Ashgabat

Tuesday, 30 October 2012

Ashgabat

Ашхабад 2012 [HD] (Ashgabat Turkmenistan)

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Abadan, Turkmenistan
http://wn.com/Abadan_Turkmenistan
Abu Dhabi
Abu Dhabi ( , literally Father of deer) is the capital and the second largest city in the United Arab Emirates. Abu Dhabi lies on a T-shaped island jutting into the Persian Gulf from the central western coast. The city proper, making up an area of
http://wn.com/Abu_Dhabi
Afghanistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Afghanistan
Ahal Province
Ahal Province () is one of the welayatlar (provinces) of Turkmenistan. It is in the south-center of the country, bordering Iran and Afghanistan along the Kopet Dag Range. Its area is and population 939,700 (2005 est.). In 2000, Ahal Province accounted for 14% of Turkmenistan's population, 11% of the total number of employed, 23% of agricultural production (by value), and 31% of the country's total industrial production.
http://wn.com/Ahal_Province
Akdepe
http://wn.com/Akdepe
Amman
http://wn.com/Amman
Anau
Anau (also spelled Annau, ), Turkmenistan, capital of Ahal Province, is a city 8 kilometers southeast of Ashgabat which is connected via the M37 highway. Traces of habitation in the area date back to 3000 B.C.
http://wn.com/Anau
Ankara
Ankara (Traditional English: Angora) is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of , and as of 2008 the city had a population of 4,500,000. Ankara also serves as the capital of Ankara Province.
http://wn.com/Ankara
Arch of Neutrality
http://wn.com/Arch_of_Neutrality
Armenia
http://wn.com/Armenia
Ashgabat
http://wn.com/Ashgabat
Astana
http://wn.com/Astana
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan ( ; ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (), is one of the six independent Turkic states in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south.
http://wn.com/Azerbaijan
Baghdad
Baghdad (, , ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a population estimated between 7 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq and the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt).
http://wn.com/Baghdad
Bahrain
Bahrain, officially Kingdom of Bahrain (, , literally: "Kingdom of the Two Seas"), is a small island country in the Persian Gulf ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. While Bahrain is an archipelago of thirty-three islands, the largest (Bahrain Island) is long by wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain via the King Fahd Causeway, which was officially opened on 25 November 1986. Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain.
http://wn.com/Bahrain
Baku
Baku (), sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bakou, is the capital, the largest city, and the largest port of Azerbaijan and all the Caucasus. Located on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula, the city consists of two principal parts: the downtown and the old Inner City (21.5 ha). Dating to antiquity, its urban population at the beginning of 2009 was estimated at just over two million people.
http://wn.com/Baku
Balkanabat
http://wn.com/Balkanabat
Bandar Seri Begawan
http://wn.com/Bandar_Seri_Begawan
Bangkok
http://wn.com/Bangkok
Bangladesh
http://wn.com/Bangladesh
Baýramaly
http://wn.com/Baýramaly
Beijing
{| style="float:right;"
http://wn.com/Beijing
Beirut
http://wn.com/Beirut
Bhutan
The Kingdom of Bhutan () (Dzongkha: ; Wylie: '' 'drug yul; Tibetan pinyin: ''), is a small landlocked country in South Asia, located at the eastern end of the Himalayas and bordered to the south, east and west by the Republic of India and to the north by the People's Republic of China . Bhutan is separated from the nearby state of Nepal to the west by the Indian state of Sikkim, and from Bangladesh to the south by West Bengal.
http://wn.com/Bhutan
Bishkek
http://wn.com/Bishkek
Brunei
http://wn.com/Brunei
Burma
Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar, is the second largest country by geographical area in Southeast Asia. The country is bordered by People's Republic of China on the north-east, Laos on the east, Thailand on the south-east, Bangladesh on the west, India on the north-west and the Bay of Bengal to the south-west with the Andaman Sea defining its southern periphery. One-third of Burma's total perimeter, 1,930 kilometers (1,199 mi), forms an uninterrupted coastline.
http://wn.com/Burma
Cambodia
http://wn.com/Cambodia
City of Singapore
http://wn.com/City_of_Singapore
Cyprus
http://wn.com/Cyprus
Damascus
http://wn.com/Damascus
Darganata
Darganata is a town and capital of Birata District in the Lebap Province of Turkmenistan.
http://wn.com/Darganata
Daşoguz
http://wn.com/Daşoguz
Dhaka
http://wn.com/Dhaka
Dili
http://wn.com/Dili
Doha
Doha (, ' or ', literally: "the big tree") is the capital city of the state of Qatar. Located on the Persian Gulf, it had a population of 998,651 in 2008, and is also one of the municipalities of Qatar. Doha is Qatar's largest city, with over 80% of the nation's population residing in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, and is also the economic centre of the country.
http://wn.com/Doha
Dushanbe
Dushanbe (, Dushanbe; Dyushambe until 1929, Stalinabad until 1961), population 679,400 people (2008 est.), is the capital and largest city of Tajikistan. Dushanbe means "Monday" in Tajik, and the name reflects the fact that the city grew on the site of a village that originally was a popular Monday marketplace.
http://wn.com/Dushanbe
East Timor
http://wn.com/East_Timor
Esenguly
Esenguly (formerly Gasan-Kuli) is a city in Turkmenistan, part of the Balkan Province.
http://wn.com/Esenguly
Georgia (country)
http://wn.com/Georgia_(country)
Greece
http://wn.com/Greece
Gyzyletrek
Gyzyletrek (also Bayat-Khadzhi, Kyzyl-Atrek) is a town in western Turkmenistan. It is located in Balkan Province on the Atrek River bordering on Iran. The name means "Red Atrek" and may be a reference to the silt load that the Atrek River carries at that point. It is the capital of Etrek District (formerly Gyzyletrek District).
http://wn.com/Gyzyletrek
Hanoi
http://wn.com/Hanoi
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India
Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
http://wn.com/Indonesia
Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
http://wn.com/Iran
Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
http://wn.com/Iraq
Islamabad
http://wn.com/Islamabad
Israel
http://wn.com/Israel
Istanbul
Istanbul (), historically known as Constantinople(See Names of Istanbul for further information) is the largest city in Turkey and 5th largest city proper in the world with a population of 12.8 million, also making it the second largest metropolitan area in Europe by population, and the largest metropolitan city proper. Istanbul is also a megacity, as well as the cultural, economic, and financial centre of Turkey. The city covers 39 districts of the Istanbul province. It is located on the Bosphorus Strait and encompasses the natural harbour known as the Golden Horn, in the northwest of the country. It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on the Asian (Anatolia) sides of the Bosphorus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world that is situated on two continents. Istanbul is a designated alpha world city.
http://wn.com/Istanbul
Jakarta
Jakarta (; Indonesian: ), officially the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of Java, it has an area of and a 2010 census count population of 9,580,000. Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre. It is the most populous city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, and is the twelfth-largest city in the world. The metropolitan area, Jabodetabek, is the second largest in the world. Jakarta is listed as a global city in the 2008 Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) research. The city's name is derived from the Old Javanese word "Jayakarta" which translates as "victorious deed", "complete act", or "complete victory".
http://wn.com/Jakarta
Japan
http://wn.com/Japan
Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( , ; Arabic: , al-Quds Sharif, "The Holy Sanctuary") is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of . Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City.
http://wn.com/Jerusalem
Jordan
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Jordan
Kabul
http://wn.com/Kabul
Kathmandu
Kathmandu (, pronounced: ; ) is the capital and largest metropolitan city of Nepal. The city is the urban core of the Kathmandu Valley in the Himalayas, which also contains two sister cities namely Patan or Lalitpur, to its southeast (an ancient city of fine arts and crafts) and Bhaktapur, to its east (city of devotees). It is also acronymed as 'KTM' and named 'tri-city'. Kathmandu valley is only slightly smaller than Singapore in terms of area.
http://wn.com/Kathmandu
Kazakhstan
http://wn.com/Kazakhstan
Kerki
:For the village in Azerbaijan, see Karki, Azerbaijan.
http://wn.com/Kerki
Kopet Dag
http://wn.com/Kopet_Dag
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur (translated as: "muddy confluence," "muddy estuary," and "muddy city"; in English; Malay , locally or even , and often abbreviated as K.L.) is the capital and largest city of Malaysia. The city proper, making up an area of , has an estimated population of 1.6 million in 2006. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million. It is the fastest growing metropolitan region in the country, in terms of population as well as economy.
http://wn.com/Kuala_Lumpur
Kunya Urgench
http://wn.com/Kunya_Urgench
Kuwait
The State of Kuwait (, Dawlat al-Kuwayt) is a sovereign Arab nation situated in the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, and Iraq to the north. It lies on the northwestern shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic "akwat", the plural of "kout", meaning fortress built near water. The emirate covers an area of 17,820 square kilometres (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 2.7 million.
http://wn.com/Kuwait
Kuwait City
http://wn.com/Kuwait_City
Laos
Laos (, , or ), officially the '''Lao People's Democratic Republic''', is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and People's Republic of China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the west.
http://wn.com/Laos
Lebanon
Lebanon ( or ; ; ), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: ; French: ), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
http://wn.com/Lebanon
Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
http://wn.com/Malaysia
Maldives
http://wn.com/Maldives
Manama
http://wn.com/Manama
Mary, Turkmenistan
Mary (pronounced Mur-ree) is a city of Turkmenistan, capital of the Mary Province. Former names include Merv, Meru and Margiana. In 1999 its population was 123,000 (up from 92,000 in the 1989 census).
http://wn.com/Mary_Turkmenistan
Mashhad
http://wn.com/Mashhad
Mongolia
Mongolia (; ) is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to about 38% of the population. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic.
http://wn.com/Mongolia
Muscat, Oman
http://wn.com/Muscat_Oman
Naypyidaw
Naypyidaw (, officially spelled Nay Pyi Taw and Naypyitaw; ) is the capital of Myanmar, also known as Burma. It is administered as a Union Territory, as per the 2008 Constitution. On 6 November 2005, the administrative capital of Burma was officially moved to a greenfield site west of Pyinmana, and approximately north of Yangon (Rangoon), the previous capital. The capital's official name was announced on 27 March 2006, Burmese Armed Forces Day. Much of the city is still under construction, which is set to be completed by around 2012. As of 2009, the population was 925,000, which makes it Burma's third largest city, behind Yangon and Mandalay.
http://wn.com/Naypyidaw
New Delhi
http://wn.com/New_Delhi
Nicosia
: For the Italian town, see: Nicosia, Sicily. Also see: Nicosia (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Nicosia
North Korea
http://wn.com/North_Korea
Oman
Oman (pronounced ; '), officially the Sultanate of Oman''' ( ), is an Arab country in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders the United Arab Emirates on the northwest, Saudi Arabia on the west and Yemen on the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast. The country also contains Madha and Musandam, two exclaves on the Gulf of Oman, south of the Strait of Hormuz and surrounded by the United Arab Emirates on the land side.
http://wn.com/Oman
Pakistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea ( , also or ; Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) (PNG), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is a part of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua). It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. The capital is Port Moresby.
http://wn.com/Papua_New_Guinea
Parthian Empire
http://wn.com/Parthian_Empire
Persia
http://wn.com/Persia
Persian Empire
http://wn.com/Persian_Empire
Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
http://wn.com/Philippines
Phnom Penh
http://wn.com/Phnom_Penh
Port Moresby
Port Moresby (), or Pot Mosbi in Tok Pisin, is the capital and largest city of Papua New Guinea (PNG). It is located on the shores of the Gulf of Papua, on the southeastern coast of the island of New Guinea. In 2000 it had a population of 254,158. As of 2009 it has a population of 307,643, giving it an annual growth rate of 2.1% over a nine year period.
http://wn.com/Port_Moresby
Putrajaya
http://wn.com/Putrajaya
Pyongyang
Pyongyang (, literally: "Flat Land") is the capital of North Korea, located on the Taedong River. According to preliminary results from the 2008 population census, it has a population of 3,255,388.
http://wn.com/Pyongyang
Qatar
Qatar ( ; ; local pronunciation: ), also known as the State of Qatar or locally , is an Arab country, known officially as an emirate, in the Middle East, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south; otherwise, the Persian Gulf surrounds the state. A strait of the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island nation of Bahrain.
http://wn.com/Qatar
Ramallah
http://wn.com/Ramallah
Riyadh
http://wn.com/Riyadh
Rukhiyet Palace
http://wn.com/Rukhiyet_Palace
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia
Sana'a
http://wn.com/Sana'a
Saudi Arabia
http://wn.com/Saudi_Arabia
Seoul
{{Infobox settlement
http://wn.com/Seoul
Serdar (city)
Serdar (formerly Kyzyl-Arvat or Gyzylarbat) is a location in Turkmenistan, located north-west of the capital, Ashkhabad on the road to the Caspian Sea. The population of Serdar is 50,000 people, mainly Turkmen. The languages spoken in the region are mainly Turkmen.
http://wn.com/Serdar_(city)
Singapore
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Singapore
South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK, , ) and sometimes referred to simply as Korea, is a state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. Its territory covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of .
http://wn.com/South_Korea
Soviet
http://wn.com/Soviet
Sri Lanka
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (commonly known as Sri Lanka (, , or ); ; , ) is a country and a sovereign state off souther coast of the Indian subcontinent. A island nation in South Asia, it was till 1972 known as Ceylon (, , or ). Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.
http://wn.com/Sri_Lanka
Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Syria
Tagtabazar
Tagtabazar is a town and capital of Tagtabazar District in the Mary Province of Turkmenistan.
http://wn.com/Tagtabazar
Taipei
http://wn.com/Taipei
Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tajikistan ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (, Jumhurii Tojikiston; , Respublika Tadzhikistan; Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders it to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and People's Republic of China to the east. Tajikistan also lies adjacent to Pakistan and the Gilgit-Baltistan region, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor.
http://wn.com/Tajikistan
Tashkent
Tashkent (; , literally "Stone City") is the capital of Uzbekistan and of the Tashkent Province. The officially registered population of the city in 2008 was 2.1 million. Unofficial sources estimate the actual population may be as much as 4.45 million.
http://wn.com/Tashkent
Tbilisi
http://wn.com/Tbilisi
Tehran
http://wn.com/Tehran
Tejen
Tejen (or Tedzhen) is an oasis city in the Karakum Desert, in Ahal Province of Turkmenistan. It is located at latitude 37.3786 North; longitude 60.4961 East at an altitude of 161 meters. It has a population of approximately 52,000.
http://wn.com/Tejen
Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Thailand
Thimphu
http://wn.com/Thimphu
Tokyo
http://wn.com/Tokyo
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
http://wn.com/Turkey
Turkmen SSR
http://wn.com/Turkmen_SSR
Turkmenabat
http://wn.com/Turkmenabat
Turkmenistan
The Turkmenistan (), also known as Turkmenia () is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.
http://wn.com/Turkmenistan
Türkmenbaşy Palace
http://wn.com/Türkmenbaşy_Palace
Ulan Bator
http://wn.com/Ulan_Bator
United Arab Emirates
http://wn.com/United_Arab_Emirates
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States
Uzbekistan
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan
Vientiane
http://wn.com/Vientiane
Vietnam
Vietnam ( ; , ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
http://wn.com/Vietnam
Yemen
http://wn.com/Yemen
Yerevan
Yerevan (, ) is the capital and largest city of Armenia and one of the world's oldest continuously-inhabited cities. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan is the administrative, cultural, and industrial center of the country. It has been the capital since 1918, the thirteenth in the history of Armenia.
http://wn.com/Yerevan
Ýolöten
http://wn.com/Ýolöten

Armenians
Armenian people or Armenians (, hayer) are a nation and ethnic group native to the Caucasus and the Armenian Highland.
http://wn.com/Armenians
Azerbaijani people
http://wn.com/Azerbaijani_people
Beijing
| style="float:right;"
http://wn.com/Beijing
Ertuğrul
http://wn.com/Ertuğrul
Parthia
Parthia is a region of north-eastern Iran, best known for having been the political and cultural base of the Arsacid dynasty, rulers of the Parthian Empire.
http://wn.com/Parthia
Parthians
http://wn.com/Parthians
Saparmurat Niyazov
http://wn.com/Saparmurat_Niyazov
Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Taiwan
Turkmen people
http://wn.com/Turkmen_people
Wilfrid Malleson
http://wn.com/Wilfrid_Malleson

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Photo: AP / Themba Hadebe

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Timeline:
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2010
2009
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2007
2006
2005
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2001

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timeline:
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For the cities in Iran, see Eshqabad.

Ashgabat Aşgabat, Ашхабад Ashkhabad Poltoratsk (1919-1927)

Satellite view
Ashgabat Satellite view
Coordinates: 37°56′N 58°22′E / 37.933°N 58.367°E / 37.933; 58.367Coordinates: 37°56′N 58°22′E / 37.933°N 58.367°E / 37.933; 58.367
Country	Turkmenistan
Province	Ahal Province
founded	1881
Government
• Mayor	Azat Bilishov
Population (2009)
• Total	909,000
Area code(s)	12

Satellite View of Ashgabat

Ashgabat (Turkmen: Aşgabat, Persian: اشک آباد‎, Russian: Ашхабад, also Ashkhabad in transliteration from Russian formerly Poltoratsk between 1919–1927) is the capital and largest city of Turkmenistan, a country in Central Asia. It has a population of 695,300 (2001 census estimate), 2009 estimates around 1 million people in Ashgabat, and is situated between the Kara Kum desert and the Kopet Dag mountain range. Ashgabat has a primarily Turkmen population, with ethnic minorities of Russians, Armenians, and Azeris. It is 250 km from the second largest city in Iran, Mashhad.

1 Names
2 History
3 Economy
4 Transport
5 Climate
6 Notable buildings
7 Gallery
8 Sister cities
9 References
10 External links

Names [link]

Residential apartment buildings in Ashgabat

Ashgabat is Aşgabat in Turkmen, Ашхабад (Ashkhabad) in Russian, and اشک آباد (UniPers: Ešq-âbâd) in Persian. From 1919 until 1927, the city was renamed Poltoratsk after a local revolutionary. Before 1991, the city was usually spelled Ashkabad in English, a transliteration of the Russian form, which was itself from the original Persian form. It has also been variously spelled Ashkhabat and Ashgabad.

Root of the name of the city goes back to Arshacid Empire era, and derived from the name of the founder of the Parthian Empire,Arsaces I of Parthia. So it seems the original form of the name was Ashk-Abad, and because of Turkish pronunciation of the name it became like it is today.^[1]

History [link]

The first Bahá'í House of Worship was built in Ashgabat.

File:A Monument dedicated to 8th year of Independence of Turkmenistan.jpg

Independence and Peace monument

Ashgabat is a relatively young city, growing out of a village of the same name established by Russian officers in 1881. It is not far from the site of Nisa, the ancient capital of the Parthian Empire, and it grew on the ruins of the Silk Road city of Konjikala, which was first mentioned as a wine-producing village in 2nd century BCE and was leveled by an earthquake in 1st century BCE (a precursor of the 1948 Ashgabat earthquake). Konjikala was rebuilt because of its advantageous location on the Silk Road and it flourished until its destruction by Mongols in the 13th century CE. After that it survived as a small village until Russians took over in the 19th century.^[2]^[3]

In 1869, Russian soldiers built a fortress on a hill near the village, and this added security soon attracted merchants and craftsmen to the area. Ashgabat remained a part of Persia until 1881, when it was ceded to Tsarist Russia under the terms of Akhal Treaty. Russia chose to develop Ashgabat as a regional center due to its proximity to the border of British-influenced Persia. It was regarded as a pleasant town with European style buildings, shops and hotels. In 1908, the first Bahá'í House of Worship was built in Ashgabat. It was badly damaged in the 1948 earthquake and finally demolished in 1963.^[4] The community of the Bahá'í Faith in Turkmenistan was largely based in Ashgabat.

Soviet rule was established in Ashgabat in December 1917. However in July 1918 a coalition of Mensheviks, Social Revolutionaries and Tsarist former officers of the Imperial Russian Army revolted against the Bolshevik rule emanating from Tashkent and established the Ashkhabad Executive Committee. After receiving some support (but even more promises) from General Malleson, the British withdrew in April 1919, and the Tashkent Soviet resumed control of the city and in July 1919, when the city was renamed Poltoratsk (Полторацк) after a local revolutionary.^[5] The name Ashgabat was restored in 1927 after the establishment of Turkmen SSR as a Soviet republic, though it was usually known by the Russian form Ashkhabad (Russian: Ашхабад). From this period onward, the city experienced rapid growth and industrialisation, although this was severely disrupted by a major earthquake on October 6, 1948. An estimated 7.3 on the Richter scale, the earthquake killed 110-176,000^[6]^[7]^[8] (2/3 of the population of the city), although the official number announced by Soviet news was only 40,000.^[9]

Ashgabat milestones:^[10]

1882-1918 – administrative center of Russia's Transcaspian Region
1918-1925 – administrative center of the Turkmen Oblast in Turkestan ASSR
since February 1925 – capital of Turkmen SSR
since October 1991 – capital of independent Turkmenistan

Economy [link]

Ashgabat National Museum of History

Ashgabat is primarily a government and administrative centre. The principal industries are cotton textiles and metal working. It is a major stop on the Trans-Caspian railway. Every Sunday, the Tolkuchka Bazaar in the suburbs thrives, selling a massive range of commodities.

Transport [link]

The city is served by Ashgabat Airport. Turkmenistan Airlines has its headquarters in the city.^[11]

Ashgabat's urban transport network includes the Ashgabat trolleybus system.

Climate [link]

Ashgabat

Climate chart (explanation)

J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
22 7 −2	27 10 0	39 16 5	44 24 11	28 30 16	4 36 21	3 38 23	1 37 21	4 32 15	14 23 9	20 17 5	21 10 1
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: WMO ^[12]

Imperial conversion
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
0.9 45 29	1.1 49 32	1.5 60 41	1.7 75 52	1.1 86 61	0.2 96 69	0.1 101 74	0 98 69	0.2 89 60	0.6 74 48	0.8 62 40	0.8 50 33
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

The Kopet-Dag mountain range is about 25 kilometres (16 mi) to the south, and Ashgabat's northern boundary touches the Kara-Kum desert. Because of this location, Ashgabat has an arid climate with hot and dry summers and mild and short winters. The average high temperature in July is 38.2 °C (100.8 °F). The highest temperature on record is 54 °C (129 °F). Nighttime temperatures in the summer are warm, with an average minimum temperature in July of 23.1 °C (74 °F). Average winter high temperatures range from 7.4 to 9.8 °C (45.3 to 49.6 °F), and average lows in the winter of -1.6 to 0.7 °C (29.1 to 33.3 °F); temperatures as low as −16 °C (3 °F) have been recorded in December. Snow is rare. Annual precipitation is only 227 millimetres (8.94 in); March and April are the wettest months.^[13]

Climate data for Ashgabat
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	7.4 (45.3)	9.6 (49.3)	15.6 (60.1)	24.1 (75.4)	30.0 (86.0)	35.7 (96.3)	38.2 (100.8)	36.6 (97.9)	31.5 (88.7)	23.2 (73.8)	16.6 (61.9)	9.8 (49.6)	23.2 (73.8)
Average low °C (°F)	−1.6 (29.1)	−0.2 (31.6)	4.9 (40.8)	11.1 (52.0)	16.2 (61.2)	20.7 (69.3)	23.1 (73.6)	20.5 (68.9)	15.4 (59.7)	9.1 (48.4)	4.6 (40.3)	0.7 (33.3)	10.4 (50.7)
Precipitation mm (inches)	22 (0.87)	27 (1.06)	39 (1.54)	44 (1.73)	28 (1.1)	4 (0.16)	3 (0.12)	1 (0.04)	4 (0.16)	14 (0.55)	20 (0.79)	21 (0.83)	227 (8.94)
Avg. precipitation days	9	8	11	10	7	2	1	1	2	5	6	8	70
Mean monthly sunshine hours	111.6	121.5	145.7	195.0	275.9	336.0	353.4	347.2	288.0	217.0	156.0	105.4	2,652.7
Source no. 1: World Meteorological Organisation ^[12]
Source no. 2: HKO ^[14]

Notable buildings [link]

The Ertugrul Gazi Mosque in Ashgabat named after Ertuğrul

Museums include the Turkmen Fine Arts Museum and Turkmen Carpet Museum, noted for their impressive collection of woven carpets as well as a Turkmen history museum and the Ashgabat National Museum of History, which displays artifacts dating back to the Parthian and Persian civilizations. The Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan is an important institute of higher learning. Large mosques include the Azadi Mosque (which resembles the Blue Mosque in Istanbul), the Khezrety Omar Mosque, and the futuristic Iranian Mosque. Ashgabat was also home to the Arch of Neutrality, a 250-foot-tall tripod crowned by a golden statue of late president Saparmurat Niyazov (also known as Turkmenbashi, or leader of all Turkmen). The 50-foot-high statue, which rotated in order to always face the sun during daylight hours, was removed on August 26, 2010 after Niyazov’s successor, current President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov, made it clear earlier in the year that the statue was going to be taken out of Ashgabat’s parliament square.^[15]

Türkmenbaşı Palace presidential headquarters
Rukhiyet Palace

Notable universities include the Turkmen Polytechnic Institute.

Gallery [link]

Independence and Peace Monument
Türkmenbaşy Palace
ExhibitionCenterAshgabat.jpg

Ashgabat Exhibition Center
AkBugdayMuseum.jpg

Ak Bugdaý (White Wheat) Museum, Anau
Turkmen Parliament (Mejlis) building
Ashgabat: satellite photo
Serdaryň Saglyk Ýoly - The longer walk of health, viewed from the shorter route
View of the Ashgabat skyline from the Ashgabat city park
Street light in Ashgabat

Sister cities [link]

References [link]

^ http://turkmeniya.tripod.com/id27.html
^ Konjikala: the Silk Road precursor of Ashgabat
^ Konjikala, in: MaryLee Knowlton, Turkmenistan, Marshall Cavendish, 2006, pp. 40-41, ISBN 978-0-7614-2014-9 (viewable on Google Books).
^ "Baha’i House of Worship in Ashgabat". Bahai.us. http://www.bahai.us/bahai-temple-ashkabad. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Ashgabat on Big Soviet Encyclopedia Online (Russian)
^ "US Geological Survey". Earthquake.usgs.gov. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. "Britannica Online". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/176199/earthquake. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ "State News Agency of Turkmenistan". Turkmenistan.gov.tm. 2007-10-06. http://turkmenistan.gov.tm/_eng/2007/10/06/today_the_people_of_turkmenistan_mourn_for_those_perished_in_the_1948_ashgabat_earthquake.html. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Ashkhabad earthquake on BBC Russian.com, 6 October 2003 (Russian)
^ Independent Neutral Turkmenistan: 10 Glorious Years of the Epoch of Turkmenbashi the Great, Ashgabat, 2001, pp. 39-40 (Russian)
^ "Directory: World Airlines." Flight International. 30 March-5 April 2004. [1].
^ ^a ^b "World Weather Information Service - Ashgabat". World Meteorological Organisation (UN). http://www.worldweather.org/111/c00212.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
^ Historical Weather for Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. weatherbase.com. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
^ "Climatological Normals of Ashgabat". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/westasia/ashgabat_e.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
^ http://centralasianewswire.com/Turkmenistan/Niyazovrsquos-influence-in-Turkmenistan-falls-with-golden-statuenbsp/viewstory.aspx?id=1522

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Aşgabat

Ashgabat Photo Gallery.
impressions of Ashgabat (German)
Ashgabat Photo Gallery. Pictures of modern Ashgabat.
Page on modern Ashgabat (Russian)
Pre-1948 photo of Baha’i House of Worship in Ashgabat
www.ashgabatairport.com - Ashgabat International Airport unofficial website (English)

Capitals of Asia

West and Southwest Asia	Central Asia	East Asia

Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE) Amman, Jordan Ankara, Turkey ⁸ Baghdad, Iraq Baku, Azerbaijan ⁸ Beirut, Lebanon Damascus, Syria Doha, Qatar Episkopi, Akrotiri and Dhekelia ⁷ Jerusalem, proclaimed for both Israel and Palestine ⁶ ⁷ Kabul, Afghanistan ¹ Kuwait City, Kuwait Manama, Bahrain Muscat, Oman Nicosia, Cyprus ⁷ Ramallah, Palestine Temporary Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Sana'a, Yemen Tbilisi, Georgia ⁸ Tehran, Iran Jerusalem, Israel Yerevan, Armenia ⁷	Ashgabat, Turkmenistan Astana, Kazakhstan ⁸ Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Dushanbe, Tajikistan Tashkent, Uzbekistan South Asia Dhaka, Bangladesh Islamabad, Pakistan Kathmandu, Nepal Kotte, Colombo, Sri Lanka ³ Malé, Maldives New Delhi, India Thimphu, Bhutan	Beijing, People's Republic of China (PRC) Pyongyang, North Korea Seoul, South Korea Tokyo, Japan Taipei, Taiwan ² Ulan Bator, Mongolia ¹ Southeast Asia Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Bangkok, Thailand Dili, East Timor ¹⁰ Hanoi, Vietnam Jakarta, Indonesia Kuala Lumpur ⁴ and Putrajaya,⁵ Malaysia Manila, Philippines Naypyidaw, Burma Phnom Penh, Cambodia Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea ⁹ Singapore, Singapore Vientiane, Laos

¹ Often considered part of Central Asia. ² Officially the Republic of China (ROC). ³ Full name is Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte.

⁴ Formal. ⁵ Administrative. ⁶ See Positions on Jerusalem for details on Jerusalem's status. ⁷ Entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe. ⁸ Transcontinental country. ⁹ Entirely in Melanesia but having socio-political connections with Southeast Asia. ¹⁰ Classified as Melanesia according to some definitions.

v t e Cities of Turkmenistan

Capital	Ashgabat

Other cities	Abadan Akdepe Baharly Balkanabat Baýramaly Darganata Daşoguz Esenguly Gyzyletrek Kerki Kunya Urgench Mary Serdar Tagtabazar Tejen Turkmenabat Turkmenbashi Ýolöten

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgabat

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

For the actor, see Melvin Williams (actor).

This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (April 2009)

Melvin G. Williams
Official U.S. Navy Photo of VADM Melvin Williams, U.S. Navy
Born	San Diego, California
Allegiance	United States
Rank	Vice Admiral
Commands held	U.S. Second Fleet, Submarine Group 9, Submarine Squadron 4, USS Nebraska (SSBN-739)

Vice Admiral Melvin G. Williams is Commander, U.S. Second Fleet, Director, Combined Joint Operations from the Sea Center of Excellence. He was selected for Flag rank in 2002.

1 Personal Biography
2 Military Biography
3 Education
4 Awards and decorations
- 4.1 Military Awards
- 4.2 Other awards
5 Other Facts
6 See also
7 References
8 External links

Personal Biography [link]

Vice Admiral Williams was born in San Diego, California and raised in Washington, DC. His Father, Master Chief Melvin G. Williams, Sr., 1951-1978 served 27 years in submarines, aircraft carriers, and surface ships. His many awards include the Meritorious Service Medal and six Good Conduct Medals. He resides in Temple Hills, Maryland.

Military Biography [link]

He has sixteen years of operational assignments, which include: Commander, Submarine Group 9 (Bangor, Washington), Chief of Staff, Carrier Strike Group 5 (Yokosuka, Japan), Commander, Submarine Squadron 4 (Groton, Connecticut), Commanding Officer, USS NEBRASKA (SSBN-739)(GOLD) (Kings Bay, Georgia.), Executive Officer, USS LOUISVILLE (SSN-724) (San Diego, California), Engineer Officer, USS WOODROW WILSON (SSBN-624)(GOLD) (Charleston, S.C.) and Division Officer, USS JACK (SSN-605) (Groton, Connecticut).

Vice Admiral Williams' eight years of staff assignments include: Special Assistant to Director Submarine Warfare Division (Washington, DC) , Executive Assistant to Director Submarine Warfare Division (Washington, DC), Nuclear Enlisted Program Manager, BUPERS (Washington, DC), Nuclear Propulsion Examining Board - Commander, Atlantic Fleet (Norfolk, Va.), Joint service at Headquarters Defense Mapping Agency (now National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency or NGA) as TOMAHAWK Cruise Missile Requirements Officer (Washington, DC), and Deputy Commander, Joint Functional Component Command for Space and Global Strike, United States Strategic Command (Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska.) He served as the Director of Global Operations, United States Strategic Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska before assuming his current position on December 21, 2006.

Education [link]

U.S. Naval Academy - 1978 (B.S. Mathematics)
Naval Nuclear Propulsion and Submarine Officer Training - 1979
Catholic University - 1984 (M.S. Engineering)
Joint Maritime Tactics Course - 1999
CAPSTONE, National Defense University - 2002
Executive Business Course, Naval Postgraduate School - 2003
Harvard University, JFK School of Government – Senior Executive Program in National and International Security - 2005

Awards and decorations [link]

Military Awards [link]

Legion of Merit (five awards)
Defense Meritorious Service Medal
Meritorious Service Medal
Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal (five awards)
Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal (two awards)

Other awards [link]

Defense Mapping Agency Outstanding Personnel of the Year
U.S. Black Engineer of the Year – Special Recognition in 1994 and the Award for Professional Achievement in Government in 1995
National Society of Black Engineers 2003 Golden Torch Award for Lifetime Achievement in Government

Other Facts [link]

Insignia of a United States Vice Admiral

VADM Williams is the son of a retired Submarine Force Master Chief Petty Officer.
VADM WIlliams has been designated as a Joint Service Officer (JSO).

References [link]

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Melvin Williams

RADM Williams Official U.S. Navy Biography

Persondata
Name	Williams, Melvin
Alternative names
Short description	American admiral
Date of birth
Place of birth	San Diego, California
Date of death
Place of death

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Williams

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Contents

Names [link]

History [link]

Economy [link]

Transport [link]

Climate [link]

Notable buildings [link]

Gallery [link]

Sister cities [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Ashgabat

Related pages:

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http://es.wn.com/Asjabad

http://ru.wn.com/Ашхабад

http://cs.wn.com/Ašchabad

http://pt.wn.com/Asgabate

http://pl.wn.com/Aszchabad

http://hi.wn.com/अश्क़ाबाद

http://it.wn.com/Aşgabat

http://id.wn.com/Ashgabat

http://nl.wn.com/Asjchabad

http://fr.wn.com/Achgabat

Contents

Personal Biography [link]

Military Biography [link]

Education [link]

Awards and decorations [link]

Military Awards [link]

Other awards [link]

Other Facts [link]

See also [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Melvin_Williams