H.262^[1] or MPEG-2 Part 2 (formally known as ISO/IEC 13818-2,^[2] also known as MPEG-2 Video) is a digital video compression and encoding standard developed and maintained jointly by ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). It is the second part of the ISO/IEC MPEG-2 standard. The ITU-T Recommendation H.262 and ISO/IEC 13818-2 documents are identical. The standard is available for a fee from the ITU-T^[1] and ISO.

Overview[link]

MPEG-2 Video is similar to MPEG-1, but also provides support for interlaced video (the format used by analog broadcast TV systems). MPEG-2 video is not optimized for low bit-rates (less than 1 Mbit/s), but outperforms MPEG-1 at 3 Mbit/s and above. All standards-conforming MPEG-2 Video decoders are fully capable of playing back MPEG-1 Video streams.^[3]

History[link]

The ISO/IEC approval process was completed in November 1994.^[4] The first edition was approved in July 1995^[5] and published by ITU-T^[1] and ISO/IEC in 1996.^[6]

In 1996 it was extended by two amendments by preetham to include the Registration of Copyright Identifiers and the 4:2:2 Profile.^[1][7] ITU-T published these amendments in 1996 and ISO in 1997.^[6]

There are also other amendments published later by ITU-T and ISO.^[1][2][8]

Editions[link]

Video coding[link]

An HDTV camera generates a raw video stream of 149,299,200 (=24*1920*1080*3) bytes per second for 24fps video. This stream must be compressed if digital TV is to fit in the bandwidth of available TV channels and if movies are to fit on DVDs. Fortunately, video compression is practical because the data in pictures is often redundant in space and time. For example, the sky can be blue across the top of a picture and that blue sky can persist for frame after frame. Also, because of the way the eye works, it is possible to delete some data from video pictures with almost no noticeable degradation in image quality.

TV cameras used in broadcasting usually generate 25 pictures a second (in Europe) or 29.97 pictures a second (in North America). Digital television requires that these pictures be digitized so that they can be processed by computer hardware. Each picture element (a pixel) is then represented by one luma number and two chrominance numbers. These describe the brightness and the color of the pixel (see YCbCr). Thus, each digitized picture is initially represented by three rectangular arrays of numbers.

A common (and old) trick to reduce the amount of data is to separate each picture into two fields upon broadcast/encoding: the "top field," which is the odd numbered horizontal lines, and the "bottom field," which is the even numbered lines. Upon reception/decoding, the two fields are displayed alternately with the lines of one field interleaving between the lines of the previous field. This format is called interlaced video; two successive fields are called a frame. The typical field rate is then 50 (Europe/PAL) or 59.94 (US/NTSC) fields per second. If the video is not interlaced, then it is called progressive video and each picture is a frame. MPEG-2 supports both options.

Another common practice to reduce the data rate is to "thin out" or subsample the two chrominance planes. In effect, the remaining chrominance values represent the nearby values that are deleted. Thinning works because the eye better resolves brightness details than chrominance details. The 4:2:2 chrominance format indicates that half the chrominance values have been deleted. The 4:2:0 chrominance format indicates that three quarters of the chrominance values have been deleted. If no chrominance values have been deleted, the chrominance format is 4:4:4. MPEG-2 allows all three options.

MPEG-2 specifies that the raw frames be compressed into three kinds of frames: intra-coded frames (I-frames), predictive-coded frames (P-frames), and bidirectionally-predictive-coded frames (B-frames).

An I-frame is a compressed version of a single uncompressed (raw) frame. It takes advantage of spatial redundancy and of the inability of the eye to detect certain changes in the image. Unlike P-frames and B-frames, I-frames do not depend on data in the preceding or the following frames. Briefly, the raw frame is divided into 8 pixel by 8 pixel blocks. The data in each block is transformed by a discrete cosine transform. The result is an 8 by 8 matrix of coefficients. The transform converts spatial variations into frequency variations, but it does not change the information in the block; the original block can be recreated exactly by applying the inverse cosine transform. The advantage of doing this is that the image can now be simplified by quantizing the coefficients. Many of the coefficients, usually the higher frequency components, will then be zero. The penalty of this step is the loss of some subtle distinctions in brightness and color. If one applies the inverse transform to the matrix after it is quantized, one gets an image that looks very similar to the original image but that is not quite as nuanced. Next, the quantized coefficient matrix is itself compressed. Typically, one corner of the quantized matrix is filled with zeros. By starting in the opposite corner of the matrix, then zigzagging through the matrix to combine the coefficients into a string, then substituting run-length codes for consecutive zeros in that string, and then applying Huffman coding to that result, one reduces the matrix to a smaller array of numbers. It is this array that is broadcast or that is put on DVDs. In the receiver or the player, the whole process is reversed, enabling the receiver to reconstruct, to a close approximation, the original frame.

Typically, every 15th frame or so is made into an I-frame. P-frames and B-frames might follow an I-frame like this, IBBPBBPBBPBB(I), to form a Group Of Pictures (GOP); however, the standard is flexible about this.

Macroblocks[link]

P-frames provide more compression than I-frames because they take advantage of the data in a previous I-frame or P-frame - a reference frame. To generate a P-frame, the previous reference frame is reconstructed, just as it would be in a TV receiver or DVD player. The frame being compressed is divided into 16 pixel by 16 pixel macroblocks. Then, for each of those macroblocks, the reconstructed reference frame is searched to find that 16 by 16 macroblock that best matches the macroblock being compressed. The offset is encoded as a "motion vector." Frequently, the offset is zero. But, if something in the picture is moving, the offset might be something like 23 pixels to the right and 4 pixels up. The match between the two macroblocks will often not be perfect. To correct for this, the encoder takes the difference of all corresponding pixels of the two macroblocks, and on that macroblock difference then computes the strings of coefficient values as described above. This "residual" is appended to the motion vector and the result sent to the receiver or stored on the DVD for each macroblock being compressed. Sometimes no suitable match is found. Then, the macroblock is treated like an I-frame macroblock.

The processing of B-frames is similar to that of P-frames except that B-frames use the picture in a subsequent reference frame as well as the picture in a preceding reference frame. As a result, B-frames usually provide more compression than P-frames. B-frames are never reference frames.

While the above generally describes MPEG-2 video compression, there are many details that are not discussed including details involving fields, chrominance formats, responses to scene changes, special codes that label the parts of the bitstream, and other pieces of information.

Video profiles and levels[link]

MPEG-2 video supports a wide range of applications from mobile to high quality HD editing. For many applications, it's unrealistic and too expensive to support the entire standard. To allow such applications to support only subsets of it, the standard defines profile and level.

The profile defines the subset of features such as compression algorithm, chroma format, etc. The level defines the subset of quantitative capabilities such as maximum bit rate, maximum frame size, etc.

A MPEG application then specifies the capabilities in terms of profile and level. For example, a DVD player may say it supports up to main profile and main level (often written as MP@ML). It means the player can play back any MPEG stream encoded as MP@ML or less.

The tables below summarizes the limitations of each profile and level. There are many other constraints not listed here. Note that not all profile and level combinations are permissible.

Exempting scalability (a rarely used feature where one MPEG-2 stream augments another), the following are some of the constraints on levels:

Applications[link]

DVD[link]

The DVD standard uses MPEG-2 video, but imposes some restrictions:

• Allowed Resolutions
  • 720 × 480, 704 × 480, 352 × 480, 352 × 240 pixel (NTSC)
  • 720 × 576, 704 × 576, 352 × 576, 352 × 288 pixel (PAL)
• Allowed Aspect ratio (image) (Display AR)
  • 4:3
  • 16:9
  • (1.85:1 and 2.35:1, among others, are often listed as valid DVD aspect ratios, but are actually just a 16:9 image with the top and bottom of the frame masked in black)
• Allowed Frame rates
  • 29.97 frame/s (NTSC)
  • 25 frame/s (PAL)
  • 23.976 frame/s through use of 3:2 pulldown (FILM)
• Audio+video bitrate
  • Video peak 9.8 Mbit/s
  • Total peak 10.08 Mbit/s
  • Minimum 300 kbit/s
• Y'CbCr 4:2:0
• GOP structure
  • Sequence header must be present at the beginning of every GOP
  • Maximum frames per GOP: 18 (NTSC) / 15 (PAL), i.e. 0.6 seconds both
  • Closed GOP required for multiple-angle DVDs

HD DVD & Blu-ray[link]

The HD DVD and Blu-ray Standards use MPEG-2 video along with MPEG-4/AVC (H.264) and VC1 video standards.^{[citation needed]}

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official MPEG web site
• MPEG-2 Video Encoding (H.262) - The Library of Congress

Part Two, Part 2 or Part II may refer to:

• Part Two (Throbbing Gristle album), 2007
• Part 2 (Wayne Wonder & Sanchez album), 1991
• Part II (Brad Paisley album), 2001
• Part II (Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz album), 2003

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Aamir Liaquat Hussain
Aamir Liaqaut Hussain
Minister of State for Religious Affairs Member of National Assembly Pakistan
In office 2002–2007
Personal details
Born	5 July 1971 Karachi
Nationality	Pakistan
Political party	Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) (Expelled 2010)[1]
Occupation	Media Icon, Anchorperson, Entertainer, Politician,
Religion	Islam
Website	Aamir Liaquat Hussain

Aamir Liaquat Hussain (Urdu: عامر لیاقت حسین) is a politician, actor, broadcaster, and anchorperson from Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Husasin was born on 5 July 1971 at Karachi.^[2] He has been the host of the TV programme Aalim Aur Aalam on ARY Digital since 6 August 2010. Aamir Liaquat Hussain contested 2002, he was elected to the National Assembly affiliated party with Muttahida Qaumi Movement. He resigned from his post a member of the National Assembly and from his seat as the Minister of Religious Affairs in 2007. In 2005, an investigation into his background revealed that his degrees were fake.^[3] In 2010 he was expelled from Muttahida Qaumi Movement.^[1]

Personal life[link]

This section requires expansion.

Hussain was born in Karachi. His father Sheikh Liaquat was also a member National Assembly from Karachi. He won the seat in 1997, after having joined the party in 1994. ^[4]

TV career[link]

This section requires expansion.

Geo TV[link]

As host he did his first program on Geo television network. The show was called Aalim Online and its name has been changed to Aalim Aur Aalam^[when?]. Shortly after a broadcast in 2008 in which he urged fundamentalist Muslims to kill members of the Ahmadi religion, two Ahmadis were killed.^[1][5]

ARY Network[link]

In 2010, he joined ARY Digital Network. There he participated in Ramadan special transmissions for Sahoor and Iftaar, just like he had on Geo TV. In 2011, however, the program took an entirely new format and was titled Rahman Ramadan.

Controversial video[link]

During his show Rahman Ramadan, on 14 August 2011, a video of him was released that showed Hussain abusing and making fun of a rape situation during the outtakes.^[6][7]

Political career[link]

Minister of Religious Affairs[link]

Hussain was the Minister of Religious Affairs until 4 July 2007, when he resigned from his position as Minister of State for Religious Affairs and from his seat a member of the National Assembly. According to the party official statement, the party was unhappy with the statements given by Aamir on Salman Rushdie.^[1]

Fake degrees[link]

In 2002 Pakistan, Pervez Musharraf had made it compulsory for contestants of elections for seats in the Provincial and National Assembly of Pakistan to hold at least a Bachelors degree. Hussain submitted to the election commission his BA degree in Islamic Studies issued by a now known degree mill, Trinity College and University (based in Spain but incorporated in Dover, Delaware (USA)), while filing his nomination forms for October 2002 general elections. He also claimed to hold a Masters degree and a PhD from the same university. However, in 2005 the University of Karachi declared his degree not recognised.^[8] In 13 June 2006, the Higher Education Commission, also revealed that the degree of Aamir Liaquat Hussain was not recognised.^[9]

Expulsion from Muttahida Qaumi Movement[link]

According the the official press release Hussain had been warned against acts that might create religious hatred. As a part of those warnings he was relived of all of his responsibilities in the part and unofficially removed from the party. A year-and-half later, on 10 September 2010 He was officialy expelled from Muttahida Qaumi Movement for misusing the part platform to advance his agenda even if it conflicted with the party's philosophy. ^[1]

2005 attack[link]

In 2005 he was attacked during his visit to Jamia Binoria. Provincial minister for Planning and Development Shoaib Bukhari was also with him during this visit. He was detained in Jamia Binoria after a member of the crowd stole a gun from his gunman. It was reported that the windscreen of his car was broken and he had to go hide in the girls' hostel, from there he made a frantic call to the police claiming that his life was in danger. Although, police later reported that it was never the case, he did suffer some injuries.^[10]

References[link]

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since July 2011. It includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Tagged since September 2011. Its tone or style may not reflect the formal tone used on Wikipedia. Tagged since September 2011.

Maulana Tariq Jameel (Urdu: مولانا طارق جمیل) (born 1953) is an Islamic scholar from Pakistan.^[1] His native town is Tulambah near Mian Channu. His father was an agriculturist who belonged to the Muslim Rajputs community.^{[citation needed]}

Tariq Jameel was born and raised in Mian Channu. In his childhood he lived a relatively modest life but religion was not a major part of his life and his family in particular. It wasn't until he pursued his M.B.B.S. in Lahore that his focus shifted towards Islam. After completing his Higher Secondary School education (a.k.a. F.Sc in some regions of Pakistan) in pre-medical (equivalent to A 'levels') from Government College, Lahore, he took admission in King Edward Medical College in Lahore. He intended to do his M.B.B.S., but he soon switched to Islamic education. He then went on to receive Islamic education from Jamia Arabia, Raiwind (near Lahore), Pakistan where he studied Quran, Hadith, Sharia, Tasawwuf, logic and Fiqh.^{[citation needed]}

Transition towards Islam[link]

His proclivity towards Islam grew during hostel life in Lahore and can mainly be attributed to the group members of Tablighi Jamaat who he became friends with during his college life.^{[citation needed]}

Rise to prominence[link]

He has a simple style of elaborating the purpose of human life and its creation and often uses scientific examples to support his argument. He has delivered lectures to all types of communities in the society with the attendees being doctors, engineers, professors, businessmen, landlords, government officials, TV/film artists, ministers/politicians and sports celebrities.^{[citation needed]}

Islamic teachings[link]

Tariq Jameel’s lectures incorporate a wide range of issues of Islam and social concern. He especially emphasizes on self-purification, avoidance of violent ways, observance of Allah’s orders and to follow the Prophet [[Muhammad PBUH's sunnah. He is a staunch critic of moral degeneration, indecent practices and shamelessness.^{[citation needed]}

References[link]

Maulana Tariq Jameel Latest Bayan

External links[link]

• Maulana Tariq Jameel Video Bayan
• Maulana Tariq Jameel (Also Molana Tariq Jamil) Urdu MP3 Islamic Lectures Bayans
• Latest Lectures of Maulana Tariq Jameel from in HQ MP3 Format
• A complete list of all of Maulana Tariq Jamils speeches. Over 1250 Lectures
• Tariq Jamil Web Site