published: 25 Mar 2007
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- 3.2 beer
- 37th parallel north
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- 50 United States
- Abilene, Kansas
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- Ellis, Kansas
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Abilene, Kansas
Abilene is a city in and the county seat of Dickinson County, Kansas, United States. The city population was 6,543 at the 2000 United States Census.
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Aggieville
Aggieville is the name of six square blocks consisting of college-age oriented bars, restaurants and shops in Manhattan, Kansas, USA. It is the oldest shopping district in Kansas.
http://wn.com/Aggieville -
Alabama
Alabama () is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States of America. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama ranks 30th in total land area and ranks second in the size of its inland waterways. The state ranks 23rd in population with almost 4.6 million residents in 2006.
http://wn.com/Alabama -
Alaska
Alaska () is the largest state of the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Approximately half of Alaska's 698,473 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. As of 2009, Alaska remains the least densely populated state of the U.S.
http://wn.com/Alaska -
Alton, Kansas
Alton is a city in Osborne County, Kansas, United States. The population was 117 at the 2000 census. Alton was previously known as "Bull City".
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Andover, Kansas
Andover is a city in Butler and Sedgwick counties in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 6,698. Located almost entirely in Butler County, it is part of the Wichita Metropolitan Statistical Area. Andover is well-known because of the tornado that hit the city in 1991 (see the Andover, Kansas Tornado Outbreak). The city name is often confused with Andale, Kansas, a smaller city in western Sedgwick County. Andover has a satellite campus for the Butler County Community College.
http://wn.com/Andover_Kansas -
Arkansas
Arkansas ( ) is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Its name is an Algonquin name of the Quapaw Indians. Arkansas shares a border with six states, with its eastern border largely defined by the Mississippi River. Its diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state.
http://wn.com/Arkansas -
Atchison, Kansas
Two views of a pedestrian mall on Commercial Street in downtown Atchison
http://wn.com/Atchison_Kansas -
California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
http://wn.com/California -
Clark County, Kansas
Clark County (county code CA) is a county located in Southwest Kansas, in the Central United States. The population was estimated to be 2,206 in the year 2006. Its county seat and most populous city is Ashland.
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Cloud County, Kansas
Cloud County (county code CD) is a county located in North Central Kansas, in the Central United States. The population was 10,268 at the 2000 census, and it was estimated to be {{formatnum: in the year . Its county seat and most populous city is Concordia.
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Coffeyville, Kansas
Coffeyville is a city situated along the Verdigris River in the southeastern part of Montgomery County, located in Southeast Kansas, in the Central United States. The population was 11,021 at the 2000 census, and it was estimated to be {{Formatnum: in the year . It is the most populous city of Montgomery County and with its southeast Kansas location is located in the Tulsa, Oklahoma media market.
http://wn.com/Coffeyville_Kansas -
Colby, Kansas
Colby is the most populous city in and the county seat of Thomas County, Kansas, United States. Its population was 5,450 as of the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Colby_Kansas -
Colorado
Colorado (pronounced or, chiefly by outsiders, ) is a U.S. state that encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Mountain States, and the Southwestern United States.
http://wn.com/Colorado -
Connecticut
Connecticut () (state code CT) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, and New York to the west and south (because various islands of New York span Connecticut's entire coast).
http://wn.com/Connecticut -
Cross Timbers
The term Cross Timbers is used to describe a strip of land in the United States that runs from southeastern Kansas across Central Oklahoma to Central Texas. Made up of a mix of prairie, savanna, and woodland, it forms part of the boundary between the more heavily forested eastern part of the country and the almost treeless Great Plains, and also marks the western habitat limit of many mammals and insects.
http://wn.com/Cross_Timbers -
Delaware
Delaware ( ) is a U.S. state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor, after whom (what is now called) Cape Henlopen was originally named.
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Denver
The City and County of Denver (pronounced ) is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Colorado. Denver is a consolidated city-county, located in the South Platte River Valley on the High Plains, just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is located immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the "Mile-High City" because its elevation is one mile, or above sea level. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich passes through Union Station and is the temporal reference for the Mountain Time Zone.
http://wn.com/Denver -
Derby, Kansas
Derby is a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. Formerly known as El Paso, it is a suburb of Wichita. The population was 17,807 at the 2000 census. As of 2008 the population was estimated at 22,517, making it the 17th largest city in the state of Kansas. Derby was recently named one of the "10 Best Towns for Families" by Family Circle magazine.
http://wn.com/Derby_Kansas -
Des Moines, Iowa
http://wn.com/Des_Moines_Iowa -
Dodge City, Kansas
Dodge City is a city in and the county seat of Ford County, Kansas, United States. Named after nearby Fort Dodge, the city is famous in American culture for its history as a wild frontier town of the Old West. As of the 2000 United States Census, the city population was 25,176.
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El Dorado, Kansas
El Dorado is a city situated along the Walnut River in the central part of Butler County, located in south-central Kansas, in the Central United States. The population was 12,057 at the 2000 census, and it was estimated to be {{formatnum: in the year . It is the county seat and most populous city of Butler County. El Dorado is included in the Wichita Metropolitan Statistical Area.
http://wn.com/El_Dorado_Kansas -
Ellis, Kansas
Ellis is a city in Ellis County, Kansas, United States. The population was 1,873 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Ellis_Kansas -
Emporia, Kansas
Emporia is a city in and the county seat of Lyon County, Kansas, United States. The population was 26,760 at the 2000 census. Emporia lies between Topeka and Wichita at the intersection of U.S. Route 50 with Interstates 335 and 35 on the Kansas Turnpike. Emporia is the principal city of the Emporia Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Lyon and Chase counties.
http://wn.com/Emporia_Kansas -
Florida
Florida () is a state of the United States. It is located in the Southeastern United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the north. Much of the state's land mass is a large peninsula with the Gulf of Mexico to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Caribbean to the south. Florida was admitted as the 27th U.S. state in 1845, after a three hundred year period of European colonization.
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Fort Leavenworth
Fort Leavenworth is a United States Army facility located in Leavenworth County, Kansas (just north of the city of Leavenworth) in the upper northeast portion of the state. It is the oldest active U.S. Army post west of the Mississippi River, in operation for over 170 years. Fort Leavenworth has been historically known as the "Intellectual Center of the Army."
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Fort Scott, Kansas
Fort Scott is a city in Bourbon County, Kansas, United States, 88 miles (158 km) south of Kansas City, on the Marmaton River. The population was 8,297 at the 2000 census, and it was estimated to be {{formatnum: in the year . Fort Scott is the county seat of Bourbon County, and is the home of the Fort Scott National Historic Site.
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Four State Area
The Four State Area is a term used to describe the four corner region of Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma with the Joplin, Missouri and Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, Arkansas metropolitan areas included within. Notable cities and towns in the area are Pittsburg, Kansas; Miami, Oklahoma; Joplin, Missouri; and Fayetteville/Bentonville, Arkansas.
http://wn.com/Four_State_Area -
Fowler, Kansas
Fowler is a city in Meade County, Kansas, United States. The population was 567 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Fowler_Kansas -
Freeport, Kansas
Freeport is a city in Harper County, Kansas, United States. At the 2000 census the population was six, making it the smallest incorporated city in the state of Kansas.
http://wn.com/Freeport_Kansas -
Frontenac, Kansas
Frontenac is a city in Crawford County, Kansas, United States, in the southeastern part of the state. The population was 2,996 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Frontenac_Kansas -
Garden City, Kansas
Garden City is a city in and the county seat of Finney County, Kansas, United States. The population was 28,451 as of the 2000 census. The city is home to Garden City Community College and the Lee Richardson Zoo, the largest zoological park in western Kansas.
http://wn.com/Garden_City_Kansas -
Gardner, Kansas
Gardner is a city in Johnson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 9,396.
http://wn.com/Gardner_Kansas -
Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia () is a state located in the southeastern United States. Georgia was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 21, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate states. It was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870 and the only among the 13 that is explicitly named after a monarch; King George II of England.
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Goddard, Kansas
Goddard is a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. It is a suburb of Wichita, Kansas. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 2,037.
http://wn.com/Goddard_Kansas -
Goodland, Kansas
Goodland is a city in and the county seat of Sherman County, Kansas, United States. The population was 4,948 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Goodland_Kansas -
Grain Belt
#redirectCorn Belt
http://wn.com/Grain_Belt -
Gray County, Kansas
Gray County (county code GY) is a county located in Southwest Kansas, in the Central United States. The population was estimated to be 5,852 in the year 2006. Its county seat and most populous city is Cimarron.
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Great Bend, Kansas
Great Bend is the most populous city in and the county seat of Barton County, Kansas, United States. The population was 15,345 at the 2000 census, and it was estimated to be {{Formatnum: in the year . The city was named for its location at the historic big bend of the Arkansas River.
http://wn.com/Great_Bend_Kansas -
Guam
http://wn.com/Guam -
Hawaii
: For geographic details see Geography and environment or Hawaiian Islands.
http://wn.com/Hawaii -
Hays, Kansas
Hays is a city in and the county seat of Ellis County, Kansas, United States. It is the largest city in northwestern Kansas and an economic and cultural center of the region. Hays is also a college town, home to Fort Hays State University. As of the 2000 United States Census, the city population was 20,013.
http://wn.com/Hays_Kansas -
Haysville, Kansas
Haysville is a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. It is a suburb of Wichita. The population was 8,502 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Haysville_Kansas -
Hutchinson, Kansas
Hutchinson is the largest city in and the county seat of Reno County, Kansas, United States, northwest of Wichita, on the Arkansas River. Hutchinson's nickname is The Salt City but is referred to locally as Hutch. The population was 40,787 at the 2000 census. Every September Hutchinson hosts the Kansas State Fair, and in March it hosts the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) Basketball Tournament. Hutchinson is also the home of the noted Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center aerospace museum, near the state fairgrounds.
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Idaho
Idaho is a state in the United States of America. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called "Idahoans". Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890 as the 43rd state.
http://wn.com/Idaho -
Illinois
Illinois ( {{respell|-i-), is the fifth-most populous state of the United States of America, and is often noted for being a microcosm of the entire country. It is the most populous state in the Midwest region, however with 65% of its residents concentrated in the Chicago metropolitan area, most of the state has either a rural or a small town character. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and western Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is an important transportation hub; the Port of Chicago connects the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River via the Illinois River. As the "most average state", Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics, though the latter has not really been true since the early 1970s.
http://wn.com/Illinois -
Independence, Kansas
Independence is a city in and the county seat of Montgomery County, Kansas, United States. The population was 9,846 at the 2000 census.
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Insular area
An insular area is a United States territory, that is neither a part of one of the fifty U.S. states nor the District of Columbia, the federal district of the United States. They are called "insular" from the Latin word insula ("island") and because they were once administered by the War Department's Bureau of Insular Affairs, now the Office of Insular Affairs at the Interior Department. The term insular possession is also sometimes used, but has fallen out of favor.
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Iowa
Iowa () is a state located in the Midwestern United States, an area often referred to as the "American Heartland." It derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many American Indian tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa was a part of the French colony of New France. After the Louisiana Purchase, settlers laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is often known as the "Food Capital of the World", however Iowa's economy, culture, and landscape are diverse. In the mid and late 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, biotechnology, and green energy production. Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live. Des Moines is Iowa's capital and largest city.
http://wn.com/Iowa -
Johnston Atoll
Johnston Atoll is a atoll in the North Pacific Ocean about 1,400 km (750 nmi) west of Hawaii. There are four islands located on the coral reef platform, two natural islands, Johnston Island and Sand Island, which have been expanded by coral dredging, as well as North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina), an additional two artificial islands formed by coral dredging.
http://wn.com/Johnston_Atoll -
Kanopolis State Park
Kanopolis State Park contains a reservoir, desert plants such as yucca, a prairie dog town, and scenic sandstone canyons. It is located in the Smoky Hills region of the U.S. state of Kansas. The park is located near the city of Salina, just south of I-70.
http://wn.com/Kanopolis_State_Park -
Kansas
http://wn.com/Kansas -
Kansas City, Kansas
Kansas City is the third-largest city in the U.S. state of Kansas and is the county seat of Wyandotte County. It is a suburb of Kansas City, Missouri and is the third largest city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area, a region of over two million people. The city is part of the "Unified Government" which also includes the cities of Bonner Springs and Edwardsville. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 146,867. The city is situated at Kaw Point, which is the junction of the Missouri and Kansas rivers.
http://wn.com/Kansas_City_Kansas -
Kansas Territory
The Territory of Kansas was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from May 30, 1854, until January 29, 1861, when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Kansas.
http://wn.com/Kansas_Territory -
Kentucky
The Commonwealth of Kentucky () is a state located in the East Central United States of America. As classified by the United States Census Bureau, Kentucky is a Southern state. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 it became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th largest state in terms of total area, the 36th largest in land area, and ranks 26th in population.
http://wn.com/Kentucky -
Kevin Yoder
Kevin W. Yoder is an attorney, Republican member of the Kansas House of Representatives, and a current candidate for the 3rd District U.S. Congressional seat currently held by Dennis Moore. Yoder currently chairs the Appropriations Committee in the Kansas State House, where he has served as a state representative for the 20th district of Kansas since 2002.
http://wn.com/Kevin_Yoder -
Kris Kobach
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Lansing, Kansas
Lansing is a city situated along the Missouri River in the eastern part of Leavenworth County, located in northeast Kansas, in the Central United States. The population was 9,199 at the 2000 census, and it was estimated to be {{Formatnum: in the year . It is the second most populous city of Leavenworth County and is a part of the Kansas City metropolitan area.
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Larned, Kansas
Larned is a city in and the county seat of Pawnee County, Kansas, United States. The population was 4,236 at the 2000 census.
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Lawrence, Kansas
Lawrence is the 6th largest city in the U.S. State of Kansas and the county seat of Douglas County. Located in northeastern Kansas, Lawrence is the anchor city of the Lawrence, Kansas Metropolitan Area, which encompasses all of Douglas County. Located 25 miles east of Topeka, Kansas, and 41 miles west of Kansas City, Missouri, it is situated along the banks of the Kansas and Wakarusa Rivers. In 2009, the city had an estimated population of 92,048. Lawrence is a college town and is the home to the University of Kansas and Haskell Indian Nations University.
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Leavenworth, Kansas
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Leawood, Kansas
Leawood is a city in Johnson County, Kansas, United States. The city is a suburb of Kansas City, Missouri and is part of the Kansas City Metropolitan Area. The population was 27,656 at the 2000 census.
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Lebanon, Kansas
Lebanon is a city in Smith County, Kansas, United States, in the north central part of the state. The population was 303 at the 2000 census. In 1918, a scientific survey established that the geographic center of the contiguous (Lower 48) United States lies near the town and a monument was subsequently erected at the site.
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Lenexa, Kansas
Lenexa () is a city in the central part of Johnson County, located in northeast Kansas, in the central United States of America. The population was estimated to be 43,434 in the year 2005. It is the fourth most populous city in the county. As a satellite city of Kansas City, Missouri, Lenexa is included in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area. It is bordered by the cities of Shawnee to the north, Overland Park to the east, De Soto to the west and Olathe to the south. In July 2009, Lenexa was named the #26 best small town to live in the United States by Money magazine.
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Liberal, Kansas
Liberal is a city in and the county seat of Seward County, Kansas, United States. Its population was 19,666 as of the 2000 United States Census.
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Lindsborg, Kansas
Lindsborg is a city in McPherson County, Kansas, USA. The population was 3,321 at the 2000 census. It is known for its association with Swedish heritage and the biennial Svensk Hyllningsfest.
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Louisburg, Kansas
Louisburg is a city in Miami County, Kansas, United States. The population was 2,576 at the 2000 census.
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Louisiana
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Lucas, Kansas
Lucas is a city in Russell County, Kansas, United States. The population was 436 at the 2000 census. Lucas is well known because of attractions such as Florence Deeble's Rock Garden, the Garden of Eden created by Samuel P. Dinsmoor, the Grassroots Art Center, and the World's Largest Collection of the World's Smallest Versions of the World's Largest Things Traveling Roadside Attraction and Museum.
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Maine
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Maize, Kansas
Maize is a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. It is a suburb of the county seat, Wichita. The population was 1,868 at the 2000 census.
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Manhattan, Kansas
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Maryland
Maryland () is an American state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Maryland has the highest median household income of any state, with a median income of $70,545. Maryland was the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution, and three nicknames for it, the Old Line State, the Free State, and the Chesapeake Bay State are occasionally used.
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Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Most of its population of 6.6 million lives in the Boston metropolitan area. The eastern half of the state consists of urban, suburban, and rural areas, while Western Massachusetts is mostly rural. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and ranks third among U.S. states in GDP per capita.
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Miami County, Kansas
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Michigan
Michigan () is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is a French corruption of the Ojibwe word mishigama, meaning "large water" or "large lake".
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Minnesota
Minnesota () is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. The twelfth largest state of the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with 5.27 million residents. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state on May 11, 1858. Known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes", the state's name comes from a Dakota word for "sky-tinted water". Those waters, together with forests, parks, and wilderness areas, offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities.
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Mississippi
Mississippi () is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, which namesake is from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi ("Great River"). The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, and its catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States. The state symbol is the magnolia grandiflora tree.
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Missouri
Missouri () (abbreviated MO) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. With a 2009 estimated population of 5,987,580, Missouri is the 18th most populous state in the nation and the fifth most populous in the Midwest. It comprises 114 counties and one independent city. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri was originally acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became defined as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Missouri Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.
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Montana
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Montezuma, Kansas
Montezuma is a city in Gray County, Kansas, United States. The population was 966 at the 2000 census.
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Nebraska
Nebraska () is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States. The state's capital is Lincoln and its largest city is Omaha.
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Nevada
Nevada is a state located in the western and southwestern region of the United States. Nevada is also part of the Mountain States. The capital is Carson City and the largest city is Las Vegas. The state's nickname is Silver State, due to the large number of silver deposits that were discovered and mined there. "Sagebrush State" and "Battle Born State" are its alternative nicknames. In 1864, Nevada became the 36th state to enter the union, and the phrase "Battle Born" on the state flag reflects the state's entry on the Union side during the American Civil War. Its first nonnative settlement was called Mormon Station.
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New Hampshire
New Hampshire () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It borders Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire ranks 44th in land area, 46th in total area of the 50 states, and 41st in population.
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New Jersey
New Jersey (, ) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the northeast by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey lies largely within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is the most densely populated state in the United States.
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New Mexico
New Mexico() is a state located in the southwest and western regions of the United States. New Mexico is also part of the Mountain States. With a population density of 16 per square mile, New Mexico is the sixth- most sparsely inhabited U.S. state.
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New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
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Newton, Kansas
Newton is a city in and the county seat of Harvey County, Kansas, United States. The population was 17,190 at the 2000 census. Newton is located north of Wichita and is included in the Wichita metropolitan statistical area (MSA).
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Nicodemus, Kansas
Nicodemus is a small unincorporated community in Graham County in North Central Kansas, located 2000 ft (610 m) above sea level in the middle of the Great Plains region of the United States. The community was founded in 1877 and is named for an escaped slave. Nicodemus National Historic Site, commemorating the only remaining western town established by African Americans during the Reconstruction Period following the American Civil War is in town.
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North Carolina
North Carolina () is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the Southern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north. North Carolina contains 100 counties. Its capital is Raleigh, and its largest city is Charlotte. North Carolina is now ranked as one of the top 3 leading States for Green Technology, Bio-Chemical Engineering, Medical Sciences, and Computer Engineering through the long-range research and development programs of Research Triangle Park (RTP), UNC Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State .
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North Dakota
North Dakota () is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America, along the Canadian border, about halfway between the Pacific Ocean and the Great Lakes. North Dakota is the 19th largest state by area in the U.S. It is also the third least populous, with only about 646,850 residents as of 2009. North Dakota was carved out of the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with South Dakota.
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Ohio
Ohio is a Midwestern state in the United States. The 34th largest state by area in the U.S.,
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Oklahoma
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Oklahoma City
Oklahoma City is the capital and the largest city in the state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 31st among United States cities in population. The city's estimated population, as of 2008, was 551,789, with an estimated metro-area population of 1,206,142. In 2008, the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,275,758 residents. Oklahoma City's city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, though much of those areas are rural or suburban. The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area which includes consolidated city-counties; it is the largest city in the United States by land area whose government is not consolidated with that of a county (or, in the case of Alaska, a borough, or in the case of Louisiana, a parish). The city is the largest city and metro area in population of the traditional 'plains states' as well as the South Central United States outside of Texas.
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Olathe, Kansas
Olathe (, ) is a city in and the county seat of Johnson County, Kansas, United States. Located in northeastern Kansas, it is also the fifth most populous city in the state, with an estimated population of 118,034 in 2007. As a suburb of Kansas City, Missouri, Olathe is the fourth-largest city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area. It is bordered by the cities of Lenexa to the north, Overland Park to the east, and Gardner to the southwest. In 2008, the US Census Bureau ranked Olathe the 24th fastest-growing city in the nation. The same year, CNN/Money and Money magazine ranked Olathe #11 on its list of the "100 Best Cities to Live in the United States."
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Oregon
Oregon ( ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern boundaries, respectively. The area was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before the arrival of traders, explorers, and settlers who formed an autonomous government in Oregon Country in 1843; the Oregon Territory was created in 1848, and Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14, 1859. Salem is the state's capital and third-most-populous city; Portland is the most populous. Portland is the 30th-largest U.S. city, with a population of 582,130 (2009 estimate) and a metro population of 2,241,841 (2009 estimate), the 23rd-largest U.S. metro area.
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Osage County, Kansas
Osage County (county code OS) is a county located in east-central Kansas, in the Central United States. The population was 16,712 at the 2000 census, and it was estimated to be {{formatnum: in the year . Its county seat is Lyndon, and its most populous city is Osage City. The county along with Shawnee, Jackson, Jefferson, and Wabaunsee counties is included in the Topeka, Kansas, Metropolitan Statistical Area, with an estimated population of 228,894 in 2006. Osage was originally organized in 1855 as Weller County, and was renamed in 1859 after the Osage River that runs through it.
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Ottawa University
Ottawa University (OU) is a 4 year college located in Ottawa, Kansas. It was founded in 1865 and affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA. OU has almost 1,000 students on its main campus with close to 3,000 in total with the additional education facilities.
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Ottawa, Kansas
Ottawa is a city situated along the Marais des Cygnes River in the central part of Franklin County, located in east-central Kansas, 50 miles southwest of Kansas City, Mo., in the central United States. The population was 11,921 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat and most populous city of Franklin County. Ottawa is included in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area.
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Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.
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Palmyra Atoll
Palmyra Atoll () is an essentially unoccupied equatorial Northern Pacific atoll administered as a unorganized incorporated territory by the United States federal government. The variable temporary population of 4–20 'non-occupants' are essentially staff and scientists employed by various departments of the U.S. federal government and The Nature Conservancy, as well as a rotating mix of Palymra Atoll Research Consortium scholars pursuing research.
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Park City, Kansas
Park City is a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States; it is a suburb of Wichita. The population was 5,814 at the 2000 census.
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Pennsylvania
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania () is a U.S. state and Commonwealth located in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to the east. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg.
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Pittsburg, Kansas
Pittsburg is a city in Crawford County, in Southeast Kansas, United States. It lies west of Springfield, Missouri, and northeast of Tulsa, Oklahoma. It is the most populous city in Crawford County and in southeastern Kansas. The population was 19,243 as of the 2000 census.
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Pueblo, Colorado
Pueblo () is a Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and the most populous city of Pueblo County, Colorado, United States. The population was estimated to be 104,877 in 2009, making it the 245th most populous city in the United States.
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Puerto Rico
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Red Hills, Kansas
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Rhode Island
The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, more commonly referred to as Rhode Island ( or ), is a state in the New England region of the United States. It is the smallest U.S. state by area. Rhode Island borders Connecticut to the west and Massachusetts to the north and east, and it shares a water boundary with New York's Long Island to the southwest.
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Rush County, Kansas
Rush County (standard abbreviation: RH) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of 2000, the population was 3,551. The largest city and county seat is La Crosse.
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Russell, Kansas
Russell is the most populous city in and county seat of Russell County, Kansas, United States. The population was 4,696 at the 2000 census.
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Salina, Kansas
Salina () is a city in and the county seat of Saline County, Kansas, United States. It had a population of 45,679 as of the 2000 United States Census. Located in one of the world's largest wheat-producing areas, Salina is a regional trade center for north-central Kansas. Salina is also the anchor city in the Salina, Kansas micropolitan statistical area.
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Sandy Praeger
Sandy Praeger is the Republican Kansas Insurance Commissioner. She was first elected on November 2, 2002. Her term began January 13, 2003. She was re-elected in 2006 to the same position. Commissioner Praeger is responsible for regulating all insurance sold in Kansas and overseeing the nearly 1,700 insurance companies and 90,000 agents licensed to do business in the state.
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Santa Fe, New Mexico
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Shawnee, Kansas
Shawnee is a city located in northwest Johnson County, Kansas, United States and is a western suburb of Kansas City, Missouri. The estimated 2010 population is 61,110. Shawnee's fur trading and pioneering heritage blends histories of these Kansas Territory townships: Monticello and Shawnee. Shawnee has once again been recognized by Money Magazine as one of the "Best Places to Live" in America! Ranked 17th on the list, Shawnee was recognized for its affordable housing, air quality index, and median commute time. For the fourth consecutive time, Shawnee has been selected tops by a national on-line publication. BusinessWeek selected Shawnee as one of the Best Affordable Suburbs in 2006 and 2009.
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Smoky Hills
The Smoky Hills are an upland region of hills in the central Great Plains of North America. They are located in the central United States, encompassing north-central Kansas and a small portion of south-central Nebraska. The hills are a dissected plain covered by tallgrass and mixed-grass prairie. The Smoky Hills were formed by sedimentary deposits during the Cretaceous period and consist of chalk, limestone, and sandstone rock outcroppings.
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South Carolina
South Carolina () is a state in the United States that borders Georgia to the south and North Carolina to the north. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally named by British King Charles II in honor of his father Charles I of England, as Carolus is Latin for Charles. South Carolina was the first state to vote to secede from the Union and was the founding state of the Confederate States of America. According to an estimate by the United States Census Bureau, the state's population in 2009 was 4,561,242 and ranked 24th among the U.S. states. South Carolina contains 46 counties and its capital is Columbia.
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South Dakota
South Dakota () is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes. Once a part of Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. The state has an area of and an estimated population of just over 800,000. Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of nearly 160,000, is South Dakota's largest city.
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St. Louis, Missouri
St. Louis ( or ; French: Saint-Louis or St-Louis, ) is an independent city and the second largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri. The city itself has an estimated population of 354,361 and is the principal municipality of Greater St. Louis, population 2,879,934, the largest urban area in Missouri and 16th-largest in the United States.
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Strong City, Kansas
Strong City is a city in Chase County, Kansas, United States. It is named after William Barstow Strong, former president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The population was 584 at the 2000 census.
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Sweden
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Tennessee
Tennessee () is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. It has a population of 6,214,888, making it the nation's 17th-largest state by population, and covers , making it the 36th-largest by total land area. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 626,144. Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 670,902. Nashville has the state's largest metropolitan area, at 1,521,437 people.
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Texas
Texas () is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.
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The Ozarks
The Ozarks (also referred to as Ozarks Mountain Country, the Ozark Mountains or the Ozark Plateau) are a physiographic, geologic, and cultural highland region of the central United States. It covers much of the south half of Missouri and an extensive portion of northwest and North central Arkansas. The region also extends westward into northeast Oklahoma and extreme southeast Kansas. The wooded hills of southwest Illinois, though commonly called the "Illinois Ozarks," are generally not considered part of the true Ozarks.
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Topeka, Kansas
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Udall, Kansas
Udall is a city in Cowley County, Kansas, United States. The population was 794 at the 2000 census.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Utah
Utah ( or ) is a western state of the United States. It was the 45th state admitted to the Union, on January 4, 1896. Approximately 80% of Utah's 2,784,572 people live along the Wasatch Front, centering on Salt Lake City. This leaves vast expanses of the state nearly uninhabited, making the population the sixth most urbanized in the U.S. The name "Utah" is derived from the name of the Ute tribe and means "people of the mountains" in the Ute language. Utah is bordered by Arizona on the south, Colorado on the east, Wyoming on the northeast, Idaho on the north and Nevada on the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico.
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Vermont
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Victoria, Kansas
Victoria is a city in Ellis County, Kansas, United States. The population was 1,208 at the 2000 census.
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Virginia
The Commonwealth of Virginia () is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" because it is the birthplace of eight U.S. presidents. The geography and climate of the state are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The state population is nearly eight million.
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Wall Street
Wall Street is a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It runs east from Broadway to South Street on the East River, through the historical center of the Financial District. It is the first permanent home of the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies. Over time, Wall Street became the name of the surrounding geographic neighborhood and also shorthand (or a metonym) for the "influential financial interests" of the American financial industry, which is centered in the New York City area. Anchored by Wall Street, New York City vies with the City of London to be the financial capital of the world.
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Washburn University
Washburn University (WU) is a co-educational, public institution of higher learning in Topeka, Kansas, USA. It offers undergraduate and graduate programs, as well as professional programs in law and business. Washburn has 550 faculty members, who teach 6,300 undergraduate students and 1,000 graduate students, and the university's assets include a $112 million endowment. The president of Washburn University is Dr. Jerry Farley, who has served as president since 1997 and taken an active approach in improving academics and student life. Washburn University is governed by a nine-member Board of Regents. Three, who must be residents of the state of Kansas, are appointed by the Governor. Three residents of the city, one from each of the state senatorial districts, are appointed by the Mayor of the city of Topeka. One is the Mayor or a member of the governing body of the city designated by the Mayor. The Shawnee County Commission appoints one member, who must be a resident of Shawnee County but not of the city of Topeka. The Kansas Board of Regents annually selects one of its members to serve on the Washburn Board. Members of the Board (with the exception of the Kansas Board of Regents' appointee) serve staggered four-year terms.
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Washington (state)
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
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West Mineral, Kansas
West Mineral is a city in Cherokee County, Kansas, United States. It is the home of Big Brutus, the second largest electric shovel in the world. The population was 243 at the 2000 census.
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West Virginia
West Virginia () is a state in the Appalachian and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, and Pennsylvania and Maryland to the northeast. The capital and largest city is Charleston.
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Wichita, Kansas
Wichita ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2000 census its population was 344,284. The 2008 estimated population of 366,046 made it the 51st largest city in the country and the most populous city in Kansas. Wichita is located in south central Kansas on the Arkansas River.
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Winfield, Kansas
Winfield is a city situated along the Walnut River in the west-central part of Cowley County, located in South Central Kansas, in the Central United States. The population was estimated to be 11,861 in the year 2005. It is the county seat and most populous city of Cowley County.
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Wisconsin
Wisconsin () is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States and is considered part of the Midwest. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Upper Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin's capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee. As of 2009 the state has an estimated 5.6 million residents. The state contains 72 counties.
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Wyoming
Wyoming is a state in the Western United States. The western two thirds of the state is mostly covered by the mountain ranges and rangelands in the foothills of the Eastern Rocky Mountains, while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie known as the High Plains. While the tenth largest U.S. state by area, Wyoming is the least populous, with a U.S. Census estimated population of 544,270 in 2009. This is a 5.9% increase since 2000. The capital and the most populous city of Wyoming is Cheyenne.
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African Americans
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Amelia Earhart
Amelia Mary Earhart ( ); (born July 24, 1897; missing July 2, 1937; declared legally dead January 5, 1939) was a noted American aviation pioneer and author. Earhart was the first woman to receive the Distinguished Flying Cross, awarded for becoming the first aviatrix to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She set many other records, wrote best-selling books about her flying experiences and was instrumental in the formation of The Ninety-Nines, an organization for female pilots. Earhart joined the faculty of the world-famous Purdue University aviation department in 1935 as a visiting faculty member to counsel women on careers and help inspire others with her love for aviation. She was also a member of the National Woman's Party, and an early supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment.
http://wn.com/Amelia_Earhart -
Arlen Specter
Arlen Specter (born February 12, 1930) is the senior United States senator from Pennsylvania. Specter is a Democrat, but was a Republican from 1965 until switching to the Democratic Party in 2009. Elected to the Senate in 1980, Specter staked out a spot in the political center. In April 2006, he was selected by Time as one of America's Ten Best Senators.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
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Bill Snyder
Bill Snyder (born October 7, 1939, in Saint Joseph, Missouri) is the head football coach at Kansas State University. He was rehired to the position on November 24, 2008, making Snyder one of the few college football head coaches to have non-consecutive tenure at the same school. Snyder previously served as head coach at the school from 1989 to 2005. The football stadium at Kansas State University is named in honor of him and his family (Bill Snyder Family Football Stadium).
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Bob Dole
Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22, 1923) is an American attorney and politician. He represented Kansas in the United States Senate from 1969 to 1996, served as Gerald Ford's Vice Presidential running mate in the 1976 presidential election, and was Senate Majority Leader from 1985 to 1987 and in 1995 and 1996. Dole was the Republican party nominee in the presidential election of 1996, but he lost to incumbent Democrat Bill Clinton. Dole is currently special counsel at the Washington, D.C. office of law firm Alston & Bird.
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Bud Fowler
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Bug Holliday
James Wear "Bug" Holliday (February 8, 1867 – February 15, 1910) was an American center fielder in Major League Baseball for ten seasons, from through , plus the 1885 World Series. He holds the distinction of being the first player to make his major league debut in post-season play, with the Chicago White Stockings in 1885. He played the rest of his career with the Cincinnati Reds, both when they were in the American Association and in the National League. He twice led the league in home runs, and was among the leaders in various other offensive categories throughout his career. After his playing career was over, he was an umpire for one season.
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Dan Glickman
Daniel Robert "Dan" Glickman (born November 24, 1944) is an American businessman and politician. He served as the United States Secretary of Agriculture from 1995 until 2001, prior to which he represented the Fourth Congressional District of Kansas as a Democrat in Congress for 18 years. He was Chairman and CEO of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) from 2004-2010 and is now the president of Refugees International.
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Derek Schmidt
Derek Schmidt is a Republican member of the Kansas Senate, representing the 15th District, a position to which he was first elected in November 2000. He has been the Senate Majority Leader since 2005. He was previously a part of the Special Counsel to the Governor.
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Dutch American
A Dutch American is an American of Dutch descent.
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
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French American
French Americans or Franco-Americans are Americans of French descent. About 11.8 million U.S. residents are of French descent, and about 1.6 million speak French at home.
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George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
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German American
German Americans comprise about 51 million people, or 17% of the U.S. population, the country's largest self-reported ancestral group. California, Texas and Pennsylvania have the largest numbers of German origin, although upper Midwestern states, including Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and The Dakotas, have the highest proportion of German Americans at over one-third.
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Harry S. Truman
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Irish American
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Italian American
An Italian American ( singular, plural) is an American of Italian ancestry. The designation may also refer to someone possessing Italian and American dual citizenship. Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States.
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James Baird Weaver
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Jeff Colyer
Jeff Colyer is a Republican member of the Kansas Senate, representing the 37th District since 2008. He was previously a Kansas Representative. Colyer is also a physician, specializing in plastic surgery and co-owner of Aestheticare [http://www.greatskinkc.com/about-us/staff.html www.greatskinkc.com/about-us/staff.html], a medical spa in Kansas City.
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Jerry Moran
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Jimmy Macullar
James F. "Jimmy" Macullar (January 16, 1855 – April 8, 1924), also known as "Little Mac", was an American Major League Baseball player from Boston, Massachusetts. He played mostly at shortstop, but did play many games in the center field, for three different teams in two leagues. He holds the record for career games played at shortstop by a left-handed thrower, at 325, and is the only lefty to ever play more than 250 games at that position. Nicknamed "Little Mac", due to his small stature (5'6", 155lbs), he was briefly a player-manager for the Syracuse Stars in 1879. Finishing with a 5-21 record, he never managed again.
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John Kerry
John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts, and is chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
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John McCain
John Sidney McCain III (born August 29, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican nominee for president in the 2008 United States election.
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Kathleen Sebelius
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Kevin Yoder
Kevin W. Yoder is an attorney, Republican member of the Kansas House of Representatives, and a current candidate for the 3rd District U.S. Congressional seat currently held by Dennis Moore. Yoder currently chairs the Appropriations Committee in the Kansas State House, where he has served as a state representative for the 20th district of Kansas since 2002.
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Korean War
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Kris Kobach
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Lyndon B. Johnson
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Lynn Jenkins
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Non-Hispanic white
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Pat Roberts
Charles Patrick "Pat" Roberts (born April 20, 1936) is the junior United States Senator from Kansas. A member of the Republican Party, he was formerly the Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee. He holds conservative positions on most issues.
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Perry Werden
Percival Wheritt Werden (July 21, 1865 - January 9, 1934) born in St. Louis, Missouri was a First Baseman for the St. Louis Maroons (1884), Washington Nationals (1888), Toledo Maumees (1890), Baltimore Orioles (1891), St. Louis Browns (1892-93) and Louisville Colonels (1897).
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Polish American
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Pre-Columbian era
The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the Early Modern period.
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Ron Estes
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Sam Brownback
Samuel Dale "Sam" Brownback (born September 12, 1956) is the senior United States Senator from the U.S. state of Kansas and former GOP candidate in the Republican primaries for the 2008 presidential election. He has announced that he will not seek re-election to the Senate in 2010 and has filed papers to run for Governor of Kansas in the 2010 election. Brownback is widely considered the front-runner and leads by large margins in general election polling to date.
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Sandy Praeger
Sandy Praeger is the Republican Kansas Insurance Commissioner. She was first elected on November 2, 2002. Her term began January 13, 2003. She was re-elected in 2006 to the same position. Commissioner Praeger is responsible for regulating all insurance sold in Kansas and overseeing the nearly 1,700 insurance companies and 90,000 agents licensed to do business in the state.
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Scottish American
Scottish Americans or Scots Americans (Scottish Gaelic: Ameireaganaich Albannach) are citizens of the United States whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in Scotland. According to American Community Survey in 2008 data, Americans reporting Scottish ancestry made up an estimated 1.9% of the total U.S. population. Scottish and Scotch-Irish ancestry represent 3.1% of the U.S. population in 2008.
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Thomas E. Dewey
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Tom Pendergast
Thomas Joseph Pendergast (July 22, 1873 – January 26, 1945) controlled Kansas City and Jackson County, Missouri as a political boss. "Boss Tom" Pendergast gave workers jobs and helped elect politicians during the Great Depression, becoming wealthy in the process.
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Vietnam War
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Walter Chrysler
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Wendell Willkie
Wendell Lewis Willkie (; February 18, 1892 – October 8, 1944) was a corporate lawyer in the United States and was the dark horse Republican Party nominee for the 1940 presidential election, where he crusaded against the policies of the New Deal, which he thought were inefficient and anti-business, but waffled on the issue of intervention or isolation in the world war that Nazi Germany was winning. His opponent Franklin D. Roosevelt won a third term, with 55% of the popular vote and 85% of the electoral vote. Roosevelt found Willkie to be a compatible liberal and brought him aboard as a special ambassador-at-large. Willkie criss-crossed the globe, bringing home a vision of "One World" freed from imperialism and colonialism. His liberalism lost him supporters in the GOP and he dropped out of the 1944 race, then died of a heart attack.
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Wild Bill Hickok
James Butler Hickok (May 27, 1837 – August 2, 1876), better known as Wild Bill Hickok, was a figure in the American Old West. His skills as a gunfighter and scout, along with his reputation as a lawman, provided the basis for his fame, although some of his exploits are fictionalized. His nickname of Wild Bill has inspired similar nicknames for men known for their daring in various fields.
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William Allen White
William Allen White (February 10, 1868 – January 29, 1944) was a renowned American newspaper editor, politician, author, and leader of the Progressive movement. Between 1896 and his death White became the iconic spokesman for middle America.
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William Quantrill
William Clarke Quantrill (July 31, 1837 – June 6, 1865), was a Confederate guerrilla leader during the American Civil War. After leading a Confederate bushwhacker unit along the Missouri-Kansas border in the early 1860s, which included the infamous raid and sacking of Lawrence, Kansas in 1863, Quantrill eventually ended up in Kentucky where he was killed in a Union ambush in 1865, aged 27.
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Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States. A leader of the Progressive Era, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. With Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft dividing the Republican Party vote, Wilson was elected President as a Democrat in 1912.
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Wyatt Earp
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karaoke
Wind blowin through my hair
Everybody tellin me theres nowhere like home
Oh no
Theres somewhere else for me
I need to take the oppurtunity and go
And go
Yeah
Its now near, not too far
And when i look up to the stars
I wanna be, i wanna be like they are
Sometimes you gotta get of kansas (gotta get out)
And sometimes you gotta take your chances (to find the answers)
Cuz noone ever made it just waitin around
For the big 15 minutes in a to big town
One thing i know is crystal clear
I gotta get out of here
I know the sound of a whole new crowd
While i wisper when i want to sing out loud
Let me here you say yeah yeah (yeah, yeah)
Im on land, but i can fly
Something in my heart saying i was ment to shine
Like a diamond in the sky
I wanna see my name in lights
And someone to buy movie rights
I wanna hear my music come to life
Sometimes you gotta get of kansas (gotta get out)
And sometimes you gotta take your chances (to find the answers)
Cuz noone ever made it just waitin around
For the big fancy menice in the two-bit town
One thing i know is crystal clear
I gotta get out of here
I gotta get outta here
Mmhmm
Who shot him in the back - peacetime
Who took him by surprise - tippy toes
You cant bury that door 3 times
Hide my eyes 4 times
I'm gonna sink my teeth into KANSAS [x8]
I reach a higher plain
When I speak so slow and hardly breath
They're gonna run out of shapes
When they fetch my family
I I must confess I'm gonna see that man again
I'm gonna turn back the clock and set the foot in KANSAS
I'm gonna KANSAS [x8]
I'm gonna shoot him by the clock - peace [time]
I'm gonna shoot him in the legs - peace [time]
You're gonna bury that door - meantime
You're gonna pick him off the floor 3 times
I I I'm a man and I I I'm alive
I I must confess I'm gonna carry that man
I'm gonna shake him by the hand
I'm gonna sleep in foreign lands
I'm gonna turn back the clock
I'm gonna KANSAS in the spring
You know I'm gonna KANSAS [x8]
If none of this was ever planned that explains why I don't understand
Come on, you must agree that this is strange
Well how can everything just change?
And now, I know that you are going to laugh
But I've just got to take a photograph
Because I've never seen you look this way
And you've not told me yet if I can stay
I don't care where this lands us, I'm sure
But I don't think we're in Kansas anymore
I don't care where this lands us, I'm sure
But I don't think we're in Kansas anymore
Push your fingers deep inside, don't stop until you're satisfied
I can't tell you just how good that feels
Just close your eyes and tap your heels
I don't care where this lands us, I'm sure
But I don't think we're in Kansas anymore
I don't care where this lands us, I'm sure
But I don't think we're in Kansas anymore
I don't care where this lands us, I'm sure
But I don't think we're in Kansas anymore
I don't care where this lands us, I'm sure
But I don't think we're in Kansas anymore
Sun sets in an ocean of brown farmland haze
Power lines draped across roads you could drive on for days
Well it's all too perfect
Time to look back at us now
Endless and empty like Kansas
Our cities of clouds
Flat on the table like Kansas
I lay down in sheets suddenly worn threadbare
Every wall I lean on transforms to sliding doors and thin air
Well I hope yours is kinder
Let go of this when you find her
Bury this hard
Down underneath your white canvas
Our houses of cards
Flat on the table like Kansas
It's not regret
Just an unexpected accounting of debts
Only now called
No it's not regret
Just remembrance is all
Of how close we had come
The war almost won
But I sent up our flag and moved on
You and I
Lost to the winter like Kansas
And all my goodbyes
I feel like I just woke up
from a bad dream
And it's so good to have you
sleeping by my side
Although I'm not so sure
if I even know your name
Hold on, baby, hold on
We can go gliding through the air
Far from the jeers and lies
Yeah you are the one
I'm talkin' to this morning
With your mind so fine
and your friendly body lying
In my bungalow with stucco
With glory and sunset spa
Hold on, baby, hold on
It doesn't matter if you're the one
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Song for America
- Point of Know Return
- Paradox
- Icarus / Borne on the Wings of Steel
- Portrait (He Knew)
- Carry On Wayward Son
- Journey From Mariabronn
- Dust in the Wind
- Lonely Wind
- Mysteries and Mayhem
- Excerpt From Lamplight Symphony
- The Wall
- Magnum Opus
- Can I Tell You
- Bringing It Back
- Lonely Wind
- Belexes
- Journey From Mariabronn
- The Pilgrimage
- Apercu
- Death of Mother Nature Suite
- Bringing It Back (live)
- Can I Tell You (demo)
- On the Other Side
- People of the South Wind
- Angels Have Fallen
- How My Soul Cries Out for You
- A Glimpse of Home
- Away From You
- Stay Out of Trouble
- Reason to Be
- On the Other Side (live)
- Carry on Wayward Son
- Song for America
- The Wall
- Lonely Street
- Journey From Mariabronn
- Child of Innocence
- Mysteries and Mayhem
- The Pinnacle
- Bringing It Back
- Down the Road
- What's on My Mind
- Death of Mother Nature Suite
- Can I Tell You
- Song for America
- Icarus (Borne on Wings of Steel)
- The Pinnacle
- Carry on Wayward Son
- What's on My Mind
- Miracles Out of Nowhere
- Point of No Return
- Portrait (He Knew)
- Dust in the Wind
- People of the South Wind
- Hold On
- Carry on Wayward Son
- Dust in the Wind
- Play the Game Tonight
- Point of Know Return
- Song for America
- Icarus (Born on Wings of Steel)
- Reason to Be
- Journey From Mariabronn
- Lightning’s Hand
- Play On
- Song for America
- Dust in the Wind
- Eleanor Rigby
- In Your Eyes
- Miracles Out of Nowhere
- Hold On
- The Sky Is Falling
- Cheyenne Autumn
- The Wall
- Need to Know
- Nobody Home
- Can I Tell You
- Journey from Mariabronn
- Song for America
- Lamplight Symphony
- Icarus (Borne on Wings of Steel)
- The Pinnacle
- Child of Innocence
- Carry on Wayward Son
- Cheyenne Anthem
- Miracles Out of Nowhere
- What's on My Mind
- Carry on Wayward Son
- Song for America
- The Wall
- Lonely Street
- Journey From Mariabronn
- Child of Innocence
- Mysteries and Mayhem
- The Pinnacle
- Bringing It Back
- Down the Road
- What's on My Mind
- Death of Mother Nature Suite
- Intro
- Belexes
- Icarus II
- Icarus
- Song for America
- Howlin' at the Moon
- The Wall
- The Preacher
- Journey From Mariabronn
- Dust in the Wind
- Cheyenne Anthem
- Child of Innocence
- Point of Know Return
- Paradox
- The Spider
- Portrait (He Knew)
- Closet Chronicles
- Lightning's Hand
- Dust in the Wind
- Sparks of the Tempest
- Nobody's Home
- Hopelessly Human
- Sparks of the Tempest (live)
- Portrait (He Knew) (remix)
- Miracles Out of Nowhere
- Paradox
- One Big Sky
- T.O. Witcher
- Dust in the Wind
- The Preacher
- Point of Know Return
- House on Fire
- Carry On Wayward Son
- All I Wanted
- The Wall
- Magnum Opus
- It Takes a Woman's Love
- Two Cents Worth
- Icarus - Borne on Wings of Steel
- All the World
- Child of Innocence
- It's You
- Mysteries and Mayhem
- The Pinnacle
- Child of Innocence (Rehearsal)
- It's You (demo)
- Icarus II
- When the World Was Young
- Grand Fun Alley
- The Coming Dawn (Thanatopsis)
- Myriad
- Look at the Time
- Disappearing Skin Tight Blues
- Distant Vision
- Byzantium
- Not Man Bag
- Geodesic Dome
- Carry on Wayward Son
- Point of Know Return
- Fight Fire With Fire
- Dust in the Wind
- Song for America
- Hold On
- No One Together
- Play the Game Tonight
- The Wall
- The Pinnacle
- The Devil Game
- Closet Chronicles
- Eleanor Rigby
- Dust in the Wind
- Preamble
- Song for America
- In Your Eyes
- Miracles Out of Nowhere
- Hold On
- The Sky Is Falling
- Cheyenne Anthem
- Prelude & Introduction
- The Wall
- Need to Know
- Nobody's Home
- Magnum Opus
- One Big Sky
- Paradox
- Point of Know Return
- The Wall
- All I Wanted
- T.O. Witcher
- Dust in the Wind
- Miracles Out of Nowhere
- The Preacher
- House on Fire
- Carry On Wayward Son
- Point of Know Return
- Carry on Wayward Son
- What's on My Mind
- Icarus - Borne on Wings of Steel
- Song for America (live)
- The Wall (live)
- People of the South Wind
- Hold On
- Fight Fire With Fire
- Play the Game Tonight
- Tomb 19
- Stand Beside Me
- Hope Once Again
- Got to Rock On
- Reason to Be
- It Takes a Woman's Love (To Make a Man)
- Lonely Wind
- Dust in the Wind
- Relentless
- Anything for You
- Hold On
- Loner
- Curtain of Iron
- Got to Rock On
- Don't Open Your Eyes
- No One Together
- No Room for a Stranger
- Back Door
- Fight Fire with Fire
- Everybody's My Friend
- Mainstream
- Andi
- Going Through the Motions
- Get Rich
- Don't Take Your Love Away
- End of the Age
- Incident on a Bridge
- Play the Game Tonight
- Right Away
- Fair Exchange
- Chasing Shadows
- Diamonds and Pearls
- Face It
- Windows
- Borderline
- Play On
- Crossfire
- I Can Fly
- Desparate Times
- Hope Once Again
- Black Fathom 4
- Under the Knife
- Need
- Freaks of Nature
- Cold Grey Morning
- Peaceful and Warm
- Can I Tell You (demo)
- Death of Mother Nature Suite
- Journey From Mariabronn
- Song for America
- The Devil Game
- Incomudro / Hymn to the Atman
- Child of Innocence
- Icarus / Borne on the Wings of Steel
- Mysteries and Mayhem
- The Pinnacle
- Introduction
- "Howlin at the Moon" From Magnum Opus
- Paradox
- Point of Know Return
- Song for America
- The Wall
- Hold On
- Dust in the Wind
- Miracles Out of Nowhere
- Mysteries and Mayhem
- Portrait
- Carry On Wayward Son
- Down the Road
- Lonely Street
- Carry On Wayward Son
- Child of Innocence
- Point of Know Return
- People of the South Wind
- Lightning's Hand
- Dust in the Wind
- Song for America
- Portrait (He Knew)
- Down the Road
- Loner
- The Wall (live)
- What's on My Mind
- Relentless
- Away From You
- Fight Fire With Fire
- Play the Game Tonight
- On the Other Side
- Song for America
- Point of Know Return
- Paradox
- Icarus / Borne on Wings of Steel
- Portrait (He Knew)
- Carry On Wayward Son
- Journey From Mariabronn
- Dust in the Wind
- Lonely Wind
- Mysteries and Mayhem
- Excerpt From Lamplight Symphony
- The Wall
- Magnum Opus
- Ghosts
- One Big Sky
- Inside of Me
- One Man, One Heart
- House on Fire
- Once in a Lifetime
- Stand Beside Me
- I Counted on Love
- The Preacher
- Rainmaker
- T.O. Witcher
- Bells of Saint James
- Silhouettes in Disguise
- Power
- All I Wanted
- Secret Service
- We're Not Alone Anymore
- Musicatto
- Taking in the View
- Three Pretenders
- Tomb 19
- Can't Cry Anymore
- Carry on Wayward Son
- Point of Know Return
- Fight Fire With Fire
- Dust in the Wind
- Song for America
- Perfect Lover
- Hold On
- No One Together
- Play the Game Tonight
- The Wall
- Prelude - Wagner's Lohengrin'
- Point of Know Return
- Icarus (Borne on Wings of Steel)
- Paradox
- Hopelessly Human
- Cheyenne Anthem
- Dust in the Wind
- You Think You Got It Made
- Mask of the Great Deceiver
- [intro]
- Lohengrin (Wagner) / Point of Know Return
- Icarus - Borne on Wings of Steel
- Paradox
- Hopelessly Human
- Cheyenne Anthem
- Dust in the Wind
- You Think You Got It Made / The Mask of the Great Deceiver
- Miracles Out of Nowhere (tape flip) / Loner
- Anything for You
- Don't Open Your Eyes
- Got to Rock On / No One Together / Relentless
- Hold on (closing credits, broadcasted prematurely)
- Portrait (He Knew) (cuts in)
- Carry On Wayward Son
- Hold On
- Paradox
- No One Together
- The Wall
- Dust in the Wind
- Carry on Wayward Son
- Point of Know Return
- Fight Fire With Fire
- Play the Game Tonight
- [intro]
- [untitled]
- Musicatto
- Point of Know Return
- Closet Chronicles
- The Wall
- Hold On
- Dust in the Wind
- Cheyenne Anthem
- On the Other Side (part 1)
- On the Other Side (part 2)
- Lonely Street / Dazed and Confused
- Child of Innocence
- Mysteries and Mayhem
- Portrait (He Knew)
- Carry On Wayward Son
- Down the Road
- Belexes
- Lonely Wind
- Two Cents Worth
- Child of Innocence
- Incomudro-Hymn to the Atman
- Cheyenne Anthem
- Angels Have Fallen
- Play the Game Tonight
- Don't Take Your Love Away
- Fight Fire With Fire
- Perfect Lover
- Three Pretenders
- All I Wanted
- Dust in the Wind (live version)
- Bringing It Back
- Death of Mother Nature Suite
- The Pinnacle
- Lamplight Symphony
- Carry on Wayward Son
- The Wall
- Dust in the Wind
- On the Other Side
- A Glimpse of Home
- Hold On
- Silhouettes in Disguise
- Secret Service
- One Man, One Heart
- Point of Know Return
- Dust in the Wind
- Lonely Street
- Song for America
- Carry On Wayward Son
- Hold On
- Miracles Out of Nowhere
- The Wall
- Paradox
- Down the Road
- Carry on Wayward Son
- Can I Tell You
- Two Cents Worth
- Play the Game Tonight
- People of the South Wind
- The Wall
- It Takes a Woman's Love (To Make a Man)
- Dust in the Wind
- Don't Take Your Love Away
- On the Other Side
- Carry on Wayward Son
- All I Wanted
- T.O. Witcher
- Dust in the Wind
- The Wall
- Preacher
- Paradox
- Magnum Opus
- One Big Sky
- Miracle Out of Nowhere
- Down the Road
- Song for America
- Lamplight Symphony
- Lonely Street
- The Devil Game
- Incomudro - Hymn to the Atman
- Carry On Wayward Son
- The Wall
- What's on My Mind
- Miracles out of Nowhere
- Opus Insert
- Questions of My Childhood
- Cheyenne Anthem
- Magnum Opus
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Kansas Carry on my Wayward son
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:26
- Published: 25 Mar 2007
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
wayward son
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kansas, Carry On Wayward Son
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:23
- Published: 19 Aug 2008
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
kansas, Carry On Wayward Son
http://wn.com/kansas,_Carry_On_Wayward_Son
Kansas - "Carry On Wayward Son" 1976 Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:03
- Published: 29 Aug 2006
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Kansas 1976 - "Carry On Wayward Son" Rare Version with live vocals and studio music. Visit www.meatwall.com
http://wn.com/Kansas_Carry_On_Wayward_Son_1976_Video
Kansas - Dust In The Wind
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Published: 07 Nov 2009
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Music video by Kansas performing Dust In The Wind. (c) 2004 Sony Music Entertainment Inc.
http://wn.com/Kansas_Dust_In_The_Wind
Kansas video Icarus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:06
- Published: 10 Nov 2006
- Updated: 20 Oct 2012
An old video from Kansas Masque album, Icarus
http://wn.com/Kansas_video_Icarus
Kansas - Dust In the Wind
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Published: 31 May 2006
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Filmed in 1977 by my dad, this music video nearly became "dust in the wind" until it was restored from its failing 8mm format.
http://wn.com/Kansas_Dust_In_the_Wind
kansas Point of know return
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Published: 14 Nov 2006
- Updated: 20 Oct 2012
Nice old video from Kansas
http://wn.com/kansas_Point_of_know_return
Eric Winston of Kansas City Chiefs Tears into Fans Who Cheered Quarterbacks Injury
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Published: 08 Oct 2012
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
KC lineman tears into Chiefs fans for cheering quarterback Matt Cassel's injury, Matt Cassel has been a lightning rod for criticism during Kansas City's disappointing 1-4 start to the season. But Chiefs offensive lineman Eric Winston put his foot down after the home fans cheered Sunday when Cassel suffered an injury in the fourth quarter. Cassel was hit hard by Baltimore's Haloti Ngata and Pernell McPhee and stayed down on the field while trainers attended to him. Chiefs fans cheered the development as backup Brady Quinn warmed up. Winston waited for members of the media to gather by his locker after the game, then told them: "If this isn't posted in the paper or run on your (website), this is the last time you're going to talk to me."
http://wn.com/Eric_Winston_of_Kansas_City_Chiefs_Tears_into_Fans_Who_Cheered_Quarterbacks_Injury
Gucci Mane ft Jim Jones - "Kansas" (Official Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Published: 16 Aug 2012
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
© 2012 WMG Gucci Mane "Kansas" (Official Video) Download Gucci Mane's New Mixtape, "I'm Up" here: bit.ly
http://wn.com/Gucci_Mane_ft_Jim_Jones_Kansas_Official_Video
FIFA Soccer 13: Soccer 101 - Sporting Kansas City show that you only get 3 substitutions
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Published: 28 Sep 2012
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
CJ Sapong and Graham Zusi help enact the 3 substitution rule. Part of EA Sports FIFA Soccer 13 launch, in stores now. Special thanks to Pandolfis Deli (www.pandolfisdeli.com Check out the rest of the Soccer 101 videos: Full Playlist: www.youtube.com No Hands with Chicago Fire -- youtu.be...
http://wn.com/FIFA_Soccer_13_Soccer_101_Sporting_Kansas_City_show_that_you_only_get_3_substitutions
Kansas- The Pìnnacle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:27
- Published: 16 Jul 2006
- Updated: 20 Oct 2012
Kansas- The Pìnnacle (1974)
http://wn.com/Kansas_The_Pìnnacle
Danica Patrick Tries to wreck Landon Cassill Kansas
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Published: 21 Oct 2012
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Danica Patrick vs Landon Cassill Rivalry well , nothing much here to say but landon gave her a donut , then passed her clean , then danica tries and does take out landon but destroys her car in the action and she is in the garage done for the day. landon is still driving and i would love to hear the side of his story
http://wn.com/Danica_Patrick_Tries_to_wreck_Landon_Cassill_Kansas
Kansas - Hold On (with Lyrics)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Published: 22 Aug 2009
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
PLEASE READ: MATERIAL IS USED UNDER THE GUIDELINES OF "FAIR USE" IN TITLE 17 § 107 OF THE UNITED STATES CODE. SUCH MATERIAL REMAINS THE COPYRIGHT OF THE ORIGINAL HOLDER AND IS USED HERE FOR THE PURPOSES OF EDUCATION, COMPARISON, AND CRITICISM ONLY. Pictures are from Google - special thanks to backstagegallery.com for the awesome Kansas images. Song is Hold On By Kansas, released on the Audio Visions album in 1980. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is one of my favourite Kansas's songs, Hold On. I put the song lyrics along with some Kansas pictures and also with some random images I thought suited well with the song. I've got nothing else to say, I just wish you enjoy this beautiful song as I do. Leave a comment if you'd like! Music and Lyrics by Kerry Livgren Kansas' Audio Visions Line up: Phil Ehart - percussion, drums, vocals Dave Hope - bass, vocals Kerry Livgren - guitar, percussion, keyboard, vocals Robby Steinhardt - violin, viola, vocals Steve Walsh - percussion, keyboard, vocals, vibraphone Rich Williams - guitar, percussion, vocals
http://wn.com/Kansas_Hold_On_with_Lyrics
Kansas - Closet Chronicles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:32
- Published: 15 Dec 2008
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
A song written by Steve Walsh and Kerry Livgren Artist: Kansas Album: Point Of Know Return Year: 1977 Lyrics: Once carried through the current And being swept away The king is in the closet He's hiding from today And though he owns all fortunes This room is where he'll stay And his world is filled with darkness, turning grey Gazing out the window Of the 42nd second floor He is separate from all others No one knocks upon his door And it might as well be raining 'cause the sunlight hurts his eyes And his ears will never hear the children's cries Once proud and full of passion He fought the cause of man Many people loved his courage Many followed his command He changed the old into the new And the course of things to come And then one day they noticed he was gone At first it didn't matter Nobody seemed to care They all became too busy To find him anywhere do no one knew hot even him The problems he would find On the day he journeyed deep into his mind I close my eyes I go far away Away from this battlefield In my dreams well here I will enjoy it Where innocence plays with all the laughing children The kind who are crying right now A taste of freedom from the pain Of everything here I see Life is sweet but I took it all for granted And now I don't know if I could even tell you Just what we permit, we allow Allow me to forget the life I've made my own I've held this nation in my hand And yet it's not my home Allow me just one answer just one reason why Why this refugee of the <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Kansas_Closet_Chronicles
Kansas - Song For America
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:17
- Published: 12 Dec 2008
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
A song written by Kerry Livgren Artist: Kansas Album: Song For America Year: 1975 Lyrics: Virgin land of forest green Dark and stormy plain Here all life abounds Sunlit valley, mountain fields Unseen in the rain Here all life abounds No man rules this land No human hand has soiled this paradise Waiting patiently So much to see So rich in Earth's delights Painted desert, sequined sky Stars that fill the night Here all life abounds Rivers flowing to the sea Sunshine pure and bright Here all life abounds No man rules this land No human hand has soiled this paradise Waiting patiently So much to see So rich in Earth's delights So the maiden lies in waiting Pull the sailor into shore Land of beauty and abundance Innocent, you opened wide your door Wanderers found the waiting treasure Full of gifts beyond their measure Milk and Honey for our pleasure Across the sea there came a multitude Sailing ships upon the wave Filled with visions of Utopia And the freedom that they crave Ravage, plunder, see no wonder Rape and kill and tear asunder Chop the forest, plow it under Highways scar the mountainside Buildings to the sky People all around Unsustaining in these roads See an eternity People all around So we rule this land And here we stand Upon our paradise Dreaming of a place Our weary race Is ready to arise
http://wn.com/Kansas_Song_For_America
Kansas State Jumps To No. 3 In BCS Standings
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:44
- Published: 22 Oct 2012
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Brad Edwards and the BCS Countdown crew look at the latest BCS standings.
http://wn.com/Kansas_State_Jumps_To_No_3_In_BCS_Standings
Kansas Raiders (1950) Audie Murphy James Best
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 76:11
- Published: 28 Jun 2012
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Outraged by Redleg atrocities, the James and Younger Brothers along with Kit Dalton join Quantrill's Raiders and find themselves participating in even worse war crimes. www.imdb.com
http://wn.com/Kansas_Raiders_1950_Audie_Murphy_James_Best
The Wall :: Kansas
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Published: 28 Apr 2008
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
One of Kansas' greatest songs. From their fourth album, Leftoverture
http://wn.com/The_Wall_Kansas
The Geomagnetic Storm at Perry Lake, Kansas
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:52
- Published: 27 Oct 2011
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
On Monday, October 24th, 2011, at approximately 1:00 PM, Earth was struck by a coronal mass ejection. The impact strongly compressed Earth's magnetic field and sparked an intense geomagnetic storm. As night fell over North America, Auroras spilled across the Canadian border into the contiguous United States. In a rare, historic reverberation, the storm pushed south into Kansas. Photographer Stephen Locke documented the event from Perry Lake, northeast of Topeka. ... Typically restricted to the polar regions, blazing red "Northern Lights" were ultimately observed deep into the southern tier of the continental United States, with parts of Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia receiving their once in a generation glimpse of this astronomical phenomenon . For more of Stephen's work, visit tempestgallery.com
http://wn.com/The_Geomagnetic_Storm_at_Perry_Lake,_Kansas
Dust in the wind lyrics - Kansas
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Published: 05 Feb 2009
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Dust in the wind lyrics By: Kansas
http://wn.com/Dust_in_the_wind_lyrics_Kansas
Gameday Central Hit Tape vs. Kansas State
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Published: 12 Oct 2012
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Iowa State hosts Kansas State Saturday in Jack Trice Stadium. This weeks hit tape features highlights from the Cyclones 37-23 win over TCU last weekend. Music by Epic Score - The Enemy is Coming. Purchase on iTunes or on Amazon. Video courtesy of B&G Productions, Cyclones.tv and FSN.
http://wn.com/Gameday_Central_Hit_Tape_vs_Kansas_State
HIGHLIGHTS: New York Red Bulls vs Sporting Kansas City, MLS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:54
- Published: 21 Oct 2012
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Thierry Henry and the New York Red Bulls try to join the playoff field in the Eastern Conference with a win against Kei Kamara and Sporting KC at Red Bulls Arena. Subscribe to our channel for more soccer content: www.youtube.com - Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com - Like us on Facebook:...
http://wn.com/HIGHLIGHTS_New_York_Red_Bulls_vs_Sporting_Kansas_City,_MLS
Kansas City bus driver punched in face
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:49
- Published: 04 Oct 2012
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Surveillance video captures a man punching a bus driver in Kansas City, Missouri. Police are searching for the suspect. For more CNN videos, check out our YouTube channel at www.youtube.com Or visit our site at www.cnn.com
http://wn.com/Kansas_City_bus_driver_punched_in_face
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Photo: AP / Thao Nguyen
22 Oct 2012
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For other uses, see Kansas (disambiguation).
Kansas (
i/ˈkænzəs/) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States.[5] It is named after the Kansas River which flows through it, which in turn was named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area.[6] The tribe's name (natively kką:ze) is often said to mean "people of the wind" or "people of the south wind," although this was probably not the term's original meaning.[7][8] Residents of Kansas are called "Kansans."
For thousands of years what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes. Tribes in the Eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the Western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. Kansas was first settled by European Americans in the 1830s, but the pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the slavery issue. When officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854, abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine if Kansas would become a free state or a slave state. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided, and was known as Bleeding Kansas. The abolitionists eventually prevailed and on January 29, 1861,[9][10] Kansas entered the Union as a free state. After the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly, when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. Today, Kansas is one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, sorghum and sunflowers.[11] Kansas is the 15th most extensive and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States.
Contents |
History[link]
Main articles: History of Kansas and Kansas in the American Civil War
For millennia, the land that is currently Kansas was inhabited by Native Americans. The first European to set foot in present-day Kansas was Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, who explored the area in 1541.
In 1803, most of modern Kansas was secured by the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Southwest Kansas, however, was still a part of Spain, Mexico, and the Republic of Texas until the conclusion of the Mexican-American War in 1848. From 1812 to 1821, Kansas was part of the Missouri Territory. The Santa Fe Trail traversed Kansas from 1821 to 1880, transporting manufactured goods from Missouri and silver and furs from Santa Fe, New Mexico. Wagon ruts from the trail are still visible in the prairie today.
In 1827, Fort Leavenworth became the first permanent settlement of white Americans in the future state. The Kansas-Nebraska Act became law on May 30, 1854, establishing the U.S. territories of Nebraska and Kansas, and opening the area to broader settlement by whites. Kansas Territory stretched all the way to the Continental Divide and included the sites of present-day Denver, Colorado Springs, and Pueblo.
Missouri and Arkansas sent settlers into Kansas all along its eastern border. These settlers attempted to sway votes in favor of slavery. The secondary settlement of Americans in Kansas Territory were abolitionists from Massachusetts and other Free-Staters, who attempted to stop the spread of slavery from neighboring Missouri. Directly presaging the American Civil War, these forces collided, entering into skirmishes that earned the territory the name of Bleeding Kansas.
Kansas was admitted to the United States as a slave-free state on January 29, 1861, making it the 34th state to enter the Union. By that time the violence in Kansas had largely subsided. But, during the Civil War, on August 21, 1863, William Quantrill led several hundred men on a raid into Lawrence, destroying much of the city and killing nearly 200 people. He was roundly condemned by both the conventional Confederate military and the partisan rangers commissioned by the Missouri legislature. His application to that body for a commission was flatly rejected due to his pre-war criminal record.[12]
After the Civil War, many veterans constructed homesteads in Kansas. Many African Americans also looked to Kansas as the land of "John Brown" and, led by freedmen like Benjamin "Pap" Singleton, began establishing black colonies in the state. Leaving southern states in the late 1870s because of increasing discrimination, they became known as Exodusters.
At the same time, the Chisholm Trail was opened and the Wild West-era commenced in Kansas. Wild Bill Hickok was a deputy marshal at Fort Riley and a marshal at Hays and Abilene. Dodge City was another wild cowboy town, and both Bat Masterson and Wyatt Earp worked as lawmen in the town. In one year alone, 8 million head of cattle from Texas boarded trains in Dodge City bound for the East, earning Dodge the nickname "Queen of the Cowtowns."
In part as a response to the violence perpetrated by cowboys, on February 19, 1881 Kansas became the first U.S. state to adopt a Constitutional amendment prohibiting all alcoholic beverages.
Geography[link]
Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north; Missouri on the east; Oklahoma on the south; and Colorado on the west. The state is divided into 105 counties with 628 cities, and is located equidistant from the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The geographic center of the 48 contiguous states is located in Smith County near Lebanon. The geodetic center of North America was located in Meades Ranch, Kansas, Osborne County until 1983. This spot was used until that date as the central reference point for all maps of North America produced by the U.S. government. The geographic center of Kansas is located in Barton County.
Geology[link]
Main article: Geology of Kansas
Kansas is underlain by a sequence of horizontal to gently westward dipping sedimentary rocks. A sequence of Mississippian, Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks underlie the eastern and southern part of the state. The western half of the state consists of Cretaceous through Tertiary sediments derived from the erosion of the uplifted Rocky Mountains to the west. The northeastern corner of the state was subjected to glaciation in the Pleistocene and is covered by glacial drift and loess.
Topography[link]
The western two-thirds of the state, lying in the great central plain of the United States, has a generally flat or undulating surface, while the eastern third has many hills and forests. The land gradually rises from east to west; its altitude ranges from 684 ft (208 m) along the Verdigris River at Coffeyville in Montgomery County, to 4,039 ft (1,231 m) at Mount Sunflower, one half mile from the Colorado border, in Wallace County. It is a popular belief that Kansas is the flattest state in the nation, reinforced by a well-known 2003 study[13] stating that Kansas was indeed "flatter than a pancake".[14] This has since been called into question, with most scientists ranking Kansas somewhere between 20th and 30th flattest state, depending on measurement method. Its average elevation is 2,000 feet, higher than 36 states.[15]
Rivers[link]
The Missouri River forms nearly 75 mi (121 km) of the state's northeastern boundary. The Kansas River (locally known as the Kaw), formed by the junction of the Smoky Hill and Republican rivers at appropriately-named Junction City, joins the Missouri at Kansas City, after a course of 170 mi (270 km) across the northeastern part of the state. The Arkansas River (pronunciation varies), rising in Colorado, flows with a bending course for nearly 500 mi (800 km) across the western and southern parts of the state. It forms, with its tributaries (the Little Arkansas, Ninnescah, Walnut, Cow Creek, Cimarron, Verdigris, and the Neosho), the southern drainage system of the state. Other important rivers are the Saline and Solomon Rivers, tributaries of the Smoky Hill River; the Big Blue, Delaware, and Wakarusa, which flow into the Kansas River; and the Marais des Cygnes, a tributary of the Missouri River. Spring River is located between Riverton (Fuglies), Kansas and Baxter Springs, Kansas.
National parks and historic sites[link]
Areas under the protection of the National Park Service include:[16]
- Brown v. Board Of Education National Historic Site in Topeka
- California National Historic Trail
- Fort Larned National Historic Site in Larned
- Fort Scott National Historic Site
- Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail
- Nicodemus National Historic Site at Nicodemus
- Oregon National Historic Trail
- Pony Express National Historic Trail
- Santa Fe National Historic Trail
- Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve near Strong City
Climate[link]
File:Kansas Windmills.JPG
Clouds in northeastern Kansas
Kansas contains three climatic types, according to the Köppen climate classification: it has humid continental, semi-arid steppe, and humid subtropical. The eastern two-thirds of the state (especially the northeastern portion) has a humid continental climate, with cool to cold winters and hot, often humid summers. Most of the precipitation falls in the summer and spring. The western third of the state – from about the U.S. Route 281 corridor westward – has a semiarid steppe climate. Summers are hot, often very hot, and generally less humid. Winters are highly changeable between warm and very cold. The western region receives an average of about 16 inches (410 mm) of precipitation per year. Chinook winds in the winter can warm western Kansas all the way into the 80 °F (27 °C) range. The far south-central and southeastern reaches of the state have a humid subtropical climate with hot, humid summers, milder winters and more precipitation than the rest of the state. Although not strictly falling in all of the zones, some features of all three climates can be found in most of the state, with droughts and changeable weather between dry and humid not uncommon, and both warm and cold spells in the winter.
Precipitation ranges from about 47 inches (1200 mm) annually in the southeast of the state, to about 16 inches (400 mm) in the southwest. Snowfall ranges from around 5 inches (130 mm) in the fringes of the south, to 35 inches (900 mm) in the far northwest. Frost-free days range from more than 200 days in the south, to 130 days in the northwest. Thus, Kansas is the 9th or 10th sunniest state in the country, depending on the source. Western Kansas is as sunny as California and Arizona.
Kansas is prone to severe weather, especially in the spring and early summer. In spite of the frequent sunshine throughout much of the state, due to its location at a climatic boundary prone to multiple air masses the state is vulnerable to strong and severe thunderstorms . Many of these storms become Supercell thunderstorms. These can spawn tornadoes, often of EF3 strength or higher. According to statistics from the National Climatic Data Center, Kansas has reported more tornadoes (for the period January 1, 1950 through October 31, 2006) than any state except for Texas – marginally even more than Oklahoma. It has also – along with Alabama – reported more F5 or EF5 tornadoes than any other state. These are the most powerful of all tornadoes. Kansas averages over 50 tornadoes annually.[17] Severe thunderstorms sometimes drop very large Hail over Kansas as well as bringing flash flooding and damaging straight line winds.
According to NOAA, the all-time highest temperature recorded in Kansas is 121 °F (49.4 °C) on July 24, 1936, near Alton, and the all-time low is −40 °F (−40 °C) on February 13, 1905, near Lebanon.
Kansas's record high of 121 °F (49.4 °C) ties with North Dakota for the fifth-highest record high in an American state, behind California (134 °F/56.7 °C), Arizona (128 °F/53.3 °C), Nevada (125 °F/51.7 °C), and New Mexico (122 °F/50 °C).
| Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Kansas Cities | ||||||||||||
| City | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Concordia | 36/17 | 43/22 | 54/31 | 64/41 | 74/52 | 85/62 | 91/67 | 88/66 | 80/56 | 68/44 | 51/30 | 40/21 |
| Dodge City | 41/19 | 48/24 | 57/31 | 67/41 | 76/52 | 87/62 | 93/67 | 91/66 | 82/56 | 70/44 | 55/30 | 44/22 |
| Goodland | 39/16 | 45/20 | 53/26 | 63/35 | 72/46 | 84/56 | 89/61 | 87/60 | 78/50 | 66/38 | 50/25 | 41/18 |
| Topeka | 37/17 | 44/23 | 55/33 | 66/43 | 75/53 | 84/63 | 89/68 | 88/65 | 80/56 | 69/44 | 53/32 | 41/22 |
| Wichita | 40/20 | 47/25 | 57/34 | 67/44 | 76/54 | 87/64 | 93/69 | 92/68 | 82/59 | 70/47 | 55/34 | 43/24 |
| [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] | ||||||||||||
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1860 | 107,206 |
|
|
| 1870 | 364,399 | 239.9% | |
| 1880 | 996,096 | 173.4% | |
| 1890 | 1,428,108 | 43.4% | |
| 1900 | 1,470,495 | 3.0% | |
| 1910 | 1,690,949 | 15.0% | |
| 1920 | 1,769,257 | 4.6% | |
| 1930 | 1,880,999 | 6.3% | |
| 1940 | 1,801,028 | −4.3% | |
| 1950 | 1,905,299 | 5.8% | |
| 1960 | 2,178,611 | 14.3% | |
| 1970 | 2,246,578 | 3.1% | |
| 1980 | 2,363,679 | 5.2% | |
| 1990 | 2,477,574 | 4.8% | |
| 2000 | 2,688,418 | 8.5% | |
| 2010 | 2,853,116 | 6.1% | |
| Source: 1910–2010[18] | |||
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Kansas was 2,871,238 on July 1, 2011, a 0.6% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[2]
According to the 2010 Census, 83.8% of the population was White (78.2% non-Hispanic white), 5.9% was Black or African American, 1.0% American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.4% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 3.0% from two or more races. 10.5% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race).[19]
As of 2007, Kansas had an estimated population of 2,775,997, an increase of 20,180, or 0.7%, from the prior year and an increase of 87,579, or 3.3%, since the year 2000.[20] This includes a natural increase since the last census of 93,899 people (that is 246,484 births minus 152,585 deaths) and a decrease due to net migration of 20,742 people out of the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 44,847 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 65,589 people.[21] The population density of the state is 52.9 people per square mile.[22] The center of population of Kansas is located in Chase County, at 38°27′N 96°32′W / 38.45°N 96.533°W / 38.45; -96.533, approximately three miles north of the community of Strong City.[23]
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As of 2004, the population included 149,800 foreign-born (5.5% of the state population). The ten largest reported ancestry groups, which account for over 85% of the population, in the state are: German (33.75%), Irish (14.4%), English (14.1%), American (7.5%), French (4.4%), Scottish (4.2%), Dutch (2.5%), Swedish (2.4%), Italian (1.8%), and Polish (1.5%).[24] People of German ancestry are especially strong in the northwest, while those of English ancestry and descendants of white Americans from other states are especially strong in the southeast. Mexicans are present in the southwest and make up nearly half the population in certain counties. Many African Americans in Kansas are descended from the Exodusters, newly freed blacks who fled the South for land in Kansas following the Civil War.
Religion[link]
The 2008 Pew Religious Landscape Survey showed the religious makeup of Kansas was as follows:
- Christian 86%
- Protestant 53.7%
- United Methodist 13.3%
- Baptist 12.8%
- Non-denominational Protestant 6.4%
- Lutheran 5.9%
- Restorationist 5.5%
- Presbyterian 4.3%
- Episcopalian/Anglican 2.4%
- Roman Catholic 29%
- Latter Day Saints/Mormons 2%
- Jehovah's Witness 2%
- Non denominational 1%
- Other Christian 3%
- Protestant 53.7%
- Non-religious 9%
- Jewish 2%
- Other 2%
As of the year 2000, the RCMS[25] reported that the three largest denominational groups in Kansas are Mainline Protestant, Evangelical Protestant, and Catholic. The Catholic Church has the highest number of adherents in Kansas (at 405,844), followed by the United Methodist Church with 206,187 members reported and the Southern Baptist Convention, reporting 101,696 adherents.
Though small, the Kansas Baha'i community has the distinction of being the second in the western hemisphere, founded in 1897 in Enterprise, Kansas.[26]
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In 2012 it was reported there has been a growth in Mormons and Catholics.[27]
Rural flight[link]
Main article: Rural flight
Kansas is one of the slowest-growing states in the nation. Known as a rural flight, the last few decades have been marked by a migratory pattern out of the countryside into cities.
Out of all the cities in these Midwestern states, 89% have fewer than 3,000 people, and hundreds of those have fewer than 1,000. In Kansas alone, there are more than 6,000 ghost towns and dwindling communities,[28] according to one Kansas historian, Daniel C. Fitzgerald.
At the same time, some of the communities in Johnson County (metropolitan Kansas City) are among the fastest-growing in the country.
Economy[link]
The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that the total GDP in 2008 was $122.7 billion, making it the United States's 32nd highest state by GDP.[29] Per capita personal income in 2008 was $35,013. As of January 2010, the states unemployment rate is 6.4%.[30]
The agricultural outputs of the state are cattle, sheep, wheat, sorghum, soybeans, cotton, hogs, corn, and salt. Eastern Kansas is part of the Grain Belt, an area of major grain production in the central United States. The industrial outputs are transportation equipment, commercial and private aircraft, food processing, publishing, chemical products, machinery, apparel, petroleum and mining.
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Kansas ranks 8th in U.S. oil production. Production has experienced a steady, natural decline as it becomes increasingly difficult to extract oil over time. Since oil prices bottomed in 1999, oil production in Kansas has remained fairly constant, with an average monthly rate of about 2.8 million barrels (450,000 m3) in 2004. The recent higher prices have made carbon dioxide sequestration and other oil recovery techniques more economical.
Kansas ranks 8th in U.S. natural gas production. Production has steadily declined since the mid-1990s with the gradual depletion of the Hugoton Natural Gas Field—the state's largest field which extends into Oklahoma and Texas. In 2004, slower declines in the Hugoton gas fields and increased coalbed methane production contributed to a smaller overall decline. Average monthly production was over 32 billion cubic feet (0.9 km³).
The Kansas economy is also heavily influenced by the aerospace industry. Several large aircraft corporations have manufacturing facilities in Wichita and Kansas City, including Spirit AeroSystems, Boeing, Cessna, Learjet, and Hawker Beechcraft (formerly Raytheon).
Major company headquarters in Kansas include the Sprint Nextel Corporation (with world headquarters in Overland Park), Embarq (with national headquarters in Overland Park), YRC Worldwide (Overland Park), Garmin (Olathe), Payless Shoes (national headquarters and major distribution facilities in Topeka), and Koch Industries (with national headquarters in Wichita).
Taxes[link]
Kansas has three income brackets for income tax calculation, ranging from 3.5% to 6.45%. The state sales tax in Kansas is 6.3%. Various cities and counties in Kansas have an additional local sales tax. Except during the 2001 recession (March–November 2001) when monthly sales tax collections were flat, collections have trended higher as the economy has grown and two rate increases have been enacted. Total sales tax collections for 2003 amounted to $1.63 billion, compared to $805.3 million in 1990.
Revenue shortfalls resulting from lower than expected tax collections and slower growth in personal income following a 1998 permanent tax reduction has contributed to the substantial growth in the state's debt level as bonded debt increased from $1.16 billion in 1998 to $3.83 billion in 2006. Some increase in debt was expected as the state continues with its 10-year Comprehensive Transportation Program enacted in 1999. As of June 2004, Moody's Investors Service ranked the state 14th for net tax-supported debt per capita. As a percentage of personal income, it was at 3.8%—above the median value of 2.5% for all rated states and having risen from a value of less than 1% in 1992. The state has a statutory requirement to maintain cash reserves of at least 7.5% of expenses at the end of each fiscal year, however, lawmakers can vote to override the rule, and did so during the most recent budget agreement.
Transportation[link]
File:Kansas license plate.jpg
The current state license plate design, introduced in April 2007.
Kansas is served by two Interstate highways with one beltway, two spur routes, and three bypasses, with over a total of 874 miles (1,407 km) in all. The first section of Interstate in the nation was opened on I-70 just west of Topeka on November 14, 1956. I-70 is a major east/west route connecting to St. Louis and Kansas City, Missouri, in the east and Denver, Colorado, in the west. Cities along this route (from east to west) include Kansas City, Lawrence, Topeka, Junction City, Salina, Hays, and Colby. I-35 is a major north/south route connecting to Des Moines, Iowa, in the north and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in the south. Cities along this route (from north to south) include Kansas City (and suburbs), Ottawa, Emporia, El Dorado, and Wichita.
Spur routes serve as connections between the two major routes. I-135, a north/south route, connects I-70 at Salina to I-35 at Wichita. I-335, a northeast/southwest route, connects I-70 at Topeka to I-35 at Emporia. I-335 and portions of I-35 and I-70 make up the Kansas Turnpike. Bypasses include I-470 around Topeka and I-235 around Wichita. I-435 is a beltway around the Kansas City Metropolitan Area while I-635 bypasses through Kansas City, Kansas.
US Route 69 runs north and south, from Minnesota to Texas. The highway passes through the eastern section of Kansas, from the Kansas City area, through Louisburg, Fort Scott, Frontenac, Pittsburg, and Baxter Springs before entering Oklahoma.
Kansas also has the second largest state highway system in the country after California. This is because of the high number of counties and county seats (105) and the intertwining of them all.
In January 2004, the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) announced the new Kansas 511 traveler information service.[32] By dialing 511, callers will get access to information about road conditions, construction, closures, detours and weather conditions for the state highway system. Weather and road condition information is updated every 15 minutes.
The state's only major commercial (Class C) airport is Wichita Mid-Continent Airport, located along US-54 on the western edge of the city. Manhattan Regional Airport in Manhattan offers daily flights to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, making it the second-largest commercial airport in the state.[33] Most air travelers in northeastern Kansas fly out of Kansas City International Airport, located in Platte County, Missouri. For those in the far western part of the state, Denver International Airport is a popular option. Connecting flights are also available from smaller Kansas airports in Dodge City, Garden City, Great Bend, Hays, Hutchinson, and Salina. Forbes Field in Topeka sustained commercial flights on Allegiant Air for short period of time until that service was terminated in 2007.
Law and government[link]
State and local politics[link]
See also: Government of Kansas and Political party strength in Kansas
Executive branch: The executive branch consists of six elected officers. The Governor and Lt Governor are elected on the same slate, the Attorney General, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and State Insurance Commissioner are elected separately. The six top executive offices of Kansas are all Republican. Governor Sam Brownback and Lieutenant Governor Jeff Colyer were elected in 2010 on the same ticket to a maximum of two consecutive four-year terms. Also elected in 2010 were the Attorney General Derek Schmidt of Independence; the Secretary of State Kris Kobach, of Piper; the State Treasurer Ron Estes, of Wichita; and the Insurance Commissioner Sandy Praeger, of Topeka.
Legislative branch: The bicameral Kansas Legislature consists of the Kansas House of Representatives, with 125 members serving two-year terms, and the Kansas Senate, with 40 members serving four-year terms. Currently, 32 of the 40 Senators are Republican and 92 of the 125 Representatives are Republican.
Judicial branch: The Judicial branch of the state government is headed by the Kansas Supreme Court. The court has seven judges. A vacancy is filled by the Governor picking one of three nominees selected by a 9-member judicial selection board. The board consists of five Kansas lawyers elected by other Kansas lawyers and four members selected by the Governor.
| State symbols |
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Kansas has a reputation as a progressive state with many firsts in legislative initiatives—it was the first state to institute a system of workers' compensation (1910) and to regulate the securities industry (1911). Kansas also permitted women's suffrage in 1912, almost a decade before the federal constitution was amended to require it. Suffrage in all states would not be guaranteed until ratification of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. The council-manager government was adopted by many larger Kansas cities in the years following World War I while many American cities were being run by political machines or organized crime, notably the Pendergast Machine in neighboring Kansas City, Missouri. Kansas was also at the center of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, a 1954 Supreme Court decision that banned racially segregated schools throughout the U.S.
Kansas was one of the few states in which Franklin D. Roosevelt had limited political support, winning Kansas only twice in his four campaigns, although he won the state over Kansas governor Alfred M. Landon during the landslide of 1936. The state backed Republicans Wendell Willkie and Thomas E. Dewey in 1940 and 1944, respectively. Kansas also supported Dewey in 1948 despite the presence of incumbent president Harry S. Truman, who hailed from Independence, Missouri, approximately 15 miles east of the Kansas-Missouri state line. Since FDR carried Kansas in 1932 and 1936, only one Democrat has won Kansas' electoral votes, Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964.
Over the past four decades, Kansas has remained more socially conservative than many parts of the nation. The 1990s brought new restrictions on abortion, the defeat of prominent Democrats, including Dan Glickman, and the Kansas State Board of Education's 1999 decision to eliminate evolution from the state teaching standards, a decision that was later reversed.[34] In 2005, voters accepted a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage. The next year, the state passed a law setting a minimum age for marriage at 15 years.[35] In 2008, Governor Sebelius vetoed permits for the construction of new coal-fired energy plants in Kansas, saying: "We know that greenhouse gases contribute to climate change. As an agricultural state, Kansas is particularly vulnerable. Therefore, reducing pollutants benefits our state not only in the short term – but also for generations of Kansans to come."[36] However, shortly after Mark Parkinson became governor in 2009 upon Sebelius's resignation, Parkinson announced a compromise plan to allow construction of a coal-fired plant.
In 2010, Sam Brownback was elected governor with 63 percent of the state vote. He was sworn in as governor in 2011, Kansas' first Republican governor in eight years. Brownback campaigned on a five-point Road Map for Kansas, which consisted of five quantifiable objectives:
- Increase in net personal income.
- Increase in private sector employment.
- Increase in the percentage of 4th graders reading at grade level.
- Increase in the percentage of high school graduates who are college or career ready.
- Decrease in the percentage of Kansas’ children who live in poverty.
For the 2012 legislative session, Brownback has identified five major objectives:
- Major reform of the taxation system as a way to reduce Kansas' unemployment.
- Reduction in the ever-increasing amounts paid for Medicaid.
- Revision of the school finance formula, which has become outdated and ineffective.
- Structural government reform to reduce the cost of government to keep the budget in balance.
- Elimination of over $8 billion in unfunded liabilities of the state employee pension program (KPERS), which is one of the most financial unstable in the nation.
Brownback had established himself as a very conservative member of the U.S. Senate in years prior, but since becoming governor has made several controversial decisions. In May 2011, much to the opposition of art leaders and enthusiasts in the state, Brownback eliminated the Kansas Arts Commission, making Kansas the first state without an arts agency.[37] In July 2011, Brownback announced plans to close the Lawrence branch of the Kansas Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services as a cost-saving measure. Hundreds rallied against the decision.[38] Lawrence City Commission later voted to provide the funding needed to keep the branch open.[39]
Federal politics[link]
The state's current delegation to the Congress of the United States includes Republican Senators Pat Roberts of Dodge City and Jerry Moran of Hays; and Republican Representatives Tim Huelskamp of Fowler (District 1), Lynn Jenkins of Topeka (District 2), Kevin Yoder of Overland Park (District 3), and Mike Pompeo of Wichita (District 4).
Historically, Kansas has been strongly Republican, dating from the Antebellum age when the Republican Party was created out of the movement opposing the extension of slavery into Kansas Territory. Kansas has not elected a Democrat to the U.S. Senate since the 1932 election, when Franklin D. Roosevelt won his first term as President in the wake of the Great Depression. This is the longest Senate losing streak for either party in a single state. Senator Sam Brownback was a candidate for the Republican party nomination for President in 2008. Brownback was not a candidate for re-election to a third full term in 2010, but he was elected Governor in that year's general election. Moran defeated Tiahrt for the Republican nomination for Brownback's seat in the August 2010 primary, then won a landslide general election victory over Democrat Lisa Johnston.
The only non-Republican presidential candidates Kansas has given its electoral vote to are Populist James Weaver and Democrats Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt (twice), and Lyndon Johnson. In 2004, George W. Bush won the state's six electoral votes by an overwhelming margin of 25 percentage points with 62% of the vote. The only two counties to support Democrat John Kerry in that election were Wyandotte, which contains Kansas City, and Douglas, home to the University of Kansas, located in Lawrence. The 2008 election brought similar results as John McCain won the state with 57% of the votes. Douglas, Wyandotte, and Crawford County were the only counties in support of President Barack Obama.[40]
In 1996, when Kansas Republican Senator Bob Dole failed in his bid to become President on the party's national ticket, the state became the second in the nation (following Minnesota and preceding Arizona by identical twelve-year intervals) to produce two losing major-party presidential candidates, and the first in which the said candidates ran on the GOP ticket (following Alfred Landon's loss to FDR in 1936).
State law[link]
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See also: Alcohol laws of Kansas
The legal drinking age in Kansas is 21. In lieu of the state retail sales tax, a 10% Liquor Drink Tax is collected for liquor consumed on the licensed premises and an 8% Liquor Enforcement Tax is collected on retail purchases. Although the sale of cereal malt beverage (also known as 3.2 beer) was legalized in 1937, the first post-Prohibition legalization of alcoholic liquor did not occur until the state's constitution was amended in 1948. The following year the Legislature enacted the Liquor Control Act which created a system of regulating, licensing, and taxing, and the Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC) was created to enforce the act. The power to regulate cereal malt beverage remains with the cities and counties. Liquor-by-the-drink did not become legal until passage of an amendment to the state's constitution in 1986 and additional legislation the following year. As of November 2006, Kansas still has 29 dry counties and only 17 counties have passed liquor-by-the-drink with no food sales requirement.[41] Today there are more than 2600 liquor and 4000 cereal malt beverage licensees in the state.[42]
Important cities and towns[link]
See also: List of cities in Kansas
| City | Population* | Growth rate** | Metro area | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wichita | 382,368 | 11.1% | Wichita |
| 2 | Overland Park | 173,372 | 16.3% | Kansas City, MO-KS |
| 3 | Kansas City | 145,786 | -0.7% | Kansas City |
| 4 | Topeka | 127,473 | 4.2% | Topeka |
| 5 | Olathe | 125,872 | 35.4% | Kansas City |
| 6 | Lawrence | 87,643 | 9.4% | Lawrence |
| 7 | Shawnee | 62,209 | 29.6% | Kansas City |
| 8 | Manhattan | 52,281 | 16.6% | Manhattan |
| 9 | Lenexa | 48,190 | 19.8% | Kansas City |
| 10 | Salina | 47,707 | 4.4% | ‡ |
| 11 | Hutchinson | 42,080 | 3.2% | ‡ |
| 12 | Leavenworth | 35,251 | -0.5% | Kansas City |
| 13 | Leawood | 31,867 | 15.2% | Kansas City |
| 14 | Dodge City | 27,340 | 8.6% | ‡ |
| 15 | Garden City | 26,658 | -6.3% | ‡ |
| 16 | Emporia | 24,916 | -6.9% | ‡ |
| 17 | Junction City | 23,353 | 13.0% | Manhattan |
| 18 | Derby | 22,158 | 24.4% | Wichita |
| 19 | Prairie Village | 21,447 | -2.8% | Kansas City |
| 20 | Liberal | 20,525 | 4.4% | ‡ |
| 21 | Hays | 20,510 | 2.5% | ‡ |
| 22 | Pittsburg | 20,233 | 5.1% | ‡ |
| 23 | Newton | 19,132 | 11.3% | Wichita |
| 24 | Gardner | 19,123 | 103.5% | Kansas City |
| 25 | Great Bend | 15,995 | 4.2% | ‡ |
| *2010 Census[43] **Growth rate 2000–2010 ‡Defined as a micropolitan area |
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Kansas has 627 incorporated cities. By state statute, cities are divided into three classes as determined by the population obtained "by any census of enumeration." A city of the third class has a population of less than 5,000, but cities reaching a population of more than 2,000 may be certified as a city of the second class. The second class is limited to cities with a population of less than 25,000, and upon reaching a population of more than 15,000, they may be certified as a city of the first class. First and second class cities are independent of any township and are not included within the township's territory.
Northeast Kansas[link]
The northeastern portion of the state, extending from the Eastern border to Junction City and from the Nebraska border to south of Johnson County is home to more than 1.5 million people in the Kansas City (Kansas portion), Manhattan, Lawrence,and Topeka metropolitan areas. Overland Park, a young city incorporated in 1960, has the largest population and the largest land area in the county. It is home to Johnson County Community College, the state's largest community college, and the corporate campus of Sprint Nextel, the largest private employer in the metro area. In 2006 the city was ranked as the 6th best place to live in America; the neighboring city of Olathe was 13th.[44] Olathe is the county seat and home to Johnson County Executive Airport. The cities of Olathe, Shawnee, and Gardner have some of the state's fastest growing populations. The cities of Overland Park, Lenexa, Olathe, and Gardner are also notable because they lie along the former route of the Santa Fe Trail. Among cities with at least one thousand residents, Mission Hills has the highest median income in the state.
Several institutions of higher education are located in Northeast Kansas including Baker University (the oldest university in the state, founded in 1858 and affiliated with the United Methodist Church) in Baldwin City, Benedictine College (sponsored by St. Benedict's Abbey and Mount St. Scholastica Monastery and formed from the merger of St. Benedict's College (1858) and Mount St. Scholastica College (1923)) in Atchison, MidAmerica Nazarene University in Olathe, Ottawa University in Ottawa and Overland Park, Kansas City Kansas Community College and KU Medical Center in Kansas City, and KU Edwards Campus in Overland Park. Less than an hour's drive to the west, Lawrence is home to the University of Kansas, the largest public university in the state, and Haskell Indian Nations University.
To the north, Kansas City, Kansas, with the second largest land area in the state, contains a number of diverse ethnic neighborhoods. Its attractions include the Kansas Speedway, Kansas City T-Bones and The Legends at Village West retail and entertainment center. Further up the Missouri River, the city of Lansing is the home of the state's first maximum-security prison. Historic Leavenworth, founded in 1854, was the first incorporated city in Kansas. North of the city, Fort Leavenworth is the oldest active Army post west of the Mississippi River. The city of Atchison was an early commercial center in the state and is well known as the birthplace of Amelia Earhart.
To the west, nearly a quarter million people reside in the Topeka metropolitan area. Topeka is the state capital and home to Washburn University. Built at a Kansas River crossing along the old Oregon Trail, this historic city has several nationally registered historic places. Further westward along Interstate 70 and the Kansas River is Junction City with its historic limestone and brick buildings and nearby Fort Riley, well known as the home to the U.S. Army's 1st Infantry Division, also known as the "Big Red One". A short distance away, the city of Manhattan is home to Kansas State University, the second largest public university in the state and the nation's oldest land-grant university, dating back to 1863. South of the campus, Aggieville dates back to 1889 and is the state's oldest shopping district of its kind.
Wichita[link]
In south-central Kansas, the Wichita metropolitan area is home to over 600,000 people. Wichita is the largest city in the state in terms of both land area and population. 'The Air Capital' is a major manufacturing center for the aircraft industry and the home of Wichita State University. With a number of nationally registered historic places, museums, and other entertainment destinations, it has a desire to become a cultural mecca in the Midwest. Wichita's population growth has grown by double digits and the surrounding suburbs are among the fastest growing cities in the state. The population of Goddard has grown by more than 11% per year since 2000.[45] Other fast-growing cities include Andover, Maize, Park City, Derby, and Haysville.
Up river (the Arkansas River) from Wichita is the city of Hutchinson. The city was built on one of the world's largest salt deposits, and it has the world's largest and longest wheat elevator. It is also the home of Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center, Prairie Dunes Country Club and the Kansas State Fair. North of Wichita along Interstate 135 is the city of Newton, the former western terminal of the Santa Fe Railroad and trailhead for the famed Chisholm Trail. To the southeast of Wichita are the cities of Winfield and Arkansas City with historic architecture and the Cherokee Strip Museum (in Ark City). The city of Udall was the site of the deadliest tornado in Kansas on May 25, 1955; it killed 80 people in and near the city.[46] To the southwest of Wichita is Freeport, the state's smallest incorporated city (population 5).
Around the state[link]
Located midway between Kansas City, Topeka, and Wichita in the heart of the Bluestem Region of the Flint Hills, the city of Emporia has several nationally registered historic places and is the home of Emporia State University, well known for its Teachers College. It was also the home of newspaper man William Allen White.
Southeast Kansas
Southeast Kansas has a unique history with a number of nationally registered historic places in this coal-mining region. Located in Crawford County (dubbed the Fried Chicken Capital of Kansas), Pittsburg is the largest city in the region and the home of Pittsburg State University. The neighboring city of Frontenac in 1888 was the site of the worst mine disaster in the state in which an underground explosion killed 47 miners. "Big Brutus" is located a mile and a half outside the city of West Mineral. Along with the restored fort, historic Fort Scott has a national cemetery designated by President Lincoln in 1862.
Central and North-Central Kansas
Salina is the largest city in central and north-central Kansas. South of Salina is the small city of Lindsborg with its numerous Dala horses. Much of the architecture and decor of this town has a distinctly Swedish style. To the east along Interstate 70, the historic city of Abilene was formerly a trailhead for the Chisholm Trail and was the boyhood home of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. To the west is Lucas, the Grassroots Art Capital of Kansas.
Northwest Kansas
Westward along the Interstate, the city of Russell, traditionally the beginning of sparsely-populated northwest Kansas, is the home of former U.S. Senator Bob Dole and the boyhood home of U.S. Senator Arlen Specter. The city of Hays is home to Fort Hays State University and the Sternberg Museum of Natural History, and is the largest city in the northwest with a population of around 20,000. Two other landmarks are located in smaller towns in Ellis County: the "Cathedral of the Plains" is located 10 miles (16 km) east of Hays in Victoria, and the boyhood home of Walter Chrysler is 15 miles (24 km) west of Hays in Ellis. West of Hays, population drops dramatically, even in areas along I-70, and only two towns containing populations of more than 4,000: Colby and Goodland, which are located 35 miles apart along I-70.
Southwest Kansas
Dodge City, famously known for the cattle drive days of the late 19th century, was built along the old Santa Fe Trail route. The city of Liberal is located along the southern Santa Fe Trail route. The first wind farm in the state was built east of Montezuma. Garden City has the Lee Richardson Zoo.
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Kansas
Education in Kansas is governed at the primary and secondary school level by the Kansas State Board of Education. The state's public colleges and universities are supervised by the Kansas Board of Regents.
Twice since 1999 the Board of Education has approved changes in the state science curriculum standards that encouraged the teaching of intelligent design. Both times, the standards were reversed after changes in the composition of the board in the next election.
Sports[link]
Professional[link]
| Club | Sport | League | City |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sporting Kansas City | Soccer | Major League Soccer | Kansas City |
| Kansas City T-Bones | Baseball | American Association | Kansas City |
| Kansas Magic | Indoor soccer | Professional Arena Soccer League | Overland Park |
| Kansas Koyotes | Indoor Football | American Professional Football League | Topeka |
| Topeka Golden Giants | Baseball | National Baseball Congress | Topeka |
| Kansas City Storm | Football | Independent Women's Football | Kansas City |
| Topeka Roadrunners | Ice hockey | North American Hockey League | Topeka |
| Wichita Thunder | Ice hockey | Central Hockey League | Wichita |
| Wichita Wild | Indoor Football | Indoor Football League | Park City |
| Wichita Wings | Indoor Soccer | Major Indoor Soccer League | Park City |
| Wichita Wingnuts | Baseball | American Association | Wichita |
Sporting Kansas City, who have played their home games at CommunityAmerica Ballpark since 2008, are the first top-tier professional sports league and first Major League Soccer team to be located within Kansas. From the start of the 2011 season, the team will move to Livestrong Sporting Park, a brand new $165m soccer specific stadium.
Historically, many Kansans have supported the major league sports teams of Kansas City, Missouri, including the Kansas City Royals (MLB), the Kansas City Chiefs (NFL) and the Kansas City Brigade (AFL) – in part because the home stadiums for these teams are just miles from the Kansas border. The Chiefs and the Royals play at the Truman Sports Complex, located about 10 miles (16 km) from the Kansas-Missouri state line. The Kansas City Brigade play in the newly opened Sprint Center, which is even closer to the state line. From 1973 to 1997 the flagship radio station for the Royals was WIBW in Topeka, Kansas.[47]
Western Kansans sometimes also support the major league teams from Denver, while those who live close to the Oklahoma state line may support the Dallas Cowboys. All Chiefs games are televised throughout Kansas by television stations in Topeka and Wichita.
Two major auto racing facilities are located in Kansas. The Kansas Speedway located in Kansas City hosts races of the NASCAR, IRL, and ARCA circuits. Also, the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) holds drag racing events at Heartland Park Topeka. The Sports Car Club of America has its national headquarters in Topeka.
History[link]
The history of professional sports in Kansas probably dates from the establishment of the minor league baseball Topeka Capitals and Leavenworth Soldiers in 1886 in the Western League.[48][49] The African-American Bud Fowler played on the Topeka team that season, one year before the "color line" descended in professional baseball.[49]
In 1887, the Western League was dominated by a reorganized Topeka team called the Golden Giants – a high-priced collection of major leaguer players, including Bug Holliday, Jim Conway, Dan Stearns, Perry Werden and Jimmy Macullar, which won the league by 15½ games.[49] On April 10, 1887, the Golden Giants also won an exhibition game from the defending World Series champions, the St. Louis Browns (the present-day Cardinals), by a score of 12–9. However, Topeka was unable to support the team, and it disbanded after one year.
College[link]
The governing body for intercollegiate sports in the United States, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), was headquartered in the Kansas City suburb of Mission from 1973 until moving to Indianapolis in 1999.
NCAA Division I schools[link]
While there are no franchises of the four major professional sports within the state, many Kansans are fans of the state's major college sports teams, especially the Jayhawks of the University of Kansas, commonly referred to as "KU", and the Wildcats of Kansas State University, known as "KSU" or "K-State". Wichita State University, which also fields teams (called the Shockers) in Division I of the NCAA, is best known for its baseball program, winning the College World Series in 1989.
Both KU and K-State have tradition-rich programs in men's basketball. The Jayhawks are a perennial national power, ranking second in all-time victories among NCAA programs, behind Kentucky. In 2008, the Jayhawks won their fifth national crown (third NCAA tournament title). K-State also had a long stretch of success on the hardwood, lasting from the 1940s to the 1980s. After a 12-year absence, the Wildcats returned to the NCAA tournament in 2008 and made it into the Elite Eight in 2010. KU is fifth all-time with 13 Final Four appearances, while K-State is tied for 17th with four appearances. Wichita State has also made one Final Four appearance.
However, success on the gridiron has been less frequent for both KSU and KU. When the two teams met in 1987, KU's record was 1–7 and K-State's was 0–8. Fittingly, the Governor's Cup that year, dubbed the "Toilet Bowl" by the media, ended in a 17–17 tie when the Jayhawks blocked a last-second K-State field goal attempt. However, there have been recent breakthroughs for both schools. KU won the Orange Bowl for the first time in three tries in 2008, capping a 12–1 season, the best in school history. And when Bill Snyder arrived to coach at KSU in 1989, he turned the Wildcats from one of the worst college football programs in the nation into a national force for most of the 1990s and early 2000s. The team won the Fiesta Bowl in 1997, achieved an undefeated (11–0) regular season and No. 1 ranking in 1998, and took the Big 12 Conference championship in 2003.
Smaller colleges[link]
Notable success has also been achieved by the state's smaller schools in football. Pittsburg State University, a NCAA Division II participant, has claimed four national titles in football, two in the NAIA and most recently the 2011 NCAA Division II national title. Pittsburg State became the winningest NCAA Division II football program in 1995. PSU passed Hillsdale College at the top of the all-time victories list in the 1995 season on its march to the national runner-up finish. The Gorillas, in 96 seasons of intercollegiate competition, have accumulated 579 victories – posting a 579–301–48 overall mark.
Washburn University, in Topeka, won the NAIA Men's Basketball Championship in 1987. The Fort Hays State University men won the 1996 NCAA Division II title with a 34–0 record, and the Washburn women won the 2005 NCAA Division II crown. St. Benedict's College (now Benedictine College), in Atchison, won the 1954 and 1967 Men's NAIA Basketball Championships.
The Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference has its roots as one of the oldest college sport conferences in existence and participates in the NAIA and all ten member schools are in the state of Kansas. Other smaller school conference that have some members in Kansas are the Heartland Conference, the Midlands Collegiate Athletic Conference, the Midwest Christian College Conference, and the Heart of America Athletic Conference. Many junior colleges also have active athletic programs.
High school[link]
The Kansas State High School Activities Association (KSHSAA) is the organization which oversees interscholastic competition in the state of Kansas at the high school level. It oversees both athletic and non-athletic competition, and sponsors championships in several sports and activities.
Notable residents[link]
Main article: List of people from Kansas
Landmarks[link]
Main article: List of Kansas landmarks
See also[link]
 |
Book: United States |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
References[link]
- ^ "Governor’s Signature Makes English the Official Language of Kansas". Us-english.org. 2007-05-11. http://www.us-english.org/inc/news/preleases/viewRelease.asp?ID=252. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
- ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011" (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2011. http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/tables/NST-EST2011-01.csv. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
- ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ http://www.census.gov/geo/www/us_regdiv.pdf
- ^ John Koontz, p.c.
- ^ Rankin, Robert. 2005. "Quapaw." In Native Languages of the Southeastern United States, eds. Heather K. Hardy and Janine Scancarelli. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, pg. 492
- ^ Connelley, William E. 1918. Indians. A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans, ch. 10, vol. 1
- ^ "Today in History: January 29". Memory.loc.gov. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan29.html. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "Kansas Quick Facts". governor.ks.gov. https://governor.ks.gov/about-kansas/quickfacts. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
- ^ "FAQ". Kansas Department of Agriculture. http://www.ksda.gov/kansas_agriculture/faq/id/56. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
- ^ Jones, Gray Ghosts and Rebel Riders Holt & Co. 1956, p. 76
- ^ "Kansas Is Flatter Than a Pancake". Improbable.com. http://improbable.com/airchives/paperair/volume9/v9i3/kansas.html. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ Bert Nash Community Mental Health Center 785-843-9192 (2003-07-27). "Study finds Kansas Flatter Than Pancake". .ljworld.com. http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2003/jul/27/holy_hotcakes_study/. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "Fracas over Kansas pancake flap". Geotimes.org. http://www.geotimes.org/oct03/NN_pancake.html. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "Kansas". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/state/ks. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ NOAA National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved October 25, 2006.
- ^ Resident Population Data. "Resident Population Data - 2010 Census". 2010.census.gov. http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
- ^ http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/20000.html
- ^ State Population Estimates. Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States, Regions, and States and for Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007 (NST-EST2007-01). U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Released 2007-12-22. Six year change is from 2000-07-01 to 2007-07-01.
- ^ State Population Estimates. Kansas population has increased at a decreasing rate; reducing the number of congressmen from 5 to 4 in 1992 (Congressional Redistricting Act, eff. 1992). Cumulative Estimates of the Components of Population Change for the United States, Regions and States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006 (NST-EST2006-04). U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Released 2006-12-22.
- ^ edited by John W. Wright (2007). The New York Times 2008 Almanac. p. 178.
- ^ "Population and Population Centers by State – 2000". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
- ^ American Community Survey Office. "Kansas – Social demographics 2006". Census.gov. Archived from the original on March 31, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080331102738/http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/Profiles/Single/2003/ACS/Tabular/040/04000US202.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "State Membership Reports". thearda.com. http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/20_2000.asp. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
- ^ Garlington, William. The Baha'i Faith in America. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005. 78–79.
- ^ Catholics, Mormons see most growth in Wichita and Kansas May 8, 2012 The Wichita Eagle
- ^ http://www.danielcfitzgerald.com/kansasextinctlocations.html
- ^ Bea.gov; U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)
- ^ Bls.gov; Local Area Unemployment Statistics
- ^ "Kansas Data Book". http://www.kansascommerce.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=Shi9fz2NWS0%3d&tabid=72. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "KDOT Launches New Traveler Information Service" (Press release). Kansas Department of Transportation. 2004-01-22. http://www.ksdot.org/archive/offtransinfo/News04/511_Release.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-14.
- ^ "Manhattan Airport Official Site". http://www.flymhk.com/. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
- ^ Los Angeles Times. Vote by Kansas School Board Favors Evolution's Doubters
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ staff (2008-03-21). "Kansas Governor Rejects Two Coal-Fired Power Plants". Ens-newswire.com. http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2008/2008-03-21-01.asp. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ May 31, 2011 (May 31, 2011). "Kansas governor eliminates state's art funding". Latimesblogs.latimes.com. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2011/05/kansas-governor-eliminates-states-arts-funding.html. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
- ^ Hittle, Shaun (July 16, 2011). "Hundreds rally against closing SRS office". .ljworld.com. http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2011/jul/16/hundreds-rally-against-closing-srs-office/. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
- ^ "Lawrence City Commission approves funding for SRS office". .ljworld.com. August 9, 2011. http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2011/aug/09/lawrence-city-commission-approves-funding-srs-offi/. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
- ^ "2008 Election Results – Kansas". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/individual/#mapPKS. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "Liquor Licensee and Supplier Information". Alcoholic Beverage Control, Kansas Department of Revenue. http://www.ksrevenue.org/abcsupplierinfo.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "History of Alcoholic Beverages in Kansas". Alcoholic Beverage Control, Kansas Department of Revenue. 2000. http://www.ksrevenue.org/abchistory.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ "2010 US Census Population Estimates". http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST13&prodType=table. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ "Best places to live 2006". MONEY Magazine. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/bplive/2006/top100/. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
- ^ "Population Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. http://www.census.gov/popest/estimates.php. Annual estimates of the population through 2006-07-01. Released 2007-06-28.
- ^ "The Blackwell Tornado of 25 May 1955". NWS Norman, Oklahoma. June 13, 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-10-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20061008140031/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/wxevents/19550525/. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
- ^ "Making Airwaves Through History". Findarticles.com. 2002-12-02. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4179/is_20021202/ai_n11792020/pg_3/. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ Evans, Harold (1940). "Baseball in Kansas, 1867–1940". Kansas Historical Quarterly. http://www.kancoll.org/khq/1940/40_2_evans.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
- ^ a b c Madden, W.C.; Stewart, Patrick (2002). The Western League: A Baseball History, 1885 through 1999. ISBN 0-7864-1003-5.
Further reading[link]
- Wishart, David J. ed. Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, University of Nebraska Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8032-4787-7. complete text online; 900 pages of scholarly articles
External links[link]
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- State of Kansas
- Kansas at the Open Directory Project
- Kansas Travel and Tourism Division
- Kansas State Historical Society
- Kansas State Databases – Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Kansas state agencies
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Kansas
- Kansas Department of Transportation maps
- Cutler's History of Kansas
- Maps
- 2011 Kansas Highway Map, KDOT
- 2011 Kansas Railroad Map, KDOT
Geographic data related to Kansas at OpenStreetMap- Kansas Maps from the Perry-Castañeda Library map collection at the University of Texas
| Preceded by Oregon |
List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on January 29, 1861 (34th) |
Succeeded by West Virginia |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Not to be confused with Eric Winstone.
 Winston in November 2006 |
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Eric Winston (born November 17, 1983) is an American football offensive tackle for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football league. He was drafted by the Houston Texans in the third round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Miami.
Contents |
Early years[link]
Winston played high school football at Robert E. Lee High School in Midland, Texas, where he was ranked amongst the most talented high school tight ends in the country. He played alongside fellow NFL running back Cedric Benson, where the two helped win three Texas 5A State Titles.
He chose to attend college at the University of Miami after being heavily recruited by several other schools. During his time at Miami, he joined the Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity.
College career[link]
At Miami, Winston majored in International Finance and Marketing and played offensive tackle. He initially was set to play tight end for the Hurricanes, but made the switch before his sophomore year. Winston was widely considered one of the best offensive tackles to enter the 2006 NFL Draft. However, an anterior cruciate ligament injury during his junior year made his draft stock drop, and several draft scouting organizations express slight worry over the possible implications of the injury and subsequent surgery on his play. His stock for the draft improved, however, when he ran a 4.93 40 yard dash at the NFL Combine. Also a standout student, Winston graduated in 3 years with above a 3.5 GPA and was a 2005 All-America selection.
Professional career[link]
Houston Texans[link]
Winston was drafted in the 3rd round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He started the final seven games as a rookie at right tackle in 2006 and started the 87 games for the them until 2011.[1] He signed a contract extension prior to the 2008 season. The Texans released him on March 12, 2012.
Kansas City Chiefs[link]
Winston signed with the Kansas City Chiefs on March 17, 2012.[2]
Personal[link]
Winston is married to Jenny,[3] they have a daughter, Julie, and a son.[4] He has a younger brother named Andrew, who also played for Midland Lee.
References[link]
External links[link]
- Official Site
- Eric Winston on Twitter
- Eric Winston at University of Miami site
- Eric Winston at Houston Texans site
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Winston, Eric |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American football player |
| Date of birth | November 17, 1983 |
| Place of birth | Midland, Texas |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Eric_Winston
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Winston
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Gucci Mane | |
|---|---|
 Gucci Mane performing in Williamsburg, Brooklyn on August 29, 2010. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Radric Davis |
| Born | (1980-02-02) February 2, 1980 (age 32) Birmingham, Alabama |
| Origin | Atlanta, Georgia, United States |
| Genres | Southern hip hop, gangsta rap |
| Occupations | Rapper |
| Years active | 2005 – present |
| Labels | 1017 Brick Squad Records, Asylum, Warner Bros. |
| Associated acts | 1017 Brick Squad, Young Money, V-Nasty, Yo Gotti, Soulja Boy, Plies, Usher, Young Jeezy, E-40, French Montana, Maino, Jadakiss, CTE, Lil' Kim, Birdman |
| Website | www.guccimaneonline.com |
Radric Davis[1] (born February 2, 1980),[2] better known by his stage name Gucci Mane, is an American rapper. He debuted in 2005 with Trap House and followed with albums such as Hard to Kill in 2006, Trap-A-Thon and Back to the Trap House in 2007. In 2009, his second studio album The State vs. Radric Davis was released, and The Appeal: Georgia's Most Wanted was released in 2010, and is his highest charting album so far. Gucci Mane has released many other mixtapes and independent albums as well.
While serving a six-month jail term for assault in late 2005, Davis was charged with murder, though the charges were later dropped due to a lack of evidence. In 2009, he served a year-long county jail sentence for violating probation for his 2005 aggravated assault conviction.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early life[link]
Davis was born in Birmingham, Alabama, and later moved with his single mother to Atlanta. He enjoyed writing poetry as a child, and began rapping at age 14.[1]
[edit] 2005–2006: Trap House and Hard to Kill
In 2005, Davis released his independent debut album entitled Trap House, which featured the successful single "Icy" with Young Jeezy. Disputes over the rights to this single caused a rift between the two artists. Hard to Kill followed in 2006. Hard To Kill included the hit single "Freaky Gurl". The song peaked at number 12 on the Hot Rap Tracks, number 19 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, and at number 62 on the Hot 100.
[edit] 2007: Back to the Trap House
The official remix of Freaky Gurl featuring Ludacris and Lil Kim was included on his 2007 commercial debut album Back to the Trap House. Gucci Mane appeared on OJ da Juiceman's "Make Tha Trap Say Aye" and began working on various mixtapes.[3] Gucci Mane signed to Warner Bros. Records in May 2009.[4]
[edit] 2009–2010: The State vs. Radric Davis
He appeared on remixes of the songs "Boom Boom Pow" by The Black Eyed Peas, "Obsessed" by Mariah Carey and "5 Star Chick" by Yo Gotti and made a guest appearance on Mario's "Break Up" (he has made 17 guest appearances total in 2009). Gucci Mane's second studio album The State vs. Radric Davis was released under the label Warner Bros. Records on December 8, 2009. Its first single, "Wasted" featuring Plies, was originally from Mane's 2009 mixtape Writing on the Wall. It peaked at number 36 on the Hot 100, number 3 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, and number 3 on the Rap Songs making it Gucci Mane's most successful single to date. The second single is "Spotlight" featuring Usher. The third single is "Lemonade". The fourth single is "Bingo", featuring Waka Flocka Flame and Soulja Boy Tell 'Em. On October 2, 2009, Gucci Mane was listed at number 6 on MTV's annual Hottest MC in the Game list.[5]
[edit] 2010–present: The Appeal: Georgia's Most Wanted and other projects
After being released from jail, Gucci Mane stated that he would start or change the label name from So Icey Entertainment to 1017 Brick Squad Records. The Appeal: Georgia's Most Wanted, was released on September 28, 2010.[6] The first single from this release was titled "Gucci Time",[7] produced by Swizz Beatz. It premiered on Gucci Mane's official MySpace page on August 6.[8] The single also features Swizz Beatz and was released to US urban radio stations on August 24, 2010.[9]
On March 18, 2011, Gucci Mane released his 10th EP, The Return of Mr. Zone 6, mostly produced by Drumma Boy.[10] It debuted at #18 on the Billboard 200, and is his highest charting EP. The album also debuted at #2 on the Rap albums chart and #8 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. He also released a collaboration album with Waka Flocka Flame named Ferrari Boyz on August 5, Gucci's first collaboration album.[11] It's first single is "She Be Puttin On" featuring late-fellow Brick Squad labelmate Slim Dunkin. Ferrari Boyz debuted at #21 on the Billboard 200. Gucci Mane released another collaboration album, this time with rapper V-Nasty, called BAYTL, on December 13.[12] The album's first single is "Whip Appeal" featuring P2theLA.[13] Three days after the album's release, while traveling to the video shoot of "Push Ups", a song from BAYTL featuring Slim Dunkin, the latter got into an argument with another person who shot Dunkin dead at an Atlanta recording studio.[14] On February 5, 2012, Gucci Mane released his Trap Back mixtape. It features guest appearances from Yo Gotti, Rocko, Waka Flocka Flame, Jadakiss, 2 Chainz, and Future, the latter three recently appearing on Young Jeezy's third studio album Thug Motivation 103: Hustlerz Ambition. The first single is the mixtape's title track.[15] Music videos have been filmed for the songs "Quiet", "Face Card", "In Love With a White Girl" featuring Yo Gotti, "Chicken Room" featuring Rocko, and the title track, and "Sometimes" featuring Future.[16][17][18][19][20][21] Trap Back has been met with positive reviews so far, scoring a 7.8 from Pitchfork Media, a 7.5 from AllHipHop, and an "L" from XXL.[22][23][24]
Legal issues[link]
2001[link]
In April 2001, Davis was arrested on cocaine charges and sentenced to 90 days in county jail.[25]
2005[link]
On May 10, 2005, Davis was attacked by a group of men at a house in Decatur, Georgia. Davis and his companions shot at the group, killing one. The corpse of one of the attackers, Pookie Loc, was found later behind a nearby middle school. Davis turned himself in to police investigators on May 19, 2005, and was subsequently charged with murder. Davis claimed that the shots fired by him and his party were in self-defense.[25] The DeKalb County district attorney's office dropped the murder charge in January 2006 due to insufficient evidence. The previous October, in an unrelated matter, Davis had pleaded no contest to a charge of aggravated assault for assaulting a nightclub promoter the previous June; at the time the murder charge was dropped, he was serving a six-month county jail sentence for this.[26] Davis was released from jail in late January 2006.[1]
2008[link]
In September 2008, Gucci Mane was arrested for a probation violation for completing only 25 out of 600 community service hours following his 2005 arrest for aggravated assault. He was sentenced to a year in the county jail but was released after six months.[27] He was incarcerated in the Fulton County jail for probation violation[28] and released on May 12, 2010.[29]
2010[link]
On November 2, 2010, Gucci Mane was arrested for driving on the wrong side of the road, running a red light or stop sign, damage to government property, obstruction, no license, no proof of insurance and other traffic charges. He was taken to Grady Memorial Hospital.[30]
2011[link]
On January 4, 2011, A judge in the Superior Court of Georgia’s Fulton County ordered rapper Gucci Mane to a psychiatric hospital, according to court documents. The documents reveal that his lawyers filed a Special Plea of Mental Incompetency on Dec. 27 arguing that he is unable “to go forward and/or intelligently participate in the probation revocation hearing.” [31]
On September 13, 2011, Davis was given a six month county jail sentence after pleading guilty to two counts of battery, two counts of reckless conduct and one count of disorderly conduct.[32]
Discography[link]
Main article: Gucci Mane discography
Studio albums[link]
- 2007: Back to the Trap House
- 2009: The State vs. Radric Davis
- 2010: The Appeal: Georgia's Most Wanted
Collaboration albums[link]
- 2011: Ferrari Boyz (with Waka Flocka Flame)
- 2011: BAYTL (with V-Nasty)
EPs[link]
- 2009: Wasted: The Prequel
Compilation albums[link]
- 2008: Hood Classics
Independent albums[link]
- 2001: La Flare
- 2005: Trap House
- 2006: Hard to Kill
- 2007: Trap-A-Thon
- 2009: Murder Was the Case
- 2011: The Return of Mr. Zone 6
Mixtapes[link]
- 2006: Chicken Talk
- 2007: Bird Flu (Southern Slang)
- 2007: Ice Attack
- 2007: Ice Attack: Part 2
- 2007: No Pad, No Pencil
- 2008: EA Sportscenter
- 2008: Gucci Sosa
- 2008: Mr. Perfect
- 2008: The Movie
- 2009: Bird Flu: Part 2
- 2009: The Movie: Part 2 (The Sequel)
- 2009: Guccitendo
- 2009: Writing's On the Wall
- 2009: The Burrrprint: 3D (The Movie: Part 3)
- 2009: The Cold War: Part 1 (Guccimerica)
- 2009: The Cold War: Part 2 (Great Brrritain)
- 2009: The Cold War: Part 3 (Brrrussia)
- 2010: Mr. Zone 6
- 2010: Jewelry Selection
- 2010: Gucci Classics
- 2010: Ferrari Music
- 2010: Buy My Album
- 2010: Burrrprint (2) HD
- 2011: Gucci 2 Time
- 2011: Writing's On the Wall 2
- 2012: Trap Back
- 2012: I'm Up
Collaboration mixtapes[link]
- 2007: Guapaholics (with Shawty Lo)
- 2008: Definition Of A G (with Yo Gotti)
- 2011: Brick Squad Mafia (with 1017 Brick Squad)
- 2011: Free Bricks small>(with Future)
References[link]
- ^ a b c Cordor, Cyril (2007). "Gucci Mane > Biography". allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p703775/biography. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
- ^ "Gucci Mane Biography". guccimane.com. http://www.guccmane.com/gucci-mane-biography/. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
- ^ Reid, Shaheem (2009-03-30). "Gucci Mane Is Out Of Jail And Back On The Mixtape Circuit". Mixtape Monday (MTV News). http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1607973/20090327/gucci_mane.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
- ^ Jason (2009-05-13). "Gucci Mane Signs New Deal With Warner". Rap Basement. http://www.rapbasement.com/gucci-mane/051309-gucci-mane-signs-new-record-deal-with-warner-brothers-records-drops-two-new-songs-listen-now.html.
- ^ Reid, Shaheem (2009-10-01). "Gucci Mane Balances 'Hood, Mainstream To Be #6 Hottest MC In The Game". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1622767/20091001/index.jhtml.
- ^ gucci1017. "brrrrr da appeal drops sept 28 free concert for kids going back to school center stage i cant wait brrrrrrrr". Twitter. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
- ^ gucci1017 (2010-07-30). "Its Gucci Time! Stay tuned". Twitter.
- ^ gucci1017. "It's #GucciTime !!!!!!! @Gucci1017 & @THEREALSWIZZZ - official version premiere on myspace - myspace.com/guccimane! RT #GucciTime". Twitter. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
- ^ "Urban/UAC Future Releases | R&B, Hip Hop, Release Schedule and Street Dates |". Allaccess.com. http://www.allaccess.com/urban/future-releases. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ "iTunes - Music - The Return of Mr. Zone 6 by Gucci Mane". Itunes.apple.com. 2011-03-18. http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/the-return-of-mr.-zone-6/id424479077. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ "iTunes - Music - Ferrari Boyz (Deluxe Version) by Gucci Mane & Waka Flocka Flame". Itunes.apple.com. 2011-08-05. http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/ferrari-boyz-deluxe-version/id449357287. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ "iTunes - Music - Baytl by Gucci Mane & V-Nasty". Itunes.apple.com. 2011-12-09. http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/baytl/id479744007. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ "iTunes - Music - Whip Appeal (feat. P2theLA) - Single by Gucci Mane & V-Nasty". Itunes.apple.com. 2011-11-18. http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/whip-appeal-feat.-p2thela/id478686629. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ "Rapper Slim Dunkin Shot Dead at Atlanta Music Studio". Fox News. December 16, 2011. http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/12/16/rapper-slim-dunkin-shot-dead-at-atlanta-music-studio/.
- ^ "New Music: Gucci Mane – Trap Back | Raps + Rings". Rapsandrings.com. 2012-01-18. http://www.rapsandrings.com/2012/01/18/new-music-gucci-mane-trap-back/. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ "Gucci Mane: Quiet (Music Video)". Ballerstatus.Com. http://www.ballerstatus.com/2012/02/07/gucci-mane-quiet-music-video/#.T047-TBS7UU. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ "Gucci Mane: Face Card (Music Video)". Ballerstatus.Com. http://www.ballerstatus.com/2012/02/02/gucci-mane-face-card-music-video/#.T048LjBS7UU. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ "Gucci Mane ft. Yo Gotti: I'm In Love With A White Girl (Music Video)". Ballerstatus.Com. 2012-02-16. http://www.ballerstatus.com/2012/02/16/gucci-mane-ft-yo-gotti-im-in-love-with-a-white-girl-music-video/#.T048ZzBS7UU. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ "Gucci Mane ft. Rocko: Chicken Room (Music Video)". Ballerstatus.Com. http://www.ballerstatus.com/2012/02/08/gucci-mane-ft-rocko-chicken-room-music-video/#.T048lzBS7UU. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ "Video: Gucci Mane – Trap Back (Trailer)". KillerHipHop.com. 2012-02-04. http://www.killerhiphop.com/video-gucci-mane-trap-back-trailer/. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ http://www.killerhiphop.com/gucci-mane-ft-future-sometimes-video/
- ^ "Gucci Mane: Trap Back | Album Reviews". Pitchfork. 2012-02-16. http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16280-gucci-mane-trap-back/. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ Mos Jones (2012-02-07). "Mixtape Review: Gucci Mane’s “Trap Back”". AllHipHop.com. http://allhiphop.com/2012/02/07/mixtape-review-gucci-manes-trap-back/. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ "Gucci Mane, Trap Back". Xxlmag.Com. 2012-03-27. http://www.xxlmag.com/reviews/2012/02/gucci-mane-trap-back-2/. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ a b Kaufman, Gil (2005-05-23). "Atlanta Rapper Gucci Mane Faces Murder Charge". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1502738/20050523/gucci_mane.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
- ^ Harris, Chris (2006-01-03). "Murder Charges Against Gucci Mane Dropped". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1519599/20060103/gucci_mane.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
- ^ "Gucci Mane Sent To Jail For Violating Probation". XXL. 2008-09-15. http://www.xxlmag.com/online/?p=24484. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
- ^ Reid, Shaheem (May 13, 2010). "Gucci Mane Says Warm Post-Prison Reception 'Strengthens' Him". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1639133/20100513/gucci_mane.jhtml.
- ^ "Gucci Mane To Be Released From Jail May 12th". RapRadar.com. 2010-05-06. http://rapradar.com/2010/05/06/gucci-mane-to-be-released-from-jail-may-12th/. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
- ^ Houston Williams (2010-11-02). "Breaking News: Gucci Mane Arrested". AllHipHop.com. http://allhiphop.com/stories/news/archive/2010/11/02/22466793.aspx. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ "Jan 4 2011 12:46 PM ET Gucci Mane sent to psychiatric facility by judge". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. 2011-04-01. http://music-mix.ew.com/2011/01/04/gucci-mane-court-hearing/. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
- ^ Fisher, Kelly (September 13, 2011). "Gucci Mane Sentenced To Six Months In Jail. He was finally released on December 11th, 2011.". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/13/gucci-mane-sentenced-to-jail_n_960263.html.
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| Name | Mane, Gucci |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1980-02-12 |
| Place of birth | Birmingham, Alabama |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is about the Peoples Temple leader. For other persons of the same name, see Jim Jones (disambiguation).
| Jim Jones | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | James W. Jones (1931-05-13)May 13, 1931 Randolph County, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | November 18, 1978(1978-11-18) (aged 47) Jonestown, Guyana |
| Occupation | Religious leader |
| Religion | Agnostic/Atheist[1] |
| Spouse | Marceline Baldwin Jones (1927 - 1978) |
| Children | Agnes Paulette Jones (1943 - 1978) Suzanne Jones Cartmell (1953 - 2006) Stephanie Jones (1954 - 1959) Lew Eric Jones (1956 - 1978) Jim Jon Prokes (1975 - 1978) Stephan Gandhi Jones (1958- ) James Warren Jones, Jr. (1961-) |
| Parents | James Thurman Jones (1887 - 1951) Lynetta Putnam Jones (1902 - 1977) |
Reverend James Warren "Jim" Jones (May 13, 1931 – November 18, 1978) was the founder and leader of the Peoples Temple, which is best known for the November 18, 1978 mass suicide of 909 Temple members in Jonestown, Guyana along with the killings of five other people at a nearby airstrip. Over 200 children were murdered at Jonestown, almost all of whom were forcibly made to ingest cyanide by the elite Temple members.
Jones was born in Indiana and started the Temple in that state in the 1950s. Jones and the Temple later moved to California, and both gained notoriety with the move of the Temple's headquarters to San Francisco in the mid-1970s.
The incident in Guyana ranks among the largest mass suicides in history, though most likely it involved forced suicide and/or murder, and was the single greatest loss of American civilian life in a non-natural disaster until the events of September 11, 2001. Among the dead was Leo Ryan, who remains the only Congressman assassinated in the line of duty as a Congressman in the history of the United States.[2]
Contents |
Early life[link]
File:884 2-Lynetta.jpg
Lynetta Putnam Jones, the mother of Jim Jones
Jim Jones was born in a rural area of Randolph County near the Ohio border,[3] to James Thurman Jones (May 31, 1887 – May 29, 1951), a World War I veteran, and Lynetta Putnam (April 16, 1902 – December 11, 1977).[4] He was of Irish and Welsh descent.[5] Jones would later claim partial Cherokee ancestry through his mother, though this was likely false according to his maternal second cousin Barbara Shaffer.[5][note 1] Economic difficulties during the Great Depression necessitated that Jones' family move to nearby Lynn, Indiana, in 1934.[6] Jim Jones and a childhood friend both claimed that Jones' father was associated with the Ku Klux Klan.[6]
In interviews for the 2006 documentary Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple, childhood acquaintances recalled Jones as being a "really weird kid" who was "obsessed with religion ... obsessed with death". They alleged that as a child, Jones frequently held funerals for small animals and had reportedly stabbed a cat to death.[7]
Jones was a voracious reader as a child and studied Joseph Stalin, Karl Marx, Mahatma Gandhi and Adolf Hitler carefully,[8] noting each of their strengths and weaknesses.[8] After Jones' parents separated, he moved with his mother to Richmond, Indiana.[9] He graduated from Richmond High School early and with honors in December 1948.[10]
Jones married nurse Marceline Baldwin in 1949, and moved to Bloomington, Indiana.[11] He attended Indiana University at Bloomington, where a speech by Eleanor Roosevelt about the plight of African Americans impressed him.[11] Jones' sympathetic statements about communism offended Marceline's grandmother.[11] In 1951, Jones moved to Indianapolis, where he attended night school at Butler University, earning a degree in secondary education in 1961.[12]
Building the Temple[link]
Indiana beginnings[link]
Further information: Peoples Temple
In 1951, Jones became a member of the Communist Party USA, and began attending meetings and rallies in Indianapolis.[13] He became flustered with harassment he received during the McCarthy Hearings,[13] particularly regarding an event he attended with his mother focusing on Paul Robeson, after which she was harassed by the FBI in front of her co-workers for attending.[14] He also became frustrated with ostracism of open communists in the United States, especially during the trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.[15] This frustration, among other things, provoked a seminal moment for Jones in which he asked himself "how can I demonstrate my Marxism? The thought was, infiltrate the church."[13][14]
Jones' interest in religion began during his childhood, primarily because he found making friends difficult, though initially he vacillated on his church of choice.[5] Jones was surprised when a Methodist superintendent helped him to get a start in the church even though he knew Jones to be a communist and Jones did not meet him through the Communist Party.[15] In 1952, Jones became a student pastor in Sommerset Southside Methodist Church, but claims he left that church because its leaders barred him from integrating blacks into his congregation.[13] Around this time, Jones witnessed a faith-healing service at the Seventh Day Baptist Church.[13] He observed that it attracted people and their money and concluded that, with financial resources from such healings, he could help accomplish his social goals.[13]
Jones then began his own church, which changed names until it became the Peoples Temple Christian Church Full Gospel.[13] The People's Temple was initially made as an inter-racial mission.
Jones moved away from the Communist Party and Maoists when CPUSA members and Mao Zedong became critical of some of the policies of former Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.[15]
Integrationist[link]
In 1960, Indianapolis Democratic Mayor Charles Boswell appointed Jones director of the Human Rights Commission.[16] Jones ignored Boswell's advice to keep a low profile, finding new outlets for his views on local radio and television programs.[16] When the mayor and other commissioners asked Jones to curtail his public actions, he resisted and was wildly cheered at a meeting of the NAACP and Urban League when he yelled for his audience to be more militant, and climaxed with "Let my people go!"[17]
During this time, Jones also helped to integrate churches, restaurants, the telephone company, the police department, a theater, an amusement park, and the Methodist Hospital.[13] After swastikas were painted on the homes of two African American families, Jones personally walked the neighborhood comforting African Americans and counseling white families not to move, in order to prevent white flight.[18] He also set up stings to catch restaurants refusing to serve African American customers[18] and wrote to American Nazi leaders then leaked their responses to the media.[19] When Jones was accidentally placed in the black ward of a hospital after a collapse in 1961, he refused to be moved and began to make the beds, and empty the bed pans of black patients.[20] Political pressures resulting from Jones' actions caused hospital officials to desegregate the wards.[20]
Jones received considerable criticism in Indiana for his integrationist views.[13] White-owned businesses and locals were critical of him.[18] A swastika was placed on the Temple, a stick of dynamite was left in a Temple coal pile, and a dead cat was thrown at Jones' house after a threatening phone call.[19] Other incidents occurred, though some suspect that Jones himself may have been involved in at least some of them.[19]
Jones' "Rainbow Family"[link]
Jim and Marceline Jones adopted several children of at least partial non-Caucasian ancestry; he referred to the clan as his "rainbow family,"[21] and stated: "Integration is a more personal thing with me now. It's a question of my son's future."[22] Jones portrayed the Temple overall as a "rainbow family."
The couple adopted three children of Korean-American ancestry: Lew, Suzanne and Stephanie. Jones had been encouraging Temple members to adopt orphans from war ravaged Korea.[23] Jones had long been critical of the United States' opposition to communist leader Kim Il-Sung's 1950 invasion of South Korea, calling it the "war of liberation" and stating that "the south is a living example of all that socialism in the north has overcome."[24] In 1954, he and his wife also adopted Agnes Jones, who was partly of Native American descent.[22][25] Agnes was 11 at the time of her adoption.[26] Suzanne Jones was adopted at the age of six in 1959.[26] In June 1959, the couple had their only biological child, Stephan Gandhi Jones.[25]
Two years later, in 1961, the Joneses became the first white couple in Indiana to adopt a black child, James Warren Jones, Jr.[27] Marceline was once spat upon while she carried Jim Jr.[19]
The couple also adopted another son, who was white, named Tim.[25] Tim Jones, whose birth mother was a member of the Peoples Temple, was originally named Timothy Glen Tupper.[22]
Asylum[link]
Belo Horizonte
Rio de Janeiro
Jones' Brazilian locations
After a 1961 Temple speech about nuclear apocalypse,[20] and a January 1962 Esquire Magazine article listing Belo Horizonte, Brazil, as a safe place in a nuclear war, Jones traveled with his family to the Brazilian city with the idea of setting up a new Temple location.[28]
On his way to Brazil, Jones made his first trip into Guyana.[29] After arriving in Belo Horizonte, the Joneses rented a modest three bedroom home.[30] Jones studied the local economy and receptiveness of racial minorities to his message, though language remained a barrier.[31] Jones was careful not to portray himself as a communist in a foreign territory, and spoke of an apostolic communal lifestyle rather than of Castro or Marx.[32]
After becoming frustrated with the lack of resources in the locale, in mid-1963, the Joneses moved to Rio de Janeiro.[33] There, they worked with the poor in Rio's slums.[33] Jones also explored local Brazilian religion.[34]
Jones was plagued by guilt for leaving behind the Indiana civil rights struggle and possibly losing what he had struggled to build there.[33] When Jones' associate preachers in Indiana told him that the Temple was about to collapse without him, Jones returned.[35]
California Eden[link]
Los Angeles
San Francisco
Ukiah
Bakersfield
Fresno
Sacramento
Santa Rosa
Some of the Peoples Temple's California locations
Further information: Peoples Temple and Peoples Temple in San Francisco
After Jones' return to Indiana from Brazil, in 1965, Jones claimed that the world would be engulfed in a nuclear war on July 15, 1967, that would then create a new socialist Eden on earth, and that the Temple must move to Northern California for safety.[13][36] Accordingly, the Temple began moving to Redwood Valley, California, near Ukiah.[13]
While Jones always spoke of the social gospel's virtues, before the late 1960s Jones chose to conceal that his gospel was actually communism.[13] By the late 1960s, Jones began at least partially openly revealing in Temple sermons his "Apostolic Socialism" concept.[13] Specifically, "those who remained drugged with the opiate of religion had to be brought to enlightenment — socialism."[37] Jones often mixed those concepts, such as preaching that "If you're born in capitalist America, racist America, fascist America, then you're born in sin. But if you're born in socialism, you're not born in sin."[38]
By the early 1970s, Jones began deriding traditional Christianity as "fly away religion," rejecting the Bible as being white men’s justification to subordinate women and subjugate people of color and stating that it spoke of a "Sky God" who was no God at all.[13] Jones authored a booklet titled "The Letter Killeth," criticizing the King James Bible.[39] Jones also began preaching that he was the reincarnation of Jesus of Nazareth, Mahatma Gandhi, Buddha, Vladimir Lenin, and Father Divine. In the documentary Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple, former Temple member Hue Fortson, Jr. quoted Jones as saying, "What you need to believe in is what you can see ... If you see me as your friend, I'll be your friend. As you see me as your father, I'll be your father, for those of you that don't have a father ... If you see me as your savior, I'll be your savior. If you see me as your God, I'll be your God."[7]
By the spring of 1976, Jones began openly admitting even to outsiders that he was an atheist.[40] Despite the Temple's fear that the IRS was investigating its religious tax exemption, by 1977 Marceline Jones admitted to the New York Times that, as early as age 18 when he watched his then idol Mao Zedong overthrow the Chinese government, Jim Jones realized that the way to achieve social change through Marxism in the United States was to mobilize people through religion.[36] She stated that "Jim used religion to try to get some people out of the opiate of religion," and had slammed the Bible on the table yelling "I've got to destroy this paper idol!"[36] In one sermon, Jones said that, "You're gonna help yourself, or you'll get no help! There's only one hope of glory; that's within you! Nobody's gonna come out of the sky! There's no heaven up there! We'll have to make heaven down here!"[7]
Move to San Francisco[link]
Main article: Peoples Temple in San Francisco
The move of Peoples Temple headquarters to San Francisco in 1975 invigorated Jones' political career. After the Temple served an important role in the mayoral election victory of George Moscone in 1975, Moscone appointed Jones as the Chairman of the San Francisco Housing Authority Commission.[41]
Unlike most other figures deemed as cult leaders, Jones was able to gain public support and contact with prominent local and national United States politicians. For example, Jones and Moscone met privately with vice presidential candidate Walter Mondale on his campaign plane days before the 1976 election and Mondale publicly praised the Temple.[42][43] First Lady Rosalynn Carter also personally met with Jones on multiple occasions, corresponded with him about Cuba, and spoke with him at the grand opening of the San Francisco Democratic Party Headquarters where Jones garnered louder applause than Mrs. Carter.[42][44][45]
In September 1976, Willie Brown served as master of ceremonies at a large testimonial dinner for Jones attended by Governor Jerry Brown and Lieutenant Governor Mervyn Dymally and other political figures.[46] At that dinner, while introducing Jones, Willie Brown stated "Let me present to you what you should see every day when you look in the mirror in the early morning hours.... Let me present to you a combination of Martin King, Angela Davis, Albert Einstein... Chairman Mao."[47] Harvey Milk, who spoke at political rallies at the Temple,[48] and wrote to Jones after a visit to the Temple: "Rev Jim, It may take me many a day to come back down from the high that I reach today. I found something dear today. I found a sense of being that makes up for all the hours and energy placed in a fight. I found what you wanted me to find. I shall be back. For I can never leave."[49][50]
In his San Francisco Temple apartment, Jones hosted San Francisco radical political figures such as Angela Davis for discussions.[51] He spoke with friend and San Francisco Sun-Reporter publisher Dr. Carlton Goodlett about Jones' remorse regarding not being able to travel to socialist countries such as Peoples Republic of China and the Soviet Union, speculating that he could be Chief Dairyman of the Soviet Union.[52] After his criticisms caused increased tensions with the Nation of Islam, Jones spoke at a huge rally healing the rift between the two groups in the Los Angeles Convention Center attended by many of Jones' closest political acquaintances.[53] Jones also enjoyed a favorable relationship with Warith Deen Mohammed, son of Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad.[citation needed]
While Jones forged media alliances with key columnists and others at the San Francisco Chronicle and other media outlets,[54] the move to San Francisco also brought increasing media scrutiny. After Chronicle reporter Marshall Kilduff encountered resistance to publishing an exposé, he brought his story to New West Magazine.[55] In the summer of 1977, Jones and several hundred Temple members moved to the Temple's "Agricultural Project" in Guyana after they learned of the contents of Kilduff's article to be published in which former Temple members claimed they were physically, emotionally, and sexually abused.[45][56] Jones named the settlement Jonestown after himself.
Jonestown's formation and operation[link]
Jonestown
Georgetown
Kaituma
Peoples Temple Agricultural Project ("Jonestown", Guyana)
Main article: Jonestown
Jones had first started building Jonestown in 1970 as a means to create both a "socialist paradise" and a "sanctuary" from the media scrutiny which had started in 1972.[57] Here they also established a cooperative called the "People's Temple Agricultural Project". Regarding the former goal, Jones purported to establish Jonestown as a benevolent model communist community stating, "I believe we’re the purest communists there are."[58] In that regard, like the restrictive emigration policies of the then Soviet Union, Cuba, North Korea and other communist states, Jones did not permit members to leave Jonestown.[59]
Religious scholar Mary McCormick Maaga argues that Jones' authority decreased after he moved to the isolated commune, because he was not needed for recruitment and he could not hide his drug addiction from rank and file members.[60] In spite of the allegations prior to Jones' departure to Jonestown, the leader was still respected by some for setting up a racially mixed church which helped the disadvantaged; 68 percent of Jonestown's residents were black.[61] Jonestown was where Jones began his belief called "Translation" where he and his followers would all die together and move to another planet and live blissfully.
New children[link]
File:JT-1978-06-jvs kimo ji.jpg
Kimo (left) and John (right)
Further information: Timothy Stoen
Jim Jones claimed that he was the biological father of John Victor Stoen, although the birth certificate lists Grace and Timothy Stoen as the parents of the boy.[62] The Temple repeatedly claimed that Jones fathered the child when, in 1971, Temple member Tim Stoen had requested that Jones have sex with Grace Stoen to keep her from defecting.[63] After Grace Stoen later defected in 1976 and began divorce proceedings against Tim Stoen in 1977, in order to avoid potentially giving up the boy in a custody dispute with Grace, Jones ordered Tim to take John to Guyana in February 1977.[64]
After purported father Tim Stoen defected from the Temple in June 1977, the Temple kept John Stoen in Jonestown.[65] The custody dispute over John Stoen would become a linchpin of several battles between the Temple and the Concerned Relatives.[66]
Jim Jones also fathered a son, Jim Jon (Kimo), with Carolyn Louise Moore Layton, a Temple member.[67]
Pressure and waning political support[link]
Further information: Timothy Stoen and Peoples Temple in San Francisco
While most of Jones' political allies broke ties after Jones' departure,[68] some did not. As a show of support, Willie Brown spoke out against enemies at a rally at the Peoples Temple, also attended by Harvey Milk and Art Agnos.[69] Most importantly for Jones and the Temple, Moscone's office shortly thereafter issued a press release saying that Jones had broken no laws.[70]
In the Fall of 1977, Tim Stoen and other relatives in Jonestown formed a "Concerned Relatives" group.[71] Stoen traveled to Washington D.C. in January 1978 to visit with Congressmen, including Leo Ryan and State Department officials, and wrote a "white paper" to Congress detailing the dispute and pressing for Congressional correspondence.[72] Stoen's efforts aroused the curiosity of Ryan, who wrote a letter on Stoen's behalf to Guyanese Prime Minister Forbes Burnham.[73]
Amidst growing pressure in the United States to investigate the Temple, on February 19, 1978, Harvey Milk wrote a letter of support for the Peoples Temple to President Jimmy Carter.[74][75][76] Therein, Milk wrote that Jones was known "as a man of the highest character."[76] Regarding the leader of those attempting to extricate relatives from Jonestown, Milk wrote he was "attempting to damage Rev. Jones reputation" with "apparent bold-faced lies."[76]
On April 11, 1978, the Concerned Relatives distributed a packet of documents, including letters and affidavits, that they titled an "Accusation of Human Rights Violations by Rev. James Warren Jones" to the Peoples Temple, members of the press and members of Congress.[77] In June 1978, escaped Temple member Deborah Layton provided the group with a further affidavit detailing alleged crimes by the Peoples Temple and substandard living conditions in Jonestown.[78]
Facing increasing scrutiny, in the summer of 1978, Jones also hired noted JFK assassination conspiracy theorists Mark Lane and Donald Freed to help make the case of a "grand conspiracy" by intelligence agencies against the Peoples Temple.[79] Jones told Lane he wanted to "pull an Eldridge Cleaver", referring to a fugitive Black Panther who was able to return to the United States after repairing his reputation.[79]
Visit by Congressman Ryan, murders[link]
File:JT-1978-01-entrance ji.jpg
Entrance to Jonestown
Main article: Jonestown
In November 1978, U.S. Congressman Leo Ryan led a fact-finding mission to Jonestown to investigate allegations of human rights abuses.[80] Ryan's delegation included relatives of Temple members, Don Harris, an NBC network news reporter, an NBC cameraman and reporters for various newspapers.[81] The group arrived in Georgetown on November 15.[80] On November 17, Ryan's delegation traveled by airplane to Jonestown.[82] The delegation left hurriedly the afternoon of November 18 after Temple member Don Sly attacked Ryan with a knife.[83] The attack was thwarted, bringing the visit to an abrupt end.[83] Congressman Ryan and his people succeeded in taking with them fifteen People's Temple members who had expressed a wish to leave.[84] At that time, Jones made no attempt to prevent their departure.[85]
Port Kaituma Airstrip shootings[link]
As members of Ryan's delegation boarded two planes at the airstrip, Jones' "Red Brigade" armed guards arrived in a tractor-pulled trailer and began shooting at the delegation.[86] The guards killed Congressman Ryan and four others near a twin engine Otter aircraft.[87] At the same time, one of the supposed defectors, Larry Layton, drew a weapon and began firing on members of the party that had already boarded a small Cessna.[88] An NBC cameraman was able to capture footage of the first few seconds of the shooting at the Otter.[87] The five killed at the airstrip were Congressman Ryan; Don Harris, a reporter from NBC; Bob Brown, a cameraman from NBC; San Francisco Examiner photographer Greg Robinson; and Temple member Patricia Parks.[87] Surviving the attack were future Congresswoman Jackie Speier, then a staff member for Ryan; Richard Dwyer, the Deputy Chief of Mission from the U.S. Embassy at Georgetown; Bob Flick, a producer for NBC News; Steve Sung, an NBC sound engineer; Tim Reiterman, a San Francisco Examiner reporter; Ron Javers, a San Francisco Chronicle reporter; Charles Krause, a Washington Post reporter; and several defecting Temple members.[87]
Deaths in Jonestown[link]
Later that same day, 909 inhabitants of Jonestown,[89] 303 of them children, died of apparent cyanide poisoning, mostly in and around a pavilion.[90] This resulted in the greatest single loss of American civilian life in a non-natural disaster until the September 11, 2001 attacks.[91] No video was taken during the mass suicide, though the FBI did recover a 45 minute audio recording of the suicide in progress.[92]
On that tape, Jones tells Temple members that the Soviet Union, with whom the Temple had been negotiating a potential exodus for months, would not take them after the Temple had murdered Ryan and four others at a nearby airstrip.[92] The reason given by Jones to commit suicide was consistent with his previously stated conspiracy theories of intelligence organizations allegedly conspiring against the Temple, that men would "parachute in here on us," "shoot some of our innocent babies" and "they'll torture our children, they'll torture some of our people here, they'll torture our seniors."[92] Parroting Jones' prior statements that hostile forces would convert captured children to fascism, one temple member states "the ones that they take captured, they're gonna just let them grow up and be dummies."[92]
File:529 1 miller.jpg
Christine Miller
Given that reasoning, Jones and several members argued that the group should commit "revolutionary suicide" by drinking cyanide-laced grape flavored Flavor Aid (not Kool-Aid despite the popular phrase). However, later released video made to show the best of Jonestown shows Jones opening a storage container full of Kool-Aid in large quantities. This may have been what was used to mix the "potion" (as was referred to in several statements obtained by the FBI in the final tape recordings) along with a sedative.[92] One member, Christine Miller, dissents toward the beginning of the tape.[92] When members apparently cried, Jones counseled, "Stop this hysterics. This is not the way for people who are Socialists or Communists to die. No way for us to die. We must die with some dignity."[92] Jones can be heard saying, "Don't be afraid to die," that death is "just stepping over into another plane" and that it's "a friend."[92] At the end of the tape, Jones concludes: "We didn't commit suicide; we committed an act of revolutionary suicide protesting the conditions of an inhumane world."[92] According to escaping Temple members, children were given the drink first and families were told to lie down together.[93] Mass suicide had been previously discussed in simulated events called "White Nights" on a regular basis.[78][94] During at least one such prior White Night, members drank liquid that Jones falsely told them was poison.[78][94]
Jones was found dead in a deck chair with a gunshot wound to his head that Guyanese coroner Cyrill Mootoo stated was consistent with a self-inflicted gun wound.[95] However, Jones' son Stephan believes his father may have directed someone else to shoot him.[96] An autopsy of Jones' body also showed levels of the barbiturate Pentobarbital which may have been lethal to humans who had not developed physiological tolerance.[97] Jones' drug usage (including LSD and marijuana) was confirmed by his son, Stephan, and Jones' doctor in San Francisco.
Other issues[link]
On December 13, 1973, Jones was arrested and charged with soliciting a man for sex in a movie theater bathroom known for homosexual activity, in MacArthur Park in Los Angeles.[98] The man was an undercover Los Angeles Police Department vice officer. Jones is on record as later telling his followers that he was "the only true heterosexual", but at least one account exists of his sexual abuse of a male member of his congregation in front of the followers, ostensibly to prove the man's own homosexual tendencies.[98]
While Jones banned sex among Temple members outside of marriage, he himself voraciously engaged in sexual relations with both male and female Temple members.[99][100] Jones, however, claimed that he detested engaging in homosexual activity and did so only for the male temple adherents' own good, purportedly to connect them symbolically with him (Jones).[99]
One of Jones' sources of inspiration was the controversial International Peace Mission movement leader Father Divine.[101] Jones had borrowed the term "revolutionary suicide"[102] from Black Panther leader and Peoples Temple supporter Huey Newton who had argued "the slow suicide of life in the ghetto" ought to be replaced by revolutionary struggle that would end only in victory (socialism and self determination) or revolutionary suicide (death).[citation needed]
Family aftermath[link]
- Marceline
File:410 1 Marcy.jpg
Marceline (Marcy) Jones
Jim Jones' wife, Marceline, was found poisoned at the pavilion.[103] On the final morning of Ryan's visit, Marceline had taken reporters on a tour of Jonestown.[104]
- Stephan, Jim Jr. and Tim Jones
Stephan, Jim Jr., and Tim Jones did not take part in the mass suicide because they were playing with the Peoples Temple basketball team against the Guyanese national team in Georgetown.[25][102] At the time of events in Jonestown, Stephan and Tim were both nineteen and Jim Jones Jr. was eighteen.[105] Tim's biological family, the Tuppers, which consisted of his three biological sisters,[106][107][108] biological brother,[109] and biological mother,[110] all died at Jonestown. Three days before the tragedy, Stephan Jones refused, over the radio, to comply with an order by his father to return the team to Jonestown for Ryan's visit.[111]
During the events at Jonestown, Stephan, Tim, and Jim Jones Jr. drove to the American Embassy in Guyana in an attempt to receive help. The Guyanese soldiers guarding the embassy refused to let them in after hearing about the shootings at the Port Kaituma airstrip.[112] Later, the three returned to the Temple's headquarters in Georgetown to find the bodies of Sharon Amos and her three children.[112] Guyanese soldiers kept the Jones brothers under house arrest for five days, interrogating them about the deaths in Georgetown.[112] Stephan Jones was accused of being involved in the Georgetown deaths, and was placed in a Guyanese prison for three months.[112] Tim Jones and Johnny Cobb, another member of the Peoples Temple basketball team, were asked to go to Jonestown and help identify the bodies of people who had died.[112] After returning to the United States, Jim Jones Jr. was placed under police surveillance for several months while he lived with his older sister, Suzanne, who had previously turned against the Temple.[112]
File:Jonestown-brochure-16 LewJones TerryCarter-Chaeoke.jpg
Lew Jones, Terry and Chaeoke
File:392 1-Agnes.jpg
Agnes Jones
When Jonestown was first being established, Stephan Jones had originally avoided two attempts by his father to relocate to the settlement. He eventually moved to Jonestown after a third and final attempt. He has since said that he gave into his father's wishes to move to Jonestown because of his mother.[113] Stephan Jones is now a businessman, and married with three daughters. He appeared in the documentary Jonestown: Paradise Lost which aired on the History Channel and Discovery Channel. He stated he will not watch the documentary and has never grieved for his father.[114] Jim Jones Jr., who lost his wife and unborn child at Jonestown, returned to San Francisco. He remarried and has three sons from this marriage,[102] including Rob Jones, a high-school basketball star who went on to play for the University of San Diego before transferring to Saint Mary's College of California.[115]
- Lew, Agnes and Suzanne Jones
Lew and Agnes Jones both died at Jonestown. Agnes Jones was thirty-five years old at the time of her death.[116] Her husband[117] and four children[118][119][120][121] all died at Jonestown. Lew Jones, who was twenty-one years old at the time of his death, died alongside his wife Terry and son Chaeoke.[122][123][124] Stephanie Jones had died at age five in a car accident.[25]
Suzanne Jones married Mike Cartmell; both turned against the Temple and were not in Jonestown on November 18, 1978. After this decision to abandon the Temple, Jones referred to Suzanne openly as "my goddamned, no good for nothing daughter" and stated that she was not to be trusted.[125] In a signed note found at the time of her death, Marceline Jones directed that the Jones' funds were to be given to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and specified: "I especially request that none of these are allowed to get into the hands of my adopted daughter, Suzanne Jones Cartmell."[126] Cartmell had two children and died of colon cancer in November 2006.[127][128] Found near Marceline Jones' body was a signed and witnessed will leaving all bank accounts "in my name" to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and writing that Suzanne Jones Cartmell should receive no assets.[129]
- John Stoen and Kimo
Further information: Timothy Stoen
Specific references to Tim Stoen, the father of John Stoen, including the logistics of possibly murdering him, are made on the Temple's final "death tape," as well as a discussion over whether the Temple should include John Stoen among those committing "revolutionary suicide."[92] At Jonestown, John Stoen was found poisoned in Jim Jones' cabin.[130]
Both Jim Jon (Kimo) and his mother, Carolyn Louise Moore Layton, died during the events at Jonestown.[131]
See also[link]
References[link]
- Explanatory notes
- ^ While Jim Jones claimed to be partially of Cherokee descent through his mother Lynetta, this story was apparently not true. (Lindsay, Robert. "How Rev. Jim Jones and Black Spencer Gained His Power Over Followers". New York Times. November 26, 1978). Lynetta's cousin Barbara Shaffer said "there wasn't an ounce of Indian in our family." (Lindsay, Robert. "How Rev. Jim Jones Gained His Power Over Followers". New York Times. November 26, 1978). Shaffer said that Lynetta was Welsh. ("Jones—The Dark Private Side Emerges". Los Angeles Times. November 24, 1978). The birth records for Lynetta have since been lost. (Kilduff, Marshall and Ron Javers. "Jim Jones Always Led — Or Wouldn't Play". San Francisco Chronicle. December 4, 1978).
- Citations
- ^ Jones, Jim in conversation with John Maher. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 622." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. Archived 13 February 2011 at WebCite
- ^ Brazil, Jeff. "Jonestown's Horror Fades but Mystery Remain." Los Angeles Times. December 16, 1999.
- ^ Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 0-88738-124-3.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 9-10.
- ^ a b c Kilduff, Marshall and Javers, Ron. The Suicide Cult. Bantam Books, 1978. p. 10.
- ^ a b Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 0-88738-124-3.
- ^ a b c Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple. American Experience, PBS.org.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 24.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 27.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1981. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 33.
- ^ a b c "Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple - Timeline." PBS.org. 20 February 2007.
- ^ Knoll, James. Mass Suicide & the Jonestown Tragedy: Literature Summary. Jonestown Institute, San Diego State University. October 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wessinger, Catherine. How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate. Seven Bridges Press, 2000. ISBN 978-1-889119-24-3.
- ^ a b Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 134." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.]
- ^ a b c Horrock, Nicholas M., "Communist in 1950s", New York Times, December 17, 1978
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 68.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 69.
- ^ a b c Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 71.
- ^ a b c d Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 72.
- ^ a b c Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 76.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 65.
- ^ a b c Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple - People & Events PBS.org. 20 February 2007.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 63.
- ^ Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 1023." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ a b c d e Wessinger, Catherine. How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate. 2000. ISBN 978-1-889119-24-3.
- ^ a b "The Wills of Jim Jones and Marceline Jones." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple - Race and the Peoples Temple." PBS.org. 20 February 2007.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 77.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 78.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 79.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 81.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 82.
- ^ a b c Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 83.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 84.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 85-6.
- ^ a b c New York Times, "How Rev. Jim Jones Gained His Power Over Followers," Robert Lindsay, November 26, 1978
- ^ Layton, Deborah. (1998) Seductive Poison. Anchor, 1999. ISBN 0-385-48984-6. p. 53.
- ^ Jim Jones, Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 1053
- ^ Jones, Jim. "The Letter Killeth." Original material reprint. Department of Religious Studies. San Diego State University.
- ^ See, e.g., Jones, Jim in conversation with John Maher, "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 622." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.]
- ^ Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple. PBS.org.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 302-4.
- ^ Los Angeles Times, "First Lady Among Cult's References; Mondale, Califano also listed", November 21, 1978.
- ^ Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 799." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ a b Kilduff, Marshall and Phil Tracy. "Inside Peoples Temple." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. August 1, 1977.
- ^ Layton, Deborah. Seductive Poison. Anchor, 1999. ISBN 0-385-48984-6. p. 105.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 308
- ^ "Another Day of Death." Time Magazine. 11 December 1978.
- ^ VanDeCarr, Paul "Death of dreams: in November 1978, Harvey Milk's murder and the mass suicides at Jonestown nearly broke San Francisco's spirit.", The Advocate, November 25, 2003
- ^ Sawyer, Mary My Lord, What a Mourning:’ Twenty Years Since Jonestown, Jonestown Institute at SDSU
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 369.
- ^ Goodlett, Carlton B., Notes on Peoples Temple, reprinted in Moore, Rebecca and Fielding M. McGehee, III, The Need for a Second Look at Jonestown, Edwin Mellen Press, 1989, ISBN 0-88946-649-1
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 282.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 285, 306 and 587.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 314
- ^ Layton, Deborah. (1998) Seductive Poison. Anchor, 1999. ISBN 0-385-48984-6. p. 113.
- ^ Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 132. ISBN 0-88738-124-3.
- ^ Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 50." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 451.
- ^ McCormick Maaga, Mary. Hearing the voices of Jonestown. Syracuse University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8156-0515-3.
- ^ Moore, Rebecca. "The Demographics of Jonestown. Jonestown Institute, San Diego State University, adapted from Moore, Rebecca, Anthony Pinn and Mary Sawyer. "Demographics and the Black Religious Culture of Peoples Temple." in Peoples Temple and Black Religion in America. Bloomington: Indiana Press University, 2005. 57-80)
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 130-1
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p 445.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 377
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 324
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1.
- ^ "Jim Jon (Kimo) Prokes". Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ Liebert, Larry, "What Politicians Say Now About Jones", San Francisco Chronicle, November 20, 1978
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 327
- ^ Moore, Rebecca. A Sympathetic History of Jonestown. Lewiston: E. Mellen Press. ISBN 0-88946-860-5. p. 143.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 408
- ^ Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-88738-124-3. page 227
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 458
- ^ Coleman, Loren, "The Copycat Effect", Simon & Schuster, 2004, page 68
- ^ Fishwick, Marshall, "Great Awakenings: Popular Religion and Popular Culture", Routledge, 1994, page 73
- ^ a b c Milk, Harvey Letter Addressed to President Jimmy Carter, Dated February 19, 1978
- ^ "Accusation of Human Rights Violations by Rev. James Warren Jones." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. April 11, 1978.
- ^ a b c "Affidavit of Deborah Layton Blakey." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 440.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 481.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 476-480.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 487-8.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 519-20.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 524.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 516.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 527.
- ^ a b c d Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 529-31.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 533.
- ^ Who Died?, Alternative Considerations of Jonestown, San Diego State University
- ^ 1978: Mass suicide leaves 900 dead. BBC, November 18, 2005
- ^ Rapaport, Richard, Jonestown and City Hall slayings eerily linked in time and memory, San Francisco Chronicle, November 16, 2003
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jim Jones, "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 42." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 559.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 390-91.
- ^ "Guyana Inquest — Interviews of Cecil Roberts & Cyril Mootoo" (PDF). http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/AboutJonestown/PrimarySources/GuyanaInquest.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-23.
- ^ Jonestown: Paradise Lost, Interview of Stephan Jones, Documentary airing on Discovery Networks, 2007
- ^ Autopsy of Jim Jones by Kenneth H. Mueller, Jonestown Institute at SDSU
- ^ a b Wise, David. "Sex in Peoples Temple." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ a b Paranoia And Delusions, Time Magazine, December 11, 1978
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 176-77.
- ^ "FAQ: Who was the leader of Peoples Temple?" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ a b c Fish, Jon and Chris Connelly (2007-10-05). "Outside the Lines: Grandson of Jonestown founder is making a name for himself". ESPN.com. http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/news/story?id=3047543&lpos=spotlight&lid=tab7pos2. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p 565.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p 505-6.
- ^ "Who Survived the Jonestown Tragedy?" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Janet Marie Tupper" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Mary Elizabeth Tupper" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Ruth Ann Tupper" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Larry Howard Tupper" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Rita Jeanette Tupper Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p 474-75.
- ^ a b c d e f Smith, Gary. "Escaping Jonestown." Sports Illustrated. CNN.com. 24 December 2007.
- ^ Jones, Stephan. - "Marceline/Mom" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ Brownstein, Bill. "The son who survived Jonestown." The Gazette. Canada. 9 March 2007.
- ^ "22 - Rob Jones." University of San Diego Official Athletic Site. Accessed: 2009-10-03. Archived by WebCite
- ^ Agnes Paulette Jones Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple]. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Forrest Ray Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Billy Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Jimbo Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Michael Ray Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Stephanie Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ Lew Eric Jones Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Terry Carter Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Chaeoke Warren Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ FBI Tape Q 265 - October 17, 1978 address. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "November 18 1978 Letter from Marceline Jones." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ Who Has Died Since 18 November 1978? Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ Smith, Gary. "Escape From Jonestown" Sports Illustrated CNN.com. 24 December 2007.
- ^ "Letter from Marceline Jones." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1)
- ^ "Carolyn Louise Moore Layton" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- Bibliography
- Chidester, David, Salvation and Suicide: Jim Jones, the People's Temple and Jonestown (Religion in North America), 2nd rev.ed., Indiana University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-253-21632-8
- Klineman, George and Sherman Butler. The Cult That Died. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1980. ISBN 0-399-12540-X.
- Layton, Deborah. Seductive Poison. Anchor Books, 1999. ISBN 0-385-48984-6.
- Maaga, Mary McCormick. Hearing the voices of Jonestown. Syracuse University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8156-0515-3.
- Naipaul, Shiva. Black & White. Hamish Hamilton, London, 1980. ISBN 0-241-10337-1.
- Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs (1982). Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton. ISBN 0-525-24136-1.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jim Jones |
- The Jonestown Institute
- FBI No. Q 042 The "Jonestown Death Tape", Recorded 18 November 1978 (Internet Archive)
- Transcript of Jones' final speech, just before the mass suicide
- The first part of a series of articles about Jim Jones published in the San Francisco Examiner in 1972.
- History Channel Video and Stills
- Isaacson, Barry. From Silver Lake to Suicide: One Family's Secret History of the Jonestown Massacre
- Mass Suicide at Jonestown: 30 Years Later, Time magazine
- Jonestown 30 Years Later photo gallery published Friday, October 17, 2008.
- Rapaport, Richard. Jonestown and City Hall slayings eerily linked in time and memory Both events continue to haunt city a quarter century later
- Nakao, Annie.The ghastly Peoples Temple deaths shocked the world. Berkeley Rep takes on the challenge of coming to terms with it.
- American Experience documentary, "Jonestown: The Life And Death Of Peoples Temple", shown on PBS
- Jonestown: 25 Years Later How spiritual journey ended in destruction: Jim Jones led his flock to death in jungle by Michael Taylor, San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Published Thursday, November 12, 1998.
- Utopian nightmare Jonestown: What did we learn? Larry D. Hatfield, of The Examiner staff, Gregory Lewis and Eric Brazil of The Examiner staff and Examiner Librarian Judy Canter contributed to this report. Published Sunday, November 8, 1998.
- Jones Captivated S.F.'s Liberal Elite: They were late to discover how cunningly he curried favor by Michael Taylor, San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. And [Haunted by Memories of Hell ] by Kevin Fagan, San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Published Thursday, November 12, 1998. Both stories were included in the first of a two-part series.
- The End To Innocent Acceptance Of Sects Sharper scrutiny is Jonestown legacy by Don Lattin, San Francisco Chronicle religion writer. And Most Peoples Temple Documents Still Sealed by Michael Taylor and Don Lattin, San Francisco Chronicle staff writers. And Surviving the Heart of Darkness: Twenty years later, Jackie Speier remembers how her companions and rum helped her endure the night of the Jonestown massacre by Maitland Zane, San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Published Friday, November 13, 1998. All stories were included in the second part of a two-part series.
- Inside Peoples Temple Marshall Kilduff and Phil Tracy, Used by permission of authors for the San Francisco Chronicle. Published Monday, August 1, 1977.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jones, Jim |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | May 13, 1931 |
| Place of birth | Crete, Indiana, U.S. |
| Date of death | November 18, 1978 |
| Place of death | Jonestown, Guyana |
http://wn.com/Jim_Jones
Related pages:
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http://cs.wn.com/Jim Jones
http://id.wn.com/James Warren Jones
http://es.wn.com/Jim Jones (pastor)
http://ru.wn.com/Джонс, Джеймс Уоррен
http://nl.wn.com/Jim Jones
http://pt.wn.com/Jim Jones
http://pl.wn.com/Jim Jones (przywódca sekty)
http://fr.wn.com/Jim Jones (pasteur)
http://de.wn.com/Jim Jones
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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| Born | (1989-07-07) July 7, 1989 (age 22) Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States |
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| Awards | 2008 NASCAR Nationwide Series Rookie of the Year | ||||||
| NASCAR Sprint Cup Series career | |||||||
| 60 race(s) run over 3 year(s) | |||||||
| Car no., team | No. 83 (BK Racing) | ||||||
| 2011 position | 55th | ||||||
| Best finish | 47th - 2010 | ||||||
| First race | 2010 Heluva Good! Sour Cream Dips 400 (Michigan) | ||||||
| Last race | 2012 Coca-Cola 600 (Charlotte) | ||||||
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| NASCAR Nationwide Series career | |||||||
| 33 race(s) run over 5 year(s) | |||||||
| 2011 position | 65th | ||||||
| Best finish | 26th – 2009 | ||||||
| First race | 2007 Gateway 250 (Gateway) | ||||||
| Last race | 2011 DRIVE4COPD 300 (Daytona) | ||||||
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| NASCAR Camping World Truck Series career | |||||||
| 8 race(s) run over 2 year(s) | |||||||
| Best finish | 31st – 2008 | ||||||
| First race | 2008 O'Reilly Auto Parts 250 (Kansas) | ||||||
| Last race | 2011 NextEra Energy Resources 250 (Daytona) | ||||||
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| Statistics current as of May 24, 2012. | |||||||
Landon Douglas Cassill (born July 7, 1989 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa) is an American stock car driver. He currently competes in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, driving the No. 83 Toyota for BK Racing.
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Early career[link]
Cassill began racing in a quad when he was 3 years old. Cassill moved to go-karts. He finished second in the Pro Kart Tour at Atlanta Motor Speedway at age 10. The following year, he earned his first of two Kart Series national championships. Cassill won four International Kart Federation (IKF) championships, some on dirt and some on asphalt.
In 2000, Cassill competed in three different classes: two karting and a midget class. He won all three state championships on the same night.[1] Cassill won four more state championships at the Newton Kart Klub in Newton, Iowa in 2001. He then started racing in a modified at the half mile Hawkeye Downs.[2]
He was racing in the ASA Late Model Series (ASALMS) in 2003 while he was in high school at Jefferson High School in Cedar Rapids. He has also raced in legend, modified, and late model racecars. Other series include the American Speed Association and the CRA Super Series.
At age 16, he became the youngest winner in ASALMS history when he won at Lake Erie Speedway on June 9, 2006; holding the record until Erik Jones surpassed him at age 14 in 2010.[2] On July 3, Cassill won his second ASALMS race, this time in a Southern Division race at South Georgia Motorsports Park near Cecil, Georgia. The win made him the first driver to win in both the Northern and Southern Divisions.[3] He won his first Challenge Division race at I-70 Speedway on July 8 to become the first driver to win in all three divisions. He finished second in the Challenge Division points behind Kelly Bires, and eleventh in the Northern Division despite starting in half of the races.[4]
NASCAR[link]
In 2006, Cassill was introduced to NASCAR through the GM Racing Development competition. He was one of 16 drivers that participated in the three-stage evaluation process that took place at Caraway Speedway in Asheboro, North Carolina, North Georgia Speedway in Chatsworth, Georgia, and Nashville Superspeedway.
Cassill was signed by Hendrick Motorsports in December 2006. In 2007, Cassill tested the team's Car of Tomorrow car at Lakeland Speedway and Greenville-Pickens Speedway. Along with his driving duties, Cassill has worked in the team's research and development program and drove during practices for the Hendrick pit crews. Cassill made his Nationwide Series debut at Gateway International Speedway in July 2007 after turning 18, as NASCAR requires national series drivers to be at least 18 years of age (regional series drivers can be 16). Cassill finished 32nd in his debut. He was in contention to score his first top-10 finish at Memphis before another driver spun him out on the final lap. In his six starts that year, his best finish was 18th at Dover.
In 2008, Cassill drove the No. 5 National Guard Chevrolet in 16 Nationwide series races for JR Motorsports and the No. 4 Phoenix Racing Chevrolet in the 3 road course races. In Cassill's first start of the season, at Nashville, he started 22nd and finished 19th, two laps down. He earned his first top-10 finish in the June race at Nashville with a 9th place finish. He won his first pole at Loudon, but had to start at the back of the field due to an engine change. He quickly moved his way up in the race, but was wrecked by Bobby Hamilton, Jr., resulting in a 34th place finish. He was involved in another incident with Hamilton, Jr. at Memphis which resulted in an altercation following the race. In 19 starts, Cassill earned 5 top-10 finishes and won Rookie of the Year honors. He also drove a limited schedule in the Truck Series for Randy Moss Motorsports; garnering 3 top-10 finishes. Cassill made his lone 2009 start on October 24 at Memphis; driving Phoenix Racing's No. 1 Miccosukee Chevrolet to a 10th place finish.
In 2010, he drove the No. 98 truck for Thorsport Racing in the NextEra Energy Resources 250 at Daytona, but was caught in an accident on the first lap of the race. He made 6 starts in the Nationwide series: 3 in the No. 7 Chevrolet for JR Motorsports and 3 in the No. 09 Ford for RAB Racing. Cassill made his Cup Series debut at Michigan; driving for veteran team owner James Finch. He finished 38th in his Cup debut. He ran 15 other races that year for Finch, TRG Motorsports, and Larry Gunselman.
Cassill started out the 2011 season with a 3rd place finish in the opening Nationwide series race: the DRIVE4COPD 300 at Daytona. It would be his lone Nationwide start of the year. He drove in 3 Sprint Cup races for Germain Racing before moving over to Phoenix Racing. Cassill competed in 32 of the 36 races that year, with his best effort in the Heluva Good! Sour Cream Dips 400 at Michigan, where he started and finished 12th. After the end of the season, he was replaced for 2012 in the Phoenix Racing No. 51 by Kurt Busch.[5]
2012[link]
In early February 2012, it was announced that Cassill would drive for Front Row Motorsports in the 2012 Daytona 500, driving the No. 26 Ford,[6] but the deal fell through as Cassill received a full-season offer.[7] He will drive the No. 83 in 2012, driving for a new team, BK Racing, that purchased the assets and owners' points of the former Red Bull Racing Team.[8][9]
References[link]
- ^ Biography at his official website; Retrieved November 9, 2007
- ^ a b Hawkeye Downs Hero-Landon Cassill; Dennis Michelsen; stockcarpitpass.com; June 21, 2006, Retrieved November 9, 2007
- ^ Landon Cassill, Retrieved November 9, 2007
- ^ The ASA Late Model Series’ own, Landon Cassill signs with NASCAR powerhouse Hendrick Motorsports; ASA Late Model Series and M.P.H. Promotions, Retrieved January 5, 2007
- ^ Spencer, Lee (December 22, 2011). "Kurt Busch reaches deal for 2012 ride". Fox Sports. http://msn.foxsports.com/nascar/story/Former-NASCAR-Sprint-Cup-Champion-Kurt-Busch-finds-new-ride-for-2012. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
- ^ Rodman, Dave (February 2, 2012). "Daytona 500 boasts record purse of $19 million". NASCAR.com. Turner Sports. http://www.nascar.com/news/120202/drodman-notebook-daytona-500-boasts-record-purse/index.html?eref=/jayski. Retrieved 2012-02-02.
- ^ Spencer, Lee (February 2, 2012). "Cassill leaves Front Row days before 500". Fox Sports. http://msn.foxsports.com/nascar/story/NASCAR-promising-youngster-Landon-Cassill-quits-Front-Row-Motorsports-020212. Retrieved 2012-02-03.
- ^ Pockrass, Bob (February 9, 2012). "Landon Cassill to drive for owners who purchased Red Bull equipment, points". SceneDaily.com. The Sporting News. http://www.scenedaily.com/news/articles/sprintcupseries/Landon_Cassill_to_drive_for_owners_who_purchased_Red_Bull_equipment_points.html. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
- ^ Spencer, Lee (February 14, 2012). "Reutimann's Daytona ride is with BK". Fox Sports. http://msn.foxsports.com/nascar/story/David-Reutimann-gets-Daytona-500-ride-with-BK-Racing-021412. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
External links[link]
- Official website
- Landon Cassill at Racing Reference
| Achievements | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by David Ragan |
NASCAR Nationwide Series Rookie of the Year 2008 |
Succeeded by Justin Allgaier |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cassill, Landon |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American stock car racing driver |
| Date of birth | July 7, 1989 |
| Place of birth | Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Landon_Cassill
Related pages:
http://id.wn.com/Landon Cassill
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landon_Cassill
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
