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Albania
Albania ( , , Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia/Shqypnia), officially known as the Republic of Albania (, pronounced ), is a country in South Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.
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Amsterdam
Amsterdam (; Dutch ) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, with an urban population of 1,364,422 and a metropolitan population of 2,158,372. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. It comprises the northern part of the Randstad, the sixth-largest metropolitan area in Europe, with a population of approximately 6.7 million.
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Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
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Berlin
Berlin (; ) is the capital city of Germany and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Area, comprising 5 million people from over 190 nations. Geographically embedded in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's territory is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
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Boston
Boston (pronounced ) is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. Boston city proper had a 2009 estimated population of 645,169, making it the twentieth largest in the country. Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region includes six Massachusetts counties, Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Plymouth, and Worcester, all of Rhode Island and parts of New Hampshire; it is home to 7.5 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.
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Buenos Aires
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Buffalo, New York
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Bulgaria
Bulgaria ( , Balgariya, ), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (, Republika Balgariya, ), is a country in Southern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.
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California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Chicago
Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Chirpan
Chirpan () is a town and municipality in south-central Bulgaria on the Tekirska River, in Stara Zagora Province. The town is a centre for wineries and viticulture.
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Cleveland
Cleveland () is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. The municipality is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles (100 km) west of the Pennsylvania border. It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, and became a manufacturing center owing to its location at the head of numerous canals and railroad lines. With the decline of heavy manufacturing, Cleveland's businesses have diversified into the service economy, including the financial services, insurance, legal, and healthcare sectors, though the city's population has continued to decline. Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
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Dublin
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England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Ethiopia
{{Infobox country
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Florida
Florida () is a state of the United States. It is located in the Southeastern United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the north. Much of the state's land mass is a large peninsula with the Gulf of Mexico to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Caribbean to the south. Florida was admitted as the 27th U.S. state in 1845, after a three hundred year period of European colonization.
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Houston
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Huanggutun Incident
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Illinois
Illinois ( {{respell|-i-), is the fifth-most populous state of the United States of America, and is often noted for being a microcosm of the entire country. It is the most populous state in the Midwest region, however with 65% of its residents concentrated in the Chicago metropolitan area, most of the state has either a rural or a small town character. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and western Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is an important transportation hub; the Port of Chicago connects the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River via the Illinois River. As the "most average state", Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics, though the latter has not really been true since the early 1970s.
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Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
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Italy
http://wn.com/Italy -
Japan
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Jinan
Jinan (; ;) is a sub-provincial city and the capital of Shandong Province in the People's Republic of China. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in the history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilization and has evolved into a major national administrative, economic, and transportation hub. The city is located in north-western Shandong about south of the national capital of Beijing, it borders Liaocheng to the southwest, Dezhou to the northwest, Binzhou to the northeast, Zibo to the east, Laiwu to the southeast, and Tai'an to the south.
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Kenmore, New York
Village of Kenmore (also Kenmore) is a village in Erie County, New York, in the United States. The population was 16,426 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area.
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Los Angeles
Los Angeles ( ; , Spanish for "The Angels") is the second most populous city in the United States, the most populous city in the state of California and the western United States, with a population of 3.83 million within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Los Angeles extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of over 14.8 million and it is the 14th largest urban area in the world, affording it megacity status. The metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is home to nearly 12.9 million residents while the broader Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside combined statistical area (CSA) contains nearly 17.8 million people. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most multicultural counties in the United States. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos" ().
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Malta
Malta , officially the Republic of Malta (), is a southern European country and consists of an archipelago situated centrally in the Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily and 288 km east of Tunisia, with the Strait of Gibraltar 1,826 km to the west and Alexandria 1,510 km to the east.
http://wn.com/Malta -
Manhattan
Manhattan is one of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on Manhattan Island at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the state of New York. It consists of Manhattan Island and several small adjacent islands: Roosevelt Island, Randall's Island, Wards Island, Governors Island, Liberty Island, part of Ellis Island, and U Thant Island; as well as Marble Hill, a small section on the mainland adjacent to the Bronx. The original city of New York began at the southern end of Manhattan, and expanded in 1898 to include surrounding counties. It is the smallest, yet most urbanized of the five boroughs.
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Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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Moscow
Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
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New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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North Pole
The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is, subject to the caveats explained below, defined as the point in the northern hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets the Earth's surface. It should not be confused with the North Magnetic Pole.
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Potter, Nebraska
Potter is a village in Cheyenne County, Nebraska, in the United States. As of the 2000 census, the village population was 390.
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Republic of China
The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia located off the east coast of mainland China. Subject to an ongoing dispute with the People's Republic of China (PRC) that has left it with limited formal diplomatic relations, the government of the Republic of China currently governs the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.
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Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ("River of January", ; ), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, 6th largest in the Americas and 26th in the world.
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SS Vestris
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St. Francis Dam
The St. Francis Dam was a concrete gravity-arch dam, designed to create a reservoir as a storage point of the Los Angeles Aqueduct. It was located 40 miles (64 km) northwest of Los Angeles, California, near the present city of Santa Clarita.
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Sweden
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Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
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Tower of London
'''Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London''', is a historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London, England. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, separated from the eastern edge of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England. The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror in 1078, and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite. The castle was used as a prison since at least 1100, although that was not its primary purpose. A grand palace early in its history, it served as a royal residence. As a whole, the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat. There were several phases of expansion, mainly under Kings Richard the Lionheart, Henry III, and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries. The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site.
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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USSR
http://wn.com/USSR -
Vienna
Vienna (; ; ) is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 10th largest city by population in the European Union. Vienna is host to many major international organizations such as the United Nations and OPEC.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
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Yugoslavia
http://wn.com/Yugoslavia
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Adam West
Adam West (born September 19, 1928) is an American actor best known for his lead role in the 1960s TV series Batman and the film of the same name. He is currently known for portraying eccentric versions of himself, as well as his voice work on animated series such as The Fairly OddParents and Family Guy.
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Adrian Frutiger
Adrian Frutiger (born May 24, 1928) is one of the prominent typeface designers of the twentieth century, who continues to influence the direction of digital typography in the twenty-first century; he is best known for creating the typefaces Univers and Frutiger.
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Alan J. Pakula
Alan Jay Pakula (April 7, 1928 – November 19, 1998) was an American film director, writer and producer noted for his contributions to the conspiracy thriller genre.
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Albert Fish
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Aldemaro Romero
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Alexander Fleming
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Alexis Korner
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Alvin Kraenzlein
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Amelia Earhart
Amelia Mary Earhart ( ); (born July 24, 1897; missing July 2, 1937; declared legally dead January 5, 1939) was a noted American aviation pioneer and author. Earhart was the first woman to receive the Distinguished Flying Cross, awarded for becoming the first aviatrix to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She set many other records, wrote best-selling books about her flying experiences and was instrumental in the formation of The Ninety-Nines, an organization for female pilots. Earhart joined the faculty of the world-famous Purdue University aviation department in 1935 as a visiting faculty member to counsel women on careers and help inspire others with her love for aviation. She was also a member of the National Woman's Party, and an early supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment.
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Anatoly Filipchenko
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Andrew Fisher
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Andrew Greeley
The Reverend Father Andrew M. Greeley (born February 5, 1928 in Oak Park, Illinois, to Andrew and Grace Greeley) is an Irish-American Roman Catholic priest, sociologist, journalist and best selling author.
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Andy Warhol
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Anna Meyer
Anna L. Meyer [Pee Wee] (born November 17, 1928 in Aurora, Illinois) is a former female shortstop who played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League during the season. She batted and threw right-handed.
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Arial Sharon
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Arman
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Arnold Rothstein
Arnold "The Brain" Rothstein (January 17, 1882–November 4, 1928) was a New York businessman and gambler who became a famous of organized crime, the Jewish mafia. Rothstein was also widely reputed to have been behind baseball's Black Sox Scandal, in which the 1919 World Series was fixed. His notoriety inspired several fictional characters based on his life, including "Meyer Wolfsheim" in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby ; the character who shared his name in the Broadway Musical "Legs Diamond"; and "Nathan Detroit" in the Damon Runyon story The Idyll of Miss Sarah Brown, which was made into the renowned musical Guys and Dolls.
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Arthur Bowen Davies
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Arthur Gore (tennis)
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Barbara Ann Scott
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Batman
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Baudouin of Belgium
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Benito Mussolini
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Bernice Rubens
Bernice Rubens (26 July 1928 – 13 October 2004) was a Booker Prize-winning Welsh novelist.
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Bertolt Brecht
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Big Bill Haywood
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Bill Maynard
Walter Frederick George Williams (born 8 October 1928), better known by the stage name Bill Maynard, is an English comedian and actor.
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Billy Martin
Alfred Manuel "Billy" Martin, Jr. (May 16, 1928–December 25, 1989) was an American second baseman and manager in Major League Baseball. He is best known as the manager of the New York Yankees, a position he held five different times. As Yankees manager, he led the team to consecutive American League pennants in and ; the Yankees were swept in the 1976 World Series by the Cincinnati Reds but triumphed over the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games in the 1977 World Series. He also had notable managerial tenures with several other AL squads, leading four of them to division championships.
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Bo Diddley
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Bob Buhl
Robert Ray Buhl (August 12, 1928 - February 16, 2001) was an American right-handed starting pitcher in Major League Baseball who played with the Milwaukee Braves (1953-62), Chicago Cubs (1962-66) and Philadelphia Phillies (1966-67). His last name rhymes with "fuel".
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Bob Cousy
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Bob Crane
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Bob Monkhouse
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Bobo Olson
Carl Olson (July 11, 1928 – January 16, 2002) was an American boxer. He was the world middleweight champion between October 1953 and December 1955, the longest reign of any champion in that division during the 1950s, although he is probably best remembered for his three knockout losses against Sugar Ray Robinson.
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Bogdan Maglich
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Bruce Forsyth
Bruce Joseph Forsyth Johnson, CBE (born 22 February 1928), known as Bruce Forsyth, is an English showman comedian and entertainer. He became well-known through the series Sunday Night at the London Palladium, and became a household name in the UK, going on to present television series such as The Generation Game, Play Your Cards Right, The Price Is Right and Strictly Come Dancing.
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Byron Janis
Byron Janis (born March 24, 1928) is an American pianist.
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Carl Panzram
Carl Panzram (28 June 1891 – 5 September 1930) was an American serial killer. He used aliases such as "Carl Baldwin", "Jack Allen" and "Jefferson Baldwin" in Oregon; "Jeff Davis" in Idaho and Montana; "Jefferson Davis" in California and Montana; "Jeff Rhodes" in Montana; "John King"; and "John O'Leary" in New York.
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Carlos Fuentes
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Chang Tso-lin
http://wn.com/Chang_Tso-lin -
Charles Lindbergh
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Chiang Kai-shek
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Christa Ludwig
Christa Ludwig (born 16 March 1928) is a German mezzo-soprano (now retired), distinguished for her performances of opera, Lieder, oratorio and other major religious works like masses and passions, and solos contained in symphonic literature. Her career spanned from the late 1940s until the early 1990s.
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Clara Williams
Clara Williams (May 3, 1888 – May 8, 1928) was an American silent film actress. Along with Louise Glaum and Dorothy Dalton, she was one of the principal leading ladies at Inceville, one of the first motion picture studios to make feature films in Los Angeles. Williams appeared in more than one hundred films between 1910 and 1918, including starring roles in The Italian and William S. Hart's western, ''Hell's Hinges'', both of which are included in the National Film Registry. When she married director Reginald Barker at age 31, she retired from acting.
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Colin Chapman
Anthony Colin Bruce Chapman CBE (19 May 1928 - 16 December 1982) was an influential British designer, inventor, and builder in the automotive industry, and founder of Lotus Cars.
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Cor van der Hart
Cor van der Hart (25 January 1928 - 12 December 2006) was a Dutch footballer. He is known as one of the best defenders of the Dutch national team in history, who was physically strong, who read the game very well and who had a quality kicking technique.
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Cy Twombly
Edwin Parker (Cy) Twombly, Jr. (born April 25, 1928) is an American artist well known for his large-scale, freely scribbled, calligraphic-style graffiti paintings, on solid fields of mostly gray, tan, or off-white colors. He exhibits his paintings worldwide.
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Cynthia Ozick
Cynthia Ozick (born April 17, 1928) is an American Jewish short story writer, novelist, and essayist.
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Daniel Nathans
Daniel Nathans (October 30, 1928 – November 16, 1999) was an American microbiologist.
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Dave Dudley
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David L. Wolper
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Desmond Morris
Desmond John Morris, born 24 January 1928 in Purton, north Wiltshire, is a British zoologist and ethologist, also known as a surrealist painter, television presenter and popular author.
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Desmond Titterington
Desmond Titterington (1 May 1928, Cultra, near Holywood, County Down - 13 April 2002, Dundee, Scotland) was a British racing driver from Northern Ireland. He participated in one Formula One World Championship Grand Prix, on July 14, 1956. He scored no championship points. He also competed in several non-Championship Grand Prix.
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Dick Miller
Richard "Dick" Miller (born December 25, 1928) is an American character actor who has appeared in many films, particularly those produced by Roger Corman, and later in films of directors who started their careers with Corman, including Joe Dante and James Cameron (specifically, he has appeared in every one of Joe Dante's movies).
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Dick Van Patten
Richard Vincent "Dick" Van Patten (born December 9, 1928) is an American actor, best known for his role as patriarch Tom Bradford on the television sitcom Eight is Enough.
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Dick York
Richard Allen "Dick" York (September 4, 1928 – February 20, 1992) was an American actor. He is best remembered for his role as the first Darrin Stephens on the ABC television fantasy sitcom Bewitched.
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Domenico Modugno
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Donald Hall
Donald Hall (born September 20, 1928) is an American poet. He was appointed Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress (commonly known as the Poet Laureate of the United States) in 2006.
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Donald Judd
Donald Clarence Judd (June 3, 1928 - February 12, 1994) was a minimalist artist (a term he stridently disavowed). In his work, Judd sought autonomy and clarity for the constructed object and the space created by it, ultimately achieving a rigorously democratic presentation without compositional hierarchy. It created an outpouring of seemingly effervescent works that defied the term "minimalism".
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Dorothy Donnelly
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Dorus Rijkers
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Douglas Haig
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Eddie Foy
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Eduard Shevardnadze
Eduard Shevardnadze (, ; , Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze; born 25 January 1927 / 28 is written in papers) served as the second President of Georgia from 1995 until he resigned on 23 November 2003 as a consequence of the bloodless Rose Revolution. Prior to his presidency, he served under Mikhail Gorbachev as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. Shevardnadze's political skills earned him the nickname of tetri melia (white fox).
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Edward Albee
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Eglantyne Jebb
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Elie Wiesel
Eliezer "Elie" Wiesel KBE (; born September 30, 1928) is a Romanian-born Jewish-American writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Laureate, and Holocaust survivor. He is the author of 57 books, including Night, a work based on his experiences as a prisoner in the Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps.
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Elinor Wylie
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Ellen Terry
Dame Ellen Terry, GBE (27 February 1847 – 21 July 1928) was an English stage actress who became the leading Shakespearean actress in Britain. Among the members of her famous family is her great nephew, John Gielgud.
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Emilio Carranza
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Emily McLaughlin
Emily McLaughlin (December 1, 1930 - April 26, 1991) was an American soap opera actress.
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Emmeline Pankhurst
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Emperor of Japan
The of Japan is the Japanese head of state. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. He is also the highest authority of the Shinto religion. Under Japan's present constitution, the Emperor is the "symbol of the state and the unity of the people," and is a ceremonial figurehead in a constitutional monarchy (see Politics of Japan).
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Emperor Taishō
The was the 123rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 30 July 1912, until his death in 1926.
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Ennio Morricone
Ennio Morricone, Grande Ufficiale OMRI (born November 10, 1928) is an Italian composer and conductor.
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Enrico Cecchetti
Enrico Cecchetti (21 June 1850, Rome – 13 November 1928, Milan) was an Italian ballet dancer, mime, and founder of the Cecchetti method. The son of two dancers, he was born in the costuming room of the Teatro Tordinona in Rome. After an illustrious career as a dancer in Europe, he went to dance for the Imperial Ballet in St. Petersburg, Russia where he further honed his skills. Cecchetti was praised for his agility and strength in his performances as well as his technical abilities in dance and by 1888, he was widely accepted as the greatest ballet virtuoso in the world.
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Eric Dolphy
Eric Allan Dolphy (June 20, 1928 – June 29, 1964) was an American jazz alto saxophonist, flautist, and bass clarinetist. He also played, on a few occasions the clarinet and baritone saxophone. Dolphy was one of several multi-instrumentalists to gain prominence in the 1960s. He was also the first important bass clarinet soloist in jazz, and among the earliest significant flute soloists. His improvisational style was characterized by the use of wide intervals, in addition to using an array of extended techniques to reproduce human- and animal-like effects which almost literally made his instruments speak. Although Dolphy's work is sometimes classified as free jazz, his compositions and solos were often rooted in conventional (if highly abstracted) tonal bebop harmony.
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Estelle Harris
Estelle Harris (born April 4, 1928) is an American actress and comedienne, often recognized for her shrill, grating voice and her role on the TV series Seinfeld, as George Costanza's mother, Estelle, from 1992 to 1998.
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Evgeny Svetlanov
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Ezra Fleischer
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Fats Domino
Antoine Dominique "Fats" Domino (born February 26, 1928) is an American R&B; and rock and roll pianist and singer-songwriter. He was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana.
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Federico Bahamontes
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Fidel V. Ramos
Fidel "Eddie" Valdez Ramos (born March 18, 1928), popularly known as FVR, was the 12th President of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998. During his six years in office, Ramos was widely credited and admired by many for revitalizing and renewing international confidence in the Philippine economy.
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Francesco Cossiga
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Frank Currier
Frank Currier (4 September 1857 – 22 April 1928) was an American actor and director of the silent era. He appeared in 133 films between 1912 and 1928. He also directed 19 films in 1916. He is memorable as the Roman Admiral who adopts Judah Ben-Hur (Ramon Novarro) as his son after Ben-Hur saves his life during battle at sea in the 1925 film Ben-Hur.
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Frank Frazetta
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Frankie Vaughan
Frankie Vaughan, CBE, DL (3 February 1928 – 17 September 1999) was an English singer of traditional pop music, who issued more than 80 recordings in his lifetime. He was known as "Mr. Moonlight" after one of his early hits.
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Fred Rogers
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Fred Thomson
Frederick Clifton Thomson (February 26, 1890 – December 25, 1928) was an American silent film cowboy. He was a natural actor who rivaled Tom Mix in popularity before dying at age 38 of tetanus.
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Frederick Griffith
Frederick Griffith (c. 1879 - 1941) was a British scientist whose focus was microbiology, especially as to the epidemiology and pathology of bacterial infectious disease. In 1927, in London, at the Ministry of Health, he conducted what is now known as Griffith's Experiment. Published in 1928 by the Journal of Hygiene, his paper carries the first widely accepted demonstrations of bacterial transformation, whereby a bacterium can distinctly change its form and function. The phenomenon was then attributed to an unidentified transforming principle or transforming factor.
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Gaston Thorn
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Gene Lees
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George Grizzard
George Cooper Grizzard, Jr. (April 1, 1928 – October 2, 2007) was an American actor of film and stage. He appeared in more than 40 films, dozens of television programs and a number of Broadway plays.
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George H. Ross
George H. Ross (born 6 January 1928) is Executive Vice President and Senior Counsel of the Trump Organization. He is perhaps best known as one of Donald Trump's two advisors on the NBC reality television program The Apprentice; Carolyn Kepcher (whose employment has since been terminated in August 2006) was the other. On the program, he monitors the progress of the contestants and assists Trump in determining who should be "fired."
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George Parrish
George W. Parrish (1928 - unknown) is a retired NASCAR Grand National driver from Henderson, North Carolina, USA. He has competed in 1,987 laps of NASCAR stock car racing - the equvialent of . Parrish has earned a grand total of $1,150 ($formatnum: in today's money) through his entire NASCAR Grand National Series career and was a participant of the 1955 Southern 500 which has been recorded on VHS and DVD.
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George Peppard
actor
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George Siegmann
George Siegmann (February 8, 1882, New York City - June 22, 1928, Hollywood, California) was an American actor in the silent film era. His more notable roles include Silas Lynch in Griffith's Birth of A Nation(1915), the guard in the 1927 film The Cat and the Canary, Porthos in The Three Musketeers (1921), Bill Sikes in Oliver Twist (1922), and Dr. Hardquanonne in The Man Who Laughs (1928).
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George Yardley
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Georgi Dobrovolski
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Gerald Bull
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Gilles Carle
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Gordie Howe
Gordon "Gordie" Howe, OC (born March 31, 1928) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played for the Detroit Red Wings and Hartford Whalers of the National Hockey League (NHL), and the Houston Aeros and New England Whalers in the World Hockey Association (WHA). Howe is often referred to as Mr. Hockey, and is generally regarded as one of the greatest hockey players of all time.
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Gudrun Pausewang
Gudrun Pausewang (born 3 March 1928 in Mladkov) is a German writer for children and teens. She is also noted in science fiction for Young-Adult novels like The Last Children of Schewenborn.
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Haile Selassie
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Hal Prince
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Hans Blix
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Hans Modrow
Hans Modrow (; born 27 January 1928) is a German politician, best known as the last communist premier of East Germany. He currently is the honorary Chairman of the Left Party.
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Harold Evans
Sir Harold Matthew Evans (born 28 June 1928) is a British-born journalist and writer who was editor of The Sunday Times from 1967 to 1981. He has written various books on history and journalism. Since 2001, Evans has served as editor-at-large of The Week Magazine and since 2005, he has been a contributor to The Guardian and BBC Radio 4.
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Hendrik Lorentz
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Henning Moritzen
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Herbert Hoover
http://wn.com/Herbert_Hoover -
Herbert Kroemer
http://wn.com/Herbert_Kroemer -
Hirohito
http://wn.com/Hirohito -
Holbrook Blinn
Holbrook Blinn (January 23, 1872 – June 24, 1928) was an American actor, born in San Francisco. He appeared on the legitimate stage as a child, and played throughout the United States and in London. He appeared in silent films, and was the director of popular one-act plays at New York's Princess Theatre.
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Hosni Mubarak
http://wn.com/Hosni_Mubarak -
Howard Caine
Howard Caine (January 2, 1928 – December 28, 1993), was a popular character actor, probably best known as Gestapo agent Major Wolfgang Hochstetter in the television series ''Hogan's Heroes''.
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Hughie Jennings
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Jack Kevorkian
Jack Kevorkian, (;),M.D. born May 26, 1928, is an American pathologist, right-to-die activist, painter, composer, and instrumentalist. He is best-known for publicly championing a terminal patient's right to die via physician-assisted suicide; he claims to have assisted at least 130 patients to that end. He famously said that "dying is not a crime."
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Jaime Sin
http://wn.com/Jaime_Sin -
James Coburn
James Harrison Coburn, Jr. (August 31, 1928 – November 18, 2002) was an American film and television actor who appeared in nearly 70 films and made over 100 television appearances during his 45-year career. He played a wide range of roles and won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor as Glen Whitehouse in the film Affliction.
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James D. Watson
James Dewey Watson (born April 6, 1928) is an American molecular biologist and zoologist, best known as one of co-discoverers of the structure of DNA with Francis Crick, in 1953. Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material". He studied at the University of Chicago and Indiana University and subsequently worked at the University of Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory in England, where he first met his future collaborator and personal friend Francis Crick.
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James Randi
James Randi (born Randall James Hamilton Zwinge; August 7, 1928) is a Canadian American stage magician and scientific skeptic best known as a challenger of paranormal claims and pseudoscience. Randi is the founder of the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF). Randi began his career as a magician, as The Amazing Randi, but when he retired at age 60, he switched to investigating paranormal, occult, and supernatural claims, which he collectively calls "woo-woo." Although often referred to as a "debunker", Randi rejects that title owing to its perceived bias, instead describing himself as an "investigator". He has written about the paranormal, skepticism, and the history of magic. He was a frequent guest on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and is occasionally featured on the television program .
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James White (author)
James White (7 April 1928 - 23 August 1999) was a Northern Irish author of science fiction novellas, short stories and novels. He was born in Belfast and returned there after spending his early years in Canada. After a few years in the clothing industry, he worked at Short Brothers Ltd. from 1965 until taking early retirement in 1984 as a result of diabetes. White married Margaret Sarah Martin, another science fiction fan, in 1955 and the couple had three children.
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Jean-Louis Pesch
Jean Louis Pesch, from his real name Jean-Louis Poisson, is a French author of comics series, including Sylvain et Sylvette.
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Jeanne Moreau
Jeanne Moreau (; born 23 January 1928) is a French actress, singer, screenwriter and director.
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Jeannie Carson
Jeannie Carson (born Jean Shufflebottom on 23 May, 1928, Pudsey, Yorkshire) is a retired pert, pretty, petite and popular English / Yorkshire comedienne and stage actress. Carson has a "star" on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
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Jim Lovell
James "Jim" Arthur Lovell, Jr., (born March 25, 1928) is a former NASA astronaut and a retired captain in the United States Navy, most famous as the commander of the Apollo 13 mission, which suffered a critical failure en route to the Moon but was brought back safely to Earth by the efforts of the crew and mission control. Lovell was also the command module pilot of Apollo 8, the first Apollo mission to enter lunar orbit. Lovell is a recipient of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, the first of only three people to fly to the Moon twice, and the only one to do so without making a landing. Lovell was also the first American to fly in space four times.
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Jim Shoulders
James A. Shoulders, known as Jim Shoulders (May 13, 1928 – June 20, 2007), is known as the "Babe Ruth of Rodeo".
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Jimmy Dean
Jimmy Ray Dean (August 10, 1928 – June 13, 2010) was an American country music singer, television host, actor and businessman. Although he may be best known today as the creator of the Jimmy Dean Sausage brand, he became a national television personality starting in 1957, rising to fame for his 1961 country crossover hit "Big Bad John". His acting career included a supporting role in the 1971 James Bond movie, Diamonds Are Forever. He lived near Richmond, Virginia and was nominated for the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2010, although he was formally inducted posthumously.
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Jinan
Jinan (; ;) is a sub-provincial city and the capital of Shandong Province in the People's Republic of China. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in the history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilization and has evolved into a major national administrative, economic, and transportation hub. The city is located in north-western Shandong about south of the national capital of Beijing, it borders Liaocheng to the southwest, Dezhou to the northwest, Binzhou to the northeast, Zibo to the east, Laiwu to the southeast, and Tai'an to the south.
http://wn.com/Jinan -
Joanne Linville
Joanne Linville (born January 15, 1928 in Bakersfield, California) is an American film and television actress whose screen credits include The Goddess, Gable and Lombard, Scorpio, A Star Is Born, and The Seduction.
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Joe B. Hall
Joe Beasman Hall, better known as Joe B. Hall (born November 30, 1928 in Cynthiana, Kentucky) was the head basketball coach at the University of Kentucky from 1972 to 1985. He previously coached at Central Missouri State University and Regis University before returning to UK in 1965 to serve as an assistant coach under Adolph Rupp.
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Joe Nuxhall
Joseph Henry Nuxhall (; July 30, 1928 – November 15, 2007) was an American left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball, mostly for the Cincinnati Reds. Immediately after retiring as a player, he became a radio broadcaster for the Reds from 1967 through 2004, and continued part-time up until his death in 2007. Nuxhall held the team's record for career games pitched (484) from 1965 to 1975, and still holds the team mark for left-handers.
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Johnny Kitagawa
, born , is the founder and president of Johnny & Associates, a production agency for numerous popular boy bands in Japan. Kitagawa assembled, produced and managed more than a dozen popular bands, including SMAP, Arashi, Kanjani8, Hey! Say! JUMP, NEWS and KAT-TUN. Kitagawa's influence has spread beyond music to the realms of theatre and television. Regarded as one of the most powerful figures in the entertainment industry, he has held a virtual monopoly on the creation of boy bands in Japan for more than 40 years.
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Josemaria Escriva
http://wn.com/Josemaria_Escriva -
Joseph Stalin
http://wn.com/Joseph_Stalin -
José de León Toral
http://wn.com/José_de_León_Toral -
José Eustasio Rivera
http://wn.com/José_Eustasio_Rivera -
Katherine Helmond
Katherine Marie Helmond (born July 5, 1928, Galveston, Texas) is an American film, theater and television actress, who played Emily Dickinson on Meeting of Minds, as well as such fictional characters as Jessica Tate on Soap, Mona Robinson on ''Who's the Boss?, Doris Sherman on Coach, and Lois Whelan on Everybody Loves Raymond''.
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Keter Betts
http://wn.com/Keter_Betts -
Kim Yong-nam
Kim Yong-nam (born 4 February 1928) is the current North Korean Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly, a position held since 1998. He was elected a member of the presidium of the politburo of the central committee of the Workers' Party of Korea in 2010.
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Kiyoshi Atsumi
http://wn.com/Kiyoshi_Atsumi -
Koko Taylor
Koko Taylor sometimes spelled KoKo Taylor (September 28, 1928 – June 3, 2009) was an American blues musician, popularly known as the "Queen of the Blues." She was known primarily for her rough, powerful vocals and traditional blues stylings.
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Kurt Weill
Kurt Julian Weill (March 2, 1900 – April 3, 1950) was a German composer, active from the 1920s, and in his later years in the United States. He was a leading composer for the stage who was most well known for his fruitful collaborations with Bertolt Brecht. With Brecht, he developed productions such as his most well known work The Threepenny Opera, a Marxist critique of capitalism, which included the ballad "Mack the Knife". Weill was a socialist who held the ideal of writing music that served a socially useful purpose. He also wrote a number of works for the concert hall, as well as several Judaism themed pieces.
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Lefty Frizzell
Lefty Frizzell (March 31, 1928–July 19, 1975), born William Orville Frizzell, was an American country music singer and songwriter of the 1950s, and a exponent of honky tonk music. His relaxed style of singing was an influence on later stars Merle Haggard, Willie Nelson, Roy Orbison, George Jones and John Fogerty. He is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame.
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Leoš Janáček
http://wn.com/Leoš_Janáček -
Leroy Vinnegar
http://wn.com/Leroy_Vinnegar -
Lewis Latimer
http://wn.com/Lewis_Latimer -
Li Peng
Li Peng (born 20 October 1928) was the fourth Premier of the People's Republic of China, between 1987 and 1998, and the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, China's top legislative body, from 1998 to 2003. For much of the 1990s Li was ranked second in the Communist Party of China (CPC) hierarchy behind then General Secretary Jiang Zemin. He retained his seat on the Politburo Standing Committee until 2002.
http://wn.com/Li_Peng -
Loie Fuller
http://wn.com/Loie_Fuller -
Lothar Schmid
Lothar Maximilian Lorenz Schmid (born 10 May 1928) is a German chess grandmaster who was born in Dresden. He is best known as the arbiter of several World Chess Championship matches. He is an owner of the largest known private chess library and a renowned collector of chess art masterpieces and chess boards and pieces from all over the world.
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M. V. Rajasekharan
Shri M.V. Rajasekharan a politician from Indian National Congress party is a Member of the Legislative Council Karnataka in the upper house of the Government of Karnataka.
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Margaret Mead
Margaret Mead (December 16, 1901 – November 15, 1978) was an American cultural anthropologist, who was frequently a featured writer and speaker in the mass media throughout the 1960s and 1970s.
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Marge Schott
Margaret Unnewehr Schott (August 18, 1928 – March 2, 2004) was the managing general partner, president and CEO of the National League's Cincinnati Reds franchise from 1984 to 1999. She was the second woman to own a North American major-league team without inheriting it (the first being New York Mets founder Joan Whitney Payson), and the first woman to buy an existing team rather than inheriting it. She is perhaps most well known for her controversial behavior during her tenure as owner of the Reds, which included slurs towards African-Americans, Jews, the Japanese and homosexuals. She was banned from managing the team by the MLB from 1996 through 1998 due to statements in support of German domestic policies of Nazi party leader Adolf Hitler; shortly afterwards, she sold the majority of her share in the team.
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Mario Montenegro
Mario Montenegro (born Roger Collin Macalalag; July 25, 1928 – August 27, 1988) was a Filipino film actor best known for his heroic leading roles.
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Marion Parker
Marion Parker (October 11, 1915 - December 17, 1927) was the 12-year-old daughter of Perry Parker, a prominent banker in Los Angeles. She had a twin sister named Marjorie. On December 15, 1927, Marion was abducted from her school by William Edward Hickman, who called himself "The Fox." Her murder has since become the subject of folk songs. Songs and some reports about Marion frequently misspell her name as Marian.
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Mark Keppel
Dr. Mark Keppel served as County Superintendent of Schools of Los Angeles County from 1902 to 1928.
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Maurice Ravel
Joseph-Maurice Ravel (March 7, 1875December 28, 1937) was a French composer of Impressionist music known especially for his melodies, orchestral and instrumental textures and effects. Much of his piano music, chamber music, vocal music and orchestral music has entered the standard concert repertoire.
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Max Scheler
http://wn.com/Max_Scheler -
Maya Angelou
Maya Angelou (; born Marguerite Ann Johnson on April 4, 1928) is an American autobiographer and poet who has been called "America's most visible black female autobiographer" by scholar Joanne M. Braxton. She is best known for her series of six autobiographical volumes, which focus on her childhood and early adult experiences. The first and most highly acclaimed, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), tells of her first seventeen years. It brought her international recognition, and was nominated for a National Book Award. She has been awarded over 30 honorary degrees and was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize for her 1971 volume of poetry, ''Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'Fore I Diiie''.
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Mel Lewis
http://wn.com/Mel_Lewis -
Michel Serrault
http://wn.com/Michel_Serrault -
Mohammad Beheshti
Ayatollah Dr. Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini Beheshti (), (October 24, 1928 - June 28, 1981) was an Iranian scholar, writer, jurist and one of the main architects of the constitution of the Islamic Republic in Iran. He was the secretary-general of the Islamic Republic Party, and the head of Iran's judicial system. He was assassinated together with more than seventy members of the Islamic Republic party on June 28, 1981. He spoke five languages fluently (Persian, Arabic, English, German and French).
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Moshe Greenberg
http://wn.com/Moshe_Greenberg -
Muriel Bevis
Muriel Bevis [Breezy] (October 7, 1928 - October 7, 2002) was a female outfielder and pitcher who played in All-American Girls Professional Baseball League during the season. Bevis batted and threw left-handed. She was born in Corona, Queens, New York City.
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Nancy Marchand
http://wn.com/Nancy_Marchand -
Nestor de Villa
http://wn.com/Nestor_de_Villa -
Nicolas Roeg
Nicolas Jack Roeg CBE, BSC (born 15 August 1928 in London) is an English film director and cinematographer. Contributing to the visual look of Lawrence of Arabia and Roger Corman's The Masque of the Red Death, and co-directing Performance, he would later become the guiding force behind such landmark films as Walkabout, ''Don't Look Now and The Man Who Fell to Earth''.
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Noam Chomsky
Avram Noam Chomsky ( or ; born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and political activist. He is an Institute Professor and professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Chomsky is well known in the academic and scientific community as one of the fathers of modern linguistics, and a major figure of analytic philosophy. Since the 1960s, he has become known more widely as a political dissident and an anarchist, referring to himself as a libertarian socialist. Chomsky is the author of more than 100 books and has received worldwide attention for his views, despite being typically absent from the mainstream media.
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Norman Carlberg
Norman Carlberg (full name Norman Kenneth Carlberg) (born 1928) is an American sculptor and printmaker. He is noted as an exemplar of the modular constructivist style.
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Normie Roy
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Osamu Tezuka
was a Japanese manga artist, animator, producer and medical doctor, although he never practiced medicine. Born in Osaka Prefecture, he is best known as the creator of Astro Boy, Kimba the White Lion and Black Jack. He is often credited as the "Godfather of Anime", and is often considered the Japanese equivalent to Walt Disney, who served as a major inspiration during his formative years. His prolific output, pioneering techniques, and innovative redefinitions of genres earned him such titles as "the father of manga", "the god of comics" and "kamisama of manga". His grave is located in Tokyo's Souzen-ji Temple Cemetery.
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Patrick McGoohan
http://wn.com/Patrick_McGoohan -
Pernell Roberts
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Philip K. Dick
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Philip Levine (poet)
Philip Levine (b. January 10, 1928, Detroit, Michigan) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American poet. He taught for many years at California State University, Fresno. Until recently he was the Distinguished Poet in Residence for the Creative Writing Program at New York University.
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Philippe Bär
http://wn.com/Philippe_Bär -
Piet Römer
http://wn.com/Piet_Römer -
Piet Steenbergen
Piet Steenbergen (28 November 1928 – 22 April 2010) was a Dutch football midfielder who was active as a midfielder. Steenbergen made his debut at Feijenoord and also played for Le Havre AC. At Feijenoord he played a total of 229 matches in which he scored 25 times, divided over eleven seasons. He was born and died in Rotterdam.
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Porfi Jiménez
http://wn.com/Porfi_Jiménez -
Puniša Račić
http://wn.com/Puniša_Račić -
Queen Ratna of Nepal
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Radclyffe Hall
Radclyffe Hall (born Marguerite Radclyffe-Hall on 12 August 1880 - 7 October 1943) was an English poet and author, best known for the lesbian classic The Well of Loneliness.
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Ralph Earnhardt
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Rance Howard
Rance Howard (born November 17, 1928) is an American actor who has starred in film and on television.
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Reinhard Scheer
Reinhard Scheer (30 September 1863 – 26 November 1928) was an Admiral in the German Kaiserliche Marine. Scheer joined the navy in 1879 as an officer cadet; he progressed through the ranks, commanding cruisers and battleships, as well as major staff positions on land. At the outbreak of World War I, Scheer was the commander of the II Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet. He then took command of the III Battle Squadron, which consisted of the newest and most powerful battleships in the navy. In January 1916, he was promoted to Admiral and given control of the High Seas Fleet. Scheer led the German fleet at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May–1 June 1916, one of the largest naval battles in history.
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Richard Evelyn Byrd
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Richard M. Sherman
Richard Morton Sherman (born June 12, 1928; see also: "Sherman Brothers") is an American songwriter who specializes in musical film with his brother Robert Bernard Sherman.
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Rinus Michels
Marinus ("Rinus") Jacobus Hendricus Michels (9 February 1928 – 3 March 2005) was a Dutch football player and coach. He played his entire career for the club Ajax Amsterdam, which he later coached, and was a member of the Netherlands national team both as a player and as manager.
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Roald Amundsen
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Robert Goralski
Robert Stanley Goralski (b 2 January 1928) was a news correspondent for NBC News for fifteen years in the 1960s and 1970s during a thirty-five year career in communications.
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Robert Indiana
Robert Indiana (born September 13, 1928) is an American artist associated with the Pop Art movement.
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Robert Lansing
: For the actor, see Robert Lansing (actor).
http://wn.com/Robert_Lansing -
Robert M. Pirsig
Robert Maynard Pirsig (born September 6, 1928) is an American writer and philosopher, and author of the philosophical novels ' (1974) and ' (1991).
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Robert Sheckley
Robert Sheckley (July 16, 1928 – December 9, 2005) was a Hugo- and Nebula-nominated American author. First published in the science fiction magazines of the 1950s, his numerous quick-witted stories and novels were famously unpredictable, absurdist and broadly comical.
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Roger Mudd
Roger Mudd (born February 9, 1928) is a U.S. television journalist and broadcaster, most recently as the primary anchor for The History Channel. Previously, Mudd was weekend and weekday substitute anchor of CBS Evening News, co-anchor of the weekday NBC Nightly News, and hosted NBC's Meet the Press, and NBC's American Almanac television newsmagazine. Mudd is the recipient of the Peabody Award, the Joan Shorenstein Award for Distinguished Washington Reporting, and five Emmy Awards.
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Roger Vadim
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Rosemary Clooney
Rosemary Clooney (May 23, 1928 – June 29, 2002) was an American singer and actress. She came to prominence in the early 1950s with the novelty hit "Come On-a My House" written by William Saroyan and his cousin Ross Bagdasarian (David Seville) creator of Alvin and the Chipmunks, which was followed by other pop numbers such as "Botch-a-Me" (a cover version of the Italian song Ba-Ba-Baciami Piccina by Alberto Rabagliati), "Mambo Italiano", "Tenderly", "Half as Much", "Hey There" and "This Ole House", though she would go on to success as a jazz vocalist.
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Roy Kilner
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Ruth Richard
Ruth Richard [Richie] (born September 20, 1928) is a former female catcher who played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5' 4", 134 lb., she batted left-handed and threw right-handed.
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Ruth Snyder
Ruth Brown Snyder (1895 – January 12, 1928) was an American murderer. Her execution, in the electric chair at Sing Sing Prison, for the murder of her husband, Albert, was captured in a well-known photograph.
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Serge Gainsbourg
Serge Gainsbourg, born Lucien Ginsburg (; 2 April 1928 – 2 March 1991) was a French singer-songwriter, actor and director. Gainsbourg's extremely varied musical style and individuality make him difficult to categorize. His legacy has been firmly established, and he is often regarded as one of the world's most influential popular musicians.
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Sheila F. Walsh
http://wn.com/Sheila_F_Walsh -
Shirley Temple
http://wn.com/Shirley_Temple -
Sigrid Undset
Sigrid Undset (20 May 1882 – 10 June 1949) was a Norwegian novelist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1928.
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Simon Vinkenoog
http://wn.com/Simon_Vinkenoog -
Simón Díaz
http://wn.com/Simón_Díaz -
Siné
http://wn.com/Siné -
Sohrab Sepehri
Sohrab Sepehri () (October 7, 1928 - April 21, 1980) was a notable modern Persian poet and a painter.
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Sol LeWitt
Solomon "Sol" LeWitt (September 9, 1928 - April 8, 2007) was an American artist linked to various movements, including Conceptual art and Minimalism.
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Stanley Kubrick
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Takako Doi
http://wn.com/Takako_Doi -
Theodore Roberts
http://wn.com/Theodore_Roberts -
Theodore Sorenson
http://wn.com/Theodore_Sorenson -
Thomas Hardy
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Tich Freeman
Alfred Percy "Tich" Freeman (17 May 1888 – 28 January 1965) was an English cricketer. A leg spin bowler for Kent and England, he is the only man to take 300 wickets in an English season.
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Timothy Beaumont
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Tom Lantos
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Tom Lehrer
Thomas Andrew "Tom" Lehrer (born April 9, 1928) is an American singer-songwriter, satirist, pianist, and mathematician. He has lectured on mathematics and musical theater. Lehrer is best known for the pithy, humorous songs he recorded in the 1950s and 1960s.
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Tommaso Buscetta
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Umberto Nobile
Umberto Nobile (January 21, 1885 – July 30, 1978) was an Italian aeronautical engineer and Arctic explorer. Nobile was a developer and promoter of semi-rigid airships during the Golden Age of Aviation between the two World Wars. He is primarily remembered for designing and piloting the airship Norge, which may have been the first aircraft to reach the North Pole, and which was indisputably the first to fly across the polar ice cap from Europe to America. Nobile also designed and flew the Italia, a second polar airship; this second expedition ended in a deadly crash and provoked an international rescue effort.
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Victor Maddern
Victor Jack Maddern (16 March 1926 — 22 June 1993 Hackney, Greater London ) was an English actor.
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Vidal Sassoon
Vidal Sassoon, CBE (born January 17, 1928) is a British-born Israeli hairdresser and businessman.
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Vincent Gigante
Vincent "The Chin" Gigante (March 29, 1928 – December 19, 2005) was a New York mobster in the American Mafia. Gigante started out as a boxer who fought 25 matches between 1944 and 1947. He then started working as a Mafia enforcer for the Genovese crime family. Gigante was one of five brothers: himself, Mario, Pasquale and Ralph all became mobsters in the Genovese family. Only one brother, Louis, stayed out of the crime family, instead becoming a priest. Gigante was the shooter in the failed assassination of Frank Costello. After sharing a prison cell with Boss Vito Genovese following his conviction for heroin trafficking, Gigante became a caporegime overseeing his own crew of Genovese soldiers, that operated out of Greenwich Village.
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Wakanohana Kanji I
was a sumo wrestler, the sport's 45th Yokozuna (the highest-ranking position).
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Walter Mondale
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Warren Oates
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Whitey Ford
Edward Charles "Whitey" Ford (born October 21, 1928Some sources, such as Retrosheet, claim a 1926 birthdate.) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who spent his entire 18-year career with the New York Yankees. He was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1974.
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Wilhelm Wien
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Willem Duys
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William Walton
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William X. Kienzle
William X. Kienzle (September 11, 1928 - December 28, 2001) was born in Detroit, Michigan. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1954 and spent twenty years as a Roman Catholic parish priest. Kienzle left the priesthood in 1974, partly because of his disagreement with its refusal to remarry divorcees, but perhaps more importantly to marry his wife, Javan. He became an editor of MPLS magazine in Minneapolis, later moving to Texas where he was director of the Center for Contemplative Studies at the University of Dallas.
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Yoshihiko Amino
was a Japanese Marxist historian and public intellectual, perhaps most singularly known for his novel examination of medieval Japanese history. Although little of the work by Amino has been published in the West, Japanese writers and historians of Japan regard Amino as one of the most important Japanese historians of the twentieth century.
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Yoshiro Nakamatsu
, born June 26, 1928, also known as Dr. NakaMats, is a Japanese inventor claiming to hold the world record for number of inventions with over 3,000, including "PyonPyon" spring shoes and the basic technology for the floppy disk, the CD, the DVD, the digital watch, CinemaScope, armchair "Cerebrex", sauce pump, and the taxicab meter.
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Yves Klein
http://wn.com/Yves_Klein -
Zbigniew Brzezinski
Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski (, pronounced ; born March 28, 1928, Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish American political scientist, geostrategist, and statesman who served as United States National Security Advisor to President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1981.
http://wn.com/Zbigniew_Brzezinski -
Zdeněk Veselovský
http://wn.com/Zdeněk_Veselovský -
Zhang Zuolin
http://wn.com/Zhang_Zuolin -
Zhu Rongji
http://wn.com/Zhu_Rongji -
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
http://wn.com/Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto -
Álvaro Obregón
http://wn.com/Álvaro_Obregón
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Driving Around New York City - 1928
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:10
- Published: 22 Dec 2007
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
1920's
http://wn.com/Driving_Around_New_York_City_1928
1928 Movie of Person on cell phone
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:44
- Published: 27 Oct 2010
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Freaky. A 1928 film clip from a Charlie Chaplin movie premier that appears to show a woman talking on a cell phone is sparking debate and controversy. The short film, some 80 years old, is footage that was shot for Charlie Chaplin's film "The Circus." The film shows people attending the 1928 premiere of the movie at the Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. In the footage, a woman dressed in black with a hat hiding most of her face is seen with what can only be described as a mobile phone device, talking as she walks alone. The footage was studied and posted on YouTube by a man in Belfast named George Clarke. Since then, the video has gone viral with thousands of people making comments and giving their opinion about what the woman is holding and what she is doing as she walks and talks. Clarke believes the woman could be a time-traveler who is using technology 81 years in the future. Others say she is using a 1920's era hearing aide. There are hundreds of other opinions some agreeing with Clarke, others calling the film a fake.
http://wn.com/1928_Movie_of_Person_on_cell_phone
Plane Crazy Mickey Mouse Classic Walt Disney 1928 Sound Cartoon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:00
- Published: 27 Aug 2009
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Mickey Mouse goes on a wild ride in the classic 1928 cartoon, 'Plane Crazy.' If you enjoy classics like this, you'll love all the great content we've shared at Walt Disney Animation Studios , become a fan today!
http://wn.com/Plane_Crazy_Mickey_Mouse_Classic_Walt_Disney_1928_Sound_Cartoon
The Man Who Laughs (1928) 1/11
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 20 Jul 2007
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Directed by Paul Leni Conrad Veidt - Gwynplaine Mary Philbin - Dea Based on the novel by Victor Hugo. As a young boy Gwynplaine, the son of a disfavoured Lord, becomes the victim of revenge against his father -- the King orders the boy have a permanent smile carved onto is face. Abandoned by his captors in the winter snow, he finds a baby girl in the arms of her dead mother. They are taken in by a travelling freak show and Gwynplaine becomes a popular attraction. As they grow up together, Gwynplaine falls in love with Dea, the child he rescued, who is blind, and she with him. Unaware of his true identity, Gwynplaine becomes unwittingly drawn back into the world of politics that had left him so horrifically scarred many years ago...
http://wn.com/The_Man_Who_Laughs_1928_1_11
Dream Theater - Overture 1928
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Published: 30 Sep 2008
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Dream theater's Overture 1928. From the concept album Scenes From A Memory Copyright © I do not own any of this Material. This music belongs to Dream Theater. Sorry guys, WMG decided to crack down on all of my videos with the audo content copyright. The songs will be back up, but I don't know for how long. Enjoy it while you still can. **UPDATE** woo 87142 views! even thought the shit isnt mine.. hehe..
http://wn.com/Dream_Theater_Overture_1928
Model airplanes in 1928
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Published: 10 Jun 2007
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
This is the oldest film I have found showing model airplanes. One or two interesting rubber powered models here like the blended wing model looking remarkably like Boeings latest concept
http://wn.com/Model_airplanes_in_1928
The Wedding March (1928)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 109:24
- Published: 01 Dec 2011
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
A 1928 silent film directed by and starring Erich von Stroheim. It also stars Fay Wray and ZaSu Pitts. Paramount Pictures forced von Stroheim to create two films from the footage, the second being The Honeymoon (eventually re-edited back into one film for a re-release). The Honeymoon is now a lost film, the only known copy destroyed in a fire in France in 1957. A young impoverished aristocrat falls in love with an inn-keepers daughter, but his parents have arranged a prospective marriage with Cecilia, the limping daughter of a very rich non-aristocratic industrial.. Director: Erich von Stroheim Writers: Erich von Stroheim, Harry Carr Stars: Erich von Stroheim, Fay Wray and Zasu Pitts
http://wn.com/The_Wedding_March_1928
1928 Henderson Deluxe Antique Motorcycle Running
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Published: 15 Aug 2011
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
1928 - Banjo's blues...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:15
- Published: 30 Nov 2007
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Such a rare video... Absolutely amazing!
http://wn.com/1928_Banjo's_blues
Dream Theater - Overture 1928 / Strange Deja Vu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:34
- Published: 27 Jul 2007
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Overture 1928 / Strange Deja Vu from the "Metropolis 2000: Scenes from New York" DVD
http://wn.com/Dream_Theater_Overture_1928_Strange_Deja_Vu
Mobile phone in Chaplin's Circus (1928) ?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:25
- Published: 22 Oct 2010
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Cellular Phone ? Ear Trumpet ? Pocket Model Carbon Microphone ? In Deep oka-jp.seesaa.net 1928年に撮影された「チャップリンのサーカス」の中のワンシーンです。
http://wn.com/Mobile_phone_in_Chaplin's_Circus_1928_?
Louis Armstrong - West End Blues 1928
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Published: 31 Jul 2009
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
One of the masterpieces of early jazz! Enjoy...
http://wn.com/Louis_Armstrong_West_End_Blues_1928
Hans Richter - Vormittagsspuk (1928)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:01
- Published: 03 Jan 2008
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Ghost before breakfast. The nazis destroyed the sound version of this film as "degenerate art".
http://wn.com/Hans_Richter_Vormittagsspuk_1928
Chaplins Time Traveler
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:27
- Published: 20 Oct 2010
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
My latest blog giving my thoughts and answers most theories and interests in Chaplins Time Traveler :) georgeclarke.webs.com (Dont have time to make a new video at the min sorry - November 1st 2011) This short film is about a piece of footage I (George Clarke) found behind the scenes in Charlie Chaplins film 'The Circus'. Attending the premiere at Manns Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, CA - the scene shows a large woman dressed in black with a hat hiding most of her face, with what can only be described as a mobile phone device - talking as she walks alone. I have studied this film for over a year now - showing it to over 100 people and at a film festival, yet no-one can give any explanation as to what she is doing. My only theory - as well as many others - is simple... a time traveler on a mobile phone. See for yourself and feel free to leave a comment on your own explanation or thoughts about it. George - 20th October 2010
http://wn.com/Chaplins_Time_Traveler
Helen Keller & Anne Sullivan (1928 Newsreel Footage with Open Captions and Audio Description)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:04
- Published: 02 Nov 2009
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
Helen Keller's loss of vision and hearing in infancy made comprehension of the outside world next to impossible—or so it seemed. When teacher Anne Sullivan agreed to work with Keller, that world opened up, especially when Keller comprehended the function and purpose of language. Keller and Sullivan appear in this newsreel footage from 1928, in which Sullivan explains and then demonstrates the methodology used to teach Keller language, most elements of which are still used worldwide with students who are deaf-blind. This full-length version is brought to you by the Described and Captioned Media Program (www.dcmp.org) with the permission of the copyright holder, the University of South Carolina Newsreel Library (www.sc.edu/library/newsfilm/). It has been described for the blind and captioned for the deaf. To learn more about description and captioning, visit the following websites: www.dcmp.org/description and www.dcmp.org/captions.
http://wn.com/Helen_Keller_Anne_Sullivan_1928_Newsreel_Footage_with_Open_Captions_and_Audio_Description
Dream Theater Regression / Overture 1928 live NY
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:29
- Published: 02 Aug 2008
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Dream Theater Live Scenes From NY 2000
http://wn.com/Dream_Theater_Regression_Overture_1928_live_NY
Steamboat Bill, Jr.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 69:08
- Published: 04 Jun 2009
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
The effete son of a cantankerous riverboat captain comes to join his father's crew.
http://wn.com/Steamboat_Bill,_Jr
'Nobody's Dirty Business' MISSISSIPPI JOHN HURT (1928) Blues Legend
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:55
- Published: 16 Mar 2009
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Mississippi John Hurt (1893-1966) " Nobody's Dirty Business " (1928) = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = The "RED HOT BLUES " (1925-1945) Texas Alexander Pink Anderson Kokomo Arnold Barbecue Bob Scrapper Blackwell Black Ace Ed Bell Blind Blake Ishman Bracey Big Bill Broonzy Richard "Rabbit" Brown Willie Brown Bumble Bee Slim Gus Cannon Bo Carter Sam Collins Floyd Council Gary Davis Sleepy John Estes Blind Boy Fuller Son House Peg Leg Howell Mississippi John Hurt Papa Charlie Jackson Jim Jackson Skip James Blind Lemon Jefferson Blind Willie Johnson Lonnie Johnson Robert Johnson Tommy Johnson Charley Jordan Luke Jordan Leadbelly Furry Lewis Cripple Clarence Lofton Tommy McClennan Robert Lee McCoy Blind Willie McTell The Memphis Jug Band Buddy Moss Memphis Minnie Hambone Willie Newbern Charley Patton Robert Petway Jimmie Rodgers Frank Stokes Sonny Terry Henry Thomas Ramblin Thomas Curley Weaver Casey Bill Weldon Peetie Wheatstraw Bukka White Josh White Robert Wilkins Big Joe Williams
http://wn.com/'Nobody's_Dirty_Business'_MISSISSIPPI_JOHN_HURT_1928_Blues_Legend
Yiddish Song: Mein Shtetl Belz, 1928
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Published: 07 Dec 2008
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Yiddish Song: Mein Shtetl Belz, 1928 This old Yiddish song was very popular in prewar Poland not only as the art song, but also as a popular tango: "Miasteczko Bełz". Unforgetable rendition of this song by Adam Aston can be listened to in You Tube. Here is another one - anonymous - and wonderful - presentation, made by one the uncredited Jewish singers from the 1920s in Poland, I suppose. This recording has been mailed to me by one of our friends in the world - with a question: can this rendition be identified? ATTENTION! The "Unknown" painter of the excellent "Water Carrier" at 0:38 is MAYER KIRSHENBLATT. I could make up for that missing name thanks to YT friend brayndl who sent me that precious information!
http://wn.com/Yiddish_Song_Mein_Shtetl_Belz,_1928
1928 Dadaist Film
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:32
- Published: 02 Mar 2011
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
1928 Dadaist Film by Director Hans Richter. This film is dedicated to Columbus Ohio Street Performer Th' Rocknroll Reverend, who on the night of March 1st 2011 during a performance on the corners of 5th and High Streets, was beaten by two unknown assailants who were instructed by a young man and his overweight "Trick" to beat him. Th' Rev then made his way to a local tobacco store where he was molested by an elderly hippie with a blonde fright wig. Th' Reverend was last seen wearing an Elephant Trunk, Red,White and Blue Top Hat. White Hooded Terry Cloth Robe and Indian Moccasins. Anyone with any information to this Crime please Contact the Columbus Ohio Police. And the next time you see Th' Rev, Don't take his coffee...Just give him a cigarette!
http://wn.com/1928_Dadaist_Film
Notre Dame vs. Army - 1928 - Win One for the Gipper
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Published: 20 Jul 2009
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
As the University of Notre Dame announces plans to take on Army in Yankee Stadium during the 2010 season, here is one of the signature moments from the legendary Fighting Irish - Black Knights series. In 1928, eight years after George Gipp's death, Irish head coach Knute Rockne relayed Gipp's final words from his deathbed to his injury-riddled team - which was taking on highly-favored Army in Yankee Stadium. The speech has been remembered forever and perhaps the greatest college football victory was recorded as the Irish won one for the Gipper.
http://wn.com/Notre_Dame_vs_Army_1928_Win_One_for_the_Gipper
Krishnamurti - New York 1928, Ojai 1930
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:10
- Published: 04 Jul 2009
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
A rare video of the young Jiddu Krishnamurti in New York (1928) and Ojai (1930), reading what he had said at the Ommen Camp on August 3, 1929 (dissolution of the Order of the Star). If you are interested in e-books by and about Jiddu Krishnamurti, including the biographies by Mary Lutyens and Pupul Jayakar, follow this link: www.4shared.com or download this file: www.4shared.com
http://wn.com/Krishnamurti_New_York_1928,_Ojai_1930
Overture 1928 by Funtwo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Published: 13 Apr 2006
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
here is another Vid by funtwo. this vid has been made between his Canon practice and was originally posted on site named Mule.co.kr which is Korean music community.
http://wn.com/Overture_1928_by_Funtwo
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Photo: White House / Pete Souza
24 Oct 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling By the time President Richard Nixon told his Chinese hosts during a banquet toast, "Let us start a long march together, not in lockstep, but on different...
Photo: AP / Collin Reid
25 Oct 2012
HAVANA (Reuters) - Hurricane Sandy, growing stronger over warm Caribbean waters, lashed eastern Cuba with heavy rains and rising winds on Wednesday as it bore down on the communist island after...
Photo: AP / Khin Maung Win
25 Oct 2012
YANGON: A new wave of sectarian violence in western Myanmar has left five people dead and dozens injured in recent days, triggering another exodus of Muslims to emergency camps, officials said...
Photo: U.S. Army Courtesy
23 Oct 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling As the two armies faced each other on that fateful day, a day in which perhaps the die had already been cast, a ground swell of experienced and newly...
Photo: AP / Ariel Schalit
24 Oct 2012
Repeated attacks ... a rocket is launched from Gaza towards southern Israel. Photo: AFP JERUSALEM: The Israeli Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, threatened "more extensive and deeper action" against...
Finding a spot for a craft station
25 Oct 2012
The Examiner
Related topics crafts Advertisement With kids, particularly girls, comes the need for some way to deal with all the craft supplies that come into the house, as well as a place to do all those crafts because, let’s face it, sometimes you don’t want that stuff all over the dining table. Even when...(size: 7.8Kb)
Tampa Bay Online
TOPEKA, Kan. -- TOPEKA, Kan. (AP) Lyndon Johnson was the last Democrat to carry Kansas in a presidential race, and his 54.1 percent of the vote in 1964 was the best showing for any nominee of his party in the past 100 years. Democrats have carried GOP-leaning Kansas five times starting in 1912:...(size: 3.5Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics This WeekendCloud AtlasFun SizeChasing MavericksSilent Hill Revelation 3D Advertisement It’s a big weekend for movies here in the district. The 17th annual Arabian Sights Film Festival begins this weekend, with screenings being held at the National Geographic Museum. The Festival,...(size: 10.0Kb)
Sun Sentinel
— The San Francisco Giants aim to go up 2-0 on the Detroit Tigers, as they play Game 2 of the World Series on Thursday at AT&T; Park. San Francisco drew first blood in the 108th edition of the Fall Classic on Wednesday in Game 1, as Pablo Sandoval etched his name into the record books with...(size: 6.6Kb)
Sandoval, Giants romp over Tigers
25 Oct 2012
Taipei Times
Pablo Sandoval hit a record-equaling three home runs to help the San Francisco Giants down the Detroit Tigers 8-3 in the World Series opener on Wednesday and put himself into the same class as Reggie Jackson, Babe Ruth and Albert Pujols. The vocal San Francisco crowd roared as the Venezuelan...(size: 2.9Kb)
Happy Birthday Jeanne Cooper!!
25 Oct 2012
The Examiner
Related topics The Young and The RestlessKatherine ChancellorJeanne CooperBirthday Advertisement On this day in 1928, one of the greatest stars of The Young and the Restless entered this world. We know her best as Katherine Chancellor, grandmother to all. Jeanne Cooper was born into a family of...(size: 8.7Kb)
The News Tribune
The San Francisco Giants aim to go up 2-0 on the Detroit Tigers, as they play Game 2 of the World Series on Thursday at AT&T; Park. San Francisco drew first blood in the 108th edition of the Fall Classic on Wednesday in Game 1, as Pablo Sandoval etched his name into the record books with three home...(size: 5.4Kb)
Panda joins The Babe, Pujols, and Reggie!
25 Oct 2012
STL Today
TOWER GROVE • The morning after Albert Pujols added a splash of Cardinals red to a small club that had only included two New York Yankees, I tried calling the previous slugger with three homers in one World Series game, Reggie Jackson, and to my surprise he answered, promptly. I can only imagine it...(size: 4.8Kb)
TSN Canada
(Sports Network) - The San Francisco Giants aim to go up 2-0 on the Detroit Tigers, as they play Game 2 of the World Series on Thursday at AT&T Park. San Francisco drew first blood in the 108th edition of the Fall Classic on Wednesday in Game 1, as Pablo Sandoval etched his name into the...(size: 5.6Kb)
Sacramento Bee
The San Francisco Giants aim to go up 2-0 on the Detroit Tigers, as they play Game 2 of the World Series on Thursday at AT&T; Park. San Francisco drew first blood in the 108th edition of the Fall Classic on Wednesday in Game 1, as Pablo Sandoval etched his name into the record books with three home...(size: 5.4Kb)
MLB Notebook: Panda has night for record books
25 Oct 2012
MLB
In the bottom of the first inning in the first game of the 1933 World Series, Giants outfielder Mel Ott -- with his teammate Jo-Jo Moore on first base and two outs in the inning -- made his first Fall Classic plate appearance. Ott, who had 175 homers over his previous six seasons (a total surpassed...(size: 5.8Kb)
The Leaf Chronicle
SAN FRANCISCO â Pablo Sandoval became just the fourth player to hit three home runs in a World Series game, connecting twice against Justin Verlander and once off Al Alburquerque to boost the San Francisco Giants to an 8-3 win over the Detroit Tigers in Wednesday nightÂs opener. Sandoval hit a...(size: 2.1Kb)
Pablo Sandoval Home Runs: 'Kung Fu Panda' Leads Giants To 8-3 Romp In World Series Opener
25 Oct 2012
Huffington Post
San Francisco Giants' Pablo Sandoval reacts at home after hitting his third home run of the game during the fifth inning of Game 1 of baseball's World Series against the Detroit Tigers Wednesday, Oct. 24, 2012, in San Francisco....(size: 18.8Kb)
This article is about the year 1928.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1890s 1900s 1910s – 1920s – 1930s 1940s 1950s |
| Years: | 1925 1926 1927 – 1928 – 1929 1930 1931 |
| 1928 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1928 MCMXXVIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2681 |
| Armenian calendar | 1377 ԹՎ ՌՅՀԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6678 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 84–85 |
| Bengali calendar | 1335 |
| Berber calendar | 2878 |
| British Regnal year | 17 Geo. 5 – 18 Geo. 5 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2472 |
| Burmese calendar | 1290 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7436–7437 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁卯年十二月初九日 (4564/4624-12-9) — to —
戊辰年十一月二十日(4565/4625-11-20) |
| Coptic calendar | 1644–1645 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1920–1921 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5688–5689 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1984–1985 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1850–1851 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5029–5030 |
| Holocene calendar | 11928 |
| Iranian calendar | 1306–1307 |
| Islamic calendar | 1346–1347 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōwa 3 (昭和3年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4261 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 17 民國17年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2471 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1928 |
Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. This was the last year that the Julian calendar was used and by 1 January 1929, every state in the entire world had adopted the Gregorian calendar.
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – Estonia changes its currency from the mark to the kroon.
- January 6–January 7 – The River Thames floods in London; 14 drown.
- January 7 – The moat at the Tower of London, previously drained in 1843 (and planted with grass), is completely refilled by a tidal wave.
- January 12 – U.S. murderer Ruth Snyder is executed at Ossining.
- January 17 – The OGPU arrests Lev Trotsky in Moscow; he assumes a status of passive resistance.
- January 26 – The volcanic island Anak Krakatau appears.[1][2]
- January 31 – Trotsky is exiled to Alma Ata.
February[link]
- February 11 – The II Olympic Winter Games open in St. Moritz, Switzerland.
- February 12 – Heavy hail kills 11 in England.
- February 20 – A hung parliament is produced in Japan after the general election.
- February 25 – Charles Jenkins Laboratories of Washington, D.C. becomes the first holder of a television license from the Federal Radio Commission.
March[link]
- March 12
- Malta becomes a British dominion.
- In California, the St. Francis Dam north of Los Angeles fails, killing 600.
- March 15 – March 15 incident: Japanese government crackdown on socialists and communists.
- March 21 – Charles Lindbergh is presented the Medal of Honor for his first trans-Atlantic flight.
- March 26 – The China Academy of Art is founded in Hangzhou, Republic of China (first named the National Academy of Art).
April[link]
- April – The last section (wise – wyze) of the original Oxford English Dictionary is completed and ready for publication (OED (1933, 1978 vol. 1, pp. xxv, xxvl)
- April 10 – "Pineapple Primary": The U.S. Republican Party primary elections in Chicago are preceded by assassinations and bombings.
- April 12 – A bomb attack against Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini in Milan kills 17 bystanders.
- April 12–April 14 – The first ever east–west transatlantic aeroplane flight takes place from Dublin, Ireland, to Greenly Island, Canada, using German Junkers W33 Bremen.
- April 14 – Two earthquakes in Chirpan and Plovdiv, in Bulgaria, destroy more than 21,000 buildings and kill almost 130 persons.
- April 22 – An earthquake destroys 200,000 buildings in Corinth.
- April 28 – 28 inches of snow fall in southern-central Pennsylvania.[3]
May[link]
- May 3 – Jinan Incident, an armed conflict between the Japanese Imperial Army allied with Northern Chinese warlords against the Kuomintang's southern army, occurs in Jinan, China.
- May 10 – The first regular schedule of television programming begins in Schenectady, New York by the General Electric's television station W2XB (the station is popularly known as WGY Television, after its sister radio station WGY).
- May 15
- The Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia commences operations.
- The animated short Plane Crazy is released by Disney Studios in Los Angeles, featuring the first appearances of Mickey and Minnie Mouse.
- May 23 – A bomb attack against the Italian consulate in Buenos Aires kills 22 and injures 43.
- May 24 – The airship Italia crashes on the North Pole; one of the occupants is Italian general Umberto Nobile.
- May 30 – A rescue expedition leaves for the North Pole.
June[link]
- June 3 – The American serial killer Albert Fish kidnaps and kills 10-year-old Grace Budd.
- June 4 – Huanggutun Incident: Zhang Zuolin, a warlord, is killed by Japanese agents.
- June 8 – By seizing Beijing and renaming it Běipíng, the NRA puts an end to the Fengtian warlords' Běiyáng government there.
- June 11 – A medical doctors' strike begins in Vienna.
- June 12 – William Walton's Façade was performed for the first time.
- June 14 – Students take over the medical wing of Rosario University in Argentina.
- June 17 – Aviator Amelia Earhart starts her attempt to become the first woman to successfully cross the Atlantic Ocean (she succeeds the next day). Wilmer Stultz was the pilot.
- June 20 – Puniša Račić shoots 3 opposition representatives in the Yugoslavian Parliament, and injures 3 others.
- June 24 – A Swedish aeroplane rescues part of the Italian North Pole expedition, including Umberto Nobile. The Soviet icebreaker Krasin saves the rest July 12.
- June 28 – The International Railway (New York – Ontario) switches to one-man crews for its trolleys in Canada.
- June 29 – 1928 Democratic National Convention: At the Democratic National Convention in Houston, New York Governor Alfred E. Smith becomes the first Catholic nominated by a major political party for President of the United States.
July[link]
- July 2
- Jenkins Laboratories' W3XK station begins broadcasting on 6.42 MHz using 48 lines.
- The Representation of the People Act 1928 becomes law, extending the right to vote to all women in the United Kingdom.
- July 6 – The world's largest hailstone falls in Potter, Nebraska.
- July 7 – The first machine-sliced and machine-wrapped loaf of bread is sold in Chillicothe, Missouri, using Otto Frederick Rohwedder's technology.
- July 12 – Mexican aviator Emilio Carranza dies in a solo plane crash in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, while returning from a goodwill flight to New York City.
- July 17 – José de León Toral assassinates Álvaro Obregón, president of Mexico.
- July 25 – The United States recalls its troops from China.
- July 27
- Tich Freeman becomes the only bowler ever to take 200 first-class wickets before the end of July.
- Radclyffe Hall's novel The Well of Loneliness is published.
- July 28 – The 1928 Summer Olympics officially open in Amsterdam.
August[link]
- August 2 – Italy and Ethiopia sign the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty.
- August 16 – Murderer Carl Panzram is arrested in Washington, D.C. after killing about 20 people.
- August 22 – Alfred E. Smith accepts the Democratic presidential nomination, with WGY/W2XB simulcasting the event on radio and television.
- August 25 – Ahmet Zogu proclaims himself King Zog I of Albania; he is crowned September 1.
- August 26 – May Donoghue finds the remains of a snail in her gingerbeer, launching Donoghue v. Stevenson.
- August 27 – The Kellogg-Briand Pact is signed in Paris (the first treaty to outlaw aggressive war).
- August 29 – The Club Deportivo Motagua of Honduras is founded.
- August 31 – The Threepenny Opera (German: Die Dreigroschenoper) by Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill opens at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm, Berlin.
September[link]
- September 1
- Richard Byrd leaves New York for the Arctic.
- Zog I, Skanderbeg III, the President of Albania, is crowned as the King of Albania.
- September 3 – Alexander Fleming, at St Mary's Hospital, London, accidentally rediscovers the antibiotic Penicillin.[4]
- September 11 – The Queen's Messenger is the first melodrama broadcast by Ernst F. W. Alexanderson at W2XAD Schenectady, NY; Kenmore's WMAK station starts broadcasting in Buffalo, New York.
- September 15 – Tich Freeman sets an all-time record for the number of wickets taken in an English cricket season.
- September 16 – The Okeechobee Hurricane kills at least 2,500 people in Florida.
- September 25 – Paul Galvin and his brother Joseph incorporate the Galvin Manufacturing Corporation (now known as Motorola).
October[link]
- October 2 – Saint Josemaria Escriva founds Opus Dei.
- October 7 – Haile Selassie is crowned king (not yet emperor) of Abyssinia.
- October 8 – Chiang Kai-shek is named as Generalissimo (Chairman of the National Military Council) of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China.
- October 12 – An iron lung respirator is used for the first time at Children's Hospital, Boston.
- October 19 – William Edward Hickman is executed at San Quentin prison for the 1927 murder of Marion Parker.
- October 22 – The Phi Sigma Alpha Fraternity is founded at the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus.
- October 26 – International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM) formally established with the adoption of “Statutes of the International Red Cross”
November[link]
- November 4 – At Park Central Hotel in Manhattan, Arnold Rothstein, New York City's most notorious gambler, is shot to death over a poker game.
- November 6
- Swedes start a tradition of eating Gustavus Adolphus pastries to commemorate the old warrior king.
- U.S. presidential election, 1928: Republican Herbert Hoover wins by a wide margin over Democrat Alfred E. Smith.
- November 10 – Enthronement ceremony of Japanese Emperor Hirohito is held, after some two years since he actually took the Imperial throne on December 26, 1926, the following day of the demise of Emperor Taishō.
- November 12 – The SS Vestris developed a severe starboard list, was abandoned and sank approximately 200 miles off Hampton Roads, Virginia, USA. Estimates of the dead vary from between 110-127.
- November 17 – The Boston Garden opens in Boston.
- November 18 – Mickey Mouse appears in Steamboat Willie, the third Mickey Mouse cartoon released, but the first sound film.
- November 22 – Maurice Ravel's Boléro premieres at the Paris Opéra.
December[link]
- December 3 – In Rio de Janeiro, a seaplane sent to greet Alberto Santos-Dumont crashes near Cap Arcona, killing all on board.
- December 5 – Police disperse a Sicilian gangs' meeting in Cleveland.
- December 21 – The U.S. Congress approves the construction of Boulder Dam, later renamed Hoover Dam.
Date unknown[link]
- Drought leading to famine in China.
- Coca Cola enters Europe through the Amsterdam Olympics.
- Eliot Ness begins to lead the prohibition unit in Chicago.
- The old Canaanite city of Ugarit is rediscovered.
- Turkey switches from the Arabic to the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet.
- Frederick Griffith conducts Griffith's experiment, indirectly proving the existence of DNA.
- Margaret Mead's influential cultural anthropology text Coming of Age in Samoa is published in the U.S.
- The first (and last) Best Title Writing Academy Award is given.
- The Episcopal Church in the United States of America ratifies a new revision of the Book of Common Prayer.
- W2XBS, RCA's first television station, is established in New York City.
- Australian farmer Jack Trott finds Rhizanthella gardneri in his garden.
- The first patent for the transistor principle is registered in Germany to Julius Edgar Lilienfeld.
- Joseph Stalin launches the First Five-Year Plan.
- 1928–1932 – The average nonfarm wage falls by 50% in the USSR.
- Flint Institute of Arts opens
Births[link]
January[link]
- January 2
- Robert Goralski, American journalist (d. 1988)
- Daisaku Ikeda, Japanese religious leader
- Howard Caine, American character actor (d. 1993)
- Dan Rostenkowski, American politician; disgraced former high-ranking congressman from Illinois (d. 2010)
- January 5
- Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, President of Pakistan and Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 1979)
- Walter Mondale, U.S. Senator, Vice President and Presidential candidate
- January 6 – George H. Ross, American businessman
- January 7 – William Peter Blatty, American writer (The Exorcist)
- January 9 – Domenico Modugno, Italian singer, songwriter, actor and politician (d. 1994)
- January 10 – Philip Levine, American poet
- January 11 – David L. Wolper, American television producer (d. 2010)
- January 15 – Joanne Linville, American actress
- January 16 – William Kennedy, American author
- January 17
- Jean Barraqué, French composer (d. 1973)
- Vidal Sassoon, English hairdresser (d. 2012)
- January 22 – Yoshihiko Amino, Japanese historians (d. 2004)
- January 23
- Chico Carrasquel, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player (d. 2005)
- Jeanne Moreau, French actress
- January 24
- Michel Serrault, French actor (d. 2007)
- Desmond Morris, English anthropologist and writer
- January 25
- Eduard Shevardnadze, Georgean politician, former president
- Cor van der Hart, Dutch footballer (d. 2006)
- January 26 – Roger Vadim, French film director (d. 2000)
- January 27 – Hans Modrow, East German Premier
- January 30 – Hal Prince, American stage producer and director
February[link]
- February 1
- Tom Lantos, American Congressman (d. 2008)
- Stuart Whitman, American film & television actor
- February 3 – Frankie Vaughan, British singer (d. 1999)
- February 4 – Kim Yong-nam, North Korean politician
- February 5 – Andrew Greeley, American Catholic priest and novelist
- February 8 – Gene Lees, Canadian biographer and lyricist (d. 2010)
- February 9
- Frank Frazetta, American illustrator (d. 2010)
- Rinus Michels, Dutch association football player and coach (d. 2005)
- Roger Mudd, American journalist (CBS News)
- February 16 – Porfi Jiménez, Dominican-Venezuelan musician (d. 2010)
- February 22 – Bruce Forsyth, English entertainer
- February 23
- Vasili Lazarev, Russian cosmonaut (d. 1990)
- Ralph Earnhardt, American race car driver (d. 1973)
- February 26
- Fats Domino, American musician (Blueberry Hill)
- Anatoly Filipchenko, Russian cosmonaut
- Arial Sharon, Prime Minister of Israel
March[link]
- March 3 – Gudrun Pausewang, German writer
- March 4
- Samuel Adler, American composer
- Alan Sillitoe, English writer (d. 2010)
- March 8 – Gerald Bull, Canadian engineer (d. 1990)
- March 10
- Kiyoshi Atsumi, Japanese actor (d. 1996)
- James Earl Ray, American assassin (d. 1998)
- March 12
- Edward Albee, American dramatist
- Aldemaro Romero, Venezuelan musician (d. 2007)
- March 16
- Christa Ludwig, German mezzo-soprano
- Wakanohana Kanji I, Japanese sumo wrestler
- Victor Maddern, English actor (d. 1993)
- March 18 – Fidel Valdez Ramos, President of the Philippines
- March 19
- Hans Küng, Swiss Catholic theologian
- Patrick McGoohan, Irish actor (The Prisoner) (d. 2009)
- March 20 – Fred Rogers, American children's television host (Mister Rogers' Neighborhood) (d. 2003)
- March 24 – Byron Janis, American pianist
- March 25 – Jim Lovell, American astronaut
- March 28
- Zbigniew Brzezinski, Polish-born U.S. National Security Advisor
- Alexander Grothendieck, German-born Jewish-French mathematician.
- March 29 – Vincent Gigante, Italian-American mafia (d. 2005)
- March 31
- Gordie Howe, Canadian hockey player
- Lefty Frizzell, American country music performer (d. 1975)
April[link]
- April 1 – George Grizzard, American actor (d. 2007)
- April 2
- Serge Gainsbourg, French singer (d. 1991)
- Piet Römer, Dutch actor (d. 2012)
- April 4
- Maya Angelou, African-American poet and novelist
- Estelle Harris, American actress
- April 6 – James D. Watson, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- April 7
- James Garner, American actor (The Rockford Files)
- Alan J. Pakula, American producer and director (d. 1998)
- James White, Irish writer (d. 1999)
- April 8 – Eric Porter, English actor (d. 1995)
- April 9 – Tom Lehrer, American songwriter (We Will All Go Together When We Go)
- April 12 – Jean-François Paillard, French conductor
- April 14 – Ezra Fleischer, Romanian dissident, later Israeli writer (d. 2006)
- April 17 – Cynthia Ozick, American writer
- April 19
- Alexis Korner, British musician (d. 1984)
- Sultan Azlan Shah of Perak, King of Malaysia
- April 20 – Robert Byrne, American chess player
- April 23 – Shirley Temple, American actress and politician
- April 25 – Cy Twombly, American artist
- April 28 – Yves Klein, French artist (d. 1962)
May[link]
- May 1 – Desmond Titterington, British race car driver (d. 2002)
- May 3 – Dave Dudley, American singer (d. 2003)
- May 4
- Maynard Ferguson, Canadian jazz trumpeter (d. 2006)
- Hosni Mubarak, former President of Egypt
- May 8
- Theodore Sorenson, American lawyer and speechwriter
- Gregory Scarpa Sr., American mobster (d. 1994)
- May 9
- Colin Chapman, English automotive engineer (d. 1982)
- Pancho Gonzalez, American tennis player (d. 1995)
- Barbara Ann Scott, Canadian figure skater
- Jean Smith, American professional baseball player (d. 2011)
- May 10
- Mel Lewis, American jazz drummer and band leader (d. 1990)
- Lothar Schmid, German chess player
- May 12 – Burt Bacharach, American composer (Raindrops Keep Fallin' On My Head)
- May 13 – Jim Shoulders, American rodeo cowboy (d. 2007)
- May 16 – Billy Martin, American baseball player and manager (d. 1989)
- May 18 – Pernell Roberts, American actor (Bonanza) (d. 2010)
- May 23
- Jeannie Carson, English-born American-based actress and comedian
- Rosemary Clooney, American singer and actress (Come On A' My House) (d. 2002)
- May 24 – Adrian Frutiger, Swiss typeface designer and cutter
- May 26 – Jack Kevorkian, American physician, right-to-die advocate (d. 2011)
June[link]
- June 1
- Georgi Dobrovolski, Russian cosmonaut (d. 1971)
- Bob Monkhouse, English comedian and game show host (d. 2003)
- June 3 – Donald Judd, American artist (d. 1994)
- June 10 – Maurice Bernard Sendak, American children's author/illustrator (d. 2012)
- June 11 – Queen Fabiola of Belgium, Queen consort of King Baudouin of Belgium
- June 12 – Richard M. Sherman, American songwriter
- June 13 – John Forbes Nash, Jr., American mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics
- June 14 – Ernesto Rafael Guevara de la Serna aka Che Guevara, Argentine-born revolutionary (d. 1967)
- June 19 – Nancy Marchand, American actress (d. 2000)
- June 20 – Eric Dolphy, American Jazz musician (d. 1964)
- June 25 – Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- June 26
- Jacob Druckman, American composer (d. 1996)
- Yoshiro Nakamatsu, Japanese inventor
- June 28
- Hans Blix, Swedish diplomat and politician
- Harold Evans, British newspaper editor
- June 29 – Jean-Louis Pesch, French writer
July[link]
- July 2 – Iven Carl Kincheloe, Jr., American Korean War fighter ace and test pilot (d. 1958)
- July 4 – Teofisto Guingona, Jr., 13th Vice President of the Philippines
- July 5
- Lorraine Fisher, American professional baseball player (d. 2007)
- Warren Oates, American actor (d. 1982)
- Katherine Helmond, American film, theater, and television actress
- July 6 – Nestor de Villa, Filipino actor (d. 2004)
- July 9 – Federico Bahamontes, Spanish road bicycle racer
- July 10 – Moshe Greenberg, American Bible scholar (d. 2010)
- July 11 – Bobo Olson, American boxer (d. 2002)
- July 12 – Elias James Corey, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- July 13
- Tommaso Buscetta, Italian mafioso (d. 2000)
- Leroy Vinnegar, American musician (d. 1999)
- Bob Crane, American actor (d. 1978)
- July 16 – Robert Sheckley, American writer (d. 2005)
- July 18 – Simon Vinkenoog, Dutch poet and writer (d. 2009)
- July 25
- Keter Betts, American jazz bassist (d. 2005)
- Mario Montenegro, Filipino actor (d. 1988)
- July 26
- Francesco Cossiga, Italian politician, 8th President (d. 2010)
- Stanley Kubrick, American film director (2001: A Space Odyssey) (d. 1999)
- Bernice Rubens, British novelist (d. 2004)
- July 29 – Philippe Bär, Dutch Roman Catholic bishop
- July 30 – Joe Nuxhall, American baseball player (d. 2007)
- July 31 – Gilles Carle, Canadian film director and screenwriter (d. 2009)
August[link]
- August 3 – Henning Moritzen, Danish actor
- August 5 – Bogdan Maglich, American physicist
- August 6 – Andy Warhol, American artist (d. 1987)
- August 7 – James Randi, Canadian-American magician
- August 8
- Simón Díaz, Venezuelan folk composer and singer
- Jane Stoll, American professional baseball player (d. 2000)
- August 9 – Bob Cousy, American basketball player
- August 10
- Jimmy Dean, American musician, entrepreneur (d. 2010)
- Eddie Fisher, American singer (d. 2010)
- August 12 – Bob Buhl, American baseball player (d. 2001)
- August 15 – Nicolas Roeg, English film director
- August 17 – Willem Duys, Dutch radio and television presenter, tennis player and music producer (d. 2011)
- August 19 – Queen Ratna of Nepal
- August 18 – Marge Schott, American baseball team owner (d. 2004)
- August 22 – Karlheinz Stockhausen, German composer (d. 2007)
- August 25 – Herbert Kroemer, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- August 26 – Zdeněk Veselovský, Czech zoologist (d. 2006)
- August 31
- Jaime Sin, Filipino Catholic cardinal (d. 2005)
- James Coburn, American actor (Our Man Flint) (d. 2002)
September[link]
- September 3 – Gaston Thorn, Luxembourger politician and Prime Minister (d. 2007)
- September 4 – Dick York, Bewitched character (d. 1992)
- September 5
- Albert Mangelsdorff, German Jazz musician (d. 2005)
- Damayanti Joshi, Indian classical dancer of Kathak (d. 2004)
- September 6
- Robert M. Pirsig, American philosopher and author
- Evgeny Svetlanov, Russian conductor and composer (d. 2002)
- September 9 – Sol LeWitt, American artist (d. 2007)
- September 11 – William X. Kienzle, American author (d. 2001)
- September 12 – M. V. Rajasekharan, Indian member of Rajya Sabha
- September 13 – Robert Indiana, American contemporary artist
- September 15 – Julian Cannonball Adderley, American saxophonist (d. 1975)
- September 19 – Adam West, American actor (Batman)
- September 20
- Donald Hall, American poet and U.S. Poet Laureate
- Ruth Richard, American female professional baseball player
- September 22 – James Lawson, African-American civil rights activist and minister
- September 28 – Koko Taylor, American singer (d. 2009)
- September 30 – Elie Wiesel, Romanian Holocaust survivor, writer, and lecturer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
October[link]
- October 1 – George Peppard, American actor (The A-Team) (d. 1994)
- October 7
- Muriel Bevis, American female professional baseball player (d. 2002)
- Sohrab Sepehri, Persian poet and painter (d. 1980)
- October 8 – Bill Maynard, British actor
- October 9 – Einojuhani Rautavaara, Finnish composer
- October 10 – Sheila F. Walsh, English novelist (d. 2009)
- October 15 – Paul Giambarba, American graphic designer
- October 20 – Li Peng, former Premier of the People's Republic of China
- October 21
- Whitey Ford, American baseball player
- Zhu Rongji, former Premier of the People's Republic of China
- October 23 – Johnny Kitagawa, American-born Japanese businessman in the entertainment industry
- October 24 – Mohammad Beheshti, Chief Justice of Iran (d. 1981)
- October 30 – Daniel Nathans, American microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1999)
November[link]
- November 3
- Osamu Tezuka, Japanese manga artist (d. 1989)
- George Yardley, American basketball player (d. 2004)
- November 9 – Anne Sexton, American poet (d. 1974)
- November 10 – Ennio Morricone, Italian composer
- November 11 – Carlos Fuentes, Mexican writer
- November 15 – Normie Roy, American baseball player (d. 2011)
- November 17
- Arman, French artist (d. 2005)
- Rance Howard, American actor
- Anna Meyer, American female professional baseball player
- November 18
- Inge Bandekow, wife of German industrialist Harald Quandt (d. 1978)
- Otar Gordeli, Georgian composer
- November 19 – Ina van Faassen, Dutch actress and comedian (d. 2011)
- November 22
- Timothy Beaumont, Baron Beaumont of Whitley (d. 2008)
- Pat Smythe, British showjumper and author (d. 1996)
- November 28 – Piet Steenbergen, Dutch footballer (d. 2010)
- November 29 – Paul Simon, U.S. Senator from Illinois (d. 2003)
- November 30
- Takako Doi, Japanese politician
- Joe B. Hall, American basketball coach
- Peter Hans Kolvenbach, Dutch Superior General of the Society of Jesus, the largest male religious order of the Catholic Church
December[link]
- December 1 – Emily McLaughlin, American actress (d. 1992)
- December 7 – Noam Chomsky, American linguist
- December 9 – Dick Van Patten, American actor (Eight is Enough)
- December 15 – Friedensreich Hundertwasser, Austrian artist (d. 2000)
- December 16 – Philip K. Dick, American author (d. 1982)
- December 25 – Dick Miller, American actor
- December 30 – Bo Diddley, African-American musician (d. 2008)
- December 31 – Siné, French cartoonist
Date unknown[link]
- Norman Carlberg, American sculptor
- George Parrish, retired American NASCAR Cup Series driver
Deaths[link]
January–June[link]
- January 1 – Loie Fuller, American dancer (b. 1862)
- January 3
- Dorothy Donnelly, American actress and songwriter (b. 1880)
- Emily Stevens, American actress (b. 1882)
- January 6 – Alvin Kraenzlein, American athlete (b. 1876)
- January 11 – Thomas Hardy, English writer (b. 1840)
- January 12 – Ruth Snyder, American murderer (executed) (b. 1895)
- January 21 – Nikolai Astrup, Norwegian painter (b.1880)
- January 28 – Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, Spanish novelist and screenwriter(b. 1867)
- January 29 – Douglas Haig, British soldier (b. 1861)
- January 30 – Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Danish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1867)
- February 1 – Hughie Jennings, American baseball player (b. 1869)
- February 4 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1853)
- February 15 – Herbert Henry Asquith, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1852)
- February 16 – Eddie Foy, American vaudevillian (b. 1856)
- March 7 – Robert Abbe, American surgeon (b. 1851)
- April 2 – Theodore William Richards, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868)
- April 5 – Roy Kilner, English cricketer (b. 1890)
- April 19 – Dorus Rijkers, famous Dutch sailor and savior of over 500 men, women and children (b. 1847)
- April 22 – Frank Currier, American actor (b. 1857)
- April 25 – Floyd Bennett, American aviator (b. 1890)
- April 27 – Alessandro Guidoni, Italian air force general (b. 1880)
- May 8 – Clara Williams, American actress (b. 1888)
- May 18 – Big Bill Haywood, American labor leader (b. 1869)
- May 19 – Max Scheler, German philosopher (b. 1874)
- May 22 – Francisco López Merino, Argentine poet (b. 1904)
- June 4
- Emmeline Pankhurst, British women's suffrage campaigner (b. 1858)
- Chang Tso-lin, Chinese warlord (b. 1873)
- June 16 – Mark Keppel, Superintendent of Los Angeles County Schools (b. 1867)
- June 18 – Roald Amundsen, Norwegian explorer (b. 1872)
- June 19 – Nora Bayes, American singer and actress (b. 1880)
- June 22
- A. B. Frost, American illustrator (b. 1851)
- George Siegmann, American actor (b. 1882)
- June 24 – Holbrook Blinn, American actor (b. 1872)
July–December[link]
- July 17 – Álvaro Obregón, President of Mexico (assassinated) (b. 1880)
- July 21 – Ellen Terry, British stage actress (b. 1847)
- August 8 – Stjepan Radić, Croatian politician (b. 1871)
- August 12 – Leoš Janáček, Czech composer (b. 1854)
- August 30 – Wilhelm Wien, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864)
- October 8 – Larry Semon, American film actor (b. 1889)
- October 13 – Dagmar of Denmark, later Maria Fyodorovna, wife of Tsar Alexander III and Empress Consort of Russia (b. 1847)
- October 22 – Andrew Fisher, fifth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1862)
- October 24 – Arthur Bowen Davies, American artist (b. 1863)
- October 30 – Robert Lansing, U.S. Secretary of State (b. 1864)
- October 31 – John William Wood Sr., North Carolinian politician, founder of Benson, North Carolina (b. 1855)
- November 4 – Arnold Rothstein, Jewish/American business man and gangster (b. 1882)
- November 13 – Enrico Cecchetti, Italian ballet dancer (b. 1850)
- November 18 – Mauritz Stiller, Finnish screenwriter and director (b. 1883)
- November 26 – Reinhard Scheer, German admiral (b. 1863)
- December 1
- Arthur Gore, British tennis player (b. 1868)
- José Eustasio Rivera, Colombian writer (b. 1888)
- December 10 – Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish architect (b. 1868)
- December 11 – Lewis Latimer, American inventor (b. 1848)
- December 14 – Theodore Roberts, American actor (b. 1861)
- December 16 – Elinor Wylie, American poet and novelist (b. 1885)
- December 17 – Eglantyne Jebb, English co-founder of Save the Children, and champion of children's human rights (b. 1876)
- December 25 – Fred Thomson, American silent film actor (b. 1890)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – Owen Willans Richardson
- Chemistry – Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus
- Physiology or Medicine – Charles Jules Henri Nicolle
- Literature – Sigrid Undset
- Peace – not awarded
In fiction[link]
- This year is the setting of the video game Blood (1997) retroactively dated in the game's sequel Blood II: The Chosen (1998)
References[link]
- ^ "Anak Krakatoa". Today in Science History. Todayinsci. http://www.todayinsci.com/12/12_29.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- ^ Leavitt, Amie Jane (2011). Anatomy of a Volcanic Eruption. Capstone Press.
- ^ Cherundolo, Gina; Porter, Carly (2010-03-11). "Is Winter Finally Over?". AccuWeather.com. http://www.accuweather.com/blogs/news/story/26025/is-winter-finally-over.asp. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- ^ "Culture shock will highlight penicillin discovery" (PDF) (Press release). London: Royal Society of Chemistry. 2003-09-02. http://www.rsc.org/pdf/pressoffice/2003/penicillin.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about Walt Disney, the person. For the company he founded, see The Walt Disney Company. For other uses, see Walt Disney (disambiguation).
| Walt Disney | |
|---|---|
 Walt Disney on January 1, 1954 |
|
| Born | Walter Elias Disney (1901-12-05)December 5, 1901[1] Hermosa, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | December 15, 1966(1966-12-15) (aged 65) Burbank, California, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Lung Cancer |
| Resting place | Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, U.S. |
| Residence | Burbank, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | McKinley High School |
| Occupation | Film producer, Co-founder of The Walt Disney Company, formerly known as Walt Disney Productions |
| Years active | 1920–1966 |
| Home town | Chicago, Illinois |
| Political party | Republican |
| Board member of | The Walt Disney Company |
| Religion | Christian (Congregationalist)[2] |
| Spouse | Lillian Bounds (1925–1966; his death) |
| Children | Diane Marie Disney Sharon Mae Disney |
| Parents | Elias Disney Flora Call Disney |
| Relatives | Ronald William Miller (son-in-law) Robert Borgfeldt Brown (son-in-law) Roy Edward Disney (nephew) |
| Family | Herbert Arthur Disney (brother) Raymond Arnold Disney (brother) Roy Oliver Disney (brother) Ruth Flora Disney (sister) |
| Awards | 7 Emmy Awards, 22 Academy Awards, Cecil B.DeMille Award |
| Signature |  |
Walter Elias "Walt" Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon,[3] and philanthropist, well known for his influence in the field of entertainment during the 20th century. Along with his brother Roy O. Disney, he was co-founder of Walt Disney Productions, which later became one of the best-known motion picture producers in the world. The corporation is now known as The Walt Disney Company and had an annual revenue of approximately US$36 billion in the 2010 financial year.[4]
Disney is particularly noted as a film producer and a popular showman, as well as an innovator in animation and theme park design. He and his staff created some of the world's most well-known fictional characters including Mickey Mouse, for whom Disney himself provided the original voice. During his lifetime he received four honorary Academy Awards and won 22 Academy Awards from a total of 59 nominations, including a record four in one year,[5] giving him more awards and nominations than any other individual in history.[6] Disney also won seven Emmy Awards and gave his name to the Disneyland and Walt Disney World Resort theme parks in the U.S., as well as the international resorts Tokyo Disney Resort, Disneyland Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland.
The year after his December 15, 1966 death from lung cancer in Burbank, California, construction began on Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. His brother Roy Disney inaugurated the Magic Kingdom on October 1, 1971.
Contents |
1901–1937: Beginnings[link]
Childhood[link]
File:Flora and Elias Disney.JPG
Walt’s parents, Elias and Flora (Call) Disney
Disney was born on December 5, 1901, at 2156 N. Tripp Avenue in Chicago's Hermosa community area to Irish-Canadian father Elias Disney and Flora Call Disney, who was of German and English descent.[7][8] His great-grandfather, Arundel Elias Disney, had emigrated from Gowran, County Kilkenny, Ireland where he was born in 1801. Arundel Disney was a descendant of Robert d'Isigny, a Frenchman who had travelled to England with William the Conqueror in 1066.[9] With the d'Isigny name anglicised as "Disney", the family settled in a village now known as Norton Disney, south of the city of Lincoln, in the county of Lincolnshire.
In 1878, Disney's father Elias had moved from Huron County, Ontario, Canada to the United States at first seeking gold in California before finally settling down to farm with his parents near Ellis, Kansas, until 1884. Elias worked for the Union Pacific Railroad and married Flora Call on January 1, 1888, in Acron, Florida. The family moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1890,[10] hometown of his brother Robert[10] who helped Elias financially for most of his early life.[10] In 1906, when Walt was four, Elias and his family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri,[11] where his brother Roy had recently purchased farmland.[11] In Marceline, Disney developed his love for drawing[12] with one of the family's neighbors, a retired doctor named "Doc" Sherwood, paying him to draw pictures of Sherwood's horse, Rupert.[12] His interest in trains also developed in Marceline, a town that owed its existence to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway which ran through it. Walt would put his ear to the tracks in anticipation of the coming train[8] then try and spot his uncle, engineer Michael Martin, conducting the train.
The Disneys remained in Marceline for four years,[13] before moving to Kansas City in 1911[14] where Walt and his younger sister Ruth attended the Benton Grammar School. At school he met Walter Pfeiffer who came from a family of theatre aficionados, and introduced Walt to the world of vaudeville and motion pictures. Before long Walt was spending more time at the Pfeiffers' than at home.[15] As well as attending Saturday courses at the Kansas City Art Institute,[16] Walt often took Ruth to Electric Park, 15 blocks from their home, which Disney would later acknowledge as a major influence of his design of Disneyland.[citation needed]
Teenage years[link]
In 1917, Elias acquired shares in the O-Zell jelly factory in Chicago and moved his family back to the city,[17] where in the fall Disney began his freshman year at McKinley High School and took night courses at the Chicago Art Institute.[18] He became the cartoonist for the school newspaper, drawing patriotic topics and focusing on World War I. Despite dropping out of high school at the age of sixteen to join the army, Disney was rejected for being underage.[19]
After his rejection by the army, Walt and a friend decided to join the Red Cross.[20] Soon after joining he was sent to France for a year, where he drove an ambulance, but only after the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918.[21]
Hoping to find work outside the Chicago O-Zell factory,[22] in 1919 Walt moved back to Kansas City to begin his artistic career.[23] After considering whether to become an actor or a newspaper artist, he decided on a career as a newspaper artist, drawing political caricatures or comic strips. But when nobody wanted to hire him as either an artist or even as an ambulance driver, his brother Roy, then working in a local bank, got Walt a temporary job through a bank colleague at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio[23] where he created advertisements for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters.[24] At Pesmen-Rubin he met cartoonist Ubbe Iwerks[25] and when their time at the studio expired, they decided to start their own commercial company together.[26]
In January 1920, Disney and Iwerks formed a short-lived company called, "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists". However, following a rough start, Disney left temporarily to earn money at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, and was soon joined by Iwerks who was not able to run their business alone.[27] While working for the Kansas City Film Ad Company, where he made commercials based on cutout animations, Disney became interested in animation, and decided to become an animator.[28] The owner of the Ad Company, A.V. Cauger, allowed him to borrow a camera from work to experiment with at home. After reading the Edwin G. Lutz book Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development, Disney considered cel animation to be much more promising than the cutout animation he was doing for Cauger. Walt eventually decided to open his own animation business,[29] and recruited a fellow co-worker at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, Fred Harman, as his first employee.[29] Walt and Harman then secured a deal with local theater owner Frank L. Newman, arguably the most popular "showman" in the Kansas City area at the time,[30] to screen their cartoons at his local theater, which they titled Laugh-O-Grams.[30]
Laugh-O-Gram Studio[link]
Presented as "Newman Laugh-O-Grams",[30] Disney's cartoons became widely popular in the Kansas City area[31] and through their success, he was able to acquire his own studio, also called Laugh-O-Gram,[32] for which he hired a vast number of additional animators, including Fred Harman's brother Hugh Harman, Rudolf Ising, and his close friend Ubbe Iwerks.[33] Unfortunately, studio profits were insufficient to cover the high salaries paid to employees. Unable to successfully manage money,[34] Disney's studio became loaded with debt[34] and wound up bankrupt[35] whereupon he decided to set up a studio in the movie industry's capital city, Hollywood, California.[36]
Hollywood[link]
Disney and his brother Roy pooled their money and set up a cartoon studio in Hollywood[37] where they needed to find a distributor for Walt's new Alice Comedies, which he had started making while in Kansas City[35] but never got to distribute. Disney sent an unfinished print to New York distributor Margaret Winkler, who promptly wrote back to him that she was keen on a distribution deal for more live-action/animated shorts based upon Alice's Wonderland.[38]
Alice Comedies[link]
Virginia Davis, the live-action star of Alice’s Wonderland and her family relocated from Kansas City to Hollywood at Disney's request, as did Iwerks and his family. This was the beginning of the Disney Brothers' Studio located on Hyperion Avenue in the Silver Lake district, where it remained until 1939. In 1925, Disney hired a young woman named Lillian Bounds to ink and paint celluloid. After a brief courtship, the pair married that same year.
The new series, Alice Comedies, proved reasonably successful, and featured both Dawn O'Day and Margie Gay as Alice with Lois Hardwick also briefly assuming the role. By the time the series ended in 1927, its focus was more on the animated characters and in particular a cat named Julius who resembled Felix the Cat, rather than the live-action Alice.
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit[link]
Main article: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
By 1927, Charles Mintz had married Margaret Winkler and assumed control of her business. He then ordered a new all-animated series to be put into production for distribution through Universal Pictures. The new series, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, was an almost instant success, and the character, Oswald — drawn and created by Iwerks — became a popular figure. The Disney studio expanded and Walt re-hired Harman, Rudolph Ising, Carman Maxwell, and Friz Freleng from Kansas City.
Disney went to New York in February 1928 to negotiate a higher fee per short and was shocked when Mintz told him that not only did he want to reduce the fee he paid Disney per short but also that he had most of his main animators, including Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng—but not Iwerks, who refused to leave Disney—under contract and would start his own studio if Disney did not accept the reduced production budgets. Universal, not Disney, owned the Oswald trademark, and could make the films without Walt. Disney declined Mintz's offer and as a result lost most of his animation staff whereupon he found himself on his own again.[39]
It subsequently took his company 78 years to get back the rights to the Oswald character when in 2006 the Walt Disney Company reacquired the rights to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit from NBC Universal, through a trade for longtime ABC sports commentator Al Michaels.[40]
Mickey Mouse[link]
Main article: Mickey Mouse
After losing the rights to Oswald, Disney felt the need to develop a new character to replace him, which was based on a mouse he had adopted as a pet while working in his Laugh-O-Gram studio in Kansas City.[41] Ub Iwerks reworked the sketches made by Disney to make the character easier to animate although Mickey's voice and personality were provided by Disney himself until 1947. In the words of one Disney employee, "Ub designed Mickey's physical appearance, but Walt gave him his soul."[41] Besides Oswald and Mickey, a similar mouse-character is seen in the Alice Comedies, which featured "Ike the Mouse". Moreover, the first Flip the Frog cartoon called Fiddlesticks showed a Mickey Mouse look-alike playing fiddle. The initial films were animated by Iwerks with his name prominently featured on the title cards. Originally named "Mortimer", the mouse was later re-christened "Mickey" by Lillian Disney who thought that the name Mortimer did not fit. Mortimer later became the name of Mickey's rival for Minnie – taller than his renowned adversary and speaking with a Brooklyn accent.
The first animated short to feature Mickey, Plane Crazy was a silent film like all of Disney's previous works. After failing to find a distributor for the short and its follow-up, The Gallopin' Gaucho, Disney created a Mickey cartoon with sound called Steamboat Willie. A businessman named Pat Powers provided Disney with both distribution and Cinephone, a sound-synchronization process. Steamboat Willie became an instant success,[42] and Plane Crazy, The Galloping Gaucho, and all future Mickey cartoons were released with soundtracks. After the release of Steamboat Willie, Disney successfully used sound in all of his subsequent cartoons, and Cinephone also became the new distributor for Disney's early sound cartoons.[43] Mickey soon eclipsed Felix the Cat as the world's most popular cartoon character[41] and by 1930, despite their having sound, cartoons featuring Felix had faded from the screen after failing to gain attention.[44] Mickey's popularity would subsequently skyrocket in the early 1930s.[41]
[edit] Silly Symphonies
Following in the footsteps of Mickey Mouse series, a series of musical shorts titled, Silly Symphonies were released in 1929. The first, The Skeleton Dance was entirely drawn and animated by Iwerks, who was also responsible for drawing the majority of cartoons released by Disney in 1928 and 1929. Although both series were successful, the Disney studio thought it was not receiving its rightful share of profits from Pat Powers,[45] and in 1930, Disney signed a new distribution deal with Columbia Pictures. The original basis of the cartoons was their musical novelty with the first Silly Symphony cartoons featuring scores by Carl Stalling.[46]
Iwerks was soon lured by Powers into opening his own studio with an exclusive contract, while Stalling would also later leave Disney to join Iwerks.[47] Iwerks launched his Flip the Frog series with the first voiced color cartoon Fiddlesticks, filmed in two-strip Technicolor. Iwerks also created two other cartoon series, Willie Whopper and the Comicolor. In 1936, Iwerks shut down his studio in order to work on various projects dealing with animation technology. He would return to Disney in 1940 and go on to pioneer a number of film processes and specialized animation technologies in the studio's research and development department.
By 1932, although Mickey Mouse had become a relatively popular cinema character, Silly Symphonies was not as successful. The same year also saw competition increase as Max Fleischer's flapper cartoon character, Betty Boop, gained popularity among theater audiences.[48] Fleischer, considered Disney's main rival in the 1930s,[49] was also the father of Richard Fleischer, whom Disney would later hire to direct his 1954 film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. Meanwhile, Columbia Pictures dropped the distribution of Disney cartoons to be replaced by United Artists.[50] In late 1932, Herbert Kalmus, who had just completed work on the first three-strip technicolor camera,[51] approached Walt and convinced him to reshoot the black and white Flowers and Trees in three-strip Technicolor.[52] Flowers and Trees would go on to be a phenomenal success and would also win the first 1932 Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons. After the release of Flowers and Trees, all subsequent Silly Symphony cartoons were in color while Disney was also able to negotiate a two-year deal with Technicolor, giving him the sole right to use their three-strip process,[53][54] a period eventually extended to five years.[46] Through Silly Symphonies, Disney also created his most successful cartoon short of all time, The Three Little Pigs (1933).[55] The cartoon ran in theaters for many months, featuring the hit song that became the anthem of the Great Depression, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf".[56]
First Academy Award[link]
In 1932, Disney received a special Academy Award for the creation of "Mickey Mouse", a series which switched to color in 1935 and soon launched spin-offs for supporting characters such as Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto. Pluto and Donald became standalone cartoons in 1937,[57] with Goofy following in 1939.[58] Of all Mickey's partners, Donald Duck, who first teamed up with Mickey in the 1934 cartoon, Orphan's Benefit, was arguably the most popular, going on to become Disney's second most successful cartoon character of all time.[59]
Children[link]
The Disneys' first attempt at pregnancy ended in miscarriage. Lillian became pregnant again and gave birth to a daughter, Diane Marie Disney, on December 18, 1933.[60] Later, the Disneys adopted Sharon Mae Disney (December 31, 1936 – February 16, 1993).[61]
Diane married Ron Miller at the age of 20 and is known as Diane Disney Miller. The Millers established and own a winery called Silverado Vineyards in California.[62] Diane and Ron Miller have seven children: Christopher, Joanna, Tamara, Jennifer, Walter, Ronald and Patrick.[63] Years later, Diane went on to become the cofounder of The Walt Disney Family Museum, with the aid of her children.[60] The museum was created to preserve her father's image and reach out to millions of Disney fans worldwide.[64] The museum displays a chronological view of Walt Disney's life through personal artifacts, interactive kiosks and various animations.[64]
Sharon Mae Disney was born December 31, 1936, in Los Angeles, California and was later adopted by the Disneys, due to Lillian's several birth complications.[63][65] In 1950, Sharon went on to star as herself in the Walt Disney Studios special One Hour in Wonderland.[66] Sharon married Robert Brown in 1958, with whom she had one child, and they remained married until his death in 1967.[65] Sharon married William Lund in 1969 and had two children with him, but six years later they divorced.[65][67] Sharon was a philanthropist and had contributed to charities such as the Marianne Frostig Center of Educational Therapy and the Curtis School foundation.[68] In 1993 at the age of 57, Sharon died from cancer at St. John's Hospital in Santa Monica, California.[65] After Sharon's death, her estate donated $11 million to the California School of Performing Arts, where she was a member of the board of trustees for almost two decades. Sharon's donation was commemorated by renaming the School of Dance the Sharon D. Lund School of Dance.[60][69]
1937–1941: Golden age of animation[link]
[edit] "Disney's Folly": Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
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Following the creation of two cartoon series, in 1934 Disney began planning a full-length feature. The following year, opinion polls showed that another cartoon series, Popeye the Sailor, produced by Max Fleischer, was more popular than Mickey Mouse.[70] Nevertheless, Disney was able to put Mickey back on top as well as increase his popularity by colorizing and partially redesigning the character to become what was considered his most appealing design to date.[41] When the film industry learned of Disney's plans to produce an animated feature-length version of Snow White, they were certain that the endeavor would destroy the Disney Studio and dubbed the project "Disney's Folly". Both Lillian and Roy tried to talk Disney out of the project, but he continued plans for the feature, employing Chouinard Art Institute professor Don Graham to start a training operation for the studio staff. Disney then used the Silly Symphonies as a platform for experiments in realistic human animation, distinctive character animation, special effects, and the use of specialized processes and apparatus such as the multiplane camera – a new technique first used by Disney in the 1937 Silly Symphonies short The Old Mill.[71]
All of this development and training was used to increase quality at the studio and to ensure that the feature film would match Disney's quality expectations. Entitled Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the feature went into full production in 1934 and continued until mid-1937, when the studio ran out of money. To obtain the funding to complete Snow White, Disney had to show a rough cut of the motion picture to loan officers. The film premiered at the Carthay Circle Theater on December 21, 1937 and at its conclusion the audience gave Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs a standing ovation. Snow White, the first animated feature in America made in Technicolor, was released in February 1938 under a new distribution deal with RKO Radio Pictures. RKO had been the distributor for Disney cartoons in 1936, after it closed down the Van Beuren Studios in exchange for distribution.[72] The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and earned over $8 million on its initial release. These initial release earnings for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs would be the equivalent of $122,487,945 in 2010.[73]
Golden age of animation[link]
Following the success of Snow White, for which Disney received one full-size, and seven miniature Oscar statuettes, he was able to build a new campus for the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, which opened for business on December 24, 1939. Snow White was not only the peak of Disney's success, but also ushered in a period that would later be known as the Golden Age of Animation for the studio.[74][75] Feature animation staff, having just completed Pinocchio, continued work on Fantasia and Bambi as well as the early production stages of Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan and Wind in the Willows while the shorts staff carried on working on the Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto cartoon series, ending the Silly Symphonies at this time.[clarification needed More info needed on end of the Silly Symphonies to make a new and separate sentence.] Animator Fred Moore had redesigned Mickey Mouse in the late 1930s after Donald Duck overtook him in popularity among theater audiences.[76]
Pinocchio and Fantasia followed Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs into the movie theaters in 1940, but both proved financial disappointments. The inexpensive Dumbo was then planned as an income generator, but during production most of the animation staff went on strike, permanently straining relations between Disney and his artists.
1941–1945: World War II era[link]
In 1941, the U.S. State Department sent Disney and a group of animators to South America as part of its Good Neighbor policy, at the same time guaranteeing financing for the resultant movie, Saludos Amigos.[77]
Shortly after the release of Dumbo in October 1941, the US entered World War II. The U.S. Army and Navy Bureau of Aeronautics[78] contracted most of the Disney studio's facilities where the staff created training and instruction films for the military, home-front morale-boosting shorts such as Der Fuehrer's Face and the 1943 feature film Victory Through Air Power. However, military films did not generate income, and the feature film Bambi underperformed on its release in April 1942. Disney successfully re-issued Snow White in 1944, establishing a seven-year re-release tradition for his features. In 1945, The Three Caballeros was the last animated feature released by the studio during the war.
In 1944, Encyclopædia Britannica publisher William Benton, entered into unsuccessful negotiations with Disney to make six to twelve educational films per annum. Disney was asked by the US Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Office of Inter-American Affairs (OIAA), to make an educational film about the Amazon Basin, which resulted in the 1944 animated short, The Amazon Awakens.[79][80][81][82][83]
1945–1955: Post-war period[link]
Disney studios also created inexpensive package films, containing collections of cartoon shorts, and issued them to theaters during this period. These included Make Mine Music (1946), Melody Time (1948), Fun and Fancy Free (1947) and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949). The latter had only two sections, the first based on The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame, and the second on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving. During this period, Disney also ventured into full-length dramatic films that mixed live action and animated scenes, including Song of the South and So Dear to My Heart. After the war ended, Mickey's popularity would also fade.[84]
By the late 1940s, the studio had recovered enough to continue production on the full-length features Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan, both of which had been shelved during the war years. Work also began on Cinderella, which became Disney's most successful film since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. In 1948 the studio also initiated a series of live-action nature films, titled True-Life Adventures, with On Seal Island the first. Despite its resounding success with feature films, the studio's animation shorts were no longer as popular as they once were, with people paying more attention to Warner Bros. and their animation star Bugs Bunny. By 1942, Leon Schlesinger Productions, which produced the Warner Bros. cartoons, had become the country's most popular animation studio.[85] However, while Bugs Bunny's popularity rose in the 1940s, so did Donald Duck's,[86] a character who would replace Mickey Mouse as Disney's star character by 1949.[87]
During the mid-1950s, Disney produced a number of educational films on the space program in collaboration with NASA rocket designer Wernher von Braun: Man in Space and Man and the Moon in 1955, and Mars and Beyond in 1957.
Disney and the Second Red Scare[link]
Disney was a founding member of the anti-communist group Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals. In 1947, during the Second Red Scare,[88] Disney testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), where he branded Herbert Sorrell, David Hilberman and William Pomerance, former animators and labor union organizers, Communist agitators. All three men denied the allegations and Sorrell went on to testify before the HUAC in 1946 when insufficient evidence was found to link him to the Communist Party.[89][90]
Disney also accused the Screen Cartoonists Guild of being a Communist front, and charged that the 1941 strike was part of an organized Communist effort to gain influence in Hollywood.[88]
1955–1966: Theme parks and beyond[link]
Planning Disneyland[link]
On a business trip to Chicago in the late-1940s, Disney drew sketches of his ideas for an amusement park where he envisioned his employees spending time with their children. The idea for a children's theme park came after a visit to Children's Fairyland in Oakland, California. It also said that Disney may have been inspired to create Disneyland in the park Republic of the Children located in Manuel B. Gonnet, La Plata, Argentina, and opened in 1951.[91] This plan was originally intended to be built on a plot located across the street to the south of the studio. These original ideas developed into a concept for a larger enterprise that would become Disneyland. Disney spent five years developing Disneyland and created a new subsidiary company, WED Enterprises, to carry out planning and production of the park. A small group of Disney studio employees joined the Disneyland development project as engineers and planners, and were dubbed Imagineers.[citation needed]
As Disney explained one of his earliest plans to Herb Ryman, who created the first aerial drawing of Disneyland presented to the Bank of America during fund raising for the project, he said, "Herbie, I just want it to look like nothing else in the world. And it should be surrounded by a train."[92] Entertaining his daughters and their friends in his backyard and taking them for rides on his Carolwood Pacific Railroad had inspired Disney to include a railroad in the plans for Disneyland.
Disneyland grand opening[link]
File:Waltopening.jpg
Walt Disney giving the dedication day speech July 17, 1955
Disneyland officially opened on July 18, 1955. On Sunday, July 17, 1955, Disneyland hosted a live TV preview, among the thousands of people in attendance were Ronald Reagan, Bob Cummings and Art Linkletter, who shared cohosting duties, as well as the mayor of Anaheim. Walt gave the following dedication day speech:
| “ | To all who come to this happy place; welcome. Disneyland is your land. Here age relives fond memories of the past .... and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams and the hard facts that have created America ... with the hope that it will be a source of joy and inspiration to all the world. | ” |
Carolwood Pacific Railroad[link]
Main article: Carolwood Pacific Railroad
During 1949, Disney and his family moved to a new home on a large piece of land in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles, California. With the help of his friends Ward and Betty Kimball, who already had their own backyard railroad, Disney developed blueprints and immediately set to work on creating a miniature live steam railroad for his backyard. The name of the railroad, Carolwood Pacific Railroad, came from his home's location on Carolwood Drive. The railroad's half-mile long layout included a 46-foot (14 m) long trestle bridge, loops, overpasses, gradients, an elevated berm, and a 90-foot (27 m) tunnel underneath his wife's flowerbed. He named the miniature working steam locomotive built by Disney Studios engineer Roger E. Broggie Lilly Belle in his wife's honor and had his attorney draw up right-of-way papers giving the railroad a permanent, legal easement through the garden areas, which his wife dutifully signed; however, there is no evidence of the documents ever recorded as a restriction on the property's title.[clarification needed]
Expansion into new areas[link]
As Walt Disney Productions began work on Disneyland, it also began expanding its other entertainment operations. In 1950, Treasure Island became the studio's first all-live-action feature, soon followed by 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (in CinemaScope, 1954), Old Yeller (1957), The Shaggy Dog (1959), Pollyanna (1960), Swiss Family Robinson (1960), The Absent-Minded Professor (1961), and The Parent Trap (1961). The studio produced its first TV special, One Hour in Wonderland, in 1950. Disney began hosting a weekly anthology series on ABC entitled Disneyland, after the park, on which he aired clips of past Disney productions, gave tours of his studio, and familiarized the public with Disneyland as it was being constructed in Anaheim. The show also featured a Davy Crockett miniseries, which started the "Davy Crockett craze" among American youth, during which millions of coonskin caps and other Crockett memorabilia were sold across the country.[93] In 1955, the studio's first daily television show, Mickey Mouse Club debuted on ABC. It was a groundbreaking comedy/variety show aimed specifically for children. Disney took a strong personal interest in the show and even returned to the animation studio to voice Mickey Mouse in its animated segments during its original 1955-59 production run. The Mickey Mouse Club would continue in various incarnations in syndication and on the Disney Channel into the 1990s.
As the studio expanded and diversified into other media, Disney devoted less of his attention to the animation department, entrusting most of its operations to his key animators, whom he dubbed the Nine Old Men. Although he was spending less time supervising the production of the animated films, he was always present at story meetings.[94] During Disney's lifetime, the animation department created the successful Lady and the Tramp ( the first animated film in CinemaScope) in 1955, Sleeping Beauty ( the first animated film in Super Technirama 70mm) in 1959, One Hundred and One Dalmatians (the first animated feature film to use Xerox cels) in 1961, and The Sword in the Stone in 1963.
Production of short cartoons kept pace until 1956, when Disney shut down the responsible division although special shorts projects would continue for the remainder of the studio's duration on an irregular basis. These productions were all distributed by Disney's new subsidiary, Buena Vista Distribution, which had taken over all distribution duties for Disney films from RKO by 1955. Disneyland, one of the world's first theme parks, finally opened on July 17, 1955, and was immediately successful. Visitors from around the world came to visit Disneyland, which contained attractions based on a number of successful Disney characters and films.
After 1955, the Disneyland TV show was renamed Walt Disney Presents. It switched from black-and-white to color in 1961 and changed its name to Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color, at the same time moving from ABC to NBC,[95] and eventually evolving into its current form as The Wonderful World of Disney. The series continued to air on NBC until 1981, when it was picked up by CBS.[96] Since then, it has aired on ABC, NBC, the Hallmark Channel and the Cartoon Network via separate broadcast rights deals. During its run, the Disney series offered some recurring characters, such as the newspaper reporter and sleuth "Gallegher" played by Roger Mobley with a plot based on the writings of Richard Harding Davis.
Disney had already formed his own music publishing division in 1949 and in 1956, partly inspired by the huge success of the television theme song The Ballad of Davy Crockett, he created a company-owned record production and distribution entity called Disneyland Records.
Early 1960s successes[link]
File:Shermans042.jpg
(Left to right) Robert B. Sherman, Richard M. Sherman and Walt Disney sing "There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow" (1964)
By the early 1960s, the Disney empire had become a major success, and Walt Disney Productions had established itself as the world's leading producer of family entertainment. Walt Disney was the Head of Pageantry for the 1960 Winter Olympics.
After decades of pursuit, Disney finally acquired the rights to P.L. Travers' books about a magical nanny. Mary Poppins, released in 1964, was the most successful Disney film of the 1960s and featured a memorable song score written by Disney favorites, the Sherman Brothers. The same year, Disney debuted a number of exhibits at the 1964 New York World's Fair, including Audio-Animatronic figures, all of which were later integrated into attractions at Disneyland and a new theme park project which was to be established on the East Coast.
Although the studio would probably have proved major competition for Hanna-Barbera, Disney decided not to enter the race and mimic Hanna-Barbera by producing Saturday morning TV cartoon series. With the expansion of Disney's empire and constant production of feature films, the financial burden involved in such a move would have proven too great.
Plans for Disney World and EPCOT[link]
In early 1964, Disney announced plans to develop another theme park to be called Disney World a few miles southwest of Orlando, Florida. Disney World was to include "the Magic Kingdom", a larger, more elaborate version of Disneyland. It would also feature a number of golf courses and resort hotels. The heart of Disney World, however, was to be the Experimental Prototype City (or Community) of Tomorrow, known as EPCOT for short.
Mineral King Ski Resort[link]
During the early-to-mid 1960s, Walt Disney developed plans for a ski resort in Mineral King, a glacial valley in California's Sierra Nevada mountain range. He brought in experts such as the renowned Olympic ski coach and ski-area designer Willy Schaeffler, who helped plan a visitor village, ski runs and ski lifts among the several bowls surrounding the valley. Plans finally moved into action in the mid 1960s, but Walt died before the actual work started. Disney's death and opposition from conservationists ensured that the resort was never built.
Death[link]
Like many people of the time, Walt Disney was a chain smoker his entire adult life, although he made sure he was not seen smoking around children.[97] In 1966, Disney was scheduled to undergo surgery to repair an old neck injury[98] caused by many years of playing polo at the Riviera Club in Hollywood.[99] On November 2, during pre-operative X-rays, doctors at Providence St. Joseph Medical Center, across the street from the Disney Studio, discovered a tumor in his left lung.[100] Five days later a biopsy showed the tumor to be malignant and to have spread throughout the entire left lung.[100] After removal of the lung, doctors informed Disney that his life expectancy was six months to two years.[100] After several chemotherapy sessions, Disney and his wife spent a short amount of time in Palm Springs, California.[98] On November 30, Disney collapsed at his home. He was revived by fire department personnel and rushed to St. Joseph's where on December 15, 1966, at 9:30 a.m., ten days after his 65th birthday, Disney died of acute circulatory collapse, caused by lung cancer.[98] The last thing he reportedly wrote before his death was the name of actor Kurt Russell, the significance of which remains a mystery, even to Russell.[101]
Roy O. Disney continued out with the Florida project, insisting that the name be changed to Walt Disney World in honor of his brother.
The final productions in which Disney played an active role were the animated feature The Jungle Book and the animated short Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day, as well as the live-action musical feature The Happiest Millionaire, all released in 1967. Songwriter Robert B. Sherman recalled of the last time he saw Disney:
| “ | He was up in the third floor of the animation building after a run-through of The Happiest Millionaire. He usually held court in the hallway afterward for the people involved with the picture. And he started talking to them, telling them what he liked and what they should change, and then, when they were through, he turned to us and with a big smile, he said, 'Keep up the good work, boys.' And he walked to his office. It was the last we ever saw of him.[102] | ” |
Hibernation Urban Legend[link]
A long-standing urban legend maintains that Disney was cryogenically frozen, and his frozen corpse stored beneath the Pirates of the Caribbean ride at Disneyland.[103] In fact, Disney was cremated on December 17, 1966, and his ashes interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. The first known human cryogenic freezing did not occur until January 1967, more than a month after Disney's death.[103]
According to "at least one Disney publicist", as reported in the French magazine Ici Paris in 1969, the source of the rumor was a group of Disney Studio animators with "a bizarre sense of humor" who were playing a final prank on their late boss.[104]
Although the rumor is acknowledged as false by most historians, Robert Mosley (in Disney’s World (1986)) and Marc Eliot (in Walt Disney – Hollywood’s Dark Prince (1993)) argue that Disney may have known of cryonics and may have had an interest in the science.[105] However his daughter Diane wrote in 1972, "There is absolutely no truth to the rumor that my father, Walt Disney, wished to be frozen. I doubt that my father had ever heard of cryonics."[104]
Legacy: 1967–present[link]
Continuing Disney Productions[link]
After Walt Disney's death, Roy Disney returned from retirement to take full control of Walt Disney Productions and WED Enterprises. In October 1971, the families of Walt and Roy met in front of Cinderella Castle at the Magic Kingdom to officially open the Walt Disney World Resort.
After giving his dedication for Walt Disney World, Roy asked Lillian Disney to join him. As the orchestra played "When You Wish upon a Star", she stepped up to the podium accompanied by Mickey Mouse. He then said, "Lilly, you knew all of Walt's ideas and hopes as well as anybody; what would Walt think of it [Walt Disney World]?". "I think Walt would have approved," she replied.[106] Roy died from a cerebral hemorrhage on December 20, 1971, the day he was due to open the Disneyland Christmas parade.
During the second phase of the "Walt Disney World" theme park, EPCOT was translated by Disney's successors into EPCOT Center, which opened in 1982. As it currently exists, EPCOT is essentially a living world's fair, different from the actual functional city that Disney had envisioned. In 1992, Walt Disney Imagineering took the step closer to Disney's original ideas and dedicated Celebration, Florida, a town built by the Walt Disney Company adjacent to Walt Disney World, that hearkens back to the spirit of EPCOT. EPCOT was also originally intended to be devoid of Disney characters which initially limited the appeal of the park to young children. However, the company later changed this policy and Disney characters can now be found throughout the park, often dressed in costumes reflecting the different pavilions.
The Disney entertainment empire[link]
Today, Walt Disney's animation/motion picture studios and theme parks have developed into a multi-billion dollar television, motion picture, vacation destination and media corporation that carry his name. Among other assets The Walt Disney Company owns five vacation resorts, eleven theme parks, two water parks, thirty-nine hotels, eight motion picture studios, six record labels, eleven cable television networks, and one terrestrial television network. As of 2007, the company had annual revenues of over U.S. $35 billion.[107]
Disney Animation[link]
Walt Disney was a pioneer in character animation. He was one of the first people to move away from basic cartoons with just "impossible outlandish gags" and crudely drawn characters to an art form with heartwarming stories and characters the audience can connect to on an emotional level. The personality displayed in the characters of his films and the technological advancements remain influential when animating today. He was also considered by many of his colleagues to be a master storyteller and the animation department did not fully recover from his demise until the late 1980s in a period known as the Disney Renaissance. The most financially and critically successful films produced during this time include Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992) and The Lion King (1994). In 1995, Walt Disney Pictures distributed Pixar's Toy Story, the first computer animated feature film. Walt Disney's nephew Roy E. Disney claimed that Walt would have loved Toy Story and that it was "his kind of movie".[108] With the rise of computer animated films a stream of financially unsuccessful Traditional hand-drawn animated features in the early years of the 2000s (decade) emerged. This led to the company's controversial decision to close the traditional animation department. The two satellite studios in Paris and Orlando were closed, and the main studio in Burbank was converted to a computer animation production facility, firing hundreds of people in the process. In 2004, Disney released what was announced as their final "traditionally animated" feature film, Home on the Range. However, since the 2006 acquisition of Pixar, and the resulting rise of John Lasseter to Chief Creative Officer, that position has changed with the largely successful 2009 film The Princess and the Frog. This marked Disney's return to traditional hand-drawn animation and the studio hired back staff who had been laid-off in the past. Today, Disney produces both traditional and computer animation.
CalArts[link]
In his later years, Disney devoted substantial time to funding The California Institute of the Arts (CalArts). Formed in 1961 through a merger of the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music and the Chouinard Art Institute, which had helped in the training of the animation staff during the 1930s, when Disney died, one-fourth of his estate went to CalArts, which helped in building its campus. In his will, Disney paved the way for the creation of several charitable trusts which included one for the California Institute of the Arts and other for the Disney Foundation.[109] He also donated 38 acres (0.154 km2) of the Golden Oaks ranch in Valencia for construction of the school. CalArts moved onto the Valencia campus in 1972.
In an early admissions bulletin, Disney explained: "A hundred years ago, Wagner conceived of a perfect and all-embracing art, combining music, drama, painting, and the dance, but in his wildest imagination he had no hint what infinite possibilities were to become commonplace through the invention of recording, radio, cinema and television. There already have been geniuses combining the arts in the mass-communications media, and they have already given us powerful new art forms. The future holds bright promise for those who imaginations are trained to play on the vast orchestra of the art-in-combination. Such supermen will appear most certainly in those environments which provide contact with all the arts, but even those who devote themselves to a single phase of art will benefit from broadened horizons."[110]
Walt Disney Family Museum[link]
In 2009, The Walt Disney Family Museum opened in the Presidio of San Francisco. Thousands of artifacts from Disney's life and career are on display, including 248 awards that he received.[111]
Antisemitism accusations[link]
Disney was long rumored to be antisemitic during his lifetime, and such rumors have persisted after his death. Indeed, in the 1930s he welcomed German filmmaker and Nazi propagandist Leni Riefenstahl to Hollywood.[112] Disney biographer Neal Gabler, the first writer to gain unrestricted access to the Disney archives, concluded in 2006 that available evidence does not support such accusations. In a CBS interview Gabler summarized his findings:
| “ | That's one of the questions everybody asks me... My answer to that is, not in the conventional sense that we think of someone as being an antisemite. But he got the reputation because, in the 1940s, he got himself allied with a group called the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, which was an anti-Communist and antisemitic organization. And though Walt himself, in my estimation, was not antisemitic, nevertheless, he willingly allied himself with people who were antisemitic, and that reputation stuck. He was never really able to expunge it throughout his life.[113] | ” |
Disney eventually distanced himself from the Motion Picture Alliance in the 1950s.[114]
The Walt Disney Family Museum acknowledges that Disney did have "difficult relationships" with some Jewish individuals, and that ethnic stereotypes common to films of the 1930s were included in some early cartoons, such as Three Little Pigs and The Opry House. However, the museum points out that Disney employed Jews throughout his career, donated to several Jewish charities (The Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Yeshiva College[disambiguation needed 
], Jewish Home for the Aged, The American League for a Free Palestine)[114] and was named "1955 Man of the Year" by the B'nai B'rith chapter in Beverly Hills.[114][115]
Academy Awards[link]
Walt Disney holds the record for both the most Academy Award nominations (59) and the number of Oscars awarded (22). He also earned four honorary Oscars. His last competitive Academy Award was posthumous.[116]
- 1932: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Flowers and Trees (1932)
- 1932: Honorary Award for creation of Mickey Mouse.
- 1934: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Three Little Pigs (1933)
- 1935: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Tortoise and the Hare (1934)
- 1936: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Three Orphan Kittens (1935)
- 1937: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Country Cousin (1936)
- 1938: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Old Mill (1937)
- 1939: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Ferdinand the Bull (1938)
- 1939: Honorary Award for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) The citation read, "For Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, recognized as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field." (The award, unique in the history of the Oscars, is one large statuette and seven miniature statuettes.)[5]
- 1940: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Ugly Duckling (1939)
- 1941: Honorary Award for Fantasia (1940), shared with: William E. Garity and J.N.A. Hawkins. The citation for the certificate of merit read, "For their outstanding contribution to the advancement of the use of sound in motion pictures through the production of Fantasia."[5]
- 1942: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Lend a Paw (1941)
- 1943: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Der Fuehrer's Face (1942)
- 1949: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Seal Island (1948)
- 1949: Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (Honorary Award)
- 1951: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Beaver Valley (1950)
- 1952: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Nature's Half Acre (1951)
- 1953: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Water Birds (1952)
- 1954: Best Documentary, Features: The Living Desert (1953)
- 1954: Best Documentary, Short Subjects: The Alaskan Eskimo (1953)
- 1954: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom (1953)
- 1954: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Bear Country (1953)
- 1955: Best Documentary, Features: The Vanishing Prairie (1954)
- 1956: Best Documentary, Short Subjects: Men Against the Arctic
- 1959: Best Short Subject, Live Action Subjects: Grand Canyon
- 1969: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day
Other honors[link]
Walt Disney was the inaugural recipient of a star on the Anaheim walk of stars awarded in recognition of his significant contribution to the city of Anaheim and specifically Disneyland, which is now the Disneyland Resort. The star is located at the pedestrian entrance to the Disneyland Resort on Harbor Boulevard. Disney has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures and the other for his television work.
Walt Disney received the Congressional Gold Medal on May 24, 1968 (P.L. 90-316, 82 Stat. 130–131) and the Légion d'Honneur awarded by France in 1935.[117] In 1935, Walt received a special medal from the League of Nations for creation of Mickey Mouse, held to be Mickey Mouse award.[118] He also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom on September 14, 1964.[119] On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Walt Disney into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.
A minor planet, 4017 Disneya, discovered in 1980 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina, is named after him.[120]
The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, California, opened in 2003, was named in his honor.
Waltograph, a freeware typeface, is based on his signature and handwriting.
In 1993, HBO began development of a Walt Disney biopic, directed by Frank Pierson and produced by Lawrence Turman, but the project never materialized and was soon abandoned.[121] However, Walt - The Man Behind the Myth, a biographical documentary about Disney, was later made.[122]
| Preceded by None |
Voice of Mickey Mouse 1928–1947, 1955-1959 |
Succeeded by Jimmy MacDonald |
See also[link]
Notes[link]
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- ^ http://www.disneydreamer.com/Waltfaith.htm
- ^ Dave Bryan (2002-08-13). "Walt Disney Helped Wernher von Braun Sell Americans on Space". Associated Press. http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/vonbraun_disney_020813.html. Retrieved 2010-09-27. [dead link]
- ^ "2010 Form 10-K, Walt Disney Company". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1001039/000119312510268910/d10k.htm.
- ^ a b c "Walt Disney Academy awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/index.jsp. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Results Page - Academy Awards Database". http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/help/helpMain.jsp?helpContentURL=statistics/indexStats.html. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ "Walt Disney, the man behind the mouse". Chicago Sun-Times. 2009-09-27. http://www.suntimes.com/lifestyles/1790811,disney-walt-museum-san-francisco-092709.article. Retrieved 2010-10-21. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Walt Disney biography". Just Disney. Archived from the original on 2008-06-05. http://web.archive.org/web/20080605151444/http://www.justdisney.com/WaltDisney100/biography01.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Disneyland Paris. Michelin. 2002-08-07. p. 38. ISBN 2-06-048002-7.
- ^ a b c Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 7.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 9-10.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 15.
- ^ "Walt Disney Hometown Museum". Walt Disney Museum. http://www.waltdisneymuseum.org/. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 18.
- ^ Thomas 1991, pp. 33–41
- ^ "Biography of Walt Disney, Film Producer – kchistory.org – Retrieved September 14, 2009". Kchistory.org. http://kchistory.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/Biographies&CISOPTR=31&CISOBOX=1&REC=2. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 30.
- ^ Thomas 1991, pp. 42–43
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 36.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 37.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 38.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 42.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 44.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 45.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 46.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 48.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 51.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 52.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 56.
- ^ a b c Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 57.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 58.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 64.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 64-71.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 68.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 72.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 75.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 78.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 80.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 109.
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- ^ Cogley, John (1956) Report on Blacklisting, Volume I, Movies Fund for the Republic, New York, p. 34 OCLC 3794664; reprinted in 1972 by Arno Press, New York ISBN 0-405-03915-8
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- ^ a b c Gabler, Neal (2007). Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination. Random House. p. 458. ISBN 978-0-679-75747-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=41e-Ru0wRkEC&pg=PA458.
- ^ http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/collection/insidestory/inside_1933d.html
- ^ Walt Disney - Awards
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References[link]
- Thomas, Bob (1994). Walt Disney: An American Original. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6027-8.
Further reading[link]
- Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516729-5.
- Broggie, Michael (1997, 1998, 2005). Walt Disney's Railroad Story. Virginia Beach, Virginia. Donning Publishers. ISBN 1-56342-009-0
- Eliot, Marc (1993). Walt Disney: Hollywood's Dark Prince. Carol. ISBN 1-55972-174-X
- Mosley, Leonard. Disney's World: A Biography (1985, 2002). Chelsea, MI: Scarborough House. ISBN 0-8128-8514-7.
- Gabler, Neal. Walt Disney: The Triumph of American Imagination (2006). New York, NY. Random House. ISBN 0-679-43822-X
- Schickel, Richard, and Dee, Ivan R. (1967, 1985, 1997). The Disney Version: The Life, Times, Art and Commerce of Walt Disney. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, Publisher. ISBN 1-56663-158-0.
- Sherman, Robert B. and Sherman, Richard M. (1998) "Walt's Time: From Before to Beyond" ISBN 0-9646059-3-7
- Thomas, Bob (1991). Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Beauty and the Beast. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 1-56282-899-1.
- Watts, Steven, The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life, University of Missouri Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8262-1379-0
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Walt Disney |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Walt Disney |
- Walt Disney at the Internet Movie Database
- Walt Disney at the TCM Movie Database
- Works by or about Walt Disney in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Walt Disney Family Museum
- Walt Disney Gravesite
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Disney, Walter Elias |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Producer, director and animator |
| Date of birth | December 5, 1901 |
| Place of birth | Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Date of death | December 15, 1966 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, United States |
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) |
This article is about the phrase. For other uses, see The Man (disambiguation).
"The Man" is a slang phrase that may refer to the government or to some other authority in a position of power. In addition to this derogatory connotation, it may also serve as a term of respect and praise.
The phrase "the Man is keeping me down" is commonly used to describe oppression. The phrase "stick it to the Man" encourages resistance to authority, and essentially means "fight back" or "resist", either openly or via sabotage.[1]
Contents |
History[link]
The earliest recorded use[citation needed] of the term "the Man" in the American sense dates back to a letter written by a young Alexander Hamilton in September 1772, when he was 15. In a letter to his father James Hamilton, published in the Royal Dutch-American Gazette, he described the response of the Dutch governor of St. Croix to a hurricane that raked that island on August 31, 1772. "Our General has issued several very salutary and humane regulations and both in his publick and private measures, has shewn himself the Man." [2][dubious – discuss] In the Southern U.S. states, the phrase came to be applied to any man or any group in a position of authority, or to authority in the abstract. From about the 1950s the phrase was also an underworld code word for police, the warden of a prison or other law enforcement or penal authorities.
It was also used as a term for a drug dealer in the 1950s and 1960s and can be seen in such media as Curtis Mayfield's "No Thing On Me", William Burroughs's novel Naked Lunch, and in the Velvet Underground song "I'm Waiting for the Man", in which Lou Reed sings about going to Uptown Manhattan, specifically Lexington Avenue and 125th Street, to buy heroin.
The use of this term was expanded to counterculture groups and their battles against authority, such as the Yippies, which, according to a May 19, 1969 article in U.S. News and World Report, had the "avowed aim ... to destroy 'The Man', their term for the present system of government". The term eventually found its way into humorous usage, such as in a December 1979 motorcycle ad from the magazine Easyriders which featured the tagline, "California residents: Add 6% sales tax for The Man."
In present day, the phrase has been popularized in commercials and cinema, featuring particularly prominently as a recurring motif in the 2003 film School of Rock.[3][4][5][6]
Use as praise[link]
The term has also been used as an approbation or form of praise. This may refer to the recipient's status as the leader or authority within a particular context, or it might be assumed to be a shortened form of a phrase like "He is the man (who is in charge)." One example of this usage dates to 1879 when Otto von Bismarck commented, referring to Benjamin Disraeli's pre-eminent position at the Congress of Berlin, "The old Jew, he is the man."[7][dubious – discuss]
In more modern usage, it can be a superlative compliment ("you da man!") indicating that the subject is currently standing out amongst his peers even though they have no special designation or rank, such as a basketball player who is performing better than the other players on the court. It can also be used as a genuine compliment with an implied, slightly exaggerated or sarcastic tone, usually indicating that the person has indeed impressed the speaker but by doing something relatively trivial.
See also[link]
- Absentee landlord
- Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)
- New World Order (conspiracy theory)
- Ruling class
- The Establishment
- Power elite
- Corrections officer
- YTMND
Notes[link]
- ^ "stick it to the man". AllWords.com (English Dictionary - With Multi-Lingual Search). http://www.allwords.com/word-stick+it+to+the+man.html.
- ^ Papers of Alexander Hamilton, Volume 1, Page 38, Columbia University Press, 1961
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0332379/quotes
- ^ http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/School_of_Rock
- ^ http://www.moviefanatic.com/quotes/movies/school-of-rock/
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37oJqWp4rJM
- ^ Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy, Simon & Schuster, 1994, p155.
References[link]
- Lighter, J.E. (Ed.). (1997). Random House Dictionary of American Slang. New York: Random House.
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| Louis Armstrong | |
|---|---|
 Louis Armstrong's stage personality matched his flashy cornet and trumpet playing. Armstrong is also known for his raspy singing voice. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Louis Armstrong |
| Born | August 4, 1901 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Died | July 6, 1971(1971-07-06) (aged 69) Corona, Queens, New York City, U.S. |
| Genres | Dixieland, jazz, swing, traditional pop |
| Occupations | Musician |
| Years active | c. 1914–71 |
| Associated acts | Joe "King" Oliver, Ella Fitzgerald, Kid Ory, Bobby Hackett |
Louis Armstrong[1] (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971),[2] nicknamed Satchmo[3] or Pops, was an American jazz trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, Louisiana.
Coming to prominence in the 1920s as an "inventive" cornet and trumpet player, Armstrong was a foundational influence in jazz, shifting the music's focus from collective improvisation to solo performance. With his instantly recognizable deep and distinctive gravelly voice, Armstrong was also an influential singer, demonstrating great dexterity as an improviser, bending the lyrics and melody of a song for expressive purposes. He was also greatly skilled at scat singing (vocalizing using sounds and syllables instead of actual lyrics).
Renowned for his charismatic stage presence and voice almost as much as for his trumpet-playing, Armstrong's influence extends well beyond jazz music, and by the end of his career in the 1960s, he was widely regarded as a profound influence on popular music in general. Armstrong was one of the first truly popular African-American entertainers to "cross over," whose skin-color was secondary to his music in an America that was severely racially divided. It allowed him socially acceptable access to the upper echelons of American society that were highly restricted for a black man. While he rarely publicly politicized his race, often to the dismay of fellow African-Americans, he was privately a strong supporter of the Civil Rights movement in America.[citation needed]
Contents |
Early life[link]
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Armstrong often stated that he was born on July 4, 1900,[4] a date that has been noted in many biographies. Although he died in 1971, it was not until the mid-1980s that his true birth date of August 4, 1901 was discovered through the examination of baptismal records.[5]
Armstrong was born into a very poor family in New Orleans, Louisiana, the grandson of slaves. He spent his youth in poverty, in a rough neighborhood of Uptown New Orleans, known as “Back of the Town”, as his father, William Armstrong (1881–1922), abandoned the family when Louis was an infant and took up with another woman. His mother, Mary "Mayann" Albert (1886–1942), then left Louis and his younger sister Beatrice Armstrong Collins (1903–1987) in the care of his grandmother, Josephine Armstrong, and at times, his Uncle Isaac. At five, he moved back to live with his mother and her relatives, and saw his father only in parades.
He attended the Fisk School for Boys, where he likely had early exposure to music. He brought in some money as a paperboy and also by finding discarded food and selling it to restaurants, but it was not enough to keep his mother from prostitution. He hung out in dance halls close to home, where he observed everything from licentious dancing to the quadrille. For extra money he also hauled coal to Storyville, the famed red-light district, and listened to the bands playing in the brothels and dance halls, especially Pete Lala's where Joe "King" Oliver performed and other famous musicians would drop in to jam.
After dropping out of the Fisk School at age eleven, Armstrong joined a quartet of boys who sang in the streets for money. But he also started to get into trouble. Cornet player Bunk Johnson said he taught Armstrong (then 11) to play by ear at Dago Tony's Tonk in New Orleans,[6] although in his later years Armstrong gave the credit to Oliver. Armstrong hardly looked back at his youth as the worst of times but instead drew inspiration from it, “Every time I close my eyes blowing that trumpet of mine—I look right in the heart of good old New Orleans...It has given me something to live for.”[7]
He also worked for a Lithuanian-Jewish immigrant family, the Karnofskys, who had a junk hauling business and gave him odd jobs. They took him in and treated him as almost a family member, knowing he lived without a father, and would feed and nurture him.[8] He later wrote a memoir of his relationship with the Karnofskys titled, Louis Armstrong + the Jewish Family in New Orleans, La., the Year of 1907. In it he describes his discovery that this family was also subject to discrimination by "other white folks' nationalities who felt that they were better than the Jewish race. I was only seven years old but I could easily see the ungodly treatment that the White Folks were handing the poor Jewish family whom I worked for." Armstrong wore a Star of David pendant for the rest of his life and wrote about what he learned from them: "how to live—real life and determination."[9] The influence of Karnofsky is remembered in New Orleans by the Karnofsky Project, a non-profit organization dedicated to accepting donated musical instruments to "put them into the hands of an eager child who could not otherwise take part in a wonderful learning experience."[10]
File:LouisArmstrong PeterDavis1.jpg
Armstrong with his first trumpet instructor, Peter Davis, in 1965.
Armstrong developed his cornet playing seriously in the band of the New Orleans Home for Colored Waifs, where he had been sent multiple times for general delinquency, most notably for a long term after firing his stepfather's pistol into the air at a New Year's Eve celebration, as police records confirm. Professor Peter Davis (who frequently appeared at the Home at the request of its administrator, Captain Joseph Jones)[11] instilled discipline in and provided musical training to the otherwise self-taught Armstrong. Eventually, Davis made Armstrong the band leader. The Home band played around New Orleans and the thirteen year old Louis began to draw attention by his cornet playing, starting him on a musical career.[12] At fourteen he was released from the Home, living again with his father and new stepmother and then back with his mother and also back to the streets and their temptations. Armstrong got his first dance hall job at Henry Ponce’s where Black Benny became his protector and guide. He hauled coal by day and played his cornet at night.
He played in the city's frequent brass band parades and listened to older musicians every chance he got, learning from Bunk Johnson, Buddy Petit, Kid Ory, and above all, Joe "King" Oliver, who acted as a mentor and father figure to the young musician. Later, he played in the brass bands and riverboats of New Orleans, and began traveling with the well-regarded band of Fate Marable, which toured on a steamboat up and down the Mississippi River. He described his time with Marable as, "going to the University," since it gave him a much wider experience working with written arrangements.
In 1919, Joe Oliver decided to go north and resigned his position in Kid Ory's band; Armstrong replaced him. He also became second trumpet for the Tuxedo Brass Band, a society band.[13]
Career[link]
File:Heebie Jeebies.jpg
“Heebie Jeebies” by Louis Armstrong and his Hot Five
On March 19, 1918, Louis married Daisy Parker from Gretna, Louisiana. They adopted a 3-year-old boy, Clarence Armstrong, whose mother, Louis' cousin Flora, died soon after giving birth. Clarence Armstrong was mentally disabled (the result of a head injury at an early age) and Louis would spend the rest of his life taking care of him.[14] Louis' marriage to Parker failed quickly and they separated. She died shortly after the divorce.
Through all his riverboat experience Armstrong’s musicianship began to mature and expand. At twenty, he could read music and he started to be featured in extended trumpet solos, one of the first jazzmen to do this, injecting his own personality and style into his solo turns. He had learned how to create a unique sound and also started using singing and patter in his performances.[15] In 1922, Armstrong joined the exodus to Chicago, where he had been invited by his mentor, Joe "King" Oliver, to join his Creole Jazz Band and where he could make a sufficient income so that he no longer needed to supplement his music with day labor jobs. It was a boom time in Chicago and though race relations were poor, the “Windy City” was teeming with jobs for black people, who were making good wages in factories and had plenty to spend on entertainment.
Oliver's band was the best and most influential hot jazz band in Chicago in the early 1920s, at a time when Chicago was the center of the jazz universe. Armstrong lived like a king in Chicago, in his own apartment with his own private bath (his first). Excited as he was to be in Chicago, he began his career-long pastime of writing nostalgic letters to friends in New Orleans. As Armstrong’s reputation grew, he was challenged to “cutting contests” by hornmen trying to displace the new phenom, who could blow two hundred high C’s in a row.[16] Armstrong made his first recordings on the Gennett and Okeh labels (jazz records were starting to boom across the country), including taking some solos and breaks, while playing second cornet in Oliver's band in 1923. At this time, he met Hoagy Carmichael (with whom he would collaborate later) who was introduced by friend Bix Beiderbecke, who now had his own Chicago band.
Armstrong enjoyed working with Oliver, but Louis' second wife, pianist Lil Hardin Armstrong, urged him to seek more prominent billing and develop his newer style away from the influence of Oliver. Armstrong took the advice of his wife and left Oliver's band. For a year Armstrong played in Fletcher Henderson's band in New York on many recordings. After playing in New York, Armstrong returned to Chicago, playing in large orchestras; there he created his most important early recordings.[17] Lil had her husband play classical music in church concerts to broaden his skill and improve his solo play and she prodded him into wearing more stylish attire to make him look sharp and to better offset his growing girth. Lil’s influence eventually undermined Armstrong’s relationship with his mentor, especially concerning his salary and additional moneys that Oliver held back from Armstrong and other band members. Armstrong and Oliver parted amicably in 1924. Shortly afterward, Armstrong received an invitation to go to New York City to play with the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra, the top African-American band of the day. Armstrong switched to the trumpet to blend in better with the other musicians in his section. His influence upon Henderson's tenor sax soloist, Coleman Hawkins, can be judged by listening to the records made by the band during this period.
Armstrong quickly adapted to the more tightly controlled style of Henderson, playing trumpet and even experimenting with the trombone and the other members quickly took up Armstrong’s emotional, expressive pulse. Soon his act included singing and telling tales of New Orleans characters, especially preachers.[18] The Henderson Orchestra was playing in the best venues for white-only patrons, including the famed Roseland Ballroom, featuring the classy arrangements of Don Redman. Duke Ellington’s orchestra would go to Roseland to catch Armstrong’s performances and young hornmen around town tried in vain to outplay him, splitting their lips in their attempts.
During this time, Armstrong made many recordings on the side, arranged by an old friend from New Orleans, pianist Clarence Williams; these included small jazz band sides with the Williams Blue Five (some of the best pairing Armstrong with one of Armstrong's few rivals in fiery technique and ideas, Sidney Bechet) and a series of accompaniments with blues singers, including Bessie Smith, Ma Rainey, and Alberta Hunter.
Armstrong returned to Chicago in 1925 due mostly to the urging of his wife, who wanted to pump up Armstrong’s career and income. He was content in New York but later would concede that she was right and that the Henderson Orchestra was limiting his artistic growth. In publicity, much to his chagrin, she billed him as “the World’s Greatest Trumpet Player”. At first he was actually a member of the Lil Hardin Armstrong Band and working for his wife.[19] He began recording under his own name for Okeh with his famous Hot Five and Hot Seven groups, producing hits such as "Potato Head Blues", "Muggles", (a reference to marijuana, for which Armstrong had a lifelong fondness), and "West End Blues", the music of which set the standard and the agenda for jazz for many years to come.
The group included Kid Ory (trombone), Johnny Dodds (clarinet), Johnny St. Cyr (banjo), wife Lil on piano, and usually no drummer. Armstrong’s bandleading style was easygoing, as St. Cyr noted, "One felt so relaxed working with him and he was very broad-minded ... always did his best to feature each individual."[20] His recordings soon after with pianist Earl "Fatha" Hines (most famously their 1928 Weatherbird duet) and Armstrong's trumpet introduction to "West End Blues" remain some of the most famous and influential improvisations in jazz history. Armstrong was now free to develop his personal style as he wished, which included a heavy dose of effervescent jive, such as "whip that thing, Miss Lil" and "Mr. Johnny Dodds, Aw, do that clarinet, boy!"[21]
Armstrong also played with Erskine Tate’s Little Symphony, actually a quintet, which played mostly at the Vendome Theatre. They furnished music for silent movies and live shows, including jazz versions of classical music, such as “Madame Butterfly,” which gave Armstrong experience with longer forms of music and with hosting before a large audience. He began to scat sing (improvised vocal jazz using non-sensical words) and was among the first to record it, on "Heebie Jeebies" in 1926. So popular was the recording the group became the most famous jazz band in the USA even though they as yet had not performed live to any great degree. Young musicians across the country, black or white, were turned on by Armstrong’s new type of jazz.[22]
After separating from Lil, Armstrong started to play at the Sunset Café for Al Capone's associate Joe Glaser in the Carroll Dickerson Orchestra, with Earl Hines on piano, which was soon renamed Louis Armstrong and his Stompers,[23] though Hines was the music director and Glaser managed the orchestra. Hines and Armstrong became fast friends as well as successful collaborators.
Armstrong returned to New York, in 1929, where he played in the pit orchestra of the successful musical Hot Chocolate, an all-black revue written by Andy Razaf and pianist/composer Fats Waller. He also made a cameo appearance as a vocalist, regularly stealing the show with his rendition of "Ain't Misbehavin'", his version of the song becoming his biggest selling record to date.[24]
Armstrong started to work at Connie's Inn in Harlem, chief rival to the Cotton Club, a venue for elaborately staged floor shows,[25] and a front for gangster Dutch Schultz. Armstrong also had considerable success with vocal recordings, including versions of famous songs composed by his old friend Hoagy Carmichael. His 1930s recordings took full advantage of the new RCA ribbon microphone, introduced in 1931, which imparted a characteristic warmth to vocals and immediately became an intrinsic part of the 'crooning' sound of artists like Bing Crosby. Armstrong's famous interpretation of Hoagy Carmichael's "Stardust" became one of the most successful versions of this song ever recorded, showcasing Armstrong's unique vocal sound and style and his innovative approach to singing songs that had already become standards.
Armstrong's radical re-working of Sidney Arodin and Carmichael's "Lazy River" (recorded in 1931) encapsulated many features of his groundbreaking approach to melody and phrasing. The song begins with a brief trumpet solo, then the main melody is stated by sobbing horns, memorably punctuated by Armstrong's growling interjections at the end of each bar: "Yeah! ..."Uh-huh" ..."Sure" ... "Way down, way down." In the first verse, he ignores the notated melody entirely and sings as if playing a trumpet solo, pitching most of the first line on a single note and using strongly syncopated phrasing. In the second stanza he breaks into an almost fully improvised melody, which then evolves into a classic passage of Armstrong "scat singing".
As with his trumpet playing, Armstrong's vocal innovations served as a foundation stone for the art of jazz vocal interpretation. The uniquely gritty coloration of his voice became a musical archetype that was much imitated and endlessly impersonated. His scat singing style was enriched by his matchless experience as a trumpet soloist. His resonant, velvety lower-register tone and bubbling cadences on sides such as "Lazy River" exerted a huge influence on younger white singers such as Bing Crosby.
The Depression of the early Thirties was especially hard on the jazz scene. The Cotton Club closed in 1936 after a long downward spiral and many musicians stopped playing altogether as club dates evaporated. Bix Beiderbecke died and Fletcher Henderson’s band broke up. King Oliver made a few records but otherwise struggled. Sidney Bechet became a tailor and Kid Ory returned to New Orleans and raised chickens.[26] Armstrong moved to Los Angeles in 1930 to seek new opportunities. He played at the New Cotton Club in LA with Lionel Hampton on drums. The band drew the Hollywood crowd, which could still afford a lavish night life, while radio broadcasts from the club connected with younger audiences at home. Bing Crosby and many other celebrities were regulars at the club. In 1931, Armstrong appeared in his first movie, Ex-Flame. Armstrong was convicted of marijuana possession but received a suspended sentence.[27] He returned to Chicago in late 1931 and played in bands more in the Guy Lombardo vein and he recorded more standards. When the mob insisted that he get out of town, Armstrong visited New Orleans, got a hero’s welcome and saw old friends. He sponsored a local baseball team known as “Armstrong’s Secret Nine” and got a cigar named after himself.[28] But soon he was on the road again and after a tour across the country shadowed by the mob, Armstrong decided to go to Europe to escape.
After returning to the States, he undertook several exhausting tours. His agent Johnny Collins’ erratic behavior and his own spending ways left Armstrong short of cash. Breach of contract violations plagued him. Finally, he hired Joe Glaser as his new manager, a tough mob-connected wheeler-dealer, who began to straighten out his legal mess, his mob troubles, and his debts. Armstrong also began to experience problems with his fingers and lips, which were aggravated by his unorthodox playing style. As a result he branched out, developing his vocal style and making his first theatrical appearances. He appeared in movies again, including Crosby's 1936 hit Pennies from Heaven. In 1937, Armstrong substituted for Rudy Vallee on the CBS radio network and became the first African American to host a sponsored, national broadcast.[29] He finally divorced Lil in 1938 and married longtime girlfriend Alpha.
After spending many years on the road, Armstrong settled permanently in Queens, New York in 1943 in contentment with his fourth wife, Lucille. Although subject to the vicissitudes of Tin Pan Alley and the gangster-ridden music business, as well as anti-black prejudice, he continued to develop his playing. He recorded Hoagy Carmichael's Rockin' Chair for Okeh Records.
During the subsequent thirty years, Armstrong played more than three hundred gigs a year. Bookings for big bands tapered off during the 1940s due to changes in public tastes: ballrooms closed, and there was competition from television and from other types of music becoming more popular than big band music. It became impossible under such circumstances to support and finance a 16-piece touring band.
The All Stars[link]
Following a highly successful small-group jazz concert at New York Town Hall on May 17, 1947, featuring Armstrong with trombonist/singer Jack Teagarden, Armstrong's manager Joe Glaser dissolved the Armstrong big band on August 13, 1947 and established a six-piece small group featuring Armstrong with (initially) Teagarden, Earl Hines and other top swing and dixieland musicians, most of them ex-big band leaders. The new group was announced at the opening of Billy Berg's Supper Club.
This group was called Louis Armstrong and his All Stars and included at various times Earl "Fatha" Hines, Barney Bigard, Edmond Hall, Jack Teagarden, Trummy Young, Arvell Shaw, Billy Kyle, Marty Napoleon, Big Sid Catlett, Cozy Cole, Tyree Glenn, Barrett Deems, Joe Darensbourg and the Filipino-American percussionist, Danny Barcelona. During this period, Armstrong made many recordings and appeared in over thirty films. He was the first jazz musician to appear on the cover of Time Magazine on February 21, 1949.
In 1964, he recorded his biggest-selling record, "Hello, Dolly!" The song went to #1 on the pop chart, making Armstrong (age 63) the oldest person to ever accomplish that feat. In the process, Armstrong dislodged The Beatles from the #1 position they had occupied for 14 consecutive weeks with three different songs.[30]
Armstrong kept up his busy tour schedule until a few years before his death in 1971. In his later years he would sometimes play some of his numerous gigs by rote, but other times would enliven the most mundane gig with his vigorous playing, often to the astonishment of his band. He also toured Africa, Europe, and Asia under sponsorship of the US State Department with great success, earning the nickname "Ambassador Satch." While failing health restricted his schedule in his last years, within those limitations he continued playing until the day he died.
Death[link]
Armstrong died of a heart attack in his sleep on July 6, 1971, a month before his 70th birthday,[31] and 11 months after playing a famous show at the Waldorf-Astoria's Empire Room.[32] He was residing in Corona, Queens, New York City, at the time of his death.[33] He was interred in Flushing Cemetery, Flushing, in Queens, New York City.[34]
His honorary pallbearers included Bing Crosby, Ella Fitzgerald, Dizzy Gillespie, Pearl Bailey, Count Basie, Harry James, Frank Sinatra, Ed Sullivan, Earl Wilson, Alan King, Johnny Carson and David Frost.[35] Peggy Lee sang The Lord's Prayer at the services while Al Hibbler sang "Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen" and Fred Robbins, a long-time friend, gave the eulogy.[36]
Personal life[link]
Personality[link]
 |
This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (November 2011) |
Armstrong was a colorful character. His own biography vexes biographers and historians, because he had a habit of telling tales, particularly of his early childhood, when he was less scrutinized, and his embellishments of his history often lack consistency.
He was not only an entertainer. Armstrong was a leading personality of the day who was so beloved by America that gave even the greatest African American performers little access beyond their public celebrity, that he was able to live privately a life of access and privilege accorded to few other African Americans.
He tried to remain politically neutral, which gave him a large part of that access, but often alienated him from members of the black community who looked to him to use his prominence with white America to become more of an outspoken figure during the Civil Rights Era of U.S. history.
Nicknames[link]
The nicknames Satchmo and Satch are short for Satchelmouth. Like many things in Armstrong's life, which was filled with colorful stories both real and imagined, many of his own telling, the nickname has many possible origins.
The most common tale that biographers tell is the story of Armstrong as a young boy dancing for pennies in the streets of New Orleans, who would scoop up the coins off of the streets and stick them into his mouth to avoid having the bigger children steal them from him. Someone dubbed him "satchel mouth" for his mouth acting as a satchel. Another tale is that because of his large mouth, he was nicknamed "satchel mouth" which became shortened to Satchmo.
Early on he was also known as Dipper, short for Dippermouth, a reference to the piece Dippermouth Blues.[37] and something of a riff on his unusual embouchure.
The nickname Pops came from Armstrong's own tendency to forget people's names and simply call them "pops" instead. The nickname was soon turned on Armstrong himself. It was used as the title of a 2010 biography of Armstrong by Terry Teachout.
File:Louis Armstrong Autograph.jpg
Armstrong's autograph from the 1960s
Armstrong and race[link]
Armstrong was largely accepted into white society, both on stage and off, a privilege reserved for very few African-American public figures, and usually those of either exceptional talent and fair skin-tone. As his fame grew, so did his access to the finer things in life usually denied to a black man, even a famous one. His renown was such that he dined in the best restaurants and stayed in hotels usually exclusively for whites.[38]
It was a power and privilege that he enjoyed, although he was very careful not to flaunt it with fellow performers of color, and privately, he shared what access that he could with friends and fellow musicians.
That still did not prevent members of the African-American community, particularly in the late 1950s to the early 1970s, from calling him an Uncle Tom, a black-on-black racial epithet for someone who kowtowed to white society at the expense of their own racial identity.
He was criticized for accepting the title of "King of The Zulus" for Mardi Gras in 1949. In the New Orleans African-American community it is an honored role as the head of leading black Carnival Krewe, but bewildering or offensive to outsiders with their traditional costume of grass-skirts and blackface makeup satirizing southern white attitudes.
Some musicians criticized Armstrong for playing in front of segregated audiences, and for not taking a strong enough stand in the civil rights movement.[39]
Billie Holiday countered, however, "Of course Pops toms, but he toms from the heart."[40]
The few exceptions made it more effective when he did speak out. Armstrong's criticism of President Eisenhower, calling him "two-faced" and "gutless" because of his inaction during the conflict over school desegregation in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957 made national news.
As a protest, Armstrong canceled a planned tour of the Soviet Union on behalf of the State Department saying "The way they're treating my people in the South, the government can go to hell" and that he could not represent his government abroad when it was in conflict with its own people.[41] Six days after Armstrong's comments, Eisenhower ordered Federal troops to Little Rock to escort students into the school.[42]
The FBI kept a file on Armstrong, for his outspokenness about integration.[43]
Religion[link]
When asked about his religion, Armstrong would answer that he was raised a Baptist, always wore a Star of David, and was friends with the Pope.[44] Armstrong wore the Star of David in honor of the Karnofsky family, who took him in as a child and lent him the money to buy his first cornet. Louis Armstrong was, in fact, baptized as a Catholic at the Sacred Heart of Jesus Church in New Orleans,[44] and he met popes Pius XII and Paul VI, though there is no evidence that he considered himself Catholic. Armstrong seems to have been tolerant towards various religions, but also found humor in them.
Personal habits[link]
Purging[link]
Armstrong was also greatly concerned with his health and bodily functions. He made frequent use of laxatives as a means of controlling his weight, a practice he advocated both to personal acquaintances and in the diet plans he published under the title Lose Weight the Satchmo Way. Armstrong's laxative of preference in his younger days was Pluto Water, but he then became an enthusiastic convert when he discovered the herbal remedy Swiss Kriss. He would extol its virtues to anyone who would listen and pass out packets to everyone he encountered, including members of the British Royal Family. (Armstrong also appeared in humorous, albeit risqué, cards that he had printed to send out to friends; the cards bore a picture of him sitting on a toilet—as viewed through a keyhole—with the slogan "Satch says, 'Leave it all behind ya!'")[45] The cards have sometimes been incorrectly described as ads for Swiss Kriss.[46]
In a live recording of "Baby, It's Cold Outside" with Velma Middleton, he changes the lyric from "Put another record on while I pour" to "Take some Swiss Kriss while I pour." The line, slightly garbled in the live recording, could just as likely be "Take some Swiss Miss while I pour"—Swiss Miss is a hot chocolate mix that would have been fairly new on the market in 1951. (The line comes at 1:04 in the song.)[47]
Love of food[link]
The concern with his health and weight was balanced by his love of food, reflected in such songs as "Cheesecake", "Cornet Chop Suey,"[48] though "Struttin’ with Some Barbecue" was written about a fine-looking companion, not about food.[49] He kept a strong connection throughout his life to the cooking of New Orleans, always signing his letters, "Red beans and ricely yours..."[50]
Writings[link]
Armstrong’s gregariousness extended to writing. On the road, he wrote constantly, sharing favorite themes of his life with correspondents around the world. He avidly typed or wrote on whatever stationery was at hand, recording instant takes on music, sex, food, childhood memories, his heavy "medicinal" marijuana use—and even his bowel movements, which he gleefully described.[51] He had a fondness for lewd jokes and dirty limericks as well.
Social organizations[link]
Louis Armstrong was not, as is often claimed, a Freemason. Although he is usually listed as being a member of Montgomery Lodge No. 18 (Prince Hall) in New York, no such lodge has ever existed. Armstrong states in his autobiography, however, that he was a member of the Knights of Pythias, which is not a Masonic group.[52]
Music[link]
Horn playing and early jazz[link]
In his early years, Armstrong was best known for his virtuosity with the cornet and trumpet. The greatest trumpet playing of his early years can be heard on his Hot Five and Hot Seven records, as well as the Red Onion Jazz Babies. The improvisations he made on these records of New Orleans jazz standards and popular songs of the day are unsurpassed by later jazz performers. The older generation of New Orleans jazz musicians often referred to their improvisations as "variating the melody." Armstrong's improvisations were daring and sophisticated for the time, while often subtle and melodic.
He often essentially re-composed pop-tunes he played, making them more interesting. Armstrong's playing is filled with joyous, inspired original melodies, creative leaps, and subtle relaxed or driving rhythms. The genius of these creative passages is matched by Armstrong's playing technique, honed by constant practice, which extended the range, tone and capabilities of the trumpet. In these records, Armstrong almost single-handedly created the role of the jazz soloist, taking what was essentially a collective folk music and turning it into an art form with tremendous possibilities for individual expression.
Armstrong's work in the 1920s shows him playing at the outer limits of his abilities. The Hot Five records, especially, often have minor flubs and missed notes, which do little to detract from listening enjoyment since the energy of the spontaneous performance comes through. By the mid 1930s, Armstrong achieved a smooth assurance, knowing exactly what he could do and carrying out his ideas to perfection.
He was one of the first artists to use recordings of his performances to improve himself. Armstrong was an avid audiophile. He had a large collection of recordings, including reel-to-reel tapes, which he took on the road with him in a trunk during his later career. He enjoyed listening to his own recordings, and comparing his performances musically. In the den of his home, he had the latest audio equipment and would sometimes rehearse and record along with his older recordings or the radio.[53]
Vocal popularity[link]
As his music progressed and popularity grew, his singing also became very important. Armstrong was not the first to record scat singing, but he was masterful at it and helped popularize it. He had a hit with his playing and scat singing on "Heebie Jeebies" when, according to some legends, the sheet music fell on the floor and he simply started singing nonsense syllables. Armstrong stated in his memoirs that this actually occurred. He also sang out "I done forgot the words" in the middle of recording "I'm A Ding Dong Daddy From Dumas."
Such records were hits and scat singing became a major part of his performances. Long before this, however, Armstrong was playing around with his vocals, shortening and lengthening phrases, interjecting improvisations, using his voice as creatively as his trumpet.
Colleagues and followers[link]
During his long career he played and sang with some of the most important instrumentalists and vocalists of the time; among them were Bing Crosby, Duke Ellington, Fletcher Henderson, Earl Hines, the singing brakeman Jimmie Rodgers, Bessie Smith and perhaps most famously Ella Fitzgerald.
His influence upon Bing Crosby is particularly important with regard to the subsequent development of popular music: Crosby admired and copied Armstrong, as is evident on many of his early recordings, notably "Just One More Chance" (1931). The New Grove Dictionary Of Jazz describes Crosby's debt to Armstrong in precise detail, although it does not acknowledge Armstrong by name:
Crosby... was important in introducing into the mainstream of popular singing an Afro-American concept of song as a lyrical extension of speech... His techniques - easing the weight of the breath on the vocal cords, passing into a head voice at a low register, using forward production to aid distinct enunciation, singing on consonants (a practice of black singers), and making discreet use of appoggiaturas, mordents, and slurs to emphasize the text - were emulated by nearly all later popular singers.
Armstrong recorded three albums with Ella Fitzgerald: Ella and Louis, Ella and Louis Again, and Porgy and Bess for Verve Records, with the sessions featuring the backing musicianship of the Oscar Peterson Trio and drummer Buddy Rich. His recordings Satch Plays Fats, all Fats Waller tunes, and Louis Armstrong Plays W.C. Handy in the 1950s were perhaps among the last of his great creative recordings, but even oddities like Disney Songs the Satchmo Way are seen to have their musical moments. And, his participation in Dave Brubeck's high-concept jazz musical The Real Ambassadors was critically acclaimed. For the most part, however, his later output was criticized as being overly simplistic or repetitive.
Hits and later career[link]
Armstrong had many hit records including "Stardust", "What a Wonderful World", "When The Saints Go Marching In", "Dream a Little Dream of Me", "Ain't Misbehavin'", "You Rascal You,"and "Stompin' at the Savoy." "We Have All the Time in the World" was featured on the soundtrack of the James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service, and enjoyed renewed popularity in the UK in 1994 when it featured on a Guinness advert. It reached number 3 in the charts on being re-released.
In 1964, Armstrong knocked the Beatles off the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart with "Hello, Dolly!", which gave the 63-year-old performer a U.S. record as the oldest artist to have a number one song. His 1964 song, "Bout Time" was later featured in the film "Bewitched" (2005).
Armstrong performed in Italy at the 1968 Sanremo Music Festival where he sang "Mi Va di Cantare"[54] alongside his friend, the Eritrean-born Italian singer Lara Saint Paul.[55] In February 1968, he also appeared with Lara Saint Paul on the Italian RAI television channel where he performed "Grassa e Bella," a track he sang in Italian for the Italian market and C.D.I. label.[56]
In 1968, Armstrong scored one last popular hit in the United Kingdom with the highly sentimental pop song "What a Wonderful World", which topped the British charts for a month; however, the single did not chart at all in America. The song gained greater currency in the popular consciousness when it was used in the 1987 movie Good Morning, Vietnam, its subsequent rerelease topping many charts around the world. Armstrong even appeared on the October 28, 1970 Johnny Cash Show, where he sang Nat "King" Cole's hit "Rambling Rose" and joined Cash to re-create his performance backing Jimmie Rodgers on "Blue Yodel #9".
Stylistic range[link]
Armstrong enjoyed many types of music, from blues to the arrangements of Guy Lombardo, to Latin American folksongs, to classical symphonies and opera. Armstrong incorporated influences from all these sources into his performances, sometimes to the bewilderment of fans who wanted him to stay in convenient narrow categories. Armstrong was inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as an early influence. Some of his solos from the 1950s, such as the hard rocking version of "St. Louis Blues" from the WC Handy album, show that the influence went in both directions.
Literature, radio, films and TV[link]
Armstrong appeared in more than a dozen Hollywood films, usually playing a band leader or musician. His most familiar role was as the bandleader cum narrator in the 1956 musical, High Society, in which he sang the title song and performed a duet with Bing Crosby on "Now You Has Jazz". In 1947, he played himself in the movie New Orleans opposite Billie Holiday, which chronicled the demise of the Storyville district and the ensuing exodus of musicians from New Orleans to Chicago.[57] In the 1959 film, The Five Pennies (the story of the cornetist Red Nichols), Armstrong played himself as well as singing and playing several classic numbers. With Danny Kaye Armstrong performed a duet of "When the Saints Go Marching In" during which Kaye impersonated Armstrong. Armstrong also had a part in the film alongside James Stewart in The Glenn Miller Story in which Glenn (played by Stewart) jammed with Armstrong and a few other noted musicians of the time.
He was the first African American to host a nationally broadcast radio show in the 1930s. In 1969, Armstrong had a cameo role in the film version of Hello, Dolly! as the bandleader, Louis, to which he sang the title song with actress Barbra Streisand. His solo recording of "Hello, Dolly!" is one of his most recognizable performances.
He was heard on such radio programs as The Story of Swing (1937) and This Is Jazz (1947), and he also made countless television appearances, especially in the 1950s and 1960s, including appearances on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.
Many of Armstrong's recordings remain popular. Almost four decades since his passing, a larger number of his recordings from all periods of his career are more widely available than at any time during his lifetime. His songs are broadcast and listened to every day throughout the world, and are honored in various movies, TV series, commercials, and even anime and video games. "A Kiss to Build a Dream On" was included in the video game Fallout 2, accompanying the intro cinematic. It was also used in the 1993 film Sleepless in Seattle and the 2005 film Lord of War. His 1923 recordings, with Joe Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band, continue to be listened to as documents of ensemble style New Orleans jazz, but more particularly as ripper[jargon] jazz records in their own right. All too often, however, Armstrong recorded with stiff, standard orchestras leaving only his sublime trumpet playing as of interest. "Melancholy Blues," performed by Armstrong and his Hot Seven was included on the Voyager Golden Record sent into outer space to represent one of the greatest achievements of humanity. Most familiar to modern listeners is his ubiquitous rendition of "What a Wonderful World". In 2008, Armstrong's recording of Edith Piaf's famous "La Vie En Rose" was used in a scene of the popular Disney/Pixar film WALL-E. The song was also used in parts, especially the opening trumpets, in the French film Jeux d'enfants (Love Me If You Dare.)
Argentine writer Julio Cortázar, a self-described Armstrong admirer, asserted that a 1952 Louis Armstrong concert at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris played a significant role in inspiring him to create the fictional creatures called Cronopios that are the subject of a number of Cortázar's short stories. Cortázar once called Armstrong himself "Grandísimo Cronopio" (The Great Cronopio).
Armstrong appears as a minor fictionalized character in Harry Turtledove's Southern Victory Series. When he and his band escape from a Nazi-like Confederacy, they enhance the insipid mainstream music of the North. A young Armstrong also appears as a minor fictionalized character in Patrick Neate's 2001 novel Twelve Bar Blues, part of which is set in New Orleans, and which was a winner at that year's Whitbread Book Awards.
There is a pivotal scene in 1980s Stardust Memories in which Woody Allen is overwhelmed by a recording of Armstrong's Stardust and experiences a nostalgic epiphany.[58] The combination of the music and the perfect moment is the catalyst for much of the film's action, prompting the protagonist to fall in love with an ill-advised woman.[59]
Awards and honors[link]
Grammy Awards[link]
Armstrong was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1972 by the Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. This Special Merit Award is presented by vote of the Recording Academy's National Trustees to performers who, during their lifetimes, have made creative contributions of outstanding artistic significance to the field of recording.[60]
| Grammy Award | |||||
| Year | Category | Title | Genre | Label | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1964 | Male Vocal Performance | "Hello, Dolly!" | Pop | Kapp | Winner |
Grammy Hall of Fame[link]
Recordings of Armstrong were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least twenty-five years old, and that have "qualitative or historical significance."[61][62]
| Grammy Hall of Fame | |||||
| Year recorded | Title | Genre | Label | Year inducted | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1929 | "St. Louis Blues" | Jazz (Single) | OKeh | 2008 | with Bessie Smith |
| 1928 | "Weather Bird" | Jazz (Single) | OKeh | 2008 | with Earl Hines |
| 1930 | "Blue Yodel #9 (Standing on the Corner)" |
Country (Single) | Victor | 2007 | Jimmie Rodgers (Featuring Louis Armstrong) |
| 1932 | "All of Me" | Jazz (Single) | Columbia | 2005 | |
| 1958 | Porgy and Bess | Jazz (Album) | Verve | 2001 | with Ella Fitzgerald |
| 1964 | "Hello Dolly!" | Pop (Single) | Kapp | 2001 | |
| 1926 | "Heebie Jeebies" | Jazz (Single) | OKeh | 1999 | |
| 1968 | "What a Wonderful World" | Jazz (Single) | ABC | 1999 | |
| 1955 | "Mack the Knife" | Jazz (Single) | Columbia | 1997 | |
| 1925 | "St. Louis Blues" | Jazz (Single) | Columbia | 1993 | Bessie Smith with Louis Armstrong, cornet |
| 1928 | "West End Blues" | Jazz (Single) | OKeh | 1974 | |
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame[link]
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame listed Armstrong's West End Blues on the list of 500 songs that shaped Rock and Roll.[63]
| Year recorded | Title | Label | Group |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1928 | West End Blues | Okeh | Louis Armstrong and his Hot Five |
Inductions and honors[link]
In 1995, the U.S. Post Office issued a Louis Armstrong 32 cents commemorative postage stamp.
| Year inducted | Title | Results | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | Louisiana Music Hall of Fame | ||
| 2007 | Gennett Records Walk of Fame, Richmond, Indiana | ||
| 2007 | Long Island Music Hall of Fame | ||
| 2004 | Nesuhi Ertegün Jazz Hall of Fame at Jazz at Lincoln Center |
||
| 1990 | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | Early influence | |
| 1978 | Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame | ||
| 1952 | Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame | ||
| 1960[64] | Hollywood Walk of Fame | Star | at 7601 Hollywood Blvd. |
Legacy[link]
The influence of Armstrong on the development of jazz is virtually immeasurable. Yet, his irrepressible personality both as a performer, and as a public figure later in his career, was so strong that to some it sometimes overshadowed his contributions as a musician and singer.
As a virtuoso trumpet player, Armstrong had a unique tone and an extraordinary talent for melodic improvisation. Through his playing, the trumpet emerged as a solo instrument in jazz and is used widely today. He was a masterful accompanist and ensemble player in addition to his extraordinary skills as a soloist. With his innovations, he raised the bar musically for all who came after him.
Though Armstrong is widely recognized as a pioneer of scat singing, Ethel Waters precedes his scatting on record in the 1930s according to Gary Giddins and others.[65] Billie Holiday and Frank Sinatra are just two singers who were greatly indebted to him. Holiday said that she always wanted Bessie Smith's 'big' sound and Armstrong's feeling in her singing. Even special musicians like Duke Ellington have praised Armstrong through strong testimonials. Duke Ellington said, "If anybody was a master, it was Louis Armstrong." In 1950, Bing Crosby, the most successful vocalist of the first half of the 20th century, said, "He is the beginning and the end of music in America."
On August 4, 2001, the centennial of Armstrong's birth, New Orleans's airport was renamed Louis Armstrong International Airport in his honor.
In 2002, the Louis Armstrong's Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings (1925–1928) are preserved in the United States National Recording Registry, a registry of recordings selected yearly by the National Recording Preservation Board for preservation in the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress.[66]
The US Open tennis tournament's former main stadium was named Louis Armstrong Stadium in honor of Armstrong who had lived a few blocks from the site.[67]
Today, there are many bands worldwide dedicated to preserving and honoring the music and style of Satchmo, including the Louis Armstrong Society located in New Orleans, LA.
House[link]
The house where Louis Armstrong lived for close to 28 years was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977 and is now a museum. The Louis Armstrong House Museum, at 34-56 107th Street (between 34th and 37th Avenues) in Corona, Queens, presents concerts and educational programs, operates as a historic house museum and makes materials in its archives of writings, books, recordings and memorabilia available to the public for research. The museum is operated by the City University of New York's Queens College, following the dictates of Lucille Armstrong'swill.
The museum opened to the public on October 15, 2003. A new visitors center is planned.[68]
Discography[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ He preferred that his name be pronounced Louie. "It's like Louis Armstrong - he spelled his name Louis, but he liked it to be said as Louie," recalls Louie Bellson [1]. Armstrong was registered as "Lewie" for the 1920 U.S. Census. On various live records he's called "Louie" on stage, such as on the 1952 "Can Anyone Explain?" from the live album In Scandinavia vol.1. It should also be noted that "Lewie" is the French pronunciation of "Louis" and is commonly used in Louisiana. However, when referring to himself in "Hello Dolly!," he pronounces his name as "Lewis" ("Hello, Dolly. This is Lewis, Dolly"), pronouncing the 's'.
- ^ Armstrong said he was not sure exactly when he was born, but celebrated his birthday on July 4. He usually gave the year as 1900 when speaking in public (although he used 1901 on his Social Security and other papers filed with the government). Using Roman Catholic Church documents from when his grandmother took him to be baptized, New Orleans music researcher Tad Jones established Armstrong's actual date of birth as August 4, 1901. With various other collaborative evidence, this date is now accepted by Armstrong scholars. See also age fabrication Armstrong had no middle name, but a 1949 Time magazine profile gave him the middle name of Daniel. The census and baptismal records confirm he had no middle name.
- ^ For "satchel-mouth."
- ^ The TIME 100. Louis Armstrong. TIME, Stanley Crouch, June 8, 1998. "For many years it was thought that Armstrong was born in New Orleans on July 4, 1900, a perfect day for the man who wrote the musical Declaration of Independence for Americans of this century. But the estimable writer Gary Giddins discovered the birth certificate that proves Armstrong was born Aug. 4, 1901." Retrieved January 8, 2009.
- ^ When is Louis Armstrong's birthday? The Official Site of the Louis Armstrong House & Archives.
- ^ Current Biography 1944, pp. 15–17.
- ^ Bergreen, Laurence (1997). Louis Armstrong: An Extravagant Life. New York: Broadway Books. p. 6. ISBN 0-553-06768-0.
- ^ Karnow, Stanley (February 21, 2001). "My Debt to Cousin Louis's Cornet". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C02E1D91639F932A15751C0A9679C8B63. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
- ^ Teachout, Terry. "Satchmo and the Jews" Commentary magazine, Nov. 2009.
- ^ "The Karnofsky Project".
- ^ Current Biography 1944 p. 16.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 78.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 142.
- ^ "Satchuated" Gary Giddins, Village Voice April 16–22, 2003. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 170.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 199.
- ^ www.britannica.com
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 247.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 260.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 274.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 264.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 267.
- ^ Collier, James Lincoln (1985). Louis Armstrong. Pan Books. pp. 160–162. ISBN 0-330-28607-2.
- ^ "Louis Armstrong & his Orchestra". Redhotjazz.com. http://www.redhotjazz.com/lao.html. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ Morgenstern, Dan. “Louis Armstrong and the development & diffusion of Jazz”, Louis Armstrong a Cultural Legacy, Marc H Miller e.d., Queens Museum of Art in association with University of Washington Press, 1994 pg110
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 320.
- ^ Collier (1985), p221-2
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 344.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 385.
- ^ Hale, James (editor of Jazzhouse.org), Danny Barcelona (1929–2007), Drums, Armstrong All-Star, The Last Post, 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
- ^ Meckna, Michael; Satchmo, The Louis Armstrong Encyclopedia, Greenwood Press, Connecticut & London, 2004.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 491.
- ^ Krebs, Albin. "Louis Armstrong, Jazz Trumpeter and Singer, Dies", The New York Times, July 7, 1971. Accessed October 1, 2009. "Louis Armstrong, the celebrated jazz trumpeter and singer, died in his sleep yesterday morning at his home in the Corona section of Queens."
- ^ Louis Armstrong at Find a Grave
- ^ Collier, James Lincoln (1985). Louis Armstrong. Pan. p. 333. ISBN 0-330-28607-2.
- ^ "Louis Armstrong Dies: 1971 Year in Review". Upi.com. December 28, 1971. http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/#title. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ Armstrong, 1954, pp. 27-28
- ^ The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones, Vol. 3, Disk 7, Mystery of the Blues Special Features, Louis Armstrong: Ambassador of Jazz (DVD). Lucasfilm, Ltd.. Event occurs at 17:30.
- ^ Collier (1985), p. 317-320
- ^ 100 Most Influential People of All Times. Books.google.com. 2007-01-01. ISBN 978-1-60501-124-0. http://books.google.com/?id=WcLJ3aK-ZSkC&pg=PT698&dq=from+the+heart+%22pops+toms%22#v=onepage&q=from%20the%20heart%20%22pops%20toms%22&f=false. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
- ^ "Louis Armstrong, Barring Soviet Tour, Denounces Eisenhower and Gov. Faubus". New York Times. September 19, 1957. http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/reviews/armstrong-eisenhower.html. Retrieved August 30, 2007. See also, from September 23, 2007, *David Margolick, The Day Louis Armstrong Made Noise.
- ^ The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones, Vol. 3, Disk 7, Mystery of the Blues Special Features, Louis Armstrong: Ambassador of Jazz (DVD). Lucasfilm, Ltd.. Event occurs at 24:28.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 472.
- ^ a b Gabbard, Krin (2001). Louis and The Good Book (CD booklet). New York City: Verve Records. p.1.
- ^ Gilstrap, Peter (February 29, 1996). "Leave It All Behind Ya". Phoenix New Times. http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1996-02-29/news/leave-it-all-behind-ya/. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
- ^ Teachout, Terry (2009) Pops: A Life of Louis Armstrong pp. 293–294.
- ^ Louis Armstrong, "Christmas Through the Years," Laserlight 12744
- ^ Satchmo.net. 'Red Beans and Ricely yours, Louis Armstrong.'
- ^ Jive Dictionary, by Cab Calloway: "Barbecue (n.) -- the girl friend, a beauty." Retrieved February 10, 2009.
- ^ Elie p. 327.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 4.
- ^ "Non-masons - Louis Armstrong". Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/armstrong_l/armstrong_l.html. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Michael Cogswell, Louis Armstrong: The Offstage Story of Satchmo (Collector's Press, Portland, Oregon, 2003) ISBN 1-888054-81-6 pp. 66–68.
- ^ "Hit Parade Italia" Hit Parade Italia - Festival di Sanremo 1968.
- ^ "Mi va di cantare" Lara Saint Paul - lavocedelledonne.it.
- ^ Louis Armstrong: "Grassa e bella" Louis Armstrong Discography.
- ^ IMDb.com
- ^ "Stardust Memories :: rogerebert.com :: Reviews". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. January 1, 1980. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19800101/REVIEWS/1010330/1023. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ IMDb.com
- ^ "Lifetime Achievement Award". Grammy.com. February 8, 2009. http://www.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Lifetime_Awards/. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ "Grammy Hall of Fame Database". Grammy.com. February 8, 2009. http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ "The Recording Academy" (PDF). http://www.grammy.com/PressReleases/443_466_Hall%20of%20Fame%20release%20FINAL.pdf. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ "Experience The Music: One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". Rockhall.com. http://rockhall.com/exhibits/one-hit-wonders-songs-that-shaped-rock-and-roll/. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
- ^ "Hollywood Walk of Fame". Walkoffame.com. 1960-02-08. http://www.walkoffame.com/louis-armstrong. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
- ^ See Ken Burns' Jazz CD Set liner notes.
- ^ "Library of Congress archive". Loc.gov. February 18, 2009. http://www.loc.gov/rr/record/nrpb/registry/nrpb-2002reg.html. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ "Ashe & Armstrong Stadiums". Usta.com. May 25, 2008. http://www.usta.com/Active/News/National-Tennis-Center-News/National-Tennis-Center/14185_Ashe__Armstrong_Stadiums/. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
- ^ "New visitor center at Armstrong museum". Queens Chronicle. November 10, 2011. http://www.qchron.com/editions/western/new-visitor-center-at-armstrong-museum/article_0968722c-bb92-57e9-8de4-e749c6801c24.html. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
References[link]
- Armstrong, Louis. Satchmo: My Life in New Orleans. ISBN 0-306-80276-7
- Armstrong, Louis and Thomas Brothers. Armstrong, in His Own Words: Selected Writings. ISBN 0-19-514046-X
- Bergreen, Laurence "Louis Armstrong: An Extravagant Life" ISBN 0-553-06768-0
- Brothers, Thomas "Louis Armstrong's New Orleans" ISBN 0-393-06109-4
- Cogswell, Michael. Armstrong: The Offstage Story. ISBN 1-888054-81-6
- Elie, Lolis Eric. A Letter from New Orleans. Originally printed in Gourmet. Reprinted in Best Food Writing 2006, Edited by Holly Hughes, ISBN 1-56924-287-9
- Jones Max and John Chilton. Louis Armstrong Story. ISBN 0-306-80324-0
- Meckna, Michael. Satchmo: The Louis Armstrong Encyclopedia. ISBN 0-313-30137-9
- Storb, Ilse. "Louis Armstrong: The Definitive Biography". ISBN 0-8204-3103-6
Video clips[link]
- "Now You Has Jazz"
- "Blueberry Hill"
- "Stompin' At The Savoy" Germany, 1959
- "Tiger Rag"
- "C'est si bon 1962
- "Dream a Little Dream" photo slide show
- "Louis Armstrong and Frank Sinatra - The Birth of The Blues" - The Edsel Show
External links[link]
 |
Book: Louis Armstrong |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Louis Armstrong |
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Louis Armstrong |
- louis-armstrong.net - Sony BMG Music Entertainment
- Louis Armstrong by Nat Hentoff
- Obituary, NY Times
- Quotes and tributes
- Discography
- Filmography @ imdb.com
- The Louis Armstrong Society Jazz Band
- Louis Armstrong: A Life in Music - slideshow by Life magazine
- Seeing Black jazz critic on the Uncle Tom question
- the official website of the Louis Armstrong House & Archives
- "Louis Armstrong Transcription Project - john p birchall"
- Louis Armstrong at pbskids.org
- David Margolick, The Day Louis Armstrong Made Noise
- Smithsonian Louis Armstrong: A Cultural Legacy
- Louis Armstrong at NPR Music
- Louis Armstrong in Athens, Blog of the Digital Library of Georgia
- Louis Armstrong: discography and early recordings (Real Player format) on the Red Hot Jazz website.
- Milestone Louis Armstrong recordings at Three Perfect Minutes
- Louis Armstrong's autobiography online book
- Louis Armstrong collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Works by or about Louis Armstrong in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Louis Armstrong discography at Discogs
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Armstrong, Louis |
| Alternative names | Satchmo |
| Short description | American Jazz trumpeter and singer |
| Date of birth | (1900-07-04)July 4, 1900 |
| Place of birth | New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Date of death | July 6, 1971(1971-07-06) |
| Place of death | New York City, New York, U.S. |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Helen Keller | |
|---|---|
 Helen Keller sitting holding a magnolia flower, circa 1920. |
|
| Born | Helen Adams Keller (1880-06-27)June 27, 1880 Tuscumbia, Alabama, USA |
| Died | June 1, 1968(1968-06-01) (aged 87) Arcan Ridge, Easton, Connecticut, USA |
| Signature |  |
Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an American author, political activist, and lecturer. She was the first deafblind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree.[1][2] The story of how Keller's teacher, Anne Sullivan, broke through the isolation imposed by a near complete lack of language, allowing the girl to blossom as she learned to communicate, has become widely known through the dramatic depictions of the play and film The Miracle Worker.
A prolific author, Keller was well-traveled, and was outspoken in her anti-war convictions. A member of the Socialist Party of America and the Industrial Workers of the World, she campaigned for women's suffrage, labor rights, socialism, and other radical left causes. She was inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1971.[3]
Contents |
Early childhood and illness[link]
Helen Adams Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Alabama. Her family lived on a homestead, Ivy Green,[4] that Helen's grandfather had built decades earlier.[5] Helen's father, Arthur H. Keller,[6] spent many years as an editor for the Tuscumbia North Alabamian and had served as a captain for the Confederate Army.[5] Helen's paternal grandmother was the second cousin of Robert E. Lee.[7] Helen's mother, Kate Adams,[8] was the daughter of Charles Adams.[9] Though originally from Massachusetts, Charles Adams also fought for the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, earning the rank of brigadier-general.[7]
Helen's father's lineage can be traced to Casper Keller, a native of Switzerland.[7][10] Coincidentally, one of Helen's Swiss ancestors was the first teacher for the deaf in Zurich.[7] Helen reflects upon this coincidence in her first autobiography, stating "that there is no king who has not had a slave among his ancestors, and no slave who has not had a king among his."[7]
Helen Keller was not born blind and deaf; it was not until she was 19 months old that she contracted an illness described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the stomach and the brain", which might have been scarlet fever or meningitis. The illness did not last for a particularly long time, but it left her deaf and blind. At that time, she was able to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington,[11] the six-year-old daughter of the family cook, who understood her signs; by the age of seven, she had over 60 home signs to communicate with her family.
In 1886, her mother, inspired by an account in Charles Dickens' American Notes of the successful education of another deaf and blind woman, Laura Bridgman, dispatched young Helen, accompanied by her father, to seek out Dr. J. Julian Chisolm, an eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist in Baltimore, for advice.[12] He subsequently put them in touch with Alexander Graham Bell, who was working with deaf children at the time. Bell advised the couple to contact the Perkins Institute for the Blind, the school where Bridgman had been educated, which was then located in South Boston. Michael Anaganos, the school's director, asked former student Anne Sullivan, herself visually impaired and only 20 years old, to become Keller's instructor. It was the beginning of a 49-year-long relationship, Sullivan evolving into governess and then eventual companion.
Anne Sullivan arrived at Keller's house in March 1887, and immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling words into her hand, beginning with "d-o-l-l" for the doll that she had brought Keller as a present. Keller was frustrated, at first, because she did not understand that every object had a word uniquely identifying it. In fact, when Sullivan was trying to teach Keller the word for "mug", Keller became so frustrated she broke the doll.[13] Keller's big breakthrough in communication came the next month, when she realized that the motions her teacher was making on the palm of her hand, while running cool water over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water"; she then nearly exhausted Sullivan demanding the names of all the other familiar objects in her world.
Due to a protruding left eye, Keller was usually photographed in profile. Both her eyes were replaced in adulthood with glass replicas for "medical and cosmetic reasons".[14]
Formal education[link]
Starting in May, 1888, Keller attended the Perkins Institute for the Blind. In 1894, Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan moved to New York to attend the Wright-Humason School for the Deaf, and to learn from Sarah Fuller at the Horace Mann School for the Deaf. In 1896, they returned to Massachusetts and Keller entered The Cambridge School for Young Ladies before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College, where she lived in Briggs Hall, South House. Her admirer, Mark Twain, had introduced her to Standard Oil magnate Henry Huttleston Rogers, who, with his wife Abbie, paid for her education. In 1904, at the age of 24, Keller graduated from Radcliffe, becoming the first deaf blind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree. She maintained a correspondence with the Austrian philosopher and pedagogue Wilhelm Jerusalem, who was one of the first to discover her literary talent.[15]
Determined to communicate with others as conventionally as possible, Keller learned to speak, and spent much of her life giving speeches and lectures. She learned to "hear" people's speech by reading their lips with her hands—her sense of touch had become extremely supple. She became proficient at using Braille and reading sign language with her hands as well.[volume & issue needed]
Companions[link]
Anne Sullivan stayed as a companion to Helen Keller long after she taught her. Anne married John Macy in 1905, and her health started failing around 1914. Polly Thompson was hired to keep house. She was a young woman from Scotland who had no experience with deaf or blind people. She progressed to working as a secretary as well, and eventually became a constant companion to Keller.[16]
Keller moved to Forest Hills, Queens, together with Anne and John, and used the house as a base for her efforts on behalf of the American Foundation for the Blind.[17]
After Sullivan died in 1936, Keller and Thompson moved to Connecticut. They traveled worldwide and raised funds for the blind. Thompson had a stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered, and died in 1960.[1]
Winnie Corbally, a nurse who was originally brought in to care for Thompson in 1957, stayed on after her death and was Keller's companion for the rest of her life.[1]
Political activities[link]
"The few own the many because they possess the means of livelihood of all ... The country is governed for the richest, for the corporations, the bankers, the land speculators, and for the exploiters of labor. The majority of mankind are working people. So long as their fair demands—the ownership and control of their livelihoods—are set at naught, we can have neither men's rights nor women's rights. The majority of mankind is ground down by industrial oppression in order that the small remnant may live in ease."
—Helen Keller, 1911[18]
Keller went on to become a world-famous speaker and author. She is remembered as an advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes. She was a suffragist, a pacifist, an opponent of Woodrow Wilson, a radical socialist and a birth control supporter. In 1915 she and George Kessler founded the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is devoted to research in vision, health and nutrition. In 1920 she helped to found the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Keller traveled to 40 some-odd countries with Sullivan, making several trips to Japan and becoming a favorite of the Japanese people. Keller met every U.S. President from Grover Cleveland to Lyndon B. Johnson and was friends with many famous figures, including Alexander Graham Bell, Charlie Chaplin and Mark Twain. Keller and Chaplin shared anti-capitalist views; Keller and Twain were both considered radicals at the beginning of the 20th century, and as a consequence, their political views have been forgotten or glossed over in popular perception.[19]
Keller was a member of the Socialist Party and actively campaigned and wrote in support of the working class from 1909 to 1921. She supported Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs in each of his campaigns for the presidency. Newspaper columnists who had praised her courage and intelligence before she expressed her socialist views now called attention to her disabilities. The editor of the Brooklyn Eagle wrote that her "mistakes sprung out of the manifest limitations of her development." Keller responded to that editor, referring to having met him before he knew of her political views:
| “ | At that time the compliments he paid me were so generous that I blush to remember them. But now that I have come out for socialism he reminds me and the public that I am blind and deaf and especially liable to error. I must have shrunk in intelligence during the years since I met him...Oh, ridiculous Brooklyn Eagle! Socially blind and deaf, it defends an intolerable system, a system that is the cause of much of the physical blindness and deafness which we are trying to prevent.[20] | ” |
Keller joined the Industrial Workers of the World (known as the IWW or the Wobblies) in 1912,[19] saying that parliamentary socialism was "sinking in the political bog". She wrote for the IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became an IWW,[21] Keller explained that her motivation for activism came in part from her concern about blindness and other disabilities:
| “ | I was appointed on a commission to investigate the conditions of the blind. For the first time I, who had thought blindness a misfortune beyond human control, found that too much of it was traceable to wrong industrial conditions, often caused by the selfishness and greed of employers. And the social evil contributed its share. I found that poverty drove women to a life of shame that ended in blindness. | ” |
The last sentence refers to prostitution and syphilis, the former a frequent cause of the latter, and the latter a leading cause of blindness. In the same interview, Keller cited the 1912 strike of textile workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts for instigating her radicalization.
Writings[link]
Keller wrote a total of 12 published books and several articles.
One of her earliest pieces of writing, at age 11, was The Frost King (1891). There were allegations that this story had been plagiarized from The Frost Fairies by Margaret Canby. An investigation into the matter revealed that Keller may have experienced a case of cryptomnesia, which was that she had Canby's story read to her but forgot about it, while the memory remained in her subconscious.[1]
At age 22, Keller published her autobiography, The Story of My Life (1903), with help from Sullivan and Sullivan's husband, John Macy. It includes words that Keller wrote and the story of her life up to age 21, and was written during her time in college.
Keller wrote The World I Live In in 1908 giving readers an insight into how she felt about the world.[22] Out of the Dark, a series of essays on socialism, was published in 1913.
When Keller was young, Anne Sullivan introduced her to Phillips Brooks, who introduced her to Christianity, Keller famously saying: "I always knew He was there, but I didn't know His name!"[23][24][25]
Her spiritual autobiography, My Religion, was published in 1927 and then in 1994 extensively revised and re-issued under the title Light in My Darkness. It advocates the teachings of Emanuel Swedenborg, the Christian revelator and theologian who gives a spiritual interpretation of the teachings of the Bible and who claims that the second coming of Jesus Christ has already taken place. Adherents use several names to describe themselves, including Second Advent Christian, Swedenborgian and New Church.
Akita dog[link]
When Keller visited Akita Prefecture in Japan in July 1937, she inquired about Hachikō, the famed Akita dog that had died in 1935. She told a Japanese person that she would like to have an Akita dog; one was given to her within a month, with the name of Kamikaze-go. When he died of canine distemper, his older brother, Kenzan-go, was presented to her as an official gift from the Japanese government in July 1938. Keller is credited with having introduced the Akita to the United States through these two dogs.
By 1939 a breed standard had been established and dog shows had been held, but such activities stopped after World War II began. Keller wrote in the Akita Journal:
| “ | If ever there was an angel in fur, it was Kamikaze. I know I shall never feel quite the same tenderness for any other pet. The Akita dog has all the qualities that appeal to me – he is gentle, companionable and trusty.[26][27] | ” |
Later life[link]
Keller suffered a series of strokes in 1961 and spent the last years of her life at her home.[1]
On September 14, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the United States' two highest civilian honors. In 1965 she was elected to the National Women's Hall of Fame at the New York World's Fair.[1]
Keller devoted much of her later life to raising funds for the American Foundation for the Blind. She died in her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, Connecticut. A service was held in her honor at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., and her ashes were placed there next to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thompson.
Portrayals[link]
Keller's life has been interpreted many times. She appeared in a silent film, Deliverance (1919), which told her story in a melodramatic, allegorical style.[28]
She was also the subject of the documentaries Helen Keller in Her Story, narrated by Katharine Cornell, and The Story of Helen Keller, part of the Famous Americans series produced by Hearst Entertainment.
The Miracle Worker is a cycle of dramatic works ultimately derived from her autobiography, The Story of My Life. The various dramas each describe the relationship between Keller and Sullivan, depicting how the teacher led her from a state of almost feral wildness into education, activism, and intellectual celebrity. The common title of the cycle echoes Mark Twain's description of Sullivan as a "miracle worker." Its first realization was the 1957 Playhouse 90 teleplay of that title by William Gibson. He adapted it for a Broadway production in 1959 and an Oscar-winning feature film in 1962, starring Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke. It was remade for television in 1979 and 2000.
In 1984, Helen Keller's life story was made into a TV movie called The Miracle Continues.[29] This film that entailed the semi-sequel to The Miracle Worker recounts her college years and her early adult life. None of the early movies hint at the social activism that would become the hallmark of Keller's later life, although a Disney version produced in 2000 states in the credits that she became an activist for social equality.
The Bollywood movie Black (2005) was largely based on Keller's story, from her childhood to her graduation. A documentary called Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life and Legacy was produced by the Swedenborg Foundation in the same year. The film focuses on the role played by Emanuel Swedenborg's spiritual theology in her life and how it inspired Keller's triumph over her triple disabilities of blindness, deafness and a severe speech impediment.
On March 6, 2008, the New England Historic Genealogical Society announced that a staff member had discovered a rare 1888 photograph showing Helen and Anne, which, although previously published, had escaped widespread attention.[30] Depicting Helen holding one of her many dolls, it is believed to be the earliest surviving photograph of Anne.[31]
Posthumous honors[link]
In 1999, Keller was listed in Gallup's Most Widely Admired People of the 20th century.
In 2003, Alabama honored its native daughter on its state quarter.[32]
The Helen Keller Hospital in Sheffield, Alabama is dedicated to her.[33]
There are streets named after Helen Keller in Getafe, Spain, in Lod, Israel[34], in Lisbon, Portugal[35] and in Caen, France.
A preschool for the deaf and hard of hearing in Mysore, India, was originally named after Helen Keller by its founder K. K. Srinivasan.
On October 7, 2009, a bronze statue of Helen Keller was added to the National Statuary Hall Collection, as a replacement for the State of Alabama's former 1908 statue of the education reformer Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry. It is displayed in the United States Capitol Visitor Center and depicts Keller as a seven-year-old child standing at a water pump. The statue represents the seminal moment in Keller's life when she understood her first word: W-A-T-E-R, as signed into her hand by teacher Anne Sullivan. The pedestal base bears a quotation in raised letters and Braille characters: "The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched, they must be felt with the heart."[36] The statue is the first one of a person with a disability and of a child to be permanently displayed at the U.S. Capitol.[37][38][39]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e f "The life of Helen Keller". Royal National Institute of Blind People. November 20, 2008. http://www.rnib.org.uk/xpedio/groups/public/documents/publicwebsite/public_keller.hcsp. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
- ^ "Helen Keller FAQ". Perkins School for the Blind. http://www.perkins.org/vision-loss/helen-keller/. Retrieved December 25, 2010.
- ^ "Inductees". Alabama Women's Hall of Fame. State of Alabama. http://www.awhf.org/inductee.html. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ Virtual tour of Ivy Green, Helen Keller's birthplace
- ^ a b Nielsen, Kim (2007), "The Southern Ties of Helen Keller", Journal of Southern History 73 (4)
- ^ "Arthur H. Keller". Encyclopedia of Alabama. http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Multimedia.jsp?id=m-2381. Retrieved March 7, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Herrman, Dorothy; Keller, Helen; Shattuck, Roger (2003), The Story of my Life: The Restored Classic, pp. 12–14, ISBN 978-0-393-32568-3, http://books.google.com/books?id=qc0CBfqMffUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false, retrieved May 14, 2010
- ^ "Kate Adams Keller". American Foundation for the Blind. http://www.afb.org/braillebug/hkgallery.asp?frameid=4. Retrieved March 7, 2010.
- ^ "Charles W. Adams (1817–1878) – Find A Grave Memorial". Findagrave.com. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8578177. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
- ^ "American Foundation for the Blind". Afb.org. June 1, 1968. http://www.afb.org/braillebug/askkeller.asp?issueid=200511. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
- ^ "The Story of My Life, by Helen Keller – discusses Martha Washington". Project Gutenberg. p. 11. http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=729&pageno=11. Retrieved March 7, 2010.
- ^ Worthington, W. Curtis. A Family Album: Men Who Made the Medical Center (Medical University of South Carolina ed.). ISBN 978-0-87152-444-7. http://www.muschealth.com/about_us/history/chislom.htm.
- ^ Wilkie, Katherine E. Helen Keller: Handicapped Girl. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.
- ^ Herrmann, Dorothy. Helen Keller: A Life. New York, NY: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-44354-4.
- ^ Herbert Gantschacher "Back from History! – The correspondence of letters between the Austrian-Jewish philosopher Wilhelm Jerusalem and the American deafblind writer Helen Keller ", Gebärdensache, Vienna 2009, p. 35ff.
- ^ "The Life of Helen Keller". Graceproducts.com. http://www.graceproducts.com/keller/life.html. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
- ^ The life of Helen Keller, Royal National Institute of Blind People, last updated November 20, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
- ^ Helen Keller: Rebel Lives, by Helen Keller & John Davis, Ocean Press, 2003 ISBN 978-1-876175-60-3, pg 57
- ^ a b Loewen, James W. (1996) [1995]. Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong (Touchstone Edition ed.). New York, NY: Touchstone. pp. 20–22. ISBN 978-0-684-81886-3.
- ^ Keller, Helen. "How I Became a Socialist". http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/keller-helen/works/1910s/12_11_03.htm. Retrieved August 27, 2007.
- ^ "Why I Became an IWW" in Helen Keller Reference Archive from An interview written by Barbara Bindley published in the New York Tribune, January 16, 1916
- ^ Keller, Helen (2004) [1908]. The World I Live In (NYRB Classics 2004 ed.). New York: NYRB Classics. ISBN 978-1-59017-067-0.
- ^ H. L. Willmington. Willmington's Guide to the Bible. Tyndale House Publishers. http://books.google.com/books?id=NeCN2cVnONYC&pg=PA591&dq=Helen+Keller+didn't+know+His+name#v=onepage&q=Helen%20Keller%20didn't%20know%20His%20name&f=false. Retrieved October 18, 2007. "Sometime after she had progressed to the point that she could engage in conversation, she was told of God and his love in sending Christ to die on the cross. She is said to have responded with joy, "I always knew he was there, but I didn't know his name!""
- ^ Harold E. Helms. God's Final Answer. http://books.google.com/books?id=PzDfvkvqI0IC&pg=PA78&dq=Helen+Keller+but+I+didn't+know+His+name+Helen+Keller#v=onepage&q=Helen%20Keller%20but%20I%20didn't%20know%20His%20name%20Helen%20Keller&f=false. Retrieved October 18, 2007. "A favorite story about Helen Keller concerns her first introduction to the gospel. When Helen, who was both blind and deaf, learned to communicate, Anne Sullivan, her teacher, decided that it was time for her to hear about Jesus Christ. Anne called for Phillips Brooks, the most famous preacher in Boston. With Sullivan interpreting for him, he talked to Helen Keller about Christ. It wasn't long until a smile lighted up her face. Through her teacher she said, "Mr. Brooks, I have always known about God, but until now I didn't know His name.""
- ^ Mary Lowe Dickinson, Myrta Lockett Avary. Heaven, Home And Happiness. Kessinger Publishing. http://books.google.com/books?id=VflZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA216&dq=Helen+Keller+but+I+didn't+know+His+name+Helen+Keller#v=onepage&q=Helen%20Keller%20but%20I%20didn't%20know%20His%20name%20Helen%20Keller&f=false. Retrieved October 18, 2007. "Phillips Brooks began to tell her about God, who God was, what he had done, how he loved me, and what he was to us. The child listened very intently. Then she looked up and said, "Mr. Brooks, I knew all that before, but I didn't know His name.""
- ^ The Akita Inu: The Voice of Japan by Rick Beauchamp in Dog & Kennel
- ^ "Helen Keller: First Akitas in the USA". Natural-akita.com. June 14, 1937. http://www.natural-akita.com/JPTeez/html/helen_keller.html. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
- ^ "Deliverance (1919)". http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0010061/. Retrieved June 15, 2006.
- ^ "Helen Keller: The Miracle Continues (1984) (TV)". http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0087401/. Retrieved June 15, 2006.
- ^ The Independent (March 7, 2008). "Picture of Helen Keller as a child revealed after 120 years". London. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/picture-of-helen-keller-as-a-child-revealed-after-120-years-792781.html. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
- ^ Newly Discovered Photograph Features Never Before Seen Image Of Young Helen Keller, New England Genealogical Society. Retrieved March 6, 2008.
- ^ The United States Mint (March 23, 2010). "A likeness of Helen Keller is featured on Alabama's quarter". Usmint.gov. http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/50sq_program/states/index.cfm?flash=yes&state=AL. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
- ^ "Helen Keller Hospital website". Helenkeller.com. http://www.helenkeller.com. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
- ^ "רחוב הלן קלר, לוד – Google Maps". Google. January 1, 1970. http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91+%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9F+%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A8,+%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=42.631141,93.076172&ie=UTF8&t=h&z=16&iwloc=A. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "Toponomy section of the Lisbon Municipality website". Toponimia.cm-lisboa.pt. January 6, 1968. http://toponimia.cm-lisboa.pt/pls/htmldb/f?p=106:1:2892419774596293::NO::P1_TOP_ID:283:#ancora. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "Helen Keller". The Architect of The Capitol. http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/nsh/keller.cfm. Retrieved December 25, 2009.
- ^ "Helen Keller Statue Unveiled in Capitol". CBS News. October 7, 2009. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/10/07/politics/main5369775.shtml. Retrieved December 25, 2008.
- ^ "Helen Keller statue unveiled at Capitol". CNN. October 7, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/10/07/HELEN.KELLER.STATUE/index.html. Retrieved December 25, 2008.
- ^ "One Impressive Kid Gets Her Statue at Capitol". The Washington Post. October 8, 2009. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/07/AR2009100703498.html. Retrieved December 25, 2008.
Further reading[link]
- Keller, Helen with Anne Sullivan and John A. Macy (1903) The Story of My Life. New York, NY: Doubleday, Page & Co.
- Lash, Joseph P. (1980) Helen and Teacher: The Story of Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Macy . New York, NY: Delacorte Press. ISBN 978-0-440-03654-8
- Herrmann, Dorothy (1998) Helen Keller: A Life. New York, NY: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-44354-4
- "Keller, Helen Adams" World Encyclopedia. Philip's, 2008. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. University of Edinburgh. February 10, 2012 <http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t142.e6208>
External links[link]
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Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Helen Keller |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Helen Keller |
- The Story of My Life by Helen Keller at Project Gutenberg
- The Story of My Life with introduction to the text
- Works by or about Helen Keller in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Booknotes interview with Dorothy Herrmann on Helen Keller: A Life, October 25, 1998.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Keller, Helen |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American author and activist |
| Date of birth | 1880-06-27 |
| Place of birth | Tuscumbia, Alabama, USA |
| Date of death | 1968-06-01 |
| Place of death | Arcan Ridge, Easton, Connecticut, USA |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
