New York

Monday, 29 October 2012

New York

Paloma Faith - New York ( Official Video )

Welcome to New York City, city guide (original DVD 60min.)

Hey You! What Song are you Listening to? NEW YORK

The Who at The Concert For New York City

Complete Second Presidential Town Hall Debate 2012: Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney - Oct 16, 2012

Open Collage in a new Window

Email the Collage

Loading suggestions ...

Adirondack Park
The Adirondack Park is a publicly protected area in northeast New York. It is the largest park and the largest state-level protected area in the contiguous United States, and the largest National Historic Landmark.
http://wn.com/Adirondack_Park
Alabama
Alabama () is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States of America. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama ranks 30th in total land area and ranks second in the size of its inland waterways. The state ranks 23rd in population with almost 4.6 million residents in 2006.
http://wn.com/Alabama
Alaska
Alaska () is the largest state of the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Approximately half of Alaska's 698,473 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. As of 2009, Alaska remains the least densely populated state of the U.S.
http://wn.com/Alaska
Arkansas
Arkansas ( ) is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Its name is an Algonquin name of the Quapaw Indians. Arkansas shares a border with six states, with its eastern border largely defined by the Mississippi River. Its diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state.
http://wn.com/Arkansas
Battery Park
Battery Park is a 25-acre (10 hectare) public park located at the Battery, the southern tip of Manhattan Island in New York City, facing New York Harbor. The Battery is named for the artillery battery that was stationed there at various times by the Dutch and British in order to protect the settlements behind it. At the north end of the park is Pier A, formerly a fireboat station and Hope Garden, a memorial to AIDS victims. At the other end is Battery Gardens restaurant, next to the United States Coast Guard Battery Building. Along the waterfront, ferries depart for the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island. There is also a stop on the New York Water Taxi route between the Statue of Liberty Ferry and Pier A.
http://wn.com/Battery_Park
Binghamton, New York
Binghamton is a city located in the Southern Tier of New York in the United States. It is located near the Pennsylvania border, situated in a bowl-shaped valley at the confluence of the Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers. Binghamton is the county seat of Broome County and is the principal city and cultural center of the Greater Binghamton metropolitan area (also known as the Triple Cities), home to a quarter million people. The population of the city itself, according to the 2000 census, is 47,380.
http://wn.com/Binghamton_New_York
Brooklyn
Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough with approximately 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area.
http://wn.com/Brooklyn
Brunswick, New York
http://wn.com/Brunswick_New_York
Buffalo, New York
http://wn.com/Buffalo_New_York
California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
http://wn.com/California
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada
Capital District
New York's Capital District, also known as the Capital Region or Capital Land, is a region in upstate New York that generally refers to the four counties surrounding Albany, the capital of the state: Albany County, Schenectady County, Rensselaer County, and Saratoga County. Often the other counties of the Albany-Schenectady-Amsterdam Combined Statistical Area and Greene County are included, especially for economic and demographic compilations and regional planning.
http://wn.com/Capital_District
Catskill Park
http://wn.com/Catskill_Park
Chinatown, Manhattan
http://wn.com/Chinatown_Manhattan
Colorado
Colorado (pronounced or, chiefly by outsiders, ) is a U.S. state that encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Mountain States, and the Southwestern United States.
http://wn.com/Colorado
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York (Columbia University) is a private research university in New York City and a member of the Ivy League. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. It was founded in 1754 as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, and is one of only three United States universities to have been founded under such authority.
http://wn.com/Columbia_University
Connecticut
Connecticut () (state code CT) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, and New York to the west and south (because various islands of New York span Connecticut's entire coast).
http://wn.com/Connecticut
Cornell University
Cornell University (, {{respell|kor-) is an Ivy League university located in Ithaca, New York. It is a private land-grant university which receives funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions.
http://wn.com/Cornell_University
Deerpark, New York
Deerpark is a town in Orange County, New York, United States. The population was 7,858 at the 2000 census. The center of population of New York is located in Cuddebackville [http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt].
http://wn.com/Deerpark_New_York
Delaware
Delaware ( ) is a U.S. state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor, after whom (what is now called) Cape Henlopen was originally named.
http://wn.com/Delaware
Elmira, New York
Elmira is a city in Chemung County, New York, USA. It is the principal city of the 'Elmira, New York Metropolitan Statistical Area' which encompasses Chemung County, New York. The population was 30,940 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Chemung County.
http://wn.com/Elmira_New_York
Financial center
http://wn.com/Financial_center
Finger Lakes
The Finger Lakes are a chain of lakes in the west-central section of Upstate New York in the United States and are a popular tourist destination. The lakes are linear in shape, each lake oriented on a north-south axis. The two longest, Cayuga Lake and Seneca Lake, are among the deepest in America; both are close to 40 miles (64 km) from end to end, and never more than 3.5 miles (5.6 km) wide. Cayuga is the longest (38.1 miles, 61 km) and Seneca the largest in total area. Seneca is the deepest (618 feet, 188 m), followed by Cayuga (435 feet, 133 m), with their bottoms well below sea level. These largest lakes resemble the others in shape, which collectively reminded early map-makers of the fingers of a hand. Oneida Lake is generally not considered one of the Finger Lakes, but it is sometimes called the "thumb".
http://wn.com/Finger_Lakes
Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
http://wn.com/Finland
Florida
Florida () is a state of the United States. It is located in the Southeastern United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the north. Much of the state's land mass is a large peninsula with the Gulf of Mexico to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Caribbean to the south. Florida was admitted as the 27th U.S. state in 1845, after a three hundred year period of European colonization.
http://wn.com/Florida
Flushing, Queens
Flushing, founded in 1645, is a neighborhood in the north central part of the City of New York borough of Queens, east of Manhattan.
http://wn.com/Flushing_Queens
Fordham University
Fordham University is a private university in the United States, with three campuses located in and around New York City. It was founded by the Roman Catholic Diocese of New York in 1841 as ''St. John's College'', placed in the care of the Society of Jesus shortly thereafter, and has since become an independent institution under a lay Board of Trustees which describes the university as "in the Jesuit tradition."
http://wn.com/Fordham_University
Fort Amsterdam
Fort Amsterdam (subsequently named Fort James, Fort Willem Hendrick, Fort James (again), Fort William, Fort Anne and Fort George) was a fort on the southern tip of Manhattan that was the administrative headquarters for the Dutch and then British rule of New York from 1625 until being torn down in 1790 after the American Revolution.
http://wn.com/Fort_Amsterdam
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France
Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia () is a state located in the southeastern United States. Georgia was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 21, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate states. It was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870 and the only among the 13 that is explicitly named after a monarch; King George II of England.
http://wn.com/Georgia_(US_state)
Great Lakes
http://wn.com/Great_Lakes
Guam
http://wn.com/Guam
Harlem
Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, which since the 1920s has been a major African-American residential, cultural, and business center. Originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlem was annexed to New York City in 1873.
http://wn.com/Harlem
Hawaii
: For geographic details see Geography and environment or Hawaiian Islands.
http://wn.com/Hawaii
Idaho
Idaho is a state in the United States of America. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called "Idahoans". Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890 as the 43rd state.
http://wn.com/Idaho
Illinois
Illinois ( {{respell|-i-), is the fifth-most populous state of the United States of America, and is often noted for being a microcosm of the entire country. It is the most populous state in the Midwest region, however with 65% of its residents concentrated in the Chicago metropolitan area, most of the state has either a rural or a small town character. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and western Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is an important transportation hub; the Port of Chicago connects the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River via the Illinois River. As the "most average state", Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics, though the latter has not really been true since the early 1970s.
http://wn.com/Illinois
Innsbruck, Austria
http://wn.com/Innsbruck_Austria
Insular area
An insular area is a United States territory, that is neither a part of one of the fifty U.S. states nor the District of Columbia, the federal district of the United States. They are called "insular" from the Latin word insula ("island") and because they were once administered by the War Department's Bureau of Insular Affairs, now the Office of Insular Affairs at the Interior Department. The term insular possession is also sometimes used, but has fallen out of favor.
http://wn.com/Insular_area
Iowa
Iowa () is a state located in the Midwestern United States, an area often referred to as the "American Heartland." It derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many American Indian tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa was a part of the French colony of New France. After the Louisiana Purchase, settlers laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is often known as the "Food Capital of the World", however Iowa's economy, culture, and landscape are diverse. In the mid and late 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, biotechnology, and green energy production. Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live. Des Moines is Iowa's capital and largest city.
http://wn.com/Iowa
Ithaca, New York
http://wn.com/Ithaca_New_York
Johnston Atoll
Johnston Atoll is a atoll in the North Pacific Ocean about 1,400 km (750 nmi) west of Hawaii. There are four islands located on the coral reef platform, two natural islands, Johnston Island and Sand Island, which have been expanded by coral dredging, as well as North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina), an additional two artificial islands formed by coral dredging.
http://wn.com/Johnston_Atoll
Kansas
http://wn.com/Kansas
Kentucky
The Commonwealth of Kentucky () is a state located in the East Central United States of America. As classified by the United States Census Bureau, Kentucky is a Southern state. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 it became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th largest state in terms of total area, the 36th largest in land area, and ranks 26th in population.
http://wn.com/Kentucky
London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
http://wn.com/London
Long Beach, New York
Long Beach is a city in Nassau County, New York. One of Long Island's two cities, it is located on a namesake island, which forms part of the Outer Barrier off Long Island's South Shore. As of the United States 2000 Census, the city population was 35,462. It was incorporated in 1922, and is nicknamed The City By the Sea (as seen in Latin on its official seal).
http://wn.com/Long_Beach_New_York
Long Island
Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, United States, just east of Manhattan. Stretching northeast into the Atlantic Ocean, Long Island contains four counties, two of which are boroughs (Queens and Brooklyn) of New York City, and two of which (Nassau and Suffolk) are mainly suburban or rural. In popular usage, the term "Long Island" generally refers only to Nassau and Suffolk counties in order to differentiate them from New York City, though all four counties on the island are part of the New York metropolitan area.
http://wn.com/Long_Island
Louisiana
http://wn.com/Louisiana
Maine
http://wn.com/Maine
Manhattan
Manhattan is one of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on Manhattan Island at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the state of New York. It consists of Manhattan Island and several small adjacent islands: Roosevelt Island, Randall's Island, Wards Island, Governors Island, Liberty Island, part of Ellis Island, and U Thant Island; as well as Marble Hill, a small section on the mainland adjacent to the Bronx. The original city of New York began at the southern end of Manhattan, and expanded in 1898 to include surrounding counties. It is the smallest, yet most urbanized of the five boroughs.
http://wn.com/Manhattan
Manhattan Chinatown
http://wn.com/Manhattan_Chinatown
Manhattan Island
http://wn.com/Manhattan_Island
Maryland
Maryland () is an American state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Maryland has the highest median household income of any state, with a median income of $70,545. Maryland was the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution, and three nicknames for it, the Old Line State, the Free State, and the Chesapeake Bay State are occasionally used.
http://wn.com/Maryland
Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Most of its population of 6.6 million lives in the Boston metropolitan area. The eastern half of the state consists of urban, suburban, and rural areas, while Western Massachusetts is mostly rural. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and ranks third among U.S. states in GDP per capita.
http://wn.com/Massachusetts
Michigan
Michigan () is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is a French corruption of the Ojibwe word mishigama, meaning "large water" or "large lake".
http://wn.com/Michigan
Minnesota
Minnesota () is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. The twelfth largest state of the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with 5.27 million residents. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state on May 11, 1858. Known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes", the state's name comes from a Dakota word for "sky-tinted water". Those waters, together with forests, parks, and wilderness areas, offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities.
http://wn.com/Minnesota
Mississippi
Mississippi () is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, which namesake is from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi ("Great River"). The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, and its catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States. The state symbol is the magnolia grandiflora tree.
http://wn.com/Mississippi
Missouri
Missouri () (abbreviated MO) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. With a 2009 estimated population of 5,987,580, Missouri is the 18th most populous state in the nation and the fifth most populous in the Midwest. It comprises 114 counties and one independent city. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri was originally acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became defined as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Missouri Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.
http://wn.com/Missouri
Montana
http://wn.com/Montana
Nebraska
Nebraska () is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States. The state's capital is Lincoln and its largest city is Omaha.
http://wn.com/Nebraska
Nevada
Nevada is a state located in the western and southwestern region of the United States. Nevada is also part of the Mountain States. The capital is Carson City and the largest city is Las Vegas. The state's nickname is Silver State, due to the large number of silver deposits that were discovered and mined there. "Sagebrush State" and "Battle Born State" are its alternative nicknames. In 1864, Nevada became the 36th state to enter the union, and the phrase "Battle Born" on the state flag reflects the state's entry on the Union side during the American Civil War. Its first nonnative settlement was called Mormon Station.
http://wn.com/Nevada
New Hampshire
New Hampshire () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It borders Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire ranks 44th in land area, 46th in total area of the 50 states, and 41st in population.
http://wn.com/New_Hampshire
New Jersey
New Jersey (, ) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the northeast by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey lies largely within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is the most densely populated state in the United States.
http://wn.com/New_Jersey
New Mexico
New Mexico() is a state located in the southwest and western regions of the United States. New Mexico is also part of the Mountain States. With a population density of 16 per square mile, New Mexico is the sixth- most sparsely inhabited U.S. state.
http://wn.com/New_Mexico
New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
http://wn.com/New_York
New York Harbor
New York Harbor refers to the waterways of the estuary near the mouth of the Hudson River that empty into New York Bay. Although the U.S. Board of Geographic Names does not use the term, New York Harbor has important historical, governmental, commercial, and ecological usages. Originally used to refer to the Upper New York Bay, the term is also used to describe the Port of New York and New Jersey, the port district for New York-Newark metropolitan area, under the jurisdiction of the Port Authority.
http://wn.com/New_York_Harbor
Niagara River
The Niagara River flows north from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. It forms part of the border between the Province of Ontario in Canada and New York State in the United States. There are differing theories as to the origin of the name of the river. According to Iroquoian scholar Bruce Trigger, "Niagara" is derived from the name given to a branch of the locally residing native Neutral Confederacy, who are described as being called the "Niagagarega" people on several late 17th century French maps of the area. According to George R. Stewart, it comes from the name of an Iroquois town called "Ongniaahra", meaning "point of land cut in two".
http://wn.com/Niagara_River
North Carolina
North Carolina () is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the Southern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north. North Carolina contains 100 counties. Its capital is Raleigh, and its largest city is Charlotte. North Carolina is now ranked as one of the top 3 leading States for Green Technology, Bio-Chemical Engineering, Medical Sciences, and Computer Engineering through the long-range research and development programs of Research Triangle Park (RTP), UNC Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State .
http://wn.com/North_Carolina
North Dakota
North Dakota () is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America, along the Canadian border, about halfway between the Pacific Ocean and the Great Lakes. North Dakota is the 19th largest state by area in the U.S. It is also the third least populous, with only about 646,850 residents as of 2009. North Dakota was carved out of the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with South Dakota.
http://wn.com/North_Dakota
Ohio
Ohio is a Midwestern state in the United States. The 34th largest state by area in the U.S.,
http://wn.com/Ohio
Oklahoma
http://wn.com/Oklahoma
Ontario
Ontario is a Province of Canada located in the east-central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area, (Nunavut and the Northwest Territories are larger in area, but they are not provinces.) The province's largest metropolitan area and Canada's most populous city, Toronto, is the capital city of Ontario. The national capital of Canada, Ottawa, is located in Ontario as well.
http://wn.com/Ontario
Oregon
Oregon ( ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern boundaries, respectively. The area was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before the arrival of traders, explorers, and settlers who formed an autonomous government in Oregon Country in 1843; the Oregon Territory was created in 1848, and Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14, 1859. Salem is the state's capital and third-most-populous city; Portland is the most populous. Portland is the 30th-largest U.S. city, with a population of 582,130 (2009 estimate) and a metro population of 2,241,841 (2009 estimate), the 23rd-largest U.S. metro area.
http://wn.com/Oregon
Palmyra Atoll
Palmyra Atoll () is an essentially unoccupied equatorial Northern Pacific atoll administered as a unorganized incorporated territory by the United States federal government. The variable temporary population of 4–20 'non-occupants' are essentially staff and scientists employed by various departments of the U.S. federal government and The Nature Conservancy, as well as a rotating mix of Palymra Atoll Research Consortium scholars pursuing research.
http://wn.com/Palmyra_Atoll
Pennsylvania
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania () is a U.S. state and Commonwealth located in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to the east. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg.
http://wn.com/Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
http://wn.com/Puerto_Rico
Quebec
Quebec or ( ) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
http://wn.com/Quebec
Queens
Queens is the largest in area, the second largest in population, and the easternmost of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is coextensive with Queens County, an administrative division of New York state, in the United States.
http://wn.com/Queens
Rensselaerswyck
http://wn.com/Rensselaerswyck
Rhode Island
The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, more commonly referred to as Rhode Island ( or ), is a state in the New England region of the United States. It is the smallest U.S. state by area. Rhode Island borders Connecticut to the west and Massachusetts to the north and east, and it shares a water boundary with New York's Long Island to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Rhode_Island
Rochester, New York
Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York, south of Lake Ontario in the United States. The Rochester metropolitan area is the second largest regional economy in all of New York State according to the U.S. Internal Revenue, after the New York City metropolitan area. Known as ''The World's Image Centre, it was also once known as The Flour City, and more recently as The Flower City''. It is the county seat for Monroe County.
http://wn.com/Rochester_New_York
Rome, New York
Rome is a city in Oneida County, New York, United States. It is considered a part of upstate New York. The population was 34,950 at the 2000 census. It is in New York's 24th congressional district. During the Revolutionary War and for years thereafter, the city was originally known as Fort Stanwix, due to the fort being the only existing building in the area. In 1796, the city was founded and named Lynchville. Some time later, the city's name was changed to Rome, assumingly after the Italian city of Rome. The exact time, the reason, and the idea for this name change remains a mystery. Rome is one of two principal cities in the Utica–Rome, New York Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city is in the south-central part of the county. In the heart of the Leatherstocking Region made famous by James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales, Rome is known as the City of American History.
http://wn.com/Rome_New_York
Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
http://wn.com/Scotland
Sherrill, New York
Sherrill is a city in Oneida County, New York, United States. With a population of 3,147 (2000 census), it is the least populous city in the state. Sherill is located at the western end of the Town of Vernon on Route 5. Sherrill is referred to as The Silver City.
http://wn.com/Sherrill_New_York
South Carolina
South Carolina () is a state in the United States that borders Georgia to the south and North Carolina to the north. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally named by British King Charles II in honor of his father Charles I of England, as Carolus is Latin for Charles. South Carolina was the first state to vote to secede from the Union and was the founding state of the Confederate States of America. According to an estimate by the United States Census Bureau, the state's population in 2009 was 4,561,242 and ranked 24th among the U.S. states. South Carolina contains 46 counties and its capital is Columbia.
http://wn.com/South_Carolina
South Dakota
South Dakota () is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes. Once a part of Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. The state has an area of and an estimated population of just over 800,000. Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of nearly 160,000, is South Dakota's largest city.
http://wn.com/South_Dakota
Staten Island
Staten Island () is a borough of New York City, New York, United States, located in the southwest part of the city. Staten Island is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay. With a population of 491,730, Staten Island is the least populated of the five boroughs but is the third largest in area at .
http://wn.com/Staten_Island
Syracuse University
Syracuse University (also referred to as SU, Syracuse, or 'Cuse) is a private research university located in Syracuse, New York, United States. Its roots can be traced back to Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, founded by the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1832, which also later founded Genesee College. Following several years of debate over relocating the college to Syracuse, the university was founded independent of the college in 1870. Since 1920, the university has identified itself as nonsectarian, although it still maintains an affiliation with the United Methodist Church. Syracuse was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1966.
http://wn.com/Syracuse_University
Syracuse, New York
Syracuse (locally or ; generally the latter by non-natives) is a city in and the county seat of Onondaga County, New York, United States, the largest U.S. city with the name "Syracuse", and the fifth most populous city in the state. At the 2000 census, the city population was 147,306, and its metropolitan area had a population of 732,117. It is the economic and educational hub of Central New York, a region with over a million inhabitants. Syracuse is also well-provided with convention sites, with a downtown convention complex and, directly west of the city, the Empire Expo Center, which hosts the annual Great New York State Fair. Syracuse was named after the original Syracuse, (Siracusa in Italian) a city on the eastern coast of the Italian island of Sicily.
http://wn.com/Syracuse_New_York
Tennessee
Tennessee () is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. It has a population of 6,214,888, making it the nation's 17th-largest state by population, and covers , making it the 36th-largest by total land area. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 626,144. Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 670,902. Nashville has the state's largest metropolitan area, at 1,521,437 people.
http://wn.com/Tennessee
Texas
Texas () is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.
http://wn.com/Texas
The Bronx
http://wn.com/The_Bronx
Times Square
Times Square is a major commercial intersection in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, at the junction of Broadway and Seventh Avenue and stretching from West 42nd to West 47th Streets. The extended Times Square area, also called the Theatre District, consists of the blocks between Sixth and Eighth Avenues from east to west, and West 40th and West 53rd Streets from south to north, making up the western part of the commercial area of Midtown Manhattan.
http://wn.com/Times_Square
Troy, New York
Troy is a city in the US State of New York and the seat of Rensselaer County. Troy is located on the western edge of Rensselaer County and on the eastern bank of the Hudson River. Troy has close ties to the nearby cities of Albany and Schenectady, forming a region popularly called the Capital District. The city is one of the three major centers for the Albany-Schenectady-Troy Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), which has a population of 850,957. At the 2000 census, the population of Troy was 49,170. Troy's motto is Ilium fuit, Troja est, which means "Ilium was, Troy is".
http://wn.com/Troy_New_York
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
http://wn.com/Turkey
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States
University at Albany
http://wn.com/University_at_Albany
Upper East Side
The Upper East Side is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, between Central Park and the East River. The Upper East Side lies within an area bounded by 59th Street, 96th Street, Central Park and the East River.
http://wn.com/Upper_East_Side
Utah
Utah ( or ) is a western state of the United States. It was the 45th state admitted to the Union, on January 4, 1896. Approximately 80% of Utah's 2,784,572 people live along the Wasatch Front, centering on Salt Lake City. This leaves vast expanses of the state nearly uninhabited, making the population the sixth most urbanized in the U.S. The name "Utah" is derived from the name of the Ute tribe and means "people of the mountains" in the Ute language. Utah is bordered by Arizona on the south, Colorado on the east, Wyoming on the northeast, Idaho on the north and Nevada on the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico.
http://wn.com/Utah
Utica, New York
Utica is a city in the American state of New York, and the county seat of Oneida County.
http://wn.com/Utica_New_York
Vermont
http://wn.com/Vermont
Virginia
The Commonwealth of Virginia () is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" because it is the birthplace of eight U.S. presidents. The geography and climate of the state are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The state population is nearly eight million.
http://wn.com/Virginia
Wall Street
Wall Street is a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It runs east from Broadway to South Street on the East River, through the historical center of the Financial District. It is the first permanent home of the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies. Over time, Wall Street became the name of the surrounding geographic neighborhood and also shorthand (or a metonym) for the "influential financial interests" of the American financial industry, which is centered in the New York City area. Anchored by Wall Street, New York City vies with the City of London to be the financial capital of the world.
http://wn.com/Wall_Street
Wallabout Bay
Wallabout Bay is small body of water in Upper New York Bay along the northwest shore of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, between the present Williamsburg and Manhattan bridges, opposite Corlear's Hook on Manhattan to the west, across the East River. Wallabout Bay now abuts the site of the Brooklyn Navy Yard.
http://wn.com/Wallabout_Bay
Washington (state)
http://wn.com/Washington_(state)
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
http://wn.com/Washington_DC
West Point
http://wn.com/West_Point
West Side Stadium
The West Side Stadium (also known as the New York Sports and Convention Center) was a proposed football stadium to be built on a platform over the rail yards on the West Side of Manhattan in New York City. The arena would be an all-weather facility with a retractable roof, allowing it to be used as either a indoor convention hall, or a 85,000 seat (75,000 Post Olympics) indoor/outdoor sporting event stadium. It was to be the new home for the New York Jets, who at the time of the proposal played at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The stadium was to have served as the centerpiece of New York's bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics, but, after heated debate, the proposal was finally defeated politically only a month before the International Olympic Committee was to make its decision.
http://wn.com/West_Side_Stadium
West Virginia
West Virginia () is a state in the Appalachian and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, and Pennsylvania and Maryland to the northeast. The capital and largest city is Charleston.
http://wn.com/West_Virginia
Westchester County
http://wn.com/Westchester_County
Wisconsin
Wisconsin () is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States and is considered part of the Midwest. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Upper Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin's capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee. As of 2009 the state has an estimated 5.6 million residents. The state contains 72 counties.
http://wn.com/Wisconsin
Wyoming
Wyoming is a state in the Western United States. The western two thirds of the state is mostly covered by the mountain ranges and rangelands in the foothills of the Eastern Rocky Mountains, while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie known as the High Plains. While the tenth largest U.S. state by area, Wyoming is the least populous, with a U.S. Census estimated population of 544,270 in 2009. This is a 5.9% increase since 2000. The capital and the most populous city of Wyoming is Cheyenne.
http://wn.com/Wyoming
Yonkers, New York
Yonkers is the fourth most populous city in the state of New York (behind New York City, Buffalo and Rochester), and the most populous city in Westchester County, with a population of 196,086 (according to the 2000 census), and an estimated 2008 population of 201,588. Yonkers borders the New York City borough of The Bronx and is 2 miles (3 km) north of Manhattan at the cities' two respective closest points.
http://wn.com/Yonkers_New_York

AirTrain JFK
AirTrain JFK is a 3-line, 8.1-statute mile (13 km) people mover system in New York City that connects John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) to the city's subway, commuter trains and airport parking lots. It is operated by Bombardier Transportation under contract to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which also operates the airport and AirTrain Newark.
http://wn.com/AirTrain_JFK
Al Gore
Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr. (born March 31, 1948) served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was the Democratic Party nominee for President in the 2000 U.S. presidential election.
http://wn.com/Al_Gore
Algonquian peoples
The Algonquian are one of the most populous and widespread North American Native language groups, with tribes originally numbering in the hundreds. Today hundreds of thousands of individuals identify with various Algonquian peoples. This grouping consists of peoples that speak Algonquian languages.
http://wn.com/Algonquian_peoples
Asian American
Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. They comprise the third largest minority group in the United States. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the U.S. Census Bureau definition of Asian, which includes individuals of East Asian, South Asian, and Southeast Asian origin.
http://wn.com/Asian_American
Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
http://wn.com/Barack_Obama
Bolivian American
http://wn.com/Bolivian_American
Buddhism
Bolivian American is a compound term that applies to American citizens of Bolivian origin. Racially, Bolivian Americans are identified as Indigenous, European (mostly Spanish, German, or Croatian), Afro Bolivian, or a combination of any or all three races in varying degrees of admixture. Furthermore, there are Bolivian Americans of Japanese descent, albeit, in small numbers.
http://wn.com/Buddhism
Charles Schumer
http://wn.com/Charles_Schumer
Chinese people
http://wn.com/Chinese_people
Chuck Schumer
The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following:
http://wn.com/Chuck_Schumer
Colombian American
http://wn.com/Colombian_American
David Paterson
Colombian Americans are citizens of the United States who trace their nationality or heritage from the South American nation of Colombia. They are the largest South American ethnic group in the United States.
http://wn.com/David_Paterson
DeWitt Clinton
David Alexander Paterson (born May 20, 1954) is the 55th and current Governor of New York. He is the first governor of New York of African American heritage and also the second legally blind governor of any U.S. state after Bob C. Riley, who was Acting Governor of Arkansas for 11 days in January 1975.
http://wn.com/DeWitt_Clinton
Dominican American
http://wn.com/Dominican_American
Ecuadorian American
A Dominican American is any American who has origins in the Dominican Republic.
http://wn.com/Ecuadorian_American
French Canadians
An Ecuadorian American is any person in the United States who is of Ecuadorian ancestry. Ecuadorian Americans can be Mestizo, White, Afro-Ecuadorian, Indigenous, Mulato, or Zambo. Many Ecuadorians are of Lebanese descent. There are also sizable populations of Ecuadorians of Italian, German, Chinese, and Japanese descent.
http://wn.com/French_Canadians
Frédéric Bartholdi
http://wn.com/Frédéric_Bartholdi
George Pataki
http://wn.com/George_Pataki
George Perkins Marsh
George Elmer Pataki (; born June 24, 1945) is an American politician who was the 53rd Governor of New York. A member of the Republican Party, Pataki served three consecutive four-year terms from January 1, 1995 until December 31, 2006.
http://wn.com/George_Perkins_Marsh
George W. Bush
George Perkins Marsh (March 15, 1801 – July 23, 1882), an American diplomat and philologist, is considered by some to be America's first environmentalist. The Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park in Vermont takes its name, in part, from Marsh.
http://wn.com/George_W_Bush
George Washington
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
http://wn.com/George_Washington
German Americans
http://wn.com/German_Americans
German-American
http://wn.com/German-American
Gustave Eiffel
http://wn.com/Gustave_Eiffel
Harry Houdini
http://wn.com/Harry_Houdini
Henry Hudson
Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz; March 24, 1874 – October 31, 1926) was a Hungarian Jewish-American magician and escapologist, stunt performer, actor and film producer. He was also a skeptic who set out to expose frauds purporting to be supernatural phenomena.
http://wn.com/Henry_Hudson
Indigenous people
Henry Hudson (c. 1560/70s – 1611?) was an English sea explorer and navigator in the early 17th century. After several voyages on behalf of English merchants to explore a prospective Northeast Passage to India, Hudson explored the region around modern New York City while looking for a western route to Asia under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company. He explored the river which eventually was named for him, and laid thereby the foundation for Dutch colonization of the region.
http://wn.com/Indigenous_people
Irish-American
http://wn.com/Irish-American
Iroquois
http://wn.com/Iroquois
Italian-American
The Iroquois (), also known as the Haudenosaunee or the "People of the Longhouse", are an association of several tribes of indigenous people of North America. After the Iroquoian-speaking peoples coalesced as distinct tribes, based mostly in present-day central and upstate New York, in the 16th century or earlier they came together in an association known today as the Iroquois League, or the "League of Peace and Power". The original Iroquois League was often known as the Five Nations, as it was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca nations. After the Tuscarora nation joined the League in 1722, the Iroquois became known as the Six Nations. The League is embodied in the Grand Council, an assembly of fifty hereditary sachems.
http://wn.com/Italian-American
Jamaican American
http://wn.com/Jamaican_American
James II of England
Jamaican Americans are Americans of Jamaican heritage or Jamaican-born people who live in the United States of America. American citizenship is not a prerequisite of being a Jamaican American as permanent residents are also given this title.
http://wn.com/James_II_of_England
Janette Sadik-Khan
James II & VII (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Increasingly Britain's political and religious leaders opposed him as too pro-French, too pro-Catholic, and too much of an absolute monarch. When he produced a Catholic heir, the tension exploded and the leaders called on William III of Orange (his son-in-law and nephew) to land an invasion army from the Netherlands. James fled England (and thus abdicated) in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was replaced by William of Orange who became king as William III, ruling jointly with his wife (James's daughter) Mary II. Thus William and Mary, both Protestants, became joint rulers in 1689. James made one serious attempt to recover his crowns, when he landed in Ireland in 1689 but, after the defeat of the Jacobite forces by the Williamite forces at the Battle of the Boyne in the summer of 1690, James returned to France. He lived out the rest of his life as a pretender at a court sponsored by his cousin and ally, King Louis XIV.
http://wn.com/Janette_Sadik-Khan
John Kerry
Janette Sadik-Khan is the current Commissioner of the New York City Department of Transportation, appointed by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg on April 27, 2007, to replace Iris Weinshall. Previously she worked at Parsons Brinckerhoff as a Senior Vice President and was a board member of the Tri-State Transportation Campaign.
http://wn.com/John_Kerry
Kirsten Gillibrand
John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts, and is chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
http://wn.com/Kirsten_Gillibrand
Korean War
Kirsten Elizabeth Rutnik Gillibrand (; born December 9, 1966) is the junior United States Senator from New York and a member of the Democratic Party. On January 23, 2009, Gillibrand was appointed by Governor David Paterson to fill the U.S. Senate seat vacated by Hillary Rodham Clinton, who assumed the office of United States Secretary of State in the Obama administration. She is the second woman to serve as a U.S. Senator from New York.
http://wn.com/Korean_War
Koreans
http://wn.com/Koreans
Lenape
The Korean people are an ethnic group originating in the Korean peninsula. Most Koreans know how to speak the Korean language.
http://wn.com/Lenape
New Netherland
The Lenape ( or ) are a group of several organized bands of Native American people with shared cultural and linguistic characteristics. Their name for themselves (autonym), sometimes spelled Lennape or Lenapi, means "the people." They are also known as the Lenni Lenape (the "true people") or as the Delaware Indians. English settlers named the Delaware River after Lord De La Warr, the governor of the Jamestown settlement. They used the exonym above for almost all the Lenape people living along this river and its tributaries.
http://wn.com/New_Netherland
Non-Hispanic Whites
New Netherland, or Nieuw-Nederland in Dutch, was the 17th-century colonial province on the East Coast of North America of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. The claimed territories were the lands from the Delmarva Peninsula to extreme southwestern Cape Cod. The settled areas are now part of the Mid-Atlantic States of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Connecticut, with small outposts in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. The provincial capital, New Amsterdam, was located at the southern tip of the island of Manhattan on upper New York Bay.
http://wn.com/Non-Hispanic_Whites
Patroonship
The terms Non-Hispanic Whites or White, Not Hispanic refers to people in the United States, as defined by the Census Bureau, who are of the white race but not of Hispanic or Latino origin/ethnicity. They are of white race from colonial origin, Europe, North Africa, Middle East, South Asia,Canada, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The majority of Hispanic and Latino Americans are white; like the overall non-Hispanic population of the United States, Hispanics and Latinos can be of any race: white, black, Asian, etc, as race and ethnicity are considered independent of each other. Since the population of descendants of people from Spain in the United States is vastly outnumbered by those from Spain's former colonies, the Non-Hispanic White category can also be effectively used to give a good estimate of the directly descended European population in the United States (European Americans).
http://wn.com/Patroonship
Peruvian American
http://wn.com/Peruvian_American
Pre-Columbian era
A Peruvian American is an immigrant or descendant of immigrants from Peru that arrived in the United States. Among Peruvian Americans there are those of White, mestizo, Amerindian, and Afro-Peruvian descent, as well as others, including Italian, French, and German or a mix of any of these. A significant number are of pure or mixed Chinese or/and Japanese heritage.
http://wn.com/Pre-Columbian_era
Puerto Rican people
The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the Early Modern period.
http://wn.com/Puerto_Rican_people
Soil
http://wn.com/Soil
Vietnam War
Soil is a natural body consisting of layers (soil horizons) of mineral constituents of variable thicknesses, which differ from the parent materials in their morphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics. It is composed of particles of broken rock that have been altered by chemical and environmental processes that include weathering and erosion. Soil differs from its parent rock due to interactions between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and the biosphere. It is a mixture of mineral and organic constituents that are in solid, gaseous and aqueous states.
http://wn.com/Vietnam_War

"Empire State of Mind" Jay Z | Alicia Keys [OFFICIAL VIDEO]

...

published: 30 Oct 2009

Angel Haze - New York

...

published: 28 Jun 2012

new york alicia keys

...

published: 10 Jan 2010

Paloma Faith - New York ( Official Video )

...

published: 02 Aug 2009

Welcome to New York City, city guide (original DVD 60min.)

...

published: 02 Aug 2007

24 Hours in... New York City

...

published: 16 Nov 2007

Hey You! What Song are you Listening to? NEW YORK

...

published: 25 May 2011

Snow Patrol - New York

...

published: 30 Mar 2012

NEW YORK,NEW YORK

...

published: 21 May 2008

The Who at The Concert For New York City

...

published: 15 Sep 2011

Shit New Yorkers Say

...

published: 18 Jan 2012

Complete Second Presidential Town Hall Debate 2012: Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney - Oct 16, 2012

...

published: 17 Oct 2012

Embedded with the Syrian Army

...

published: 26 Oct 2012

Patsy Gallant - From New York To LA

...

published: 22 Nov 2008

DARK SIDE OF THE LENS

Winner - Best Cinematography, Rhode Island International Film Festival, 2011 Winner - Act...

published: 11 Aug 2010

Author: Astray Films

The Sandpit

A day in the life of New York City, in miniature. Winner: Prix Ars Electronica Award of ...

published: 23 Feb 2010

Author: Sam O'Hare

Timelapse - The City Limits

*UPDATE May 10th: Here's a video interview that I did this morning for MSNBC : http://ph...

published: 03 May 2011

Author: Dominic

Mindrelic - Manhattan in motion

I recently spent a little over a month hotel hopping in Manhattan (March 12th to April 29t...

published: 31 May 2011

Author: Mindrelic

<li class="playlistitemli thumbnail border_color">
        <div class="video_facebook">
            <a href="http://web.archive.org./web/20121029083110/http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http://wn.com/new_york&t=<%= title %>" title="Share this video" data-title="Share this video" target="_blank" style="target-name: new; target-new: tab;"></a>
        </div>

WN / RTayco
WN / RTayco
WN / RTayco
WN / RTayco
Public Domain / Evan-Amos
Creative Commons / Adam Moss
AP / Richard Drew
Creative Commons / DanielPenfield
Creative Commons / DanielPenfield
UN / Eskinder Debebe
AP / Jason DeCrow
AP / Tina Fineberg
AP / Craig Ruttle
AP / Mark Lennihan
AP / Jason DeCrow
AP / Seth Wenig
AP / Evan Agostini, File
AP / Evan Agostini/Invision
AP / Bob Wands, File
AP / Evan Agostini
Creative Commons / Anthony22
Creative Commons / 663highland
AP / Peter Kramer
AP / Evan Schneider
AP / Mark Lennihan
AP / Frank Franklin II
UN / Rick Bajornas
Creative Commons / Keith Allison
AP / CX Matiash
US DoD / Erin A. Kirk-Cuomo

Photo: WN / Yolanda Leyba

Virgin for sale: Website auctions off virginity of college student for $780,000 (Video)

The Examiner

26 Oct 2012

Related topics virgin auctionvirginity auction Advertisement A 20 year-old Brazilian student has sold her virginity for the sum of $780,000 through an online auction on a website simply called Virgins...

Chat

Photo: AP / Themba Hadebe

Mine workers sing a dance during a memorial service at the Lonmin Platinum Mine near Rustenburg, South Africa, Thursday, Aug. 23, 2012. Police shot and killed 34 striking miners and wounded 78 others last week. Demands for higher wages spread to at least two other mines, raising fears of further protests at more South African mines that provide most of the world's platinum.

News Flash: Gandhi Just Murdered in South Africa

WorldNews.com

29 Oct 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Yesterday while protesting with striking mine workers in South Africa, Mohandas Gandhi was gunned down by heavily armed security forces. Gandhi, who...

Chat

Photo: US Navy / MCS2 Justin Ailes

Hurricane Sandy makes landfall at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, October 24, 2012.

Slow-moving Hurricane Sandy marches toward East Coast

CNBC

27 Oct 2012

MIAMI (Reuters) - Hurricane Sandy pulled away from the Bahamas on Saturday after killing at least 41 people in the Caribbean, beginning a slow march toward the U.S. East Coast where it threatens to...

Chat

Photo: AP / Robert F. Bukaty

In this May 6, 2012 file photo, Gov. Paul LePage speaks at the Maine Republican Convention in Augusta, Maine. LePage met with representatives from two Jewish groups on Friday, July 13, 2012, following comments he has made comparing the Internal Revenue Service to the Gestapo

The New Gestapo Politics

WorldNews.com

28 Oct 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Even though Maine's Governor, Paul LePage, apologized for making comments for comparing the Affordable Health Care Act and Internal Revenue Service (IRS)...

Chat

Photo: AP / Khin Maung Win

A Rakhine refugee lies on a bed under medical treatment at Sittwe hospital in Sittwe, Rakhine State, western Myanmar, Friday, Oct. 26, 2012.

Burma: HRW satellite images 'show Rakhine destruction'

BBC News

27 Oct 2012

A human rights group has released pictures showing what appears to be the destruction of a western Burmese district riven by ethnic unrest. Human Rights Watch says more than 800 buildings and...

Chat

Timeline:
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001

Turkey and Germany: A unique partnership 29 Oct 2012

Deutsche Welle The expansion of economic ties, as well as growing cooperation in the field of foreign policy, have made Turkey and Germany crucial partners. But this new period also presents new challenges for Berlin. Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan's visit to Berlin this week will highlight a new...(size: 8.9Kb)

Happy pork chops? A new label for humane animal treatment 29 Oct 2012

Deutsche Welle The humane treatment of animals, fair prices for farmers and clear information for consumers: Germany's animal rights activists want to introduce a new label to help ensure all three of those goals. Organic food is en vogue, but its market share is still small. In the case of meat it's less than one...(size: 5.3Kb)

Israel's Barak Hopes To Extend Political Career 29 Oct 2012

National Public Radio JERUSALEM (AP) — He's been Israel's prime minister, military chief, the country's most decorated soldier and, for the past five years, its defense minister and moderate face to the West. Now Ehud Barak's long and distinguished career might be coming to an end. He is unpopular with the public, and...(size: 6.8Kb)

World Series Sweep - An Act of Greatness That Only One City Really Loved: TV Review 29 Oct 2012

The Hollywood Reporter share Whether most of the country cares or not, the Series made for great TV, and Fox deserves credit for detailing the San Francisco Giants' miracle. Getty Images The Giants win the World Series for the second time in three years....(size: 9.2Kb)

Car rental giant's city move creates 12 jobs 29 Oct 2012

Belfast Telegraph A GLOBAL car rental firm has expanded into new premises in Belfast,...(size: 0.4Kb)

Ulster Bank announces new £1.5bn mortgage initiative 29 Oct 2012

Belfast Telegraph Northern Ireland consumers could save over £2,000 on new mortgages through a new £1.5bn lending initiative, according to one of our biggest banks. The Ulster Bank today announced a major campaign offering its clients a range of incentives - including no arrangement or legal fees. It said that...(size: 2.0Kb)

Old and brand new 29 Oct 2012

Belfast Telegraph Brand names are important in today's world, and our list of some of the Northern Ireland favourites...(size: 0.7Kb)

IHT Quick Read: Monday, Oct. 29 29 Oct 2012

The New York Times By THE INTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE NEWS The Greek police arrested and then released the editor of an investigative magazine on Sunday after he published a list of more than 2,000 Greeks who were said to have accounts at a bank in Switzerland, throwing new controversy into a scandal over whether the...(size: 2.0Kb)

Britain Will Be Third World Economy by 2014: Authors 29 Oct 2012

MSNBC The U.K. economy may have just exited recession by posting its strongest quarterly gross domestic product growth in five years, but according to a recently published book, the U.K. will have a third world economy by 2014. Richard Newstead | Flickr | Getty Images Using analogies of famous English...(size: 18.4Kb)

TOYOTA X STUDIO4C's "PES (Peace Eco Smile)" Arrives in Europe! 29 Oct 2012

StreetInsider - Japan Expo Belgium with Unique Japanese Sensibilities, Aesthetic andAttractive Japanimation - Tweet TOKYO, Oct. 29, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Toyota Motor Sales & Marketing Corporation (TMSM) will be participating in Japan Expo Belgium (http://www.japan-expo.be/), to be held for the second time in...(size: 2.8Kb)

Orc Group AB: Orc Seamlessly Integrates Ultra-Low Latency Deterministic Market Data Feeds from NovaSparks 29 Oct 2012

StreetInsider Tweet Get Alerts ORC Hot Sheet Price: $0.06 +100.00% Market makers and prop traders can seamlessly switch to nanosecond-speed FPGA feeds without changing algorithms or screen set ups STOCKHOLM--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Orc (STO:ORC), a leading provider of technology and services for the global financial...(size: 6.5Kb)

Integral Hires Industry Veteran to Keep Pace with Accelerating Growth 29 Oct 2012

StreetInsider Tweet — Move Strengthens Onboarding and Customer Solutions SUNNYVALE, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Integral Development Corp. (www.integral.com), a leading provider of FX trading solutions and services, announced today that Douglas R. Sidnam has joined as Vice President, Global Head of Solutions....(size: 3.9Kb)

McDonalds aims to grind down coffee competition with entry into home brew market 29 Oct 2012

Stockhouse TORONTO - When McDonalds first charged into the Canadian coffee market with a new focus on the morning staple four years ago, it faced a country notorious for its loyalty to double-doubles and Timbits — but an influx of new options are giving coffee aficionados plenty of other ways to get their...(size: 4.6Kb)

timeline:
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001

"NY" redirects here. For other uses, see NY (disambiguation).

This article is about the U.S. state. For the city, see New York City. For other uses, see New York (disambiguation).

State of New York


Flag	Seal

Nickname(s): The Empire State

Motto(s): Excelsior (Latin)^[1]
Ever upward

Demonym

New Yorker

Capital

Albany

Largest city

New York City

Largest metro area

New York City Metropolitan Area

Area

Ranked 27th in the U.S.

- Total

54,556^[2] sq mi
(141,300 km²)

- Width

285 miles (455 km)

- Length

330 miles (530 km)

- % water

13.5

- Latitude

40° 30′ N to 45° 1′ N

- Longitude

71° 51′ W to 79° 46′ W

Population

Ranked 3rd in the U.S.

- Total

19,465,197 (2011 est)^[3]

- Density

412/sq mi (159/km²)
Ranked 7th in the U.S.

Elevation

- Highest point

Mount Marcy^[4]^[5]^[6]
5,343 ft (1628.57 m)

- Mean

1,000 ft (300 m)

- Lowest point

Atlantic Ocean^[5]^[6]
sea level

Admission to Union

July 26, 1788 (11th)

Governor

Andrew Cuomo (D)

Lieutenant Governor

Legislature

- Upper house

- Lower house

U.S. Senators

Charles Schumer (D)
Kirsten Gillibrand (D)

U.S. House delegation

21 Democrats,
8 Republicans
(list)

Time zone

Eastern: UTC -5/-4

Abbreviations

NY US-NY

Website

www.ny.gov

New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] ( listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.

New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.

New York was inhabited by various tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian speaking Native American tribes at the time Dutch settlers moved into the region in the early 17th century. In 1609, the region was first claimed by Henry Hudson for the Dutch. Fort Nassau was built near the site of the present-day capital of Albany in 1614. The Dutch soon also settled New Amsterdam and parts of the Hudson River Valley, establishing the colony of New Netherland. The British took over the colony by annexation in 1664.

The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were roughly similar to those of the present-day state. About one third of all the battles of the Revolutionary War took place in New York. The state constitution was enacted in 1777. New York became the 11th state to ratify the United States Constitution, on July 26, 1788.

History [link]

Main article: History of New York

17th century [link]

American Revolution [link]

New York in 1777

The Sons of Liberty were organized in New York City during the 1760s, largely in response to the oppressive Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament in 1765. The Stamp Act Congress met in the city on October 19 of that year: a gathering of representatives from across the Thirteen Colonies that set the stage for the Continental Congress to follow. The Stamp Act Congress resulted in the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which was the first written expression by representatives of the Americans of many of the rights and complaints later expressed in the United States Declaration of Independence, including the right to representative government.

The Capture of Fort Ticonderoga provided the cannon and gunpowder necessary to force a British withdrawal from the Siege of Boston in 1775.

New York endorsed the Declaration of Independence on July 9, 1776.^[8] The New York state constitution was framed by a convention which assembled at White Plains, New York on July 10, 1776, and after repeated adjournments and changes of location, terminated its labors at Kingston, New York on Sunday evening, April 20, 1777, when the new constitution drafted by John Jay was adopted with but one dissenting vote. It was not submitted to the people for ratification. On July 30, 1777, George Clinton was inaugurated as the first Governor of New York at Kingston.

The first major battle of the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared—and the largest battle of the entire war—was fought in New York at the Battle of Long Island (a.k.a. Battle of Brooklyn) in August 1776. British victory made New York City their military and political base of operations in North America for the duration of the conflict, and consequently the center of attention for General George Washington's intelligence network.

The notorious British prison ships of Wallabout Bay saw more American combatants die of intentional neglect than were killed in combat in every battle of the war, combined.

The first of two major British armies were captured by the Continental Army at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, influencing France to ally with the revolutionaries.

In an attempt to retain their sovereignty and remain an independent nation positioned between the new United States and British North America, four of the Iroquois nations fought on the side of the British; only the Oneidas and their dependents the Tuscaroras allied themselves to the Americans.^[9] The Sullivan Expedition of 1778 and 1779 destroyed nearly 50 Iroquois villages and adjacent croplands, forcing many refugees to British-held Niagara.^[10] As allies of the British, the Iroquois were resettled in Canada after the war. In the treaty settlement, the British ceded most Indian lands to the new United States. Because New York made treaty with the Iroquois without getting Congressional approval, some of the land purchases are the subject of modern-day claims by the individual tribes. More than 5 million acres (20,000 km²) of former Iroquois territory was put up for sale in the years after the Revolutionary War, leading to rapid development in upstate New York.^[11] As per the Treaty of Paris, the last vestige of British authority in the former Thirteen Colonies—their troops in New York City—departed in 1783, which was long afterwards celebrated as Evacuation Day.^[12]

Following heated debate, which included the publication of the now quintessential constitutional interpretation—the Federalist Papers—as a series of installments in New York City newspapers, New York was the 11th state to ratify the United States Constitution, on July 26, 1788.^[13]

19th century [link]

The creation of the Erie Canal led to rapid industrialization in New York.

Transportation in western New York was difficult before canals were built in the early part of the 19th century. The Hudson and Mohawk Rivers could be navigated only as far as Central New York. While the St. Lawrence River could be navigated to Lake Ontario, the way westward to the other Great Lakes was blocked by Niagara Falls, and so the only route to western New York was over land.

Governor DeWitt Clinton strongly advocated building a canal to connect the Hudson River with Lake Erie, and thus all the Great Lakes. Work commenced in 1817, and the Erie Canal was finished in 1825. It was considered an engineering marvel. Packet boats traveled up and down the canal with sightseers and visitors on board.^[14] The canal opened up vast areas of New York to commerce and settlement. It enabled Great Lakes port cities such as Buffalo and Rochester to grow and prosper. It also connected the burgeoning agricultural production of the Midwest and shipping on the Great Lakes, with the port of New York City. Improving transportation, it enabled additional population migration to territories west of New York.

Ellis Island [link]

Main article: Ellis Island

Scenes at the Immigration Depot and a nearby dock on Ellis Island

Ellis Island in 1905

Ellis Island was the main facility for immigrants, entering the United States in the late 19th century to the mid 20th century. It was opened when the federal government took over the responsibility for processing immigrants, prior to that it was the responsibility of the states. It replaced the prior New York State immigration center located at Castle Clinton, a War of 1812 era fort located in what is today Battery Park, through which at least 8 million immigrants such as Harry Houdini, passed through from 1855–1890.^[15]

Ellis Island operated as an immigration center from January 1, 1892, until November 12, 1954. It is owned by the Federal government and is now part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. It is situated in New York Harbor, between two states and cities, Jersey City, New Jersey and New York City, New York.

More than 12 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island, between 1892 and 1954. After 1924, when the National Origins Act was passed, the only immigrants to pass through there were displaced persons or war refugees.^[16] Today, over 100 million Americans can trace their ancestry to the immigrants, who first arrived in America through Castle Clinton and Ellis Island, before dispersing to points all over the country. Ellis Island was the subject of a border dispute between New York State and New Jersey. The issue was settled in 1998 by the U.S. Supreme Court which ruled that the original 3.3 acre island was New York State territory and that the balance of the 27.5 acres (11 ha) added after 1834 by landfill was in New Jersey.

Statue of Liberty [link]

Main article: Statue of Liberty

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty, designed by Frédéric Bartholdi, was a gift from France to the United States to mark the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence. The idea of giving a colossal representation of republican virtues to a "sister" republic, across the sea, served as a focus for the republican cause against other politicians. The Statue of Liberty was dedicated in New York Harbor on October 28, 1886.

Liberty Island closed on September 11, 2001; the island reopened in December, the monument reopened on August 3, 2004, but the statue remained closed until the summer of 2009. The National Park Service claims that the statue is not shut because of a terrorist threat, but principally because of a long list of fire regulation contraventions, including inadequate evacuation procedures. The museum and ten-story pedestal are open for visitors, but are only accessible if visitors have a "Monument Access Pass", which is a reservation that visitors must make in advance of their visit and pick up before boarding the ferry. There are a maximum of 3000 passes available each day, with a total of 15,000 visitors to the island daily. The interior of the statue remains closed, although a glass ceiling in the pedestal allows for views of Gustave Eiffel's iron framework of Lady Liberty.

Geography [link]

Main article: Geography of New York

New York terrain.

Map of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers.

New York covers 54,556 square miles (141,300 km²) and ranks as the 27th largest state by size.^[2] The Great Appalachian Valley dominates eastern New York, while Lake Champlain is the chief northern feature of the valley, which also includes the Hudson River flowing southward to the Atlantic Ocean. The rugged Adirondack Mountains, with vast tracts of wilderness, lie west of the valley.

Most of the southern part of the state is on the Allegheny Plateau, which rises from the southeast to the Catskill Mountains. The western section of the state is drained by the Allegheny River and rivers of the Susquehanna and Delaware systems. The Delaware River Basin Compact, signed in 1961 by New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and the federal government, regulates the utilization of water of the Delaware system. The highest elevation in New York is Mount Marcy in the Adirondacks.^[17]

New York's borders touch (clockwise from the west) two Great Lakes (Erie and Ontario, which are connected by the Niagara River); the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in Canada; Lake Champlain; three New England states (Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut); the Atlantic Ocean, and two Mid-Atlantic States, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. In addition, Rhode Island shares a water border with New York. New York is the only state that touches both the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean, and is the second-largest of the original Thirteen Colonies.

In contrast with New York City's urban atmosphere, the vast majority of the state is dominated by farms, forests, rivers, mountains, and lakes. New York's Adirondack Park is the largest state park in the United States. It is larger than the Yellowstone, Yosemite, Grand Canyon, Glacier and Olympic National Parks combined.^[18] New York established the first state park in the United States at Niagara Falls in 1885. Niagara Falls, on the Niagara River as it flows from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, is a popular attraction.

The Hudson River begins at Lake Tear of the Clouds and flows south through the eastern part of the state without draining Lakes George or Champlain. Lake George empties at its north end into Lake Champlain, whose northern end extends into Canada, where it drains into the Richelieu and then the St. Lawrence Rivers. Four of New York City's five boroughs are on three islands at the mouth of the Hudson River: Manhattan Island; Staten Island; and Long Island, which contains Brooklyn and Queens on its western end.

Upstate and downstate are often used informally to distinguish New York City or its greater metropolitan area from the rest of New York State. The placement of a boundary between the two is a matter of great contention.^[19] Unofficial and loosely defined regions of Upstate New York include the Southern Tier, which often includes the counties along the border with Pennsylvania,^[20] and the North Country, which can mean anything from the strip along the Canadian border to everything north of the Mohawk River.^[21]

Climate [link]

Main article: Climate of New York

Lake-effect snow is a major contributor to snowfall totals in western New York.

In general, New York has a humid continental climate, though under the Köppen climate classification, New York City has a humid subtropical climate.^[22] Weather in New York is heavily influenced by two continental air masses: a warm, humid one from the southwest and a cold, dry one from the northwest.

The winters are long and cold in the Plateau Divisions of the state. In the majority of winter seasons, a temperature of −13 °F (−25 °C) or lower can be expected in the northern highlands (Northern Plateau) and 5 °F (−15 °C) or colder in the southwestern and east-central highlands (Southern Plateau). The summer climate is cool in the Adirondacks, Catskills and higher elevations of the Southern Plateau.

The New York City/Long Island area and lower portions of the Hudson Valley have rather warm summers by comparison, with some periods of high, uncomfortable humidity. The remainder of New York State enjoys pleasantly warm summers, marred by only occasional, brief intervals of sultry conditions. Summer daytime temperatures usually range from the upper 70s to mid 80s °F (25 to 30 °C), over much of the state.

New York ranks 46th among the 50 states in the amount of greenhouse gases generated per person. This relative efficiency is primarily due to the state's higher rate of mass transit use.^[23]

Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities^[24] (Fahrenheit)
City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Albany max
min 31
13 34
16 44
25 57
36 70
46 78
55 82
60 80
58 71
50 60
39 48
31 36
20

Binghamton max
min 28
15 31
17 41
25 53
35 66
46 73
54 78
59 76
57 68
50 57
40 44
31 33
21

Buffalo max
min 31
18 33
19 42
26 54
36 66
48 75
57 80
62 78
60 70
53 59
43 47
34 36
24

Lake Placid max
min 27
5 32
8 40
16 54
29 66
39 74
48 78
53 76
51 69
44 56
34 44
25 32
12

Long Beach max
min 39
23 40
24 48
31 58
40 69
49 77
60 83
66 82
64 75
57 64
45 54
36 44
28

New York City max
min 38
26 41
28 50
35 61
44 71
54 79
63 84
69 82
68 75
60 64
50 53
41 43
32

Rochester max
min 31
17 33
17 43
25 55
35 68
46 77
55 81
60 79
59 71
51 60
41 47
33 36
23

Syracuse max
min 31
14 34
16 43
24 56
35 68
46 77
55 82
60 80
59 71
51 60
40 47
32 36
21

Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities (Celsius)
City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Albany max
min −1
−11 1
−9 7
−4 14
2 21
8 26
13 28
16 27
14 22
10 16
4 9
−1 2
−7

Binghamton max
min −2
−9 −1
−8 5
−4 12
2 19
8 23
12 26
15 24
14 20
10 14
4 7
−1 1
−6

Buffalo max
min −1
−8 1
−7 6
−3 12
2 19
9 24
14 27
17 26
16 21
12 15
6 8
1 2
−4

Lake Placid max
min −3
−15 0
−13 4
−9 12
−2 19
4 23
9 26
12 24
11 21
7 13
1 7
−4 0
−11

Long Beach max
min 4
−5 4
−4 9
−1 14
4 21
9 25
16 28
19 28
18 24
14 18
7 12
2 7
−2

New York City max
min 3
−3 5
−2 10
2 16
7 22
12 26
17 29
21 28
20 24
16 18
10 12
5 6
0

Rochester max
min −1
−8 1
−8 6
−4 13
2 20
8 25
13 27
16 26
15 22
11 16
5 8
1 2
−5

Syracuse max
min −1
−10 1
−9 6
−4 13
2 20
8 25
13 28
16 27
15 22
11 16
4 8
0 2
−6

Converted from Fahrenheit data (above)

**Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities**^[24]
City		Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Albany	max min	31 13	34 16	44 25	57 36	70 46	78 55	82 60	80 58	71 50	60 39	48 31	36 20
Binghamton	max min	28 15	31 17	41 25	53 35	66 46	73 54	78 59	76 57	68 50	57 40	44 31	33 21
Buffalo	max min	31 18	33 19	42 26	54 36	66 48	75 57	80 62	78 60	70 53	59 43	47 34	36 24
Lake Placid	max min	27 5	32 8	40 16	54 29	66 39	74 48	78 53	76 51	69 44	56 34	44 25	32 12
Long Beach	max min	39 23	40 24	48 31	58 40	69 49	77 60	83 66	82 64	75 57	64 45	54 36	44 28
New York City	max min	38 26	41 28	50 35	61 44	71 54	79 63	84 69	82 68	75 60	64 50	53 41	43 32
Rochester	max min	31 17	33 17	43 25	55 35	68 46	77 55	81 60	79 59	71 51	60 41	47 33	36 23
Syracuse	max min	31 14	34 16	43 24	56 35	68 46	77 55	82 60	80 59	71 51	60 40	47 32	36 21

**Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities**
City		Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Albany	max min	−1 −11	1 −9	7 −4	14 2	21 8	26 13	28 16	27 14	22 10	16 4	9 −1	2 −7
Binghamton	max min	−2 −9	−1 −8	5 −4	12 2	19 8	23 12	26 15	24 14	20 10	14 4	7 −1	1 −6
Buffalo	max min	−1 −8	1 −7	6 −3	12 2	19 9	24 14	27 17	26 16	21 12	15 6	8 1	2 −4
Lake Placid	max min	−3 −15	0 −13	4 −9	12 −2	19 4	23 9	26 12	24 11	21 7	13 1	7 −4	0 −11
Long Beach	max min	4 −5	4 −4	9 −1	14 4	21 9	25 16	28 19	28 18	24 14	18 7	12 2	7 −2
New York City	max min	3 −3	5 −2	10 2	16 7	22 12	26 17	29 21	28 20	24 16	18 10	12 5	6 0
Rochester	max min	−1 −8	1 −8	6 −4	13 2	20 8	25 13	27 16	26 15	22 11	16 5	8 1	2 −5
Syracuse	max min	−1 −10	1 −9	6 −4	13 2	20 8	25 13	28 16	27 15	22 11	16 4	8 0	2 −6
Converted from Fahrenheit data (above)

State parks [link]

Two major parks in the state are the Adirondack Park and Catskill Park.

New York has many state parks and two major forest preserves. Adirondack Park, roughly the size of the state of Vermont and the largest state park in the United States, was established in 1892 and given state constitutional protection to remain "forever wild" in 1894. The thinking that led to the creation of the Park first appeared in George Perkins Marsh's Man and Nature, published in 1864. Marsh argued that deforestation could lead to desertification; referring to the clearing of once-lush lands surrounding the Mediterranean, he asserted "the operation of causes set in action by man has brought the face of the earth to a desolation almost as complete as that of the moon."

The Catskill Park was protected in legislation passed in 1885,^[25] which declared that its land was to be conserved and never put up for sale or lease. Consisting of 700,000 acres (2,800 km²) of land,^[25] the park is a habitat for bobcats, minks and fishers. There are some 400 black bears living in the region. The state operates numerous campgrounds and there are over 300 miles (480 km) of multi-use trails in the Park.

The Montauk Point State Park boasts the 1797 Montauk Lighthouse, commissioned under President George Washington, which is a major tourist attraction on the easternmost tip of Long Island. Hither Hills park offers camping and is a popular destination with surfcasting sport fishermen.

Counties [link]

Map of the counties in New York

Main article: List of counties in New York

New York is divided into 62 counties:

Regions [link]

Main article: List of regions of the United States#New York

New York State is divided into eleven regions by the Department of Economic Development:^[26]

Regions of New York as defined by the New York State Department of Economic Development

Chautaugua–Allegheny

Niagara Frontier

Finger Lakes

Thousand Islands

Central Region (formerly Central-Leatherstocking)

Adirondack Mountains

Catskill Mountains

Hudson Valley

Capital District

New York City

Long Island

Chautaugua–Allegheny Niagara Frontier Finger Lakes Thousand Islands Central Region (formerly Central-Leatherstocking) Adirondack Mountains Catskill Mountains Hudson Valley Capital District New York City Long Island

New York State is sometimes divided into eight major regions:^[27]

North Country

Western New York

Central New York

Capital District

Southern Tier

Hudson Valley

New York City

Long Island

North Country Western New York Central New York Capital District Southern Tier Hudson Valley New York City Long Island

New York State is divided into ten regions by the Department of Economic Development:^[28]

Western New York (counties: Niagara, Erie, Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, and Allegany)

Finger Lakes (counties: Orleans, Genesse, Wyoming, Monroe, Livingston, Wayne, Ontario, Yates, and Seneca)

Central New York (counties: Cortland, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oswego, and Madison)

Southern Tier (counties: Steuben, Schuyler, Chemung, Tompkins, Tioga, Chenango, and Broome)

North Country New York (counties: St. Lawrence, Lewis, Jefferson, Hamilton, Essex, Clinton, and Franklin)

Capital District (counties: Albany, Columbia, Greene, Warren, Washington, Saratoga, Schenectady, and Rennselaer)

Mohawk Valley (counties: Oneida, Herkimer, Fulton, Montogomery, Otsego, and Schoharie)

Hudson Valley (counties: Sullivan, Ulster, Dutchess, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, and Westchester)

New York City (counties: New York, Bronx, Queens, Kings, and Richmond)

Long Island (counties: Nassau and Suffolk)

Western New York (counties: Niagara, Erie, Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, and Allegany) Finger Lakes (counties: Orleans, Genesse, Wyoming, Monroe, Livingston, Wayne, Ontario, Yates, and Seneca) Central New York (counties: Cortland, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oswego, and Madison) Southern Tier (counties: Steuben, Schuyler, Chemung, Tompkins, Tioga, Chenango, and Broome) North Country New York (counties: St. Lawrence, Lewis, Jefferson, Hamilton, Essex, Clinton, and Franklin) Capital District (counties: Albany, Columbia, Greene, Warren, Washington, Saratoga, Schenectady, and Rennselaer) Mohawk Valley (counties: Oneida, Herkimer, Fulton, Montogomery, Otsego, and Schoharie) Hudson Valley (counties: Sullivan, Ulster, Dutchess, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, and Westchester) New York City (counties: New York, Bronx, Queens, Kings, and Richmond) Long Island (counties: Nassau and Suffolk)

Cities [link]

Main article: List of cities in New York

Further information: List of towns in New York, List of villages in New York, and List of census-designated places in New York

There are 62 cities in New York. The largest city in the state and the most populous city in the United States is New York City, which comprises five counties (boroughs): the Bronx, New York (Manhattan), Queens, Kings (Brooklyn), and Richmond (Staten Island). New York City is home to more than two-fifths of the state's population.

The following are the ten largest cities in New York:^[29]

New York City (8,175,133)

Buffalo (261,310)

Rochester (210,565)

Yonkers (195,976)

Syracuse (145,170)

Albany (97,856)

New Rochelle (77,062)

Mount Vernon (67,292)

Schenectady (66,135)

Utica (62,235)

New York City (8,175,133) Buffalo (261,310) Rochester (210,565) Yonkers (195,976) Syracuse (145,170) Albany (97,856) New Rochelle (77,062) Mount Vernon (67,292) Schenectady (66,135) Utica (62,235)

The location of these cities within the state stays remarkably true to the major transportation and trade routes in the early 19th century, primarily the Erie Canal and railroads paralleling it. Today, Interstate 90 acts as a modern counterpart to commercial water routes.

Grouped by metropolitan statistical area,^[30] the following are the twelve largest population centers in the state are:

New York City (18,897,109 in NY/NJ/PA, 12,368,525 in NY)

Buffalo-Niagara Falls (1,135,509)

Rochester (1,054,323)

Albany and the Capital District (870,716)

Poughkeepsie and the Hudson Valley (670,301)

Syracuse (662,577)

Utica-Rome (299,397)

Binghamton (251,725)

Kingston (182,493)

Glens Falls (128,923)

Ithaca (101,564)

Elmira (88,830)

New York City (18,897,109 in NY/NJ/PA, 12,368,525 in NY) Buffalo-Niagara Falls (1,135,509) Rochester (1,054,323) Albany and the Capital District (870,716) Poughkeepsie and the Hudson Valley (670,301) Syracuse (662,577) Utica-Rome (299,397) Binghamton (251,725) Kingston (182,493) Glens Falls (128,923) Ithaca (101,564) Elmira (88,830)

The smallest city is Sherrill, New York, located just west of the Town of Vernon in Oneida County. Albany is the state capital, and the Town of Hempstead is the civil township with the largest population. If it were a city, it would be the second largest in the state with over 700,000 residents.

The southern tip of New York State—New York City, its suburbs including Long Island, the southern portion of the Hudson Valley, and most of northern New Jersey—can be considered to form the central core of the Northeast megalopolis", a super-city stretching from the northern suburbs of Boston south to the Virginia suburbs of Washington D.C..

Demographics [link]

Historical populations
Census	Pop.	%±
1790	340,120	—
1800	589,051	73.2%
1810	959,049	62.8%
1820	1,372,812	43.1%
1830	1,918,608	39.8%
1840	2,428,921	26.6%
1850	3,097,394	27.5%
1860	3,880,735	25.3%
1870	4,382,759	12.9%
1880	5,082,871	16.0%
1890	6,003,174	18.1%
1900	7,268,894	21.1%
1910	9,113,614	25.4%
1920	10,385,227	14.0%
1930	12,588,066	21.2%
1940	13,479,142	7.1%
1950	14,830,192	10.0%
1960	16,782,304	13.2%
1970	18,236,967	8.7%
1980	17,558,072	−3.7%
1990	17,990,455	2.5%
2000	18,976,457	5.5%
2010	19,378,102	2.1%
Sources: 1910–2010 1790–1900^[31]

Main article: Demographics of New York

Population [link]

New York population distribution map

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of New York was 19,465,197 on July 1, 2011, a 0.45% increase since the 2010 United States Census.^[3] In spite of the open land in the state, New York's population is very urban, with 92% of residents living in an urban area.^[32]

New York is a slowly growing state with a large rate of domestic migration to other states. In 2000 and 2005, more people moved from New York to Florida than from any one state to another.^[33] However, New York State is one of the leading destinations for international immigration and thus has the second largest immigrant population in the country of the American states, at 4.2 million as of 2008. Although Upstate New York receives considerable immigration, most of the state's immigrants settle in and around New York City, due to its more vibrant economy and cosmopolitan culture.

The center of population of New York is located in Orange County, in the town of Deerpark.^[34] New York City and its eight suburban counties (excluding those in New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania) have a combined population of 13,209,006 people, or 68.42% of the state's population.^[35]

Racial and ancestral makeup [link]

New York population ethnicity map

The Manhattan Chinatown.

Little Italy, New York City, circa 1900.

According to the US Census Bureau, the 2010 racial makeup of New York State was as follows:^[36]

White – 65.7%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) – 17.6%
Black or African American – 15.9%
Asian – 7.3% (3.0% Chinese, 1.6% Indian, 0.7% Korean, 0.5% Filipino, 0.3% Pakistani, 0.3% Bangladeshi, 0.2% Japanese, 0.1% Vietnamese)
Two or more races – 3.0%
Native American/American Indian – 0.6%

The major ancestry groups in New York State are African American (15.8%), Italian (14.4%), Irish (12.9%), German (11.1%) and English (6%).^[37] According to a 2004 estimate, 20.4% of the population is foreign-born.

The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has declined from 94.6% in 1940 to 58.3% in 2010.^[36]^[38]

New York is home to the largest African American population and the second largest Asian American population in the United States. In addition it is home to the largest Puerto Rican, Dominican and Jamaican American populations in the continental United States. The New York City neighborhood of Harlem has historically been a major cultural capital for African-Americans of sub-Saharan descent, and Bedford Stuyvesant is the largest such population in the United States.

Queens, also in New York City, is home to the state's largest Asian-American population, and is also the most diverse county in the United States. The second highest volume of Asian-Americans is in Manhattan's Chinatown. The neighborhood of Flushing in Queens is also a prime center of Chinese and Korean populations, as well as businesses owned by and catering to its' Asian-American community. Queens is home to the largest Andean population (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian and Bolivian) population in the United States.

In the 2000 Census, Italian Americans made up the largest ancestral group in Staten Island and Long Island, followed by Irish Americans. Albany and southeast-central New York also have populations with many of Irish-American and Italian-American descent. In Buffalo and western New York, German Americans are the largest group; in the northern tip of the state, French Canadians are. Americans of English ancestry are present throughout all of upstate New York. New York State has a higher number of Italian Americans than any other U.S. state.

6.5% of New York's population were under 5 years of age, 24.7% under 18, and 12.9% were 65 or older. Females made up 51.8% of the population.

According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 13.61% of the population aged 5 and over speak Spanish at home, while 2.04% speak Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.65% Italian, and 1.23% Russian.^[39]

Largest cities [link]

v t e Largest cities or towns of New York http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-NewYork.html
	Rank	City name	County	Pop.
New York Buffalo	1	New York	multiple	8,175,133	Rochester Yonkers
	2	Buffalo	Erie	261,310
	3	Rochester	Monroe	210,565
	4	Yonkers	Westchester	195,976
	5	Syracuse	Onondaga	145,170
	6	Albany	Albany	97,856
	7	New Rochelle	Westchester	77,062
	8	Cheektowaga	Erie	75,178
	9	Mount Vernon	Westchester	67,292
	10	Schenectady	Schenectady	66,135

Religion [link]

Catholics comprise more than 40% of the population in New York.^[40] Protestants are 30% of the population, Jews 8.4%, Muslims 3.5%, Buddhists 1%, and 13% claim no religious affiliation. The largest Protestant denominations are the United Methodist Church with 403,362; the American Baptist Churches USA with 203,297; and the Episcopal Church with 201,797 adherents.^[41]

Economy [link]

Main article: Economy of New York

New York quarter, reverse side, 2001.jpg

The New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by total market capitalization of its listed companies.^[42]

Midtown Manhattan in New York City, the largest central business district in the United States

A dairy farm in Brunswick

New York's gross state product in 2010 was $1.16 trillion, ranking third in size behind the larger states of California and Texas.^[43] If New York were an independent nation, it would rank as the 16th largest economy in the world behind Turkey. Its 2007 per capita personal income was $46,364, placing it sixth in the nation behind Maryland, and eighth in the world behind Ireland. New York's agricultural outputs are dairy products, cattle and other livestock, vegetables, nursery stock, and apples. Its industrial outputs are printing and publishing, scientific instruments, electric equipment, machinery, chemical products, and tourism.

A recent review by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities found 13 states, including several of the nation's largest, face budget shortfalls for FY2009. New York faces a deficit that could be as large as $4.3 billion.^[44]

New York exports a wide variety of goods such as foodstuffs, commodities, minerals, computers and electronics, cut diamonds, and automobile parts. In 2007, the state exported a total of $71.1 billion worth of goods, with the five largest foreign export markets being Canada ($15 billion), United Kingdom ($6 billion), Switzerland ($5.9 billion), Israel ($4.9 billion), and Hong Kong ($3.4 billion). New York's largest imports are oil, gold, aluminum, natural gas, electricity, rough diamonds, and lumber.

Canada is a very important economic partner for the state. 21% of the state's total worldwide exports went to Canada in 2007. Tourism from the north is also a large part of the economy. Canadians spent US$487 million in 2004 while visiting the state.

New York City is the leading center of banking, finance and communication in the United States and is the location of the New York Stock Exchange, the largest stock exchange in the world by dollar volume. Many of the world's largest corporations are based in the city.

The state also has a large manufacturing sector that includes printing and the production of garments, furs, railroad equipment and bus line vehicles. Many of these industries are concentrated in upstate regions. Albany and the Hudson Valley are major centers of nanotechnology and microchip manufacturing, while the Rochester area is important in photographic equipment and imaging.

New York is a major agricultural producer, ranking among the top five states for agricultural products such as dairy, apples, cherries, cabbage, potatoes, onions, maple syrup and many others. The state is the largest producer of cabbage in the U.S. The state has about a quarter of its land in farms and produced US$3.4 billion in agricultural products in 2001. The south shore of Lake Ontario provides the right mix of soils and microclimate for many apple, cherry, plum, pear and peach orchards. Apples are also grown in the Hudson Valley and near Lake Champlain.

New York is the nation's third-largest grape-producing state, behind California, and second-largest wine producer by volume. The south shore of Lake Erie and the southern Finger Lakes hillsides have many vineyards. In addition, the North Fork of Long Island developed vineyards, production and visitors' facilities in the last three decades of the 20th century. In 2004, New York's wine and grape industry brought US$6 billion into the state economy.

The state has 30,000 acres (120 km²) of vineyards, 212 wineries, and produced 200 million bottles of wine in 2004. A moderately sized saltwater commercial fishery is located along the Atlantic side of Long Island. The principal catches by value are clams, lobsters, squid, and flounder. These areas of the economy have been increasing as environmental protection has led to an increase in ocean wildlife.

As of January 2010, the state's unemployment rate was 8.8%.^[45]

Transportation [link]

Main article: Transportation in New York

The Thaddeus Kosciusko Bridge carries I-87 over the Mohawk River

The New York City Subway serves more than 5 million rides on a given weekday

New York has one of the most extensive and one of the oldest transportation infrastructures in the country. Engineering difficulties because of the terrain of the state and the unique issues of the city brought on by urban crowding have had to be overcome since the state was young. Population expansion of the state generally followed the path of the early waterways, first the Hudson River and then the Erie Canal. Today, railroad lines and the New York State Thruway follow the same general route. The New York State Department of Transportation is often criticized for how they maintain the roads of the state in certain areas and for the fact that the tolls collected along the roadway have long passed their original purpose. Until 2006, tolls were collected on the Thruway within The City of Buffalo. They were dropped late in 2006 during the campaign for Governor (both candidates called for their removal).

In addition to New York City's famous mass transit subway, four suburban commuter railroad systems enter and leave the city: the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, Port Authority Trans-Hudson, and five of New Jersey Transit's rail lines. Many other cities have urban and regional public transportation. In Buffalo, the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority runs the Buffalo Metro Rail light-rail system; in Rochester, the Rochester Subway operated from 1927 until 1956 but has fallen into disuse.

License plate introduced on April 1, 2010 for vehicles registered in New York State.

Former License plate design introduced in 2001

The New York State Department of Motor Vehicles (NYSDMV or DMV) is the governmental agency responsible for registering and inspecting automobiles and other motor vehicles as well as licensing drivers in the State of New York. As of 2008, the NYSDMV has 11,284,546 drivers licenses on file^[46] and 10,697,644 vehicle registrations in force.^[47] All gasoline powered vehicles registered in New York State must get an emissions inspection every 12 months. Diesel powered vehicles with a Gross Weight Rating over 8 500 lb that are registered in the NY Metropolitan Area must get an annual emissions inspection. All vehicles registered in NYS must get an annual safety inspection.

Portions of the transportation system are intermodal, allowing travelers to easily switch from one mode of transportation to another. One of the most notable examples is AirTrain JFK which allows rail passengers to travel directly to terminals at John F. Kennedy International Airport.

In May 2009, the New York City Department of Transportation under the control of Transportation Commissioner Janette Sadik-Khan banned cars from Times Square in a move designed to improve traffic flow and reduce pollution and pedestrian accidents.^[48] On February 11, 2010, Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced that the pedestrian plazas would remain permanent.^[49]

Politics and government [link]

Main article: Government of New York

The New York State Capitol building in Albany.

Under its present constitution (adopted in 1938), New York is governed by the same three branches that govern all fifty states of the United States: the executive branch, consisting of the Governor of New York and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the legislative branch, consisting of the bicameral New York State Legislature (senate and assembly); and the judicial branch, consisting of the state's highest court, the New York Court of Appeals, and lower courts. The state has two U.S. senators, 29 members in the United States House of Representatives, and 31 electoral votes in national presidential elections (a drop from its 47 votes during the 1940s).

New York's capital is Albany. The state's subordinate political units are its 62 counties. Other officially incorporated governmental units are towns, cities, and villages. New York has more than 4,200 local governments that take one of these forms. About 52% of all revenue raised by local governments in the state is raised solely by the government of New York City, which is the largest municipal government in the United States, whereas New York City houses only 42% of the state population.^[50]

The state has a strong imbalance of payments with the federal government. New York State receives 82 cents in services for every $1 it sends in taxes to the federal government in Washington.^[51] The state ranks near the bottom, in 42nd place, in federal spending per tax dollar.^[52]

Many of New York's public services are carried out by public benefit corporations, frequently called authorities or development corporations. Well known public benefit corporations in New York include the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which oversees New York City's public transportation system, and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, a bi-state transportation infrastructure agency.

New York's legal system is explicitly based upon English common Law.

Federal representation [link]

As of the 2000 census and the redistricting for the 2002 elections, the state has 29 members in the United States House of Representatives, and two U.S. senators. Two seats in the House will be lost in 2013 due to a decline in the state's rate of population growth.^[53] New York has 31 electoral votes in national presidential elections (a drop from its 47 votes during the 1940s).

New York is represented by Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand in the United States Senate and has 29 representatives to the United States House of Representatives, behind California's 53 congressional districts and Texas' 32 congressional districts.

Capital punishment [link]

Main article: Capital punishment in New York

Capital punishment was reintroduced in 1995 under the Pataki administration but the statute was declared unconstitutional in 2004, when the New York Court of Appeals ruled in People v. LaValle that it violated the state constitution. The remaining death sentence was commuted by the court to life imprisonment in 2007, in People v. John Taylor, and the death row was disestablished in 2008, under executive order from Governor Paterson. No execution has taken place in New York since 1963. Legislative efforts to amend the statute have failed, and death sentences are no longer sought at the state level, though certain crimes that fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government are subject to the federal death penalty.^[54]^[55]^[56]

Politics [link]

Andrew Cuomo (D) is the current Governor of New York.

Main articles: Politics of New York, Elections in New York, Political party strength in New York, and New York's congressional districts

In the last few decades, New York State has generally supported candidates belonging to the Democratic Party in national elections. Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama won New York State by 25 percentage points in 2008, a bigger margin than John Kerry in 2004. New York City is a major Democratic stronghold with liberal politics. Many of the state's other urban areas, such as Albany, Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse are also Democratic. Rural upstate New York, however, is generally more conservative than the cities and tends to favor Republicans. Heavily populated Suburban areas such as Westchester County and Long Island have swung between the major parties over the past 25 years, but more often than not support Democrats.

Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.^[57]

New York City is the most important source of political fund-raising in the United States for both major parties. Four of the top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top zip code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2000 presidential campaigns of both George W. Bush and Al Gore.^[58]

Education [link]

Main article: Education in New York

System Administration Building of the State University of New York in Albany

The University of the State of New York oversees all public primary, middle-level, and secondary education in the state, while the New York City Department of Education manages the public school system in New York City. In 1894, reflecting general racial discrimination, the state passed a law that allowed communities to set up schools for children of African-American descent. In 1900, the state passed another law requiring integrated schools.^[59]

At the post-secondary level, the statewide public university system is the State University of New York commonly refereed to as SUNY. New York City also has its own City University of New York which is additionally funded by the city. The SUNY system consists of 64 community colleges, technical colleges, undergraduate colleges, and doctoral-granting institutions including several universities. The four SUNY university centers, offering a wide array of academic programs, are University at Albany, Binghamton University, University at Buffalo and Stony Brook University.

In addition there are many notable private universities, including the oldest Catholic institution in the Northeast, Fordham University. New York is home to both Columbia University in New York City and Cornell University in Ithaca, making it the only state to contain more than one Ivy League school. Syracuse University is located in the City of Syracuse in Central New York. West Point, the service academy of the U.S. Army is located just south of Newburgh, on the banks of the Hudson River.

During the 2007–2008 school year, New York spent more per pupil on public education than any other state.^[60]

Sports [link]

Main article: Sports in New York

New York hosted the 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid. The 1980 Games are known for the USA–USSR hockey game dubbed the "Miracle on Ice" in which a group of American college students and amateurs defeated the heavily favored Soviet national ice hockey team 4–3 and went on to win the gold medal against Finland. Along with St. Moritz, Switzerland and Innsbruck, Austria, Lake Placid is one of the three cities to have hosted the Winter Olympic Games twice. New York City bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics but lost to London.

New York is the home of one National Football League team, the Buffalo Bills (based in the suburb of Orchard Park). Although the New York Giants and New York Jets represent the New York metropolitan area and were previously located in New York City, they play in MetLife Stadium, located in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The Meadowlands stadium will host Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. There has been much controversy over several proposals for a new New York Jets football stadium. The owners of the New York Jets were willing to split the $1.5 billion cost of building a new football stadium over Manhattan's West Side rail yards, but the proposal never came to fruition.

New York also has two Major League Baseball teams, the New York Yankees (based in the Bronx) and the New York Mets (based in Queens). New York is home to three National Hockey League franchises: the New York Rangers in Manhattan, the New York Islanders on Long Island and the Buffalo Sabres in Buffalo. New York has two National Basketball Association teams, the New York Knicks, in Manhattan, and the Brooklyn Nets in Brooklyn. There are a variety of minor league teams that can be found all through the State of New York, such as the Long Island Ducks.

List of all New York State professional sports teams
Club	Sport	League
Buffalo Bills	Football	National Football League
New York Red Bulls	Soccer	Major League Soccer
Brooklyn Nets	Basketball	National Basketball Association
New York Knicks	Basketball	National Basketball Association
Rochester Raging Rhinos	Soccer	USL First Division
Buffalo Sabres	Ice hockey	National Hockey League
New York Islanders	Ice Hockey	National Hockey League
New York Rangers	Ice Hockey	National Hockey League
Adirondack Phantoms	Ice Hockey	American Hockey League
Albany River Rats	Ice Hockey	American Hockey League
Binghamton Senators	Ice Hockey	American Hockey League
Elmira Jackals	Ice Hockey	ECHL
Rochester Americans	Ice Hockey	American Hockey League
Syracuse Crunch	Ice Hockey	American Hockey League
New York Mets	Baseball	Major League Baseball
New York Yankees	Baseball	Major League Baseball
Brooklyn Cyclones	Baseball	New York – Penn League
Staten Island Yankees	Baseball	New York – Penn League
Jamestown Jammers	Baseball	New York – Penn League
Batavia Muckdogs	Baseball	New York – Penn League
Auburn Doubledays	Baseball	New York – Penn League
Oneonta Tigers	Baseball	New York – Penn League
Tri-City Valley Cats	Baseball	New York – Penn League
Hudson Valley Renegades	Baseball	New York – Penn League
Binghamton Mets	Baseball	Eastern League
Buffalo Bisons	Baseball	International League
Rochester Red Wings	Baseball	International League
Syracuse Chiefs	Baseball	International League
Long Island Ducks	Baseball	Atlantic League of Professional Baseball
New York Dragons	Arena football	Arena Football League
Albany Conquest	Arena football	af2
Long Island Lizards	Lacrosse	Major League Lacrosse
Rochester Rattlers	Lacrosse	Major League Lacrosse
Buffalo Bandits	Lacrosse	National Lacrosse League
Rochester Knighthawks	Lacrosse	National Lacrosse League
New York Titans	Lacrosse	National Lacrosse League
Brooklyn Wonders	Basketball	American Basketball Association
Buffalo Silverbacks	Basketball	American Basketball Association
Rochester Razorsharks	Basketball	American Basketball Association
Strong Island Sound	Basketball	American Basketball Association
Albany Patroons	Basketball	Continental Basketball Association
New York	Gaelic football	Gaelic Athletic Association
New York	hurling	Gaelic Athletic Association

References [link]

^ "New York State Motto". New York State Library. January 29, 2001. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070608031632/http%3A//www.nysl.nysed.gov/emblems/motto.htm. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
^ ^a ^b "Land and Water Area of States (2000)". Infoplease.com. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108355.html. Retrieved April 11, 2008. Note: This area is based on U.S. Census Bureau figures. Other sources such as The World Almanac and the Rand McNally World Atlas use an area of 49,576 square miles (128,400 km²), which would rank the state 30th.
^ ^a ^b "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011" (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2011. http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/tables/NST-EST2011-01.csv. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
^ "Marcy". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=PG2096. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
^ Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.),Exploring Historic Dutch New York. Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, New York (2011). ISBN 978-0-486-48637-6
^ "Declaration of Independence". history.com. Archived from the original on April 9, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080409165028/http%3A//www.history.com/minisites/fourthofjuly/viewPage%3FpageId%3D690. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
^ Alan Taylor (2006). The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-45471-7.
^ "Sullivan/Clinton Interactive Map Set". http://www.sullivanclinton.com/mapset/shell.swf. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
^ Chen, David W. Battle Over Iroquois Land Claims Escalates [1] The New York Times. May 16, 2000. . Retrieved April 11, 2008.
^ "Happy Evacuation Day". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/daily_plants/daily_plant_main.php?id=19733. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
^ "New York's Ratification". The U.S. Constitution Online. http://www.usconstitution.net/rat_ny.html. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
^ "The Erie Canal: A Brief History". New York State Canals. http://www.nyscanals.gov/cculture/history/. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
^ National Park Service: Castle Clinton
^ The Brown Quarterly, Volume 4, No. 1 (Fall 2000)—Ellis Island/Immigration Issue^{[dead link]}
^ "Elevations and Distances in the United States". U.S Geological Survey. April 29, 2005. http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest. Retrieved November 6, 2006.
^ About the Adirondack Park, Adirondack Park Agency. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
^ Eisenstadt, Peter, ed. (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1619. ISBN 978-0-8156-0808-0.
^ Eisenstadt, Peter, ed. (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1437. ISBN 978-0-8156-0808-0.
^ Eisenstadt, Peter, ed. (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1119. ISBN 978-0-8156-0808-0.
^ "Climate of New York". New York State Climate Office – Cornell University. http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climate_of_ny.html. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
^ The New York Post (June 3, 2007). "A Breath of Fresh New York Air". http://www.nypost.com/seven/06032007/news/regionalnews/a_breath_of_fresh_n_y__air_regionalnews_.htm. Retrieved June 6, 2007. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Typical High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities". US Travel Weather. http://www.ustravelweather.com/new-york/. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Catskill Park History". catskillpark.org. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080705134653/http://www.catskillpark.org/history/history.htm. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
^ "Map of eleven regions". Visitnewyorkstate.net. http://www.visitnewyorkstate.net/regions/. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Map of the eight regions of New York". Nyeducationjobs.com. http://www.nyeducationjobs.com/Information%20Resources/members_new_york_map.htm. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Age/sex/race in New York State: Based on Census 2010".
^ "New York: History, Geography, Population, and State Facts". Infoplease.com. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108252.html. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "2010 Census National Summary File of Redistricting Data - Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 - United States -- Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. April 14, 2011. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_NSRD_GCTPL2.US24PR&prodType=table. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
^ "New York: 2000 (Population and Housing Unit Counts)" (PDF). 2000 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. 2000. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-34.pdf. Retrieved September 18, 2010. (page 1 of the document, page 31 of the file)
^ Timothy S. Parker (September 10, 2010). "New York Fact Sheet: NY agriculture income population food education employment farms top commodities exports counties financial indicators poverty organic farming farm income America USDA". Ers.usda.gov. http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/NY.htm. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Domestic Migration Flows for States from the 2005 ACS" (Microsoft Word). Archived from the original on October 25, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071025032612/http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Downloads/State_Migration_Flows_Paper.doc. Retrieved October 19, 2007.
^ "Population and Population Centers by State: 2000" (Text). http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt. Retrieved January 5, 2007.
^ "DP-3. Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics: 2000, Geographic Area: New York". U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?-geo_id=04000US36&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U. Retrieved January 5, 2007.
^ ^a ^b "New York QuickFacts". U.S. Census Bureau. January 17, 2012. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36000.html. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
^ Awesome America: New York. Retrieved August 18, 2007.
^ "New York - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
^ "Language Map Data Center". Mla.org. July 17, 2007. http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=36&mode=state_tops. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
^ Egon Mayer, PhD; Barry A. Kosmin, PhD, Ariela Keysar, PhD (2001). "American Religious Identification Survey(Key Findings)". The City University of New York. http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm. Retrieved January 5, 2007. ^{[dead link]}
^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives | Maps & Reports". Thearda.com. http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/36_2000.asp. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Market highlights for first half-year 2010". World Federation of Exchanges. http://www.world-exchanges.org/files/file/stats%20and%20charts/July%202010%20WFE%20Market%20Highlights.pdf. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
^ [greyhill.com/gdp-by-state "GDP by State"]. Greyhill Advisors. greyhill.com/gdp-by-state. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
^ 13 States Face Total Budget Shortfall of at Least $23 Billion in 2009; 11 Others Expect Budget Problems, December 18, 2007, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
^ Bls.gov; Local Area Unemployment Statistics
^ "NYS DMV – Statistics – NYS Driver Licenses on File – 2008". Nydmv.state.ny.us. http://www.nydmv.state.ny.us/Statistics/statli08.htm. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
^ "NYS DMV – Statistics – Vehicle Registrations in Force – 2008". Nydmv.state.ny.us. http://www.nydmv.state.ny.us/Statistics/regin08.htm. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
^ "New York celebrates new era as cars are banished from Times Square". London: MailOnline. May 26, 2009. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1187300/New-York-celebrates-new-era-cars-banished-Times-Square.html. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
^ (February 11, 2010). "Pedestrian Plaza To Remain Permanent Fixture Of Times Square". NY1.com. http://www.ny1.com/5-manhattan-news-content/top_stories/113521/pedestrian-plaza-to-remain-permanent-fixture-of-times-square. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
^ Office of the New York State Comptroller (2006-11). "2006 Annual Report on Local Governments" (PDF). http://www.osc.state.ny.us/localgov/datanstat/annreport/06annreport.pdf. Retrieved November 14, 2006.
^ New York City Finance Division (March 11, 2005). "A Fair Share State Budget: Does Albany Play Fair with NYC?". http://webdocs.nyccouncil.info/attachments/65379.htm?CFID=232457&CFTOKEN=33008944. Retrieved July 19, 2006.
^ "Federal Spending in Each State Per Dollar of Federal Taxes FY2005". Tax Foundation. http://www.taxfoundation.org/research/show/266.html. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
^ Rey, Jay (December 22, 2010). "N.Y.'s slow growth will mean loss of two seats in House". The Buffalo News. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
^ Rob Gallagher (October 25, 2005). "New York Executions". Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080528081537/http%3A//users.bestweb.net/%7Erg/execution/NEW%2520YORK.htm. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
^ Scott, Brendan (July 24, 2008). "GOV PULLS SWITCH ON DEATH CELL". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/seven/07242008/news/regionalnews/gov_pulls_switch_on_death_cell_121295.htm. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
^ Powell, Michael (April 13, 2005). "In N.Y., Lawmakers Vote Not to Reinstate Capital Punishment". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A47871-2005Apr12.html. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
^ Nicholas Confessore and Michael Barbaro (June 24, 2011). "New York Allows Same-Sex Marriage, Becoming Largest State to Pass Law". The New York Times Company. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/25/nyregion/gay-marriage-approved-by-new-york-senate.html?_r=1&hp. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
^ Opensecrets.org (May 16, 2005). "2006 Election Overview: Top Zip codes". http://www.opensecrets.org/bigpicture/topzips.asp?cycle=2004. Retrieved July 19, 2006.
^ Martha A. Sandweiss, Passing Strange: A Gilded Age Tale of Love and Deception Across the Color Line, New York: Penguin Press, 2009, p. 213
^ Thomas, G. Scott (June 28, 2010). "New York Leads Nation in Education Spending". The Business Review (American City Business Journals, Inc). http://albany.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2010/06/28/daily2.html. Retrieved June 29, 2010.

External links [link]

Find more about New York on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
	Images and media from Commons
	Learning resources from Wikiversity
	News stories from Wikinews
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Textbooks from Wikibooks

General

New York at the Open Directory Project

Government

Tourism and recreation

Culture and history

Maps and Demographics

USGS geographic resources of New York
New York State Climate Office (NOAA and Cornell University)
New York State Fact Sheet
2000 Census of Population and Housing for New York, U.S. Census Bureau
OPENCities Monitor participant
Geographic data related to New York at OpenStreetMap

v t e State of New York

Albany (capital) The Empire State

Topics	Administrative divisions Bibliography Congressional districts Constitution Demographics Economy Education Elections Geography Government Governor Legislature Court System History Symbols People Politics Transportation Visitor Attractions

Regions	Adirondack Mountains Allegheny Plateau Capital District Catskill Mountains Central Region (formerly Central-Leatherstocking) Central New York Champlain Valley City of New York Finger Lakes Holland Purchase Hudson Highlands Hudson Valley Long Island Mohawk Valley New York Metro Niagara Frontier North Country Ridge and Valley Saint Lawrence Seaway Shawangunks Ski country Southern Tier Southtowns Tech Valley Thousand Islands Upstate Western

Metro areas	Albany / Schenectady / Troy Binghamton Buffalo / Niagara Falls Elmira / Corning Glens Falls Ithaca Kingston New York City Poughkeepsie / Newburgh / Middletown Rochester Syracuse Utica / Rome

Counties	Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond Rockland Saint Lawrence Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Wyoming Yates

v t e The Thirteen Colonies of Colonial America

Connecticut Colony Delaware Colony Province of Georgia Province of Maryland Province of Massachusetts Bay Province of New Hampshire Province of New York Province of New Jersey Province of North Carolina Province of Pennsylvania Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Province of South Carolina Colony of Virginia

v t e Political divisions of the United States

States	Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Federal district	Washington, D.C. (District of Columbia)

Insular areas	American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Outlying islands	Bajo Nuevo Bank Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Serranilla Bank Wake Island

United States topics

History

Timeline	Pre-Columbian era Colonial era (Thirteen Colonies, Colonial American military history) American Revolution (War) Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Gilded Age African-American Civil Rights Movement (1896–1954) Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II (Home front) Cold War Korean War Space Race African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–present) War on Terror (War in Afghanistan, Iraq War) Timeline of modern American conservatism

Topics	Demographic Discoveries Economic (Debt Ceiling) Inventions (before 1890, 1890–1945, 1946–1991, after 1991) Military Postal Technological and industrial

Federal
government

Law	Constitution Federalism Preemption Separation of powers Bill of Rights Civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports

Legislature - Congress	Senate Vice President President pro tem House of Representatives Speaker

Judiciary - Supreme Court	Federal courts Courts of appeal District courts

Executive - President	Executive Office Cabinet / Executive departments Civil service Independent agencies Law enforcement Public policy

Intelligence	Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency National Security Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation

Uniformed Services	Dept. of Defense Air Force Army Marine Corps Navy National Guard Dept. of Homeland Security Coast Guard Dept. of Commerce NOAA Corps Dept. of Health & Human Services Public Health Service Corps

Politics

Geography

Cities, towns, and villages
Counties
Extreme points
Islands
Mountains
- Peaks
- Appalachian
- Rocky
National Park System
Regions
Rivers
- Colorado
- Columbia
- Mississippi
- Missouri
- Ohio
- Rio Grande
States
Territory
Water supply and sanitation

Economy

Society

Topics	Crime Demographics Education Family structure Health care Health insurance Incarceration Languages American English Spanish French Media People Public holidays Religion Sports

Social class	Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Homeownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth

Culture	Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Dance Fashion Flag Folklore Literature Music Philosophy Radio Television Theater

Issues	Abortion Affirmative action Anti-Americanism Capital punishment Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Exceptionalism Gun politics Health care reform Human rights Immigration Illegal Immigration LGBT rights Same-sex marriage Obesity Racism Interpretation of "Separation of church and state" Terrorism

Book
Category
Portal
WikiProject

Ontario Lake Ontario	Quebec	Lake Champlain
Lake Erie		Vermont Massachusetts Connecticut
	New York: Outline • Index East

Pennsylvania	New Jersey	Atlantic Ocean

Preceded by Virginia	List of U.S. states by date of statehood Ratified Constitution on July 26, 1788 (11th)	Succeeded by North Carolina

Coordinates: 43°N 75°W / 43°N 75°W / 43; -75 (New York)

http://wn.com/New_York

http://de.wn.com/New York (Bundesstaat)

http://es.wn.com/Nueva York (estado)

http://ru.wn.com/Нью-Йорк (штат)

http://cs.wn.com/New York (stát)

http://pt.wn.com/Nova Iorque (estado)

http://pl.wn.com/Nowy Jork (stan)

http://hi.wn.com/न्यूयॉर्क

http://it.wn.com/New York (stato)

http://id.wn.com/New York

http://nl.wn.com/New York (staat)

http://fr.wn.com/État de New York

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

This article is about the city in the United Kingdom. For other uses, see York (disambiguation).

"City of York" redirects here. For other uses, see City of York (disambiguation).

York

— Unitary Authority and City —

An aerial view of York, with York Minster in the centre

Arms of City of York Council

Nickname(s): "Capital of the North",^[1] "Chocolate City"^[2]

Motto: 'Let the Banner of York Fly High'

York

York shown within North Yorkshire and England

Coordinates: 53°57′30″N 1°4′49″W / 53.95833°N 1.08028°WCoordinates: 53°57′30″N 1°4′49″W / 53.95833°N 1.08028°W

Sovereign state

United Kingdom

Constituent country

England

Region

Yorkshire and the Humber

Ceremonial county

North Yorkshire

Admin HQ

York City Centre

Founded

as Eboracum c. 71 AD

Government

• Type

Unitary Authority, City

• Governing body

City of York Council

• Leadership:

Leader and Executive

• Executive:

Labour

• MPs:

Hugh Bayley (L)
Julian Sturdy (C)

Area

• Total

105.00 sq mi (271.94 km²)

Population (2010 est.)

• Total

202,400 (Ranked 80th)

• Density

1,780/sq mi (687/km²)

• Ethnicity
(2009 Estimates)^[3]

92.8% Any White
3.4% Any Asian
1.3% Mixed
1.2% Any Black
1.4% Any Chinese or other

Time zone

Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0)

• Summer (DST)

British Summer Time (UTC+1)

Postcode

01904

GB-YOR

00FF

SE603517

NUTS 3

UKE21

Website

www.york.gov.uk

York (local ⁱ/ˈjɔːk/) is a walled city, situated at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The city has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events throughout much of its two millennia of existence. The city offers a wealth of historic attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent, and a variety of cultural and sporting activities.

The city was founded by the Romans in 71 AD, under the name of Eboracum. It became in turn the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Jorvik. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England, a role it has retained.^[4]

In the 19th century York became a hub of the railway network and a confectionery manufacturing centre. In recent decades, the economy of York has moved from being dominated by its confectionery and railway-related industries to one that provides services. The University of York and health services have become major employers, whilst tourism has become an important element of the local economy.

From 1996, the term City of York describes a unitary authority area which includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries. In 2001 the urban area had a population of 137,505,^[5] while in 2010 the entire unitary authority had an estimated population of 202,400 ^[3]

History [link]

Main article: History of York

Toponymy [link]

The word 'York' is partly related to the Latin name for the city, variously rendered as Eboracum, Eburacum or Eburaci. The first mention of York by this name is dated to c. 95–104 AD as an address on a wooden stylus tablet from the Roman fortress of Vindolanda in Northumberland.^[6]

The toponymy of Eboracum is uncertain because the language of the pre-Roman indigenous population of the area was never recorded. These people are thought to have spoken a Celtic language, related to modern Welsh.^[7]^[8]^[9] Therefore, it is thought that Eboracum is derived from the Brythonic word Eborakon, that is a combination of eburos "yew-tree" (cf. Old Irish ibar "yew-tree", Welsh efwr "alder buckthorn", Breton evor "alder buckthorn") and suffix *-āko(n) "place" (cf. Welsh -og)^[10] meaning either "place of the yew trees" (cf. efrog in Welsh, eabhrac in Irish Gaelic and eabhraig in Scottish Gaelic, by which names the city is known in those languages) or less probably “Eburos′property”, that is really a personal Celtic name, mentioned in different documents Eβουρος, Eburus, Eburius combined with the same suffix *-āko(n), that could mark a property.^[11]^[12]

The name Eboracum was turned into Eoforwic by the Anglians in the 7th century : a compound of Eofor-, from the old name, and -wic “village”. This was probably by conflation of the element Ebor- with a Germanic root *eburaz (boar); by the 7th century the Old English for 'boar' had become eofor. When the Danish army conquered the city in 866, the name became rendered as Jórvík.^[13]

Jórvík was gradually reduced to York in the centuries following the Norman Conquest, moving from the Middle English Yerk in the 14th century through to Yourke in the 16th century and then Yarke in the 17th century. The form York was first recorded in the 13th century.^[4]^[14] Many present day names of companies and places, such as Ebor taxis and the Ebor race meeting, refer to the Roman name.^[15] The Archbishop of York also uses Ebor as his surname in his signature.^[16]

Early history [link]

Roman wall and the west corner tower of Eboracum. The top half is medieval.

Archaeological evidence suggests that Mesolithic people settled in the region of York between 8000 and 7000 BC, although it is not known whether these settlements were permanent or temporary. By the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, the area was occupied by a tribe known to the Romans as the Brigantes. The Brigantian tribal area initially became a Roman client state, but, later its leaders became more hostile to Rome. As a result the Roman Ninth Legion was sent north of the Humber into Brigantian territory.^[17]

The city itself was founded in 71 AD, when the Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes and constructed a wooden military fortress on flat ground above the River Ouse close to its confluence with the River Foss. The fortress, which was later rebuilt in stone, covered an area of 50 acres (20 ha) and was inhabited by 6,000 soldiers. The site of the Roman fortress lies under the foundations of York Minster, and excavations in the Minster's undercroft have revealed some of the original walls.^[13]^[18]

The Emperors Hadrian, Septimius Severus and Constantius I all held court in York during their various campaigns. During his stay, the Emperor Severus proclaimed York capital of the province of Britannia Inferior, and it is likely that it was he who granted York the privileges of a colonia or city. Constantius I died in 306 AD during his stay in York, and his son Constantine the Great was proclaimed Emperor by the troops based in the fortress.^[18]^[19]

While the Roman colonia and fortress were located on high ground, by 400 the town itself was victim to periodic flooding from the rivers Ouse and Foss and lay abandoned.^[20] York declined in the post-Roman era, and was taken and settled by the Angles in the 5th century.^[21]

Reclamation of the flooded parts of the town were initiated in the 7th century under King Edwin of Northumbria, and York became his chief city.^[22] The first Minster church was built in York for the baptism of Edwin in 627.^[23] Edwin ordered that this small wooden church should be rebuilt in stone, however, he was killed in 633 and the task of completing the stone Minster fell to his successor Oswald.^[13]^[24] In the following century Alcuin of York came to the cathedral school of York. He had a long career as a teacher and scholar, first at the school at York now known as St Peter's School, York, which was founded in 627 AD, and later as Charlemagne's leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational affairs.^[25]

In 866, Northumbria was in the midst of internecine struggles when the Vikings raided and captured York. Under Viking rule the city became a major river port, part of the extensive Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe. The last ruler of an independent Jórvík, Eric Bloodaxe, was driven from the city in the year 954 by King Edred in his successful attempt to complete the unification of England.^[26]

Post conquest [link]

The Shambles, a medieval street in York

In 1068, two years after the Norman Conquest of England, the people of York rebelled. Initially the rebellion was successful, however, upon the arrival of William the Conqueror the rebellion was put down. William at once built two wooden fortresses on mottes, which are still visible, on either side of the river Ouse. York was ravaged by him as part of the harrying of the North.^[27]

The first stone Minster church was badly damaged by fire in the uprising and the Normans later decided to build a new Minster on a new site. Around the year 1080 Archbishop Thomas started building a cathedral that in time became the current Minster.^[24] In the 12th century York started to prosper. In 1190, York Castle was the site of an infamous massacre of its Jewish inhabitants, in which at least 150 Jews died (although some authorities put the figure as high as 500).^[28]

The city, through its location on the River Ouse and its proximity to the Great North Road became a major trading centre. King Henry I granted the city's first charter, confirming trading rights in England and Europe.^[24]^[29] During the course of the later Middle Ages York merchants imported wine from France, cloth, wax, canvas, and oats from the Low Countries, timber and furs from the Baltic and exported grain to Gascony and grain and wool to the Low Countries.^[30] York became a major cloth manufacturing and trading centre. Edward I further stimulated the city's economy by using the city as a base for his war in Scotland. The city was the location of significant unrest during the so-called Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The city acquired an increasing degree of autonomy from central government including the privileges granted by a charter of Richard II in 1396.

Tudor and Stuart times [link]

A panorama of 15th century York by E Ridsdale Tate, York Castle is on the right hand side of river, opposite the abandoned motte of Baile Hill

The city underwent a period of economic decline during Tudor times. Under Henry VIII, the Dissolution of the Monasteries saw the end of the York's many monastic houses, including several orders of friars, the hospitals of St Nicholas and of St Leonard, the largest such institution in the north of England. This led to the Pilgrimage of Grace, an uprising of northern Catholics in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire who were opposed to religious reform. Henry VIII restored his authority through the establishmnent of the Council of the North in York in the dissolved St Mary's Abbey. The city very much became a trading and service centre during this period.^[31]^[32]

Guy Fawkes, who was born and educated in York, was a member of a group of Roman Catholic restorationists that planned the Gunpowder Plot.^[33] Its aim was to displace Protestant rule by blowing up the Houses of Parliament while King James I and the entire Protestant and even most of the Catholic aristocracy and nobility were inside.

In 1644, during the Civil War, the Parliamentarians besieged York, and many medieval houses outside the city walls were lost. The barbican at Walmgate Bar was undermined and explosives laid, but, the plot was discovered. On the arrival of Prince Rupert, with an army of 15,000 men, the siege was lifted. The Parliamentarians retreated some 6 miles (10 km) from York with Rupert in pursuit, before turning on his army and soundly defeating it at the Battle of Marston Moor. Of Rupert's 15,000 troops, no fewer than 4,000 were killed and 1,500 captured. The siege was renewed, nevertheless, the city could not hold out for long, and on 15 July the city surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax.^[31]

Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and the removal of the garrison from York in 1688, the city was dominated by the local gentry and merchants, although the clergy were still important. Competition from the nearby cities of Leeds and Hull, together with silting of the River Ouse, resulted in York losing its pre-eminent position as a trading centre. Nevertheless, the city's role as the social and cultural centre for wealthy northerners was on the rise. York's many elegant townhouses, such as the Lord Mayor's Mansion House and Fairfax House (now owned by York Civic Trust) date from this period, as do the Assembly Rooms, the Theatre Royal, and the Racecourse.^[32]^[34]

Modern history [link]

The Minster and railway war memorial seen from the Station Road walls

mak all t'railways cum to York

—George Hudson, ^[35]

The railway promoter George Hudson was responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839. Although Hudson's career as a railway entrepreneur eventually ended in disgrace and bankruptcy, his promotion of his own railway company, the York and North Midland Railway and of York over Leeds, helped establish York as a major railway centre by the late 1800s.^[36]

The introduction of the railways also established engineering in the city.^[37]^[38] At the turn of the 20th century, the railway accommodated the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway, which employed over 5,500 people in York. The railway was also instrumental in the expansion of Rowntree's Cocoa Works. Rowntree's was founded in York in 1862 by Henry Isaac Rowntree, who was joined in 1869 by his brother the philanthropist Joseph Rowntree.^[39] Terry's Confectionery Works was also a major employer in the city.^[32]^[40] By 1900 the railways and confectionary had become the two major industries of the city.^[38]

With the emergence of tourism as a major industry, the historic core of York became one of the city's major assets, and in 1968 it was designated a conservation area.^[41] The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of the National Railway Museum in York in 1975^[42] and the Jorvik Viking Centre in 1984. The opening of the University of York in 1963 added to the prosperity of the city.^[43]

York was voted as European Tourism City of the Year by European Cities Marketing in June 2007. York beat 130 other European cities to gain first place, surpassing Gothenburg in Sweden (second) and Valencia in Spain (third).^[44]

Governance [link]

Parliamentary constituencies [link]

From 1997 to 2010 the central part of the district was covered by the City of York constituency, while the remainder was split between the constituencies of Ryedale, Selby, and Vale of York.^[45] These constituencies were represented by Hugh Bayley, John Greenway, John Grogan, and Anne McIntosh respectively.

Following their review in 2003 of parliamentary representation in North Yorkshire, the Boundary Commission for England recommended the creation of two new seats for the City of York, in time for the general election in 2010. These are York Central, which covers the inner urban area, and is entirely surrounded by the York Outer constituency.^[46]

The whole of the city and local authority area lies within the Yorkshire and the Humber constituency of the European Parliament.^[47]

Local government [link]

The Guildhall where members of the City of York Council meet.

York is the traditional county town of Yorkshire, yet it did not form part of any of the three historic ridings, or divisions, of Yorkshire. York is an ancient borough, and was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 to form a municipal borough. It gained the status of a county borough in 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888, and existed so until 1974, when, under the Local Government Act 1972, it became a non-metropolitan district in the county of North Yorkshire.^[48]^[49]

As a result of 1990s UK local government reform, York regained unitary status and saw a substantial alteration in its borders, taking in parts of Selby and Harrogate districts, and about half the population of the Ryedale district.^[50] The new boundary was imposed after central government rejected the council's own proposal.

The City of York Council has 47 councillors.^[51]^[52] As a result of the 2011 local elections the Labour Party won 26 seats to give them a majority of five seats. The Liberal Democrats have eight councillors. The Conservative Party has ten councillors and the Greens have two with one Independent.^[53]

York Council operates on a Leader and Cabinet style of governance. Councillors are appointed to the cabinet by the full council of 47. Cabinet Members make decisions on their portfolio areas individually.^[54]^[55]

As of May 2011^[update], York’s Right Honourable Lord Mayor is Councillor David Horton and his wife, Jane Horton, is the new Lady Mayoress. Alan Deller is the new Sheriff with his wife, Ann, the Sheriff's Lady.^[56] Both appointments are made each May for a period of one year. Although York’s Sheriff office is the oldest in England it is now a purely ceremonial post. The Lord Mayor also carries out civic and ceremonial duties in addition to chairing full meetings of the council.^[52]

The York Youth Council consists of several young people who negotiate with the councillors to get better facilities for York's young people.^[57]^[58]

Party		Seats	City of York Council (2011 election)
	Labour	26
	Conservative	10
	Liberal Democrat	8
	Green	2
	Independent	1

Geography [link]

Main article: Areas of the City of York

Location [link]

York lies within the Vale of York, a flat area of fertile arable land bordered by the Pennines, the North York Moors and the Yorkshire Wolds The original city was built at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss on a terminal moraine left by the last Ice Age.^[59]

During Roman times, the land surrounding the rivers Ouse and Foss was very marshy, making the site easier to defend. The city is prone to flooding from the River Ouse, and has an extensive (and mostly effective) network of flood defences. These include walls along the Ouse, and a liftable barrier across the River Foss where it joins the Ouse at the 'Blue Bridge'. In October and November 2000 York experienced the worst flooding in 375 years with over 300 homes being flooded.^[60] Much land in and around the city is on flood plains and has always been too flood-prone for development other than agriculture. The ings are flood meadows along the River Ouse, while the strays are open common grassland in various locations around the city.

Climate [link]

York has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons. As with the rest of the Vale of York the city's climate is drier and warmer than the rest of the Yorkshire and Humberside region. Because of its lowland location York is prone to frosts, fog, and cold winds during winter, spring and very early summer.^[61] In summer the average maximum temperature is 22 °C (72 °F) although some days can see highs of up to 28 °C (82 °F) rarely exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). Nights are significantly colder averaging minimum of 15 °C (60 °F), although these can consistently dip below 10 °C (50 °F). The average daytime temperature in winter is 7 °C (45 °F) and 2 °C (36 °F) at night. Snow can fall in winter from December onwards to as late as April, but, quickly melts. The wettest months are November, December and January with an average of 17 days per month with rainfall more than 0.25 millimetres (0.01 in). From May to July York experiences the most sunshine with an average of six hours per day.^[62] Extremes recorded at the University of York campus between 1998 and 2010 include a highest temperature of 33 °C (91.4 °F) (Monday 17 July 2006) and a lowest temperature of -12.3 °C (9.9 °F) (Monday 6 December 2010). The most rainfall in one day was 62.4 millimetres (2.5 in).^[63]

Climate data for York, England
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	15 (59)	17 (63)	21 (70)	24 (75)	29 (84)	32 (90)	31 (88)	33 (91)	29 (84)	26 (79)	19 (66)	16 (61)	33 (91)
Average high °C (°F)	6 (43)	7 (45)	10 (50)	13 (55)	16 (61)	19 (66)	21 (70)	21 (70)	18 (64)	14 (57)	10 (50)	7 (45)	13.5 (56.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)	3.5 (38.3)	4 (39)	6 (43)	8.5 (47.3)	11.5 (52.7)	14.5 (58.1)	16.5 (61.7)	16.5 (61.7)	14 (57)	11.5 (52.7)	7 (45)	4.5 (40.1)	9.75 (49.55)
Average low °C (°F)	1 (34)	1 (34)	2 (36)	4 (39)	7 (45)	10 (50)	12 (54)	12 (54)	10 (50)	7 (45)	4 (39)	2 (36)	6 (43)
Record low °C (°F)	−14 (7)	−10 (14)	−13 (9)	−3 (27)	−1 (30)	2 (36)	5 (41)	4 (39)	−1 (30)	−4 (25)	−8 (18)	−11 (12)	−14 (7)
Precipitation mm (inches)	59 (2.32)	46 (1.81)	37 (1.46)	41 (1.61)	50 (1.97)	50 (1.97)	62 (2.44)	68 (2.68)	55 (2.17)	56 (2.2)	65 (2.56)	50 (1.97)	639 (25.16)
Avg. precipitation days	17	15	13	13	13	14	15	14	14	15	17	17	177
Mean monthly sunshine hours	31	56	93	130	186	180	186	150	120	93	60	31	1,316
Source: BBC Weather^[64]

Demography [link]

York Compared in 2010
2010 UK Population Estimates^[3]	York	Yorkshire and the Humber	England
Total population	202,400	5,301,300	52,234,000
White	92.8%	89.6%	87.5%
Mixed	1.3%	1.5%	1.9%
Asian	3.4%	6.2%	6.0%
Black	1.2%	1.5%	2.9%
Chinese or other	1.4%	1.3%	1.6%

The York urban area had a population of 137,505^[5] comprising 66,142 males and 71,363 females in 2001. Also at the time of the 2001 UK census, the City of York had a total population of 181,094 of whom 93,957 were female and 87,137 were male. Of the 76,920 households in York, 36.0% were married couples living together, 31.3% were one-person households, 8.7% were co-habiting couples and 8.0% were lone parents. The figures for lone parent households were below the national average of 9.5%, and the percentage of married couples was also close to the national average of 36.5%; the proportion of one person households was slightly higher than the national average of 30.1%.^[65]

The population density was 4,368 /km² (11,310 /sq mi).^[5] Of those aged 16–74 in York, 24.6% had no academic qualifications, a little lower than 28.9% in all of England. Of York’s residents, 5.1% were born outside the United Kingdom, significantly lower than the national average of 9.2%. White British form 95% of the population, the largest single minority group was recorded as Asian, at 1.9% of the population.

The number of theft-from-a-vehicle offences and theft of a vehicle per 1,000 of the population was 8.8 and 2.7 compared to the English national average of 6.9 and 2.7 respectively.^[66] The number of sexual offences was 0.9, in line with the national average.^[66] The national average of violence against another person was 16.2 compared to the York average of 16.8.^[66] The figures for crime statistics were all recorded during the 2006–07 financial year.

Population change [link]

The table below details the population change since 1801.

Population growth in York since 1801
Year	1801	1811	1821	1831	1841	1851	1861	1871	1881	1891	1901	1911	1921	1931	1941^[a]	1951	1961	1971	1981	1991	2001^[b]	2011
Population	24,080	27,486	30,913	36,340	40,337	49,899	58,632	67,364	76,097	81,802	90,665	100,487	106,278	112,402	123,227	135,093	144,585	154,749	158,170	172,847	181,131	202,400
Source: Vision of Britain^[67]

Religion [link]

Religion in York 2001^[68]
UK Census 2001	York	Yorkshire and the Humber	England
Christian	74.42%	73.07%	71.74%
No religion	16.57%	14.09%	14.59%
Muslim	0.58%	3.81%	3.1%
Buddhist	0.21%	0.14%	0.28%
Hindu	0.19%	0.32%	1.11%
Jewish	0.11%	0.23%	0.52%
Sikh	0.05%	0.38%	0.67%
Other religions	0.30%	0.19%	0.29%
Religion not stated	7.57%	7.77%	7.69%

Main article: Religion in York

At the time of the 2001 UK census the population of York was 181,094 and its ethnic composition was 97.84% white, compared with the English average of 90.92%. York's population has a slightly higher elderly population than the national average.^[68] Christianity is the religion with the largest following in York with 74.4% residents reporting themselves as Christian in the 2001 census.

These census figures show no other single religion returned affiliation, as a percentage of population, above the national average for England, but, those responding as "No Religion" was higher than the national average.

There are 33 active Anglican churches in York which is home to the Archbishop of York and the Mother Church, York Minster, and administrative centre of the northern province of the Church of England and the Diocese of York.^[69] York is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough, has eight Roman Catholic churches and a number of different Catholic religious orders.^[70]

Other Christian denominations that are active in York include Religious Society of Friends who have a number of meeting houses in York,^[71] Methodists with the York North and York South circuits of The Methodist Church York and Hull District,^[72] and Unitarians. There is one mosque in York which also contains a UK Islamic Mission Islamic centre.^[73] Various Buddhist traditions are represented in the city and around York.^[74]

Economy [link]

Offices of Aviva in York

York's economy is based on the service industry, which in 2000 was responsible for 88.7% of employment in the city.^[75] The service industries in York include public sector employment, health, education, finance, information technology (IT) and tourism that accounts for 10.7% of employment. Tourism has become an important element of the local economy, with the city offering a wealth of historic attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent, as well as a variety of cultural activities. In 2009, York was the 7th most visited city by UK residents and the 13th most visited by overseas visitors.^[76]^[77]

Unemployment in York is low at 4.2% in 2008 compared to the United Kingdom national average of 5.3%.^[75] The biggest employer in York is the City of York Council, with over 7,500 employees. Employers with more than 3,000 staff include Aviva (formerly Norwich Union Life), Selby and York Primary Care Trust, Shepherd Building Group (including Portakabin), and University of York. Other major employers include British Telecom, CPP Group (life assistance products), Nestlé, NFU Mutual and a number of railway companies.^[78]^[79]

Today's economic position is very different from the position of the economy as recently as the 1950s, when York's prosperity was based on chocolate manufacturing and the railways. This position continued until the early 1980s when 30% of the workforce were employed by just five employers and 75% of manufacturing jobs were in four companies.^[80] Most of the industry around the railway has gone, including the carriage works (known as Asea Brown Boveri or ABB at the time of closure) which at its height in 1880s employed 5,500 people, but, closed in the mid 1990s.^[80]^[81] York is the headquarters of the confectionery manufacturer Nestlé York (formerly Nestlé Rowntrees), and home to the KitKat and eponymous Yorkie bar chocolate brands. Terry's chocolate factory, makers of the Chocolate Orange, was also located in the city; but it closed on 30 September 2005, when production was moved by its owners, Kraft Foods, to Poland. However, the historic factory building can still be seen, situated next to the Knavesmire racecourse.

It was announced on 20 September 2006 that Nestlé would be cutting 645 jobs at the Rowntree's chocolate factory in York.^[82] This came after a number of other job losses in the city at Aviva, British Sugar and Terry's chocolate factory.^[83] Despite this, the employment situation in York remained fairly buoyant until the effects of the late 2000s recession began to be felt.^[84]

Since the closure of York's carriage-works, the site has been developed into the headquarters for CPP Group and two housing schemes, one of which was a self-build project. York's economy has been developing in the areas of science, technology and the creative industries. The city has become a founding National Science City with the creation of a science park near the University of York.^[85] Between 1998 and 2008 York gained 80 new technology companies and 2,800 new jobs in the sector.^[86]

Regional gross value added figures for York, at 2005 basic prices in pounds sterling, are:^[87]

Year	Agriculture	Industry	Services	Total
1995	30	579	1,443	2,052
2000	13	782	2,168	2,963
2003	16	779	2,505	3,299

Transport [link]

York's location on the River Ouse and in the centre of the Vale of York means that it has always had a significant position in the nation's transport system.^[30] The city grew up as a river port at the confluence of the River Ouse and the River Foss. The Ouse was originally a tidal river, accessible to sea-going ships of the time. Today both of these rivers remain navigable, although the Foss is only navigable for a short distance above the confluence. A lock at Naburn on the Ouse to the south of York means that the river in York is no longer tidal.^[88]

Until the end of the 20th century, the Ouse was used by barges to carry freight between York and the port of Hull. The last significant traffic was the supply of newsprint to the local newspaper's Foss-side print works, which continued until 1997. Today navigation is almost exclusively leisure-oriented. YorkBoat provides cruises on the river.^[88]

Panorama of the River Ouse looking south from Lendal Bridge

Like most cities founded by the Romans, York is well served by long distance trunk roads. The city lies at the intersection of the A19 road from Doncaster to Tyneside, the A59 road from Liverpool to York, the A64 road from Leeds to Scarborough, and the A1079 road from York to Hull. The A64 road provides the principal link to the motorway network, linking York to both the A1(M) and the M1 motorways at a distance of about 10 miles (16 km) from the city.

Stonegate is pedestrianised during the day

The city is surrounded on all sides by an outer ring road, at a distance of some 3 miles (4.8 km) from the centre of the city, which allows through traffic to by-pass the city. The street plan of the historic core of the city dates from medieval times and is not suitable for modern traffic. As a consequence many of the routes inside the city walls are designated as car free during business hours or restrict traffic entirely. To alleviate this situation, five bus based park and ride sites operate in York. The sites are located towards the edge of the urban area, with easy access from the ring road, and allow out of town visitors to complete their journey into the city centre by bus.^[89]

York railway station and Royal York Hotel

York has been a major railway centre since the first line arrived in 1839 at the beginning of the railway age. For many years the city hosted the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway.^[40] York railway station is a principal stop on the East Coast Main Line from London to Newcastle and Edinburgh. It takes less than two hours to get to York from London by rail, with at least 25 direct trains each weekday. The station is also served by long distance trains on Cross Country services linking Edinburgh and Newcastle with destinations in south and west England via Birmingham.^[90] TransPennine Express provide a frequent service of semi-fast trains linking York to Newcastle, Scarborough, Leeds, Manchester, Manchester Airport, and Liverpool. Local stopping services by Northern Rail connect York to Bridlington, Harrogate, Hull, Leeds, Sheffield and many intermediate points, as well as many other stations across Greater Manchester and Lancashire.^[90]

York has an airfield at the former RAF Elvington, some 7 miles (11 km) south-east of the city centre, which is the home of the Yorkshire Air Museum. Elvington is used for private aviation. Plans have been drafted to expand the site for business aviation or a full commercial service.^[91]

York is linked to Manchester Airport by an hourly direct TransPennine Express train, giving access to the principal airport serving the north of England, with connections to many destinations in Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia.^[90] Leeds Bradford Airport is closer to York but the hourly York Air Coach service operated by First York was withdrawn as of April 2009.^[92] Leeds Bradford Airport provides connections to most major European and North African airports as well as Pakistan and New York.

File:York ftr.jpg

A York FTR bus

Public transport within the city is largely bus based. The principal bus operator is First York, a part of FirstGroup plc. First York operates the majority of the city's local bus services, as well as the York park and ride services. York is the location of the first implementation of FirstGroup's experimental, and controversial, ftr bus concept, which seeks to confer the advantages of a modern tramway system at a lower cost.^[93] Transdev York and York Pullman also operate a number of local bus services. Open top tourist and sightseeing buses are operated by Transdev York on behalf of City Sightseeing, and by York Pullman.^[94]

Rural services, linking local towns and villages with York, are provided by a number of companies.^[95] Longer distance bus services are provided by a number of operators including, Arriva Yorkshire services to Selby, East Yorkshire Motor Services on routes to Hull, Beverley, Pocklington, Harrogate & District services to Knaresborough and Harrogate. Yorkshire Coastliner links Leeds via York with Scarborough, Filey, Bridlington and Whitby.^[96]

Local Transport Plan 2006 [link]

English local authorities are required to produce Local Transport Plans (LTPs), strategies for developing local integrated transport as part of a longer-term vision. LTPs are used by central government to allocate funding for transport schemes.The final Local Transport Plan 2006–2011 for York was submitted to central government in March 2006. The plan addresses the fact that traffic in York is predicted to grow considerably over the coming years. The key aims of the plan are to ease congestion and improve accessibility, air quality and safety. Major funding allocations earmarked for the first five years of the plan's life span include outer ring road improvements, improved management of the highway network, improvements to the bus network including park and ride services, provision of off-road walking and cycling routes, air quality improvements and safety measures.^[97]

Education [link]

University of York, view across the lake to Central Hall

Public services [link]

Under the requirements of the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, York City Council had to appoint a Watch Committee which established a police force and appointed a chief constable.^[109] On 1 June 1968 the York City, East Riding of Yorkshire and North Riding of Yorkshire police forces were amalgamated to form the York and North East Yorkshire Police. Since 1974, Home Office policing in York has been provided by the North Yorkshire Police. The force's "Central Area" has its headquarters for policing York and nearby Selby in Fulford, York.^[110] Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service, whose headquarters is at Northallerton.^[111]

York Crown Court

The first hospital in York, the York County Hospital, opened in 1740 in Monkgate^[112] and was funded by public subscription. It closed in 1976 when it was replaced by the purpose built York Hospital, which opened in 1976 and gained Foundation status in April 2007. It has 524 adult inpatient beds and 127 special purpose beds providing general healthcare and some specialist inpatient, daycase and outpatient services.^[113] It is also known as York District Hospital and YDH.^[113]

The Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust was formed on 1 July 2006 bringing together South Yorkshire Ambulance Service, West Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service and the North and East Yorkshire parts of Tees, East and North Yorkshire Ambulance Service to provide patient transport.^[114] Other forms of health care are provided for locally by several small clinics and surgeries.

The city's first subscription library opened in 1794,^[115] but it wasn't until 1893 that York's first free public library was built to mark Queen Victoria's jubilee. The library was initially on Clifford Street, but a new building was built on Museum Street which opened in 1927, and which is still the library today.

Since 1998 waste management has been co-ordinated via the York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership.^[116] York's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is CE Electric UK;^[117] there are no power stations in the city. Yorkshire Water, which has a local water extraction plant on the River Derwent at Elvington, manages York's drinking and waste water.^[118] The city has its own Magistrates' Court,^[119] and more unusually a Crown Court^[120] and County Court too.^[121] The Crown Court was designed by the architect John Carr, next to the then prison (including execution area).^[122] The former prison is now the Castle Museum but still contains the cells.

Main sights [link]

York Minster, the largest Gothic cathedral in northern Europe, stands at the city's centre.^[123]

Clifford's Tower, part of York Castle

York Castle, a complex of buildings ranging from the medieval Clifford's Tower to the 20th century entrance to the York Castle Museum (formerly a prison) has had a chequered history.

York's centre is enclosed by the city's medieval walls, which are a popular walk.^[124] These defences are the most complete in England. They have the only walls set on high ramparts and they retain all their principal gateways.^[125] They incorporate part of the walls of the Roman fortress and some Norman and medieval work, as well as 19th- and 20th-century renovations.^[126] The entire circuit is approximately 2.5 miles (4 km), and encloses an area of 263 acres (106 ha).^[127] The north-east section includes a part where walls never existed, because the Norman moat of York Castle, formed by damming the River Foss, also created a lake which acted as a city defence. This lake was later called the King's Fishpond, as the rights to fish belonged to the Crown.

Looking towards the Minster from the city walls

A feature of central York is the Snickelways, narrow pedestrian routes, many of which led towards the former market-places in Pavement and St Sampson's Square.^[128] The Shambles is a narrow medieval street, lined with shops, boutiques and tea rooms. Most of these premises were once butchers' shops, and the hooks from which carcasses were hung and the shelves on which meat was laid out can still be seen outside some of them. The street also contains the Shrine of Margaret Clitherow, although it is not located in the house where she lived.^[129] Goodramgate has many medieval houses including the early 14th century Lady Row built to finance a Chantry, at the edge of the churchyard of Holy Trinity church.

As well as the Castle Museum, the city contains numerous other museums and historic buildings such as the Yorkshire Museum and its Museum Gardens, JORVIK Viking Centre, the York Art Gallery, the Richard III Museum, the Merchant Adventurers' Hall, the reconstructed medieval house Barley Hall (owned by the York Archaeological Trust), Fairfax House (owned by the York Civic Trust), the Mansion House (the historic home of the Lord Mayor), and the Treasurer's House (owned by the National Trust).^[130] The National Railway Museum is situated just beyond the station, and is home to a vast range of transport material and the largest collection of railway locomotives in the world. Included in this collection are the world's fastest steam locomotive LNER 4468 Mallard and the world famous 4472 Flying Scotsman, which is being overhauled in the Museum.^[131]

York is noted for its numerous churches and pubs. Most of the remaining churches in York are from the medieval period. St William's College behind the Minster, and Bedern Hall, off Goodramgate, are former dwelling places of the canons of the Minster.^[132]

Culture [link]

Theatre [link]

The Theatre Royal

The Theatre Royal, which was established in 1744, produces an annual pantomime which attracts loyal audiences from around the country to see its veteran star, Berwick Kaler.^[133] The Grand Opera House and Joseph Rowntree Theatre also offer a variety of productions.^[134]^[135] The city is home to the Riding Lights Theatre Company, which as well as operating a busy national touring department, also operates a busy youth theatre and educational departments. York is also home to a number of amateur dramatic groups.^[136] The Department of Theatre, Film and Television, and Student Societies of the University of York put on public drama performances.^[137]

The York Mystery Plays are performed every 4 years with texts based on the original medieval plays of this type that were performed by the guilds - often with specific connections to the subject matter of each play. (For instance the fishmongers used to present the play of Noah and the Flood). The York Cycle of Mystery Plays or Pageants is the most complete in England. Originally performed from wagons at various locations around the city, following their resurrection in the middle of the 20th century as part of the quadrennial York City Festival, they were mostly produced in a temporary open-air theatre within the ruins of St. Mary's Abbey, using a mixture of professional and amateur actors. Lead actors have included Christopher Timothy (in the role of Christ) and Dame Judi Dench (who has appeared three times). Latterly the cycle has also been presented within York Minster and occasionally from wagons in the streets, recreating the original productions. In 2012 the York Mystery Plays will be performed between 2 and 27 August at St. Mary's Abbey in the York Museum Gardens.^[138]

Music [link]

This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. Specific concerns may be found on the talk page. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (May 2011)

Among many music groups performing regularly in York are the Academy of St Olave's, a chamber orchestra which gives concerts in the beautiful setting of St Olave's Church, Marygate.^[139] A former church, St Margaret's, Walmgate, is now the National Centre for Early Music, which hosts concerts, broadcasts, competitions and events through the year, especially during the York Early Music Festival.^[140]^[141] Students, staff and visiting artists of York St John University music department regularly perform lunchtime concerts in the University chapel, alongside special performances such as the annual Christmas concert. The staff and students of the University of York also perform in the city and particularly in the Sir Jack Lyons Concert Hall on the Heslington campus.^[142]

Gastronomy [link]

Bettys Café Tea Rooms

In September, York has an annual Festival of Food and Drink, which has been held in the city since 1997. The aim of the festival is to spotlight food culture in York and North Yorkshire by promoting local food production.The Festival generates up to 150,000 visitors over 10 days, from all over the country.^[143] One of the notable local products is York ham, a type of cured ham,^[144] which is a mild-flavoured ham that has delicate pink meat and does not need further cooking before eating. It is traditionally served with Madeira Sauce.^[145]^[146] It is a lightly smoked, dry-cured ham, which is saltier but milder in flavour than other European dry-cured hams.^[147] Folklore has it that the oak construction for York Minster provided the sawdust for smoking the ham. Robert Burrow Atkinson's butchery shop, in Blossom Street, is the birthplace of the original “York Ham” and the reason why the premises became famous.^[148]

In the centre of York, in St Helen’s Square, there is the York branch of Bettys Café Tea Rooms. Bettys founder, Frederick Belmont, travelled on the maiden voyage of the Queen Mary in 1936. He was so impressed by the splendour of the ship that he employed the Queen Marys’ designers and craftsmen to turn a dilapidated furniture store in York into an elegant café in St Helen’s Square. A few years after Bettys opened in York war broke out, and the basement ‘Bettys Bar’, became a favourite haunt of the thousands of airmen stationed around York. ‘Bettys Mirror’, on which many of them engraved their signatures with a diamond pen, remains on display today as a tribute to them.^[149]

Media [link]

The York area is served by a local newspaper, The Press (known as the Evening Press until April 2006), The York Advertiser newspaper (based at The Press on Walmgate), and two local radio stations Minster FM and BBC Radio York.^[150]^[151]^[152]^[153] Local news and events are covered by a social media enterprise called One&Other.^[154]

York St John University has a Film and Television Production department with links to many major industrial partners. The department hosts an annual festival of student work and a showcase of other regional films.^[155]

The University of York has its own television station York Student Television (YSTV) and two campus newspapers Nouse and York Vision.^[156] Its radio station URY is the longest running legal independent radio station in the UK, and was voted BBC Radio 1 Student Radio Station of the Year 2005.^[157]^[158]

Sport [link]

Bootham Crescent is the home ground of York City F.C.

The city's football team is York City, and are playing in League Two at the start of the 2012–2013 season. York have played as high as the old Second Division but are best known for their "giant killing" status in cup competitions, having reached the FA Cup semi-final in 1955 and beaten Manchester United 3–0 during the 1995–96 League Cup. Their matches are played at Bootham Crescent.^[159]

York also has a strong rugby league history. York FC, later known as York Wasps, formed in 1901, were one of the oldest rugby league clubs in the country but the effects of a move to the out of town Huntington Stadium, poor results and falling attendances led to their bankruptcy in 2002.^[160] The supporters formed a new club, York City Knights, who now play at the same stadium in Championship 1.^[161] There are three amateur rugby league teams in York, New Earswick All Blacks, York Acorn and Heworth. York International 9s is a rugby league nines tournament which takes place in York each year.^[162] Amateur side York Lokomotive compete in the Rugby League Conference.

An open rowing club York City Rowing Club is located underneath Lendal Bridge.^[163] The rowing clubs of The University of York, York St John University Rowing Club and Leeds University Boat Club as well as York City RC using the Ouse for training.

A view of the Stands at York Racecourse

York Racecourse was established in 1731 and from 1990 has been awarded Northern Racecourse of the Year for 17 years running. This major horseracing venue is located on the Knavesmire and sees thousands flocking to the city every year for the 15 race meetings. The Knavesmire Racecourse also hosted Royal Ascot in 2005.^[164] In August racing takes place over the three day Ebor Festival that includes the Ebor Handicap dating from 1843.^[165]

Motorbike speedway once took place at York. The track in the Burnholme Estate was completed in 1930 and a demonstration event staged. In 1931 the track staged team and open events and the York team took part in the National Trophy.^[166]

The most notable sportsmen to come from York in recent years are footballer Marco Gabbiadini and former England manager Steve McClaren,^[167] who both attended Nunthorpe Grammar School (now called Millthorpe School).^[168]

There are two sailing clubs close to York, both of which sail dinghies on the River Ouse. The York RI (Railway Institute) Sailing Club has a club bouse and boat park on the outskirts of Bishopthorpe, a village 3 miles (4.8 km) to the south of York. The Yorkshire Ouse Sailing Club has a club house in the village of Naburn, 5 miles (8.0 km) south of York.

Twin cities [link]

York is twinned with: Dijon, France (1953)^[169] and Münster, Germany (1957).^[169] There is also a community link with Fanteakwa District, Ghana.^[170]

Notes [link]

^a There was no census in 1941: figures are from National Register. United Kingdom and Isle of Man. Statistics of Population on 29 September 1939 by Sex, Age and Marital Condition.

^b There is a discrepancy of 37 between Office of National Statistics figures (quoted before) and those on the Vision of Britain website (quoted here).

References [link]

^ Andalo, Debbie (26 March 2008). "Head to the capital of the north". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/mar/26/2. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
^ "The Chocolate City". York Press. 1999. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100523015053/http://archive.yorkpress.co.uk/1999/8/24/322649.html. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Key Figures for People and Society: Population and Migration". Office for National Statistics. 2010. http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=276825&c=york&d=13&e=13&g=392932&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1331488262338&enc=1. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Timeline". Visit York. York Tourism Bureau. 2005. Archived from the original on 8 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080108205146/http://www.visityork.org/information/timeline.asp. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c "KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas". Office for National Statistics. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/index.html. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
^ Hall, Richard (1996). English Heritage: Book of York (1st ed.). B.T.Batsford Ltd. p. 13. ISBN 0-7134-7720-2.
^ Schama, Simon (2003). A History of Britain: At the Edge of the World? - 3000 BC–AD 1603. 1. BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-48714-3.
^ Jones, Terry (2007). Barbarians. BBC Books. ISBN 978-0-563-53916-2.
^ Pryor, Francis (6 September 2004). Britain BC: Life in Britain and Ireland Before the Romans. HarperPerennial. ISBN 978-0-00-712693-4.
^ Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, éditions errance 2003, p. 159.
^ Pierre-Yves Lambert, La langue gauloise, éditions errance 1994, p. 39.
^ Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, éditions errance 2003, p. 159.
^ ^a ^b ^c "York's history". City of York Council. 20 December 2006. http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
^ Willis, Ronald (1988). The illustrated portrait of York (4th ed.). Robert Hale Limited. p. 35. ISBN 0-7090-3468-7.
^ "Ebor Festival". York City of Festivals. http://www.yorkfestivals.com/metadot/index.pl?iid=2757&isa=Category. Retrieved 17 May 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ "How to address the Archbishops of Canterbury and York - Forms of Address, Church of England, Religion". Debretts.com. http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/professions/religion/church-of-england/archbishops-of-canterbury-and-york.aspx. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
^ Willis, Ronald (1988). The illustrated portrait of York (4th ed.). Robert Hale Limited. pp. 26–27. ISBN 0-7090-3468-7.
^ ^a ^b Shannon, John; Tilbrook, Richard (1990). York - the second city. Jarrold Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 0-7117-0507-0.
^ "Lower (Britannia Inferior) and Upper Britain (Britannia Superior)". Vanderbilt University. http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
^ Russo, Daniel G. (1998), Town Origins and Development in Early England, c. 400–950 A.D., Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 119–120, ISBN 978-0-313-30079-0
^ Jones, Barri; Mattingly, David (1990), An Atlas of Roman Britain, Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers (published 2007), p. 317, ISBN 978-1-84217-067-0 . Cemeteries that are identifiably Anglian date from this period.
^ "York history timeline". YorkHistory.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070314135055/http://www.yorkhistory.com/timeline/index.php. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
^ "The First Minster: History of York". History of York. York Museums Trust. http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/anglian-york/the-first-minster. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c "York Minster: a very brief history". York Minster. http://www.yorkminster.org/learning/the-minsters-history/. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
^ Ritchie, Dr Anna (1 July 2001). "Alcuin of York". BBC History Online. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/alcuin_01.shtml. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
^ "Jorvik: Viking York". City of York Council. 20 December 2006. http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/03_jorvik/. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
^ "York". 1911 Encyclopedia. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/York. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
^ "Death in York". BBC. 28 September 2006. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/pogromyork_1.shtml. Retrieved 10 October 2007.
^ "Norman and Medieval York". City of York Council. 20 December 2006. http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/04_norman/. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
^ ^a ^b P.M. Tillott, ed. (1961). A History of the County of York: the City of York: The later middle ages - Communications, markets and merchants. British History Online. pp. 97–106. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36335&strquery=wool. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
^ ^a ^b "The Age of Decline". City of York Council. 20 December 2006. http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/05_the_age_of_decline/. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Post-medieval York". Secrets Beneath Your Feet. York Archaeological Trust. 1998. http://www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk/secrets/pmedieval.htm. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
^ "Transplanted Englishman brings country's Guy Fawkes party tradition to Burnsville". ThisWeek Online (ThisWeek Newspapers). 24 October 2007. Archived from the original on 15 December 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20051215081802/http://www.thisweek-online.com/2005/September/30bonfire.html.
^ "Georgian York - social capital of the North". City of York Council. 22 July 2008. http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/07_georgian/. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
^ Andrew Dow, ed. (2006), Dow's Dictionary of Railway Quotations, JHU Press, 774. YORK, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pyn6-wNZFbwC&
^ Sources:
- R.W. Unwin (1980), "V. Leeds becomes a transport centre", in Derek Fraser, A History of modern Leeds, Manchester University Press, pp.132-133, ISBN 0-7190-0747, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4Da8AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA132#v=onepage&q&f=false
- Alan Armstrong (1974 (reprint 2005)), Stability And Change in an English County Town: A Social Study of York 1801-51, Cambridge University Press, pp. 37–43, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MmaYSbOrTH0C
- Lewis, Stephen (3 July 2009). "East Coast Main Line: York's part in the history of the railways". York Press. http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/features/features/4473355.York_s_part_in_the_history_of_the_East_Coast_Main_Line/. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
- "George Hudson". SchoolNet. Sparticus Educational. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RAhudson.htm. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
^ Robert William Rennison (1996), Civil engineering heritage: Northern England, Thomas Telford, 5. York and North Yorkshire, pp.133.134, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Bv2BrOMo8cIC
^ ^a ^b "Industrialisation", www.historyofyork.org.uk, http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/industrialisation
^ "History of Nestlé Rowntree". Nestlé UK Ltd. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080104184252/http://www.nestle.co.uk/OurBrands/AboutOurBrands/ConfectioneryAndCakes/History+of+Rowntree.htm. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ ^a ^b "The Railway Age to the present day". City of York Council. 20 December 2006. http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/08_the_railway_age/.
^ "Conservation Area 1" (PDF). York City Council. http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/yorkplan/Conservation%20Area%201.pdf. Retrieved 12 June 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ "History of the NRM". National Railway Museum. http://www.nrm.org.uk/AboutUs/history.aspx. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
^ "Founding students return to York 40 years on". University of York. 7 October 2003. http://www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/pressreleases/alumnidinner.htm. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
^ "York voted top city for tourists". BBC News Online (BBC). 14 June 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/6751753.stm. Retrieved 28 July 2008.
^ "Your MPs". City of York Council. Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090509032822/http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndexMP.asp?bcr=1. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ "Final recommendations for Parliamentary constituencies in the County of North Yorkshire and the City of York" (Microsoft Word document). Boundary Commission for England. 5 November 2003. http://www.boundarycommissionforengland.org.uk/review_areas/downloads/FR_NR_NYorks_York.doc. Retrieved 20 April 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Your MEPs". City of York Council. http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndexMEP.aspx?bcr=1. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
^ Bartholomew, John (1887). "Gazetteer of the British Isles entry for York". A Vision of Britain Through Time. Great Britain Historical GIS Project. http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp?text_id=1960380&word=NULL. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ "Gazetteer of British Place Names - Map 2. Administrative counties and unitary authority areas". Association of British Counties. 10 September 2006. http://www.gazetteer.co.uk/gazmap2.htm. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
^ The North Yorkshire (District of York) (Structural and Boundary Changes) Order. Stationery Office Books. 6 April 1995. ISBN 978-0-11-052605-8. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1995/Uksi_19950610_en_9.htm. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
^ "Your councillors". City of York Council. http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndex.asp?bcr=1. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ ^a ^b "The Constitution - Part 1 Summary and explanation" (PDF). City of York Council. http://democracy.york.gov.uk/Published/StdDataDocs/3/1/6/0/SD00000613/$part1.doc.pdf. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ "City of York local elections 2011". City of York Council. 6 May 2011. http://www.york.gov.uk/council/Elections_and_democracy/elections/Elections_results/2011-05-05/result. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
^ "committee details - leisure culture and social inclusion". York City Council. http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgCommitteeDetails.aspx?ID=676. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
^ "committee details - city strategy". York City Council. http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgCommitteeDetails.aspx?ID=672. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
^ "David Horton sworn in as new Lord Mayor of York". City of York Council. May 2011. http://www.york.gov.uk/news/latestNews/PR2068. Retrieved 26 May 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ "York Youth Council". York Youth Council. http://www.yorkyouthcouncil.co.uk/. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
^ "York youth council holds first meeting". York Press. 19 October 2010. http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/8460315.York_youth_council_holds_first_meeting/?ref=rss. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
^ Hall, Richard (1996). English Heritage: Book of York (1st ed.). B.T.Batsford Ltd. p. 25. ISBN 0-7134-7720-2.
^ Dennis, Ian A.; Macklin, Mark G.; Coulthard, Tom J.; Brewer, Paul A. (2002). "The impact of the October–November 2000 floods on contaminant metal dispersal in the River Swale catchment, North Yorkshire, UK" (PDF). Wiley InterScience. p. 1. Archived from the original on 29 November 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071129111926/http://www.aber.ac.uk/iges/staff/Macklin+files/HP+Dennis+et+al.+2003.pdf. Retrieved 23 September 2007.
^ "England Rural Development Programme: Appendix A3 – Yorkshire and The Humber Region - Section 1 Description Of Current Situation In The Yorkshire And The Humber Region" (PDF). East Yorkshire Coastal Observatory. pp. 2–3. http://www.hull.ac.uk/coastalobs/media/pdf/appendixa3.pdf. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
^ "Average Conditions:York, United Kingdom". BBC Weather. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT003820/. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
^ "Weather Pages". Department of Electronics, University of York. http://weather.elec.york.ac.uk/. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
^ "Average Conditions - York, United Kingdom". BBC Weather. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT003820. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
^ "2001 Census: Key Statistics: Household Composition (KS20): Area: York (Local Authority)". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=276825&c=York&d=13&e=15&g=392940&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1242741872656&enc=1&dsFamilyId=55. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Crime figures for 2007/08 in York". UpMyStreet. http://www.upmystreet.com/local/crime-in-york.html. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
^ "York UA/City: Total Population". A Vision of Britain Through Time. Great Britain Historical GIS Project. http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10057127&c_id=10001043&add=N. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ ^a ^b "2001 Census: Census Area Statistics: Key Figures: Area: York (Local Authority)". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=3&b=276825&c=york&d=13&e=16&g=392940&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&enc=1&bhcp=1. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
^ Diocese of York Directory 2011/12. Diocese of York. 2011. pp. 187–200.
^ "Parishes". Middlesbrough Diocese. 2007. http://middlesbrough-diocese.org.uk/?page_id=64. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ "Quakers in the York area". yorkquakers.org.uk. http://www.yorkquakers.org.uk/. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ "Circuits & Churches". The Methodist Church York and Hull District. http://www.yorkhullmethodist.org.uk/index.php?cid=29&pid=20. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
^ "York Mosque and Islamic Centre - About Us". York Mosque. http://yorkmosque.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=6. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
^ "Buddhist organisations in York, NY, North-East areas". CommuniGate. This is Bradford. http://www.communigate.co.uk/brad/leedsbuddhistgroup/page5.phtml. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ ^a ^b "Labour Market ProfileYork". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/2038432023/report.aspx. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
^ Top 20 Most visited English Cities and Towns in 2009 by UK Residents, http://www.enjoyengland.com/Images/top%20towns%202009_tcm21-190501.pdf, retrieved 7 September 2010
^ "Top 20 Most Popular UK Cities for International Visitors". http://gouk.about.com/od/getawaysandshorthops/qt/top20.htm. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
^ "The Major Employers in the City of York Council area." (PDF). City of York Council. 2008. http://www.york.gov.uk/content/45053/31645/Economic_intelligence/major_companies.pdf. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
^ "University of York Profile 2009." (PDF). University of York. 2009. http://www.york.ac.uk/media/communications/corporatepublications/Profile%202009%20reduced%203.pdf. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
^ ^a ^b "The Future York Group Report: An Independent Strategic Review of the York Economy" (PDF). The Future York Group Report. June 2007. http://www.york.gov.uk/content/45053/31645/Economic_intelligence/FYG_Main_Report.pdf. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
^ "Yet more railway jobs axed in York". The Press. Newsquest Media Group. 13 September 2006. http://www.thepress.co.uk/news/917865.yet_more_railway_jobs_axed_in_york/. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ "More jobs lost at chocolate firm". BBC News Online (BBC). 20 September 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/5363992.stm. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ "Job losses 'bitter blow' for city". BBC News Online (BBC). 14 September 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/5345168.stm. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ "York reels from Norwich Union job cuts shock". York Press (Newsquest Media Group). 3 April 2009. http://www.thepress.co.uk/search/4263943.York_reels_from_Norwich_Union_job_cuts_shock/. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
^ "Welcome to Science City York - 10 Years Promoting Innovation and Creativity". Science City York. http://www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
^ "About Science City York". Science City York. 2006. Archived from the original on 4 August 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070804055318/http://www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/about/index.html. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
^ "Regional Gross Value Added" (PDF). Office of National Statistics. 2005. pp. 240–253. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ ^a ^b "History of the River Ouse (Yorkshire)". waterscape.com. British Waterways. http://www.waterscape.com/canals-and-rivers/river-ouse-yorkshire/history. Retrieved 10 October 2007.
^ "Park & Ride". City of York Council. 31 August 2007. http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Parking/Park_and_Ride/. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Trains". City of York Council. 31 August 2007. http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/trains/. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
^ "Up in the air for Elvington". Evening Press. Newsquest Media Group. 9 October 2003. http://archive.thisisyork.co.uk/2003/10/9/258266.html. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
^ "Welcome to YorkAirLink.com". First Group plc. http://www.yorkaircoach.com. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
^ "ftr - York's new public transport scheme". City of York Council. 22 May 2008. http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/ftr/. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
^ Millar, Alan (June 2007). "K&J revives York Pullman identity to expand its local market". Buses (Ian Allan Publishing) (672): 8.
^ "Bus companies operating in York". City of York Council. 9 June 2009. http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/buses/Bus_Operators/. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
^ "History of the Yorkshire Coastliner - Linking Leeds and York with the Coast". Yorkshire Coastliner. Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090331080709/http://www.yorkshirecoastliner.co.uk/about/history.asp. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
^ "Local Transport Plan 2006–2011". City of York Council. 23 February 2007. http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Local_transport_plan/LocalTransportPlan/. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
^ "The University of York". University of York. http://www.york.ac.uk/. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
^ "Guardian Medical school ranking tables". Guardian Education (London: Guardian News and Media Limited). 2009. http://education.guardian.co.uk/universityguide2005/table/0,15905,-5163909,00.html. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
^ "About the new college". York College. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090403015541/http://www.yorkcollege.ac.uk/new-college/news/index.html. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
^ "Welcome to Askham Bryan College". Askham Bryan College. http://www.askham-bryan.ac.uk/. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
^ "Schools and colleges". City of York Council. 4 February 2009. http://www.york.gov.uk/education/Schools_and_colleges/. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
^ "Secondary schools in York". City of York Council. 1 February 2007. http://www.york.gov.uk/education/Schools_and_colleges/Secondary_schools_directory/. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
^ "£10m merger unveiled as ‘York High School’". The Press. Newsquest Media Group. 28 September 2006. http://www.thepress.co.uk/news/942080.10m_merger_unveiled_as_york_high_school/. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Alcuin". New Advent. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01276a.htm. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
^ "Guy Fawkes History". St Peter's School Archives. Archived from the original on 19 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080419054604/http://www.st-peters.york.sch.uk/history/guyfawkes.htm. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
^ "The School and its Ethos". Bootham School York. http://www.boothamschool.com/school_ethos.html. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
^ "Welcome to The Mount School York". The Mount School York. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090323032829/http://www.mountschoolyork.co.uk/mount-parents.php?. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
^ P.M. Tillott, ed. (1961). A History of the County of York: the City of York: Public services. British History Online. pp. 460–472. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36381#s8. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
^ "North Yorkshire Police : Central Area Commander - Chief Superintendent Ali Higgins". North Yorkshire Police. http://www.northyorkshire.police.uk/index.aspx?articleid=1051. Retrieved 20 July 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Welcome to the website of North Yorkshire Fire & Rescue Service". North Yorkshire fire and Rescue Service. Archived from the original on 28 April 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090428224504/http://www.northyorksfire.gov.uk/index.html. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
^ "York County Hospital". York History. http://www.yorkhistory.org.uk/hospital.html. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
^ ^a ^b "York Hospital - About our hospital". National Health Service. http://www.nhs.uk/servicedirectories/pages/hospital.aspx?id=rcb55. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
^ "About Us - Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust". Yorkshire Ambulance Service. http://www.yas.nhs.uk/AboutUs/aboutus.html. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
^ "York History - York Public Library". York History. http://www.yorkhistory.org.uk/library.html. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
^ "History". The York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership. Archived from the original on 20 May 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090520193555/http://www.letstalklessrubbish.com/ltlr/Main.nsf/LookupUnid/D2703AD852D1C83E802572E30053BEE9?opendocument. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
^ "Welcome - CE Electric UK". CE Electric UK. http://www.ceelectricuk.co.uk/page/index.cfm. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
^ "Your water services". Yorkshire Water. http://www.yorkshirewater.com/your-water-services.aspx. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
^ "Her Majesty's Courts Service - York Magistrates' Court". Her Majesty's Courts Service. http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/HMCSCourtFinder/SearchLinked.do?court_name=York%20Magistrates%27%20Court. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
^ "Crown Court Directory - York". CourtServe Legal Information Centre. http://hmctscourtfinder.justice.gov.uk/HMCTS/Search.do?court_id=692. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
^ "County Court Directory - York". CourtServe Legal Information Centre. http://hmctscourtfinder.justice.gov.uk/HMCTS/Search.do?court_id=691. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
^ "John Carr - Architect: History of York". York Museums Trust. http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/timeline/georgian/john-carr-architect. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
^ "York Minster, York, UK". BBC. 19 March 2007. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A20361881. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
^ "The city walls". York City Council. 19 March 2012. http://www.york.gov.uk/visiting/citywalls/. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ Wilson, Barbara and Frances Mee. (2005) The City Walls and Castles of York: The Pictorial Evidence, p.ix York Archaeological Trust. ISBN 978-1-874454-36-1.
^ Pevsner, Nikolaus; and Neave, David (1995) [1972]. Yorkshire: York and the East Riding (2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 192. ISBN 0-14-071061-2.
^ Wilson and Mee, p.1.
^ Jones, Mark W; Et al (31 January 2004). A Walk Around the Snickelways of York. Dales Court Press. ISBN 978-1-871125-72-6.
^ "The Shambles, York UK". Inside York. http://www.insideyork.co.uk/shambles. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
^ "York - Museums & Art Galleries". Tourist Net UK Ltd. http://www.touristnetuk.com/Ne/york/attractions/museums.htm. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
^ "About Flying Scotsman". National Railway Museum. http://www.flyingscotsman.org.uk/about.aspx. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
^ Sheahan, James Joseph; Whellan, T. (1857). History and Topography of the City of York, the East Riding of Yorkshire and a Portion of the West Riding. 1. Google Books. p. 501. http://books.google.com/books?id=t5gaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA503&lpg=PA503&dq=%22ralph+de+paganel%22&source=bl&ots=X3Br0xvR_d&sig=7SUmWMZLbKX1s5b8EJPSKWpIgxU&hl=en&ei=vFcoSq-FM464lAeP5_WtAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8#PPA501,M1. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
^ Hickling, Alfred (15 December 2008). "Theatre review: Dick Turpin - Theatre Royal, York". guardian.co.uk (London: Guardian News and Media Limited). http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2008/dec/15/theatre-review-dick-turpin-pantomime. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
^ "What's on Grand Opera House York". Grand Opera House York. http://www.grandoperahouseyork.org.uk/whatson.asp?venueid=94. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
^ "About Joseph Rowntree Theatre". Joseph Rowntree Theatre Limited. http://jrtheatre.co.uk/about/. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
^ "About Riding Lights". Riding Lights Theatre Company. http://www.ridinglights.org/aboutus/. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
^ "Department of Theatre, Film and Television - The University of York". Department of Theatre, Film and Television, University of York. http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/tft/. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
^ "York Mystery Plays 2012". http://www.yorkmysteryplays-2012.com/. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
^ "Academy of St. Olave's Orchestra - Welcome". Academy of St Olave's. 2008. http://www.academyofstolaves.org.uk/. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
^ "The National Centre for Early Music, York: Welcome". The National Centre for Early Music. http://www.ncem.co.uk/. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
^ "York Early Music Festival: Overview". The National Centre for Early Music. http://www.ncem.co.uk/yemf.shtml. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
^ "University of York Concerts". University of York. http://music.york.ac.uk/concerts/newconcerts/. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
^ "York Festival of Food and Drink - Who we are and what we do:". York Food Festival Ltd. http://www.yorkfoodfestival.com/AboutUs.htm. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
^ "Food Legends of the United Kingdom: York Ham". Information Britain. http://www.information-britain.co.uk/food/foodlegends/York%20Ham/. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
^ "Home Cooking - Ham Varieties and Terminology". About.com. The New York Times Company. 16 September 2008. http://homecooking.about.com/library/weekly/blham.htm. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
^ "Recipe Favourites York ham and other recipes related to York ham". Recipe Tips. http://www.recipetips.com/search.asp?index=recipes&querytext=york+ham. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
^ Alden, Lori. "Cook's Thesaurus: Ham". Food Subs. http://www.foodsubs.com/MeatcureHams.html. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
^ "History of 57 & 59 Blossom Street". Oliver's Of The Mount. http://www.oliversofthemount.com/history.html. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
^ "Bettys Café Tea Rooms, York". Bettys & Taylors of Harrogate Limited. http://www.bettys.co.uk/cafe.asp?storyid={EBCDFAEA-C6F5-4F2A-AB0E-7C07A94D5241}. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
^ "York news, North Yorkshire news and information from The Press newspaper in York". The Press. Newsquest Media Group. http://www.thepress.co.uk/news/. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
^ "Events in York, Visit York, Local News Yorkshire, Things to Do in York – Oneandother.com - York". Oneandother.com. 26 November 2011. http://www.oneandother.com/. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
^ "Minster FM - Welcome". Minster FM. The Local Radio Company. http://www.minsterfm.com/mi/welcome/. Retrieved 12 June 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ "BBC Radio York". BBC Local - York & North Yorkshire. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/local_radio/. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
^ "About Us". 2012 [last update]. http://www.oneandother.com/about-us/. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ "Film & Television Production BA (Hons) Entry Profile". York St John University. 2006. http://www2.yorksj.ac.uk/default.asp?Page_ID=4724. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
^ "YSTV - Watch TV. Make TV. YSTV". York Student Television. http://ystv.york.ac.uk/. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
^ "University Radio York - About URY". University Radio York. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080602223445/http://ury.york.ac.uk/about.php. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
^ "URY - Media UK". Media UK. Archived from the original on 16 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080616185026/http://www.mediauk.com/the_knowledge/i.muk/URY. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
^ "York City FC Official Website". York City FC. http://www.ycfc.net/. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
^ "York lose survival fight". BBC Sport (BBC). 20 March 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/1882617.stm. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
^ "Welcome to the Official York City Knights website". York City Knights. Archived from the original on 22 May 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090522142922/http://www.yorkcityknights.co.uk/index2.html. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
^ "York International Rugby 9s". York City of Festivals. 2005. http://www.yorkfestivals.com/metadot/index.pl?iid=3982. Retrieved 20 July 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ "York City Rowing Club". York City Rowing Club. http://www.ycrc.co.uk/. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
^ "Day One: Royal Ascot at York". BBC Sport (BBC). 14 June 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/horse_racing/4088800.stm. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ "York Racecourse History". York Racecourse. http://www.yorkracecourse.co.uk/about-york-racecourse/history. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
^ "York Speedway". John Skinner. http://www.defunctspeedway.co.uk/York%20Speedway.htm. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ "Millthorpe School - Steve McClaren - Nunthorpe Grammar School". Millthorpe School. http://www.millthorpeschool.co.uk/school/expupils/nunthorpe.php. Retrieved 19 July 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Saturday Spotlight: McClaren makes his mark on Marco". The Northern Echo. Newsquest Media Group. 6 May 2006. http://archive.thenorthernecho.co.uk/2006/5/6/224457.html. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ ^a ^b "Town twinning - City of York Council". City of York Council. 20 April 2009. http://www.york.gov.uk/visiting/Town_twinning/. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
^ York Fanteakwa Community Link YOWLA Online

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: York

Photos and images

Imagine York: Historic Photographs Online Council Library Archive of historic photographs of York, searchable by keyword.
The Evelyn collection of pictures of York from the early 20th century
Virtual Tour of York Panoramic views from 2000 to the present day.
Pictures from York.

Historical and genealogical sources

The City of York: historical and genealogical information at GENUKI
History of York Comprehensive site dedicated to the history of the city.
Life in a Mediæval City Illustrated by York in the XVth Century

Members of the Hanseatic League by Quarter

Chief cities are highlighted; Free Imperial Cities of the Holy Roman Empire are shown in italics.

Wendish Quarter

Lübeck	Anklam · Demmin · Greifswald · Hamburg · Kolberg (Kołobrzeg) · Lüneburg · Rostock · Rügenwalde (Darłowo) · Stettin (Szczecin) · Stolp (Słupsk) · Stockholm · Stralsund · Visby · Wismar

Principle trading routes of the Hanseatic League

Saxon Quarter

Brunswick	Berlin · Bremen · Erfurt · Frankfurt an der Oder · Goslar · Magdeburg

Baltic Quarter

Danzig (Gdańsk)	Breslau (Wrocław) · Dorpat (Tartu) · Elbing (Elbląg) · Königsberg (Kaliningrad) · Kraków · Reval (Tallinn) · Rīga · Thorn (Toruń)

Westphalian
Quarter

Cologne* Dortmund*	Deventer · Groningen · Kampen · Münster · Osnabrück · Soest

Principal Kontore

Bryggen (Bergen) · Hanzekantoor (Bruges, Antwerp†) · Steelyard (London) · Peterhof (Novgorod)

Subsidiary Kontore

Bishop's Lynn · Falsterbo · Ipswich · Kovno (Kaunas) · Malmö · Polotsk · Pskov

Other cities

Bristol · Boston · Damme · Leith · Herford · Hull · Newcastle · Stargard · Yarmouth · York

* Cologne and Dortmund were both capital of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.
† Antwerp gained importance once Bruges became inaccessible due to the silting of the Zwin channel.

v t e Districts of Yorkshire and the Humber

Lincolnshire	North Lincolnshire • North East Lincolnshire

North Yorkshire	Craven • Hambleton • Harrogate • Richmondshire • Ryedale • Scarborough • Selby • York

South Yorkshire	Barnsley • Doncaster • Rotherham • Sheffield

West Yorkshire	Bradford • Calderdale • Kirklees • Leeds • Wakefield

East Riding of Yorkshire	East Riding of Yorkshire • Kingston upon Hull

v t e Ceremonial county of North Yorkshire

Yorkshire Portal

Unitary authorities	Middlesbrough Redcar and Cleveland Stockton-on-Tees (part) City of York

Boroughs or districts	Craven Hambleton Harrogate Richmondshire Ryedale Scarborough Selby

Major settlements	Bedale Bentham Boroughbridge Catterick Garrison Easingwold Eston Filey Grassington Guisborough Harrogate Hawes Haxby Helmsley Ingleby Barwick Kirkbymoorside Knaresborough Leyburn Loftus Malton Masham Middleham Middlesbrough Northallerton Norton-on-Derwent Pateley Bridge Pickering Redcar Richmond Ripon Saltburn-by-the-Sea Scarborough Selby Settle Skelton-in-Cleveland Skipton South Bank Stokesley Tadcaster Thirsk Thornaby-on-Tees Whitby Yarm York See also: List of civil parishes in North Yorkshire

Rivers	Aire Derwent Esk Foss Leven Ouse Ribble Swale Tees Ure Wharfe

Topics	Parliamentary constituencies Grade I listed buildings Monastic houses Museums Windmills

v t e Cities of the United Kingdom

England	Bath Birmingham Bradford Brighton and Hove Bristol Cambridge Canterbury Carlisle Chelmsford Chester Chichester Coventry Derby Durham Ely Exeter Gloucester Hereford Kingston upon Hull Lancaster Leeds Leicester Lichfield Lincoln Liverpool London Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne Norwich Nottingham Oxford Peterborough Plymouth Portsmouth Preston Ripon St Albans Salford Salisbury Sheffield Southampton Stoke-on-Trent Sunderland Truro Wakefield Wells Westminster Winchester Wolverhampton Worcester York

Scotland	Aberdeen Dundee Edinburgh Glasgow Inverness Perth Stirling

Wales	Bangor Cardiff Newport St Asaph St Davids Swansea

Northern Ireland	Armagh Belfast Derry Lisburn Newry

Overseas Territories	George Town Gibraltar Hamilton

v t e Unitary authorities of England

Districts	Bath and North East Somerset Bedford Borough Blackburn with Darwen Blackpool Bournemouth Bracknell Forest Brighton and Hove Bristol Central Bedfordshire Cheshire East Cheshire West and Chester Cornwall County Durham Borough of Darlington Derby East Riding of Yorkshire Borough of Halton Borough of Hartlepool Herefordshire Isle of Wight Kingston upon Hull Leicester Luton Medway Middlesbrough Borough of Milton Keynes North East Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire North Somerset Northumberland Nottingham Peterborough Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Redcar and Cleveland Rutland Shropshire Slough Southampton Southend-on-Sea South Gloucestershire Borough of Stockton-on-Tees Stoke-on-Trent Borough of Swindon Telford and Wrekin Thurrock Torbay Warrington West Berkshire Wiltshire Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Wokingham Borough York

Councils	Bournemouth Cornwall Herefordshire Isle of Wight Kingston upon Hull Leicester Middlesbrough Northumberland Nottingham Poole Rutland Shropshire Slough Thurrock Wiltshire

http://wn.com/York

http://it.wn.com/York

http://cs.wn.com/York

http://id.wn.com/York, Inggris

http://es.wn.com/York

http://ru.wn.com/Йорк

http://pl.wn.com/York

http://fr.wn.com/York

http://de.wn.com/York

http://pt.wn.com/York

http://nl.wn.com/York (Engeland)

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Alicia Keys
Keys in South Africa for the 2010 FIFA World Cup kick-off concert.
Background information
Birth name	Alicia Augello Cook
Also known as	Lellow
Born	(1981-01-25) January 25, 1981 (age 31)
Origin	New York City, United States
Genres	Soul, R&B, blues, hip hop, jazz, neo soul, electronic
Occupations	singer-songwriter, record producer, actress
Instruments	Vocals, piano, keyboards, cello, synthesizer, vocoder, guitar, bass guitar
Years active	1997–present
Labels	RCA, J, Arista, Columbia
Website	aliciakeys.com

Alicia Augello Cook (born January 25, 1981), better known by her stage name Alicia Keys, is an American R&B singer-songwriter, record producer, and actress. Keys was raised by a single mother in the Hell's Kitchen area of Manhattan in New York City. At age seven, Keys began playing the piano. She attended Professional Performing Arts School and graduated at 16 as valedictorian. Keys released her debut album with J Records, having had previous record deals first with Columbia and then Arista Records.

Keys' debut album, Songs in A Minor, was a commercial success, selling over 12 million copies worldwide.^[1] She became the best-selling new artist and best-selling R&B artist of 2001.^[2] The album earned Keys five Grammy Awards in 2002, including Best New Artist and Song of the Year for "Fallin'".^[3] Her second studio album, The Diary of Alicia Keys, was released in 2003 and was also another success worldwide, selling eight million copies.^[4] The album garnered her an additional four Grammy Awards in 2005.^[5] Later that year, she released her first live album, Unplugged, which debuted at number one in the United States.^[6] She became the first female to have an MTV Unplugged album to debut at number one and the highest since Nirvana in 1994.^[2]

Keys made guest appearances on several television series in the following years, beginning with Charmed. She made her film debut in Smokin' Aces and went on to appear in The Nanny Diaries in 2007. Her third studio album, As I Am, was released in the same year and sold six million copies worldwide, earning Keys an additional three Grammy Awards. The following year, she appeared in The Secret Life of Bees, which earned her a nomination at the NAACP Image Awards. She released her fourth album, The Element of Freedom, in December 2009, which became Keys' first chart-topping album in the United Kingdom. Throughout her career, Keys has won numerous awards and has sold over 30 million albums worldwide and 25 million singles, which makes her one of the best selling artists of all time. Billboard magazine named her the top R&B artist of the 2000–2009 decade, establishing herself as one of the best-selling artists of her time. In 2010, VH1 included Keys on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.^[7] Billboard magazine placed her number ten on their list of Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years.^[8] As of January 2012, Keys has sold 60 million records worldwide.

1 Life and career
2 Artistry
- 2.1 Musical style
- 2.2 Songwriting, voice and achievements
3 Philanthropy
4 Discography
5 Tours
6 Filmography
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links

Life and career [link]

1981–2001: Early life and Career Beginnings [link]

Keys was born Alicia Augello Cook on January 25, 1981, in the Hell's Kitchen area of Manhattan, in New York City.^[9]^[10]^[11] She is the only child of Teresa Augello, a paralegal and part-time actress, and Craig Cook, a flight attendant.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] Keys' mother is of Italian, Scottish, and Irish descent, and her father is African American;^[16] Keys has expressed that she was comfortable with her biracial heritage because she felt she was able to "relate to different cultures".^[10]^[17] Her parents separated when she was two and she was subsequently raised by her mother during her formative years in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan.^[18] In 1985, Keys made an appearance on The Cosby Show at the age of four, where she and a group of girls played the parts of Rudy Huxtable's sleepover guests in the episode "Slumber Party".^[19]^[20] Throughout her childhood, Keys was sent to music and dance classes by her mother.^[21] She began playing the piano when she was seven and learned classical music by composers such as Beethoven, Mozart and Chopin.^[12] Keys enrolled in the Professional Performing Arts School at the age of 12, where she majored in choir and began writing songs at the age of 14.^[13]^[22] She graduated in four years as valedictorian at the age of 16.^[23]

In 1994 Keys met long-term manager Jeff Robinson after she enrolled in his brother's after-school program.^[24] The following year Robinson introduced Keys to her future A&R at Arista Records, Peter Edge, who later described his first impressions to HitQuarters: "I had never met a young R&B artist with that level of musicianship. So many people were just singing on top of loops and tracks, but she had the ability, not only to be part of hip-hop, but also to go way beyond that."^[25] Edge helped Robinson create a showcase for Keys and also got involved in developing her demo material. He was keen to sign Keys himself but was unable to do so at that time due to being on the verge of leaving his present record company. Keys signed to Columbia Records soon after.^[25] At the same time as signing a recording contract with Columbia Records, Keys was accepted into Columbia University. At first, Keys attempted to manage both but after four weeks dropped out of college to pursue her musical career fulltime.^[23]^[26]

Keys signed a demo deal with Jermaine Dupri and So So Def Recordings, where she appeared on the label's Christmas album performing "The Little Drummer Girl". She also co-wrote and recorded a song entitled "Dah Dee Dah (Sexy Thing)", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 1997 film, Men in Black.^[26] The song was Keys' first professional recording; however, it was never released as a single and her record contract with Columbia ended after a dispute with the label. Keys was unhappy with the label because her career had stalled during her two years under contract at Columbia due to executive indecision over her direction and major changes within the company.^[25] Keys called Clive Davis, who sensed a "special, unique" artist from her performance and signed her to Arista Records, which later disbanded.^[9]^[10] Keys almost chose Wilde as her stage name until her manager suggested the name Keys after a dream he had. Keys felt that name represented her both as a performer and person.^[27] Following Davis to his newly formed J Records label, she worked with Kerry "Krucial" Brothers and recorded the songs "Rock wit U" and "Rear View Mirror", which were featured on the soundtracks to the films Shaft (2000) and Dr. Dolittle 2 (2001), respectively.^[28]^[29]

[edit] 2001–2002: Songs in A Minor

	"Fallin" (2001) noicon "Fallin'" is a gospel-influenced piano ballad.^[30] Often considered her signature song, it describes the "ins and outs" of being in a relationship.^[31]
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

Keys released her first studio album, Songs in A Minor, in June 2001. It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 236,000 copies in its first week.^[32] The album sold over 6.2 million copies in the United States,^[33] where it was certified six times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).^[34] It went on to sell over 12 million copies worldwide,^[35] establishing Keys' popularity both inside and outside the United States, where she became the best-selling new artist and best-selling R&B artist of 2001.^[2] The album's lead single, "Fallin'", spent six weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.^[36] The album's second single, "A Woman's Worth", was released in February 2002 and peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number three on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, as her second Top 10 single in both charts.^[37] The album's third single, "How Come You Don't Call Me", was released in June 2002 and peaked at number 59 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 30 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The album's fourth single, "Girlfriend", was released in November 2002 in UK and peaked at number 82 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The following year, the album was reissued as Remixed & Unplugged in A Minor, which included eight remixes and seven unplugged versions of the songs from the original.

Keys performing in Frankfurt, Germany, 2002

Songs in A Minor led Keys to win five awards at the 2002 Grammy Awards: Song of the Year, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, and Best R&B Song for "Fallin'", Best New Artist, and Best R&B Album; "Fallin'" was also nominated for Record of the Year. Keys became the second female solo artist to win five Grammy Awards in a single night, following Lauryn Hill at the 41st Grammy Awards.^[38] That same year, she collaborated with Christina Aguilera for the latter's upcoming album Stripped on a song entitled "Impossible", which Keys wrote, co-produced, and provided with background vocals.^[39] During the early 2000s, Keys also made small cameos in television series Charmed and American Dreams.^[12]

[edit] 2003–2005: The Diary of Alicia Keys and Unplugged

Keys followed up her debut with The Diary of Alicia Keys, which was released in December 2003. The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling over 618,000 copies its first week of release, becoming the largest first-week sales for a female artist in 2003.^[40] It sold 4.4 million copies in the United States and was certified four times Platinum by the RIAA.^[34]^[41] It sold eight million copies worldwide,^[42] becoming the sixth biggest-selling album by a female artist and the second biggest-selling album by a female R&B artist.^[43] The album's lead single, "You Don't Know My Name", peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for eight consecutive weeks, her first Top 10 single in both charts since 2002's "A Woman's Worth ". The album's second single, "If I Ain't Got You", was released in February 2004 and peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for six weeks. The album's third single, "Diary", peaked at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, being their third consecutive Top 10 single in both charts. The album's fourth and final single, "Karma", which peaked at number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 17 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, first release to fail to achieve top ten status on both charts. "If I Ain't Got You" became the first single by a female artist to remain on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for over a year.^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48] Keys also collaborated with recording artist Usher on the song "My Boo" from his 2004 album, Confessions (Special Edition). The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 for six weeks and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for three weeks, became her first number-one single in Hot 100 since 2001's "Fallin'".

Keys won Best R&B Video for "If I Ain't Got You" at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards; she performed the song and "Higher Ground" with Lenny Kravitz and Stevie Wonder.^[49]^[50] Later that year, Keys released her novel Tears for Water: Songbook of Poems and Lyrics, a collection of unreleased poems from her journals and lyrics. The title derived from one of her poems, "Love and Chains" from the line: "I don't mind drinking my tears for water."^[51] She said the title is the foundation of her writing because "everything I have ever written has stemmed from my tears of joy, of pain, of sorrow, of depression, even of question".^[52] The book sold over US$500,000 and Keys made The New York Times bestseller list in 2005.^[53]^[54] The following year, she won a second consecutive award for Best R&B Video at the MTV Video Music Awards for the video "Karma".^[55] Keys performed "If I Ain't Got You" and then joined Jamie Foxx and Quincy Jones in a rendition of "Georgia on My Mind", the Hoagy Carmichael song made famous by Ray Charles in 1960 at the 2005 Grammy Awards.^[56] That evening, she won four Grammy Awards: Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for "If I Ain't Got You", Best R&B Song for "You Don't Know My Name", Best R&B Album for The Diary of Alicia Keys, and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals" for "My Boo" with Usher.^[57]

Keys performed and taped her installment of the MTV Unplugged series in July 2005 at the Brooklyn Academy of Music.^[58] During this session, Keys added new arrangements to her original songs and performed a few choice covers.^[59] The session was released on CD and DVD in October 2005. Simply titled Unplugged, the album debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart with 196,000 units sold in its first week of release.^[60] The album sold one million copies in the United States, where it was certified Platinum by the RIAA, and two million copies worldwide.^[12]^[34]^[61] The debut of Keys' Unplugged was the highest for an MTV Unplugged album since Nirvana's 1994 MTV Unplugged in New York and the first Unplugged by a female artist to debut at number one.^[2] The album's first single, "Unbreakable", peaked at number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number four on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.^[62] It remained at number one on the Billboard Hot Adult R&B Airplay for 11 weeks.^[63] The album's second and final single, "Every Little Bit Hurts", was released in January 2006, it failed to enter the U.S. charts.

Keys opened a recording studio in Long Island, New York, called The Oven Studios, which she co-owns with her production and songwriting partner Kerry "Krucial" Brothers.^[64] The studio was designed by renowned studio architect John Storyk of WSDG, designer of Jimi Hendrix' Electric Lady Studios. Keys and Brothers are the co-founders of KrucialKeys Enterprises, a production and songwriting team who assisted Keys in creating her albums as well as create music for other artists.^[65]

[edit] 2006–2008: Film debut and As I Am

In 2006, Keys won three NAACP Image Awards, including Outstanding Female Artist and Outstanding Song for "Unbreakable".^[66] She also received the Starlight Award by the Songwriters Hall of Fame.^[67] In October 2006, she played the voice of Mommy Martian in the "Mission to Mars" episode of the children's television series The Backyardigans, in which she sang an original song, "Almost Everything Is Boinga Here".^[68] That same year, Keys nearly suffered a mental breakdown. Her grandmother had died and her family was heavily dependent on her. She felt she needed to "escape" and went to Egypt for three weeks. She explained: "That trip was definitely the most crucial thing I've ever done for myself in my life to date. It was a very difficult time that I was dealing with, and it just came to the point where I really needed to—basically, I just needed to run away, honestly. And I needed to get as far away as possible."^[69]^[70]

Keys made her film debut in early 2007 in the crime film Smokin' Aces, co-starring as an assassin named Georgia Sykes opposite Ben Affleck and Andy García. Keys received much praise from her co-stars in the film; Reynolds said that Keys was "so natural" and that she would "blow everybody away". Smokin' Aces had a hit moderate performance at the box office, earning only $57,103,895 worldwide during its theatrical run.^[71]^[72] In the same year, Keys earned further praise for her second film, The Nanny Diaries, based on the 2002 novel of the same name, where she co-starred alongside Scarlett Johansson and Chris Evans. The Nanny Diaries had a hit moderate performance at the box office, earning only $44,638,886 worldwide during its theatrical run.^[73] She also guest starred as herself in the "One Man Is an Island" episode of the drama series Cane.^[74]

Keys performing live, March 20, 2008

Keys released her third studio album, As I Am, in November 2007; it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 742,000 copies in its first week. It gained Keys her largest first week sales of her career and became her fourth consecutive number one album, tying her with Britney Spears for the most consecutive number-one debuts on the Billboard 200 by a female artist.^[75]^[76] The week became the second largest sales week of 2007 and the largest sales week for a female solo artist since singer Norah Jones' album Feels like Home in 2004.^[77] The album has sold nearly four million copies in the United States and has been certified three times Platinum by the RIAA.^[78]^[79] It has sold nearly six million copies worldwide.^[80] Keys received five nominations for As I Am at the 2008 American Music Award and ultimately won two.^[81] The album's lead single, "No One", peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for five consecutive weeks and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for ten consecutive weeks, became her first number-one single in Hot 100 since 2004's "My Boo" and becoming Keys' third and fifth number-one single on each chart, respectively.^[82] The album's second single, "Like You'll Never See Me Again", was released in late 2007 and peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for seven consecutive weeks. From October 27, 2007, when "No One" reached No. 1, through February 16, 2008, the last week "Like You'll Never See Me Again" was at No. 1, the Keys was on top of the chart for 17 weeks, more consecutive weeks than any other artist in Hot R&B/Hip/Hop Songs chart.^[83] The album's third single, "Teenage Love Affair", which peaked at number 54 on the 'Billboard Hot 100 and number three on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.^[83] The album's fourth and final single, "Superwoman", which peaked at number 82 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 12 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.^[83]^[84]

Keys performing at the 2008 Summer Sonic Festival in Tokyo, Japan

"No One" earned Keys the awards for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song at the 2008 Grammy Awards.^[85] Keys opened the ceremony singing Frank Sinatra's 1950s song "Learnin' the Blues" as a "duet" with archival footage of Sinatra in video and "No One" with John Mayer later in the show.^[86] Keys also won Best Female R&B Artist during the show.^[87] She starred in "Fresh Takes", a commercial micro-series created by Dove Go Fresh, which premiered during The Hills on MTV from March to April 2008. The premiere celebrated the launch of new Dove Go Fresh.^[88] She also signed a deal as spokesperson with Glacéau's VitaminWater to endorse the product,^[89] and was in an American Express commercial for the "Are you a Cardmember?" campaign.^[90] Keys, along with The White Stripes' guitarist and lead vocalist Jack White, recorded the theme song to Quantum of Solace, the first duet in Bond soundtrack history.^[91] In 2008, Keys was ranked in at number 80 the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists.^[92] She also starred in The Secret Life of Bees, a film adaptation of Sue Monk Kidd's acclaimed 2003 bestseller novel of the same name alongside Jennifer Hudson, Dakota Fanning, Paul Bettany and Queen Latifah, released in October 2008 via Fox Searchlight. The Secret Life of Bees had a hit moderate performance at the box office, earning only $39,947,322 worldwide during its theatrical run.^[93] Her role earned her a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture at the NAACP Image Awards.^[94] She also received three nominations at the 2009 Grammy Awards and won Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for "Superwoman".^[95]

In an interview with Blender magazine, Keys allegedly said "'Gangsta rap' was a ploy to convince black people to kill each other, 'gangsta rap' didn't exist" and went on to say that it was created by "the government". The magazine also claimed she said that Tupac Shakur and The Notorious B.I.G. were "essentially assassinated, their beefs stoked by the government and the media, to stop another great black leader from existing".^[22] Keys later wrote a statement clarifying the issues and saying her words were misinterpreted.^[96] Later that year, Keys was criticized by anti-smoking campaigners after billboard posters for her forthcoming concerts in Indonesia featured a logo for the A Mild cigarette brand sponsored by tobacco firm Philip Morris. She apologized after discovering that the concert was sponsored by the firm and asked for "corrective actions". In response, the company withdrew its sponsorship.^[97]

[edit] 2009–2010 : The Element of Freedom, marriage and motherhood

Keys on the red carpet at the 2009 American Music Awards.

Keys and manager Jeff Robinson signed a film production deal to develop live-action and animated projects with Disney. Their first film will be a remake of the 1958 comedy Bell, Book and Candle and will star Keys as a witch who casts a love spell to lure a rival's fiancé.^[98] Keys and Robinson also formed a television production company called Big Pita.^[99] Keys and Robinson will develop live-action and animated projects from their company, Big Pita and Little Pita, with Keys as producer, thespian, banner spearheading soundtrack and music supervision.^[100]

Keys collaborated with the record producer Swizz Beatz to write and produce "Million Dollar Bill" for Whitney Houston's seventh studio album, I Look to You. Keys had approached Clive Davis for permission to submit a song for the album.^[101] Keys also collaborated with the recording artist Jay-Z on the song "Empire State of Mind" from his 2009 album, The Blueprint 3. The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 and became her fourth number-one single on that chart.^[102] At the 53rd Grammy Awards ceremony, "Empire State of Mind" won Best Rap/Sung Collaboration and Best Rap Song. It had also been one of the five nominees for Record of the Year.^[103]

Keys during the As I Am Tour in Lisbon.

The following month, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers honored Keys with the Golden Note Award, an award given to artists "who have achieved extraordinary career milestones".^[104] She collaborated with Spanish recording artist Alejandro Sanz for "Looking for Paradise", which topped the Hot Latin Songs chart, this was Keys' first number one on all three charts, which also made her the first African-American of non-Hispanic origin to reach #1 on the Hot Latin Tracks.^[105] Keys released her fourth studio album, The Element of Freedom, in December 2009.^[106] It debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 417,000 copies in its first week.^[107] As part of the promotional drive for the album, she performed at the Cayman Island Jazz Festival on December 5, the final night of the three day festival which will be broadcast on Black Entertainment Television (BET).^[108] The album's lead single, "Doesn't Mean Anything", has peaked at number 60 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 14 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.^[106] Keys was ranked as the top R&B recording artist of the 2000–2009 decade by Billboard magazine and ranked at number five as artist of the decade, while her song, "No One", was ranked at number six on the magazine's songs of the decade.^[109]^[110]^[111] In the United Kingdom, The Element of Freedom became Keys' first album to top the UK Albums Chart.^[112] The album's second single, "Try Sleeping with a Broken Heart", was released in November 2009 and peaked at number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The album's third single, "Put It in a Love Song", featuring Grammy-winner Beyoncé, peaked at number 60 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The music video for the single, which was filmed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has been postponed several times, and later it was confirmed that Alicia Keys' team made a decision not to release the video. The album's fourth single, "Empire State of Mind (Part II) Broken Down", was released in February 2010 and peaked at number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 76 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The album's fifth single, "Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready)", was released in May 2010 and peaked at number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, for twelve consecutive weeks and became the album's most successful single, becoming Keys' eighth number-one single on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The album's sixth and final single, "Wait Til You See My Smile", was released in December 2010 in the U.K only.

Keys at the Walmart Shareholders Meeting 2011.

In May 2009, Swizz Beatz announced that he and Keys were romantically involved, while he was still married to his first wife^[113] and in May 2010, a representative for Keys and Swizz Beatz confirmed that they were engaged and expecting a child together.^[114] During the time of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the couple took part of a union and had the unborn child blessed in a Zulu ceremony, which took place in the Illovo suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa.^[115] Keys and Beatz were married on the French island of Corsica on July 31, 2010.^[116]^[117] On October 14, 2010, Keys gave birth to a son, Egypt Daoud Ibarr Dean, in New York City.^[118]

2011–present: Other ventures and upcoming album [link]

In June 2011, Songs in A Minor was re-released as deluxe and collector's editions in commemoration of its 10th anniversary.^[119] To support the release, Keys embarked on a four-city promotional tour, entitled Piano & I: A One Night Only Event With Alicia Keys, featuring only her piano. Keys is also set to co-produce the Broadway premiere of Stick Fly, which will open in December 2011.^[120] On September 26, 2011, was the premiere of Project 5 known as Five, short film that marks the debut of Alicia Keys as a director. It is a documentary of five episodes that tell stories of five women who were victims of breast cancer and how it affected their lives. The production also has co-direction of the actresses Jennifer Aniston, Demi Moore and film director Patty Jenkins.^[121]

on September 23, she performed at iHeart Music Festival and sang her new song "A Place Of My Own", which is present in her fifth studio album.^[122]^[123] On October 7, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding J Records along with Arista Records and Jive Records. With the shutdown, Keys (and all other artists previously signed to these three labels) will release her future material on RCA Records.^[124]^[125] On Saturday February 18, 2012, Alicia performed "Send Me an Angel" at Whitney Houston's memorial at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey.^[126]

Artistry [link]

Musical style [link]

	"If I Ain't Got You" (2003) noicon Keys often incorporates piano into her songs
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

An accomplished pianist, Keys incorporates piano into a majority of her songs and often writes about love, heartbreak and female empowerment.^[10]^[53] She has cited several musicians as her inspirations, including Prince, Nina Simone, Barbra Streisand, Marvin Gaye, Quincy Jones, Donny Hathaway and Stevie Wonder.^[127]^[128]^[129] Keys' style is rooted in gospel and vintage soul music, supplemented by bass and programmed drumbeats.^[130] She heavily incorporates classical piano with R&B, soul and jazz into her music.^[131]^[132] She began experimenting with other genres, including pop and rock, in her third studio album, As I Am,^[130]^[133]^[134] transitioning from neo soul to a 1980s and 1990s R&B sound with her fourth album, The Element of Freedom.^[135]^[136] Patrick Huguenin of the New York Daily News stated that her incorporation of classical piano riffs contributed to her breakout success.^[44] Jet magazine states she "thrives" by touching her fans with "piano mastery, words and melodious voice".^[137] The Independent described her style as consisting of "crawling blues coupled with a hip-hop backbeat", noting that her lyrics "rarely stray from matters of the heart".^[138] Blender magazine referred to her as "the first new pop artist of the millennium who was capable of changing music."^[139]

Songwriting, voice and achievements [link]

Keys playing the piano while performing, surrounded by three backing vocalists

Keys has a vocal range of a contralto, which spans three octaves.^[44]^[140] She can sing from B flat over an octave below middle C (B♭₂) to B below soprano C (B₅). Often referred to as the "Princess of Soul",^[30]^[138] Keys has been commended as having a strong, raw and impassioned voice;^[141]^[142] others feel that her voice is "emotionally manufactured" at times and that she pushes her voice out of its natural range.^[141]^[142] Keys' songwriting is often criticized for lack of depth, which has led to her writing abilities being called limited.^[141] Her lyrics have been called generic, clichéd and that her songs revolve around generalities.^[130]^[141] Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune feels that she "[pokes] around for multi-format hits rather than trying to project any sort of artistic vision".^[142] Diversely, Jon Pareles of Blender magazine stated that the musical composition of her songs makes up for their lyrical weakness,^[133] while Gregory Stephen Tate of The Village Voice compared Keys' writing and production to 1970s music.^[143]

Throughout her career, Keys has won numerous awards and is listed on the Recording Industry Association of America's best-selling artists in the United States, with 15 million certified albums.^[144] She has sold over 30 million albums worldwide and has established herself as one of the best-selling artists of her time.^[19]^[143]^[145]

Philanthropy [link]

Keys performing at the Live Earth concert

Keys is the co-founder and Global Ambassador of Keep a Child Alive, a non-profit organization that provides medicine to families with HIV and AIDS in Africa.^[146] Keys and U2 lead singer Bono recorded a cover version of Peter Gabriel and Kate Bush's "Don't Give Up", in recognition of World AIDS Day 2005. Keys and Bono's version of the song was retitled "Don't Give Up (Africa)" to reflect the nature of the charity it was benefiting.^[147]^[148] She visited African countries such as Uganda, Kenya and South Africa to promote care for children affected by AIDS.^[149]^[150]^[151] Her work in Africa was documented in the documentary Alicia in Africa: Journey to the Motherland and was available in April 2008.^[152]

Keys has also donated to Frum tha Ground Up, a non-profit organization that aids children and teenagers with scholarships.^[153]^[154] She performed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as part of the worldwide Live 8 concerts to raise awareness of the poverty in Africa and to pressure the G8 leaders to take action.^[155] In 2005, Keys performed on ReAct Now: Music & Relief and Shelter from the Storm: A Concert for the Gulf Coast, two benefit programs that raised money for those affected by Hurricane Katrina.^[156]^[157] In July 2007, Keys and Keith Urban performed The Rolling Stones' 1969 song "Gimme Shelter" at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey at the American leg of the Live Earth concerts.^[158]^[159]

Keys performed Donny Hathaway's 1973 song "Someday We'll All Be Free" at the America: A Tribute to Heroes televised benefit concert following the September 11 attacks.^[160] She participated in the Nobel Peace Prize Concert which took place at the Oslo Spektrum in Oslo, Norway, on December 11, 2007, along with other various artists.^[161] She recorded a theme song for Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama. She joined Joss Stone and Jay-Z on the effort, which served as a theme song for Obama's campaign.^[162] For her work, Keys was honored at the 2009 BET Awards with the Humanitarian Award.^[163] Keys performed the song "Prelude to a Kiss", retitled "Send Me an Angel", from her 2007 album As I Am for the "Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief" telethon in response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake.^[164]

Discography [link]

Main article: Alicia Keys discography

Songs in A Minor (2001)
The Diary of Alicia Keys (2003)
As I Am (2007)
The Element of Freedom (2009)
TBA (2013)

Live albums

Unplugged (2005)

Tours [link]

Main article: List of Alicia Keys tours

An African-American female singing into a microphone on a stand. She is wearing large hoop earrings and a silver sleeveless shirt.

Keys at Tokyo Summer Sonic 2008.

Year	Title	Number of performances
2001/2002	Songs in A Minor Tour	58
2004	Verizon Ladies First Tour	25
2005	The Diary Tour	36
2008	As I Am Tour	94
2010	The Freedom Tour	50
2011	Piano & I: A One Night Only Event With Alicia Keys	5

Filmography [link]

List of television and films credits
Year	Title	Role	Notes
1985	The Cosby Show	Maria	"Slumber Party" (Season 1, Episode 22)
2001	Charmed	P3 VIP Patron (uncredited)	"Size Matters" (Season 4, Episode 5)
2001—2010	Saturday Night Live	Herself / Musical Guest	"Reese Witherspoon/Alicia Keys" (Season 27, Episode 1) "Charles Barkley/Alicia Keys" (Season 35, Episode 11)
2003	American Dreams	Fontella Bass	"Rescue Me" (Season 2, Episode 6)
2003	The Proud Family	Herself (voice)	"The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" (Season 3, Episode 46)
2005	Sesame Street	Herself	Episode #36.26 (Season 36, Episode 26)
2006	The Backyardigans	Mommy Martian (voice)	"Mission to Mars" (Season 2, Episode 1)
2007	Cane	Herself	"One Man Is an Island" (Season 1, Episode 7)
2007	Elmo's Christmas Countdown	Herself	Christmas television special
2007	Smokin' Aces	Georgia Sykes	Debut film
2007	The Nanny Diaries	Lynette
2008	Dove: Fresh Takes	Alex	Lead role
2008	The Secret Life of Bees	June Boatwright	Nominated - NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
2011	Five	Director	Nominated - Directors Guild of America Award
2012	Firelight	Executive Producer

References [link]

^ "Alicia adds tour dates". Metro. Associated Newspapers. 2008-03-07. http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/article.html?in_article_id=112579&in_page_id=7. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Anitai, Tamar (2007-11-12). "MTV Artist of the Week: Alicia Keys". MTV News. http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2007/11/12/mtv-artist-of-the-week-alicia-keys/. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
^ "Yes, America, Amy Winehouse Is a Star". BBC America. 2008-02-11. http://www.bbcamerica.com/content/23/anglophenia.jsp?bc_id=899. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
^ Batey, Angus (2007-11-10). "The ascent of Alicia Keys". The Times (London: News Corporation). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article2819353.ece. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
^ "2005 Grammy Award Winners". CBS News. 2005-02-13. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/14/in_depth_showbiz/main673822.shtml. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
^ Whitmire, Margo (2005-10-19). "Keys 'Unplugs' For 3rd Straight No. 1 Disc". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/keys-unplugs-for-3rd-straight-no-1-disc-1001347290.story. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
^ Who Will Come Out On Top Of VH1’s 100 Greatest Artists Of All Time?
^ "Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years". Nielsen Business Media, Inc.. November 18, 2010. http://www.billboard.com/#/column/the-juice/the-top-50-r-b-hip-hop-artists-of-the-past-1004127916.story?page=5. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Alicia Keys Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/alicia-keys-p469431/biography. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Interview: Alicia Keys". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). November 2, 2001. http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2001/nov/02/shopping.artsfeatures9. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
^ Mervis, Scott (April 17, 2008). "Music Preview: Through her first several records, Alicia Keys has a golden touch". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Block Communications). http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08108/873962-42.stm. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Alicia Keys: Biography". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/alicia-keys/news/artists/8828/53132/53164. Retrieved November 2, 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b "Alicia Keys". China Daily. China Daily Group. September 7, 2004. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-09/07/content_372259.htm. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
^ Iley, Chrissy (February 24, 2008). "Alicia Keys, the girl who made Bob Dylan weep". The Times (London: News Corporation). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3403940.ece. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
^ Vineyard, Jennifer (January 12, 2006). "Alicia Keys' Early Years To Be Made Into A TV Series". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1520667/20060112/keys_alicia.jhtml. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
^ "A lot of people believe I'm part Jamaican, though I'm not. I'm definitely black and Italian and a little Irish or Scottish" (European American) – Bream, Jon (April 28, 2008). "More Keys to Alicia's Life". StarTribune.com. http://www.startribune.com/entertainment/music/18138354.html?elr=KArksD:aDyaEP:kD:aUt:aDyaEP:kD:aUiacyKUUr. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
^ "Alicia Keys – Keys Avoids Mixed Race Abuse". Keys first appeared at a Talent show on "Jenny Jones" where she preformed along side "three little women" who were also an unknown group at the time. Both were signed to a record deal after the performance.Contactmusic.com. December 1, 2004. http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/story/keys-avoids-mixed-race-abuse. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
^ Ojumu, Akin (November 16, 2003). "Soul sister". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2003/nov/16/aliciakeys. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
^ ^a ^b Sams, Christine (February 23, 2009). "The secret life of Alicia Keys". The Age (Melbourne: Fairfax Media): pp. 1–3. http://www.theage.com.au/news/entertainment/film/the-secret-life-of-keys/2009/02/23/1235237496952.html. Retrieved March 8, 2009.
^ "Slumber Party". The Cosby Show. episode 22. season 1. March 28, 1985.
^ "Music and dance kept Alicia Keys out of trouble during childhood". Thaindian News. Thaindian.com Company Limited. July 15, 2008. http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/sports/music-and-dance-kept-alicia-keys-out-of-trouble-during-childhood_10071626.html. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
^ ^a ^b Weiner, Jonah (March 19, 2008). "Alicia Keys: Unlocked". Blender. Alpha Media Group. pp. 1–4. http://www.blender.com/guide/61246/aliciakeysunlocked.html. Retrieved November 16, 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b Pareles, Jon (January 27, 2002). "Music; To Be Alicia Keys: Young, Gifted and in Control". The New York Times (The New York Times Company): pp. 1–3. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/27/arts/music-to-be-alicia-keys-young-gifted-and-in-control.html. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
^ "New York's Rising Stars". Crain's New York Business. 2003. http://mycrains.crainsnewyork.com/40under40/profiles/2003/32. Retrieved Nov 15, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Interview with Peter Edge". HitQuarters. Oct 13, 2004. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Peter_Edge_Inter.html. Retrieved Nov 15, 2010.
^ ^a ^b "New Singer Alicia Keys Sitting Pretty with Smash Debut Album 'Songs In A Minor'". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 100 (9): 60–61. 2004. http://books.google.com/?id=IbUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58&dq=alicia+keys+songs+in+a+minor#PPA60,M1. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
^ Vineyard, Jennifer (January 18, 2006). "Alicia Keys Nearly Spills Secrets To Jane". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1521106/20060118/keys_alicia.jhtml. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
^ Brasor, Philip (October 3, 2001). "Alicia Keys: 'Songs in A Minor'". The Japan Times. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fm20011003a2.html. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
^ Birchmeier, Jason. "Dr. Dolittle 2 – Overview". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r536187. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
^ ^a ^b "The Next Queen of Soul". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. November 8, 2001. pp. 1–6. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/13316/68272. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
^ "Hot Product". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. June 11, 2001. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/hot-product-915447.story. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
^ Martens, Todd (July 5, 2001). "Keys' Debut Tops The Billboard 200". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/keys-debut-tops-the-billboard-200-943381.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
^ Grein, Paul (July 22, 2009). "Chart Watch Extra: The Top 20 New Acts Of The 2000s". Yahoo! Music. http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/39906/chart-watch-extra-the-top-20-new-acts-of-the-2000s/. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c "RIAA – Gold & Platinum". RIAA. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=alicia%20keys&format=ALBUM&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25. Retrieved March 14, 2009.
^ "Alicia adds tour dates". Metro. Associated Newspapers. March 7, 2008. http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/112579-alicia-adds-tour-dates. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
^ Martens, Todd (December 4, 2001). "Alicia Keys' U.S. Tour Bows Jan. 22". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/alicia-keys-u-s-tour-bows-jan-22-1148403.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
^ Jeckell, Barry A.; Mitchell, Gail (May 2, 2002). "'Totally Hits 2002' Packs In 20 Top Tracks". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/totally-hits-2002-packs-in-20-top-tracks-1481371.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
^ "Yes, America, Amy Winehouse Is a Star". BBC America. February 11, 2008. http://www.bbcamerica.com/content/23/anglophenia.jsp?bc_id=899. Retrieved February 13, 2008.
^ Reid, Shaheem (June 25, 2002). "Christina Aguilera, Alicia Keys Party Up For 'Impossible'". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1455399/20020625/aguilera_christina.jhtml. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
^ "Verizon Ladies First Tour 2004 Starring Beyoncé, Alicia Keys and Missy Elliott With Special Guest Tamia". FindArticles (CBS Corporation). February 17, 2004. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2004_Feb_17/ai_113344090/. Retrieved January 27, 2009.
^ Hope, Clover (February 3, 2006). "Keys Pleasantly Surprised By Grammy Nominations". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/keys-pleasantly-surprised-by-grammy-nominations-1001956959.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
^ Batey, Angus (November 10, 2007). "The ascent of Alicia Keys". The Times (London: News Corporation). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article2819353.ece. Retrieved January 27, 2009.
^ Ah-young, Chung (June 3, 2008). "R&B Diva Alicia Keys in Town". The Korea Times. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2008/10/143_25231.html. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c Huguenin, Patrick (October 11, 2008). "'Secret Life of Bees' star Alicia Keys' hive of activity". New York Daily News (Mortimer Zuckerman). http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/2008/10/12/2008-10-12_secret_life_of_bees_star_alicia_keys_hiv.html. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
^ Martens, Todd (January 22, 2004). "Singles Chart Remains In OutKast's Command". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/singles-chart-remains-in-outkast-s-command-2074215.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
^ Whitmir, Margo (June 24, 2004). "Usher Locks Up Singles Chart Again". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/usher-locks-up-singles-chart-again-1000550918.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
^ Whitmir, Margo (September 23, 2004). "Ciara Keeps 'Goodies' Perched On Top". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/ciara-keeps-goodies-perched-on-top-1000640864.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
^ "Karma – Alicia Keys". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/song/alicia-keys/karma/5053548. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
^ "MTV Awards 2004: The winners". BBC. August 30, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3611884.stm. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
^ Buhrmester, Jason (August 30, 2004). "Outkast, Jay-Z Dominate Tame MTV Awards". Blender. Alpha Media Group. http://www.blender.com/guide/67645/outkast-jay-z-dominate-tame-mtv-awards.html. Retrieved February 3, 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ "The Poetry of Alicia Keys". CBS News. November 11, 2004. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/11/11/earlyshow/leisure/celebspot/main655152.shtml. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
^ "In Tears for Water: Songbook of Poems and Lyrics". FindArticles (CBS Corporation). 2004-11. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_1_60/ai_n6260841/. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Stark, Petra (November 16, 2008). "Alicia Keys, superwoman". The Daily Telegraph. News Limited. http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/sunday-telegraph/alicia-keys-superwoman/story-e6frewt9-1111118050168. Retrieved July 17, 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ Lafranco, Robert (February 10, 2005). "Money Makers". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6959138/money_makers/4. Retrieved December 4, 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ Barkham, Patrick (August 30, 2005). "Green Day takes top honours at MTV awards ceremony". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/aug/30/media.arts. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
^ "Late Ray Charles tops Grammy Awards". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). February 15, 2002. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2005/feb/14/raycharles. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
^ "2005 Grammy Award Winners". CBS News. February 13, 2005. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/14/in_depth_showbiz/main673822.shtml. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
^ Jenison, David (October 19, 2005). "Keys Plugs In at No. 1". Yahoo! Music. http://new.music.yahoo.com/alicia-keys/news/keys-plugs-in-at-no-1--24723802. Retrieved December 7, 2006.
^ Cohen, Jonathan (August 22, 2005). "Keys Blends Old With New On 'Unplugged'". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/keys-blends-old-with-new-on-unplugged-1001019121.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
^ Whitmire, Margo (October 19, 2005). "Keys 'Unplugs' For 3rd Straight No. 1 Disc". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/keys-unplugs-for-3rd-straight-no-1-disc-1001347290.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
^ Hope, Clover (January 24, 2006). "Keys Craves 'Strange As Hell' Collaborations". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/keys-craves-strange-as-hell-collaborations-1001883836.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
^ "Unplugged – Charts & Awards – Billboard Singles". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/unplugged-r795026/charts-awards/billboard-single. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
^ Bronson, Fred (January 26, 2006). "Chart Beat". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/chart-beat-1001918986.story. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
^ Weiss, David (October 1, 2005). "Alicia Keys Opens Recording Studio in New York". Mix. Penton Media. http://mixonline.com/mag/audio_oven_studios/. Retrieved December 7, 2006.
^ LeRoy, Dan (December 7, 2005). "Alicia Collaborator Krucial Goes Solo". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/8933895/alicia_collaborator_krucial_goes_solo. Retrieved December 7, 2006. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Image Awards Honor Foxx, Keys, Carey". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. February 26, 2006. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/image-awards-honor-foxx-keys-carey-1002075032.story. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
^ "Alicia Keys – A Legend Grows". ASCAP. https://www.ascap.com/playback/2005/summer/features/keys.html. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
^ "For The Record: Quick News On Alicia Keys, Cameron Diaz, Justin Timberlake, Lance Bass, Beyoncé & More". MTV News. September 20, 2006. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1541325/20060920/keys_alicia.jhtml. Retrieved December 6, 2008.
^ Bream, Jon (April 25, 2008). "Alicia Keys: From near-breakdown to breakthrough with 'Yes I Am'". PopMatters. http://www.popmatters.com/pm/article/alicia-keys-from-near-breakdown-to-breakthrough-with-yes-i-am. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
^ "Analyse This: Alicia Keys, singer". Daily Mail (London: Associated Newspapers). November 23, 2008. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1088762/Alicia-Keys-price-fame-loss-inspired-latest-music.html. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
^ "Smokin' Aces Tranforms Alicia Keys from Artist to Assassin". IGN. January 28, 2007. http://movies.ign.com/articles/755/755255p1.html. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
^ Carroll, Larry (January 2, 2007). "Alicia Keys Kills — Literally — In Film Debut, 'Smokin' Aces'". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1548928/story.jhtml. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
^ Carroll, Larry (April 13, 2006). "Alicia Keys Works Her Hollywood Mojo, Joins Johansson In 'Nanny Diaries'". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1528672/story.jhtml. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
^ "Cane – One Man is an Island". Yahoo!. http://tv.yahoo.com/episode/151729/castcrew. Retrieved December 6, 2008.
^ Harris, Chris (November 21, 2007). "Alicia Keys Lands Fourth Consecutive #1 On Billboard Chart With As I Am". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1574872/20071121/keys_alicia.jhtml. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
^ Caulfield, Kieth (November 21, 2007). "Alicia Keys 'As I Am' Bows Big at No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/charts/chart_alert/e3i3567e69804be692d4caf2cff3b560fea. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
^ Cohen, Jonathan (November 21, 2007). "Keys Storms Chart With Mega-Selling 'As I Am'". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/keys-storms-chart-with-mega-selling-as-i-1003676535.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
^ Celizic, Mike (April 27, 2008). "Alicia Keys kicks off TODAY concert series". msnbc.com. NBC Universal. http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/24238729/. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
^ "Gold and Platinum". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Alicia%20Keys&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009Artist&perPage=25. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
^ "Alicia Keys Gears Up for North American Leg of As I Am Tour Presented By Lexus on...". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). April 16, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS230622+16-Apr-2008+PRN20080416. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
^ Goodman, Dean (November 23, 2008). "R&B star Chris Brown sweeps American Music Awards". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). http://ca.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSTRE4AN0H620081124. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
^ Bonson, Fred (October 18, 2007). "Chart Beat". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/chart-beat-1003660178.story. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c "As I Am – Charts & Awards – Billboard Singles". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/as-i-am-r1213242/charts-awards/billboard-single. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
^ Graff, Gary (April 28, 2008). "Alicia Mulls Next Album, New Single". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/alicia-keys-mulls-next-album-new-single-1003795464.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
^ "Grammy 2008 Winners List". MTV News. February 10, 2008. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1581272/20080210/story.jhtml. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
^ Donahue, Ann (February 11, 2008). "Grammy Performances Meld Classic, Contemporary". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/grammy-performances-meld-classic-contemporary-1003709145.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
^ Reid, Shaheem (June 25, 2008). "Kanye West, UGK Win Big At BET Awards, But Ne-Yo, Alicia Keys, Lil Wayne Performances Steal The Show". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1589931/20080625/fergie__4_.jhtml. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
^ "Video: Alicia Keys and Dove(R) Give Women a Fresh Take on Life in Their Twenties". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). March 24, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUS76429+24-Mar-2008+PRN20080324. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
^ "OK! Interview: Alicia Keys". OK!. August 6, 2008. http://www.okmagazine.com/2008/08/ok-interview-alicia-keys-8283/. Retrieved July 17, 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Martin Scorsese Directs Andre Agassi, Sheryl Crow, Ellen DeGeneres, Alicia Keys and Shaun White in New American Express(R) Campaign for 'The Members Project'". PR Newswire. June 1, 2007. http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/06-01-2007/0004600061. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
^ Bray, Elisa (September 19, 2008). "First Listen: Another Way To Die, James Bond Theme, Jack White and Alicia Keys". The Independent (London: Independent News & Media). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/first-listen-another-way-to-die-james-bond-theme-jack-white-and-alicia-keys-935406.html. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
^ "The Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists (80–61)". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100-artists-80.shtml. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
^ Zeitchik, Steven (December 26, 2007). "Dakota Fanning and Alicia Keys drawn to "Bees"". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2064532120071220. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
^ "40th NAACP Image Awards" (PDF). NAACP. January 7, 2009. http://www.naacp.org/news/press/2009-01-07/40th.NIA.Nominees.Release.pdf. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
^ "The 51st Annual Grammy Awards Nominations List". Grammy. http://www2.grammy.com/grammy_awards/51st_show/list.aspx. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
^ "Alicia Keys Backtracks On Gangsta Rap Conspiracy Claims". The Huffington Post. April 15, 2008. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/04/15/alicia-keys-backtracks-on_n_96867.html. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ "Keys 'sorry' for tobacco adverts". BBC. July 28, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7529354.stm. Retrieved July 28, 2008.
^ "For The Record: Quick News On Justin Timberlake, Michael Jackson, Britney Spears, 'Snakes On A Plane' & More". MTV News. July 14, 2006. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1536391/20060714/timberlake_justin.jhtml. Retrieved December 9, 2006.
^ Elber, Lynn (January 18, 2006). "Alicia Keys forms production company". The Seattle Times (The Seattle Times Company). http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2002745532_aliciakeys18.html. Retrieved December 9, 2006.
^ Fleming, Michael (July 13, 2006). "Mouse locking up Keys". Variety (Reed Business Information). http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117946792.html?categoryid=16&cs=1. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
^ "Preview: Whitney Houston – 'I Look to You'". Rap-Up. http://www.rap-up.com/2009/07/24/preview-whitney-houston-i-look-to-you/. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
^ Pietroluong, Silvio (November 19, 2009). "Jay-Z Rules Hot 100, Lady Antebellum Jumps into Top 10". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/news#/news/jay-z-rules-hot-100-lady-antebellum-jumps-1004044405.story. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
^ Billboard Staff (2011-02-13). "Grammys 2011 Winners List". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/news/grammys-2011-winners-list-1005032082.story#/news/grammys-2011-winners-list-1005032082.story. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
^ Mitchell, Gail (June 26, 2009). "Stargate, Tricky Stewart, The-Dream ASCAP's Top Songwriters". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3i2c0d30928617f5ec2a961b09d785be34. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ "Looking for Paradise – Alejandro Sanz". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/song/alejandro-sanz/looking-for-paradise/14253569. Retrieved April 5, 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Alicia Keys Will Wait for 'Freedom'". Rap-Up. http://www.rap-up.com/2009/10/25/alicia-keys-will-wait-for-freedom/. Retrieved October 26, 2009.
^ Caulfield, Keith (December 23, 2009). "Susan Boyle Blocks Alicia Keys From No. 1 on Billboard 200". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/susan-boyle-blocks-alicia-keys-from-no-1-1004055332.story. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
^ "Alicia Keys to perform at Jazz Fest". Cayman News Service. May 11, 2009. http://www.caymannewsservice.com/local-news/2009/05/11/alicia-keys-perform-jazz-fest. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
^ George, Raphael (December 18, 2009). "Alicia Keys named top R&B artist of decade". Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE5BH5HN20091218. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
^ "Best of the 2000s – Artists of the Decade". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/charts-decade-end/artists-of-the-decade?year=2009#/charts-decade-end/artists-of-the-decade?year=2009. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
^ "Best of the 2000s – Hot 100 Songs". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/charts-decade-end/artists-of-the-decade?year=2009#/charts-decade-end/hot-100-songs?year=2009. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
^ Sexton, Paul (February 8, 2010). "Alicia Keys Scores First U.K. No. 1 Album". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/alicia-keys-scores-first-u-k-no-1-album-1004065738.story. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
^ "Alicia Keys dating rapper". The Boston Globe. 2009-05-18. http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2009/05/18/alicia_keys_dating_rapper/. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
^ Laudadio, Marisa (May 27, 2010). "Alicia Keys and Swizz Beatz Are Engaged – and Expecting!". People. Time. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20389363,00.html. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
^ "Alicia Keys and Swizz Haseeb Receive Zulu Blessing in Africa". Rap-Up. http://www.rap-up.com/2010/06/22/alicia-keys-and-swizz-beatz-receive-zulu-blessing-in-africa/. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
^ Baertlein, Lisa (August 2, 2010). "Alicia Keys Marries Swizz Beatz". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/news/alicia-keys-marries-swizz-beatz-in-france-1004107126.story#/news/alicia-keys-marries-swizz-beatz-in-france-1004107126.story. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
^ Serpe, Gina (August 1, 2010). "Call Her Mrs. Beatz: Alicia Keys Weds!". EOnline. EOnline. http://au.eonline.com/uberblog/b193211_call_her_mrs_beatz_alicia_keys_weds.html. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
^ Greer, Carlos (October 15, 2010). "Alicia Keys Has a Baby Boy". People. People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20434638,00.html?xid=rss-topheadlines. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
^ James Dinh (April 13, 2011). "Alicia Keys Announces 10th Anniversary Edition Of Songs In A Minor". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1661882/alicia-keys-songs-in-a-minor-concert.jhtml. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
^ Kaufman, Gil (2011-06-28). "Alicia Keys Heads To Broadway – Music, Celebrity, Artist News". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1666508/alicia-keys-stick-fly-broadway.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
^ Zakarin, Jordan (March 29, 2011). "'Project Five': Jennifer Aniston, Alicia Keys, Demi Moore Directing Film For 'Lifetime'". Huffingtonpost.com. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/29/project-five-jennifer-aniston_n_842136.html. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
^ "Alicia Keys Debuts “A Place Of My Own” At iHeartRadio Music Festival | Music News, Reviews, and Gossip on". Idolator.com. 2011-09-24. http://idolator.com/6024002/alicia-keys-debuts-a-place-of-my-own. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
^ "Google News". News.google.com.br. http://news.google.com.br/news/more?hl=en&q=A+Place+Of+My+Own&gs_upl=47961l47961l1l48421l1l1l0l0l0l0l0l0ll0l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&biw=1366&bih=677&um=1&ie=UTF-8&ncl=dsx42p3KjIV_WRMlyfw-MO6MimWTM&ei=MCd-TqDDO-m80AGf5b2VDQ&sa=X&oi=news_result&ct=more-results&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQqgIwAA. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
^ "RCA's New Executive Team Named Under CEO Peter Edge Amid Layoffs (Update)". Billboard.biz. 2011-08-23. http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/rca-s-new-executive-team-named-under-ceo-1005324782.story. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
^ "Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Arbitron Ratings, Music News and more!". FMQB. http://www.fmqb.com/article.asp?id=2268707. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
^ Kleinman, Jacob. "Whitney Houston Funeral: Alicia Keys Performs "Prelude To A Kiss"". International Business Times. http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/300933/20120218/whintey-houston-funeral-alicia-keys-angel-video.htm. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ "Keys to Success". People. Time. August 27, 2001. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20135193,00.html. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ Fiore, Raymond (April 21, 2006). "Opening Doors". Entertainment Weekly (Time). http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1186026,00.html. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
^ Horan, Tom (November 29, 2003). "CD of the week: The Diary of Alicia Keys by Alicia Keys". The Daily Telegraph (London: News Limited). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandjazzmusic/3607474/CD-of-the-week-The-Diary-of-Alicia-Keys-by-Alicia-Keys.html. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c Pareles, Jon (September 9, 2007). "A Neo-Soul Star as She Is: Nurturing Her Inner Rebel". The New York Times (The New York Times Company): pp. 1–2. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/arts/music/09pare.html. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
^ MacDonald, Patrick (September 19, 2008). "Six years after 'Minor' success, Alicia Keys is a major star". The Seattle Times (The Seattle Times Company). http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/musicnightlife/2008188607_keys19.html. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
^ Neal, Mark Anthony. "Song in A Minor: A Major Debut". PopMatters. http://www.popmatters.com/music/reviews/k/keysalicia-songs.shtml. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ ^a ^b Pareles, Jon (November 13, 2007). "Alicia Keys – As I Am on Blender". Blender. Alpha Media Group. http://www.blender.com/guide/new/54849/as-i-am.html. Retrieved February 4, 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ Brown, Marisa. "As I Am – Overview". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r1213242. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
^ Ratliff, Ben (December 13, 2009). "News CDs from Alicia Keys, Timbaland and Jimmy Buffett – Review". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/14/arts/music/14choi.html. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
^ "Alicia Keys and the Freedom of love". Houston Chronicle. Hearst Corporation. December 14, 2009. http://blogs.chron.com/peep/2009/12/alicia_keys_and_the_freedom_of_1.html. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
^ "Alicia Keys Wraps Up Busy Year With Awards, Hit CD, Tour And Poetry Book?". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 106 (24): 61. 2004. http://books.google.com/?id=F78DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58&dq=alicia+keys+voice#PPA61,M1. Retrieved December 25, 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Alicia Keys: Soul princess". The Independent (London: Independent News & Media). November 18, 2005. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/alicia-keys-soul-princess-515710.html. Retrieved December 25, 2008.
^ "Alicia Keys: Album review". Blender. Blender. February 12, 2003. http://www.blender.com/guide/new/51866/diary-alicia-keys.html. Retrieved May 18, 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Alicia Keys: She sings, she acts, she smoulders". Canwest News Service. Canwest Mediaworks Publications. October 15, 2008. http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/story.html?id=f04af0a4-3aa8-477c-b783-903549139ac3. Retrieved April 16, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Freedom du Lac, J. (November 13, 2007). "Alicia Keys, Still Warming Up". The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/12/AR2007111201967.html. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kot, Greg (November 11, 2007). "Drab production keeps Alicia Keys' promise unfulfilled". Chicago Tribune (Tribune Company). http://leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com/turn_it_up/2007/11/drab-production.html. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
^ ^a ^b Tate, Gregory Stephen (November 20, 2007). "Extensions of a Woman". The Village Voice. New Times Media. pp. 1–2. http://www.villagevoice.com/2007-11-20/music/extensions-of-a-woman/. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
^ "RIAA – Gold & Platinum – Top Selling Artists". RIAA. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&table=tblTopArt&action=. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
^ Orf, Chris Hansen (July 22, 2008). "R&B queen Alicia Keys to play Dodge Theatre". East Valley Tribune. Archived from the original on October 14, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081014112443/http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/story/121327. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
^ "Green Family Foundation Sponsors Alicia Keys' Keep a Child Alive College Student...". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). November 20, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUS145550+20-Nov-2008+PRN20081120. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
^ "Alicia Keys And Bono Team Up For Charity Track". Vibe. Vibe Media Group. December 1, 2005. http://www.vibe.com/news/news_headlines/2005/12/alicia_keys_bono_dont_give_up_africa/. Retrieved December 16, 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Bono and Keys duet on Africa song". BBC. December 4, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4497232.stm. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
^ "For The Record: Quick News On Gwyneth Paltrow, Chris Martin, Obie Trice, Notorious B.I.G., Jessica Simpson & More". MTV News. April 10, 2006. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1528266/20060410/coldplay.jhtml. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
^ "Alicia Keys and 'Keep a Child Alive' Visit AHF's Ithembalabantu Clinic, Free AIDS Clinic in Durban, South Africa Run by AIDS Healthcare Foundation". PR Newswire. April 16, 2006. http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=168584. Retrieved December 4, 2006.
^ "Alicia Keys in Kenya for HIV Project". USA Today (Gannett Company). April 6, 2006. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-04-06-alicia-keys_x.htm. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
^ "Alicia Keys' Documentary "Alicia in Africa: Journey to the Motherland" Available...". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). April 7, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUS189864+07-Apr-2008+BW20080407. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
^ "Keys lends support to mentoring group". USA Today (Gannett Company). June 24, 2005. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-06-24-alicia-keys_x.htm. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
^ "Frum Tha Ground Up Story Page". USA Today (Gannett Company). January 22, 2007. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-01-21-alicia-keys_x.htm. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
^ Wolinsky, David (June 27, 2005). "Keys, Peas Join Live 8". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/7425214/keys_peas_join_live_8. Retrieved December 16, 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ Moss, Corey (September 2, 2005). "Kelly, Stones, Kanye Added To Massive Disaster-Relief Special". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1508922/20050902/clarkson_kelly.jhtml. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
^ "Celebrity-Studded Benefit Raises Funds for Hurricane Katrina Survivors; Shelter From the Storm: A Concert for the Gulf Coast". FindArticles (CBS Corporation). December 6, 2005. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2005_Dec_6/ai_n15896288/. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
^ Dolan, Jon; Lynskey, Dorian (July 7, 2007). "Live Earth". Blender. Alpha Media Group. http://www.blender.com/guide/live/54717/hot-in-herre-giants-stadium-east-rutherford-nj.html. Retrieved December 16, 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Live Earth New York Rocks Giants Stadium". Spin. Spin Media. July 9, 2007. http://www.spin.com/articles/live-earth-new-york-rocks-giants-stadium. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
^ Samuels, Allison (December 31, 2001). "Alicia Keys". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/2001/12/30/alicia-keys.html. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
^ "Nobel Peace Prize Concert". Nobel Peace Prize. http://nobelpeaceprize.org/concert/history/index.php. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
^ Watson, Roland; Costello, Miles; Fleming, Sam (August 12, 2008). "Joss Stone to record song for Barack Obama". The Times (London: News Corporation). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article4511270.ece. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
^ Ditzian, Eric (June 29, 2009). "BET Awards Salute Michael Jackson With Heartfelt Tributes". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1614877/20090629/story.jhtml. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
^ Reid, Shaheem (January 22, 2010). "Alicia Keys Performs 'Prelude to a Kiss' During 'Hope for Haiti Now'". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1630327/20100122/keys_alicia.jhtml. Retrieved February 10, 2010.

External links [link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Alicia Keys

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alicia Keys

Official website
Alicia Keys at the Internet Movie Database
Alicia Keys at Billboard.com
Alicia Keys at Discogs
Alicia Keys at Metacritic

Awards and achievements
Preceded by Macy Gray	MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist 2001	Succeeded by Avril Lavigne
Preceded by Nelly	BET Award for Best New Artist 2002	Succeeded by 50 Cent
Preceded by Carl Thomas	NAACP Image Award for Outstanding New Artist 2002	Succeeded by Ashanti

v t e Alicia Keys

Discography Awards and nominations Tours Films

Studio albums	Songs in A Minor (2001) The Diary of Alicia Keys (2003) As I Am (2007) The Element of Freedom (2009)

Compilation albums	The Platinum Collection (2010)

Live albums	Unplugged (2005)

Remix albums	Remixed & Unplugged in A minor (2002) Remixed (2008)

Tours	Songs in A Minor Tour Verizon Ladies First Tour Diary Tour As I Am Tour Freedom Tour Piano & I

Filmography	Smokin' Aces The Nanny Diaries The Secret Life of Bees

Book Category

v t e Alicia Keys singles

Songs in A Minor	"Fallin'" "A Woman's Worth" "How Come You Don't Call Me" "Girlfriend"

The Diary of Alicia Keys	"You Don't Know My Name" "If I Ain't Got You" "Diary" "Karma"

Unplugged	"Unbreakable" "Every Little Bit Hurts"

As I Am	"No One" "Like You'll Never See Me Again" "Teenage Love Affair" "Superwoman"

The Element of Freedom	"Doesn't Mean Anything" "Try Sleeping with a Broken Heart" "Empire State of Mind (Part II) Broken Down" "Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready)" "Put It in a Love Song" "Wait Til You See My Smile"

Other singles	"Gangsta Lovin'" "My Boo" "Ghetto Story Chapter 2" "Another Way to Die" "Empire State of Mind" "Looking for Paradise" "Fireworks" "All of the Lights" "Speechless" "International Party"

Book Category

v t e Grammy Award for Best New Artist

1950s	Bobby Darin (1959)

1960s	No award given (1960) Bob Newhart (1961) Peter Nero (1962) Robert Goulet (1963) The Swingle Singers (1964) The Beatles (1965) Tom Jones (1966) No award given (1967) Bobbie Gentry (1968) José Feliciano (1969)

1970s	Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young (1970) The Carpenters (1971) Carly Simon (1972) America (1973) Bette Midler (1974) Marvin Hamlisch (1975) Natalie Cole (1976) Starland Vocal Band (1977) Debby Boone (1978) A Taste of Honey (1979)

1980s	Rickie Lee Jones (1980) Christopher Cross (1981) Sheena Easton (1982) Men at Work (1983) Culture Club (1984) Cyndi Lauper (1985) Sade (1986) Bruce Hornsby and the Range (1987) Jody Watley (1988) Tracy Chapman (1989)

1990s	Milli Vanilli (1990) Mariah Carey (1991) Marc Cohn (1992) Arrested Development (1993) Toni Braxton (1994) Sheryl Crow (1995) Hootie & the Blowfish (1996) LeAnn Rimes (1997) Paula Cole (1998) Lauryn Hill (1999)

2000s	Christina Aguilera (2000) Shelby Lynne (2001) Alicia Keys (2002) Norah Jones (2003) Evanescence (2004) Maroon 5 (2005) John Legend (2006) Carrie Underwood (2007) Amy Winehouse (2008) Adele (2009)

2010s	Zac Brown Band (2010) Esperanza Spalding (2011) Bon Iver (2012)

Grammy Award Record of the Year Song of the Year Album of the Year Best New Artist National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences

v t e Grammy Award for Song of the Year (2000s)

2000 Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas - "Smooth" 2001 Adam Clayton, David Evans, Larry Mullen, Jr. & Paul Hewson - "Beautiful Day" 2002 Alicia Keys - "Fallin'" 2003 Jesse Harris - "Don't Know Why" 2004 Richard Marx & Luther Vandross - "Dance with My Father" 2005 John Mayer - "Daughters" 2006 Adam Clayton, David Evans, Larry Mullen, Jr. & Paul Hewson - "Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" 2007 Emily Burns Irwin, Martha Maguire, Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson - "Not Ready to Make Nice" 2008 Amy Winehouse - "Rehab" 2009 Guy Berryman, Jonathan Buckland, William Champion & Christopher Martin - "Viva la Vida"

Complete list (1960s) (1970s) (1980s) (1990s) (2000s) (2010s)

v t e Billboard Year-End number one albums (1990–2009)

1990: Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 – Janet Jackson 1991: Mariah Carey – Mariah Carey 1992: Ropin' the Wind – Garth Brooks 1993: The Bodyguard – Soundtrack 1994: The Sign – Ace of Base 1995: Cracked Rear View – Hootie & the Blowfish 1996: Jagged Little Pill – Alanis Morissette 1997: Spice – Spice Girls 1998: Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture – James Horner 1999: Millennium – Backstreet Boys 2000: No Strings Attached – 'N Sync 2001: 1 – The Beatles 2002: The Eminem Show – Eminem 2003: Get Rich or Die Tryin' – 50 Cent 2004: Confessions – Usher 2005: The Massacre – 50 Cent 2006: Some Hearts – Carrie Underwood 2007: Daughtry – Daughtry 2008: As I Am – Alicia Keys 2009: Fearless – Taylor Swift

Complete list (1956–1969) (1970–1989) (1990–2009) (2010–2029)

v t e James Bond music

Themes	"James Bond Theme" (Monty Norman) "James Bond Is Back/From Russia with Love" (John Barry) "007 Theme" (John Barry) "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" (John Barry) "Bond 77" (Marvin Hamlisch)

Soundtracks	Dr. No From Russia with Love Goldfinger Thunderball You Only Live Twice On Her Majesty's Secret Service Diamonds Are Forever Live and Let Die The Man with the Golden Gun The Spy Who Loved Me Moonraker For Your Eyes Only Octopussy A View to a Kill The Living Daylights Licence to Kill GoldenEye Tomorrow Never Dies The World Is Not Enough Die Another Day Casino Royale Quantum of Solace

Eon films themes	"Kingston Calypso" "From Russia with Love" "Goldfinger" "Thunderball" "You Only Live Twice" "We Have All the Time in the World" "Diamonds Are Forever" "Live and Let Die" "The Man with the Golden Gun" "Nobody Does It Better" "Moonraker" "For Your Eyes Only" "All Time High" "A View to a Kill" "The Living Daylights" "Where Has Everybody Gone?" "Licence To Kill" "If You Asked Me To" "GoldenEye" "Tomorrow Never Dies" "The World Is Not Enough" "Die Another Day" "You Know My Name" "Another Way to Die"

Non-Eon films themes	"Casino Royale" "The Look of Love" "Never Say Never Again"

Compilations	Shaken and Stirred The Incredible World of James Bond The Best of Bond...James Bond

Related articles	Official secondary songs "If You Asked Me To" "Where Has Everybody Gone?"

http://wn.com/Alicia_Keys

http://cs.wn.com/Alicia Keys

http://id.wn.com/Alicia Keys

http://es.wn.com/Alicia Keys

http://ru.wn.com/Киз, Алиша

http://nl.wn.com/Alicia Keys

http://it.wn.com/Alicia Keys

http://pl.wn.com/Alicia Keys

http://fr.wn.com/Alicia Keys

http://de.wn.com/Alicia Keys

http://hi.wn.com/अलिसिया कीज़

http://pt.wn.com/Alicia Keys

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Keys

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Paloma Faith
Faith performing in November 2010
Background information
Birth name	Paloma Faith Blomfield
Born	(1985-07-21) 21 July 1985 (age 26)^[1]^[2] Hackney, London, UK
Genres	Soul, pop, jazz
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, actress
Instruments	Vocals
Years active	2006–present
Labels	Epic Records, RCA Records
Website	palomafaith.com

Paloma Faith (born Paloma Faith Blomfield; 21 July 1985) is an English singer-songwriter and actress. In 2009, she released her debut single "Stone Cold Sober" and her debut album, Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful?, which was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. Her album stayed within the top 40 album charts for over forty weeks. The album spawned five singles: "Stone Cold Sober", "New York", title track "Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful?", "Upside Down" and "Smoke & Mirrors". Faith also recorded the theme song to the 2010 British film 4.3.2.1 and appeared on the charity record "I Put a Spell on You". Faith made her feature film debut in the 2007 remake of St Trinian's. She has since appeared in two more feature films, The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus and Dread. In March 2010, Faith revealed that she was working on a second album. Almost two years later, Faith announced that her second album would be called Fall to Grace and that it would be released on 28 May 2012. The album was preceded by the single "Picking Up the Pieces", which became Faith's highest charting single to date.

1 Early life
2 Music career
3 Acting career
4 Discography
5 Filmography
6 References
7 External links

Early life [link]

Faith was born in Hackney, London to a Spanish father and an English mother who split up when Faith was two years old.^[1] Faith was raised by her mother in Stoke Newington.^[3] As a child, Faith was encouraged to dance by her mother and she took weekly ballet classes in Dalston.^[1] After completing her A-Levels, Faith went on to study for a degree in contemporary dance at the Northern School of Contemporary Dance,^[4] which Faith describes as "the worst experience of [her] life".^[1] Faith then went on to study for an MA in theatre directing at Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design,^[5] funding her studies by working various part-time jobs, which included; a sales assistant at Agent Provocateur, a singer in a burlesque cabaret, a life model and a magician's assistant.^[3]^[5]

Music career [link]

2007–08: Career beginnings [link]

Faith's first foray into music began when she mimicked famous soul and jazz singers including Etta James and Billie Holiday, whom she admired and cites as influences for her own work.^[3]^[6] Faith met her managers Jamie Binns and Christian Wåhlberg of Lateral Management in 2007.^[7] Binns had been tipped off by the producer Peanut, a client who had recently worked with Faith in his studio and been suitably impressed.^[8] He met up with Faith shortly afterwards and was "completely blown away", later saying: "I wasn't sure what this girl was going to do – she was an actress and a singer – but there was just something about her in that artistic realness that when I came out of the meeting I called Christian and said, 'We have to do something with this girl!'"^[8] Although Faith had been looking for a manager, she was still wary about entering into a formal agreement with Binns and Wåhlberg. She instead wanted to build their relationship before any contracts were signed. The managers spent six months to a year helping Faith with the A&R process, setting up sessions, and guiding and advising her before Faith was officially signed to Lateral Management.^[8]

During her time at college, Faith worked in a pub where the manager asked her to front his band, which they later called 'Paloma and the Penetrators'.^[1] During a performance with the band at a cabaret show, Faith was scouted by an A&R man from Epic Records, who invited Faith to sing for the manager of the label.^[1] Twenty minutes into the audition, Faith asked the manager to turn his phone off and when he refused, she walked out.^[1] Epic A&R Joanna Charrington told HitQuarters "When she played a showcase for us it was clear that she was a star but the material was a bit generic. She didn't have the hit songs."^[7] Not being one hundred percent convinced the label executives decided to wait. During this time Charrington regularly checked Faith's MySpace page "to see if she had something that had a special direction or sound."^[7] After several months her attention was eventually piqued by "Broken Doll", which she thought was a well-crafted song with a "fantastic chorus and brilliant lyrics."^[7] Charrington told Epic managing director Nick Raphael "I think we should get this girl back in. She sounds like she is getting it now. We can help her get the songs."^[7] Faith revealed in an interview that the manager called her and offered her a contract saying he had seen many acts since and none had been as memorable as her.^[1] Faith turned down an opportunity to join Amy Winehouse's band and she began to write and perform her own songs.^[9]

Faith's first recognised work was the song "It's Christmas (And I Hate You)", which she recorded as a duet with singer-songwriter, Josh Weller in 2008.^[10] Faith's music is influenced by soul and jazz and her singing style has been compared favourably to those of Amy Winehouse and Duffy.^[11]^[12]

[edit] 2009–10: Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful?

Faith released her debut single, "Stone Cold Sober", in mid-2009 and it reached Number 17 on the UK Singles Chart.^[13] Faith's second single, "New York" was released in September 2009.^[14] The song made its peak position in early October, peaking at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart.^[15] Faith then released her debut album, Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful?, on 28 September 2009.^[16] Faith wrote or co-wrote all of the songs on the album in the UK, Sweden and America and recorded it entirely in London.^[17] It debuted at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart and later peaked at number 9, it remained in the chart for sixteen weeks.^[18] The album became BBC Radio 2's 'Album of the Week' from the 19 September 2009.^[16] In the same year, Faith appeared as a guest vocalist on Basement Jaxx's Scars album and on American hip-hop artist MF Doom's album, Born Like This.^[19]^[20] Faith released her third single, the album's title track, "Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful?" on 21 December 2009.^[21] The song did not perform as well as Faith's previous singles and failed to reach the top twenty. It peaked at number 64 in January 2010.^[22] In March 2010, Faith released her fourth single, "Upside Down", which peaked at Number 55 in the UK. To promote the album, Faith went on her first tour, featuring dates in the UK, Germany and France.^[23]

Faith performing at the 2010 Lovebox Festival

On 4 November 2009, Faith announced her first headlining tour of the UK and Ireland starting on 17 March 2010.^[5]^[24] The Times described the tour as being "full of theatrical artifice, but based on the rock-solid foundation of [Faith]'s sensational singing voice and a personality that sparkled like a rough diamond".^[25] Faith performed a live set for the BBC's Radio 2 Introduces... and gave an interview to the station's host, Dermot O'Leary.^[26] Faith also appeared on current events programme This Week discussing her views on the British education system with Michael Portillo. During this month she also appeared as a guest on Never Mind the Buzzcocks,^[27] performed the song "Upside Down" on The Hollyoaks Music Show, and performed her single "New York" on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross. She also appeared on the BBC's Later with Jools Holland, recorded on 13 October 2009, and his live Hootenanny on 31 December 2009. Faith performed at numerous festivals throughout that summer, including T4 on the Beach. "Stone Cold Sober" was used as the backing track for a Rimmel commercial starring Lily Cole and the B-side, "I Just Wait", was used in a UK television alcohol awareness advert.^[5]^[28] Samsung's Corby mobile phone TV commercial featured Faith's "Technicolour" song. Faith became involved in an album artwork competition with BBC Blast in November 2009, in which teenagers won the chance to work alongside leading artists, photographers and music industry professionals to create new publicity artwork for the singer.^[29]

During an interview with Mayer Nissim of Digital Spy in March 2010, Faith revealed that she was working on a second album.^[30], and that if she continued to make losses for her record label they would drop her.^[30] Faith's manager subsequently refuted any suggestion that her contract with the label was under threat, saying that, on the contrary, debut album UK sales of 500,000 without a hit single is an impressive foundation for a long-term career, and Sony are "smart enough" to recognise that and are 110% behind her.^[8] Faith, along with Adam Deacon and Bashy, recorded the theme song to the 2010 British film 4.3.2.1. The track, titled "Keep Moving", was released on 28 May 2010.^[31] In the same month, Faith performed at the Cheltenham Jazz Festival with the The Guy Barker Orchestra. The performance was broadcast on BBC Radio 2.^[32] In June 2010, it was announced that Faith would re-release an updated version of "New York" featuring rapper Ghostface Killah.^[33] The single was released on 1 August 2010.^[33] Faith released a live EP album following an appearance at the 2010 iTunes Festival. The album charted at number 11 on the iTunes top 200 albums.^[34] Faith revealed in a September interview that she would be releasing her new single "Smoke & Mirrors" in October 2010.^[35] The track was the final single from her debut album and its video was uploaded to YouTube.^[35] It peaked at Number 140 on the UK Singles Chart.^[36]

[edit] 2011–present: Fall to Grace

In January 2011, Faith was nominated for "British Female Solo Artist" at the 2011 BRIT Awards.^[37] At the ceremony, Faith performed "Forget You" alongside Cee Lo Green.^[38] Faith appears on the charity single "Hard Times" alongside Plan B and Elton John.^[39] She also recorded the song "Desire" with Graham Coxon and Bill Ryder-Jones for a Converse campaign.^[40] During an interview with Popjustice, Faith revealed her second album would contain more "agony and suffering."^[41] The singer also hoped the album would be done with one producer as she wanted a "solid piece of work."^[41] She explained "I love the beautiful side of things like that Tom Waitsy, Rufus Wainwrighty, Ed Harcourt sort of stuff, and in contrast I like all the OutKast production, Gnarls Barkley and 'Beggin' and all that sort of sound. Contemporary but with a nod to the past. But you never know. You might just meet someone and something else would make sense."^[41] In July 2011, Faith revealed her frustrations about releasing the follow up to Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful?. She did not know when the album was going to be completed and said the process was slow.^[42] She told Kristy Kelly of Digital Spy, "The album's not finished yet and I'm not sure when it will be. If I had my way it would be out tomorrow, but there are so many other people involved that nothing happens quickly."^[42] Faith also admitted being signed to a major record label made her feel under pressure to be instantly successful.^[42] On 7 February 2012, a writer for the Gloucestershire Echo reported Faith had been named as Artist in Residence for the 2012 Cheltenham Jazz Festival.^[43]

On 29 February 2012, Faith revealed her second album would be called Fall to Grace and that it would be released by RCA Records on 28 May 2012.^[44]^[45] Faith enlisted record producer Nellee Hooper and co-producer Jake Gosling to work with her on the project.^[45]^[46] Hooper told a writer for NME that he had not really heard of Faith as he was living in Los Angeles when her first album was released. He said Sony and RCA Records contacted him and suggested he meet her.^[46] Of Fall to Grace, Faith said "The new album has taken on a very cinematic mood. I am very excited to introduce my new sound into the world. Working with Nellee Hooper (Björk, Madonna) has been really inspirational."^[44] Faith told Dom Gourlay of Contactmusic.com that Fall to Grace is a personal record about a period of her life. Faith wrote and recorded the album in London.^[46]^[47] Fall to Grace was be preceded by the single "Picking Up the Pieces" on 20 May.^[44] It debuted at number 7 on the UK Singles Chart, making it Faith's highest charting single to date.^[48]^[49] On 4 April 2012, Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy reported Faith had joined The Voice UK as one of four guest mentors.^[50] Faith worked with coach Danny O'Donoghue during the battle rounds phase of the competition.^[50] She also performed "Picking Up the Pieces" during the fourth results show.^[51] To promote Fall to Grace, Faith performed "Just Be", a track from the album, on Later... with Jools Holland.^[52]

Acting career [link]

In 2006, Faith made her primetime television acting debut in the series Mayo. The following year she appeared in an episode of the BBC police drama HolbyBlue and made her feature film acting debut as Andrea in St Trinian's.^[28]^[53] In 2009, Faith appeared in Terry Gilliam's The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus as Sally, the girlfriend of the Devil (played by Tom Waits).^[28] She also appeared in horror film Dread as Clara Thornhill.^[5] Faith revealed that she was able to attend film auditions during promotion for her debut album, in the hope that she would land a role once all of her album commitments were over.^[6] In August 2010, Faith appeared in Channel 4's series Coming Up.^[54] She also appears in the short film, A Nice Touch with Dougray Scott.^[55] Faith became attached to appear in Wayne Holloway's untitled punk movie in 2012.^[56] Faith will make an appearance as cabaret performer, Georgia, in the BBC drama adaptation of P. G. Wodehouse's Blandings.^[40]^[57] She auditioned for the role and stated "I don't think they even knew I was an actress. I went to an audition and they said that they liked my interpretation of the character and I said, 'I'm just being myself'."^[58]

Discography [link]

Main article: Paloma Faith discography

Studio albums

Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful? (2009)^[59]
Fall to Grace (2012)

Singles

"Stone Cold Sober" (2009)
"New York" (2009)
"Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful?" (2009)
"Upside Down" (2010)
"New York" (feat. Ghostface Killah) (2010)
"Smoke & Mirrors" (2010)
"Picking Up the Pieces" (2012)

Filmography [link]

Year	Title	Role	Notes
2006	Mayo	Guest	Episode: 1.6
2007	HolbyBlue	Donna Reynolds	Episode: 1.7
2007	Dogface	Various	Episode: 1.4
2007	St Trinian's	Andrea	Film debut
2009	The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus	Sally
2009	Dread	Clara Thornhill
2010	Coming Up	Rainy	Episode: "I Don't Care"
2011	A Nice Touch	Alma	Short
2012	Blandings	Georgia

References [link]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Philby, Charlotte (30 January 2010). "Paloma Faith: From burlesque performer to music's Next Big Thing". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/paloma-faith-from-burlesque-performer-to-musics-next-big-thing-1880914.html. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
^ "Paloma Faith". Glamour. Condé Nast Publications. http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/celebrity/biographies/paloma-faith. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The Lives and Loves of Paloma Faith". thisislondon. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/lifestyle/article-23759652-the-lives-and-loves-of-paloma-faith.do. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
^ Jamieson, Teddy (21 September 2009). "Paloma Faith: Style icon, singer, actress". Herald Scotland. http://www.heraldscotland.com/arts-ents/music-features/paloma-faith-style-icon-singer-actress-1.921200. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Paton, Maureen (16 January 2010). "Paloma Faith: Sauce, sorcery and a magical voice". Daily Mail (Associated Newspapers). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-1243216/Paloma-Faith-Sauce-sorcery-magical-voice.html#ixzz0esvVOiiZ. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
^ ^a ^b Sathiabalan, S. Indra (29 October 2009). "Paloma Faith says her experiences in life have Enriched her career as a singer". The Sun Daily. http://www.thesundaily.com/article.cfm?id=39554. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Interview with Christian Wåhlberg". HitQuarters. 2 May 2011. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Wahlberg.html. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Interview with Jamie Binns". HitQuarters. 18 April 2011. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_JBinns.html. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
^ "Paloma Faith: Artist Info". HMV. http://hmv.com/hmvweb/displayProductDetails.do?sku=976706. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
^ "The Fuzzy Feeling EP". Amazon.co.uk. http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B001OF4U2O/ref=dm_ap_alb1. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
^ "Paloma Faith New Single". wearehunted.com. http://wearehunted.com/like/paloma_faith_new_single_announced/3252373/. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
^ "Paloma Faith Artists Details". http://www.o2academyoxford.co.uk/event/8646/paloma-faith-tickets/ArtistsDetails. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
^ "Stone Cold Sober Chart positions". Chart Stats. http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=34417. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
^ McAlpine, Fraser (9 September 2009). "Paloma Faith-'New York'". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk.news-channel.org/blogs/chartblog/2009/09/paloma_faith_new_york.shtml. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
^ "New York Chart positions". Chart Stats. http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=34538. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
^ ^a ^b Diver, Mike (16 September 2009). "Paloma Faith Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful? Review". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/dzgb. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
^ "Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful? album". Amazon.co.uk. http://www.amazon.co.uk/You-Want-Truth-Something-Beautiful/dp/B00292BYO8. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
^ "Album Performance". ACharts.us. http://acharts.us/album/50821. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
^ Lester, Paul (22 April 2009). "New Band: Paloma Faith (No 532)". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/apr/22/new-band-paloma-faith. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
^ Ray, Austin L. (7 March 2009). "First-Listen Thoughts on DOOM's Born Like This". Paste. Paste Media group. http://www.pastemagazine.com/blogs/lists/2009/03/raposauria-he-first-listen-thoughts-on-dooms-born.html. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
^ McAlpine, Fraser (23 December 2009). "Paloma Faith-'Do You Want The Truth Or Something Beautiful?'". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk.news-channel.org/blogs/chartblog/2009/12/paloma_faith_do_you_want_the_t.shtml. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
^ "Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful? Chart Positions". Chart Stats. http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=34699. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
^ "UK and European Tour Dates with Josh Weller". http://www.palomafaith.com/gb/news/article/uk_and_european_tour_dates_with_josh_weller/. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
^ "UK Ireland Tour in March". http://www.palomafaith.com/gb/news/article/uk_ireland_tour_in_march/. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
^ Sinclair, David (31 March 2010). "Paloma Faith at the Empire, W12". The Times. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/live_reviews/article7081533.ece. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
^ "Paloma Faith at BBC Radio 2". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/events/paloma-faith. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
^ "Never Mind the Buzzcocks". http://www.palomafaith.com/gb/blog/entry/nevermind_the_buzzcocks/. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c Morgan, Eleanor (12 September 2009). "Paloma Faith Interview". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2009/sep/12/paloma-faith-interview. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
^ "BBC Blast Portrait Competition". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blast/portraitcompetition. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
^ ^a ^b Nissim, Mayer (8 March 2010). "Interview – Paloma Faith". Digital Spy. Hachette Filipacchi UK. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/interviews/a206476/paloma-faith.html. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
^ "Paloma Faith is a glamorous show-stopper". Metro (Associated Newspapers). 28 June 2010. http://www.metro.co.uk/music/iTunesFestival/831232-itunes-festival-2010-paloma-faith-is-a-glamorous-show-stopper. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
^ "Paloma Faith with The Guy Barker Orchestra". BBC Radio 2. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00s7mmj. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
^ ^a ^b Love, Ryan (30 June 2010). "Paloma Faith to re-release single". Digital Spy. Hachette Filipacchi (UK) Ltd. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a236087/paloma-faith-to-re-release-single.html. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
^ "iTunes Festival London 2010". iTunes. http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/itunes-festival-london-2010/id382221295. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Paloma Faith Interview". Female First. First Active Media. 23 September 2010. http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/music/interviews/Paloma+Faith+Interview-85173.html. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
^ "Paloma Faith Songs". Music VF. 6 May 2012. http://www.musicvf.com/Paloma+Faith.art. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
^ "BRIT Awards 2011: Cheryl Cole, Matt Cardle, The Wanted and Katy Perry all nominated". OK! Magazine. Northern and Shell Media. 13 January 2011. http://www.ok.co.uk/celebnews/view/30998/BRIT-Awards-2011-Cheryl-Cole-Matt-Cardle-The-Wanted-AND-Katy-Perry-all-nominated/. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
^ "The Brits – what was that all about?". RTE TEN. Radio Telefís Éireann. 16 February 2011. http://www.rte.ie/ten/2011/0216/blog_music_britsblog.html. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
^ "Plan B releases single with Elton John and Paloma Faith after Ivor Novello wins". NME. IPC Media. 19 May 2011. http://www.nme.com/news/plan-b--3/56776. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
^ ^a ^b Gourlay, Dom (April 2012). "Paloma Faith – Interview". Contactmusic.com. http://www.contactmusic.com/interview/interview-with-paloma-faith-april-2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c "It's a Paloma phoner...". Popjustice. http://www.popjustice.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4909&Itemid=9. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kelly, Kristy (13 July 2011). "Paloma Faith 'frustrated about second album'". Digital Spy. Hachette Filipacchi UK. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a329702/paloma-faith-frustrated-about-second-album.html. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
^ "Jamie, Paloma and Puppinis". Gloucestershire Echo (Northcliffe Media). 7 February 2012. http://www.thisisgloucestershire.co.uk/Jamie-Paloma-Puppinis/story-15157364-detail/story.html. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c Copsey, Robert (29 February 2012). "Paloma Faith announces "cinematic" new album 'Fall To Grace'". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a368574/paloma-faith-announces-cinematic-new-album-fall-to-grace.html. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ ^a ^b Ingham, Tim (29 March 2012). "Paloma Faith: 'I'm not sheepish about standing up for what I want'". Music Week. Intent Media. http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=1049000&c=1. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Paloma Faith to release second album 'Fall To Grace' in May". NME. IPC Media. 29 February 2012. http://www.nme.com/news/paloma-faith/62338. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
^ Akin, Aylin (29 February 2012). "Paloma Faith Announces New Album 'Fall To Grace'". Entertainmentwise. Giant Digital. http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/70739/Paloma-Faith-Announces-New-Album-Fall-To-Grace. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
^ Eames, Tom (27 May 2012). "fun. hold off The Wanted to score first UK No.1 single". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a383830/fun-hold-off-the-wanted-to-score-first-uk-no1-single.html. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
^ "Official Charts analysis: UK album sales continue to drop". Music Week. Intent Media. 28 May 2012. http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=1049709&c=1. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b Fletcher, Alex (4 April 2012). "Voice mentors confirmed: Cerys Matthews, Ana Matronic to help coaches". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s154/the-voice-uk/news/a374769/voice-mentors-confirmed-cerys-matthews-ana-matronic-to-help-coaches.html. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
^ Darvill, Josh (15 May 2012). "The Voice UK: Paloma Faith to perform on this week's results show". TellyMix. Glam Media, Inc.. http://tellymix.co.uk/reality-tv/the-voice/87563-the-voice-uk-paloma-faith-to-perform-on-this-weeks-results-show.html. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
^ "Who gave the best performance on Later … with Jools Holland?". The Guardian (Guardian Media Group). 23 May 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/poll/2012/may/23/later-jools-holland. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
^ Smyth, David (11 May 2012). "Interview: Paloma Faith on men, Marilyn and house prices". Evening Standard (Associated Newspapers). http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/arts/music/interview-paloma-faith-on-men-marilyn-and-house-prices-7734410.html. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^ Azania Jarvis, Alice (20 August 2010). "Last Night's TV: Coming Up: I Don't Care/Channel 4 Mistresses/BBC1". The Independent (Independent News & Media). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/last-nights-tv-coming-up-i-dont-carechannel-4br-mistressesbbc1-2057171.html. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
^ Wilson, Benji (12 February 2011). "The showgirl next door". Daily Mail (Associated Newspapers). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-1354835/Paloma-Faith-latest-style-collaboration.html. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
^ "Wellington Films Ltd". Wellington Films. http://www.wellingtonfilms.co.uk/about-us.html. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
^ Daniels, Colin (14 April 2012). "David Walliams, Paloma Faith join BBC comedy 'Blandings'". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a376451/david-walliams-paloma-faith-join-bbc-comedy-blandings.html. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
^ Fulton, Rick (25 May 2012). "Singer Paloma Faith insists hard work and a 'sprinkling' of luck helped her become a star". Daily Record (Trinity Mirror). http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-interviews/2012/05/25/singer-paloma-faith-insists-hard-work-and-a-sprinkling-of-luck-helped-her-become-a-star-86908-23872925/. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
^ "Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful?". http://acharts.us/album/50821. Retrieved 1 January 2010.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Paloma Faith

Official website
Paloma Faith on Twitter
Paloma Faith on Facebook
Paloma Faith discography at Discogs
Paloma Faith at the Internet Movie Database
Paloma Faith at Curtis Brown
Paloma Faith portrait competition at BBC Blast

v t e Paloma Faith

Discography

Studio albums	Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful? Fall to Grace

Extended plays	iTunes Festival: London 2010

Singles	"Stone Cold Sober" "New York" "Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful?" "Upside Down" "New York (feat. Ghostface Killah)" "Smoke & Mirrors" "Picking Up the Pieces"

Featured singles	"I Put a Spell on You" "Keep Moving" "Hard Times"

Concert tours	Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful Tour

Related articles	Epic Records 4.3.2.1 RCA Records

v t e The Voice UK (series 1)

Coaches	Danny O'Donoghue Sir Tom Jones Jessie J will.i.am

Presenters	Holly Willoughby Reggie Yates

Celebrity mentors	Paloma Faith Cerys Matthews Ana Matronic Dante Santiago

Related articles	The Voice List of Finalist, Series 1 John de Mol

http://wn.com/Paloma_Faith

http://ru.wn.com/Фейт, Палома

http://fr.wn.com/Paloma Faith

http://nl.wn.com/Paloma Faith

http://pt.wn.com/Paloma Faith

http://de.wn.com/Paloma Faith

http://it.wn.com/Paloma Faith

http://pl.wn.com/Paloma Faith

http://es.wn.com/Paloma Faith

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paloma_Faith

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

"Barack" and "Obama" redirect here. For other uses, see Barak (disambiguation) and Obama (disambiguation). For President Obama's father, the Kenyan economist, see Barack Obama, Sr.

Barack Obama

44th President of the United States
Incumbent
Assumed office January 20, 2009
Vice President	Joe Biden
Preceded by	George W. Bush
United States Senator from Illinois
In office January 3, 2005 – November 16, 2008
Preceded by	Peter Fitzgerald
Succeeded by	Roland Burris
Member of the Illinois Senate from the 13th District
In office January 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004
Preceded by	Alice Palmer
Succeeded by	Kwame Raoul
Personal details
Born	Barack Hussein Obama II (1961-08-04) August 4, 1961 (age 50)^[1] Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.^[2]
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	Michelle Robinson (1992–present)
Children	Malia (born 1998) Sasha (born 2001)
Residence	White House (Official) Chicago, Illinois (Private)
Alma mater	Occidental College Columbia University (B.A.) Harvard Law School (J.D.)
Profession	Community organizer Lawyer Constitutional law professor Author
Religion	Christianity^[3]
Awards	Nobel Peace Prize
Signature
Website	barackobama.com

	This article is part of a series on Barack Obama
Background Illinois Senate US Senate Political positions Public image Family 2008 primaries Obama–Biden campaign Transition Inauguration Electoral history Presidency Timeline '09 '10 '11 '12 First 100 days Nobel Peace Prize Re-election campaign

Barack Hussein Obama II (ⁱ/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.

Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.

Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.

As president, Obama signed economic stimulus legislation in the form of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010. Other domestic policy initiatives include the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, and the Budget Control Act of 2011. In May 2012, he became the first sitting U.S. president to openly support legalizing same-sex marriage. In foreign policy, he ended the war in Iraq, increased troop levels in Afghanistan, signed the New START arms control treaty with Russia, ordered U.S. involvement in the 2011 Libya military intervention, and ordered the military operation that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden.

Early life and career [link]

Main article: Early life and career of Barack Obama

Obama was born on August 4, 1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital (now Kapiʻolani Medical Center for Women and Children) in Honolulu, Hawaii,^[2]^[4]^[5] and is the first President to have been born in Hawaii.^[6] His mother, Stanley Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, and was of mostly English ancestry,^[7] along with Scottish, Irish, German, and Swiss.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] His father, Barack Obama, Sr., was a Luo from Nyang’oma Kogelo, Nyanza Province, Kenya. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian class at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on scholarship.^[13]^[14] The couple married on February 2, 1961,^[15] separated when Obama Sr. went to Harvard University on scholarship, and divorced in 1964.^[13] Obama Sr. remarried and returned to Kenya, visiting Barack in Hawaii only once, in 1971. He died in an automobile accident in 1982.^[16]

After her divorce, Dunham married Indonesian Lolo Soetoro, who was attending college in Hawaii. When Suharto, a military leader in Soetoro's home country, came to power in 1967, all Indonesian students studying abroad were recalled, and the family moved to the Menteng neighborhood of Jakarta.^[4]^[17] From ages six to ten, Obama attended local schools in Jakarta, including Besuki Public School and St. Francis of Assisi School.^[18]

File:Ann Dunham with father and children.jpg

Barack Obama with his half-sister Maya Soetoro-Ng, mother Ann Dunham and grandfather Stanley Dunham, in Hawaii

In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, Madelyn and Stanley Armour Dunham, and with the aid of a scholarship attended Punahou School, a private college preparatory school, from fifth grade until his graduation from high school in 1979.^[19] Obama's mother returned to Hawaii in 1972, remaining there until 1977 when she went back to Indonesia to work as an anthropological field worker. She finally returned to Hawaii in 1994 and lived there for one year before dying of ovarian cancer.^[15]^[20]

Of his early childhood, Obama recalled, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."^[14] He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.^[21] Reflecting later on his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered—to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."^[22] Obama has also written and talked about using alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind."^[23] At the 2008 Civil Forum on the Presidency, Obama described his high-school drug use as a great moral failure.^[24]

Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles in 1979 to attend Occidental College. In February 1981, he made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to divest from South Africa in response to its policy of apartheid.^[25] In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in Pakistan and India for three weeks.^[25] Later in 1981, he transferred to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialty in international relations^[26] and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1983. He worked for a year at the Business International Corporation,^[27] then at the New York Public Interest Research Group.^[28]^[29]

Chicago community organizer and Harvard Law School [link]

Two years after graduating, Obama was hired in Chicago as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Roseland, West Pullman, and Riverdale on Chicago's South Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.^[29]^[30] He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens.^[31] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.^[32] In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time.^[33] He returned to Kenya in August 2006 for a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya.^[34]

In late 1988, Obama entered Harvard Law School. He was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review at the end of his first year,^[35] and president of the journal in his second year.^[31]^[36] During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as an associate at the law firms of Sidley Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990.^[37] After graduating with a J.D. magna cum laude^[38] from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.^[35] Obama's election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review gained national media attention^[31]^[36] and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,^[39] which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as Dreams from My Father.^[39]

University of Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney [link]

In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School to work on his first book.^[39]^[40] He then taught at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years—as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004—teaching constitutional law.^[41]

From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote, a voter registration campaign with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leading Crain's Chicago Business to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.^[42] In 1993, he joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004. His law license became inactive in 2002.^[43]

From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project; and of the Joyce Foundation.^[29] He served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.^[29]

Legislative career: 1997–2008 [link]

State Senator: 1997–2004 [link]

Main article: Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama

Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, succeeding State Senator Alice Palmer as Senator from Illinois's 13th District, which at that time spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park – Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn.^[44] Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.^[45] He sponsored a law that increased tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.^[46] In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.^[47]

Obama was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was reelected again in 2002.^[48] In 2000, he lost a Democratic primary run for the U.S. House of Representatives to four-term incumbent Bobby Rush by a margin of two to one.^[49]

In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.^[50] He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.^[46]^[51] During his 2004 general election campaign for U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms.^[52] Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.^[53]

U.S. Senate campaign [link]

County results of the 2004 U.S. Senate race in Illinois. Counties in blue were won by Obama.

In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race; he created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant David Axelrod by August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.^[54]

Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's 2003 invasion of Iraq.^[55] On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War,^[56] Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally,^[57] and spoke out against the war.^[58] He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.^[59]

Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates.^[60] In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the national Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, Dreams from My Father.^[61] In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention,^[62] seen by 9.1 million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.^[63]

Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.^[64] Six weeks later, Alan Keyes accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.^[65] In the November 2004 general election, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote.^[66]

U.S. Senator: 2005–2008 [link]

Main article: United States Senate career of Barack Obama

Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,^[67] becoming the only Senate member of the Congressional Black Caucus.^[68] CQ Weekly characterized him as a "loyal Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes in 2005–2007. Obama announced on November 13, 2008, that he would resign his Senate seat on November 16, 2008, before the start of the lame-duck session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.^[69]

Legislation [link]

Obama cosponsored the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act.^[70] He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the Nunn–Lugar cooperative threat reduction concept to conventional weapons;^[71] and the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.^[72] On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators Tom Carper, Tom Coburn, and John McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.^[73]

Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.^[74] Regarding tort reform, Obama voted for the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 and the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with NSA warrantless wiretapping operations.^[75]

Gray-haired man and Obama stand, wearing casual polo shirts. Obama wears sunglasses and holds something slung over his right shoulder.

Obama and U.S. Sen. Richard Lugar (R-IN) visit a Russian facility for dismantling mobile-missiles (August 2005).^[76]

In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.^[77] In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007.^[78] Obama also introduced Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act, a bill to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections,^[79] and the Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007,^[80] neither of which was signed into law.

Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.^[81] This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.^[82] He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which has not passed committee; and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.^[83] Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.^[84]

Committees [link]

Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations, Environment and Public Works, and Veterans' Affairs through December 2006.^[85] In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.^[86] He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on European Affairs.^[87] As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with Mahmoud Abbas before Abbas became President of the Palestinian National Authority, and gave a speech at the University of Nairobi in which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government.^[88]

Presidential campaigns [link]

2008 presidential campaign [link]

Main articles: United States presidential election, 2008, Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008, and Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008

Obama stands on stage with his family. They wave.

Obama stands on stage with his wife and daughters just before announcing his presidential candidacy in Springfield, Illinois, February 10, 2007.

Two men sit at a distance in front of a desk with their legs crossed and their backs on an angle toward the camera. They sit at right angles to each other.

President George W. Bush meets with President-elect Obama in the Oval Office on November 10, 2008.

On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois.^[89]^[90] The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic because it was also where Abraham Lincoln delivered his historic "House Divided" speech in 1858.^[89]^[91] Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing energy independence, and providing universal health care,^[92] in a campaign that projected themes of "hope" and "change".^[93]

A large number of candidates entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged delegates due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in caucus states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.^[94] On June 7, 2008, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.^[95]

On August 23, Obama announced his selection of Delaware Senator Joe Biden as his vice presidential running mate.^[96] Biden was selected from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator Evan Bayh and Virginia Governor Tim Kaine.^[97] At the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and Bill Clinton gave convention speeches in his support.^[98] Obama delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but at Invesco Field at Mile High to a crowd of over 75,000; the speech was viewed by over 38 million people worldwide.^[99]^[100]

During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.^[101] On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down public financing in the general election since the system was created in 1976.^[102]

McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate and the two engaged in three presidential debates in September and October 2008.^[103] On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 electoral votes to 173 received by McCain.^[104] Obama won 52.9 percent of the popular vote to McCain's 45.7 percent.^[105] He became the first African American to be elected president.^[106] Obama delivered his victory speech before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's Grant Park.^[107]

2012 presidential campaign [link]

Main articles: United States presidential election, 2012 and Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012

On April 4, 2011, Obama announced his re-election campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website and filed election papers with the Federal Election Commission.^[108]^[109]^[110] As the incumbent president he ran almost unopposed in the Democratic Party presidential primaries,^[111] and on April 3, 2012, Obama had secured the 2778 convention delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.^[112]

Presidency [link]

Main article: Presidency of Barack Obama

First days [link]

Barack Obama takes the oath of office as President of the United States.

The inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President, and Joe Biden as Vice President, took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.^[113] He ordered the closing of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp,^[114] but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required funds.^[115]^[116]^[117] Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records,^[118] and changed procedures to promote disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act.^[119] He also reversed George W. Bush's ban on federal funding to foreign establishments that allow abortions.^[120]

Domestic policy [link]

The first bill signed into law by Obama was the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing the statute of limitations for equal-pay lawsuits.^[121] Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to cover an additional 4 million uninsured children.^[122] In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy which had limited funding of embryonic stem cell research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.^[123]

Barack Obama speaking at Joint session of Congress with Vice President Joe Biden and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi on February 24, 2009

Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. Sonia Sotomayor, nominated by Obama on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring Associate Justice David Souter, was confirmed on August 6, 2009,^[124] becoming the first Hispanic to be a Supreme Court Justice.^[125] Elena Kagan, nominated by Obama on May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate Justice John Paul Stevens, was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three, for the first time in American history.^[126]

On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.^[127]^[128]

On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expands the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.^[129]^[130]

On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, a reconciliation bill which ends the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans, increases the Pell Grant scholarship award, and makes changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.^[131]^[132]

In a major space policy speech in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at NASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of human spaceflight to the moon and development of the Ares I rocket, Ares V rocket and Constellation program, in favor of funding Earth science projects, a new rocket type, and research and development for an eventual manned mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to the International Space Station.^[133]

On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, fulfilling a key promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign^[134]^[135] to end the Don't ask, don't tell policy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the United States Armed Forces.^[136]

President Obama's 2011 State of the Union Address focused on themes of education and innovation, stressing the importance of innovation economics to make the United States more competitive globally. He spoke of a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil companies and reversing tax cuts for wealthy Americans, banning congressional earmarks, and reducing healthcare costs. He promised that the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 and would be 80% reliant on "clean" electricity.^[137]^[138]

As a candidate for the Illinois state senate Obama had said in 1996 that he favored legalizing same-sex marriage;^[139] but by the time of his run for the U.S. senate in 2004, he said that while he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners, for strategic reasons he opposed same-sex marriages.^[140] On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.^[141]^[142]

Economic policy [link]

Main article: Economic policy of Barack Obama

Obama presents his first weekly address as President of the United States on January 24, 2009, discussing the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.

On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787 billion economic stimulus package aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening worldwide recession.^[143] The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and incentives, and direct assistance to individuals,^[144] which is being distributed over the course of several years.

In March, Obama's Treasury Secretary, Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage the financial crisis, including introducing the Public-Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2 trillion in depreciated real estate assets.^[145] Obama intervened in the troubled automotive industry^[146] in March 2009, renewing loans for General Motors and Chrysler to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the sale of Chrysler to Italian automaker Fiat^[147] and a reorganization of GM giving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government shouldering a 12 percent stake.^[148] In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.^[149] He signed into law the Car Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", that temporarily boosted the economy.^[150]^[151]^[152]

Although spending and loan guarantees from the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department authorized by the Bush and Obama administrations totaled about $11.5 trillion, only $3 trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.^[153] However, Obama and the Congressional Budget Office predicted that the 2010 budget deficit will be $1.5 trillion or 10.6 percent of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the 2009 deficit of $1.4 trillion or 9.9 percent of GDP.^[154]^[155] For 2011, the administration predicted the deficit will slightly shrink to $1.34 trillion, while the 10-year deficit will increase to $8.53 trillion or 90 percent of GDP.^[156] The most recent increase in the U.S. debt ceiling to $16.4 trillion was signed into law on January 26, 2012.^[157] On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan Budget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforces limits on discretionary spending until 2021, establishes a procedure to increase the debt limit, creates a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5 trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and establishes automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2 trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee does not achieve such savings.^[158] By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent an unprecedented U.S. government default on its obligations.^[159]

Employment statistics (changes in unemployment rate and net jobs per month) during Obama's tenure as U.S. President^[160]^[161]

The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.1 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.^[162] Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.^[163] GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.^[164] Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.^[164] In July 2010, the Federal Reserve expressed that although economic activity continued to increase, its pace had slowed, and Chairman Ben Bernanke stated that the economic outlook was "unusually uncertain."^[165] Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010.^[166]

The Congressional Budget Office and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.^[167]^[168] The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1 million,^[168]^[169]^[170]^[171] while conceding that "It is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."^[167] Although an April 2010 survey of members of the National Association for Business Economics showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed that the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.^[172]

Within a month of the 2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the 2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-year payroll tax reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for estate taxes.^[173] The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858 billion Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.^[174]

Health care reform [link]

Main article: Health care reform in the United States

Obama signs bill at desk while others look on.

Barack Obama signs the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act at the White House, March 23, 2010

Obama called for Congress to pass legislation reforming health care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.^[175] He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, to cap premium increases, and to allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900 billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the public option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for pre-existing conditions, and require every American carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.^[176]^[177]

On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.^[175] After much public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.^[178] In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on stem cell research.^[179]

File:PPACA Premium Chart.jpg

Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and federal poverty level, under Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, starting in 2014. (Source: CRS)

On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.^[180]^[181] On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.^[182] On March 21, 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212.^[183] Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.^[184]

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act includes health-related provisions to take effect over four years, including expanding Medicaid eligibility for people making up to 133 percent of the federal poverty level (FPL) starting in 2014,^[185] subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percent of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 to 9.5 percent of income,^[186]^[187] providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing health insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and Congressional Budget Office figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level.^[186]^[188]

The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income brackets, taxes on indoor tanning, cuts to the Medicare Advantage program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;^[189] there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.^[190] In March, 2010, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143 billion over the first decade.^[191]

In March 2012, the Supreme Court heard arguments by a coalition of 26 states maintaining that it is unconstitutional to force individuals to buy health insurance.^[192]

Gulf of Mexico oil spill [link]

On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a major sustained oil leak. The well's operator, BP, initiated a containment and cleanup plan, and began drilling two relief wells intended to stop the flow. Obama visited the Gulf on May 2 among visits by members of his cabinet, and again on May 28 and June 4. On May 22, he announced a federal investigation and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent Congressional hearings. On May 27, he announced a 6-month moratorium on new deepwater drilling permits and leases, pending regulatory review.^[193] As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.^[194]

Foreign policy [link]

Main articles: Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration and Barack Obama foreign policy

Barack Obama speaking on "A New Beginning" at Cairo University on June 4, 2009

In February and March, Vice President Joe Biden and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "reset" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.^[195] Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab cable TV network, Al Arabiya.^[196]

On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.^[197] This attempt at outreach was rebuffed by the Iranian leadership.^[198] In April, Obama gave a speech in Ankara, Turkey, which was well received by many Arab governments.^[199] On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at Cairo University in Egypt calling for "a new beginning" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.^[200]

On June 26, 2009, in response to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following Iran's 2009 presidential election, Obama said: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it."^[201] On July 7, while in Moscow, he responded to a Vice President Biden comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does not create major conflict in the Middle East."^[202]

British Prime Minister David Cameron and Barack Obama, during the 2010 G-20 Toronto summit.

On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to preside over a meeting of the United Nations Security Council.^[203]

In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of East Jerusalem.^[204]^[205] During the same month, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev to replace the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about one-third.^[206] The New START treaty was signed by Obama and Medvedev in April 2010, and was ratified by the U.S. Senate in December 2010.^[207]

On December 6, 2011, he instructed agencies to consider LGBT rights when issuing financial aid to foreign countries.^[208]

Iraq War [link]

On February 27, 2009, Obama declared that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months. His remarks were made to a group of Marines preparing for deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: By August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end."^[209] The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troops levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of 35,000 to 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last United States combat brigade exited Iraq. The plan is to transition the mission of the remaining troops from combat operations to counter-terrorism and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.^[210]^[211] On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.^[212] On October 21, 2011 President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be, "home for the holidays".^[213]

War in Afghanistan [link]

Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001–present)

Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan.^[214] He announced an increase to U.S. troop levels of 17,000 in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires".^[215] He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General David D. McKiernan, with former Special Forces commander Lt. Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal in May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.^[216] On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan.^[217] He also proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date.^[218]^[219] McChrystal was replaced by David Petraeus in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.^[220]

Israel [link]

Obama meeting with Israeli President Shimon Peres, 2009

During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including a record number of U.S. troops participating in military exercises in the country, increased military aid, the re-establishment of the U.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Group and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries, including Ehud Barak and Admiral Mike Mullen.^[221]

In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning Israeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so.^[222] Obama supports the two-state solution to the Arab–Israeli conflict based on the 1967 borders with land swaps.^[223]

War in Libya [link]

Main article: 2011 military intervention in Libya

In March 2011, as forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, the Arab League, and a resolution^[224] passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.^[225] In response to the unanimous passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 on March 17, Gaddafi who had previously vowed to "show no mercy" to the citizens of Benghazi^[226]—announced an immediate cessation of military activities,^[227] yet reports came in that his forces continued shelling Misrata. The next day, on Obama's orders, the U.S. military took a lead role in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities in order to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,^[228] including the use of Tomahawk missiles, B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets.^[229]^[230]^[231] Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all of its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbed Operation Unified Protector.^[232] Some Representatives^[233] questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.^[234]^[235]

Osama bin Laden [link]

Obama and the U.S. national security team gathered in the Situation Room to monitor the military operation resulting in the death of Osama bin Laden on May 1, 2011.

Main article: Death of Osama bin Laden

Starting with information received in July 2010, intelligence developed by the CIA over the next several months determined what they believed to be the location of Osama bin Laden in a large compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles from Islamabad.^[236] CIA head Leon Panetta reported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.^[236] Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by United States Navy SEALs.^[236] The operation took place on May 1, 2011, resulting in the death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers and computer drives and disks from the compound.^[237]^[238] Bin Laden's body was identified through DNA testing,^[239] and buried at sea several hours later.^[240] Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's Ground Zero and Times Square.^[237]^[241] Reaction to the announcement was positive across party lines, including from former Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush,^[242] and from many countries around the world.^[243]

2010 midterm election [link]

Obama called the November 2, 2010 election, where the Democratic Party lost 63 seats in, and control of, the House of Representatives,^[244] "humbling" and a "shellacking".^[245] He said that the results came because not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.^[246]

Cultural and political image [link]

Main article: Public image of Barack Obama

Obama conducting the first completely virtual interview from the White House in 2012^[247]

Obama's family history, upbringing, and Ivy League education differ markedly from those of African American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.^[248] Obama is also not a descendant of American slaves.^[249] Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong".^[250] Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."^[251]

Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.^[252] During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama has delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses.^[253]

According to the Gallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68 percent approval rating^[254] before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41 percent in August 2010,^[255] a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.^[256] He experienced a small poll bounce shortly after the death of Osama bin Laden, which lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were prior to the operation.^[257]^[258]^[259] Polls show strong support for Obama in other countries,^[260] and before being elected President he has met with prominent foreign figures including then-British Prime Minister Tony Blair,^[261] Italy's Democratic Party leader and then Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni,^[262] and French President Nicolas Sarkozy.^[263]

Obama talks with pub-goers as the First Lady draws a pint of stout at the Ollie Hayes pub in Moneygall, Ireland, in 2011

In a February 2009 poll conducted by Harris Interactive for France 24 and the International Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.^[264] In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.^[265]^[266]

Obama won Best Spoken Word Album Grammy Awards for abridged audiobook versions of Dreams from My Father in February 2006 and for The Audacity of Hope in February 2008.^[267] His concession speech after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video "Yes We Can", which was viewed 10 million times on YouTube in its first month^[268] and received a Daytime Emmy Award.^[269] In December 2008, Time magazine named Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments".^[270]

On October 9, 2009, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that Obama had won the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples".^[271] Obama accepted this award in Oslo, Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude and great humility."^[272] The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.^[273]^[274] Obama is the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.

Family and personal life [link]

Main article: Family of Barack Obama

Barack Obama posing in the White House with wife Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia in 2009

In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family: "It's like a little mini-United Nations", he said. "I've got relatives who look like Bernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look like Margaret Thatcher."^[275] Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised, Maya Soetoro-Ng, the daughter of his mother and her Indonesian second husband and seven half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family – six of them living.^[276] Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,^[277] until her death on November 2, 2008,^[278] two days before his election to the Presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in Moneygall in May 2011.^[279] In Dreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.^[280]

Obama was known as "Barry" in his youth, but asked to be addressed with his given name during his college years.^[281] Besides his native English, Obama speaks Indonesian at the conversational level, having learned the language during his four childhood years in Jakarta.^[282] He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team.^[283]

Obama about to take a shot while three other players look at him. One of those players is holding is arms up in an attempt to block Obama.

Obama taking a shot during a game on the White House basketball court, 2009

Obama is a well known supporter of the Chicago White Sox, and threw out the first pitch at the 2005 ALCS when he was still a senator.^[284] In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the all star game while wearing a White Sox jacket.^[285] He is also primarily a Chicago Bears fan in the NFL, but in his childhood and adolescence was a fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers, and recently rooted for them ahead of their victory in Super Bowl XLIII 12 days after Obama took office as President.^[286] In 2011, Obama invited the 1985 Bears to the White House; in 1986, the team did not attend due to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.^[287]

In June 1989, Obama met Michelle Robinson when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley Austin.^[288] Assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, Robinson joined him at group social functions, but declined his initial requests to date.^[289] They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.^[290] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born on July 4, 1998,^[291] followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), on June 10, 2001.^[292] The Obama daughters attended the private University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the private Sidwell Friends School.^[293] The Obamas have a Portuguese Water Dog named Bo, a gift from Senator Ted Kennedy.^[294]

Applying the proceeds of a book deal, the family moved in 2005 from a Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to a $1.6 million house in neighboring Kenwood, Chicago.^[295] The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend Tony Rezko—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.^[296]

In December 2007, Money magazine estimated the Obama family's net worth at $1.3 million.^[297] Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5 million—up from about $4.2 million in 2007 and $1.6 million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.^[298]^[299] On his 2010 income of $1.7 million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.^[300]^[301]

As per the latest financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10 million.^[302]

Obama tried to quit smoking several times, sometimes using nicotine replacement therapy, and, in early 2010, Michelle Obama said that he had successfully quit smoking.^[303]^[304]

Religious views [link]

Obama is a Christian whose religious views developed in his adult life. He wrote in The Audacity of Hope that he "was not raised in a religious household". He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents (whom Obama has specified elsewhere as "non-practicing Methodists and Baptists"), to be detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known". He described his father as "raised a Muslim", but a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful". Obama explained how, through working with black churches as a community organizer while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change".^[305]

In an interview with the evangelical periodical Christianity Today, Obama stated: "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the redemptive death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."^[306]

On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views saying "I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, treating others as they would treat me."^[307]^[308]

Obama was baptized at the Trinity United Church of Christ, a black liberation church, in 1988, and was an active member there for two decades.^[309] Obama resigned from Trinity during the Presidential campaign after controversial statements made by Rev. Jeremiah Wright became public.^[310] After a prolonged effort to find a church to attend regularly in Washington, Obama announced in June 2009 that his primary place of worship would be the Evergreen Chapel at Camp David.^[311]

Notes [link]

^ "President Barack Obama". Washington, D.C.: The White House. 2008. http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 pm, Honolulu". Department of Health, State of Hawaii. The White House. April 27, 2011. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
^ "American President: Barack Obama". Charlottesville, VA: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2009. http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama. Retrieved January 23, 2009. "Religion: Christian"
- "The Truth about Barack's Faith". Obama for America. http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
- Miller, Lisa (July 18, 2008). "Finding his faith". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971. Retrieved February 4, 2010. "He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago."
- Barakat, Matthew (November 17, 2008). "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family". Associated Press. MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757. Retrieved January 20, 2009. "The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church." .
- "Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President". News. United Church of Christ. January 20, 2009. http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html. Retrieved January 21, 2009. "Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States."
- Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009). "The Obama's find a church home—away from home". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html. Retrieved February 5, 2010. "instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David." .
- Kornblut, Anne E. (February 4, 2010). "Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say". The Washington Post: p. A6. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020303619.html. Retrieved February 5, 2010. "Obama prays privately ... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there."
^ ^a ^b Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post: p. A22. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
^ Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). "Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years". The Honolulu Advertiser: p. B1. http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
^ Rudin, Ken (December 23, 2009). "Today's Junkie segment On TOTN: a political review Of 2009". Talk of the Nation (Political Junkie blog). NPR. http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html. Retrieved April 18, 2010. "We began with the historic inauguration on January 20—yes, the first president ever born in Hawaii"
^ for Stanley Ann's first name, see Obama (1995, 2004), p. 19.
^ Ewen MacAskill in Washington and Nicholas Watt (May 20, 2011). "Obama looks forward to rediscovering his Irish roots on European tour". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/20/obama-irish-roots-european-tour. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
^ Mason, Jeff (May 23, 2011). "Obama visits family roots in Ireland". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/23/us-obama-ireland-idUSTRE74M09F20110523. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
^ "Obama urged to create own tartan". BBC News. January 20, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7838208.stm. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
^ "Researchers: Obama has German roots". USA Today. June 4, 2009. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-06-04-obama-roots_N.htm. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
^ "Honorary citizenship papers sent to Obama". Swissinfo.ch. July 14, 2010. http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss_news/Honorary_citizenship_papers_sent_to_Obama.html?cid=17963746. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator". Chicago Tribune: p. 1 (Tempo). Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-0703270151mar27-archive,0,5853572,full.story. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.
^ ^a ^b Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1729524,00.html. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
^ Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). "From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found". The EastAfrican. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The ghost of a father". The Washington Post: p. A12. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
^ Karana, Kinanti Pinta (December 9, 2009). "Statue of a young Obama to watch over Indonesian capital". Jakarta Globe. http://thejakartaglobe.com/home/statue-of-us-president-barack-obama-to-be-unveiled-in-jakarta-park/346178. Retrieved December 8, 2009.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 44–45.
^ Pickler, Nedra (January 24, 2007). "Obama debunks claim about Islamic school". The Washington Post. Associated Press. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/24/AR2007012400371_pf.html. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
- "Statue of boy Obama erected in Jakarta". Xinhua News Agency. December 10, 2009. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-12/10/content_12624443.htm. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
^ Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004). "Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/03/21/news/story4.html. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
- Scott, Janny (March 14, 2008). "A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
- Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.
^ Suryakusuma, Julia (November 29, 2006). "Obama for President... of Indonesia". The Jakarta Post. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/11/29/obama-president-indonesia.html. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
^ Serrano, Richard A. (March 11, 2007). "Obama's peers didn't see his angst". Los Angeles Times: p. A20. http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story. Retrieved March 13, 2007.
- Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.
^ Reyes, B.J. (February 8, 2007). "Punahou left lasting impression on Obama". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html. Retrieved February 10, 2007. "As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks."
^ Elliott, Philip (November 21, 2007). "Obama gets blunt with N.H. students". The Boston Globe. Associated Press: p. 8A. http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 93–94.
- for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see:
- Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). "Obama offers more variations from the norm". The New York Times: p. A21. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63. Retrieved October 29, 2006.
- Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). "Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen". The Washington Post: p. A1. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html. Retrieved January 14, 2007.
^ Hornick, Ed (August 17, 2008). "Obama, McCain talk issues at pastor's forum". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/08/16/warren.forum/. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). "Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama". Los Angeles Times: p. B1. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Possley, Maurice (March 30, 2007). "Activism blossomed in college". Chicago Tribune: p. 20. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Kovaleski, Serge F. (February 9, 2008). "Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Rohter, Larry (April 10, 2008). "Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits". The New York Times: p. A18. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Goldman, Adam; Tanner, Robert (May 15, 2008). "Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC". USA Today. Associated Press. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Helman, Scott (August 25, 2008). "Small college awakened future senator to service". The Boston Globe: p. 1A. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/08/25/small_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service/?page=full. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Jackson, Brooks (June 5, 2009). "More 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip". FactCheck.org. http://www.factcheck.org/2009/06/more-birther-nonsense-obamas-1981-pakistan-trip. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Remnick, David (2010). The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 98–112. ISBN 978-1-4000-4360-6.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.
^ Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83". Columbia College Today. ISSN 0572-7820. http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php. Retrieved October 1, 2006.
^ Obama, Barack (1998). "Curriculum vitae". The University of Chicago Law School. Archived from the original on May 9, 2001. http://web.archive.org/web/20010509024017/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html. Retrieved October 1, 2006.
- Issenberg, Sasha (August 6, 2008). "Obama shows hints of his year in global finance; Tied markets to social aid". The Boston Globe: p. 1A. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/?page=1. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
^ Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). "Obama's account of New York often differs from what others say". The New York Times: p. B1. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved July 31, 2007.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Chassie, Karen, ed. (2007). Who's Who in America, 2008. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who. p. 3468. ISBN 978-0-8379-7011-0.
^ Lizza, Ryan (March 19, 2007). "The agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education". The New Republic 236 (12): 22–26, 28–29. ISSN 0028-6583. http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
- Secter, Bob; McCormick, John (March 30, 2007). "Portrait of a pragmatist". Chicago Tribune: p. 1. Archived from the original on December 14, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20091214172131/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.
^ ^a ^b ^c Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). "A Law Review breakthrough". The Boston Globe: p. 29. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/1990/02/15/a_law_review_breakthrough. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Corr, John (February 27, 1990). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer: p. C01. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=PI%7CDN%7C&p_product=PHNP&p_theme=phnp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_trackval=PHNP&s_dispstring=Author%28John%20Corr%29%20AND%20date%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=%28John%20Corr%29&p_bool_advanced-1=AND&p_params_advanced-1=date:B,E&p_field_advanced-1=YMD_date&p_text_advanced-1=%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
^ Obama, Barack (August–September 1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city". Illinois Issues 14 (8–9): 40–42. ISSN 0738-9663. reprinted in:
Knoepfle, Peg, ed. (1990). After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois. Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University. pp. 35–40. ISBN 0-9620873-3-5. "He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest."
^ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437.
^ Gnecchi, Nico (February 27, 2006). "Obama receives hero's welcome at his family's ancestral village in Kenya". Voice of America. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080321161040/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-08/2006-08-27-voa17.cfm. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Levenson, Michael; Saltzman, Jonathan (January 28, 2007). "At Harvard Law, a unifying voice". The Boston Globe: p. 1A. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/?page=full. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). "In law school, Obama found political voice". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Mundy, Liza (August 12, 2007). "A series of fortunate events". The Washington Post: p. W10. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.
^ ^a ^b Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). "First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review". The New York Times: p. A20. http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/06/us/first-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Ybarra, Michael J (February 7, 1990). "Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review". Chicago Tribune: p. 3. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-02-07/news/9001110408_1_ann-dunham-chicago-housing-authority-barack-obama. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- Drummond, Tammerlin (March 12, 1990). "Barack Obama's law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service" (paid archive). Los Angeles Times: p. E1. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Evans, Gaynelle (March 15, 1990). "Opening another door: The saga of Harvard's Barack H. Obama". Black Issues in Higher Education 7 (1): 5. ISSN 0742-0277. http://diverseeducation.com/article/11791/. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- Pugh, Allison J. (April 18, 1990). "Law Review's first black president aims to help poor". The Miami Herald. Associated Press: p. C01. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=MH%7C&p_product=MH&p_theme=realcities2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_site=miami&s_trackval=MH&s_search_type=keyword&s_dispstring=Law%20Review%27s%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=%28Law%20Review%27s%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor%29&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
^ Aguilar, Louis (July 11, 1990). "Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners". Chicago Tribune: p. 1 (Business). http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
^ Adams, Richard (May 9, 2007). "Barack Obama". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- Barack Obama at Encyclopædia Britannica
^ ^a ^b ^c Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). "The story of Obama, written by Obama". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii–xvii.
^ Merriner, James L. (June 2008). "The friends of O". Chicago 57 (6): 74–79, 97–99. ISSN 0362-4595. http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2008/Obamas-Chicago-Posse/The-Friends-of-O/index.php?cp=2&si=1. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
- Zengerle, Jason (July 30, 2008). "Con law; What the University of Chicago right thinks of Obama". The New Republic 239 (1): 7–8. ISSN 0028-6583. http://www.tnr.com/article/con-law?id=86dd0277-c6ee-4e3c-83e9-0bb468c5c40d&p=1. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
- Kantor, Jodi (July 30, 2008). "Teaching law, testing ideas, Obama stood slightly apart". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/us/politics/30law.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
- Gray, Steven (September 10, 2008). "Taking professor Obama's class". Time. http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1835238-2,00.html. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
- Starr, Alexandra (September 21, 2008). "Case study". The New York Times Magazine: p. 76. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/magazine/21obama-t.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
- Hundley, Tom (March 22, 2009). "Ivory tower of power". Chicago Tribune Magazine: p. 6. http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/chi-mxa0322magazineobamapg6mar22,0,4802888,full.story. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
^ "Statement regarding Barack Obama". University of Chicago Law School. March 27, 2008. http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html. Retrieved June 5, 2008.
- Miller, Joe (March 28, 2008). "Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor?". FactCheck.org. http://factcheck.org/2008/03/obama-a-constitutional-law-professor/. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- Holan, Angie Drobnic (March 7, 2008). "Obama's 20 years of experience". PolitiFact.com. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2008/mar/07/obamas-20-years-experience. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
^ White, Jesse, ed. (2000). Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed.. Springfield, IL: Illinois Secretary of State. p. 83. OCLC 43923973. Archived from the original on April 16, 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20040416120057/www.sos.state.il.us/bb/sec4_71_132.pdf. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Jarrett, Vernon (August 11, 1992). "'Project Vote' brings power to the people" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times: p. 23. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Vernon%20Jarrett)%20AND%20date(8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Vernon%20Jarrett)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Reynolds, Gretchen (January 1993). "Vote of confidence". Chicago 42 (1): 53–54. ISSN 0362-4595. http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Anderson, Veronica (September 27 – October 3 1993). "40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote". Crain's Chicago Business 16 (39): 43. ISSN 0149-6956.
^ Robinson, Mike (February 20, 2007). "Obama got start in civil rights practice". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2007/02/20/obama_got_start_in_civil_rights_practice. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Pallasch, Abdon M. (December 17, 2007). "As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times: p. 4. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Pallasch)_AND_date(12/17/2007_to_12/17/2007)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=December_17,_2007_to_12/17/2007)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Pallasch)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Morain, Dan (April 6, 2008). "Obama's law days effective but brief". Los Angeles Times: p. A14. http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/06/nation/na-obamalegal6. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
- "People" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune: p. 9 (Business). June 27, 1993. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24302659.html?dids=24302659:24302659&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- "Business appointments" (paid archive). Chicago-Sun-Times: p. 40. July 5, 1993. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Business%20appointments)%20AND%20date(7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Business%20appointments)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Ripley, Amanda (November 3, 2004). "Obama's ascent". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,750742,00.html. Retrieved February 13, 2010.
- "About us". Miner, Barnhill & Galland – Chicago, Illinois. 2008. http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Reardon, Patrick T. (June 25, 2008). "Obama's Chicago". Chicago Tribune: p. 1 (Tempo). http://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/chi-obama-chicago-htmlstory,0,506256.htmlstory. Retrieved February 13, 2010.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438–439.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.
^ Jackson, David; Ray Long (April 3, 2007). "Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081011054057/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive,0,5693903.story. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- White, Jesse (2001). "Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment". Illinois Blue Book 2001–2002. Springfield: Illinois Secretary of State. p. 65. http://web.archive.org/web/20080226221919/http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf. Retrieved July 16, 2011. State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 & 26.
^ Slevin, Peter (February 9, 2007). "Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802262.html. Retrieved April 20, 2008. Helman, Scott (September 23, 2007). "In Illinois, Obama dealt with Lobbyists". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/. Retrieved April 20, 2008. See also:"Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics". CBS News. Associated Press. January 17, 2007. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). "In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
^ Allison, Melissa (December 15, 2000). "State takes on predatory lending; Rules would halt single-premium life insurance financing" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune: p. 1 (Business). http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450:65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved June 1, 2008. Long, Ray; Allison, Melissa (April 18, 2001). "Illinois OKs predatory loan curbs; State aims to avert home foreclosures." (paid archive). Chicago Tribune: p. 1. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/71459393.html?dids=71459393:71459393&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
^ "13th District: Barack Obama". Illinois State Senate Democrats. August 24, 2000. Archived from the original on April 12, 2000. http://web.archive.org/web/20000824102110/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html. Retrieved April 20, 2008. "13th District: Barack Obama". Illinois State Senate Democrats. October 9, 2004. Archived from the original on August 2, 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20040802233730/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
^ "Federal Elections 2000: U.S. House Results – Illinois". Federal Election Commission. http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- Gonyea, Dan (September 19, 2007). "Obama's Loss May Have Aided White House Bid". http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
- Scott, Janny (September 9, 2007). "A Streetwise Veteran Schooled Young Obama". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- McClelland, Edward (February 12, 2007). "How Obama Learned to Be a Natural". Salon. http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- Wolffe, Richard; Daren Briscoe (July 16, 2007). "Across the Divide". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- Helman, Scott (October 12, 2007). "Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb/. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- Wills, Christopher (October 24, 2007). "Obama learned from failed Congress run". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2007-10-24-3157940059_x.htm. Retrieved November 15, 2010.
^ Calmes, Jackie (February 23, 2007). "Statehouse Yields Clues to Obama". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117219748197216894-Sn6oV_4KLQHp_xz7CjYLuyjv3Jg_20070324.html. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
^ Tavella, Anne Marie (April 14, 2003). "Profiling, taping plans pass Senate" (paid archive). Daily Herald: p. 17. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=Profiling,%20AND%20taping%20AND%20plans%20AND%20pass%20AND%20Senate&s_dispstring=Profiling,%20taping%20plans%20pass%20Senate%20AND%20date(April_4,_2003%20to%204/4/2003)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=4_April_2003%20to%204/4/2003)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no. Retrieved June 1, 2008. Haynes, V. Dion (June 29, 2003). "Fight racial profiling at local level, lawmaker says; U.S. guidelines get mixed review" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune: p. 8. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/352884461.html?dids=352884461:352884461&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved June 1, 2008. Pearson, Rick (July 17, 2003). "Taped confessions to be law; State will be 1st to pass legislation" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune: p. 1 (Metro). http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/370136121.html?dids=370136121:370136121&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
^ Youngman, Sam; Aaron Blake (March 14, 2007). "Obama's Crime Votes Are Fodder for Rivals". The Hill. http://thehill.com/homenews/news/11316-obamas-crime-votes-are-fodder-for-rivals. Retrieved May 18, 2012. See also:"US Presidential Candidate Obama Cites Work on State Death Penalty Reforms". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. November 12, 2007. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080607111231/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/12/america/NA-POL-US-Obama-Death-Penalty.php. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
^ Coffee, Melanie (November 6, 2004). "Attorney Chosen to Fill Obama's State Senate Seat". Associated Press. HPKCC. http://www.hydepark.org/hpkccnews/raoul.htm#ap. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
^ Helman, Scott (October 12, 2007). "Early defeat launched a rapid political climb". The Boston Globe: p. 1A. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
^ Strausberg, Chinta (September 26, 2002). "Opposition to war mounts" (paid archive). Chicago Defender: p. 1. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220062931.html. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
^ Office of the Press Secretary (October 2, 2002). "President, House leadership agree on Iraq resolution". The White House. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021002-7.html. Retrieved February 18, 2008.
- Tackett, Michael (October 3, 2002). "Bush, House OK Iraq deal; Congress marches with Bush" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune: p. 1. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569641.html?dids=203569641:203569641&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
^ Glauber, Bill (October 3, 2003). "War protesters gentler, but passion still burns" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune: p. 1. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569621.html?dids=203569621:203569621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
- Strausberg, Chinta (October 3, 2002). "War with Iraq undermines U.N". Chicago Defender: p. 1. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220379051.html. Retrieved October 28, 2008. "Photo caption: Left Photo: Sen. Barack Obama along with Rev. Jesse Jackson spoke to nearly 3,000 anti-war protestors (below) during a rally at Federal Plaza Wednesday."
- Katz, Marilyn (October 2, 2007). "Five years since our first action". Chicagoans Against War & Injustice. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110721192331/http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127. Retrieved February 18, 2008.
- Bryant, Greg; Vaughn, Jane B. (October 3, 2002). "300 attend rally against Iraq war" (paid archive). Daily Herald (Arlington Heights): p. 8. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=300%20AND%20attend%20AND%20rally%20AND%20against%20AND%20Iraq%20AND%20war&s_dispstring=300%20attend%20rally%20against%20Iraq%20war%20AND%20date(10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 172–177.
^ Obama, Barack (October 2, 2002). "Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama against going to war with Iraq". BarackObama.com. Archived from the original on January 30, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080130204029/http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
- McCormick, John (October 3, 2007). "Obama marks '02 war speech; Contender highlights his early opposition in effort to distinguish him from his rivals" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune: p. 7. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1351610621.html?dids=1351610621:1351610621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved October 28, 2008. "The top strategist for Sen. Barack Obama has just 14 seconds of video of what is one of the most pivotal moments of the presidential candidate's political career. The video, obtained from a Chicago TV station, is of Obama's 2002 speech in opposition to the impending Iraq invasion."
- Pallasch, Abdon M. (October 3, 2007). "Obama touts anti-war cred; Kicks off tour 5 years after speech critical of going to Iraq" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times: p. 26. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
^ Ritter, Jim (March 17, 2003). "Anti-war rally here draws thousands" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times: p. 3. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
- Office of the Press Secretary (March 16, 2003). "President Bush: Monday 'moment of truth' for world on Iraq". The White House. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030316-3.html. Retrieved February 18, 2008.
^ Davey, Monica (March 7, 2004). "Closely watched Illinois Senate race attracts 7 candidates in millionaire range". The New York Times: p. 19. Archived from the original on May 14, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060514152430/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/politics/campaign/07ILLI.html. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
^ Mendell, David (March 17, 2004). "Obama routs Democratic foes; Ryan tops crowded GOP field; Hynes, Hull fall far short across state". Chicago Tribune: p. 1. http://www.chicagotribune.com/technology/chi-0403170332mar17,0,6048572.story. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
- Davey, Monica (March 18, 2004). "As quickly as overnight, a Democratic star is born". The New York Times: p. A20. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/18/us/as-quickly-as-overnight-a-democratic-star-is-born.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
- Howlett, Debbie (March 19, 2004). "Dems see a rising star in Illinois Senate candidate". USA Today: p. A04. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/2004-03-18-obama-usat_x.htm. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
- Scheiber, Noam (May 31, 2004). "Race against history. Barack Obama's miraculous campaign". The New Republic 230 (20): 21–22, 24–26 (cover story). http://www.tnr.com/article/race-against-history-0. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
- Finnegan, William (May 31, 2004). "The Candidate. How far can Barack Obama go?". The New Yorker 20 (14): 32–38. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/31/040531fa_fact1?currentPage=all. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
- Dionne Jr., E.J. (June 25, 2004). "In Illinois, a star prepares". The Washington Post: p. A29. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4062-2004Jun24.html. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
- Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). "The story of Obama, written by Obama". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 235–259.
^ Bernstein, David (June 2007). "The Speech". Chicago Magazine. http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2007/The-Speech. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
^ "Star Power. Showtime: Some are on the rise; others have long been fixtures in the firmament. A galaxy of bright Democratic lights". Newsweek: pp. 48–51. August 2, 2004. http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- Samuel, Terence (August 2, 2004). "A shining star named Obama. How a most unlikely politician became a darling of the Democrats". U.S. News & World Report: p. 25. http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- Lizza, Ryan (September 2004). "Why is Barack Obama generating more excitement among Democrats than John Kerry?". The Atlantic Monthly: pp. 30, 33. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200409/lizza. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- Davey, Monica (July 26, 2004). "A surprise Senate contender reaches his biggest stage yet". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/26/us/the-speaker-a-surprise-senate-contender-reaches-his-biggest-stage-yet.html. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
- Leibovich, Mark (July 27, 2004). "The other man of the hour". The Washington Post: p. C1. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A16606-2004Jul26.html. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- Milligan, Susan (July 27, 2004). "In Obama, Democrats see their future". The Boston Globe: p. B8. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- Seelye, Katharine Q. (July 28, 2004). "Illinois Senate nominee speaks of encompassing unity". The New York Times: p. A1. Archived from the original on June 24, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060624052131/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- Broder, David S. (July 28, 2004). "Democrats focus on healing divisions; Addressing convention, newcomers set themes". The Washington Post: p. A1. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17865-2004Jul27.html. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- Bing, Jonathan; McClintock, Pamela (July 29, 2004). "Auds resist charms of Dem stars". Daily Variety: p. 1. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117908388.html?categoryid=1077&cs=1. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 272–285.
^ "Ryan drops out of Senate race in Illinois". CNN. June 25, 2004. http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/25/il.ryan/. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 260–271.
^ Lannan, Maura Kelly (August 9, 2004). "Alan Keyes enters U.S. Senate race in Illinois against rising Democratic star". Union-Tribune. Associated Press (San Diego). http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/20040809-0849-illinoissenate.html. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
^ "America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois". CNN. 2005. http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- Slevin, Peter (November 13, 2007). "For Obama, a handsome payoff in political gambles". The Washington Post: p. A3. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/12/AR2007111201945.html. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- Chase, John; Mendell, David (November 3, 2004). "Obama scores a record landslide". Chicago Tribune: p. 1. http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/1104/0311/noticias031104/presidenciales-usa/images/usa/chicago_tribune/chicago_tribune_031104.pdf. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
- Fornek, Scott (November 3, 2004). "Obama takes Senate seat in a landslide". Chicago Sun-Times: p. 6. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1553596.html. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
^ Barack Obama at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved October 12, 2011
^ "Member Info". Congressional Black Caucus. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080709114659/http://www.house.gov/kilpatrick/cbc/member_info.html. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
^ Mason, Jeff (November 16, 2008). "Obama resigns Senate seat, thanks Illinois". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE4AF1MJ20081116. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
- Sidoti, Liz (November 13, 2008). "Obama to Resign Senate Seat on Sunday". Time (Time Inc.). http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1859020,00.html. Retrieved November 22, 2008.
^ U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 1st Session (May 12, 2005). "S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act". Thomas. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SN01033:. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
^ "Lugar–Obama Nonproliferation Legislation Signed into Law by the President". Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. January 11, 2007. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154746/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/. Retrieved April 27, 2008. See also:Lugar, Richard G.; Barack Obama (December 3, 2005). "Junkyard Dogs of War". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/02/AR2005120201509.html. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
^ McCormack, John (December 21, 2007). "Google Government Gone Viral". Weekly Standard. http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp. Retrieved April 27, 2008. See also:"President Bush Signs Coburn–Obama Transparency Act". Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office. September 26, 2006. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080501233103/http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb. Retrieved April 27, 2008. and USAspending.gov
^ "S. 3077: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008: 2007–2008 (110th Congress)". Govtrack.us. June 3, 2008. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/s3077. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
^ McIntire, Mike (February 3, 2008). "Nuclear Leaks and Response Tested Obama in Senate". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/us/politics/03exelon.html. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
^ Fisher, Daniel (August 11, 2008). "November Election A Lawyer's Delight". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/08/obama-mccain-torts-biz-beltway-cz_df_0811torts.html. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
^ "Nunn–Lugar Report" (PDF). Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. August 2005. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080501002134/http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
^ "Democratic Republic of the Congo". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. April 2006. Archived from the original on January 8, 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110108193726/http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/drc0406.shtml. Retrieved January 26, 2012. "The IRC Welcomes New U.S. Law on Congo". International Rescue Committee. January 5, 2007. http://www.theirc.org/news/the-irc-welcomes-new-us-law.html. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
^ Weixel, Nathaniel (November 15, 2007). "Feingold, Obama Go After Corporate Jet Travel". The Hill. http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html. Retrieved April 27, 2008. Weixel, Nathaniel (December 5, 2007). "Lawmakers Press FEC on Bundling Regulation". The Hill. http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html. Retrieved April 27, 2008. See also:"Federal Election Commission Announces Plans to Issue New Regulations to Implement the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007". Federal Election Commission. September 24, 2007. http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
^ Stern, Seth (January 31, 2007). "Obama–Schumer Bill Proposal Would Criminalize Voter Intimidation". CQPolitics.com. http://www.nytimes.com/cq/2007/01/31/cq_2213.html. Retrieved April 27, 2008. U.S. Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session (January 31, 2007). "S. 453, Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2007". Thomas. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:SN00453:. Retrieved April 27, 2008. See also:"Honesty in Elections" (editorial). The New York Times. January 31, 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/opinion/31wed1.html. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
^ Krystin, E. Kasak (February 7, 2007). "Obama Introduces Measure to Bring Troops Home". Medill News Service. http://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/article_c7147a5d-31bc-5497-abdd-a99c0cd6c189.html. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
^ "Obama, Bond Hail New Safeguards on Military Personality Disorder Discharges, Urge Further Action". Kit Bond U.S. Senate Office. October 1, 2007. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20101205075008/http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
^ "Obama, Bond Applaud Senate Passage of Amendment to Expedite the Review of Personality Disorder Discharge Cases". March 14, 2008. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154824/http://obama.senate.gov/press/080314-obama_bond_appl/.
^ "Obama, Schiff Provision to Create Nuclear Threat Reduction Plan Approved". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. December 20, 2007. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154751/http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
^ "Senate Passes Obama, McCaskill Legislation to Provide Safety Net for Families of Wounded Service Members". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. August 2, 2007. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154819/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
^ "Committee Assignments". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. December 9, 2006. Archived from the original on December 9, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061209190827/obama.senate.gov/committees/. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
^ "Obama Gets New Committee Assignments". Associated Press. Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. November 15, 2006. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154741/http://obama.senate.gov/news/061115-obama_gets_new/. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
^ Baldwin, Tom (December 21, 2007). "Stay-At-Home Barack Obama Comes Under Fire for a Lack of Foreign Experience". Sunday Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article3080794.ece. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
^ Larson, Christina (September 2006). "Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP". Washington Monthly. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- Goudie, Chuck (January 12, 2006). "Obama Meets with Arafat's Successor". WLS-TV. http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=3806933. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- "Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud". News24.com. August 28, 2006. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080605213213/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1989646,00.html. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- Wamalwa, Chris (September 2, 2006). "Envoy Hits at Obama Over Graft Remark". The Standard (Nairobi). Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071010050740/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- Moracha, Vincent; Mangoa Mosota (September 4, 2006). "Leaders Support Obama on Graft Claims". The Standard (Nairobi). Archived from the original on October 7, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071007115436/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Pearson, Rick; Long, Ray (February 10, 2007). "Obama: I'm running for president". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070210obama-pearson1-story,0,3768114.story. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
^ "Obama Launches Presidential Bid". BBC News. February 10, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6349081.stm. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
^ Parsons, Christi (February 10, 2007). "Obama's launch site: Symbolic Springfield: Announcement venue evokes Lincoln legacy". Chicago Tribune. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-159132539.html. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
^ "Barack Obama on the Issues: What Would Be Your Top Three Overall Priorities If Elected?". The Washington Post. http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/issues/candidates/barack-obama/#top-priorities. Retrieved April 14, 2008. See also:
- Thomas, Evan (2009). A Long Time Coming. New York: PublicAffairs. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-58648-607-5.
- Falcone, Michael (December 21, 2007). "Obama's 'One Thing'". The New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/21/obamas-one-thing/. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
^ "The Obama promise of hope and change". The Independent (London). November 1, 2008. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110515091856/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-obama-promise-of-hope-and-change-981761.html. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
^ Tumulty, Karen (May 8, 2008). "The Five Mistakes Clinton Made". Time. http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1738331,00.html. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
- Baker, Peter and Rutenberg, Jim (June 8, 2008). "The Long Road to a Clinton Exit". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
^ Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff (June 5, 2008). "Clinton to End Bid and Endorse Obama". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/05/us/politics/04cnd-campaign.html. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
^ Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff (August 23, 2008). "Obama Chooses Biden as Running Mate". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24biden.html. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
^ "Sources: High court selection process down to finalists". CNN. May 13, 2009. http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-21/politics/obama.vice.president_1_obama-selection-process-joe-biden?_s=PM:POLITICS.
^ Tom Baldwin (August 27, 2008). "Hillary Clinton: 'Barack is my candidate'". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article4616719.ece. Retrieved August 27, 2008.
- Nagourney, Adam (August 27, 2008). "Obama Wins Nomination as Biden and Bill Clinton Rally the Party". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/28/us/politics/28DEMSDAY.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved August 27, 2008.
^ Liasson, Mara; Norris, Michele (July 7, 2008). "Obama To Accept Nomination At Mile High Stadium". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92301409. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
^ "Obama accepts Democrat nomination". BBC News. August 29, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
- Marks, Alexandra (August 29, 2008). "Soaring speech from Obama, plus some specifics". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on March 14, 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100314121702/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0829/soaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
^ Malone, Jim (July 2, 2007). "Obama Fundraising Suggests Close Race for Party Nomination". Voice of America. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070914032004/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-02-voa52.cfm. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- Cummings, Jeanne (September 26, 2007). "Small Donors Rewrite Fundraising Handbook". Politico. http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=3ECB3515-3048-5C12-004D622CB6F4E214. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- Cadei, Emily (February 21, 2008). "Obama Outshines Other Candidates in January Fundraising". CQ Politics. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080613213513/http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002674309. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
^ Salant, Jonathan D. (June 19, 2008). "Obama Won't Accept Public Money in Election Campaign". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601070&sid=aNi.G0PhWnFw. Retrieved June 19, 2008.
^ "Commission on Presidential Debates Announces Sites, Dates, Formats and Candidate Selection Criteria for 2008 General Election". Commission on Presidential Debates. November 19, 2007. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080706070658/http://www.debates.org/pages/news_111907.html. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
- "Gun Ruling Reverberates". Hartford Courant. June 27, 2008. http://www.courant.com/topic/. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
^ Johnson, Alex (November 4, 2008). "Barack Obama elected 44th president". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27531033/. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
- "CNN Electoral Map Calculator—Election Center 2008". CNN. 2008. http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/. Retrieved December 14, 2008.
^ "General Election: McCain vs. Obama". Real Clear Politics. http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/us/general_election_mccain_vs_obama-225.html. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
^ "Obama wins historic US election". BBC. November 5, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/us_elections_2008/7709978.stm. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
- Nagourney, Adam (November 4, 2008). "Obama Elected President as Racial Barrier Falls". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/us/politics/05elect.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
- "Obama: 'This is your victory'". CNN. November 5, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/election.president/index.html. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
^ Johnson, Wesley (November 5, 2008). "Change has come, says President-elect Obama". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/change-has-come-says-presidentelect-obama-992930.html. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
^ Shear, Michael D. (April 4, 2011), "Obama Begins Re-Election Facing New Political Challenges", The New York Times, http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/obama-launches-re-election-facing-new-political-challenges/, retrieved April 5, 2011.
^ "Obama announces re-election bid", United Press International, April 4, 2011, http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/04/04/Obama-announces-re-election-bid/UPI-95081301905800/?dailybrief, retrieved April 5, 2011.
^ Zeleny, Jeff; Calmes, Jackie (April 4, 2011), "Obama Opens 2012 Campaign, With Eye on Money and Independent Voters", The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/us/politics/05obama.html?scp=1&sq=obama%202012&st=cse, retrieved April 5, 2011.
^ Yoon, Robert (April 3, 2012). "Leading presidential candidate to clinch nomination Tuesday". CNN. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/03/leading-presidential-candidate-to-clinch-nomination-tuesday/. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
^ "Obama clinches Democratic nomination". CNN. April 3, 2012. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/03/breaking-obama-clinches-democratic-nomination/. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
^ "Obama asks Pentagon for responsible Iraq drawdown". China Daily. January 23, 2009. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2009-01/23/content_7423535.htm. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
^ Glaberson, William (January 21, 2009). "Obama Orders Halt to Prosecutions at Guantánamo". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/washington/22gitmo.html. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
^ "Senate blocks transfer of Gitmo detainees", Associated Press, MSNBC, May 20, 2009, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30826649/ns/politics-capitol_hill/, retrieved March 22, 2011.
^ Obama, Barack (December 15, 2009), "Presidential Memorandum—Closure of Detention Facilities at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base", whitehouse.gov, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/presidential-memorandum-closure-dentention-facilities-guantanamo-bay-naval-base, retrieved March 22, 2011.
^ Serbu, Jared (January 7, 2011), "Obama signs Defense authorization bill", Federal News Radio, http://federalnewsradio.com/?sid=2226350&nid=35, retrieved March 22, 2011.
^ "Executive Order—Presidential Records". http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/ExecutiveOrderPresidentialRecords/. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
^ Doyle, Michael (January 23, 2009). "Obama restores some of the 'Freedom' to FOIA". McClatchy Newspapers. http://www.mcclatchydc.com/251/story/60661.html. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
^ Gerstein, Josh (January 24, 2009). "Obama: End Abortion 'Politicization'". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0109/17898.html.
^ "Obama Signs Equal-Pay Legislation". The New York Times. January 30, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/30/us/politics/30ledbetter-web.html. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
^ Levey, Noam N.. "Obama signs into law expansion of SCHIP health care program for children". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-kids-health-care_thufeb05,0,30310.story. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
^ "Obama overturns Bush policy on stem cells". CNN. March 9, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/09/obama.stem.cells/index.html. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
^ "Senate confirms Sotomayor for Supreme Court". CNN. August 6, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/08/06/sonia.sotomayor/. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
^ Obama nominates Sotomayor to Supreme Court, CNN, Retrieved May 26, 2009.
^ Sherman, Mark (October 4, 2010). "New Era Begins on High Court: Kagan Takes Place as Third Woman". Associated Press. http://www.theledger.com/article/20101004/news/10045042. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
^ Broder, John M. (October 1, 2009). "E.P.A. Moves to Curtail Greenhouse Gas Emissions". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/01/science/earth/01epa.html.
^ "US moves to limit industrial greenhouse gas emissions". Google News. Agence France-Presse. October 1, 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ip53lrBGDBrm5QYg-npRkHn4ggRA. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
^ "President Barack Obama signs hate crimes legislation into law". Bay Windows. October 28, 2009. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110722003600/http://www.baywindows.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=glbt&sc2=news&sc3=&id=98285. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
^ "Obama signs hate crimes bill into law". CNN. October 28, 2009. http://articles.cnn.com/2009-10-28/politics/hate.crimes_1_crimes-gay-rights-human-rights-campaign?_s=PM:POLITICS. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
^ Parsons, Christi (March 30, 2010). "Obama signs student loan reforms into law". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/30/nation/la-na-obama-college31-2010mar31. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
^ Branigin, William. "Obama signs higher-education measure into law". The Washington Post. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2010/03/obama-signs-higher-education-m.html. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
^ Robert Block and Mark K. Matthews (January 27, 2010). "White House won't fund NASA moon program". LA Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jan/27/nation/la-na-nasa-budget27-2010jan27. Retrieved January 30, 2011. "President Obama's budget proposal includes no money for the Ares I and Ares V rocket or Constellation program. Instead, NASA would be asked to monitor climate change and develop a new rocket"
^ "'Don't ask, don't tell' repealed as Obama signs landmark law". The Guardian (London). December 22, 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/22/obama-repeals-dont-ask-dont-tell. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
^ "Obama to delay 'don't ask, don't tell' repeal". Washington Times. November 21, 2008. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/nov/21/obama-to-delay-repeal-of-dont-ask-dont-tell/. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
^ Jesse Lee. "The President Signs Repeal of "Don't Ask Don't Tell": "Out of Many, We Are One"". Whitehouse.gov. http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/12/22/president-signs-repeal-dont-ask-dont-tell-out-many-we-are-one. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
^ Albanesius, Chloe (January 25, 2011). "Obama Pushes Innovation in Tech-Heavy State of the Union". PCMag.com. http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2376242,00.asp. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
^ Kornblut, Anne E.; Wilson, Scott (January 26, 2011). "State of the Union 2011: 'Win the future,' Obama says". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/25/AR2011012504068.html. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
^ Baim, Tracy (January 14, 2009). "Windy City Times exclusive: Obama's Marriage Views Changed. WCT Examines His Step Back". Windy City Times. http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/Windy-City-Times-exclusive-Obamas-Marriage-Views-Changed-WCT-Examines-His-Step-Back/20524.html. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
^ Baim, Tracy (February 4, 2004). "Obama Seeks U.S. Senate seat". Windy City Times. http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/gay/lesbian/news/ARTICLE.php?AID=3931. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
^ "Obama backs same-sex marriage". CBS News. May 9, 2012. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57431122-503544/obama-backs-same-sex-marriage/. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
^ Sam Stein (May 9, 2012). "Obama Backs Gay Marriage". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/09/obama-gay-marriage_n_1503245.html.
^ "Stimulus package en route to Obama's desk". CNN. February 14, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/13/stimulus/index.html. Retrieved March 29, 2009.
^ "Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, Stimulus Watch". http://stimulus.org/. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
- "Obama's remarks on signing the stimulus plan". CNN. February 17, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/17/obama.stimulus.remarks/. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
^ Andrews, Edmund L.; Dash, Eric (March 23, 2009). "U.S. Expands Plan to Buy Banks' Troubled Assets". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/24/business/economy/24bailout.html. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
- "Wall Street soars 7% on bank plan debut". REUTERS. March 23, 2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSTRE52H2FA20090323?feedType=RSS&feedName=businessNews.
^ "White House questions viability of GM, Chrysler". The Huffington Post. March 30, 2009. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/30/obama-denies-bailout-fund_n_180563.html.
^ Bunkley, Nick; Vlasic, Bill (April 27, 2009). "Chrysler and Union Agree to Deal Before Federal Deadline". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/business/27chrysler.html. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
^ John Hughes, Caroline Salas, Jeff Green, and Bob Van Voris (June 1, 2009). "GM Begins Bankruptcy Process With Filing for Affiliate". Bloomberg. http://bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aw4F_L7E4xYg.
^ Conkey, Christopher; Radnofsky, Louise (June 9, 2009). "Obama Presses Cabinet to Speed Stimulus Spending". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124445867883193821.html.
^ Dana Hedgpeth (August 21, 2009). "U.S. Says 'Cash for Clunkers' Program Will End on Monday". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/20/AR2009082002699.html. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
^ Joseph R. Szczesny (August 26, 2009). "Was Cash for Clunkers a Success?". Time. http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1918692,00.html. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
^ Mian, Atif R.; Sufi, Amir (September 1, 2010). "The Effects of Fiscal Stimulus: Evidence from the 2009 'Cash for Clunkers' Program". SSRN Electronic Journal (SSRN). DOI:10.2139/ssrn.1670759. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1670759. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
^ Goldman, David (April 6, 2009). "CNNMoney.com's bailout tracker". Bailout tracker 06: 20. http://money.cnn.com/news/storysupplement/economy/bailouttracker/. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
^ Montgomery, Lori (July 24, 2010). "Federal budget deficit to exceed $1.4 trillion in 2010 and 2011". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/23/AR2010072304101.html. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
^ Bull, Alister; Mason, Jeff (February 1, 2010). "Obama's 2010 budget: deficit soars amid job spending". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60U00220100201. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
^ Dickson, David M. (March 26, 2010). "CBO report: Debt will rise to 90% of GDP". Washington Times. Associated Press. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/mar/26/cbos-2020-vision-debt-will-rise-to-90-of-gdp/?page=1. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
^ "Senate Vote Approves Rise in Debt Limit" (January 26, 2012). Reuters. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
^ By NBC's Sylvie Stein. "First Read — A breakdown of the debt-limit legislation". MSNBC. http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/08/02/7231805-a-breakdown-of-the-debt-limit-legislation. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
^ "House passes debt ceiling bill". MSNBC. March 8, 2011. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43967924/ns/politics-capitol_hill/. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
^ "Unemployment Rate". Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
^ "Unemployment Rate". Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/CES0000000001?output_view=net_1mth. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
^ Theodossiou, Eleni; Hipple, Steven F. (2011). "Unemployment Remains High in 2010". Monthly Labor Review (Bureau of Labor Statistics) 134 (3): 3–22. http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art1full.pdf. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
^ Eddlemon, John P. (2011). "Payroll Employment Turns the Corner in 2010". Monthly Labor Review (Bureau of Labor Statistics) 134 (3): 23–32. http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art2full.pdf. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product (Quarterly)". National Income and Product Accounts Table. Bureau of Economic Analysis. http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Qtr&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no#Mid. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
^ Harding, Robin (July 28, 2010). "Beige Book survey reports signs of slowdown". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dac3245a-9a7b-11df-87fd-00144feab49a.html. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
^ "Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product (Annual)". National Income and Product Accounts Table. Bureau of Economic Analysis. http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Year&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no#Mid. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Estimated Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on Employment and Economic Output". Congressional Budget Office. http://www.cbo.gov/publication/42715. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Calmes, Jackie; Cooper, Michael (November 20, 2009). "New Consensus Sees Stimulus Package as Worthy Step". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/business/economy/21stimulus.html. Retrieved December 21, 2010.
^ "CBO: Stimulus created as many as 2.1 million jobs". February 23, 2010. http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/83253-cbo-stimulus-created-as-many-as-21-million-jobs. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
^ Krugman, Paul (November 2, 2009). "Too Little of a Good Thing". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/02/opinion/02krugman.html. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
^ Isidore, Chris (January 29, 2010). "Best economic growth in six years". CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2010/01/29/news/economy/gdp/index.htm. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
^ "New NABE Survey Shows Business Recovery Gaining Momentum, with More Jobs Ahead". http://www.nabe.com/publib/indsum.html. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
^ Herszenhorn, David M.; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (December 7, 2010). "Democrats Skeptical of Obama on New Tax Plan". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/us/politics/08cong.html.
^ "Obama signs tax deal into law". CNN. December 17, 2010. http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/12/17/tax.deal/index.html. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Sweet, Lynn, "Obama July 22, 2009 press conference. Transcript", Chicago Sun-Times, July 22, 2009
^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Zeleny, Jeff (September 9, 2009). "Obama, Armed With Details, Says Health Plan Is Necessary". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/10/us/politics/10obama.html.
^ "Obama will hedge on public option". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0909/26907.html. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
^ "Obama calls for Congress to face health care challenge". CNN. September 9, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/09/obama.speech/index.html. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
^ "Stem cell". The Guardian, Retrieved March 19, 2011
^ Hulse, Carl; Robert Pear (November 7, 2009). "Sweeping Health Care Plan Passes House". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08health.html. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
^ Herszenhorn, David M.; Jackie Calmes (December 7, 2009). "Abortion Was at Heart of Wrangling". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08scene.html. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
^ Hensley, Scott (December 24, 2009). "Senate Says Yes To Landmark Health Bill". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121854289. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
^ "Health Care Reform, at Last". The New York Times. March 21, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/22/opinion/22mon5.html. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
^ Gay Stolberg, Sheryl (March 23, 2010). "Obama Signs Landmark Health Care Bill". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/health/policy/24health.html. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
^ "5 key things to remember about health care reform". CNN. March 25, 2010. http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/03/25/health.care.law.basics/index.html.
^ ^a ^b "Policies to Improve Affordability and Accountability". The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/health-care-meeting/proposal/whatsnew/affordability.
^ "Health Care Reform Bill 101". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0320/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-gets-subsidized-insurance.
^ "An Analysis of Health Insurance Premiums Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act" (PDF). http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/107xx/doc10781/11-30-premiums.pdf. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
^ Peter Grier, Health care reform bill 101: Who will pay for reform?, Christian Science Monitor (March 21, 2010).
^ Grier, Peter (March 19, 2010). "Health care reform bill 101: Who must buy insurance?". The Christian Science Monitor (Washington, D.C.). http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0319/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-must-buy-insurance. Retrieved April 7, 2010.
^ Congressional Budget Office, Cost Estimates for H.R. 4872, Reconciliation Act of 2010 (Final Health Care Legislation) (March 20, 2010).
^ Mears, Bill (March 27, 2012). "Supreme Court divided over Health Care Mandate". http://www.cnn.com/2012/03/27/justice/scotus-health-care/index.html. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
^ "Obama Halts Drilling Projects, Defends Actions". National Public Radio. May 27, 2010. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127205462&ps=rs.
^ Jonsson, Patrik (May 29, 2010). "Gulf oil spill: Obama's big political test". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0529/Gulf-oil-spill-Obama-s-big-political-test. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
^ "Biden vows break with Bush era foreign policy". http://www.canada.com/news/unveils+changes+foreign+policy/1265065/story.html. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
- Ghattas, Kim (March 8, 2009). "Clinton's gaffes and gains on tour". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7931699.stm. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
^ "Obama reaches out to Muslim world on TV". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28869185/. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
^ DeYoung, Karen (April 9, 2009). "Nation U.S. to Join Talks on Iran's Nuclear Program". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/08/AR2009040802254.html. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
^ "Iranian Leaders Ignore Obama's Outstretched Hand". Fox News Channel. March 20, 2009. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/03/20/iranian-leaders-ignore-obamas-outstretched-hand/. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
^ "Obama speech draws praise in Mideast". The Guardian (London). January 23, 2008. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/8443248. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
^ "Obama in Egypt reaches out to Muslim world". CNN. June 4, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/06/04/egypt.obama.speech. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
^ "Obama dismisses Ahmadinejad apology request". The Washington Times. June 26, 2009. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jun/26/obama-dismisses-ahmadinejad-apology-request/.
^ Obama: No green light for Israel to attack Iran, CNN, July 7, 2009
^ Chidanand Rajghatta, "Barack 'No Bomb' Obama pushes for world without nukes", The Times of India, September 24, 2009.
^ Robert Berger, "Israel Refuses to Halt Construction in East Jerusalem", Voice of America, March 26, 2010.
^ Kershner, Isabel (March 24, 2010). "Israel Confirms New Building in East Jerusalem". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/world/middleeast/25jerusalem.html. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
^ Peter Baker, "Obama Seals Arms Control Deal With Russia", The New York Times, March 26, 2010.
^ Baker, Peter (December 22, 2010). "Senate Passes Arms Control Treaty With Russia, 71–26". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/world/europe/23treaty.html.
^ "Gay rights must be criterion for US aid allocations, instructs Obama" The Guardian (London). December 6, 2011. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
^ Feller, Ben (February 27, 2009). "Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq". The Detroit News. Associated Press. http://www.detnews.com/article/20090228/POLITICS/902280332/Obama+sets+firm+Iraq+withdrawal. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
^ Athena Johnes Obama announces Iraq plan. February 27, 2009. msnbc.com.
^ BBC News: "Last US combat brigade exits Iraq", August 19, 2010 Last updated at 17:56 GMT.
^ MacAskill, Ewen (September 1, 2010). "Barack Obama ends the war in Iraq. 'Now it's time to turn the page'". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/sep/01/obama-formally-ends-iraq-war.
^ All U.S. troops out of Iraq by end of year, msnbc.com, October 21, 2011
^ "Obama Calls for U.S. Military to Renew Focus on Afghanistan". NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. PBS. July 15, 2008. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec08/obama_07-15.html. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
^ Hodge, Amanda (February 19, 2009). "Obama launches Afghanistan Surge". The Australian. http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25074581-2703,00.html.
^ "Top U.S. Commander in Afghanistan Is Fired". The Washington Post. May 12, 2009. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/11/AR2009051101864.html.
- "New U.S. Commander Brings Counterinsurgency Experience to Afghanistan". Fox News Channel. May 13, 2009. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/05/13/new-commander-brings-counterinsurgency-experience-afghanistan/.
^ "Obama to announce war strategy" Associated Press. msnbc.com. December 1, 2009.
^ Associated Press. (December 1, 2009). "Obama details Afghan war plan, troop increases" msnbc.com.
^ President Obama's Afghanistan Speech pt.1, December 1, 2009 on YouTube
^ "Gates says he agrees with Obama decision on McChrystal". CNN. June 24, 2010. http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/06/24/mcchrystal.gates.support/. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
^ "U.S., Israel Build Military Cooperation", Charles Levinson. Wall Street Journal. August 14, 2010. Accessed March 1, 2011
^ "United States vetoes Security Council resolution on Israeli settlements", United Nations News Centre. February 18, 2011. Accessed March 1, 2011
^ Levy, Elior. "PA challenges Netanyahu to accept 1967 lines." Ynetnews. May 22, 2011. May 22, 2011.
^ "Floor Statement by Senator McCain Introducing the Senate Resolution Calling for a No-Fly Zone in Libya". Senate.gov. March 14, 2011. http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressOffice.FloorStatements&ContentRecord_id=b63b7b6f-a466-ba23-dea8-7bc024f54655. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
^ "Senate Passes Resolution Calling for No-Fly Zone Over Libya". National Journal. March 1, 2011. http://nationaljournal.com/congress/senate-passes-resolution-calling-for-no-fly-zone-over-libya-20110301?page=1. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
^ Winnett, Robert (March 17, 2011). "Libya: UN approves no-fly zone as British troops prepare for action". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8389565/Libya-UN-approves-no-fly-zone-as-British-troops-prepare-for-action.html. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
^ "Libya declares ceasefire". New Statesman. UK. http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2011/03/fly-zone-ceasefire-libya. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
^ "Obama: US to Transfer Lead Role in Libya". RTT Newswire. http://www.rttnews.com/Content/GeneralNews.aspx?Id=1580433&SM=1. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
^ "Obama says US efforts in Libya have saved lives, control of operation can be turned over soon". Ventura County Star. Associated Press. http://www.vcstar.com/news/2011/mar/23/ap-news-in-brief/. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
^ Ian Pannell (March 21, 2011). "Gaddafi 'not targeted' by allied strikes". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12813757. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
^ Jones, Sam (March 22, 2011). "F-15 fighter jet crashes in Libya". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/22/f15-fighter-crash-libya. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
^ "NATO No-Fly Zone over Libya Operation UNIFIED PROTECTOR". NATO. March 25, 2011. http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_03/20110325_110325-unified-protector-no-fly-zone.pdf.
^ Montopoli, Brian (March 22, 2011). "Is Obama's Libya offensive constitutional?". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20045927-503544.html. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
^ Stein, Sam (March 21, 2011). "Obama's Libya Policy Makes Strange Bedfellows Of Congressional Critics". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/obama-libya_n_838219.html. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
^ "Obama juggles Libya promises, realities". CNN. March 25, 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/03/25/obama.libya/index.html?hpt=T1. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mazzetti, Mark; Helene Cooper, Peter Baker (May 3, 2011). "Clues Gradually Led to the Location of Osama bin Laden". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html?hp=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Osama bin Laden is killed by U.S. forces in Pakistan" – washingtonpost.com Retrieved May 2, 2011
^ "Official offers details of bin Laden raid" – newsday.com Retrieved May 2, 2011
^ Schabner, Dean; Karen Travers (May 1, 2011). "Osama bin Laden Killed by U.S. Forces in Pakistan". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-killed/story?id=13505703. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
^ Baker, Peter; Helene Cooper, Mark Mazzetti (May 2, 2011). "Bin Laden Is Dead, Obama Says". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
^ Walsh, Declan; Richard Adams and Ewen MacAskill (May 2, 2011). "Osama bin Laden is dead, Obama announces". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/02/osama-bin-laden-dead-obama. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
^ Dorning, Mike (May 2, 2011). "Death of Bin Laden May Strengthen Obama's Hand in Domestic, Foreign Policy". Bloomberg News. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-02/death-of-bin-laden-may-strengthen-obama-s-hand-in-domestic-foreign-policy.html. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
^ "World Reaction To Osama Bin Laden's Death". NPR. May 2, 2011. http://www.npr.org/2011/05/02/135919728/world-reaction-to-osama-bin-ladens-death. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
^ Paul Harris in Oakland and Ewen MacAskill in Washington (November 3, 2010). "US midterm election results herald new political era as Republicans take House". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/03/us-midterm-election-results-tea-party. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
^ "Obama calls midterm elections a 'shellacking' for Democrats". The Christian Science Monitor. November 4, 2010. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/Vox-News/2010/1104/Obama-calls-midterm-elections-a-shellacking-for-Democrats. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
^ "See Obama's first paragraph of his transcript". All Things Considered. NPR. November 3, 2010. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=131048554. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
^ "President Obama Hangs Out With America", The White House, January 30, 2012.
^ Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (November 2004). "The Great Black Hope: What's Riding on Barack Obama?". Washington Monthly. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html. Retrieved April 7, 2008. See also:Scott, Janny (December 28, 2007). "A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line". International Herald Tribune. http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
^ Harris, Paul (March 4, 2007). "Obama told of family's slave-owning history in deep South". The Observer (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/mar/04/uselections2008.barackobama. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
^ Payne, Les (August 19, 2007). "In One Country, a Dual Audience" (paid archive). Newsday (New York). http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/1322008241.html?dids=1322008241:1322008241&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
^ Dorning, Mike (October 4, 2007). "Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1353513781.html?dids=1353513781:1353513781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+4%2C+2007&author=Mike+Dorning. Retrieved April 7, 2008. See also:Harnden, Toby (October 15, 2007). "Barack Obama is JFK Heir, Says Kennedy Aide". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565992/Barack-Obama-is-JFK-heir%2C-says-Kennedy-aide.html. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
^ Holmes, Stephanie (November 30, 2008). "Obama: Oratory and originality". The Age (Melbourne). http://www.theage.com.au/world/a-classic-orator-obama-learnt-from-the-masters-20081129-6nf1.html. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
- Gallo, Carmine (March 3, 2008). "How to Inspire People Like Obama Does". BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/mar2008/sb2008033_156351.htm. Retrieved February 21, 2009.
- Zlomislic, Diana (December 11, 2008). "New emotion dubbed 'elevation". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/living/article/551538. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
- Greene, Richard (January 25, 2011). "Obama Is America's Third Greatest Presidential Orator in Modern Era". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-greene/obama-is-americas-3rd-gre_b_813868.html. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
^ "YouTube – ChangeDotGov's Channel". Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/user/ChangeDotGov. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
^ "Obama Starts With 68% Job Approval". Gallup.com. January 24, 2009. http://www.gallup.com/poll/113962/obama-starts-job-approval.aspx. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
^ "Obama hits low point in Gallup Poll – 41%". USA Today. April 15, 2011. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/04/obama-hits-low-point-in-gallup-poll/1. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
^ Jon Terbush (December 9, 2010). "Approval By Numbers: How Obama Compares To Past Presidents". Tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com. http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/12/approval-by-numbers-how-obama-compares-to-past-presidents.php. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
^ Oliphant, James (May 11, 2011). "Bin Laden bounce? New poll shows jump in Obama approval", Los Angeles Times. Accessed June 7, 2011
^ Balz, Dan; Cohen, John (June 6, 2011). "Obama loses bin Laden bounce; Romney on the move among GOP contenders", The Washington Post. Accessed June 7, 2011
^ Henningsen, Patrick (May 23, 2011). "Washington Still Working Hard to Plug Gaps in The Bin Laden Story", 21st Century Wire. Accessed June 7, 2011
^ "World wants Obama as president: poll". Reuters. ABC News. September 9, 2008. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/09/09/2360240.htm.
^ "Obama to visit nuclear, biological weapons destruction facilities in former Soviet Union" (Press release). Obama.senate.gov. August 24, 2005. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081218122125/http://obama.senate.gov/press/050823-obama_to_visit/. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
^ Scherer, Steve (September 12, 2007). "Rome Mayor's Leadership Bid May Lead to Early Italian Elections". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=aea6jJJwShpQ&refer=europe. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
^ Pedder, Sophie (February 20, 2008). "Sarkozy, Obama and McCain". The Economist. http://www.economist.com/blogs/certainideasofeurope/2008/02/sarkozy_obama_and_mccain.cfm. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
^ Freed, John C. (February 6, 20009). "Poll shows Obama atop list of most respected". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/06/world/americas/06iht-poll.4.19983290.html. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
^ "Obama Most Popular Leader, Poll Finds". The New York Times. May 29, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/29/world/europe/29iht-poll.html. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
^ "Obama remains a popular symbol of hope". France 24. June 2, 2009. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110513050036/http://www.france24.com/en/20090529-obama-remains-popular-symbol-hope-harris-interactive-poll-world-leaders. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
^ Goodman, Dean (February 10, 2008). "Obama or Clinton? Grammys go for Obama". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSN0852813420080210. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
^ Strange, Hannah (March 5, 2008). "Celebrities join YouTube revolution". The Times (London). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article3491460.ece. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
^ Wappler, Margaret (June 20, 2008). "Emmys give knuckle bump to will.i.am; more videos on the way". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110516090327/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/soundboard/2008/06/emmys-give-knuc.html. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
^ Von Drehle, David (December 16, 2008). "Why History Can't Wait". Time. http://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/personoftheyear/article/0,31682,1861543_1865068,00.html. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2009". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
^ "Obama: 'Peace requires responsibility'". CNN. December 10, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/12/10/obama.transcript/index.html. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
^ Philp, Catherine (October 10, 2009). "Barack Obama's peace prize starts a fight". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6868905.ece. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
^ Samuelsohn, Darren (October 9, 2009). "Obama Wins Nobel Prize in Part for Confronting 'Great Climatic Challenges'". The New York Times. Greenwire. http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/10/09/09greenwire-obama-wins-nobel-prize-in-part-for-confronting-55250.html. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
^ "Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First". The Oprah Winfrey Show. October 18, 2006. http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/oprahshow1_ss_20061018/10. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
^ Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). "Half Siblings: 'A Complicated Family'". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5msGZ6sKn. Retrieved June 24, 2008. See also:"Interactive Family Tree". Chicago Sun-Times. September 9, 2007. Archived from the original on July 3, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080703042659/http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
^ Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). "Madelyn Payne Dunham: 'A Trailblazer'". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5gm7oJqn9. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
^ "Obama's grandmother dies after battle with cancer". CNN. November 3, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
^ Smolenyak, Megan (May 9, 2011). "Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html.
^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, and Harry Truman, see:Nitkin, David; Harry Merritt (March 2, 2007). "A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070930033339/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02,0,3453027.story. Retrieved June 24, 2008. Jordan, Mary (May 13, 2007). "Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html. Retrieved June 24, 2008. "Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises". CBS 2 (Chicago). Associated Press. September 8, 2007. Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080602215833/http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
^ "When Barry Became Barack". Newsweek. March 31, 2008. http://www.newsweek.com/id/128633. Retrieved November 6, 2008.
^ Zimmer, Benjamin (2009). "Obama's Indonesian Redux". Language Log. http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
- Obama: Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan
^ Kantor, Jodi (June 1, 2007). "One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008. See also: "The Love of the Game" (video). Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel (HBO). April 15, 2008. http://www.hbo.com/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes#/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes/0/133-april-15-2008/index.html. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
^ "Barack Obama: White Sox 'serious' ball". The Swamp. August 25, 2008. http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
^ "Barack Obama Explains White Sox Jacket, Talks Nats in All-Star Booth Visit". MLB Fanhouse. July 14, 2009. http://mlb.fanhouse.com/2009/07/14/barack-obama-explains-white-sox-jacket-talks-nats-in-all-star-b/. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
^ Branigin, William (January 30, 2009). "Steelers Win Obama's Approval". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/29/AR2009012903196.html. "But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the team that's closest to my heart."
^ "1985 Bears honored by President Obama". Chicagobears.com. 2011-10-07. http://www.chicagobears.com/news/NewsStory.asp?story_id=8232. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
^ Obama (2006), pp. 327–332. See also:Brown, Sarah (December 7, 2005). "Obama '85 masters balancing act". The Daily Princetonian. http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
^ Obama (2006), p. 329.
^ Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). "Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5msGZDbMO. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
^ Martin, Jonathan (July 4, 2008). "Born on the 4th of July". Politico. http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also:"Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama". Gannett News Service. http://www.gannettnewsservice.com/?cat=153. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
^ "Obamas choose private Sidwell Friends School", International Herald Tribune, November 22, 2008
^ Cooper, Helene (April 13, 2009). "One Obama Search Ends With a Puppy Named Bo". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/13/us/politics/13obama.html. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
^ Zeleny, Jeff (December 24, 2005). "The first time around: Sen. Obama's freshman year". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama,0,1779783,full.story. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
^ Slevin, Peter (December 17, 2006). "Obama says he regrets land deal with fundraiser". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/16/AR2006121600729.html. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
- Robinson, Mike (June 4, 2008). "Rezko found guilty in corruption case". Associated Press. MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24973282/. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
^ Harris, Marlys (December 7, 2007). "Obama's Money". CNNMoney.com. http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
See also:Goldfarb, Zachary A (March 24, 2007). "Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/24/AR2007032400305.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
^ Zeleny, Jeff (April 17, 2008). "Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2 Million". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
^ Shear, Michael D.; Hilzenrath, David S. (April 16, 2010). "Obamas report $5.5 million in income on 2009 tax return". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/15/AR2010041504485.html. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
^ Solman, Paul (April 18, 2011). "How Much Did President Obama Make in 2010?". PBS NewsHour. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
^ Solman, Paul (April 27, 2011). "The Obamas Gave $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation in 2010; What Is It?". PBS NewsHour. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
^ Jackson, David (May 15, 2012). "Obama worth as much as $10 million". USA Today. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
^ Elsner, Alan (December 7, 2008). Obama says he won't be smoking in White House". Reuters. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
^ Zengerle, Patricia (February 8, 2011). "Yes, he did: first lady says Obama quit smoking". Reuters. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
^ Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in:Obama, Barack (October 16, 2006). "My Spiritual Journey". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- Obama, Barack (June 28, 2006). "'Call to Renewal' Keynote Address". Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois. Archived from the original on January 4, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090104231501/http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
^ Christianity Today: "Q&A: Barack Obama" Interview by Sarah Pulliam and Ted Olsen, January 23, 2008
^ Obama 'Christian By Choice': President Responds To Questioner by Charles Babington and Darlene Superville, Associated Press, September 28, 2010
^ Video – President Obama: "I am a Christian By Choice" by ABC News, September 29, 2010.
^ Kantor, Jodi (April 30, 2007). "Barack Obama's search for faith". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/30/world/americas/30iht-30obama.5501905.html. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
^ "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized". Associated Press. MSNBC. November 17, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
^ Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009.) "The Obamas Find a Church Home—Away from Home". Time. Retrieved December 14, 2009.

References [link]

Mendell, David (2007). Obama: From Promise to Power. New York: Amistad/HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-085820-6.
Obama, Barack (1995, 2004). Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1-4000-8277-3.
Obama, Barack (2006). The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 0-307-23769-9.

External links [link]

Listen to this article (info/dl)

200px

This audio file was created from a revision of the "Barack Obama" article dated 2012-04-24, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)

More spoken articles

	Barack Obama portal
	Biography portal
	Government of the United States portal
	Illinois portal

Find more about Barack Obama on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Images and media from Commons
	News stories from Wikinews
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource

Official

President Barack Obama White House official website
BarackObama.com (official re-election campaign website)

Other

Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
Congressional profile at GovTrack
Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
Campaign contributions at the National Institute for Money in State Politics
Appearances on C-SPAN programs
Appearances on Charlie Rose
Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
Collected news and commentary at The Guardian
Works by or about Barack Obama in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Collected news and commentary at the Chicago Tribune
Barack Obama at the Open Directory Project

Offices and distinctions

Illinois Senate
Preceded by Alice Palmer	Illinois State Senator from the 13th district 1997–2004	Succeeded by Kwame Raoul
Party political offices
Preceded by Carol Moseley Braun	Democratic nominee for Senator from Illinois (Class 3) 2004	Succeeded by Alexi Giannoulias
Preceded by Harold Ford	Keynote Speaker of the Democratic National Convention 2004	Succeeded by Mark Warner
Preceded by John Kerry	Democratic nominee for President of the United States 2008	Most recent
United States Senate
Preceded by Peter Fitzgerald	United States Senator (Class 3) from Illinois 2005–2008 Served alongside: Dick Durbin	Succeeded by Roland Burris
Preceded by George Allen	Chairperson of the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on European Affairs 2007–2008	Succeeded by Jeanne Shaheen
Political offices
Preceded by George W. Bush	President of the United States 2009–present	Incumbent
Awards and achievements
Preceded by Martti Ahtisaari	Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 2009	Succeeded by Liu Xiaobo

Barack Obama

August 4, 1961

Life and politics	Early life and career Illinois Senate elections Illinois Senate career Illinois-1st elections, 2000 2004 Democratic National Convention U.S. Senate election in Illinois, 2004 U.S. Senate career 2008 presidential primary campaign Obama–Biden 2008 Electoral history Political positions Economic Social Energy Foreign/Administration foreign policy Nobel Peace Prize 2012 presidential re-election campaign West Wing Week

Presidency	Transition Inauguration Timeline 2009 2010 2011 2012 Judiciary Supreme Court candidates Foreign policy Obama Doctrine First 100 days Health care reform Presidential trips 2009 2010 2011 2012 People pardoned Death of Osama bin Laden

Books	Dreams from My Father The Audacity of Hope Of Thee I Sing

Speeches	"The Audacity of Hope" (2004) "A More Perfect Union" (2008) "Change Has Come to America" (2008) "A New Birth of Freedom" (2009) Joint session of Congress (February 2009) "A New Beginning" (2009) Joint session of Congress (health care reform) (September 2009) State of the Union address: 2010, 2011, 2012 Barack Obama Tucson memorial speech (2011) Joint session of Congress (jobs) (2011)

Family	Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama (spouse) Stanley Ann Dunham (mother) Barack Hussein Obama, Sr. (father) Lolo Soetoro (step-father) Maya Soetoro-Ng (half-sister) Stanley Armour Dunham (grandfather) Madelyn Payne Dunham (grandmother) Marian Shields Robinson (mother-in-law) Craig Robinson (brother-in-law) Bo (family dog)

Public image

News and political events	Oprah Winfrey's endorsement Citizenship conspiracy theories litigation legislation Religion conspiracy theories Bill Ayers controversy Jeremiah Wright controversy Republican and conservative support (2008) Barack Obama assassination threats 2008 assassination scare in Denver 2008 assassination scare in Tennessee Inauguration invitations Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial Citizen's Briefing Book Tea Party protests New Energy for America Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Gates-Crowley Rose Garden meeting Resignation of Shirley Sherrod

Books about	Self-authored Dreams from My Father The Audacity of Hope Obama: From Promise to Power Barack Obama – Der schwarze Kennedy The Case Against Barack Obama The Obama Nation Culture of Corruption Catastrophe Barack and Michelle The Speech The Obama Story Game Change

Music	Obama Girl "I Got a Crush... on Obama" "Barack the Magic Negro" will.i.am "Yes We Can" "We Are the Ones" "There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama" "Sí Se Puede Cambiar" "My President" "Deadheads for Obama" "Air and Simple Gifts" Change Is Now Hope! – Das Obama Musical

Other media	@BarackObama Artists for Obama "Hope" poster "Joker" poster The Situation Room (photograph) Obama logo In comics

Miscellaneous	Places named after Obama Obama Day (Kenya)

Book Category Portal

v t e Presidents of the United States

	George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren William Henry Harrison John Tyler James K. Polk Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Franklin Pierce James Buchanan Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison Grover Cleveland William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan George H. W. Bush Bill Clinton George W. Bush Barack Obama

United States presidential election, 2008

Democratic Party

Democratic candidates

Nominee: Barack Obama
(campaign
positions)

VP nominee: Joe Biden
(positions)

Republican Party

Republican candidates

Nominee: John McCain
(campaign
positions)

VP nominee: Sarah Palin
(positions)

Draft movements

Democratic Party:
Al Gore
Mark Warner (movement)

Republican Party:
Newt Gingrich
Condoleezza Rice (movement)

Independent:
Michael Bloomberg (movement)

Third party and independent candidates

Constitution Party: Convention	Nominee: Chuck Baldwin (campaign) VP nominee: Darrell Castle Candidates: Daniel Imperato Alan Keyes (campaign)

Green Party: Convention	Nominee: Cynthia McKinney (campaign positions) VP nominee: Rosa Clemente Candidates: Elaine Brown Jesse Johnson Kent Mesplay Kat Swift

Libertarian Party: Convention	Nominee: Bob Barr (campaign positions) VP nominee: Wayne Allyn Root Candidates: Mike Gravel (campaign) Daniel Imperato Michael Jingozian Steve Kubby Wayne Allyn Root Mary Ruwart Doug Stanhope

American Party	Nominee: Diane Beall Templin

America's Independent Party	Nominee: Alan Keyes (campaign) VP nominee: Brian Rohrbough

Boston Tea Party	Nominee: Charles Jay

New American Independent Party	Nominee: Frank McEnulty

Objectivist Party	Nominee: Tom Stevens

Peace and Freedom Party	Nominee: Ralph Nader (campaign) VP nominee: Matt Gonzalez Candidates: Gloria LaRiva Cynthia McKinney (campaign) Brian Moore (campaign)

Prohibition Party	Nominee: Gene Amondson

Reform Party	Nominee: Ted Weill VP nominee: Frank McEnulty

Socialism and Liberation Party	Nominee: Gloria La Riva VP nominee: Eugene Puryear

Socialist Party	Nominee: Brian Moore (campaign) VP nominee: Stewart Alexander Candidates: Eric Chester

Socialist Workers Party	Nominee: Róger Calero Alternate nominee: James Harris VP nominee: Alyson Kennedy

Independent / Other	Earl Dodge Bradford Lyttle Frank Moore Joe Schriner Jonathon Sharkey

Other 2008 elections:
House
Senate
Gubernatorial

United States presidential election, 2012

Democratic Party

Incumbent and presumptive nominee: Barack Obama (campaign) Incumbent and presumptive VP nominee: Joe Biden

Challengers: Bob Ely Keith Russell Judd Warren Mosler Darcy Richardson Jim Rogers Vermin Supreme Randall Terry John Wolfe

Republican Party

Presumptive nominee: Mitt Romney (campaign)

Candidates: Michele Bachmann (campaign)
Herman Cain (campaign)
Jack Fellure
Newt Gingrich (campaign)
Stewart Greenleaf
Jon Huntsman (campaign)
Gary Johnson (campaign)
Fred Karger
Andy Martin
Thaddeus McCotter (campaign)
Jimmy McMillan
Roy Moore
Ron Paul (campaign)
Tim Pawlenty (campaign)
Rick Perry (campaign)
Buddy Roemer (campaign)
Rick Santorum (campaign)
Jonathon Sharkey

Libertarian Party
Convention

Nominee: Gary Johnson (campaign)
VP Nominee: Jim Gray

Green Party
Convention


Candidates: Stewart Alexander Roseanne Barr Kent Mesplay Jill Stein

Other Third party and independent candidates

American Third Position Party	Nominee: Merlin Miller VP Nominee: Virginia Abernethy

America's Party	Nominee: Tom Hoefling

Boston Tea Party	Nominee: Jim Duensing

Constitution Party	Nominee: Virgil Goode VP Nominee: Jim Clymer Candidates: Darrell Castle Laurie Roth Robby Wells

Freedom Socialist Party	Nominee: Stephen Durham

Justice Party	Nominee: Rocky Anderson

Objectivist Party	Nominee: Tom Stevens

Party for Socialism and Liberation	Nominee: Peta Lindsay

Peace and Freedom Party	Candidates: Stewart Alexander Rocky Anderson Stephen Durham Peta Lindsay

Prohibition Party	Nominee: Jack Fellure Candidates: James Hedges

Reform Party USA	Candidates: Andre Barnett Laurence Kotlikoff Buddy Roemer (campaign) Robert David Steele Robby Wells

Socialist Equality Party	Nominee: Jerry White

Socialist Party USA	Nominee: Stewart Alexander (campaign) VP Nominee: Alejandro Mendoza

Independents	Candidates: Lee Abramson Randy Blythe Robert Burck Terry Jones Joe Schriner

Draft movements	Michael Bloomberg (movement)

Authority control: PND: 132522136 | LCCN: n94112934 | VIAF: 52010985 | WorldCat

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Persondata
Name	Keys, Alicia
Alternative names	Augello Cook, Alicia
Short description	American singer-songwriter, pianist, and actress
Date of birth	January 25, 1981
Place of birth	New York City, New York, United States
Date of death
Place of death

Persondata
Name	Faith, Paloma
Alternative names
Short description	British musician
Date of birth	21 July 1985
Place of birth	Hackney, London, UK
Date of death
Place of death

Persondata
Name	Obama, Barack
Alternative names
Short description	American politician, 44th President of the United States
Date of birth	August 4, 1961
Place of birth	Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
Date of death
Place of death

	Book: United States
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

	Book: Alicia Keys
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

People of New York New York Filmography

Make changes yourself !

Contents

Related pages:

Contents

Related pages:

Contents

[edit] 2001–2002: Songs in A Minor

[edit] 2003–2005: The Diary of Alicia Keys and Unplugged

[edit] 2006–2008: Film debut and As I Am

[edit] 2009–2010 : The Element of Freedom, marriage and motherhood

Related pages:

Contents

[edit] 2009–10: Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful?

[edit] 2011–present: Fall to Grace

Related pages:

Contents