes off all of the paint except for the indents of the numbering. A finer abrasive is then used to polish the die. This process also creates the smoother, rounded edges on the dice.^[10]

Precision dice[link]

Precision casino dice may have a polished or sand finish, making them transparent or translucent respectively. Casino dice have their pips drilled, then filled flush with a paint of the same density as the material used for the dice, such that the dice are as close to perfectly cubical as possible. All such dice are stamped with a serial number to prevent potential cheaters from substituting a die.^{[citation needed]} Precision backgammon dice are made the same way; they tend to be slightly smaller and have rounded corners and edges, to allow better movement inside the dice cup and stop forceful rolls from damaging the playing surface.

Terms[link]

While the terms ace, deuce, trey, cater, cinque and sice have been made obsolete by one to six, they are still used by some professional gamblers to designate different sides of the dice. Ace is from the Latin as, meaning "a unit";^[11] the others are 2 to 6 in old French.

Notation[link]

Using Unicode characters, the faces ⚀ ⚁ ⚂ ⚃ ⚄ ⚅, can be shown in text using the range U+2680–U+2685 or using decimal &9856;–&9861;.^[12]

In many gaming contexts, especially tabletop RPGs, the count and number of sides of dice to be rolled at any given time is reduced to a common set of notations; typically these involve the letter "d" for dice. Hence, 6d8 means six eight-sided dice and 2d6 two common dice. Various arithmetic operations are often added at the end; 3d6+4 is three six-sided dice plus four to the outcome.

Loaded dice[link]

A loaded, weighted or crooked die is one that has been tampered with to land with a specific side facing upwards more often than it normally would. There are several methods for creating loaded dice; these include round and off-square faces and (if not transparent) weights. Tappers have a mercury drop in a reservoir at the center, with a capillary tube leading to another reservoir at a side; the load is activated by tapping the die so that the mercury travels to the side.

Another type of loaded die is hollow with a small weight and a semi-solid substance inside whose melting point is just lower than the temperature of the human body, allowing the cheater to change the loading of the die by applying body heat, causing the semi-solid to melt and the weight to drift down, making the chosen opposite face more likely to land up. A less common type of loaded die can be made by inserting a magnet into the die and embedding a coil of wire in the game table; running current through the coil increases the likelihood of a certain side landing on the bottom, depending on the direction of the current. Transparent acetate dice, used in all reputable casinos, are harder to tamper with than other dice.

Shaved dice[link]

A Boggle game requires dice with letters on them to create a field for players to search for words.

A die may be shaved on one side, making it slightly shorter in one dimension, thus affecting its outcome. One countermeasure employed by casinos against shaved dice is to measure the dice with a micrometer before playing.^[13]

Variants[link]

Dice with faces other than digit sequences[link]

The faces of most dice are labelled using sequences of whole numbers, usually starting at one, expressed with either pips or digits. However, there are some applications that require results other than numbers. Examples include letters for Boggle, directions for Warhammer Fantasy Battle, and instructions for sexual acts using sex dice.

Non-cubic dice[link]

A Platonic solids set of five dice.

10-sided dice are used for games requiring percentages.

Seven- and eight-sided dice are stated in the 13th century Libro de los juegos to have been invented by Alfonso X in order to speed up play in chess variants.^[14][15] Around the early 1950s,^{[citation needed]} such non-cubical dice became popular among players of wargames, and since have been employed extensively in RPGs and TCGs. Although these are relative novelties now, ancient cultures appear to have used them in games, as evidenced by the discovery of two icosahedral dice dating from ancient Rome, currently on display in the British Museum. Reciprocally symmetric numerals are distinguished with a dot or by being underlined.

The Platonic solids are the most common non-cubical dice; these can make for 4, 8, 12, and 20 faces. The only other common non-cubical die is the 10-sided die. More uncommon dice include 3, 5, 7, 14, 16, 18, 24, 30, 50, and the 100 sided Zocchihedron. Using these dice in various ways, like 10-sided dice in pairs to produce a uniform distribution of random percentages and summing multiple dice to produce approximations to normal distributions, games can closely approximate the real probability distributions of the events they simulate.

The tetrahedral die can be marked in one of two ways – either the numbers are printed around the points, so that when it settles, the numbers at the vertex pointing up are the same and the one counted; or, the numbers can be placed at the middle of the edges, in which case the numbers around the base are read.

A die can be constructed in the shape of a sphere, with the addition of an internal cavity in the shape of the dual polygon of the desired die shape and an internal weight. The weight will settle in one of the points of the internal cavity, causing it to settle with one of the numbers uppermost. For instance, a sphere with an octahedral cavity and a small internal weight will settle with one of the 6 points of the cavity held downwards by the weight.

Standard variations[link]

Dice are often sold in sets, matching in color, of five or six different shapes: the five Platonic solids, whose faces are regular polygons, and optionally the pentagonal trapezohedron, whose faces are ten kites, each with two different edge lengths and three different angles; the die's vertices also are of two different kinds.

Normally, the faces on a die will be numbered sequentially beginning with 1, and opposite faces will thus add up to one more than the number of faces (but in the case of the d4 and dice with an odd-number of faces, this is simply not possible). Some dice, such as d10, are usually numbered sequentially beginning with 0, in which case the opposite faces will add to one less than the number of faces.

Sides	Shape		Notes
4	tetrahedron		Each face has three numbers: they are arranged such that the upright number (which counts) is the same on all three visible faces. Alternatively, all of the sides have the same number in the lowest edge and no number on the top. This die does not roll well and thus it is usually thrown into the air instead.
6	cube		A common die. The sum of the numbers on opposite faces is seven.
8	octahedron		Each face is triangular; looks like two square pyramids attached base-to-base. Usually, the sum of the opposite faces is 9.
10	pentagonal trapezohedron		Each face is a kite. The die has two sharp corners, where five kites meet, and ten blunter corners, where three kites meet. The ten faces usually bear numbers from zero to nine, rather than one to ten (zero being read as "ten" in many applications). Often all odd numbered faces converge at one sharp corner, and the even ones at the other. The sum of the numbers on opposite faces is usually 9 (numbered 0–9) or 11 (number 1–10).
12	dodecahedron		Each face is a regular pentagon. The sum of the numbers on opposite faces is usually 13.
20	icosahedron		Faces are equilateral triangles. A 2nd century AD Roman icosahedron die is in the collection of the British Museum, though the game for which it was used is not known.[16] These are sometimes numbered 0–9 twice as an alternative to 10-sided dice. The sum of the numbers on opposite faces is 21 if numbered 1–20.

Rarer variations[link]

The full geometric set of "uniform fair dice" (face-transitive) are:

• Platonic solids, the five regular polyhedra: 4, 6, 8, 12, 20 sides
• Catalan solids, the duals of the 13 Archimedean solids: 12, 24, 30, 48, 60, 120 sides
• Bipyramids, the duals of the infinite set of prism, with triangle faces: any even number above 4
• Trapezohedrons, the duals of the infinite set of antiprisms, with kite faces: any even number above 4
• Disphenoids, an infinite set of tetrahedra made from congruent non-regular triangles: 4 sides
• "Rolling-pin style dice" are the only way to make dice with an odd number of flat faces.^[17] They are based on an infinite set of prisms. All the (rectangular) faces they may actually land on are congruent, so they are equally fair. (The other 2 sides of the prism are rounded or capped with a pyramid, designed so that the die never actually rests on those faces.)

Probability[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Probability density function, p(S), for the sum of two fair six-sided dice, S.

For a single roll of a fair s-sided die, the probability of rolling each value is exactly ¹/_s; this is an example of a discrete uniform distribution. For n multiple rolls, with a s-sided die the possibility space is equal to sⁿ. So, for n rolls of an s-sided die the probability of any result is ¹/_sⁿ.

However, if we are rolling two dice and adding the result together, as in the game craps, the total is distributed in a triangular curve; the case for common dice follows:

Comparison of probability density functions, p(k) for the sum of n fair 6-sided dice to show their convergence to a normal distribution with increasing n, in accordance to the central limit theorem. In the bottom-right graph, smoothed profiles of the previous graphs are rescaled, superimposed and compared with a normal distribution (black curve).

As the number of dice increases, the distribution of the sum of all numbers tends to normal distribution by the central limit theorem; the exact value Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): F_{s,n}(k)

of a sum of n s-sided dice, k, is

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): F_{s,n}(k) = \sum_{i=1}^{k-n+1} {F_{s,1}(i) F_{s,n-1}(k - i)} \,

where F_s,1(k) = 1/s for 1 ≤ k ≤ s and 0 otherwise.

A faster algorithm would adapt the exponentiation by squaring algorithm:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): F_{s,x+y}(k) = \sum_i {F_{s,x}(i) F_{s,y}(k - i)} \, .

In the triangular curve described above,

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \begin{align} F_{6,2}(6) & =\sum_n {F_{6,1}(n) F_{6,1}(6 - n)} \\ & =F_{6,1}(1) F_{6,1}(5) + F_{6,1}(2) F_{6,1}(4) + \\ & \qquad \cdots + F_{6,1}(5) F_{6,1}(1) \\[6pt] & = 5\cdot\frac{1}{6}\cdot\frac{1}{6}=\frac{5}{36}\approx0.14 \end{align}

Equivalently, the probability can be calculated using combinations:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): F_{s,n}(k)=\frac{1}{s^n}\sum_{i=0}^{\left \lfloor \frac{k-n}{s} \right \rfloor} (-1)^i {n \choose i} {k-si-1 \choose n-1}

where Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lfloor {x} \rfloor

is the floor function. The probability of rolling an exact sequence of numbers is 1/sn.

Application in role-playing games[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Typical role-playing dice, showing a variety of colors and styles. Note the older hand-inked green 12-sided die (showing an 11), manufactured before pre-inked dice were common. Many players collect or acquire a large number of mixed and unmatching dice.

The fantasy role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) is largely credited with popularizing dice in such games. Some games use only one type, like Exalted which uses only ten-sided dice. Others use numerous types for different game purposes, such as D&D, which makes use of all common polyhedral dice.

Dice are used to determine the outcome of events; such usage is called a check. Games typically determine results either as a total on one or more dice above or below a fixed number, or a certain number of rolls above a certain number on one or more dice. Due to circumstances or character skill, the initial roll may have a number added to or subtracted from the final result, or have the player roll extra or fewer dice. To keep track of rolls easily, dice notation is frequently used.

A common special case is percentile rolls, referred to as 1d100 or 1d%. Since actual hundred-sided dice are large, almost spherical, and difficult to read, percentile rolls are instead handled by rolling two ten-sided dice together, using one as the "tens" and the other as the "units". A roll of ten or zero on either die is taken as a zero, unless both are zeros or tens, in which case this is 100. Some sets of percentile dice explicitly mark one die in tens and the other in units to avoid ambiguity.

Dice for role-playing games are usually plastic; early polyhedral dice from the 1970s and 1980s were made of a soft plastic that would easily wear as the die was used, and wear would gradually render the die unusable. Many early dice were unmarked, and players took great care in painting them. Some twenty-sided dice then were numbered zero through nine twice; half of the numbers had to be painted a contrasting color to differentiate faces. These could double as a ten-sided die by ignoring the distinguishing coloring.

Application in divination[link]

Dice can be used for divination; using dice for such a purpose is called cleromancy. A pair of common dice is usual, though other forms of polyhedra can be used. Tibetan Buddhists sometimes use this method of divination. It is highly likely that the Pythagoreans used the Platonic solids as dice;^{[citation needed]} they referred to such dice as "the dice of the gods" and they sought to understand the universe through an understanding of geometry in polyhedra.^[18]

Astrological dice are a specialized set of three 12-sided dice for divination; the first die represents planets, the Sun, the Moon, and the nodes of the Moon; the second die represents the 12 zodiac signs; and the third represents the 12 houses. An icosahedron provides the answers of the Magic 8-Ball, conventionally used to provide advice on yes-or-no questions.

See also[link]

• Barrel die
• Crown and Anchor
• d20 system
• Dreidel
• Fuzzy dice
• Nontransitive dice
• Sicherman dice
• Teetotum
• Urim and Thummim

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Persi Diaconis and Joseph B. Keller. "Fair Dice". The American Mathematical Monthly, 96(4):337–339, 1989. (Discussion of dice that are fair "by symmetry" and "by continuity".)
• Bias and Runs in Dice Throwing and Recording: A Few Million Throws. G. R. Iverson. W. H. Longcour, and others. Psychometrika, Vol. 36, No. 1, March 1971
• Knizia, Reiner (1999). Dice Games Properly Explained. Elliot Right Way Books. ISBN 0-7160-2112-9.

External links[link]

Look up dice in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dice

Look up dice in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Weisstein, Eric W., "Dice" from MathWorld. Analysis of dice probabilities, also features Uspenski's work on rolling multiple dice.
• Mathematically "Fair Dice"
  • "Fair Dice" is an illustrated Math Games column about all the possible fair dice, and the mathematical reasons why other shapes are not fair.
  • A complete list of all possible Fair Dice which has nice illustrations
• Animation clearly demonstrating the probability space of dice
• World's Largest Dice Collection Links, Photos, Information about dice
• Computer Simulation of Irregular Dice
• "A Pair of Dice Which Never Roll 7"
• The oldest backgammon set found in Iran
• "A Brief History of Dice" (in Dungeons & Dragons games)
• "How do you make loaded dice?", The Straight Dope, July 14, 2009
• A discussion linking dice and Tarot cards
• "Why Dice Behave the Way They Do", Popular Science July 1945
• Dice size chart shows common dice dimensions
• "Dice – A Dicey Love Affair" A list of board games with special dice

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

Look up Bob, bob, or BOB in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Bob is a common nickname for the given name Robert.

Bob may also refer to:

Science and technology[link]

• Bob (physics), the weight at the end of a pendulum
• Hurricane Bob, first major hurricane of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season
• Alice and Bob, placeholder characters in cryptography and physics problems
• Breakout box, a piece of electronics equipment used to split components or individual leads in a connector

Music[link]

• B.o.B, Bobby Ray Simmons, Jr., American rapper, guitarist and singer-songwriter
• BOB (band), a UK indie pop band
• "Bob" (song), a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic from the album Poodle Hat
• "B.O.B." (song), a song by OutKast
• "Bob", a song by the Drive-By Truckers from the album Brighter Than Creation's Dark
• "Bob", a song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers from the album One Hot Minute
• "Bob", a song by NOFX from the album White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean
• "Bob", a song by Primus from the album Pork Soda

Companies and organizations[link]

• Building Opportunities with Business, a community economic development non-profit based in Vancouver, Canada
• Bank of Baroda, in India
• Bank of Botswana, the central bank of Botswana
• Boys of Bangladesh, a network of gay men in Bangladesh

Video games and computers[link]

• B.O.B. (video game), a side-scrolling shooter by Electronic Arts
• Bob (Tekken), a character in the video game series Tekken
• Bob, the Jagex cat in RuneScape
• Evil Bob, a random event in RuneScape
• Bob, a character in Bubble Bobble
• Bob, a character in the video game Animal Crossing
• Microsoft Bob, a software product
• B.O.B. (Big-O-Blaster), a machine in the video game Banjo-Tooie
• Blitter object, a graphics construct
• Born on Board, the humans in the Marathon Trilogy computer games
• Bob Page, a character from the video game Deus Ex

Comics[link]

• Bob the Tomato, one of the principal characters in the VeggieTales video series
• Bob (First Comics), a "watchlizard" from the First Comics series GrimJack
• Bob, a character in Weebl and Bob
• Bob, an eponymous main character of the sprite comic Bob and George
• Bob, Agent of HYDRA, a Marvel Comics character
• Bob (comics), a name for several comics

Television[link]

• Killer BOB, a villain from the television series Twin Peaks
• Bob (Blackadder character), two characters in the television comedy Blackadder
• Bob (The Dresden Files), a character featured in the novels and TV show The Dresden Files
• Bob, one of the main characters in ReBoot
• Bob the Builder
• Bob the Killer Goldfish, a character in the Earthworm Jim universe
• Smilin' Bob, a character in commercials for Enzyte
• Bob, a character in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody
• Sideshow Bob, a character in the television show The Simpsons
• Band of Brothers (TV miniseries)
• Bob (TV series), a television comedy starring Bob Newhart

Film[link]

• Silent Bob, a character in several Kevin Smith films, including Dogma and Chasing Amy
• B.O.B. (Benzoate Ostylezene Bicarbonate), gelatinous creature in the film Monsters vs Aliens
• Bob, title character in the movie What About Bob?
• Planet Bob, also known as New Earth, in the film Titan A.E.

Books[link]

• Almighty Bob, a fictional deity in Mostly Harmless by Douglas Adams
• Bob, one of the human characters on Sesame Street

People[link]

• Brendan O'Brien, Irish journalist
• J. R. "Bob" Dobbs, figurehead of the satirical Church of the SubGenius
• Bob Olin, American world champion light heavyweight boxer
• Ioan Bob, Bishop of Făgăraş of the Romanian Greek Catholic Church from 1783 to 1830

Military[link]

• The Battle of Britain
• Berlin Operating Base, the CIA station in Berlin during the Cold War

Other uses[link]

• Bob cut, a hairstyle
• Bob, a slang term in Great Britain for the shilling
• Bob campaign, a campaign promoting designated driving
• Rob (disambiguation)
• BOB (psychedelic), a psychedelic drug
• Baby on Board
• Bank One Ballpark, now Chase Field
• Basketball Owl Band, pep band unit of the Rice University Marching Owl Band
• Battle of bands, a competition between multiple bands
• Bayerische Oberlandbahn, a private German railway
• Beast of burden (disambiguation)
• Beijing Olympic Broadcasting
• Bend Over Boyfriend, slang term for a sexual practice
• Berner Oberland Bahn, a mountain railway in Switzerland
• Best of Biotech, an international life science business plan competition organized by Austria Wirtschaftsservice
• Best of Breed, an award in dog shows and other settings
• Big Orange Ball, military slang for the Sun
• Body Opponent Bag, a punching bag shaped like a human head and torso
• BOB, ISO 4217 currency code for the Bolivian boliviano currency
• BOB, IATA code for Bora Bora Airport
• Bug-out bag, an emergency kit
• Buy on board

See also[link]

• Robert (disambiguation)
• Bobby (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Dr. Fu Manchu is a fictional character introduced in a series of novels by British author Sax Rohmer during the first half of the 20th century. The character was also featured extensively in cinema, television, radio, comic strips and comic books for over 90 years, and has become an archetype of the evil criminal genius while lending the name to the Fu Manchu moustache.

Characters[link]

Fu Manchu[link]

A master criminal, Fu Manchu's murderous plots are marked by the extensive use of arcane methods; he disdains guns or explosives, preferring dacoits, Thuggee, and members of other secret societies as his agents armed with knives, or using "pythons and cobras... fungi and my tiny allies, the bacilli... my black spiders" and other peculiar animals or natural chemical weapons.

In the 1933 novel, The Bride of Fu Manchu, Fu Manchu claims to hold doctorates from four Western universities. In the 1959 novel, Emperor Fu Manchu, he reveals he attended Heidelberg, the Sorbonne, and Edinburgh. In the early books, Dr. Petrie, believed that Fu Manchu was around 70 years old in 1911 at the time of their first encounter. This would have placed Fu Manchu in the West studying for his first doctorate in the 1870s.

According to Cay Van Ash, Rohmer's biographer and former assistant who became the first author to continue the series after Rohmer's death, "Fu Manchu" was a title of honour, which meant "the Warlike Manchu." Van Ash speculates that Fu Manchu had been a member of the Imperial family who backed the losing side in the Boxer Rebellion. In the earliest books, Fu Manchu is an agent of the secret society, the Si-Fan and acts as the mastermind behind a wave of assassinations targeting Western imperialists. In later books, he vies for control of the Si-Fan which is more concerned with routing Fascist dictators and halting the spread of Communism. The Si-Fan is largely funded through criminal activities, particularly the drug trade and white slavery. Dr. Fu Manchu has extended his already considerable lifespan by use of the elixir vitae, a formula he spent decades trying to perfect.

Denis Nayland Smith and Dr. Petrie[link]

Opposing Fu Manchu in the early stories are Denis Nayland Smith and Dr. Petrie. They are in the Holmes and Watson tradition, with Dr. Petrie narrating the stories while Nayland Smith carries the fight, combating Fu Manchu more by dogged determination than intellectual brilliance (except in extremis). Nayland Smith and Fu Manchu share a grudging respect for one another, as each believes a man must keep his word even to an enemy.

In the first three books, Nayland Smith is a colonial police commissioner in Burma granted a roving commission which allows him to exercise authority over any group that can help him in his mission. He resembles Sherlock Holmes in physical description and acerbic manner, but not in deductive genius. He has been criticized as being a racist and jingoistic character, especially in the early entries in the series, and gives voice to anti-Asian sentiments. When Rohmer revived the series in the early 1930s, Smith (who has been knighted) is Assistant Commissioner of Scotland Yard. He later resigns this post and accepts a position with British Intelligence. Several books have him placed on special assignment with the FBI.

Over the years, Smith has been played by many actors, all of them middle-aged. This is despite the original character's age ranging from a young man in the early books in the 1910s to an old man in the books from the late 1950s:

• O.P. Heggie (52-53) in The Mysterious Dr. Fu Manchu (1929) and The Return of Dr. Fu Manchu (1930)
• Lewis Stone (53) in The Mask of Fu Manchu (1932)
• William Royle (53) in Drums of Fu Manchu (1940)
• Lester Matthews (56) in The Adventures of Dr. Fu Manchu (1956)
• Nigel Green (41) in The Face of Fu Manchu (1965)
• Douglas Wilmer (46-47) in The Brides of Fu Manchu (1966) and The Vengeance of Fu Manchu (1967)
• Richard Greene (50-51) in The Blood of Fu Manchu (1968) and The Castle of Fu Manchu (1969)
• Peter Sellers (54) in The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu (1980)

Kâramanèh[link]

Prominent among Fu Manchu's agents was the "seductively lovely" Kâramanèh. Her real name is unknown. She was sold to the Si-Fan by Egyptian slave traders while still a child. Kara falls in love with the narrator of the first three books in the series, Dr. Petrie. She rescues Petrie and Nayland Smith many times. Eventually the couple are united and she wins her freedom. They marry and have a daughter, Fleurette, who figures in later novels. Author Lin Carter later created a son for Dr. Petrie and Kara, but this is not considered canonical.

Fah lo Suee[link]

Fu Manchu's daughter, Fah lo Suee, is a devious mastermind in her own right, frequently plotting to usurp her father's position in the Si-Fan and aiding his enemies within and outside of the organization. Her real name is unknown; Fah lo Suee was a childhood term of endearment. She was introduced anonymously while still a teenager in the third book in the series and plays a larger role in several of the titles of the 1930s and 1940s. She was known for a time as Koreani after being brainwashed by her father, but her memory was later restored. She is infamous for taking on false identities, like her father, among them Madame Ingomar and Queen Mamaloi. In film, she has been portrayed by numerous actresses over the years. Her character is usually renamed in film adaptations because of difficulties with pronunciation. Anna May Wong played Ling Moy in 1931's Daughter of the Dragon. Myrna Loy was the similarly named Fah lo See in 1932's The Mask of Fu Manchu. Gloria Franklin was Fah lo Suee in 1940's Drums of Fu Manchu. Laurette Luez played Karamaneh in 1956's The Adventures of Dr. Fu Manchu, but the character owed more to Fah lo Suee than Rohmer's depiction of Karamaneh. Tsai Chin was Fu Manchu's daughter, Lin Tang in the five Christopher Lee films of the 1960s.

Controversy[link]

After the 1932 release of MGM's adaptation of The Mask of Fu Manchu, which featured the Asian villain telling an assembled group of Muslims that they must "kill the white men and take their women", a Harvard University student group petitioned MGM producer William Randolph Hearst (who had also serialized the novel in his Cosmopolitan magazine) to cease making further films based on the property.

Following the 1940 release of Republic Pictures' serial adaptation of Drums of Fu Manchu, the U.S. State Department requested the studio make no further films with the character as China was an ally against Japan. Likewise Rohmer's publisher, Doubleday, refused to publish further additions to the bestselling series for the duration of the Second World War once the United States entered the conflict. BBC Radio and Broadway investors subsequently rejected Rohmer's proposals for an original Fu Manchu radio serial and stage show during the 1940s.

A planned 1972 U.S. network television screening of the 1966 Warner Bros. film The Brides of Fu Manchu was cancelled due to protests from an Asian anti-defamation group.

Rohmer himself was quoted in the biography his wife co-authored Master of Villainy to respond to charges that Fu Manchu had demonized all Chinese people by stating that

Of course, not the whole Chinese population of Limehouse was criminal. But it contained a large number of persons who had left their own country for the most urgent of reasons. These people knew no way of making a living other than the criminal activities that had made China too hot for them. They brought their crimes with them.

It was Rohmer's contention that he based Fu Manchu and other "Yellow Peril" mysteries on real Chinese crime figures he knew during his brief stint as a newspaper reporter covering Limehouse activities.

Cultural impact[link]

The character of Fu Manchu became a stereotype often associated with the Yellow Peril. Fu Manchu has inspired numerous other characters, and is the model for most villains in later "Yellow Peril" thrillers.^[1] Examples include Pao Tcheou, Ming the Merciless from Flash Gordon, Dr, Goo-Fee from Fearless Fly,Li Chang Yen from The Big Four, James Bond adversary Dr. No, The Celestial Toymaker from the Doctor Who story of the same name, Dr. Benton Quest's archenemy Dr. Zin from the Jonny Quest television series, Dr. Yen-Lo from The Manchurian Candidate, Lo-Pan from Big Trouble in Little China, Marvel Comics foes the Mandarin and the Yellow Claw, DC Comics' Rā's al Ghūl, Wo Fat from the CBS TV series Hawaii Five-O, "The Craw" in more than one episode of Get Smart,and Ancient Wu from the video game True Crime: Streets of LA. Fu Manchu and his daughter are the inspiration for the character Hark and his daughter Anna Hark in the comic book series Planetary.

He was also parodied by Kenneth Williams in the radio show Round the Horne as the Oriental criminal mastermind Dr Chou En Ginsberg MA (failed), accompanied by his common-as-muck concubine Lotus Blossom, played by a cockney Hugh Paddick. Appearing in ten minute sketches within the show he was the villain for Kenneth Horne's masterspy in adventures such as "The Man with the Golden Thunderball", which also spoofed James Bond.

While not of Chinese descent, "Egyptian" arch-villain "Kathulos" (then revealed to be a survived Atlantean) of Robert E. Howard's Skull-Face novella is inspired by Fu Manchu^[2][3][4]. "Comrade Li" in Peter George's Commander-1 (1965) is essentially the same type of villain—despite his name having only a thin veneer of Communism or Marxism, being rather a suave philosopher steeped in ancient Chinese learning—whose cold-blooded machinations bring about a nuclear holocaust in which nearly all humanity perishes (including China, which he sought to make great) and who eventually meets a suitable gruesome and ignominious end.

A character with the name "Fred Fu Manchu" appeared as a famous Chinese bamboo saxophonist as part of The Goon Show, a 1950's British radio comedy programme. He appeared in his very own episode, "The Terrible Revenge of Fred Fu Manchu" in 1955 (announced as "Fred Fu-Manchu and his Bamboo Saxophone"), as well as making minor appearances in other episodes (including "China Story", "The Siege of Fort Night" and "The Lost Emperor"(as "Doctor Fred Fu Manchu: oriental tattooist")). The character was invented and performed by Spike Milligan, who used the character to mock British xenophobia and self-satisfaction, the traits summoning the original Fu Manchu into existence, and not as a slur against Asians.^[5]

Fu Manchu is also one of the earliest known examples of an evil scientist or archenemy, with Professor Moriarty, Doctor Jack Quartz (from Nick Carter), Zenith the Albino (from Sexton Blake), and some others being among the few other precedents. The style of facial hair associated with him in film adaptations has become known as the Fu Manchu moustache, although Rohmer's writings described the character as wearing no such adornment.

Books[link]

• The Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu (1913) (US Title: The Insidious Dr. Fu-Manchu).
• The Return of Dr. Fu-Manchu (1916) (UK Title: The Devil Doctor)
• The Hand of Fu Manchu (1917) (UK Title: The Si-Fan Mysteries)
• Daughter of Fu Manchu (1931)
• The Mask of Fu Manchu (1932)
• The Bride of Fu Manchu (1933) (original US Title: Fu Manchu's Bride)
• The Trail of Fu Manchu (1934)
• President Fu Manchu (1936)
• The Drums of Fu Manchu (1939)
• The Island of Fu Manchu (1941)
• The Shadow of Fu Manchu (1948)
• Re-Enter: Fu Manchu (1957) (UK Title: Re-Enter: Dr. Fu Manchu)
• Emperor Fu Manchu (1959) was Rohmer's last novel.
• The Wrath of Fu Manchu (1973) was a posthumous anthology containing the title novella, first published in 1952, and three later short stories: "The Eyes of Fu Manchu" (1957), "The Word of Fu Manchu" (1958), and "The Mind of Fu Manchu" (1959).
• Ten Years Beyond Baker Street (1984). The first of two authorized continuation novels by Cay Van Ash, Sax Rohmer's former assistant and biographer. The novel is set in a narrative gap within The Hand of Fu Manchu and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes story, His Last Bow (both published in 1917). Holmes comes out of retirement to aid Dr. Petrie when Nayland Smith is abducted by the Si-Fan.
• The Fires of Fu Manchu (1987). The second of two authorized continuation novels by Cay Van Ash. The novel is set in 1917 and documents Smith and Petrie's encounter with Fu Manchu during the First World War culminating in Smith's knighthood. A third Van Ash title, The Seal of Fu Manchu was underway when Van Ash died in 1994. The incomplete manuscript is believed lost.
• The Terror of Fu Manchu (2009). The first of two authorized continuation novels by William Patrick Maynard. The novel expands on the continuity established in Van Ash's books and sees Dr. Petrie teaming with both Nayland Smith and a Rohmer character from outside the series, Gaston Max in an adventure set on the eve of the First World War.
• The Destiny of Fu Manchu (2012). The second of two authorized continuation novels by William Patrick Maynard. The novel is set between Rohmer's The Drums of Fu Manchu and The Island of Fu Manchu on the eve of the Second World War and follows the continuity established in the author's first novel.
• The League of Dragons by George Alec Effinger was an unpublished, unauthorized novel involving a young Sherlock Holmes matching wits with Fu Manchu in the nineteenth century. Chapters have been published in the anthologies, Sherlock Holmes in Orbit (1995) and My Sherlock Holmes (2003). This lost university adventure of Holmes is narrated by Conan Doyle's character Reginald Musgrave.

Fu Manchu also made appearances in the following non-Fu Manchu books:

• Anno Dracula (1994) by Kim Newman. An alternate histories adventure with Fu Manchu in an anonymous cameo appearance as one of the London crime lords of the nineteenth century.
• "Sex Slaves of the Dragon Tong" and "Part of the Game" are a pair of related short stories by F. Paul Wilson appearing in his collection, Aftershocks and Others: 19 Oddities (2009) and feature anonymous appearances by Dr. Fu Manchu and characters from Little Orphan Annie.
• Fu Manchu also appears anonymously in several stories in August Derleth's Solar Pons detective series. Derleth's successor, Basil Copper also made use of the character.
• Fu Manchu is the name of the Chinese ambassador in Kurt Vonnegut's Slapstick (novel) (1976)
• It is revealed that Chiun, the Master of Sinanju has worked for the Devil Doctor, as have previous generations of Masters in the The Destroyer novel #83 Skull Duggery.

In other media[link]

Film[link]

Fu Manchu first appeared on the big screen in the 1923 British silent film serial The Mystery of Dr. Fu Manchu starring Harry Agar Lyons. Lyons returned to the role the next year in The Further Mysteries of Dr. Fu Manchu.

In 1929 Fu Manchu made his American film debut in Paramount's early talkie, The Mysterious Dr. Fu Manchu starring Warner Oland, best known for his portrayal of Charlie Chan. Oland repeated the role in 1930's The Return of Dr. Fu Manchu and 1931's Daughter of the Dragon as well as in the short, Murder Will Out as part of the omnibus film, Paramount on Parade where the Devil Doctor confronts both Philo Vance and Sherlock Holmes.

The most infamous incarnation of the character was MGM's The Mask of Fu Manchu (1932) starring Boris Karloff and Myrna Loy. The film's tone has long been considered racist and offensive, but that only added to its cult status alongside its campy humour and Grand Guignol sets and torture sequences. The film was suppressed for many years, but has since received critical re-evaluation and been released on DVD uncut.

Fu Manchu returned to the serial format in 1940 in Republic Pictures' Drums of Fu Manchu, a 15-episode serial considered to be one of the best the studio ever made. It was later edited and released as a feature film in 1943.

Other than an obscure, unauthorized 1946 Mexican film El Otro Fu Manchu, the Devil Doctor was absent from the big screen for 25 years, until producer Harry Alan Towers began a series starring Christopher Lee in 1965. Towers and Lee would make five Fu Manchu film through the end of the decade: The Face of Fu Manchu (1965), The Brides of Fu Manchu (1966), The Vengeance of Fu Manchu (1967), The Blood of Fu Manchu (1968), and finally The Castle of Fu Manchu (1969).

The character's last authorized film appearance was in the 1980 Peter Sellers spoof, The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu with Sellers featured in a double role as both Fu Manchu and Nayland Smith. The film bore little resemblance to any prior film or the original books. In the film, Fu Manchu claims he was known as "Fred" at public school, a reference to the character of "Fred Fu Manchu" from The Goon Show which had co-starred Sellers.

Jess Franco, who had directed The Blood of Fu Manchu and The Castle of Fu Manchu, also directed The Girl From Rio the second of three Harry Alan Towers films based on Rohmer's female Fu Manchu character, Sumuru. He later directed an unauthorized 1986 Spanish film featuring Fu Manchu's daughter, Esclavas del Crimen.

Nicolas Cage made a camp cameo appearance as Fu Manchu in Rob Zombie's faux trailer Werewolf Women of the SS, which is part of the 2007 film Grindhouse.

There have been several unsuccessful plans to revive the character for the big screen since the early 1970s. The most recent project was announced by Distant Horizons at Cannes in 2007.

Television[link]

Fu Manchu was first brought to television in an unsold pilot for NBC in 1952, The Zayat Kiss starred John Carradine and Cedric Hardwicke.

In 1956, the television arm of Republic Pictures produced a 13-episode syndicated series, The Adventures of Dr. Fu Manchu starring Glen Gordon as Dr. Fu Manchu, Lester Matthews as Sir Denis Nayland Smith, and Clark Howat as Dr. John Petrie. The title sequence depicted Smith and Fu Manchu in a game of chess as the announcer stated that "the Devil is said to play for men's souls. So does Dr. Fu Manchu, Evil Incarnate." At the conclusion of each episode, after Nayland Smith and Petrie had foiled Fu Manchu's latest fiendish scheme, he would be seen breaking a black chess piece as the closing credits rolled. It was directed by noted serial director Franklin Adreon as well as William Witney. Unlike the Holmes/Watson type relationship of the films, the series featured Smith as a law enforcement officer and Petrie as a staff member for the Surgeon General.

In 1990, TeleMundo broadcast an affectionate spoof, The Daughter of Fu Manchu featuring Paul Naschy as the Devil Doctor and starring the Hispanic comedy troupe, The Yellow Squad.

Music[link]

• Guy Lombardo had a 1935 song entitled "Fu Manchu, Why Don't You Behave"
• The Rockin' Ramrods had a 1965 song titled "Don't Fool With Fu Manchu"^[6]
• The stoner rock band Fu Manchu was named after him.
• Jamaican reggae pioneer Desmond Dekker recorded a song titled "Fu Man Chu" in 1968 with the chorus, "This is the face of Fu Manchu."
• Frank Black (of the Pixies) recorded a song called "Fu Manchu" in 1993.
• In the song, "We Want Freedom", by Dead Prez, Fu Manchu is referred to in the 2nd verse as a man who "dominated the land and accumulated wealth".
• Fu Manchu was the name of a bull, mentioned in Tim McGraw's song "Live Like You Were Dying".
• Fu Manchu was also mentioned in Travis Tritt's song "It's a Great Day to Be Alive".
• Northern Irish band Ash include Fu Manchu in the lyrics to their songs "Kung Fu" and "Day of the Triffids".
• British band The Wildhearts include Fu Manchu on their list of admired villains in the song "Rooting For The Bad Guy".
• "The Village Green Preservation Society" on the similarly titled album by The Kinks mentions Fu Manchu, alongside other fictional villains, Moriarty and Dracula, in its list of things to preserve, "Help save Fu Manchu, Moriarty and Dracula". 30 years later, front man Ray Davies again name-checked the character in his 1998 solo song, "London Song."
• Hip Hop group The Fugees briefly mention Fu Manchu in the song "Vocab", from the album Blunted on Reality.
• Montréal French speaking rock singer Robert Charlebois composed a song entitled "Fu Man Chu (Chus d'dans)" in 1972, in which he refers to the Fu Man Chu and Gene Autry black and white movies of the 1950-1960s. Through the story of Bill, the hero, the song highlights the main events of the second half of the 20th Century, starting with Bill initially dreaming about being attached to a railway track when the train is coming, then his posting abroad to war (presumably Vietnam) and finally ends with Lady Trenton losing her virginity to Bill, whom she saved from the villains after his trip to the milky way.
• Drum and bass duo Drumsound & Bassline Smith recently^[when?] released a song called "Fu Manchu", with a dubstep edit.

Radio[link]

Fu Manchu's earliest radio appearances were on the Collier Hour 1927-31 on the Blue Network. This was a radio programme designed to promote Collier's magazine and presented weekly dramatizations of the current issues stories and serials. Fu was voiced by Arthur Hughes. A self titled show on CBS followed in 1932-33. John C. Daly, and later Harold Huber, played Fu.

Additionally, there were "pirate" broadcast from the Continent into Britain, from Radio Luxembourg and Radio Lyons in 1936 through 1937. Frank Cochrane voiced Fu Manchu. The BBC produced a competing series, The Peculiar Case of the Poppy Club starting in 1939. That same year The Shadow of Fu Manchu aired in the United States as a thrice weekly serial dramatizing the first nine novels.^[7]

Comic strips[link]

Fu was first brought to newspaper comic strips in a black and white daily strip drawn by Leo O'Mealia and ran from 1931 to 1933. The strips were adaptations of the first two Fu Manchu novels and part of the third. They were copyrighted by "Sax Rohmer and The Bell Syndicate, Inc".

Graphic novels[link]

• Fu Manchu made his first comic book appearance in Detective Comics # 17, and continued, as one feature among many in the anthology series, until #28. These were reprints of the earlier Leo O'Mealia strips. Original Fu stories in comics had to wait for Avon's one-shot The Mask of Dr. Fu Manchu in 1951. A similar British one-shot The Island of Fu Manchu was published in 1956.

• In the 1970s, Fu Manchu appeared as the father of the character Shang-Chi in the series Shang-Chi, Master of Kung Fu. However Marvel Comics cancelled the book in 1982, and issues over licensing the character and concepts from the novels (such as his daughter) have hampered Marvel's ability to both collect the series in trade paperback format and reference Fu Manchu as Shang-Chi's father. As such, the character is either never mentioned by name, or by alias ("Mr. Han"). Though Fu Manchu himself was killed off in #100 of his son's comic, he has since been (partially) resurrected by an evil terror group known as the Shadow Council.

• Fu Manchu appeared as a villain in the first volume of Alan Moore's comic book series The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen where he attempts to steal a piece of Cavorite to make an airforce and attack England, but was referred to only as "the Doctor" or "the Devil Doctor".

• In the first edition of Docteur Mystery, Fu Manchu is a leader of a cult that tries to resurrect a giant dragon to take over Europe.

• Martin Gilfryd/Memnan Saa of the BPRD comics by Mike Mignola, John Arcudi and Guy Davis is modelled after Dr. Fu Manchu. Before the mysterious character's identity was revealed Mignola referred to the villain as "that Fu Manchu-looking guy."

Sweets[link]

In 1977 Trebor produced a Fu Munchews sweet.^[8]

See also[link]

• Charlie Chan

References[link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2010)

External links[link]

• Fu Manchu at the Internet Movie Database
• "The Adventures of Dr. Fu Manchu" (1956 TV Series)
• The Page of Fu Manchu
• The Insidious Dr. Fu Manchu by Sax Rohmer
• The Return of Dr. Fu Manchu by Sax Rohmer
• Dr Hermes Reviews reviews of all the Fu Manchu books as well as those featuring Sax Rohmer's other criminal mastermind, Sumuru
• A database and cover gallery of Fu Manchu comic book appearances
• Theater of the Ears: The Shadow of Fu Manchu Radio Dramas
• The Chronology of Fu Manchu http://www.pjfarmer.com/woldnewton/Fumanchu.htm
• Fu Manchu and the Yellow Peril http://dspace.wul.waseda.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2065/10005/1/40050_3_2.pdf
• Fu Manchu in Edinburgh (BBC Radio 4 programme)

This article's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article's key points. (January 2011)

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2009)

Carl Cox
Carl Cox, 2005
Background information
Birth name	Carl Cox
Born	(1962-07-29) 29 July 1962 (age 49)
Origin	Barbados[1]
Genres	Techno, house
Occupations	Producer, DJ
Labels	Intec Digital
Associated acts	DJ Relentless
Website	http://www.carlcox.com/

Carl Cox (born 29 July 1962, Barbados)^[1] is a British techno and house music DJ and producer.

Biography[link]

This section requires expansion.

Cox grew up in Oldham, Lancashire, before attending Glastonbury High Boys secondary modern school on Glastonbury Road in Morden.^{[citation needed]} Cox began his career as a hardcore and rave DJ in the mid 1980s^[2]. One of the first gigs he played was in legendary promoters John Binton and Terry Onion's Squeeze my buttered Onions! club in Hackney, London^[3] Unconfirmed reports suggest he was coerced into swallowing an onion on stage, one of Terry's famous requests he gave to his acts^[4]. He was named the "Three Deck Wizard" after playing on three turntables simultaneously at the Second Summer of Love in 1988.^{[citation needed]} He has performed at clubs such as The Eclipse, Edge, Shelly's, Sterns Nightclub, Heaven, Sir Henry's in Cork, Ireland and Angels and The Haçienda, as well as raves for Fantazia, Dreamscape, and Amnesia House. He now spearheads two record labels, Intec Records and 23rd Century Records. He also has his own stage every year at Ultra Music Festival called Carl Cox and Friends.

He also ran Ultimate Base at the now defunct Velvet Underground on Charing Cross Road in the mid to late 1990s. Of his many DJ highlights, he also managed to cram in the Millennium (1999 to 2000) New Year's Eve twice by flying and cheating the timezones. He has had shows on Kiss FM and was a monthly live, global resident for BBC Radio One's Essential Mix in 1998–99, as well as over a decades worth of Ibiza live mixes broadcast from Club Space.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• 1996: At The End Of The Cliche, Edel UK Records/Worldwide Ultimatum Records
• 1999: Phuture 2000, Edel UK Records/Worldwide Ultimatum Records
• 2005: Second Sign, Play It Again Sam
• 2011: All Roads Lead To The Dancefloor, Intec Digital

Singles[link]

• 1991: "I Want You (Forever)", Perfecto Records – UK No.23
• 1992: "Does It Feel Good To You", Perfecto Records – UK No.35
• 1993: "The Planet of Love", Perfecto Records – UK No.44
• 1995: "Two Paintings And A Drum", Edel UK Records – UK No.24
• 1996: "Sensual Sophis-ti-cat" / The Player", Worldwide Ultimatum Records – UK No.25
• 1996: "Tribal Jedi", Edel UK Records/Worldwide Ultimatum Records
• 1998: "The Latin Theme", Edel UK Records – UK No.52
• 1998: "Phuture 2000", Worldwide Ultimatum Records – UK No.40
• 1999: "Dr. Funk", Edel UK Records/Worldwide Ultimatum Records
• 1999: "The Latin Theme", Edel UK Records/Worldwide Ultimatum Records
• 2002: "Club Traxx Vol.1", Trust the DJ
• 2003: "Club Traxx Vol.2", Trust the DJ
• 2003: "Dirty Bass", 23rd Century Records^[5]
• 2011: "Chemistry" ft. Shelley Segal, Intec Digital^[6]

Compilations[link]

• 1994: Nonstopmix 1994, Liquid Rec.
• 1994: Fantazia III – Made in Heaven Remix, Fantazia
• 1994: Fantazia The DJ Collection Carl Cox, Fantazia
• 1995: F.A.C.T., React
• 1997: F.A.C.T. 2, Worldwide Ultimatum Records
• 1998: DJF 250, Sony Music Entertainment
• 1998: Non Stop 98/01, FFRR Records
• 1998: The Sound Of Ultimate B.A.S.E., Worldwide Ultimatum Records
• 1999: Non Stop 2000, FFRR Records
• 1999: F.A.C.T. Australia, X-Over Recordings
• 2000: Mixed Live Crobar Nightclub, Chicago, Moonshine Music
• 2002: Global, Play It Again Sam
• 2002: Mixed Live 2nd Session Area 2, Detroit, Moonshine Music
• 2003: F.A.C.T. Australia II, Warner Music Group
• 2003: U60311 Compilation Techno Division Vol. 3, V2 Records
• 2004: Back To Mine, DMC Publishing
• 2004: Pure Intec, Intec Records
• 2005: Live at space, featuring Allan Banford
• 2005: The Latin Theme,^[7]
• 2006: Intec 50 EP, Intec Records
• 2007: Global, Play It Again Sam
• 2008: Ultimate Carl Cox, Ministry of Sound Australia
• 2010: Global Underground 38 – Black Rock Desert

Remixes[link]

• 1991: Supreme Love Gods – "Cherry White (Carl Cox Remix)", One Little Indian
• 1991: art of Noise – "Shades Of Paranoimia (Carl Cox Remix)", China Records
• 1992: Eternal – "Eternal (Carl Cox Remix)", Underground Level Recordings
• 1992: Robert Owens – "Gotta Work (Carl's Renaissance Remix)", Freetown Inc.
• 1992: Patti Day – "Hot Stuff (Carl Cox Remix)", Starway Records
• 1992: DJ Phantasy – "Jepron (Carl Cox Remix)", Liquid Wax Recordings
• 1992: Sunscreem – "Perfect Motion (Carl Cox's Rhythm's A Drug Remix)", Sony BMG Music Entertainment
• 1993: Visa – "Let Me See Ya Move (Carl Cox's Militant March Remix)", MMR Productions
• 1993: Smooth But Hazzardous – "Made You Dance (Carl Cox Remix)", Sound Entity Records
• 1994: Laurent Garnier – "Astral Dreams (Carl Cox's MMR Remix)", F-Communications
• 1994: Trevor Rockcliffe Presents Glow – "Break The Law (Carl's Reconstructed Remix)", MMR Productions
• 1994: Quench – "Hope (Carl Cox Remix)", Infectious Records
• 1994: FKW – "Jingo (Carl Cox Remix)", PWL
• 1994: O.T.T. – "Raw (Carl Cox Remix)", Industrial Strength Records
• 1994: Aurora Borealis – "Raz (Carl's MMR Remix)", F-Communications
• 1994: English Muffin – "The Blood Of An English Muffin (Carl Cox Remix)", MMR Productions
• 1994: Lunatic Asylum – "The Meltdown (Carl Cox & John Selway's Circular Cycle Remix)", MMR Productions
• 1995: Jam & Spoon – "Angel (Ladadi O-Heyo) (Carl Cox Remix)", Epic Records
• 1995: The Stone Roses – "Begging You (Cox's Ultimatum Remix)", Geffen Records
• 1995: Yello – "L'Hotel (Carl Cox's Hands On Yello Remix)", Urban
• 1995: Dr. Fernando "Stomach Substance (Carl Cox Remix)", MMR Productions
• 1995: Infrequent Oscillation – "Burning Phibes (Carl Cox Remix)", MMR Productions
• 1995: Technohead – "Get Stoned (Carl Cox Remix)", Mokum Records
• 1995: AWeX – "It's Our Future (Carl Cox's Ultimate Remix)", Plastic City UK
• 1995: Slab – "Rampant Prankster (Carl Cox's Jumper Remix)", Hydrogen Dukebox
• 1995: Steve Mason & Tony Crooks – "Shallow Grave (Carl Cox's After Hours Remix)", Rain Forest Records
• 1995: Josh Abrahams – "March Time (Carl Cox Remix)", MMR Productions
• 1996: System 7 – "Hangar 84 (Cox's W.W. Ultimatum Remix)", Butterfly Records
• 1996: Electroliners – "Loose Caboose (Carl Cox Remix)", XL Recordings
• 1996: Barefoot Boys – "Need No Man (Cox's Harder Remix), Stealth Records
• 1996: The Advent – "Mad Dog (Carl Cox Remix)", Internal
• 1996: JX – "There's Nothing I Won't Do (Carl Cox's Full House Remix)", FFRR Records
• 1996: Consolidated – "This Is Fascism (Carl Cox's Burning Gold Remix)", MC Projects
• 1996: Vernon – "Vernon's Wonderland (Carl Cox's Full Remix)", Eye Q
• 1996: Poltergeist – "Vicious Circles (Carl Cox's MMR Remix)", Manifesto
• 1997: DJ SS – "DJs Anthem (Carl Cox Remix)", Formation Records
• 1997: Tenth Chapter – "Prologue (Carl Cox & Paul van Dyk Remix)", Jackpot
• 1999: Needle Damage – "That Zipper Track (Carl Cox Remix)", Worldwide Ultimatum Records
• 1999: Grooverider – "Where's Jack The Ripper (Carl Cox's Techno Radio Edit)", Higher Ground Records
• 2000: Tony Moran Featuring Cindy Mizelle – "Shine On (Carl Cox's Sweat Dub)", Contagious Records
• 2001: Slam – "Positive Education (Carl Cox's Intec Remix)", VC Recordings
• 2001: Trevor Rockcliffe & Blake Baxter – "Visions Of You (Carl Cox Remix)", Intec Records
• 2001: Ramirez – "Volcan De Passion (Carl Cox Remix)", Terapia
• 2002: Cormano – "Mangamana vs. Revenge (Carl Cox's Turntable Remix)" 4 Play Records, Inc.
• 2003: Tomaz vs Filterheadz – "Sunshine (Carl Cox Remix)", Intec Records
• 2003: Bad Cabbage – "You're Rude (Get Fucked) (Carl Cox's Not So Rude Remix)", Mutant Disc
• 2004: Eric Powell^{[disambiguation needed ]} – "Don't Deny It (Carl Cox Remix)", 23rd Century Records
• 2004: Johan Cyber – "Natural Funk (Carl Cox Remix)", 23rd Century Records
• 2004: Cohen vs Deluxe – "Just Kick! (Carl Cox Remix)", Intec Records
• 2007: Sander Van Doorn – "Riff (Carl Cox's Global Remix)", Doorn Records
• 2010: Moby – "Walk With Me (Carl Cox Remix)", thelittleidiot

References[link]

External links[link]

• CarlCox.com – Official website
• Discogs.com – Discography
• Coxy's big break – the move to Frankston
• Carl Cox at Heaven
• Carl Cox live at Space Ibiza (video)
• Carl Cox talks about social media and how he uses technology (Video interview)
• Music with Carl Cox