Painter may refer to:

Occupations:

* Creative artist in the medium of painting

* House painter and decorator, a tradesman responsible for the painting and decorating of buildings

Painter, Virginia, Virginia, United States

Painter (rope), a rope that is attached to the bow of a boat and used for tying up or for towing

Corel Painter, software

''The Painter'', 1981 album by KC and the Sunshine Band

''Sweatt v. Painter'', legal case

Painter, or Cougar, mammal

Painter (band), a Canadian rock band

People [link]

Curtis Painter (born 1985), American footballer

George Painter (1914-2005), British author and biographer of Marcel Proust

Ian Painter (born 1964), English footballer

Joe Painter (born 1965), British geographer & academic

John Painter (cricketer) (1856-1900), English cricketer

John Painter (supercentenarian) (1888–2001), American soldier & long survivor

John Mark Painter (born 1967), American musician

Kevin Painter (born 1967), British darts player

Lance Painter (born 1967), British baseball coach

Marcos Painter (born 1986), English footballer

Matt Painter (born 1970), American basketball coach

Robbie Painter (born 1971), English footballer

Roy Painter (born c. 1930), British politician

Sidney Painter (1902–1960), American medievalist

Theophilus Painter (1889–1969), American zoologist

William Painter (author) (c. 1540–1594), English author

William Painter (inventor) (1838–1906), American

an:Pintor bg:Художник cs:Malíř da:Maler (håndværk) de:Painter es:Pintor fr:Painter ko:페인터 id:Pelukis it:Pittore he:צייר lmo:Pitur mn:Зураач nl:Painter ja:画家 no:Maler pt:Painter ru:Художник sah:Худуоһунньук simple:Painter sk:Maliar (umelec) sl:Slikar fi:Taidemaalari tg:Рассом uk:Художник vi:Họa sĩ zh:畫家

bgcolour	#6495ED
name	Bob Ross
birth name	Bob (Bob) Ross
birth date	October 29, 1942
birth place	Daytona Beach, Florida
death date	July 04, 1995
death place	New Smyrna Beach, Florida
death cause	Lymphoma
nationality	American
field	Artist
awards	}}

Robert Norman "Bob" Ross (October 29, 1942 – July 4, 1995) was an American painter, art instructor, and television host. He is best known as the creator and host of ''The Joy of Painting'', a television program that ran for 11 years on PBS in the United States.

Personal life[link]

Ross was born in Daytona Beach, Florida, and attended school until the ninth grade. Raised in Orlando, Florida, Ross enlisted in the U.S. Air Force at age 18 and was living in Florida early in his military career when the Air Force transferred him to Eielson AFB (in Alaska), where he first saw the snow and mountains that later became recurring themes in his artwork; he developed his quick-painting technique in order to be able to create art for sale in brief daily work breaks. Having held military positions that required him to be, in his own words, "mean" and "tough," "the guy who makes you scrub the latrine, the guy who makes you make your bed, the guy who screams at you for being late to work," Ross decided that if he ever moved on from the military, "it wasn't going to be that way any more," "vowing never to scream again". Ross discovered after beginning his sideline in painting that he was soon able to earn more from selling his work than from his Air Force position. After leaving the Air Force, he studied with Bill Alexander before becoming famous worldwide with his own television program, ''The Joy of Painting''.

Ross had a son, Steven, from his first marriage to Lynda Brown. Steven occasionally appeared on ''The Joy of Painting'' and is a Bob Ross–certified instructor. Ross and Lynda's marriage ended in divorce in 1981. Ross married again, this time to Jane. Jane died of cancer in 1993, and Ross himself suffered from lymphoma in his later years. In early 1994, Ross cancelled ''The Joy of Painting'' after its 31st season to deal with the disease, with his final show airing on May 17, 1994. On July 4, 1995, Ross died at home and was survived by his ex-wife Lynda, his son Steve, a half-brother, and a full brother. He is buried at Woodlawn Memorial Park in Gotha, Florida.

Ross had a brother Jim, whom he mentioned in passing on his show.

Television show[link]

Ross was the host of the public television series ''The Joy of Painting''. The show ran from January 11, 1983, to May 17, 1994, and appears in reruns in many broadcast areas and countries, including the PBS oriented Create. During each half-hour segment, Ross would instruct viewers in the art of oil painting using a quick-study technique that kept colors to a minimum and broke paintings down into simple steps that virtually anyone could follow. Art critic Mira Schor compared him to another PBS television host, noting that the softness of Ross's voice and the slow pace of his speech was similar to Fred Rogers.

Ross later founded his own successful line of art supplies and how-to books, and also offered painting classes taught by instructors trained in the "Bob Ross method," building a $15 million business. In a 1990 interview, Ross mentioned that all his programs were donated free of charge to PBS stations and that his earnings came instead from sales of his 20 books and 100 videotapes (the total to that date), as well as profits from some 150 Bob Ross-ATE teachers and a line of art materials sold through a national supplier. Ross also mentioned on the show "Towering Glacier" (#2341) that he donated all the paintings made on the show to PBS stations around the country to "help them out."

Ross also filmed wildlife footage, squirrels in particular, usually from his own garden. Small animals often appeared on his show, even during some of his trickier works, as he would often take in injured or abandoned squirrels and other assorted wildlife and look after them.

Painting[link]

Ross utilized the wet-on-wet oil painting technique, in which the painter continues adding paint on top of still wet paint rather than waiting a lengthy amount of time to allow each layer of paint to dry. Combining this method with the use of two inch and other types of brushes as well as painting knives allowed Ross to paint trees, water, clouds and mountains in a matter of seconds. Each painting would start with simple strokes that appeared to be nothing more than colored smudges. As he added more and more strokes, the blotches transformed into intricate landscapes. Ross dedicated the first episode of the second season of "The Joy of Painting with Bob Ross" to William Alexander, explaining that "years ago, Bill taught me this fantastic [wet-on-wet] technique, and I feel as though he gave me a precious gift, and I'd like to share that gift with you [the viewer]".

Ross noted that the landscapes he painted — typically mountains, lakes, snow, and log cabin scenes — were strongly influenced by his years living in Alaska, where he was stationed for the majority of his Air Force career. He repeatedly stated on the show his belief that everyone had inherent artistic talent and could become an accomplished artist given time, practice, and encouragement, and to this end was often fond of saying, "We don't have mistakes here, we just have happy accidents." Ross was well known for other catchphrases he used while painting as he crafted "happy little trees". In most episodes of ''The Joy of Painting'', he noted that one of his favorite parts of painting was cleaning the brush, specifically his method of drying off a brush, which he had dipped in odorless thinner, by striking it against the thinner can and easel. He would smile and often laugh aloud as he "beat the devil out of it." He also used a palette which had been lightly sanded down which was necessary to avoid catching the reflections of strong studio lighting. At the end of each episode, Ross was known for saying, "so from all of us here, I'd like to wish you happy painting, God bless and goodbye my friend."

When asked about his laid-back approach to painting and eternally calm and contented demeanor, he once commented: "I got a letter from somebody here a while back, and they said, 'Bob, everything in your world seems to be happy.' That's for sure. That's why I paint. It's because I can create the kind of world that I want, and I can make this world as happy as I want it. Shoot, if you want bad stuff, watch the news."

Rivalry with William Alexander[link]

Bob Ross was a student of William Alexander, who hosted the public television series ''The Magic World of Oil Painting'' from the early 1970s until 1982. On his show, Alexander highlighted his mastery of the alla prima or wet-on-wet style of oil painting in order to promote his paint supply business, Alexander Art and his painting classes. Ross later became a Bill Alexander instructor. His series, ''The Joy of Painting'', was picked up by many of the PBS stations that carried ''The Magic World of Oil Painting''.

At the beginning of ''The Joy of Painting'''s second season in 1984, Ross dedicated the show to Alexander and Alexander filmed a promo for his former student: "I hand off my mighty brush to a mighty man, and that is Bob Ross." In 1987 someone from Alexander Art told Ross that they could not keep up with the demand generated by the ''The Joy of Painting'' and suggested that Ross start his own line of art supplies. As Bob Ross Incorporated grew into a $15 million a year business Alexander told the New York Times that he felt "betrayed" by his one-time student: "He betrayed me. I invented 'wet on wet.' I trained him and he is copying me -- what bothers me is not just that he betrayed me, but that he thinks he can do it better."

See also[link]

Wet-on-wet

References[link]

External links[link]

Bob Ross Incorporated

Category:1942 births Category:1995 deaths Category:American painters Category:American television personalities Category:Cancer deaths in Florida Category:Deaths from lymphoma Category:People from Daytona Beach, Florida Category:People from North Pole, Alaska Category:People from Orlando, Florida Category:People from Volusia County, Florida Category:United States Air Force airmen

de:Bob Ross (Maler) es:Bob Ross fa:باب راس ko:밥 로스 hr:Bob Ross it:Bob Ross (pittore) nl:Bob Ross ja:ボブ・ロス ru:Росс, Боб simple:Bob Ross sv:Bob Ross tr:Bob Ross zh:鮑伯·魯斯

name	Lisbeth Salander
occupation	Computer hacker in the Hacker RepublicPrivate investigator at Milton Security
gender	Female
nationality	Swedish
alias	Wasp, Irene Nesser, Monica Sholes
portrayer	Noomi Rapace Rooney Mara
family	Agneta Sophia Salander (mother)Alexander Zalachenko (father)Camilla Salander (twin sister)Ronald Niedermann (half-brother)
series	Millennium series
first	''The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo''
last	''The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest''
creator	Stieg Larsson }}

Lisbeth Salander is a fictional character created by Swedish author and journalist Stieg Larsson. She is the main character of Larsson's award-winning Millennium series along with Mikael Blomkvist.

Lisbeth first appears in the novel ''The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo'', (original Swedish title, ''Män som hatar kvinnor'', literally "Men who hate women" in English). She is also featured in ''The Girl Who Played with Fire'', (original Swedish title: ''Flickan som lekte med elden'', literally "The girl who played with fire") and ''The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest'', (original Swedish title: ''Luftslottet som sprängdes'', literally "The air castle that was blown up"). Salander is dismissive of prominent hacker groups LulzSec and Anonymous, calling them “dilettantes, ­amateurs, children” with Forbes.com estimating the fictitious character's worth $2.4 billion.

Character profile [link]

Lisbeth Salander has red hair, which she dyes black. Upon her first appearance in the series, she is described as "a pale, skinny young woman who had hair as short as a fuse, and a pierced nose and eyebrows. She had a wasp tattoo about two centimeters on her neck, a tattooed loop around the bicep of her left arm, another loop around her left ankle, a chinese symbol on her hip and a rose on her left calf. On those occasions when she had been wearing a tank top, a dragon tattoo can be seen on her left shoulder blade."

Salander is a world class computer hacker. Under the name "Wasp", she becomes a prominent figure in the international hacker community, known as the ''Hacker Republic''. She uses her computer skills as a means to earn a living, doing investigative work for Milton Security. She has a photographic memory, and is skillful at concealing her identity, possessing passports in different names and physical disguises that she uses to travel undetected around Sweden and worldwide.

The survivor of a traumatic childhood, Salander is highly introverted, asocial and has difficulty connecting to people and making friends. She is particularly hostile to men who abuse women, and takes special pleasure in exposing and punishing them. This is representative of Larsson's personal views and a major theme throughout the entire trilogy.

She has a complicated relationship with investigative journalist Mikael Blomkvist, which veers back and forth between romance and hostility throughout the trilogy. She also has an on-again off-again romantic relationship with a beautiful lesbian, Miriam "Mimmi" Wu.

Development and descriptions [link]

Larsson stated in interviews that he based the character of Lisbeth Salander on what he imagined Pippi Longstocking might have been like as an adult. Also the books and by extention Lisbeth have been said by a friend of Larsson, Kurdo Baksi, that they are "based" or rather because of an event that happened to Larsson when he was a teen. Larsson saw a young girl gang raped and did nothing to stop it. He regreted this and "Baksi feels, the books are one long cry of "never again,"(Bethune). In the trilogy, Salander has the name "V. Kulla" displayed on the door of her apartment on the top floor of Fiskargatan 9 in Stockholm, Sweden. "V. Kulla" is an abbreviation of "Villa Villekulla", the name of Pippi Longstocking's house.

Throughout the series, Blomkvist speculates that Salander might have Asperger syndrome, Bjurman, a tormenter who had repeatedly raped her, described her as “a sick, murderous, insane fucking person. A loose cannon. A whore.” The torturer and paedophile Dr. Teleborian described her as "paranoid", "psychotic", "obsessive", "schizophrenic", and an "egomaniacal psychopath".

On the other hand, Larsson himself stated that he thought that she might be looked upon as somewhat of an unusual kind of sociopath, due to her traumatic life experiences and inability to conform to social norms.

In spite of all the opinions and speculations about her mental health diagnoses, in the end she is declared sane and competent:

: "In the exhilarating court scene in ''The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet’s Nest'', Salander’s lawyer, Anita (sic) Giannini, tramples Dr. Teleborian as she demonstrates that Lisbeth is 'just as sane and intelligent as anyone in this room.' This victory puts Lisbeth back on the right side of the asylum’s doors, as her declaration of incompetence is rescinded, then and there. Sanity prevails."

Writers have described her as a "fiercely unconventional and darkly kooky antiheroine", a "superhero", a "misfit" and "an androgynous, asocial, bisexually active...loner who makes a living as a computer hacker..."

Storyline in books [link]

''The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo'' [link]

In ''The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo'', Lisbeth Salander is introduced as a gifted, but deeply troubled, researcher and computer hacker working for Milton Security. Her boss, Dragan Armansky, commissions her to research disgraced journalist Mikael Blomkvist at the behest of a wealthy businessman, Henrik Vanger. When Blomkvist finds out that Salander hacked his computer, he hires her to assist him in investigating the disappearance of Vanger's grandniece, Harriet, 40 years earlier. Salander uses her research skills to uncover a series of murders, dating back decades, tied to Harriet's disappearance. During the investigation, Salander and Blomkvist become lovers.

Salander eventually deduces from her research that Martin Vanger, Henrik's grandnephew and Harriet's brother, is a serial killer who as a teenager was "initiated" into rape and murder by his father, Gottfried. She then finds Blomkvist just in time to save him from Martin, who is in the midst of torturing him. She pursues Martin on her motorcycle, but he is killed when he crashes into an oncoming truck. Salander later uses her hacking skills to discover that Harriet Vanger is alive and hiding in Australia, and to get sensitive information about Blomkvist's arch-rival, corrupt media magnate Hans-Erik Wennerström. With the information uncovered by Salander, Blomkvist publishes an exposé article and book that ruins Wennerström and transforms Blomkvist's magazine, ''Millennium'', into one of the most respected and profitable in Sweden. During her investigation of Wennerström, she uses her hacking skills and a series of disguises to withdraw billions of Swedish kronor from one of Wennerström's off-shore accounts.

The novel reveals Salander was declared legally incompetent as a child, and is under the care of legal guardian Holgar Palmgren, one of the few people in the world she trusts and cares for. When Palmgren suffers a stroke, the court appoints her a new guardian: Nils Bjurman, a sadist who forces Salander to perform oral sex in return for access to her allowance. In a second sex session at his flat, he tortures, rapes and sodomizes her, unaware that she is recording his actions with a hidden camera. A few days later, she returns to his flat and, after disabling him with a taser, fastens him to his own bed with his own bondage equipment. She then explains that she will release the recording unless he restores her access to her money and recommends that she be declared legally competent. She then sodomizes him with an anal plug and tattoos the words "I AM A SADISTIC PIG, A PERVERT, AND A RAPIST" on his abdomen, and threatens to kill him if he ever approaches her again.

At the end of the book, Salander acknowledges to herself that she has fallen in love with Blomkvist. On her way to tell him so, however, she sees him with his longtime lover, ''Millennium'' editor Erika Berger. Heartbroken, she abruptly cuts off all contact with him.

''The Girl Who Played With Fire'' [link]

''The Girl Who Played With Fire'' begins with Salander returning to Sweden after traveling for a year. Shortly afterward, Salander is falsely implicated in the murder of three people — Bjurman and two of Blomkvist's colleagues. The frame-up is in fact an elaborate conspiracy between her biological father, former Soviet spy Alexander Zalachenko, and the Section, an illegal faction within Säpo, the Swedish Security Service, whose members had protected him after he defected from the USSR. Zalachenko had been a high ranking member of the GRU, and his defection was regarded by Säpo as an intelligence windfall, thus leading to the Section covering up his subsequent illegal activities. Zalachenko had his son (and Salander's half-brother) Ronald Neidermann kill both Blomkvist's colleagues, who were investigating his prostitution business, and Bjurman, whose attempts to get revenge on Salander were attracting too much attention. The Section then falsely incriminates Salander to cover up their complicity in the concealment of Zalachenko's crimes.

Blomkvist tries to help Salander, even though she herself wants nothing to do with him. By the end of the novel, he follows her to Zalachenko's farm, where he finds her seriously injured after a confrontation with Zalachenko and Neidermann. He then calls an ambulance, saving her life by having her air-lifted to hospital.

The novel also expands upon Salander's childhood. She is portrayed as having been an extremely bright but asocial child who would violently lash out at anyone who threatened or picked on her. This was in part the result of a troubled home life; Zalachenko repeatedly abused her mother, but escaped punishment because the Section perceived his value to the Swedish State as being more important than her mother's civil rights. Zalachenko also indirectly destroyed Salander's relationship with her sister, Camilla, who repressed her memories of the abuse and saw her father as gentle and loving.

One day when Salander was 12, Zalachenko beat her mother so badly that she sustained permanent brain damage. In retaliation, Salander set her father on fire, leaving him permanently disfigured and in chronic pain. The Section, fearing this would lead to their exposure, had the girl declared legally insane and sent to a Children's Psychiatric Hospital in Uppsala. While there, she was placed under the direct surveillance of psychologist Dr. Peter Teleborian, who had earlier conspired with the Section to have her declared insane. During her stay at the hospital, Teleborian put her in restraints for the most trivial of infractions — mostly to vent his repressed sexual desire for her. Teleborian declared her legally incompetent in a conspiracy with the Section, in order to make sure no one would ever believe her accounts of what they had done. They were also instrumental in appointing Bjurman, a lawyer in their employ, her guardian after Palmgren's stroke.

''The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest'' [link]

In the third and final novel of the series - ''The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest'' - Salander is arrested for the three murders while she recuperates in hospital. Zalachenko, who is a patient in the same hospital, is murdered by one of the Section, who then tries to kill Salander; fortunately, her lawyer (Annika Giannini, Blomkvist's sister) had barred the door upon hearing a disturbance.

Due to her deep-seated mistrust of authority, Salander refuses at first to cooperate in any way with her defence, relying instead on her friends in Sweden's hacker community. They eventually help Blomkvist discover the full scope of the Section's conspiracy, which he strives to publish at the risk of his own life. Salander eventually writes, and passes to Giannini, an exact description of how she has been treated by her guardian, Bjurman, but written in such a way as to make it sound fantastical and to utterly mislead the prosecution.

At her trial, Salander is defiant and uncooperative with the prosecution. The prosecuting counsel uses testimony from Teleborian, appearing as their principal witness, to depict her as insane and in need of long term care; Teleborian dismisses Salander's account of Bjurman's behaviour as a fantasy. Annika then destroys Teleborian's credibility by introducing the recording of Salander's rape, and adduces extensive evidence of the Section's plot, published in ''Millennium'' that morning by Blomkvist. At the same time as Annika starts questioning Teleborian, the 10 members of the Section are arrested and charged with a long list of crimes. Salander's trial is briefly interrupted to permit the arrest of Teleborian for possession of child pornography, which was uncovered by Salander's fellow hackers. Salander is set free the same day, her name cleared.

After she is cleared of the charges, Salander receives word that, as Zalachenko's daughter, she is entitled to a small inheritance and one of his properties. She refuses the money, but goes to a disused factory she has inherited. There, she is attacked by Niedermann, who has been hiding there since shortly after the confrontation with Salander at Zalachenko's farm. She nails his feet to the floor, and then calls a gang who wants him dead to tell them of Niedermann's whereabouts. After they arrive to kill Niedermann, she calls the police.

That night, Blomkvist shows up at her door, and the two reconcile.

Portrayals in films [link]

In the Swedish film trilogy, she is played by Noomi Rapace and as a child by Tehilla Blad. In the American film of the first book, she is played by Rooney Mara, who has also been signed to play the character in the forthcoming English-language film adaptations of ''The Girl Who Played with Fire'' and ''The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest''. She rides a Honda CB350.

Mara received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress on January 24, 2012 for her critically acclaimed portrayal of Lisbeth Salander.

References[link]

External links [link]

The Stieg Larsson Trilogy from Quercus, publishers of Stieg Larsson

The official Millennium site of Nordstedt Publishing

''The Girl Who Played with Fire''

This Week's Cover: Why we're so fascinated by Lisbeth Salander in 'The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo' - ''Entertainment Weekly's'' staff, 2011/12/29

Category:Fictional bisexuals Category:Fictional hackers Category:Fictional private investigators Category:Fictional Swedish people Category:Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Category:Characters in novels of the 21st century

br:Lisbeth Salander ca:Lisbeth Salander es:Lisbeth Salander fr:Lisbeth Salander it:Lisbeth Salander nl:Lisbeth Salander no:Lisbeth Salander ru:Лисбет Саландер sv:Lisbeth Salander tr:Lisbeth Salander

name	Thomas Kinkade
birth date	January 19, 1958
birth place	Sacramento, California, USA
death date	April 06, 2012
death place	Monte Sereno, California
nationality	American, USA
field	Painting
awards	}}

Thomas Kinkade (January 19, 1958 – April 6, 2012) was an American painter of popular realistic, bucolic, and idyllic subjects. He is notable for the mass marketing of his work as printed reproductions and other licensed products via The Thomas Kinkade Company. He characterized himself as "Thomas Kinkade, Painter of Light," a phrase he protected through trademark but one originally attributed to the English master J.M.W. Turner (1775–1851). He was claimed to be "America's most-collected living artist" before his death with an estimated 1 in every 20 American homes owning a copy of one of his paintings.

Early years [link]

Kinkade grew up in the town of Placerville, California, graduated from El Dorado High School in 1976, and attended the University of California, Berkeley and the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena. He married Nanette Wiley in 1982 and the couple have four daughters: Merritt (b. 1988), Chandler (b. 1991), Winsor (b. 1995) and Everett (b. 1997), all named for famous artists. He and his wife had previously separated for over a year before his death in 2012.

Some of the people who mentored and taught him long before college were Charles Bell and Glenn Wessels. Wessels encouraged Kinkade to go to the University of California at Berkeley. Kinkade's relationship with Wessels is the subject of a semi-autobiographical film released in 2008, ''The Christmas Cottage.'' After two years of general education at Berkeley, Kinkade transferred to the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena.

In June 1980, Kinkade spent a summer traveling across the United States with his college friend James Gurney. The two of them finished their journey in New York and secured a contract with Guptill Publications to produce a sketching handbook. Two years later they produced ''The Artist's Guide to Sketching,'' which was one of Guptill Publications' best-sellers that year. The success of the book landed him and Gurney at Ralph Bakshi Studios creating background art for the 1983 animated feature film ''Fire and Ice''. While working on the film, Kinkade began to explore the depiction of light and of imagined worlds. After the film, Kinkade earned his living as a painter, selling his originals in galleries throughout California.

Artistic themes and style [link]

A key feature of Thomas Kinkade's paintings are their glowing highlights and saturated pastel colors. Rendered in highly idealistic American scene painting values, his works often portray bucolic, idyllic settings such as gardens, streams, stone cottages, lighthouses and Main Streets. His hometown of Placerville (where his works are omnipresent) is the inspiration of many of his street and snow scenes. He has also depicted various Christian themes including the Christian cross and churches.

The fine-art world overwhelmingly derided Kinkade's work as little more than commercially successful kitsch. Kinkade received criticism for the extent to which he had commercialized his art, for example, selling his prints on the QVC home shopping network. Others have written that his paintings are merely kitsch, without substance, and have described them as chocolate box art and "mall art." In a 2001 interview, Kinkade proclaimed, "I am really the most controversial artist in the world."

Kinkade said he was placing emphasis on the value of simple pleasures and that his intent was to communicate inspirational, life-affirming messages through his work. A self-described "devout Christian" (even giving all 4 of his children the middle name "Christian"), Kinkade said he gained his inspiration from his religious beliefs and that his work was intended to contain a larger moral dimension. He has also said that his goal as an artist was to touch people of all faiths, to bring peace and joy into their lives through the images he creates. Many pictures contain specific chapter-and-verse allusions to certain Bible passages.

Kinkade said, "I am often asked why there are no people in my paintings," but in 2009 he painted a portrait of the Indianapolis Speedway for the cover of that year's Indianapolis 500 race program that included details of the diversity of the crowd, hiding among them the figures of Norman Rockwell and Dale Earnhardt. He also painted the farewell portrait for Yankee Stadium. About the Indianapolis Speedway painting, Kinkade said:

Mike McGee, director of the CSUF Grand Central Art Center at California State University Fullerton, has written of the ''Thomas Kinkade Heaven on Earth'' exhibition:

Looking just at the paintings themselves it is obvious that they are technically competent. Kinkade's genius, however, is in his capacity to identify and fulfill the needs and desires of his target audience—he cites his mother as a key influence and archetypal audience — and to couple this with savvy marketing ... If Kinkade's art is principally about ideas, and I think it is, it could be suggested that he is a Conceptual artist. All he would have to do to solidify this position would be to make an announcement that the beliefs he has expounded are just Duchampian posturing to achieve his successes. But this will never happen. Kinkade earnestly believes in his faith in God and his personal agenda as an artist.

Artist and Guggenheim Fellow Jeffrey Vallance has spoken about Kinkade's devout religious themes and their reception in the art world"

This is another area that the contemporary art world has a hard time with, that I find interesting. He expresses what he believes and puts that in his art. That is not the trend in the high-art world at the moment, the idea that you can express things spiritually and be taken seriously ... It is always difficult to present serious religious ideas in an art context. That is why I like Kinkade. It is a difficult thing to do.

Essayist Joan Didion is a representative critic of Kinkade's style:

A Kinkade painting was typically rendered in slightly surreal pastels. It typically featured a cottage or a house of such insistent coziness as to seem actually sinister, suggestive of a trap designed to attract Hansel and Gretel. Every window was lit, to lurid effect, as if the interior of the structure might be on fire.

Didion goes on to compare the "Kinkade Glow" to the luminism of 19th-century painter Albert Bierstadt, who sentimentalized the infamous Donner Pass in his ''Donner Lake from the Summit.'' Didion sees "unsettling similarities" between the two painters, and worries that Kinkade's own treatment of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, ''The Mountains Declare His Glory,'' similarly ignores the tragedy of the forced dispersal of Yosemite's Sierra Miwok Indians during the Gold Rush, by including an imaginary Miwok camp as what he calls "an affirmation that man has his place, even in a setting touched by God's glory."

Business [link]

Kinkade's works are sold by mail order and in dedicated retail outlets. Some of the prints also feature light effects that are painted onto the print surface by hand by "skilled craftsmen," touches that add to the illusion of light and the resemblance to an original work of art, and which are then sold at higher prices. Licensing with Hallmark and other corporations have made it possible for Kinkade's images to be used extensively on other merchandise such as calendars, puzzles, greeting cards, and CDs. By December 2009, his images also appeared on Wal-Mart gift cards.

He has also authored or been the subject of over 120 books and is the only artist to license his trademark and artwork to multiple housing developments.

Kinkade is reported to have earned $53 million for his artistic work in the period 1997 to May 2005.

At the height of his business, there was a national network of several hundred Thomas Kinkade Signature Galleries, however they began to falter during the Great Recession. In June 2010, his Morgan Hill, California manufacturing operation that reproduces the art filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, listing nearly $6.2 million in creditors' claims. The company, Pacific Metro, plans to reduce its costs by outsourcing much of its manufacturing.

Criticism of business practices[link]

Kinkade's company, Media Arts Group Inc., has been accused of unfair dealings with owners of Thomas Kinkade Signature Gallery franchises. In 2006, an arbitration board awarded Karen Hazlewood and Jeffrey Spinello $860,000 in damages and $1.2 million in fees and expenses due to Kinkade's company "[failing] to disclose material information" that would have discouraged them from investing in the gallery. The award was later increased to $2.8 million with interest and legal fees. The plaintiffs and other former gallery owners have also leveled accusations of being pressured to open additional galleries that were not financially viable, being forced to take on expensive, unsalable inventory, and being undercut by discount outlets whose prices they were not allowed to match.

Kinkade denied the accusations and Media Arts Group successfully defended itself in previous suits by other former gallery owners. Kinkade himself was not singled out in the finding of fraud by the arbitration board.

In August 2006, the ''Los Angeles Times'' reported that the FBI was investigating these issues, with agents from offices across the country conducting interviews.

Former gallery dealers also charged that Kinkade uses Christianity as a tool to take advantage of people. "They really knew how to bait the hook," said one ex-dealer who spoke on condition of anonymity. "They certainly used the Christian hook." One former dealer's lawyer stated "Most of my clients got involved with Kinkade because it was presented as a religious opportunity. Being defrauded is awful enough, but doing it in the name of God is really despicable." On June 2, 2010, Pacific Metro, the artist's production company, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, one day after defaulting on a $1 million court imposed payment to the aforementioned Karen Hazlewood and Jeffrey Spinello. A $500,000 payment had previously been disbursed.

During the years 1997 through 2005, court documents show at least 350 independently owned Kinkade franchises at its peak. By May 2005, that number had more than halved. Kinkade received $50 million during this period. An initial cash investment of $80,000 to $150,000 is listed as a startup cost for franchisees.

Related projects and partnerships [link]

Kinkade was selected by a number of organizations to celebrate milestones, including Disneyland's 50th Anniversary, Walt Disney World Resort's 35th Anniversary, Elvis Presley's purchase of Graceland 50 years ago and the 25th anniversary of its opening to the public, and Yankee Stadium's farewell 85th season in 2008. Kinkade also paid tribute to Fenway Park.

Kinkade was also the artist of choice to capture the historic mansion Biltmore House on canvas; he also introduced the Commemorative Portrait of the 50th Running of the Daytona 500 in 2008.

In 2001, Media Arts unveiled "The Village at Hiddenbrooke," a Thomas Kinkade-themed community of homes, built outside of Vallejo, California in partnership with the international construction firm Taylor Woodrow. Salon's Janelle Brown visited the community and found it to be "the exact opposite of the Kinkadeian ideal. Instead of quaint cottages, there's generic tract housing; instead of lush landscapes, concrete patios; instead of a cozy village, there's a bland collection of homes with nothing—not a church, not a cafe, not even a town square—to draw them together."

Personal conduct[link]

The ''Los Angeles Times'' has reported that some of Kinkade's former colleagues, employees, and even collectors of his work say that he had a long history of cursing and heckling other artists and performers. The ''Times'' further reported that he openly groped a woman's breasts at a South Bend, Indiana sales event, and mentioned his proclivity for ritual territory marking through urination, once relieving himself on a Winnie the Pooh figure at the Disneyland Hotel in Anaheim while saying "This one's for you, Walt." In a letter to licensed gallery owners acknowledging he may have behaved badly during a stressful time when he overindulged in food and drink, Kinkade said accounts of the alcohol-related incidents included "exaggerated, and in some cases outright fabricated personal accusations." The letter did not address any incident specifically.

In 2006, John Dandois, Media Arts Group executive, recounted a story that on one occasion ("about six years ago") Kinkade became drunk at a Siegfried & Roy magic show in Las Vegas and began shouting "Codpiece! Codpiece!" at the performers. Eventually he was calmed by his mother. Dandois also said of Kinkade, "Thom would be fine, he would be drinking, and then all of a sudden, you couldn't tell where the boundary was, and then he became very incoherent, and he would start cursing and doing a lot of weird stuff like touching himself." In June 2010, Kinkade was arrested in Carmel, California for driving while under the influence of alcohol. He was convicted.

Charities and affiliations[link]

Kinkade has supported non-profit organizations focusing on children, humanitarian relief, and the arts, including the Make-a-Wish Foundation, World Vision, Art for Children Charities, and The Salvation Army. He was a member of the Church of the Nazarene.

In 2002, he partnered with The Salvation Army to create two charity prints, ''The Season of Giving'' and ''The Light of Freedom.'' Proceeds from the sale of the prints were donated to The Salvation Army for their relief efforts at Ground Zero and to aid the victims of the September 11 attacks and their families in New York, Pennsylvania, and Washington D.C. More than $2 million was donated as a result of this affiliation. In 2003, Kinkade was chosen as a National Spokesman for the Make-A-Wish Foundation, and during the 20 Years of Light Tour in 2004, he raised over $750,000 and granted 12 wishes for children with life-threatening medical conditions.

In 2005, the Points of Light Foundation, a nonprofit organization dedicated to engaging more people more effectively in volunteer service to help solve serious social problems, named Kinkade as Ambassador of Light. He was the second person in the Foundation's 15-year history to be chosen as Ambassador, the first being the organization's founder, former U.S. President George H. W. Bush. During his Ambassador of Light Tour, Kinkade visited cities nationwide to raise awareness and money for the Points of Light Foundation and the Volunteer Center National Network, which serves more than 360 Points of Light member Volunteer Centers in communities across the country.

Archbishop Mitty High School of San Jose dedicated their theater complex in his name due to various donations.

Awards and recognition[link]

Kinkade received many awards for his works, including multiple National Association of Limited Edition Dealers (NALED) awards for Artist of the Year and Graphic Artist of the Year, and his art was named Lithograph of the Year nine times.

In 2002, Kinkade was inducted into the California Tourism Hall of Fame as an individual who has influenced the public's perception of tourism in California through his images of California sights. He was selected to commemorate the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics and the 2002 World Series. He was also honored with the 2002 World Children's Center Humanitarian Award for his contributions to improving the welfare of children and their families through his work with Kolorful Kids and Art for Children.

In 2003, Kinkade was chosen as a national spokesperson for the Make-A-Wish Foundation. In 2004, he was selected for a second time by the Christmas Pageant of Peace to paint the National Christmas Tree in Washington, D.C. The painting, ''Symbols of Freedom'', was the official image for the 2004 Pageant of Peace.

In 2004, Kinkade received an award from NALED recognizing him as the Most Award Winning Artist in the Past 25 Years. Most recently in 2005, he was named the NALED Graphic Artist of the Year. He was also recognized for his philanthropic efforts by NALED with the Eugene Freedman Humanitarian Award.

In popular culture[link]

Kinkade said his art is meant to have broad appeal. In his own words:

There's been million-seller books and million-seller CDs. But there hasn't been, until now, million-seller art. We have found a way to bring to millions of people, an art that they can understand.

In Heath and Potter's book ''The Rebel Sell: Why the Culture Can't Be Jammed,'' Kinkade's work is described as "so awful it must be seen to be believed." In Dana Spiotta's 2011 novel ''Stone Arabia,'' the main character's boyfriend, an art teacher at a private school in Los Angeles, gives her presents of Thomas Kinkade Painter of Light pieces. "When I asked him why Thomas Kinkade, he just said, 'Well, he is America's most successful artist. And a native Californian as well.' Or he would say, 'His name has a trademark — see?' and he would point to the subscript that appeared after his name." The pieces are "deeply hideous" and "kitschy," but for some reason she loves them.

Mat Johnson's 2011 novel ''Pym'' includes a parody of Kinkade named Thomas Karvel, "the Master of Light."

A self-produced movie about Kinkade, ''Thomas Kinkade's Christmas Cottage,'' was released on DVD in late November 2008. The semi-autobiographical story looks at the motivation and inspiration behind his most popular painting, ''The Christmas Cottage.'' Jared Padalecki plays Kinkade and Marcia Gay Harden plays his mother. Peter O'Toole plays young Kinkade's mentor, who tells him, "Paint the light, Thomas! ''Paint the light!''."

Kinkade's art is parodied on the comedy Web site Something Awful, which uses Photoshop to highlight some of the oddities in perspective and light in Kinkade's work, ''e.g.,'' cabin interiors on fire, neon patches of glowing grass with no light source, etc.

Death[link]

On April 6, 2012, Thomas Kinkade died at his home in Monte Sereno, California. He was 54 years old. Because of the unexpected nature, an autopsy was scheduled. According to the family, his death appears to be from natural causes. However it has been reported that at the time of his death, which took place on the Christian holiday of Good Friday, he had been drinking all night, and was not with his wife Nanette, who had filed for divorce two years earlier and was traveling in Australia with their daughters, but at home rather with Amy Pinto, his girlfriend of 18 months. Pinto stated tearfully that the artist "died in his sleep, very happy, in the house he built, with the paintings he loved, and the woman he loved."

He is survived by his and Nanette's daughters Merritt, Chandler, Winsor and Everett. He also has a brother, Pat, who works for Kinkade’s company.

Following Kinkade's death, his wife Nanette sought a restraining order against Kinkade's girlfriend, Amy Pinto, to prevent her from releasing publicly information and photos with respect to Kinkade, his marriage, his business and his personal conduct that "would be personally devastating" to Kinkade's wife.

See also[link]

Combellack-Blair House

References[link]

External links[link]

'Heaven on Earth' for Kinkade fans, Robert L. Pincus, ''The San Diego Union-Tribune'', May 16, 2004

Landscapes by the Carload: Art or Kitsch?, Tessa DeCarlo, ''The New York Times'', November 7, 1999

The Kinkade Crusade, Randall Balmer, ''Christianity Today'', December 4, 2000

'Painter of Light', not right, Joe Brown, ''Las Vegas Sun'', July 2, 2009

Thomas Kinkade's American Dream ''The Saturday Evening Post'' April, 2003

Category:Artists from California Category:American painters Category:Postcard artists Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni Category:1958 births Category:2012 deaths Category:People from El Dorado County, California

de:Thomas Kinkade es:Thomas Kinkade fa:توماس کینکید it:Thomas Kinkade ml:തോമസ് കിൻകാഡെ no:Thomas Kinkade pl:Thomas Kinkade pt:Thomas Kinkade ru:Кинкейд, Томас sv:Thomas Kinkade

bgcolour	#76A8FF
name	David Hockney
birth date	July 09, 1937
birth place	Bradford, England
nationality	English
field	Painting, Printmaking, Photography, Set design
training	Bradford School of Art (1953–1957)Royal College of Art (1959–1962)
movement	Pop art
awards	John Moores Painting Prize (1967)Companion of Honour (1997)Royal AcademicianOrder of Merit (2012) }}

David Hockney, OM, CH, RA, (born 9 July 1937) is an English painter, draughtsman, printmaker, stage designer and photographer, who is based in Bridlington, Yorkshire and Kensington, London.

An important contributor to the Pop art movement of the 1960s, he is considered one of the most influential British artists of the twentieth century.

Life[link]

Hockney was born in Bradford, England on 9 July 1937 to Laura and Kenneth Hockney and was educated first at Wellington Primary School, then Bradford Grammar School, Bradford College of Art and the Royal College of Art in London, where he met R. B. Kitaj. While he was there Hockney said he felt at home, he took pride and success in his work here. While a student at the Royal College of Art, Hockney was featured in the exhibition ''Young Contemporaries'' – alongside Peter Blake – that announced the arrival of British Pop art. He was associated with the movement, but his early works also display expressionist elements, not dissimilar to certain works by Francis Bacon. Sometimes, as in ''We Two Boys Together Clinging'' (1961), named after a poem by Walt Whitman, these works make reference to his love for men. From 1963, Hockney was represented by the art dealer John Kasmin. In 1963 Hockney visited New York, making contact with Andy Warhol. A subsequent visit to California, where he lived for many years, inspired Hockney to make a series of paintings of swimming pools in Los Angeles, using the comparatively new acrylic medium and rendered in a highly realistic style using vibrant colours. In 1967, his painting, ''Peter Getting Out Of Nick's Pool'', won the John Moores Painting Prize at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool. He made prints, portraits of friends, and stage designs for the Royal Court Theatre, Glyndebourne, La Scala and the Metropolitan Opera in New York City.

Hockney's older sister, Margaret, who lives in Yorkshire, is an artist of still life photos.

Hockney was born with synesthesia; he sees synesthetic colours to musical stimuli. In general, this does not show up in his painting or photography artwork very much. However, it is a common underlying principle in his construction of stage sets for various ballets and operas, where he bases the background colours and lighting upon his own seen colours while listening to the music of the theatre piece he is working on.

Works[link]

The "joiners"[link]

David Hockney has also worked with photography, or, more precisely, photocollage. Using varying numbers of Polaroid snaps or photolab-prints of a single subject Hockney arranged a patchwork to make a composite image. One of his first photomontages was of his mother. Because these photographs are taken from different perspectives and at slightly different times, the result is work that has an affinity with Cubism, which was one of Hockney's major aims – discussing the way human vision works. Some of these pieces are landscapes such as ''Pearblossom Highway #2'', others being portraits, e.g. ''Kasmin 1982,'' and ''My Mother, Bolton Abbey, 1982.''

Hockney created these photomontage works mostly between 1970 and 1986. He referred to them as "joiners". He began this style of art by taking Polaroid photographs of one subject and arranging them into a grid layout. The subject would actually move while being photographed so that the piece would show the movements of the subject seen from the photographer's perspective. In later works Hockney changed his technique and moved the camera around the subject instead.

Hockney's creation of the "joiners" occurred accidentally. He noticed in the late sixties that photographers were using cameras with wide-angle lenses to take pictures. He did not like such photographs because they always came out somewhat distorted. He was working on a painting of a living room and terrace in Los Angeles. He took Polaroid shots of the living room and glued them together, not intending for them to be a composition on their own. Upon looking at the final composition, he realized it created a narrative, as if the viewer was moving through the room. He began to work more and more with photography after this discovery and even stopped painting for a period of time to exclusively pursue this new style of photography. Frustrated with the limitations of photography and its 'one eyed' approach, he later returned to painting.

Later works[link]

In 1974, Hockney was the subject of Jack Hazan's film, ''A Bigger Splash'' (named after one of Hockney's swimming pool paintings from 1967).

In 1977 David Hockney authored a book of etchings called ''The Blue Guitar: Etchings By David Hockney Who Was Inspired By Wallace Stevens Who Was Inspired By Pablo Picasso''. The etchings were inspired by and represented the themes of Stevens' poem, "The Man With The Blue Guitar", which accompanied the art. It was published as a portfolio and as a book in spring 1997 by Petersburg Press.

Hockney was commissioned to design the cover and a series of pages for the December 1985 issue of the French edition of ''Vogue''. Consistent with his interest in cubism and admiration for Pablo Picasso, Hockney chose to paint Celia Birtwell (who appears in several of his works) from different views, as if the eye had scanned her face diagonally.

In December 1985, Hockney was commissioned to draw with the Quantel Paintbox, a computer program that allowed the artist to sketch directly onto the screen. Using this program was similar to drawing on the PET film for prints, with which he'd had much experience. The resulting work was featured in a BBC series profiling a number of artists.

His artwork was used on the front cover of the 1989 British Telecom telephone directory for Bradford.

His ''A Bigger Grand Canyon'', a series of 60 paintings that combined to produce one enormous picture, was bought by the National Gallery of Australia for $4.6 million.

On 21 June 2006, his painting of ''The Splash'' fetched £2.6 million – a record for a Hockney painting.

In October 2006 the National Portrait Gallery in London organized one of the largest ever displays of Hockney's portraiture work, including 150 of his paintings, drawings, prints, sketchbooks and photocollages from over five decades. The collection ranged from his earliest self-portraits to work completed in 2005. Hockney himself assisted in displaying the works, and the exhibition, which ran until January 2007, proved to be one of the most successful in the gallery's history.

In June 2007, Hockney's largest painting, ''Bigger Trees Near Warter'', which measures 15x40', was hung in the Royal Academy's largest gallery in their annual Summer Exhibition. This work "is a monumental-scale view of a coppice in Hockney's native Yorkshire, between Bridlington and York. It was painted on 50 individual canvases, mostly working in situ, over five weeks last winter." In 2008, he donated this work to the Tate Gallery in London, saying: "I thought if I'm going to give something to the Tate I want to give them something really good. It's going to be here for a while. I don't want to give things I'm not too proud of...I thought this was a good painting because it's of England...it seems like a good thing to do".

Since 2009, Hockney has painted hundreds of portraits, still lifes and landscapes using the Brushes iPhone and iPad application, often sending them to his friends. His show Fleurs fraîches (Fresh Flowers) was held at La Fondation Pierre Bergé in Paris. A Fresh-Flowers exhibit opened in 2011 at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, featuring over 100 of Hockney's drawings on 25 iPads and 20 iPods.

The Royal Academy is showing an exhibition of Hockney's work called 'A Bigger Picture' from 21 January 2012 to 9 April 2012. The exhibition includes over 150 works by the artist, many of which take entire walls in the gallery's brightly lit rooms. ''A Bigger Picture'' is dedicated to landscapes, especially trees, including tree tunnels. Works include oil paintings and watercolors inspired by Hockney's native Yorkshire. Around 50 drawings were created on an iPad and then printed on paper for the exhibition. Hockney stated in a 2012 interview "It’s about big things. You can make paintings bigger. We’re also making photographs bigger, videos bigger, all to do with drawing."

Many of Hockney's works are now housed in Salts Mill, in Saltaire, near his home town of Bradford.

The Hockney-Falco thesis[link]

In the 2001 television programme and book, ''Secret Knowledge'', Hockney posited that the Old Masters used ''camera obscura'' techniques, utilized with a concave mirror, which allowed the image of the subject to be projected onto the surface of the painting. Hockney argues that this technique migrated gradually to Italy and most of Europe, and is the reason for the photographic style of painting we see in the Renaissance and later periods of art.

Public life[link]

A conscientious objector, Hockney worked as a medical orderly in hospitals as his National Service 1957–59.

He was made a Companion of Honour in 1997 and is also a Royal Academician.

Hockney was offered a knighthood in 1990 but he declined the offer before accepting an Order of Merit in January 2012. He was awarded The Royal Photographic Society's Progress medal in 1988 and Centenary medal in 2003.

Hockney serves on the advisory board of the political magazine ''Standpoint'', and contributed original sketches for its launch edition, in June 2008.

He is a staunch pro-tobacco campaigner and was invited to guest-edit the ''Today'' programme on 29 December 2009 to air his views on the subject.

In October 2010, he and a hundred other leading artists signed an open letter to the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, Jeremy Hunt protesting against cutbacks in the arts.

In popular culture[link]

David Hockney was the inspiration of artist Billy Pappas in the documentary film ''Waiting for Hockney'', which debuted at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2008.

A biography of Hockney ''David Hockney: A Rake's Progress'' by writer/photographer Christopher Simon Sykes covering the years 1937–1975 appeared in 2012.

See also[link]

''A Walk Around the Hotel Courtyard, Acatlan''

''Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy''

References[link]

External links[link]

Brooklyn Rail: In Conversation David Hockney and William Corwin.

Hockneypictures.com Official website

David Hockney in the National Gallery of Australia's Kenneth Tyler collection

Biography page at LA Louver gallery Example of work from the 60s to the present

DavidHockney.com tribute site

Salts Mill in Saltaire, Yorkshire, England, contains a permanent exhibition of Hockney's work.

David Hockney visits own exhibition at Nottingham Contemporary [BBC Nottingham]

David Hockney on 'A Bigger Splash' [BBC Nottingham]

Interview with David Hockney Nov 2009 [BBC Nottingham]

Peter Getting Out Of Nick's Pool (1966) at The Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, UK

Yorker'' discussion of Hockney's suggestion that the Old Masters used optical devices to aid drawing

Hockney leads smoking ban protest BBC article.

Jonathan Jones, ''Cooler than Warhol, more enduring than Freud (Interview),'' The Guardian, 8 September 2006

A A Gill, The Turner Surprise: David Hockney on Turner, The Times, 17 June 2007

David Hockney, The Fallen Beech Trees and the Lost Canvas, The Guardian, 27 March 2009

David Hockney's Long Road From Los Angeles to Yorkshire, The New York Times, 15 October 2009

David Hockney: Portrait of the Old Master, Tim Adams, The Guardian and Observer, 1 November 2009

Annely Juda Fine Art, contemporary London art gallery that represents David Hockney

"David Hockney: A man aflame – and long before the smoking ban" Michael Church, ''The Independent'', 8 August 2010

Hockney and Hirst feud over assistants

Hockney Yorkshire Wolds Art Locations

Category:1937 births Category:Living people Category:People from Bradford Category:People educated at Bradford Grammar School Category:Alumni of the Royal College of Art Category:Alumni of Chelsea College of Art & Design Category:Alumni of the University of the Arts Category:English painters Category:English photographers Category:English printmakers Category:Pop artists Category:Postmodern artists Category:Artist authors Category:Opera designers Category:Contemporary painters Category:LGBT people from England Category:Gay artists Category:Artists from California Category:Art in the Greater Los Angeles Area Category:British conscientious objectors Category:Royal Academicians Category:Academics of the University for the Creative Arts Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour Category:Members of the Order of Merit Category:People with synesthesia

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