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- A34 road (England)
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A40 road
: For other uses, see A40, for details of the A40 in London, see A40 road (London).
http://wn.com/A40_road -
A4142 road
http://wn.com/A4142_road -
A420 road
The A420 is a road between Bristol and Oxford in England. Between Swindon and Oxford it is a primary route.
http://wn.com/A420_road -
A423 road
The A423 road is a primary A road in England which leads from central Banbury to the A45 near Coventry. It starts in Banbury town centre as Southam Road and goes through the Southam Road Industrial Estate, then just north of Banbury it crosses over the M40, from there it passes close to several Warwickshire villages until it becomes part of the Southam by-pass, it then goes through Long Itchington and Marton before merging with the A45 near Ryton.
http://wn.com/A423_road -
A44 road
The A44 is a major road in the United Kingdom that runs from Oxford in southern England to Aberystwyth in west Wales.
http://wn.com/A44_road -
Aberdeen
Aberdeen (; , (pronounced ) is Scotland's third most populous city, one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom's 29th most populous city. It has an official population estimate of .
http://wn.com/Aberdeen -
Aberystwyth
Aberystwyth (, , ) is a historic market town, administrative centre and holiday resort within Ceredigion, Wales. It is often colloquially known as Aber, and is located at the confluence of the rivers Ystwyth and Rheidol.
http://wn.com/Aberystwyth -
Adur (district)
Adur is a local government district of West Sussex, England. It is named after the River Adur and is historically part of the English county of Sussex. The council is based in Shoreham-by-Sea and the district has a population of 59,627 according to the 2001 census.
http://wn.com/Adur_(district) -
Armagh
Armagh (pronounced ar-maa, ) is a large settlement in Northern Ireland, and the county town of County Armagh. It is an ancient site of worship for both Celtic paganism and Christianity. Although classed as a medium-sized town, Armagh was granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994. Its population of 14,590 (2001 Census) makes it the least-populated city in both Northern Ireland and the island of Ireland.
http://wn.com/Armagh -
Arun
Arun is a local government district in West Sussex, England. The district is named for the River Arun. Its main towns are Littlehampton, Bognor Regis and Arundel. It was formed on 1 April 1974 from Littlehampton and Bognor Regis urban districts, the borough of Arundel, and parts of Worthing rural district and Chichester rural districts. In 2008 Arun won an Ashden Award for their work on energy efficiency.
http://wn.com/Arun -
Ashford (borough)
Ashford is a local government district and borough in Kent, England. Its council is based in the town of Ashford.
http://wn.com/Ashford_(borough) -
Aylesbury
Aylesbury () is the county town of Buckinghamshire in South East England. In the 2001 census the Aylesbury Urban Area, which includes Bierton, Fairford Leys, Stoke Mandeville and Watermead, had a population of 69,021, which included 56,392 for the Aylesbury civil parish.
http://wn.com/Aylesbury -
Aylesbury Vale
The Aylesbury Vale (or Vale of Aylesbury) is a large area of flat land mostly in Buckinghamshire, England. Its boundary is marked by Milton Keynes to the north, Leighton Buzzard and the Chiltern Hills to the east and south, Thame to the south and Bicester to the west.
http://wn.com/Aylesbury_Vale -
Banbury
Banbury () is a market town and civil parish on the River Cherwell in the Cherwell District of Oxfordshire. It is northwest of London, southeast of Birmingham, south of Coventry and north northwest of the county town of Oxford. The urban area, including surrounding parishes, had a population of 43,867 at the 2001 census, though this figure has increased in recent years.
http://wn.com/Banbury -
Banbury Road
Banbury Road is a major arterial road in Oxford, England, running from St Giles' at the south end, north towards Banbury through the leafy suburb of North Oxford and Summertown, with its local shopping centre. Parallel and to the west is the Woodstock Road, which it meets at the junction with St Giles'. To the north, Banbury Road meets the Oxford Ring Road at a roundabout. The road is designated the A4165 (which continues for a short distance as Oxford Road to Kidlington).
http://wn.com/Banbury_Road -
Bangor, Gwynedd
Bangor is a city in Gwynedd, north west Wales, and one of the smallest cities in Britain. It is a university city with a population of 13,725 at the 2001 census, not including around 10,000 students at Bangor University. Including nearby Menai Bridge on Anglesey, which does not however form part of the City of Bangor itself, the population is about 18,000. Although it is Wales's fourth largest city, this is somewhat misleading as it only ranks as 36th largest urban area in Wales. According to the census, 46.6% of the population speak Welsh.
http://wn.com/Bangor_Gwynedd -
Barton, Oxfordshire
Barton is a suburb of Oxford, England on the city's eastern periphery. Barton is located just outside the Northern By-Pass Road, north of the junction with the A40 - Green Road Roundabout, Headington Roundabout, colloquially known as the Hamburger - leading to the M40 motorway and London.
http://wn.com/Barton_Oxfordshire -
Bath, Somerset
Bath ( or ) is a city in the ceremonial county of Somerset in the south west of England. It is situated west of London and south-east of Bristol. The population of the city is 83,992. It was granted city status by Royal Charter by Queen Elizabeth I in 1590, and was made a county borough in 1889 which gave it administrative independence from its county, Somerset. The city became part of Avon when that county was created in 1974. Since 1996, when Avon was abolished, Bath has been the principal centre of the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset (B&NES;).
http://wn.com/Bath_Somerset -
Beaumont Street
Beaumont Street is a street in the centre of Oxford, England. The street was laid out in the 1820s with elegant terraced houses in the Regency style. Before that, it was the location of Beaumont Palace, now noted by a plaque near the junction with Walton Street.
http://wn.com/Beaumont_Street -
Belfast
Belfast () is the capital of and the largest city in Northern Ireland. It is the seat of devolved government and legislative Northern Ireland Assembly. It is the largest urban area in Northern Ireland, the second-largest city in Ireland and the 15th-largest city in the United Kingdom. It is the main settlement in the province of Ulster. The city of Belfast has a population of 267,500 and lies at the heart of the Belfast urban area, which has a population of 483,418. The Belfast metropolitan area has a total population of 579,276. Belfast is also the 100th-largest urban zone in the EU. Belfast was granted city status in 1888.
http://wn.com/Belfast -
Berkshire
Berkshire ( or , abbreviated Berks) is a historic county in the South East of England. It is also often referred to as the Royal County of Berkshire because of the presence of the royal residence of Windsor Castle in the county; this usage, which dates to the 19th century at least, was recognised by the Queen in 1958, and letters patent issued confirming this in 1974.
http://wn.com/Berkshire -
Bicester
Bicester ( ) is a town and civil parish in the Cherwell district of northeastern Oxfordshire in England.
http://wn.com/Bicester -
Binsey, Oxfordshire
Binsey is a village by the River Thames about northwest of the centre of Oxford. It is the opposite side of the river from Port Meadow and about southwest of the ruins of Godstow Abbey.
http://wn.com/Binsey_Oxfordshire -
Birmingham
Birmingham ( , locally ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands county of England. It is the most populous British city outside London with a population of 1,028,700 (2009 estimate), and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the United Kingdom's second most populous Urban Area with a population of 2,284,093 (2001 census). Birmingham's metropolitan area, which includes surrounding towns to which it is closely tied through commuting, is also the United Kingdom's second most populous with a population of 3,683,000.
http://wn.com/Birmingham -
Blackbird Leys
Blackbird Leys is a civil parish and ward in Oxford, England, and is one of the largest council estates in Europe. According to the 2001 census, the ward had a population of 5,803. Unlike most parts of the City of Oxford, the area has a civil parish. The parish was created in 1990. Its 2001 parish headcount was 12,196.
http://wn.com/Blackbird_Leys -
Boars Hill
Boars Hill is a hill hamlet southwest of Oxford, straddling the boundariy between the civil parishes of Sunningwell and Wootton. It was part of Berkshire until the 1974 boundary changes transferred it to Oxfordshire.
http://wn.com/Boars_Hill -
Bodleian Library
http://wn.com/Bodleian_Library -
Botley Road
Botley Road is the main arterial road into Oxford, England from the west. It stretches between Botley, on the Oxford Ring Road (A34) to the west of the city, and Frideswide Square at the junction with Oxford railway station, close to central Oxford.
http://wn.com/Botley_Road -
Botley, Oxfordshire
Botley is a village in the civil parish of North Hinksey, just west of the Oxford city boundary in the English county of Oxfordshire. It was in Berkshire until 1974, when it was transferred to Oxfordshire. It lies near the junction between the A34 Oxford ring road and the A420 to Swindon.
http://wn.com/Botley_Oxfordshire -
Bracknell Forest
Bracknell Forest is a unitary authority and borough in Berkshire in southern England. It covers the towns of Bracknell, North Ascot, Sandhurst, Crowthorne and surrounding villages and hamlets.
http://wn.com/Bracknell_Forest -
Brighton and Hove
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http://wn.com/Brighton_and_Hove -
Bristol
Bristol () is a city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, with an estimated population of 433,100 for the unitary authority in 2009, and a surrounding Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with an estimated 1,006,600 residents, it is England's sixth, and the United Kingdom's eighth most populous city, one of the group of English Core Cities and the most populous city in South West England.
http://wn.com/Bristol -
Broad Street, Oxford
Broad Street is a wide street in Oxford, England.
http://wn.com/Broad_Street_Oxford -
Burford
Burford () is a small town on the River Windrush in the Cotswold hills in west Oxfordshire, England, about west of Oxford, southeast of Cheltenham and only from the Gloucestershire border. The name derives from the Old English words burh meaning fortified town or hilltown and ford meaning ford (crossing).
http://wn.com/Burford -
Burtonwood
Burtonwood and Westbrook is a civil parish in the outermost suburbs of Warrington in Cheshire, England. Historically within Lancashire, the name Burtonwood is known worldwide as the location of the former RAF Burtonwood military base. Burtonwood village itself is a few miles away from the site of the former base. The civil parish also includes Westbrook, which is a council ward and suburb of Warrington. According to the 2001 census, the population of the entire civil parish was 11,265.
http://wn.com/Burtonwood -
Cambridge
http://wn.com/Cambridge -
Cardiff
Cardiff (, {{lang-cy|) is the capital, largest city and most populous county of Wales. The city is Wales' chief commercial centre, the base for most national cultural and sporting institutions, the Welsh national media, and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales. According to recent estimates, the population of the unitary authority area is 324,800, while the wider metropolitan area has a population of nearly 1.1 million, more than a third of the total Welsh population. Cardiff is a significant tourism centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 14.6 million visitors in 2009.
http://wn.com/Cardiff -
Castle Mill Stream
Castle Mill Stream is a backwater of the River Thames in the west of Oxford, England. Part of it runs parallel to the southern end of the Oxford Canal. It then flows under Hythe Bridge on Hythe Bridge Street, past the former Lion Brewery and under Oxpens Road to the Thames. The stream passed outside the original medieval city walls of Oxford, near Oxford Castle. There was a mill here even before the castle existed.
http://wn.com/Castle_Mill_Stream -
Catte Street
Catte Street is a historic street in central Oxford, England.
http://wn.com/Catte_Street -
Charlbury
Charlbury ( or , locally ) is a small town and civil parish in the Evenlode valley, about north of Witney in West Oxfordshire. It is on the edge of the Wychwood forest and the Cotswolds.
http://wn.com/Charlbury -
Cherwell (district)
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Chester
Chester () is a city in Cheshire, England. Lying on the River Dee, close to the border with Wales, it is home to 77,040 inhabitants, and is the largest and most populous settlement of the wider unitary authority area of Cheshire West and Chester, which had a population of 328,100 according to the 2001 Census. Chester was granted city status in 1541.
http://wn.com/Chester -
Chichester
Chichester () is a cathedral city in West Sussex, South-East England. It has a long history as a settlement; its Roman past and its subsequent importance in Anglo-Saxon times are only its beginnings. It is the seat of a bishopric, with a 12th century cathedral, and is home to some of the oldest churches and buildings in Great Britain.
http://wn.com/Chichester -
Chiltern (district)
Chiltern is one of four local government districts of Buckinghamshire in south central England. It is named after the Chiltern Hills on which the region sits.
http://wn.com/Chiltern_(district) -
Chippenham
Chippenham is a market town in Wiltshire, England, located 21 km (13 miles) east of Bath and 163 km (96 miles) west of London. In the 2001 census the population of the town was recorded as 28,065.
http://wn.com/Chippenham -
Chipping Norton
Chipping Norton is a market town in the Cotswold Hills in Oxfordshire, England, about southwest of Banbury.
http://wn.com/Chipping_Norton -
City of Lancaster
The City of Lancaster (), is a local government district of Lancashire, England, with the status of a city and non-metropolitan district. It is named after its largest settlement, Lancaster, but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Morecambe, Heysham, and Carnforth, as well as outlying villages and rural hinterland. The city has a population of 133,914, and an area of .
http://wn.com/City_of_Lancaster -
City of Leeds
The City of Leeds is a local government district of West Yorkshire, England, governed by Leeds City Council, with the status of a city and metropolitan borough. The district includes Leeds and other smaller towns such as Guiseley, Morley, Rothwell, Otley, Pudsey and Wetherby. It has a population of () and is the second largest local government district in England by population; and the second largest metropolitan district by area.
http://wn.com/City_of_Leeds -
City of London
http://wn.com/City_of_London -
City of St Albans
The City of St Albans (), also known as the City and District of St Albans or District of St Albans, is a local government district, in Hertfordshire, England. It was created in 1974 and since then has held the status of non-metropolitan district and city. The local authority is St Albans City Council. It has routes to the M1 motorway via the A414 road (formerly the M10 motorway), and rail routes to London St Pancras and Watford via St Albans City railway station and St Albans Abbey railway station respectively.
http://wn.com/City_of_St_Albans -
City of Westminster
The City of Westminster () is a London borough occupying much of the central area of London, England, including most of the West End. It is located to the west of and adjoining the ancient City of London, directly to the east of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , and its southern boundary is the River Thames. It is an Inner London borough and was created in 1965 when Greater London was established. At its creation Westminster was awarded city status, which had been previously held by the smaller Metropolitan Borough of Westminster. Aside from a number of large parks and open spaces, the density of the district is high. Many sites thought of as being in London are actually in Westminster, including Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament, and 10 Downing Street. The city is divided into a number of localities including the ancient political district of Westminster around the Palace of Westminster; the shopping areas around Oxford Street, Regent Street, Piccadilly and Bond Street; and the night time entertainment district of Soho. Much of the city is residential, and in 2008 it was estimated to have a population of 236,000. The local authority is Westminster City Council.
http://wn.com/City_of_Westminster -
City of Winchester
Winchester () is a local government district in Hampshire, England, with city status. It covers an area of central Hampshire including the city of Winchester itself, and neighbouring towns and villages including New Alresford, Colden Common and Bishops Waltham.
http://wn.com/City_of_Winchester -
Cornmarket Street
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http://wn.com/Cornmarket_Street -
Coventry
Coventry ( or ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the county of West Midlands in England. Coventry is the 9th largest city in England and the 11th largest in the United Kingdom. It is also the second largest city in the English Midlands, after Birmingham, with a population of 300,848, although Leicester and Nottingham have larger urban areas. The population of Coventry has risen to 309,800 as of 2008.
http://wn.com/Coventry -
Cowley, Oxford
http://wn.com/Cowley_Oxford -
Cowley, Oxfordshire
Cowley in Oxford, England, is a residential and industrial area that forms a small conurbation within greater Oxford. Cowley's neighbours are central Oxford to the northwest, Rose Hill and Blackbird Leys to the south, New Headington to the north and the villages of Horspath and Garsington across fields to the east.
http://wn.com/Cowley_Oxfordshire -
Crawley
Crawley () is a town and local government district with Borough status in West Sussex, England. It is south of London, north of Brighton and Hove, and northeast of the county town of Chichester, covers an area of and had a population of 99,744 at the time of the 2001 Census.
http://wn.com/Crawley -
Cutteslowe
Cutteslowe is a suburb of north Oxford, England, between Sunnymead and Water Eaton.
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Dartford (borough)
Dartford is the name given to a local government district and borough in north west Kent, England, which takes its name from its administrative capital. It borders Thurrock, to the north across the River Thames; to the west lies the London Borough of Bexley; to the south Sevenoaks district; and the borough of Gravesham to the east. The population of the borough recorded in the 2001 census was 85,911. In the mid-1990s review of local government in Kent, consideration was given to merging the borough with that of adjoining Gravesham to form a new unitary authority. However the proposal proved unpopular amongst residents, and the two borough councils accordingly retained their identities.
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Derby
Derby ( ), is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands region of England. It lies upon the banks of the River Derwent and is located in the south of the ceremonial county of Derbyshire. In the 2001 census, the population of the city was 233,700, whilst that of the Derby Urban Area was 229,407. According to the 2001 census, Derby was at that time the 18th largest settlement in England, measured by urban area.
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Derry
Derry or Londonderry is the second-biggest city in Northern Ireland and the fourth-biggest city on the island of Ireland. The name Derry is an Anglicisation of the word Doire or Doire Cholmchille meaning "oak-wood of Colm Cille" , the original name of the city in Irish. In 1613, the city was granted a Royal Charter by King James I and the "London" prefix was added, changing the name of the city to Londonderry. While the city is more usually known as Derry, Londonderry is also used and remains the legal name.
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Didcot
Didcot is a town and civil parish in Oxfordshire about south of Oxford. Until 1974 it was in Berkshire, but was transferred to Oxfordshire in that year, and from Wallingford Rural District to the district of South Oxfordshire.
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Dover (district)
Dover is a local government district in Kent, England. Dover is its administrative centre. It was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the boroughs of Deal, Dover, and Sandwich along with Dover Rural District and most of Eastry Rural District. There are three towns within the district: Dover, Deal and Sandwich; and the parishes below:
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Dundee
Dundee () (from the ) is the fourth-largest city in Scotland; fully named as Dundee City, it is one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. It lies on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, which feeds into the North Sea.
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Durham
Durham (, locally ) is a city in the North East of England. It is within the County Durham local government district, and is the county town of the larger ceremonial county. It lies to the south of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Chester-le-Street and Sunderland and to the north of Darlington.
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East Hampshire
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East Sussex
East Sussex () is a county in South East England. It is bordered by the counties of Kent, Surrey and West Sussex, and to the south by the English Channel.
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Eastbourne
Eastbourne (say East-born) () is a large town and borough of East Sussex, on the south coast of England, with an estimated population of 97,992 as of 2009. The area has seen human activity since the Stone Age and it remained one of small settlements until the 19th century when its four hamlets gradually merged to form a town. Assisted by the arrival of the railway in 1849, Eastbourne became a prime Victorian seaside resort and still is today.
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Eastleigh (borough)
The Borough of Eastleigh is a local government district and borough in Hampshire, England, bordering the unitary authority of Southampton, Test Valley, the City of Winchester and the borough of Fareham. Eastleigh is separated from the New Forest by Southampton Water. Water bounds much of the borough, with Southampton Water and the River Hamble bordering the east and southwest of the district. The built up nature of neighbouring Southampton and the urban area around Eastleigh contrast with the rural nature of much of the borough, which lies within the Hampshire Basin.
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Edinburgh
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Elmbridge
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Ely, Cambridgeshire
Ely ( ) is a cathedral city in Cambridgeshire, England. It is 14 miles (23 km) north-northeast of Cambridge.
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England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Epsom and Ewell
Epsom and Ewell is a local government district with borough status in Surrey, England, covering Epsom and Ewell. The borough was in the Metropolitan Police District despite being outside modern Greater London. It transferred to Surrey Police in 2000. The borough was formed as an urban district in 1894, known as Epsom until 1934. It was made a municipal borough in 1937. The district was considered for inclusion in Greater London in 1965 but was left unaltered by the London Government Act 1963 and the Local Government Act 1972 in 1974. In the 3 May 2007 elections, the borough was held by the Epsom and Ewell Residents Association with 25 seats, Liberal Democrats with 11 and Conservatives 2.
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Exeter
Exeter () is a historic city in Devon, England. It lies within the ceremonial county of Devon, of which it is the county town as well as the home of the county council. Currently the administrative area has the status of a non-metropolitan district, and is therefore under the administration of the County Council. The city is on the River Exe, about northeast of Plymouth, and southwest of Bristol. According to the 2001 Census, its population in that year was 111,076.
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Fareham (borough)
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Gatwick
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Gibraltar
Gibraltar () is a British overseas territory located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean, overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar. The territory itself is a peninsula of whose isthmus connects to the north with Spain. The Rock of Gibraltar is the major landmark of the area and gives its name to the densely populated town, home to almost 30,000 Gibraltarians.
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Glasgow
Glasgow ( (); (pronounced )) is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Clyde in the country's west central lowlands. A person from Glasgow is known as a Glaswegian, which is also the name of the local dialect.
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Gloucester
Gloucester ( ) is a city, district and county town of Gloucestershire in the South West region of England. Gloucester lies close to the Welsh border, and on the River Severn, approximately north-east of Bristol, and south-southwest of Birmingham.
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Gloucester Green
Gloucester Green is a square in central Oxford, England, and the site of the city's bus station. It lies between George Street to the south and Beaumont Street to the north. To the west is Worcester Street and to the east is Gloucester Street.
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Godstow
Godstow is a hamlet on the River Thames about northwest of the centre of Oxford. The ruins of Godstow Abbey, or Godstow Nunnery, are here.
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Golden Cross, Oxford
Golden Cross is a shopping arcade in central Oxford, England. It has been redeveloped as a number of small up-market shops from historic buildings in an alleyway to the east off Cornmarket Street, one of Oxford's main shopping streets. Golden Cross leads through to the historic Covered Market.
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Gosport
Gosport is a town, district and borough in Hampshire with around 79,000 resident inhabitants, with a further 5-10,000 during the summer months, situated on the south coast of England. Part of the South Hampshire conurbation, it lies on a peninsula on the western side of Portsmouth Harbour opposite the city of Portsmouth, to which it is linked by a pedestrian ferry.
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Grandpont
Grandpont is a mainly residential area in south Oxford. It is west of Abingdon Road, and consists mainly of narrow streets that run at right-angles to the main road, with terraced late-Victorian and Edwardian houses.
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Gravesham
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Greater Leys
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Guildford (borough)
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Hamilton, Bermuda
Hamilton is the capital of the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda. It is the territory's financial centre and a major port and tourist destination.
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Hart (district)
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Hastings
Hastings is a town and Borough on the South coast of England, in East Sussex. It includes originally separate settlements, as well as the inevitable growth of the town through the building of new estates.
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Havant (borough)
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Headington
Headington is a suburb of Oxford, England. It is at the top of Headington Hill overlooking the city in the Thames Valley below. The life of the large residential area is centred upon London Road, the main road between London and Oxford.
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Headington Hill
Headington Hill is a hill in the east of Oxford, England, in the suburb of Headington. The Headington Road road goes up the hill leading out of the city. There are good views of the spires of Oxford from the hill, especially from the top of South Park.
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Headington Quarry
Headington Quarry is a residential district of Oxford, England, located east of Headington and west of Risinghurst, just inside the Oxford ring road in the east of the city. To the south is Wood Farm. Today the district is also known colloquially as "Quarry". The area, now residential, is considerably uneven due to previous quarrying in the area.
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Heathrow
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Henley-on-Thames
Henley-on-Thames is a town and civil parish on the River Thames in South Oxfordshire, England, about 10 miles downstream and north-east from Reading, 10 miles upstream and west from Maidenhead. It is near the corner between the counties of Oxfordshire, Berkshire and Buckinghamshire.
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Hereford
Hereford () is a cathedral city, civil parish and county town of Herefordshire, England. It lies on the River Wye, approximately east of the border with Wales, southwest of Worcester, and northwest of Gloucester. With a population of 55,700 people, it is the largest settlement in the county.
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High Street, Oxford
The High Street in Oxford, England runs between Carfax, generally recognized as the centre of the city, and Magdalen Bridge to the east. Locally the street is often known as The High. It forms a gentle curve and is the subject of many prints, paintings, photographs, etc. The vista looking west towards Carfax with University College on the left and Queen's College on the right is an especially popular view. There are many historical buildings on the street, including Oxford University buildings and colleges.
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High Wycombe
:This is the article about the town in Buckinghamshire, UK. For the article about the suburb of Perth, Western Australia, please see High Wycombe, Western Australia
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Hitchin
Hitchin is a town in Hertfordshire, England with an estimated population of 30,360.
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Horsham (district)
Horsham is a local government district in West Sussex, England. Its council is based in Horsham. The district borders those of Crawley, Mid Sussex, Mole Valley, Chichester, Arun and Adur.
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Iffley Road
Iffley Road is a major arterial road in Oxford, England. It leads from The Plain, near Magdalen Bridge, south-east towards the village of Iffley. While it becomes Henley Avenue at Iffley Turn, and then Rose Hill, many people will refer to the whole stretch from the ring road to The Plain as Iffley Road. This whole route (including all of Iffley Road) is designated the A4158.
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Inverness
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Isle of Wight
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Jericho, Oxford
Jericho is a historic suburb of the English city of Oxford. It consists of the streets bounded by the Oxford Canal, Worcester College, Walton Street and Walton Well Road. Located outside the old city wall, it was originally a place for travellers to rest if they had reached the city after the gates had closed. The name Jericho might have been adopted to signify this 'remote place' outside the wall.
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John Taylor & Co
John Taylor & Co, formerly trading as Taylors, Eayre & Smith Ltd and John Taylor Bellfounders Ltd, and commonly known as '''Taylor's Bell Foundry or simply Taylor's''', is the world's largest working bell foundry, located in Loughborough in the United Kingdom.
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Kassam Stadium
The Kassam Stadium is the home of Oxford United Football Club, and is named after the ground's owner, and former chairman of the club, Firoz Kassam.
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Kent
Kent (), originally Cantia, is a county in southeast England, and is one of the home counties. It borders East Sussex, Surrey and Greater London and has a defined boundary with Essex in the middle of the River Thames estuary. The ceremonial county boundaries of Kent include the shire county of Kent and the unitary borough of Medway. Kent has a nominal border with France halfway through the Channel Tunnel. Maidstone is its county town and historically Rochester and Canterbury have been accorded city status, though only the latter still holds it.
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Kingston upon Hull
Kingston upon Hull ( usually referred to as Hull, is a city and unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It stands on the River Hull at its junction with the Humber estuary, 25 miles (40 km) inland from the North Sea. Hull has a resident population of ().
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Leicester
Leicester (, ) is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands area of England. It is also the county town of Leicestershire. The city lies on the River Soar and at the edge of the National Forest. In 2006, the population of the Leicester unitary authority was estimated at 289,700, the largest in the East Midlands, whilst 441,213 people lived in the wider Leicester Urban Area. Eurostat's Larger Urban Zone listed the population of the area at 772,400 people as of 2004. Leicester is the 10th most populous settlement in the United Kingdom using the 2001 census definitions and the urban area is the fifteenth largest conurbation in the UK, the second largest in the region behind the Nottingham Urban Area.
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Leiden
Leiden ()(in English and archaic Dutch also Leyden) is a city and municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. Its number of inhabitants is about 118,000. The single urban area it forms together with Oegstgeest, Leiderdorp, Voorschoten, Valkenburg, Rijnsburg and Katwijk, has a number of about 254,000 inhabitants. Leiden is located on the Old Rhine, in a distance of some 20 kilometers from The Hague in its South and some 40 kilometers from Amsterdam in its North. The recreational area of the Kaag Lakes (Kagerplassen) lies just to the northeast of Leiden.
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Lewes (district)
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León, Nicaragua
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Lincoln, England
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Lisburn
Lisburn () is the second-largest city in Northern Ireland and the fifth-largest on the island of Ireland, though will be over taken by Tallaght when the west Dublin suburb is awarded city status as proposed. It is situated south-west of Belfast on the River Lagan, which lies as the boundary between County Antrim and County Down. Lisburn forms part of the Belfast metropolitan area. It had a population of 71,465 people in the 2001 Census.
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Liverpool
Liverpool () is a city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England, along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary. It was founded as a borough in 1207 and was granted city status in 1880. Liverpool is the fourth largest city in the United Kingdom (third largest in England) and has a population of 435,500, and lies at the centre of the wider Liverpool Urban Area, which has a population of 816,216.
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Loughborough
Loughborough ( , or ) is a town within the Charnwood borough of Leicestershire, England. It had a population of 57,600 in 2004. It is the second largest settlement in Leicestershire after Leicester, is the seat of Charnwood Borough Council, and the home of Loughborough University.
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Magdalen Bridge
Magdalen Bridge ( "maudlin") spans the divided stream of the River Cherwell just to the east of the City of Oxford, England, and next to Magdalen College, whence it gets its name and pronunciation. It connects the High Street to the west with The Plain, now a roundabout, to the east.
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Magdalen Street
Magdalen Street is a short shopping street in central Oxford, England, just north of the original north gate in the city walls.
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Maidstone (borough)
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Manchester
Manchester () is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. In 2009, the population of the city was estimated to be 483,800, making it the seventh-most populous local authority district in England. Manchester lies within one of the UK's largest metropolitan areas; the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester had an estimated population of 2,600,100, the Greater Manchester Urban Area a population of 2,240,230, and the Larger Urban Zone around Manchester, the second-most-populous in the UK, had an estimated population in the 2004 Urban Audit of 2,539,100. The demonym of Manchester is Mancunian.
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Manor Ground, Oxford
The Manor Ground was a football stadium in Oxford, England, that was the home of Oxford United (previously known as Headington United) between 1925 and 2001. It hosted United's record crowd of 22,750 against Preston North End in an FA Cup 6th Round match on February 29, 1964.
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Martyrs' Memorial
The '''Martyrs' Memorial''' is an imposing stone monument positioned at the intersection of St Giles', Magdalen Street and Beaumont Street in Oxford, England just outside Balliol College. It commemorates the 16th-century "Oxford Martyrs".
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Mercia
Mercia (, ) was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. It was centred on the valley of the River Trent and its tributaries in the region now known as the English Midlands. The name is a Latinisation of the Old English Mierce or Myrce, meaning "border people".
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Merton Street
Merton Street is a historic and picturesque cobbled lane in central Oxford, England. It joins the High Street at its northeastern end, between the Ruskin School of Drawing & Fine Art (together with the Examination Schools) and the Eastgate Hotel at the historic east gate of the city. It then runs east-west, parallel and to the south of the High Street for most of its length.
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Mesopotamia, Oxford
Mesopotamia is a narrow island (about 800 yards long by 30 yards wide) that forms part of the University Parks, Oxford, England. It lies between the upper and lower levels of the River Cherwell. The name Mesopotamia in Greek means "between the rivers" and originally referred to the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in present-day Iraq.
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Mid Sussex
Mid Sussex is a local government district in the English county of West Sussex. It contains the towns of East Grinstead, Haywards Heath and Burgess Hill.
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Milton Keynes
Milton Keynes (, ), often abbreviated MK, is a large town in Buckinghamshire, in the south east of England, about north-west of London. It is also the administrative centre of the Borough of Milton Keynes. It was formally designated as a new town on 23 January 1967, with the design brief to become a 'city' in scale.
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Mole Valley
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New College Lane
New College Lane is a historic street in central Oxford, England, named after New College, one of the older Oxford colleges, adjacent to the north.
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New Hinksey
New Hinksey is a suburb in the south of the city of Oxford.
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New Marston
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New Theatre Oxford
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Newbury, Berkshire
Newbury is a civil parish and the principal town in the west of the county of Berkshire in England. It is situated on the River Kennet and the Kennet and Avon Canal, and has a town centre containing many 17th century buildings. Newbury is best known for its racecourse and the adjoining former USAF airbase at Greenham Common.
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Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne (locally ) (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, in North East England. Situated on the north bank of the River Tyne, the city developed in the area that was the location of the Roman settlement called Pons Aelius, though it owes its name to the castle built in 1080, by Robert II, Duke of Normandy, the eldest son of William the Conqueror. The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade and it later became a major coal mining area. The port developed in the 16th century and, along with the shipyards lower down the river, was amongst the world's largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres. These industries have since experienced severe decline and closure, and the city today is largely a business and cultural centre, with a particular reputation for nightlife.
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Newport
Newport () is a city and unitary authority area in Wales. Standing on the banks of the River Usk, it is located about east of Cardiff and is the largest urban area within the historic county boundaries of Monmouthshire and the preserved county of Gwent. The City of Newport, which includes rural areas as well as the built up area, is governed by the unitary Newport City Council, and has a population of 140,200, making it the seventh most populous unitary authority in Wales.
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Newry
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Norham Manor
The Norham Manor estate is a residential suburb in Oxford, England. It is part of central North Oxford. To the north is Park Town with its crescents, to the east is the River Cherwell, to the south are the University Parks and to the west is Walton Manor, on the other side of Banbury Road.
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North Oxford
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North Parade
North Parade or more formally North Parade Avenue is a short shopping street in north Oxford, England. It runs between Winchester Road to the west and Banbury Road to the east. It is the only shopping street in North Oxford between the city centre to the south and Summertown to the north.
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Northway, Oxford
Northway is a suburban area in northeast Oxford, England, just inside the Oxford ring road. It is close to Headington Hill and with it forms a ward in Oxford.
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Norwich
Norwich ( or ) is a city in England. It is the regional administrative centre and county town of Norfolk. During the 11th century, Norwich was the second largest city in England, after London, and one of the most important places in the kingdom.
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Nottingham
Nottingham () is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands region of the United Kingdom. It is located in the ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire, and is one of eight members of the English Core Cities Group. Whilst the City of Nottingham has a historically tightly drawn boundary which accounts for its relatively small population of 288,700, the wider Nottingham Urban Area has a population of 667,000 and is the seventh-largest urban area in the United Kingdom, ranking between those of Liverpool and Sheffield.
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Old Marston
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Oriel Square
Oriel Square, formerly known as Canterbury Square. is a square in central Oxford, England, located south of the High Street. The name was changed after the Second World War at the request of Oriel College which maintained that the square had originally been known as Oriel Square.
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Osney
Osney, Osney Island, or Osney Town (; an earlier spelling of the name is Oseney) is a riverside community in the west of the city of Oxford, England. It is located off the Botley Road, just west of the city's main railway station, on an island surrounded by the River Thames, known in Oxford as the Isis. Osney is part of the city council ward of Jericho and Osney.
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Osney Lock
Osney Lock is a lock on the River Thames in Oxfordshire, England. It is close to Oxford where the village or island of Osney is next to the river.
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Otmoor
Otmoor or Ot Moor is an area of wetland and wet grassland in Oxfordshire, South-East England, located halfway between Oxford and Bicester. It is above sea level, and has an area of approximately .
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Oxford
Oxford () is a city, and the county town of Oxfordshire, in South East England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 151,000 living within the district boundary. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre. For a distance of some along the river, in the vicinity of Oxford, the Thames is known as The Isis.
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Oxford Business Park
The Oxford Business Park is a business park of at Cowley on the eastern edge of Oxford, England. The park is immediately adjacent to the Oxford Ring Road.
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Oxford Castle
Oxford Castle was a large Norman medieval castle situated on the west edge of Oxford in Oxfordshire, England. The original moated, wooden motte and bailey castle was replaced with stone in the 11th century and played an important role in the conflict of the Anarchy. In the 14th century the military value of the castle diminished and the site became used primarily for county administration and for detaining prisoners. Most of the castle was destroyed during the English Civil War and by the 18th century the remaining buildings were used as Oxford's local prison. A new prison complex was built on the site from 1785 onwards and expanded in 1876; this ultimately became HM Prison Oxford. The prison closed in 1996 and was redeveloped as a hotel. Today the medieval remains of the castle, including the motte and St George's Tower, are classed as a Grade I listed building and as a Scheduled Monument.
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Oxford City F.C.
Oxford City Football Club is an English football club, currently playing in the Southern Football League Premier Division after gaining promotion via the Division One South & West playoffs. They play their home games at Court Place Farm in Marston, Oxford, Oxfordshire.
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Oxford Playhouse
The Oxford Playhouse (often just known as the Playhouse by locals) is an independent theatre in Beaumont Street, Oxford, opposite the Ashmolean Museum, which was founded as The Red Barn in 1923 by J. B. Fagan. The early history of the theatre is documented by the theatre director, Norman Marshall in his 1947 book, The Other Theatre. Don Chapman has also provided a comprehensive study of the theatre in his 2008 book, Oxford Playhouse: High and Low Drama in a University City (published by the Society for Theatre Research).
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Oxford Ring Road
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Oxford Science Park
The Oxford Science Park is a science and technology park located in Oxford, England. It was founded jointly by Magdalen College, Oxford and Prudential in 1990. The park maintains strong links with the nearby University of Oxford and currently contains just over 60 companies.
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Oxford Town Hall
The Oxford Town Hall is located on St Aldate's in the centre of Oxford, England. The site was previously occupied by Oxford Guildhall. It is a meeting place for local government in the city and also houses the Museum of Oxford. In addition, it can be hired for events. Despite the fact that Oxford is a city with its own cathedral, the term "town hall" is still used.
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Oxfordshire
Oxfordshire ( or ; archaically the County of Oxford; abbreviated Oxon from the Latinised form of "Oxford", Oxonia) is a county in the Midlands region of England, bordering on Warwickshire, Northamptonshire (to the north/northeast), Buckinghamshire (to the east), Berkshire (to the south), Wiltshire and Swindon (to the southwest), Gloucestershire (to the west) and Warwickshire (to the north).
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Oxpens Road
Oxpens Road is a road in central Oxford, England, linking west and south Oxford.
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Park End Street
Park End Street is a street in central Oxford, England, to the west of the centre of the city, close to the railway station at its western end.
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Park Town, Oxford
Park Town is a small residential area in central North Oxford, a suburb of Oxford, England. It was one of the earliest planned suburban developments in the area.
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Perm
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Perth, Scotland
Perth () is a town and former city and royal burgh in central Scotland. Sitting on the banks of the River Tay, it is the administrative centre of Perth and Kinross council area and the historic county town of Perthshire. According to an estimate taken in 2008, Perth has a population of 44,820.
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Peterborough
Peterborough ( or ) is a cathedral city and unitary authority area in the East of England, with an estimated population of as of June 2007. For ceremonial purposes it is in the county of Cambridgeshire. The Town Hall is north of Charing Cross, London. The city stands athwart the River Nene, which flows into the North Sea approximately to the north-east, and the East Coast Main Line railway.
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Plymouth
Plymouth () is a city and unitary authority area on the coast of Devon, England, about south-west of London. It is built between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west, where they join Plymouth Sound. Since 1967 the City of Plymouth has included the suburbs of Plympton and Plymstock, which are on the east side of the River Plym.
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Port Meadow
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Port Meadow, Oxford
Port Meadow is a large area of common land beside the River Thames to the north and west of Oxford, England.
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Portsmouth
Portsmouth () is a city located in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England. Portsmouth is the United Kingdom's only island city, being mainly located on Portsea Island. The City of Portsmouth and Portsmouth Football Club are both nicknamed Pompey. As a significant naval port for centuries, Portsmouth is home to the world's oldest dry dock still in use and also home to some famous ships, including HMS Warrior and Lord Nelson's flagship HMS Victory. Although smaller than in its heyday, the naval base remains a major dockyard and base for the Royal Navy and Royal Marine Commandos whose Headquarters resides there. There is also a thriving commercial ferryport serving destinations on the continent for freight and passenger traffic. The nickname Pompey is thought to have derived from shipping entering Portsmouth harbour making an entry in their logs as Pom. P. in reference to Portsmouth Point. Navigational charts also use this abbreviation.
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Queen Street, Oxford
Queen Street is a shopping street in central Oxford, England. It is one-way (west to east) for buses and taxis, two-way for cyclists outside main shopping hours, and forbidden for cars. It runs west from the centre of Oxford at Carfax. Here it adjoins Cornmarket Street to the north (also pedestrianized), the High Street continuing east, and St Aldate's to the south.
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Radcliffe Square
Radcliffe Square is a square in central Oxford, England. It is completely surrounded by historic Oxford University and college buildings. The square is cobbled, laid to grass surrounded by railings in the centre, and is pedestrianised except for access.
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Reading, Berkshire
Reading ( ) is the largest town in England, located at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet, and on both the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 motorway, some west of London. For ceremonial purposes it is in the Royal County of Berkshire and has served as the county town since 1867.
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Reigate and Banstead
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Ripon
Ripon is a cathedral city, market town and successor parish in the Borough of Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England, located at the confluence of two streams of the River Ure in the form of the Laver and Skell. The city is noted for its main feature the Ripon Cathedral which is architecturally significant, as well as the Ripon Racecourse and other features such as its market. The city itself is just over 1,300 years old. It is one of only two cities in North Yorkshire, the other being York.
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Risinghurst
Risinghurst is an outlying residential area of Oxford, England, just outside the Eastern Bypass Road which forms part of the Oxford ring road. It is about east of the centre of Headington and east of Oxford city centre.
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Runnymede (district)
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Rye St Antony School
Rye St Antony School is an independent Roman Catholic boarding and day school for girls in Pullens Lane, Headington, Oxford, England.
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Salisbury
Salisbury ( , or locally ) is a cathedral city in Wiltshire, England. It has also been called New Sarum to distinguish it from the original site of settlement to the north of the city at Old Sarum, but this alternative name is not in common use.
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Science Area, Oxford
The Science Area in Oxford, England is where most of the science departments at Oxford University are located.
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Seacourt
Seacourt is a lost village near Botley in Oxfordshire. It was part of Berkshire until the 1974 boundary changes transferred it to Oxfordshire.
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Sevenoaks (district)
Sevenoaks is a local government district covering the western most part of Kent in England. Its council is based in the town of Sevenoaks. It was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, by a merger of the Sevenoaks Urban District, Sevenoaks Rural District and part of Dartford Rural District.
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Sheffield
Sheffield () is a city and metropolitan borough of South Yorkshire, England. Its name derives from the River Sheaf, which runs through the city. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the city has grown from its largely industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base. The population of the City of Sheffield is () and it is one of the eight largest regional English cities that make up the English Core Cities Group.
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Shotover
:See also Shotover River, New Zealand.
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Siege of Oxford
The Siege of Oxford was a Parliamentarian victory late in the First English Civil War. Whereas the title of the event may suggest a single siege, there were in fact three individual engagements.
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Slough
Slough () is a borough and unitary authority within the ceremonial county of Berkshire, England. The town stands athwart the Great West Road and the Great Western Main Line, west of central London. At the 2001 census, the population of Slough was 119,070 (est. 122,000 in 2006) and the borough area was the most ethnically diverse local authority area outside London in the United Kingdom. Slough has the highest proportion of religious adherents in England.
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Solihull
Solihull ( or ) is a town in the West Midlands of England, with a population of 94,753. It is a part of the West Midlands conurbation and is located 9 miles (14.5 km) southeast of Birmingham city centre. It is the largest town in, and administrative centre of, the larger Metropolitan Borough of Solihull which itself has a population of 200,400.
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South Bucks
South Bucks is one of four local government districts in the non-metropolitan county of Buckinghamshire, in South East England.
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South Oxfordshire
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South Park, Oxford
:See also South Park (disambiguation)
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Southampton
Southampton () is the largest city in the county of Hampshire on the south coast of England, and is situated south-west of London and north-west of Portsmouth. Southampton is a major port and the closest city to the New Forest. It lies at the northernmost point of Southampton Water at the confluence of the River Test and River Itchen, with the River Hamble joining to the south of the urban area. The local authority is Southampton City Council, which is a unitary authority.
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Spelthorne
Spelthorne is a local government district and borough in Surrey, England. It includes the towns of Ashford, Laleham, Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell and Sunbury. Boroughs adjacent to Spelthorne include Runnymede and Elmbridge in Surrey, the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead, the London Borough of Hillingdon to the north and the London Borough of Hounslow to the east. The borough is home to a number of large reservoirs, including Queen Mary, Staines and King George VI, all important bird reserves as is the large Staines Moor, designated an area of outstanding scientific interest.
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St Aldate's, Oxford
'''St Aldate's''' is a street in central Oxford, England. It is named after the obscure Saint Aldate, although it has also been suggested that the name is a corruption of 'old gate', referring to the south gate in the former city walls. St Aldate's Church dedicated in on the west side of the street, in Pembroke Square. A former name for St Aldate's is Fish Street.
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St Clement's, Oxford
'''St Clement's is a district in Oxford, England, on the east bank of the River Cherwell. Its main road, St Clement's Street''' (often shortened to just "St Clement's"), links The Plain (a roundabout) near Magdalen Bridge with London Place at the foot of Headington Hill at the junction with Marston Road to the north. There are several restaurants in the street. A number of venues have, or have had, a citrus-themed name.
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St. Clare's, Oxford
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St. Ebbes
St Ebbes is a district of central Oxford, England, southwest of Carfax.
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Stirling
Stirling (Gaelic: Sruighlea , Scots: Stirlin) is a city and former ancient burgh in Scotland, and is at the heart of the wider Stirling council area. The city is clustered around a large fortress and medieval old-town beside the River Forth. Historically it was strategically important as the "Gateway to the Highlands", with its position near the boundary between the Scottish Lowlands and Highlands, and its crossing of the Forth, the nearest to the river mouth.
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Summertown, Oxford
:
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Sunnymead
Sunnymead is a suburb in the northern part of Oxford, England, just south of the Oxford Ring Road (A40).
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Surrey
Surrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. The county borders Greater London, Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex, Hampshire, Buckinghamshire and Berkshire. The historic county town is Guildford. Surrey County Council sits at Kingston upon Thames, although this has been part of Greater London since 1965.
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Surrey Heath
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Swansea
Swansea ( , , "mouth of the Tawe") is a coastal city and county in Wales, United Kingdom. Swansea is in the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan. Situated on the sandy South West Wales coast, the county area includes the Gower Peninsula and the Lliw uplands. Swansea is the second most populous city in Wales after Cardiff and the third most populous county in Wales after Cardiff and Rhondda Cynon Taf. During its 19th century industrial heyday, Swansea was one of the key centres of the world copper industry, earning the nickname 'Copperopolis'.
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Swindon
Swindon () is a large town within the borough of Swindon and county of Wiltshire, in South West England. It is midway between Bristol, west and Reading, east. London is east. In the 2001 census, the population of the Swindon urban area was 155,432, while the wider borough of Swindon had a population of 184,000.
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Tandridge (district)
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Test Valley
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Thame
Thame (pronounced "Tame", with a silent "h") is a town and civil parish in Oxfordshire about southwest of Aylesbury. It derives its toponym from the River Thame which flows past the north side of the town.
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Thanet
Thanet is a local government district of Kent, England which was formed under the Local Government Act 1972, and came into being on 1 April 1974. The Isle of Thanet makes up the major part of the District.
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The Covered Market
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The Headington Shark
The Headington Shark is a sculpture situated at 2 New High Street, Headington, Oxford, England, depicting a shark embedded head-first in the roof of the house.
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The Isis
The Isis is the name given to the part of the River Thames above Iffley Lock which flows through the city of Oxford. The name is especially used in the context of rowing at the University of Oxford. Historically, and especially in Victorian times, gazetteers and cartographers insisted that the river Thames was correctly named the River Isis from its source until Dorchester-on-Thames, where the river meets the River Thame and becomes the "Thame-isis" (from which the Latin (or pre-Roman Celtic) name Tamesis is derived), subsequently abbreviated to Thames; current Ordnance Survey maps still label the Thames as "River Thames or Isis" until Dorchester. However since the early 20th century this distinction has been lost in common usage outside Oxford, and some historians suggest the name Isis is nothing more than a contraction of Tamesis, the Latin name for the Thames.
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Tom Tower
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Truro
Truro (; ) is a city and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, and is the centre for administration, leisure and retail in Cornwall, with a population of 17,431. Truro urban statistical area, which includes parts of surrounding parishes, has a population of 20,920. It is the only city in the county, and the most southerly city in Great Britain. People from Truro are known as Truronians.
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Turl Street, Oxford
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Umeå
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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University of Oxford
The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University, or simply Oxford) is a university located in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the third oldest surviving university and the oldest university in the English-speaking world. Although the exact date of foundation remains unclear, there is evidence of teaching there as far back as the 11th century. The University grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.
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University Parks
The Oxford University Parks, more normally the University Parks, or just Uni Parks to members of the local community, is one large parkland area slightly northeast of the Oxford city centre in England. It is open to the public during the day, and boasts beautiful gardens, large sports fields, and rare and exotic plants.
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Vale of White Horse
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Varsity Line
The Varsity Line (or Oxford to Cambridge Line) is an informal name for the railway route that formerly linked the English university cities of Oxford and Cambridge, operated successively by the London and North Western Railway, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, and British Railways. A pun on the railway term main line was sometimes employed by describing the line as the "Brain Line".
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Walton Manor
Walton Manor is a residential suburb in Oxford, England. It is north of Jericho and the former site of the Radcliffe Infirmary hospital and forms part of North Oxford. The street layout and many of the area's buildings date from the mid-19th century. It was developed on land belonging to St John's College, Oxford.
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Walton Street
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Wantage
Wantage is a market town and civil parish in the Vale of White Horse, England, about southwest of Abingdon and a similar distance west of Didcot. Wantage was part of Berkshire until the 1974 boundary changes transferred it to Oxfordshire.
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Warwick
Warwick ( with a silent w in the middle) is the county town of Warwickshire, England. The town lies upon the River Avon, 18 km (11 miles) south of Coventry and 4 km (2.5 miles) west of Leamington Spa (although the towns are conjoined), with a population of 25,434 (2001 census).
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Waterstock
Waterstock is village and civil parish about west of Thame in Oxfordshire.
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Waterways, Oxford
The Waterways is housing estate in North Oxford, England. It is west of the Oxford Canal and east of the Cherwell Valley railway line. To the west beyond the railway line are Port Meadow and the River Thames. The estate is linked to central Oxford via Walton Well Road to the south.
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Wealden
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Wells
Wells is a small cathedral city and civil parish in the Mendip district of Somerset, England, on the southern edge of the Mendip Hills. Although the population, recorded in the 2001 census, is only 10,406, it has had city status since 1205. It is the second-smallest city in England, following the City of London, though St David's in Wales is the smallest city in the UK.
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Wessex
The Kingdom of Wessex () or Kingdom of the West Saxons () was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the West Saxons, in South West England, from the 6th century, until the emergence of a united English state in the 10th century, under the Wessex dynasty. It was to be an earldom after Canute the Great's conquest of 1016, from 1020 to 1066. After the Norman Conquest there was a dissolution of the English earldoms, and Wessex was split among the followers of William the Conqueror.
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West Oxfordshire
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West Sussex
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Winchester
Winchester is the county town of Hampshire, in South East England. It lies at the heart of the wider City of Winchester, a local government district, and is located at the western end of the South Downs, along the course of the River Itchen. At the time of the 2001 Census, Winchester had a population of 41,420.
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Windsor, Berkshire
Windsor () is a suburban town in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire, England. It is widely known as the site of Windsor Castle.
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Witney
Witney is a town on the River Windrush, west of Oxford in Oxfordshire, England.
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Wolvercote
Wolvercote (Oxfordshire, England) is a village that is part of the City of Oxford, England, though still retaining its own identity. It is about northwest of the centre of Oxford, on the northern edge of Wolvercote Common, which is itself north of Port Meadow.
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Wolverhampton
Wolverhampton () is a city and metropolitan borough in the Black Country area of the West Midlands, England. In 2004, the local government district had an estimated population of 239,100; the wider Urban Area had a population of 251,462, which makes it the 13th most populous city in England.
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Worcester
Worcester (, ), pronounced locally and in most parts of England as , is a city and county town of Worcestershire in the West Midlands of England. Worcester is situated some 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Birmingham and 29 miles (47 km) north of Gloucester, and has an approximate population of 94,000 people. The River Severn runs through the middle of the city, overlooked by the twelfth-century Worcester Cathedral.
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Worthing
Worthing is a large seaside town with borough status in West Sussex, forming part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation. It is situated at the foot of the South Downs, west of Brighton, and east of the county town of Chichester. The borough covers an area of and has an estimated population of 102,100.
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York
York () is a walled city, situated at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The city has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events throughout much of its two millennia of existence.
http://wn.com/York
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Anglo-Saxons
Anglo-Saxons is the term usually used to describe the invading Germanic tribes in the south and east of Great Britain from the early 5th century AD, and their creation of the English nation, to the Norman conquest of 1066. The Benedictine monk, Bede, writing three centuries later, identified them as the descendants of three Germanic tribes:
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Anthony Powell
Anthony Dymoke Powell (pronounced in one syllable, as a homophone of "pole") CH, CBE (21 December 1905 – 28 March 2000) was an English novelist best known for his twelve-volume work A Dance to the Music of Time, published between 1951 and 1975.
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Archibald Constable
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Bishop of Oxford
The Bishop of Oxford is the diocesan bishop of the Church of England Diocese of Oxford in the Province of Canterbury; his seat is at Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford. The present incumbent, the 42nd, is John Lawrence Pritchard, who ceremonially began his work on 8 June 2007.
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Black British
Black British is a term that usually describes British people of Black African descent. The term, which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political label, has been historically used to refer to any non-white British nationals. The term was first used at the end of the British Empire, when several major colonies formally gained independence and thereby created a new form of national identity. The term was used primarily from the 1950s to describe those from the former colonies of Africa, and the Caribbean, i.e. the New Commonwealth. In some circumstances the word 'Black' still signifies all ethnic minority populations.
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Brian Aldiss
Brian Wilson Aldiss, OBE (born 18 August 1925) is an English author of both general fiction and science fiction. His byline reads either Brian W. Aldiss or simply Brian Aldiss. Greatly influenced by science fiction pioneer H. G. Wells, Aldiss is a vice-president of the international H. G. Wells Society. He is also (with Harry Harrison) co-president of the Birmingham Science Fiction Group. His writings have been compared to those of Isaac Asimov, Greg Bear and Arthur C. Clarke. His influential works include the short story "Super-Toys Last All Summer Long", the basis for the Stanley Kubrick-developed Steven Spielberg film A.I. Artificial Intelligence.
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British Chinese
http://wn.com/British_Chinese -
C. S. Lewis
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Charles I of England
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Clive Upton
Clive Upton is professor of English language at the University of Leeds, England, specializing in dialectology and sociolinguistics. He has also acted as a consultant on British pronuciation for the English-language dictionaries published by Oxford University Press, including the Oxford English Dictionary, the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, and the Concise Oxford Dictionary. He was also responsible for the British element of the Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English (2001).
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Colin Dexter
Norman Colin Dexter, OBE, (born 29 September 1930) is an English crime writer, known for his Inspector Morse novels which were written between 1975 and 1999 and adapted as a television series from 1987 to 2000.
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Connie Willis
Constance Elaine Trimmer Willis (born 31 December 1945) is an American science fiction writer.
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Dean Whitehead
Dean Whitehead (born 21 January 1982 in Abingdon, Oxfordshire) is a professional English footballer. He began his career with Oxford United before moving to Sunderland in 2004. Since 2009 he has played for Stoke City as a midfielder, but has also played at right-back.
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DJ Shadow
Joshua Paul Davis (born June 26, 1972) better known as DJ Shadow is an American music producer, DJ and songwriter. He is considered a prominent figure in the development of instrumental hip hop and first gained notice with the release of his highly acclaimed debut album Endtroducing....., which was constructed almost entirely from samples. He has an exceptionally large personal record collection, with over 60,000 records.
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Dorothy L. Sayers
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Earl of Oxford
The Earl of Oxford was one of the older titles in the English peerage, and was held for several centuries by the de Vere family from 1141. It finally became dormant in 1703 with the death of the 20th Earl. Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, is perhaps the most famous of the line, because of his emergence as the most popular alternative candidate as the actual author of the works of William Shakespeare (see Shakespearean authorship). The Vere Earls of Oxford were also hereditary holders of the office of Lord Great Chamberlain from 1133 until the death of the 18th Earl in 1625. Their primary seat was Castle Hedingham, Essex, but they held lands across England, particularly in East Anglia. Robert de Vere, 3rd earl of Oxford, was one of the 25 barons of Magna Carta.
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Evelyn Waugh
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Firoz Kassam
Firoz Kassam (born 1955) is a Tanzanian-born, businessman. He is the former owner of Oxford United F.C.
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Gatwick
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Geoffrey of Monmouth
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Henry II of England
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Henry Thomas Hare
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Hugh Latimer
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Iain Pears
Iain Pears (born in 1955) is an English art historian, novelist and journalist. He was educated at Warwick School, Warwick, Wadham College and Wolfson College, Oxford. Before writing, he worked as a reporter for the BBC, Channel 4 (UK) and ZDF (Germany) and correspondent for Reuters from 1982 to 1990 in Italy, France, UK and US. In 1987 he became a Getty Fellow in the Arts and Humanities at Yale University. His well-known novel series features Jonathan Argyll, art historian, though international fame first arrived with his best selling book An Instance of the Fingerpost (1998), which was translated into several languages. Pears currently lives with his wife and children in Oxford.
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Ian Greaves
Ian Denzil Greaves (26 May 1932 – 2 January 2009) was an English football player and manager. He was born in Crompton, Lancashire. He won a League Championship medal and an FA Cup runners-up medal while playing fullback for Manchester United between 1953 and 1960
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Iris Murdoch
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Irish Briton
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J. R. R. Tolkien
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J.M. Dent
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James A. Owen
James A. Owen is an American comic book artist, publisher and writer.
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Jan Morris
Jan Morris CBE (b. 2 October 1926, Clevedon, Somerset, England) is a Welsh nationalist, historian, author and travel writer. She is known particularly for the Pax Britannica trilogy, a history of the British Empire, and for portraits of cities, notably Oxford, Venice, Trieste, Hong Kong, and New York City.
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John Aldridge
John William Aldridge (born 18 September 1958 Liverpool, England) is a former Republic of Ireland international footballer and football manager. He was a prolific record-breaking striker best known for his productive time with Liverpool in the late 1980s, and for being the first man to have a penalty kick saved in a Wembley FA Cup Final.
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John Wain
John Barrington Wain (14 March 1925 – 24 May 1994) was an English poet, novelist, and critic, associated with the literary group "The Movement". For most of his life, Wain worked as a freelance journalist and author, writing and reviewing for newspapers and the radio.
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Lewis Carroll
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Matthew Arnold
:See also, Matthew Arnold School (Staines)
http://wn.com/Matthew_Arnold -
Mercia
Mercia (, ) was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. It was centred on the valley of the River Trent and its tributaries in the region now known as the English Midlands. The name is a Latinisation of the Old English Mierce or Myrce, meaning "border people".
http://wn.com/Mercia -
Nicola Blackwood
Nicola Claire Blackwood (born 1979, Johannesburg, South Africa) is an English Conservative politician. She was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Oxford West and Abingdon in the 2010 election. She won the seat with a majority of 176, taking the seat from the Liberal Democrat Evan Harris.
http://wn.com/Nicola_Blackwood -
Nigel Jemson
Nigel Jemson (born 10 August 1969) is an English footballer, who represented his country at the Under-21 level and was the manager of Ilkeston Town, until May 2008. He now plays for Rainworth Miners Welfare in the Northern Counties East League Premier Division.
http://wn.com/Nigel_Jemson -
Oscar Wilde
http://wn.com/Oscar_Wilde -
Oxford Martyrs
The Oxford Martyrs were tried for heresy in 1555 and subsequently burnt at the stake in Oxford, England, for their religious beliefs and teachings.
http://wn.com/Oxford_Martyrs -
Philip Pullman
Philip Pullman CBE, FRSL (born 19 October 1946) is an English writer from Norwich. He is the best-selling author of several books, most notably his trilogy of fantasy novels, His Dark Materials, and his fictional biography of Jesus, The Good Man Jesus and the Scoundrel Christ. The first of His Dark Materials has been turned into the film The Golden Compass and the first two books from his Sally Lockhart series have been adapted for television.
http://wn.com/Philip_Pullman -
Ray Houghton
Raymond James "Ray" Houghton (born 9 January 1962 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a retired Scottish-born footballer who represented the Republic of Ireland at international level, qualifying through his Irish father. Houghton is remembered by Irish soccer fans for being the scorer of two of the most important goals in the national team's history, which resulted in 1-0 victories over England in Stuttgart at UEFA Euro 1988, and Italy at the Giants Stadium in New York at the 1994 FIFA World Cup. At club level Houghton is best remembered for his success in the great Liverpool side of the late 1980s.
http://wn.com/Ray_Houghton -
Robert D'Oyly
:''For the nephew of this Robert D'Oyly, see the article "Robert D'Oyly (Osney)".''
http://wn.com/Robert_D'Oyly -
Roger Bannister
Sir Roger Gilbert Bannister, CBE (born 23 March, 1929) is an English former athlete best known for running the first recorded mile in less than 4 minutes. Bannister became a distinguished neurologist and Master of Pembroke College, Oxford, before retiring in 2001.
http://wn.com/Roger_Bannister -
Siobhan Dowd
http://wn.com/Siobhan_Dowd -
Spiritualized
http://wn.com/Spiritualized -
Steven Spielberg
Steven Allan Spielberg, (born December 18, 1946) is an American film director, screenwriter, film producer and video game designer. In a career spanning six decades, Spielberg's films have covered many themes and genres. Spielberg's early science-fiction and adventure films were seen as an archetype of modern Hollywood blockbuster filmmaking. In later years, his films began addressing such issues as the Holocaust, slavery, war and terrorism. He is considered one of the most influential filmmakers in the history of cinema. He is also one of the founders of DreamWorks.
http://wn.com/Steven_Spielberg -
Susan Cooper
Susan Mary Cooper (born 23 May 1935) is an English author best known for The Dark Is Rising, an award-winning five-volume fantasy saga set in and around England and Wales. The books incorporate traditional British mythology (Arthurian and folkloric elements) with original material (e.g. "the Old Ones") and was eventually made into a movie, The Seeker (film). She has written works for children, adolescents and adults.
http://wn.com/Susan_Cooper -
T. E. Lawrence
http://wn.com/T_E_Lawrence -
Thomas Cranmer
http://wn.com/Thomas_Cranmer -
Thomas Hardy
http://wn.com/Thomas_Hardy -
Thomas Wilfred Sharp
Thomas Wilfred Sharp (1901 - 1978) was born in Bishop Auckland in County Durham, England. He attended the local grammar school and then spent four years working for the borough surveyor. He later became regional planning assistant to the South West Lancashire Regional Advisory Group, but after credit for his vast report was given, as was traditional, to the honorary surveyor, he angrily resigned, and was unable to find work for two years.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Wilfred_Sharp -
Tommy Caton
http://wn.com/Tommy_Caton -
Wessex
The Kingdom of Wessex () or Kingdom of the West Saxons () was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the West Saxons, in South West England, from the 6th century, until the emergence of a united English state in the 10th century, under the Wessex dynasty. It was to be an earldom after Canute the Great's conquest of 1016, from 1020 to 1066. After the Norman Conquest there was a dissolution of the English earldoms, and Wessex was split among the followers of William the Conqueror.
http://wn.com/Wessex -
William Henry Page
http://wn.com/William_Henry_Page
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Studying at Oxford University
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:26
- Published: 21 Dec 2007
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Oxford University is the oldest university in the English speaking world and has been educating world changing leaders for over 800 years. Find out more about studying at Oxford. www.sbs.oxford.edu
http://wn.com/Studying_at_Oxford_University
Oxford - England - United Kingdom | Joe Journeys
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:08
- Published: 11 Sep 2010
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
A day out in Oxford England, and the oldest university in the English world. Visit my website at www.joejourneys.com
http://wn.com/Oxford_England_United_Kingdom_|_Joe_Journeys
Oxford Today
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 18 Jul 2008
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
Michael Palin narrates a new short film about the University of Oxford, directed by Roger Mills. Oxford's new Campaign, Oxford Thinking, launched in May 2008. It will ensure Oxford continues to be at the cutting edge of teaching and research in the 21st century, by raising £1.25 billion to secure the University's future. To find out more, please visit www.ox.ac.uk or www.campaign.ox.ac.uk
http://wn.com/Oxford_Today
Visit Oxford Tourist Information
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Published: 08 Sep 2010
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
A short trailer from the official Oxfordshire Visitor TV channel. A sample of the must see and do's in the city of dreaming spires. Tourist Information available.
http://wn.com/Visit_Oxford_Tourist_Information
Oxford from above - areal development
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:03
- Published: 18 Aug 2008
- Updated: 15 May 2012
BBC
http://wn.com/Oxford_from_above_areal_development
Richard Dawkins & Daniel Dennett. Oxford, 9 May 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 72:14
- Published: 02 Jun 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Taped live at the event in Oxford, UK by clearstory.co.uk
http://wn.com/Richard_Dawkins_Daniel_Dennett_Oxford,_9_May_2012
Oxford England
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Published: 20 Mar 2011
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Oxford is just 58 minutes away from London Paddington Station and about the same by car, but on Saturdays parking is pretty difficult. My train was completely packed and found myself squeezed into the corner with camera and tripod for the whole journey. It was however well worth the effort, with one of the finest days of the year so far. It had been some time since I had a good walk around the medieval city of Oxford with its university buildings, so I'd been planning the trip for the whole week. Shame I botched the white balance, there's a green tint on the video, which gives it a certain "Je ne sais quoi?" but hey.
http://wn.com/Oxford_England
The Oxford Experience
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:33
- Published: 26 Feb 2008
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
A short documentary about a day at Oxford University while on study abroad. Full version in the making!!!
http://wn.com/The_Oxford_Experience
Vampire Weekend - Oxford Comma
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Published: 25 Jun 2008
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
New video from Vampire Weekend for the single 'Oxford Comma' directed by Richard Ayoade.
http://wn.com/Vampire_Weekend_Oxford_Comma
Julian Jordan & TV Noise - Oxford (Extended Mix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:49
- Published: 14 May 2012
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Download on Beatport: s.beatport.com youtube.com pres: Julian Jordan & TV Noise - Oxford Connect: on.fb.me / twitter.com Join Julian Jordan on G+ : bit.ly Connect: on.fb.me / twitter.com Join TV Noise on G+ : bit.ly Facebook: facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com G+ : gplus.to Or subscribe to our Electro House playlist on Spotify: spoti.fi Pitting impressive melodic leads alongside an affirmative build of heavy-set chords, 'Oxford' does not reflect its formal name in the slightest. In a grinding escapade of intense distorted synth work and stern beats, their Acid tinged Electro outing makes for a stunning example of modern Dance music. Proving themselves three of Europe's freshest new EDM assets, age has certainly not hindered on this eclectic Dutch explosion of formidable talent. Must have! Pete Tong: 'Played on BBC Radio 1' Sander van Doorn : 'Full support! Playing it in all my sets!' Armin van Buuren : 'Niceeeee!!' Hardwell : 'Supported in my radioshow!' Nicky Romero: 'Full support!' Chuckie : 'Supported in my radioshow!' Swanky Tunes : 'Greatttt!' Bingo Players : 'Like it!' Thomas Gold : 'Nice!!' Tommy Trash : 'Dope - full support' Jordan Suckley BBC Radio 1 : 'Massive tune! Great work!' Tillate Magazine : 'Huge guys and will be reviewing in Tillate for the Young Pups! lovely!'
http://wn.com/Julian_Jordan_TV_Noise_Oxford_Extended_Mix
Oxford London Lecture 2012 -- introduction
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:25
- Published: 13 May 2012
- Updated: 13 May 2012
An introduction to the lecture from Oxford University Vice-Chancellor, Professor Andrew Hamilton
http://wn.com/Oxford_London_Lecture_2012_-_introduction
EF Oxford, England - UK
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Published: 14 Jun 2010
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Order a free EF brochure at www.ef.com Study English with EF International Language Centres in the world's number one student city. You'll be surrounded by the university's most prestigious colleges, British academic life and only 10 minutes from High Street, the town's main shopping road.
http://wn.com/EF_Oxford,_England_UK
Aung San Suu Kyi speaks of her Oxford years
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Published: 20 Jun 2012
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
The Burmese pro-democracy leader says there is a hard road ahead for the country as she accepts her honorary doctorate from Oxford University.
http://wn.com/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_speaks_of_her_Oxford_years
Oxford prepares for the Boat Race (6/6)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:46
- Published: 03 Apr 2012
- Updated: 02 Sep 2012
For six months they were competing with each other for a place in the top boats, but now they have only one enemy in sight: Cambridge. With the 158th boat race now only days away, we see how different strengths and personalities combine in the rowing eights, and discuss the peculiar challenges of the Tideway course for rowers and for spectators. Featuring contributions from Olympians Sir Matthew Pinsent and Andrew Triggs-Hodge. Archive footage courtesy of BBC Sport. Produced by Angel Sharp Media for Oxford University Public Affairs Directorate.
http://wn.com/Oxford_prepares_for_the_Boat_Race_6_6
MALCOLM X: OXFORD UNION DEBATE (December 3, 1964)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:37
- Published: 15 Aug 2006
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
The Malcolm X Collection on DVD: malcolmxfiles.blogspot.com "I read once, passingly, about a man named Shakespeare. I only read about him passingly, but I remember one thing he wrote that kind of moved me. He put it in the mouth of Hamlet, I think, it was, who said, "To be or not to be." He was in doubt about something. Whether it was nobler in the mind of man to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, moderation, or to take up arms against a sea of troubles and by opposing end them. And I go for that. If you take up arms, you'll end it, but if you sit around and wait for the one who's in power to make up his mind that he should end it, you'll be waiting a long time. And in my opinion, the young generation of whites, blacks, browns, whatever else there is, you're living at a time of extremism, a time of revolution, a time when there's got to be a change. People in power have misused it and now there has to be a change and a better world has to be built and the only way it's going to be built is with extreme methods. And I, for one, will join in with anyone, I don't care what color you are, as long as you want to change this miserable condition that exists on this earth. Thank you." -- December 3, 1964 malcolmxfiles.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/MALCOLM_X_OXFORD_UNION_DEBATE_December_3,_1964
International -- Oxford University's Virtual Open Day
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:51
- Published: 06 Jun 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Over two thirds of Oxford's graduate students are from outside the UK, and the University is dedicated to supporting its highly diverse international community. Find out more about being an international graduate student at Oxford from some of our international graduate students.
http://wn.com/International_-_Oxford_University's_Virtual_Open_Day
Sport at Oxford
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Published: 17 Apr 2012
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
Highlights from some of the 85 sports played at Oxford University Filmed at Varsity Games 2012
http://wn.com/Sport_at_Oxford
Aung San Suu Kyi's "emotional" Oxford visit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Published: 25 Jun 2012
- Updated: 28 Sep 2012
In a break with tradition, Daw Suu, who is Chairman of the Burmese National League for Democracy and member of the Burmese parliament, was invited to give a speech after receiving her honorary doctorate in civil law at Oxford's annual Encaenia ceremony, held in the Sheldonian Theatre on 20 June 2012. Other honorands were former spymaster Baroness Manningham-Buller, author David Cornwell (John le Carré), historian and Harvard President Professor Drew Gilpin Faust, Sony Chairman Sir Howard Stringer, Philosopher Professor Charles Margrave Taylor, Neurologist Dr Henry Barnett and physicist Professor William Phillips.
http://wn.com/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi's_emotional_Oxford_visit
Kelly Oxford & Rainn Wilson Chat in a Sweaty Van - Metaphysical Milkshake
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:37
- Published: 06 Aug 2012
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Twitter funny girl Kelly Oxford joins Rainn Wilson inside his creepy van to talk about their weird parents, writing, and being a mom. And find out what's the strangest thing Rainn has ever left on top of his car. Subscribe to our youtube channel: goo.gl for more videos! Buy our book! book.soulpancake.com Follow us on Facebook: facebook.com Tweet us at: twitter.com
http://wn.com/Kelly_Oxford_Rainn_Wilson_Chat_in_a_Sweaty_Van_Metaphysical_Milkshake
Goldroom feat. Chela - Fifteen (Oxford Remix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Published: 10 Jun 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Majestic Casual - Experience music in a new way. Subscribe bit.ly || Facebook on.fb.me Funky sunday :) ✖ Download for free here soundcloud.com ✖ Follow Oxford soundcloud.com www.facebook.com twitter.com
http://wn.com/Goldroom_feat_Chela_Fifteen_Oxford_Remix
Aung San Suu Kyi honoured by Oxford University with honorary degree
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:08
- Published: 20 Jun 2012
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
The Burmese pro-democracy leader receives an honorary doctorate in civil law from Oxford University nearly 20 years after it was awarded.
http://wn.com/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_honoured_by_Oxford_University_with_honorary_degree
Out Of The Blue - Britain's Got Talent 2011 Audition - itv.com/talent - UK Version
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:47
- Published: 30 Apr 2011
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Britain's Got Talent: Singing group Out of the Blue are all students and friends at Oxford and have come to show the judges what they can do with absolutely no instruments at all! Will these intelligent boys be able to keep the audience entertained with their talent? See more at itv.com
http://wn.com/Out_Of_The_Blue_Britain's_Got_Talent_2011_Audition_itvcom_talent_UK_Version
Oxford in Voice (2/6): The Organ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:04
- Published: 02 Aug 2012
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
What kind of musical instrument weighs ten tons, is played by four keyboards, and has existed in its present form for centuries? What kind of person does it take to master such an instrument? Discover the curious world of organs, the people that build them, and the people that play them, in the latest instalment of 'Oxford in Voice'. Part two of a six-month series Featuring award-winning organist and composer David Maw, the choir of The Queen's College Oxford, Kenneth Tickell Ltd, and the chapels of Keble College, New College, and Oriel College Oxford. Video produced by the Public Affairs Directorate, University of Oxford with Angel Sharp Media.
http://wn.com/Oxford_in_Voice_2_6_The_Organ
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DJ Shadow Playing The Organ, Live @ Ulster Hall, Belfast, North Ireland, UK
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Published: 08 Jul 2010
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
DJ Shadow Playing The Organ, Live @ Ulster Hall, Belfast, North Ireland, UK on July 4th, 2010. www.djshadow.com
http://wn.com/DJ_Shadow_Playing_The_Organ,_Live_@_Ulster_Hall,_Belfast,_North_Ireland,_UK
The Organ "Brother" Live SXSW 2006
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Published: 23 Mar 2006
- Updated: 01 Jun 2012
Great show by The Organ, one of the bands I wanted to see most at SXSW
http://wn.com/The_Organ_Brother_Live_SXSW_2006
The Organ - Brother (Live Festival Musiques Volantes )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Published: 19 Nov 2006
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
The Organ - Brother (Live Festival Musiques Volantes )10/11/2005
http://wn.com/The_Organ_Brother_Live_Festival_Musiques_Volantes_
The Organ "Basement Band Song" Live @ SXSW 2006
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Published: 24 Mar 2006
- Updated: 19 Mar 2012
Great performance from little known Vancouver band The Organ.
http://wn.com/The_Organ_Basement_Band_Song_Live_@_SXSW_2006
organissimo - Pumpkin Pie LIVE - Hammond B3 organ jazz/funk
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:06
- Published: 13 May 2006
- Updated: 02 Oct 2012
organissimo performs the song "Pumpkin Pie" from their second CD "This Is The Place" live at the Firefly Club in Ann Arbor, MI on April 28th, 2006. organissimo is: Jim Alfredson - Hammond organ Joe Gloss - guitar Randy Marsh - drums More stuff at www.organissimo.org or purchase organissimo recordings at Amazon.com, CDUniverse, CDBaby, etc.
http://wn.com/organissimo_Pumpkin_Pie_LIVE_Hammond_B3_organ_jazz_funk
The Organ -live in uk
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Published: 01 Sep 2006
- Updated: 15 Sep 2012
Love the guitar
http://wn.com/The_Organ_-live_in_uk
Carol Williams on the 1610 Compenius organ, Denmark
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Published: 22 Jul 2009
- Updated: 02 Oct 2012
"LIKE" Carol on FaceBook www.facebook.com Carol Williams' "TourBus" goes to Denmark - from her video series about Large & Small, Famous & Unusual Organs of the World: www.melcot.com Carol on the 1610 Compenius organ in Frederiksborg Castle, Denmark www.melcot.com In original condition this may be the only one left in the world. Completely hand pumped.
http://wn.com/Carol_Williams_on_the_1610_Compenius_organ,_Denmark
The Organ - Steven Smith (Live)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:52
- Published: 13 Jun 2007
- Updated: 16 Mar 2012
The Organ Steven Smith Live
http://wn.com/The_Organ_Steven_Smith_Live
Lake Of Tears - The Organ (Live in Bucharest, Romania, 25.06.2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:03
- Published: 26 Jun 2011
- Updated: 21 Sep 2011
Live at Arenele Romane, Bucharest, Romania.
http://wn.com/Lake_Of_Tears_The_Organ_Live_in_Bucharest,_Romania,_25062011
The Chipophone
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:27
- Published: 21 Jul 2010
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
The Chipophone is a homemade 8-bit synthesizer, especially suited for live chiptune playing. It has been built inside an old electronic organ. www.linusakesson.net
http://wn.com/The_Chipophone
A Whiter Shade of Pale; the organ part
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Published: 05 Jan 2010
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
To get near the original sound I used a little Eq. at 330 Hz. and two paired mic's placed opposite too each other at at approx. 16 cm. away from the "Louvres". The mic's are Se 4400's. If I had known there would be so many views I made a better backing track:D
http://wn.com/A_Whiter_Shade_of_Pale;_the_organ_part
Pa playing his organ.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:31
- Published: 06 Oct 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
My grandfather, 85 years old. He plays both the Organ and Accordion. I introduced him to youtube for the first time recently and he was amazed, as we were able to find some of his favorite old songs.
http://wn.com/Pa_playing_his_organ
No Woman No Cry Hammond organ part breakdown
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Published: 01 Feb 2011
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Watch intro and ending from 3.25 The Hammond Part of the unsurpassed live version from "Live" (18 july 1975) The organ was played by Tyrone Downie. I never found footage of this gig or anything else. I listened very carefully and wrote it down. Later I will record the entire song with better care for a mix...for now: sing yourself;-)
http://wn.com/No_Woman_No_Cry_Hammond_organ_part_breakdown
Grace Potter and the Nocturnals - Big White Gate - LIve (HQ)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:08
- Published: 10 Aug 2007
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Grace Potter and the Nocturnals live at the 8X10 club in Baltimore, Maryland on May 2007. Album in stores now! Get Grace Potter & the Nocturnal's new album "The Lion the Beast the Beat" on iTunes - smarturl.it Facebook - www.facebook.com Twitter - www.twitter.com Official site - www.gracepotter.com Google+ - https
http://wn.com/Grace_Potter_and_the_Nocturnals_Big_White_Gate_LIve_HQ
Wagner: RING for organ. Siegfried's Rhine Journey LIVE (Twilight of the Gods)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:40
- Published: 16 Jul 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Richard Wagner : Siegfrieds Rheinfahrt (aus Götterdämmerung) version live (20 June 2012) Michael Bártek - organ Vladimír Kiseljov - painting arr. for organ Edwin Henry Lemare www.michael-bartek.org www.kiseljov.net
http://wn.com/Wagner_RING_for_organ_Siegfried's_Rhine_Journey_LIVE_Twilight_of_the_Gods
Jimmy Smith w. Kenny Burrell - Organ Grinder's Swing - 1993
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:36
- Published: 18 Jun 2008
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
Live, Vienne, France, 1993. Jimmy Smith - Hammond; Kenny Burrell - guitar; Herman Riley - tenor; Grady Tate - drums
http://wn.com/Jimmy_Smith_w_Kenny_Burrell_Organ_Grinder's_Swing_1993
Alex Winston - Don't Care About Anything (Live Acoustic)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Published: 20 Aug 2010
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Alex Winston featuring The Knocks on Drums/Organ. myspace.com heavyrocmusic.com
http://wn.com/Alex_Winston_Don't_Care_About_Anything_Live_Acoustic
Ray Manzarek The best organ solo ever. Boston 1970 (edit)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:55
- Published: 20 Jul 2011
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Ray Manzarek from The Doors making the best organ solo ever. Boston 1970.
http://wn.com/Ray_Manzarek_The_best_organ_solo_ever_Boston_1970_edit
miles davis electric 73 montreux part 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Published: 09 Oct 2006
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
miles still on the organ,rated x vibe,runs the voodoo down
http://wn.com/miles_davis_electric_73_montreux_part_3
Organ Donors - Make The Girlies Wet (Original Mix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Published: 11 Aug 2011
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
JOIN www.facebook.com BUY THE TRACK NOW bit.ly NEW DONORS REMIX BUY NOW bit.ly 'Make The Girlies Wet' (Featuring an amazingly sexy vocal performance from Jenny-J) Is the 1st installment from the insane 3 part ULTRASOUNDS EP! Featured Multiple Radio 1 Plays, Showtek's Live For The Music Podcast, Isaac's Hardstyle Sessions Podcast, Fausto's Crossover 'Tune Of The Week'! + Dj support from the whos who! Organ Donors are bending all the rules within the harder music scene, currently involved in collaborations with Scott Project, A*S*Y*S & Kamui as well as crossover projects with trance superstars Marcel Woods, Lange, Randy Kattana, Simon Patterson, Sean Tyas, Mark Sherry & Ali Wilson and pushing their new exciting HARD EDGE sound to the masses! Check This & Wreck This!.. Make The Girlies Wet!... www.organdonors.dj
http://wn.com/Organ_Donors_Make_The_Girlies_Wet_Original_Mix
Jimmy Smith Trio - Organ Grinder's Swing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:22
- Published: 12 Feb 2011
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Jimmy Smith organ - Eddie McFadden guitar - Charlie Crosby drums Live à Pleyel 1969
http://wn.com/Jimmy_Smith_Trio_Organ_Grinder's_Swing
The Organ - Memorize The City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Published: 21 May 2006
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
Superb video for The Organ's "Memorize The City", shot (presumably) in their hometown of Vancouver and directed by Jeff Scheven
http://wn.com/The_Organ_Memorize_The_City
Apparat Organ Quartet - Konami
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:51
- Published: 06 Feb 2007
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
26. January - Rúv. Members: Arnar Geir Ómarsson, Jóhann Jóhannsson, Hörður Bragason, Músíkvatur, Úlfur Eldjárn.
http://wn.com/Apparat_Organ_Quartet_Konami
2:57
DJ Shadow Playing The Organ, Live @ Ulster Hall, Belfast, North Ireland, UK
DJ Shadow Playing The Organ, Live @ Ulster Hall, Belfast, North Ireland, UK on July 4th, 2...
published: 08 Jul 2010
Author: djshadow
DJ Shadow Playing The Organ, Live @ Ulster Hall, Belfast, North Ireland, UK
DJ Shadow Playing The Organ, Live @ Ulster Hall, Belfast, North Ireland, UK on July 4th, 2010. www.djshadow.com
3:34
The Organ "Brother" Live SXSW 2006
Great show by The Organ, one of the bands I wanted to see most at SXSW...
published: 23 Mar 2006
Author: Peymon Maskan
The Organ "Brother" Live SXSW 2006
Great show by The Organ, one of the bands I wanted to see most at SXSW
4:07
The Organ - Brother (Live Festival Musiques Volantes )
The Organ - Brother (Live Festival Musiques Volantes )10/11/2005...
published: 19 Nov 2006
Author: Luiz Guilherme Leste
The Organ - Brother (Live Festival Musiques Volantes )
The Organ - Brother (Live Festival Musiques Volantes )10/11/2005
3:59
The Organ "Basement Band Song" Live @ SXSW 2006
Great performance from little known Vancouver band The Organ....
published: 24 Mar 2006
Author: Peymon Maskan
The Organ "Basement Band Song" Live @ SXSW 2006
Great performance from little known Vancouver band The Organ.
15:06
organissimo - Pumpkin Pie LIVE - Hammond B3 organ jazz/funk
organissimo performs the song "Pumpkin Pie" from their second CD "This Is T...
published: 13 May 2006
Author: Jim Alfredson
organissimo - Pumpkin Pie LIVE - Hammond B3 organ jazz/funk
organissimo performs the song "Pumpkin Pie" from their second CD "This Is The Place" live at the Firefly Club in Ann Arbor, MI on April 28th, 2006. organissimo is: Jim Alfredson - Hammond organ Joe Gloss - guitar Randy Marsh - drums More stuff at www.organissimo.org or purchase organissimo recordings at Amazon.com, CDUniverse, CDBaby, etc.
4:28
The Organ -live in uk
Love the guitar...
published: 01 Sep 2006
Author: lozstoz
The Organ -live in uk
Love the guitar
3:03
Carol Williams on the 1610 Compenius organ, Denmark
"LIKE" Carol on FaceBook www.facebook.com Carol Williams' "TourBus"...;
published: 22 Jul 2009
Author: BellVideo
Carol Williams on the 1610 Compenius organ, Denmark
"LIKE" Carol on FaceBook www.facebook.com Carol Williams' "TourBus" goes to Denmark - from her video series about Large & Small, Famous & Unusual Organs of the World: www.melcot.com Carol on the 1610 Compenius organ in Frederiksborg Castle, Denmark www.melcot.com In original condition this may be the only one left in the world. Completely hand pumped.
1:52
The Organ - Steven Smith (Live)
The Organ Steven Smith Live...
published: 13 Jun 2007
Author: jansjoh
The Organ - Steven Smith (Live)
The Organ Steven Smith Live
5:03
Lake Of Tears - The Organ (Live in Bucharest, Romania, 25.06.2011)
Live at Arenele Romane, Bucharest, Romania....
published: 26 Jun 2011
Author: kodrutzzzzz
Lake Of Tears - The Organ (Live in Bucharest, Romania, 25.06.2011)
Live at Arenele Romane, Bucharest, Romania.
7:27
The Chipophone
The Chipophone is a homemade 8-bit synthesizer, especially suited for live chiptune playin...
published: 21 Jul 2010
Author: lftkryo
The Chipophone
The Chipophone is a homemade 8-bit synthesizer, especially suited for live chiptune playing. It has been built inside an old electronic organ. www.linusakesson.net
4:03
A Whiter Shade of Pale; the organ part
To get near the original sound I used a little Eq. at 330 Hz. and two paired mic's pla...
published: 05 Jan 2010
Author: HammondDomein
A Whiter Shade of Pale; the organ part
To get near the original sound I used a little Eq. at 330 Hz. and two paired mic's placed opposite too each other at at approx. 16 cm. away from the "Louvres". The mic's are Se 4400's. If I had known there would be so many views I made a better backing track:D
1:31
Pa playing his organ.
My grandfather, 85 years old. He plays both the Organ and Accordion. I introduced him to y...
published: 06 Oct 2012
Author: Tom Fullerton
Pa playing his organ.
My grandfather, 85 years old. He plays both the Organ and Accordion. I introduced him to youtube for the first time recently and he was amazed, as we were able to find some of his favorite old songs.
5:15
No Woman No Cry Hammond organ part breakdown
Watch intro and ending from 3.25 The Hammond Part of the unsurpassed live version from &qu...;
published: 01 Feb 2011
Author: HammondDomein
No Woman No Cry Hammond organ part breakdown
Watch intro and ending from 3.25 The Hammond Part of the unsurpassed live version from "Live" (18 july 1975) The organ was played by Tyrone Downie. I never found footage of this gig or anything else. I listened very carefully and wrote it down. Later I will record the entire song with better care for a mix...for now: sing yourself;-)
5:08
Grace Potter and the Nocturnals - Big White Gate - LIve (HQ)
Grace Potter and the Nocturnals live at the 8X10 club in Baltimore, Maryland on May 2007. ...
published: 10 Aug 2007
Author: gracepotterofficial
Grace Potter and the Nocturnals - Big White Gate - LIve (HQ)
Grace Potter and the Nocturnals live at the 8X10 club in Baltimore, Maryland on May 2007. Album in stores now! Get Grace Potter & the Nocturnal's new album "The Lion the Beast the Beat" on iTunes - smarturl.it Facebook - www.facebook.com Twitter - www.twitter.com Official site - www.gracepotter.com Google+ - https
Vimeo results:
4:44
Nowhere Near Here
If life is a catwalk, run like a dog.
'Nowhere Near Here' is a stop motion animation that...
published: 22 Nov 2010
Author: Pahnl
Nowhere Near Here
If life is a catwalk, run like a dog.
'Nowhere Near Here' is a stop motion animation that uses a combination of light with stencils and long exposure photography to tell the story of a dog running around the city at night, doing whatever a dog does. The animation was first exhibited at the The Herbert, in Coventry, on the 7th October 2010.
With well over 300 hours in the making, more than 200 stencils involved and too many cold nights spent outside on my knees getting the shots, I am very happy (and relieved) to finally share this with you. Through the course of shooting 'Nowhere Near Here', I have dealt with curious drunks, a dog almost peeing on the camera (the irony is not lost on me, haha), the endlessly suspicious police and even someone nearly running off with a tripod.
This is street art, this is life and thank you for watching.
...for those of you that may be interested in prints, a selection of film stills from 'Nowhere Near Here' are currently available at http://www.pahnl.co.uk/store.php
Animation by Pahnl
- pahnl.co.uk
3:15
Mardi Gras
Hi, I will continue to post here, but my new work has a home at http://keithloutit.com wit...
published: 09 Mar 2009
Author: Keith Loutit
Mardi Gras
Hi, I will continue to post here, but my new work has a home at http://keithloutit.com with updates at:
http://facebook.com/Keith.Loutit
http://twitter.com/Keith_Loutit
******************
©2009 COPYRIGHT - All Rights reserved
Project info @ http://vimeo.com/channels/keithloutitssydney
Over 300,000 people lined the route of this years Mardi Gras parade, which marched up Oxford and Flinders streets in Sydney's inner-city Darlinghurst this Saturday.
If you were there on the night: I tried to capture as much as the event as possible. High quality digital still images are available from every frame of every movie - Please contact me via this form http://keithloutit.com/contact-keith/ if this is of interest, or if you have any questions about the film. Happy Mardi Gras!
Project info @ http://vimeo.com/channels/keithloutitssydney
Artist info @ http://keithloutit.com
Event info @ http://mardigras.org.au/internal.cfm?sub=Parade&nav;=Mardi%20Gras%202009
©2009 COPYRIGHT - All Rights reserved
Music: "Throwing Shadows At The Wall" (SOUL VISA)
by Shawn Lee: myspace.com/shawnleemusic
Thanks Shawn & to Eddie Bezalel for the introduction.
14:09
RED MOON
Chronicling the life and times of famed Soviet submarine commander, and hapless werewolf, ...
published: 27 Feb 2012
Author: Sirocco Research Labs
RED MOON
Chronicling the life and times of famed Soviet submarine commander, and hapless werewolf, Captain Alexei Ovechkin.
2010
Official Selection 2011 Atlanta Film Festival, Hollyshorts Film Festival, St. Louis International Film Festival, and 2012 Oxford Film Festival.
Directed by Jimmy Marble
Written by Doug Sacrison and Jimmy Marble
Based on the One Act Play by Doug Sacrison
Starring
Ben Sellon as Captain Alexei Ovechkin
Oskar Dektyr as Narrator
Photography by Jaro Savol
Light Design by Kelly Moore
Edited by Kelly Moore
Production Design by Adi Goodrich
Costume Design by Martin Morse
Hair and Makeup by Annie Murphy
Key Grip Dave McCabe
First AC Keon Javanshire
Sound Design by Aaron Wiley
Original Score by Daniel Anderson and Dimiter Yordanov
Produced by Jimmy Marble, Kelly Moore, and Jaro Savol
Line Producer and Assistant Director, Katie Reardon
Doug Sacrison as Federov
Jimmy Marble as Zubov
Martin Morse as Nobakov
Annie Murphy as Sailor 1
Greg Boudreau as Sailor 2
Keon Javanshire as Sailor 3
Jaro Savol as Alexei Ovechkin
Adi Goodrich as Anna Ovechkin
Katie Reardon as Anna Lyobov
Paul Norton as Naval Recruiting Officer
Josh Gudwin as Wedding Official
Max Kaiser as Baby Ovechkin
Ian Hargis as Newspaper Boy
Sarah Fang as Matchstick Girl
Linea Norton as Girl with Jacks
Justin Martinez, Eric Peters, Aaron Wiley, and Ben Sellon as Werewolf
www.facebook.com/siroccoresearch
www.siroccoresearchlabs.com
0:54
Oxford to Cambridge and then London
An extract from the data gathered by the iPhoneTracking tool. This open-source application...
published: 19 Apr 2011
Author: Alasdair Allan
Oxford to Cambridge and then London
An extract from the data gathered by the iPhoneTracking tool. This open-source application maps the information that your iPhone is recording about your movements. It doesn't record anything itself, it only displays files that are already hidden on your computer. See http://petewarden.github.com/iPhoneTracker/ for more information.
Youtube results:
12:40
Wagner: RING for organ. Siegfried's Rhine Journey LIVE (Twilight of the Gods)
Richard Wagner : Siegfrieds Rheinfahrt (aus Götterdämmerung) version live (20 Ju...
published: 16 Jul 2012
Author: Michael Bártek
Wagner: RING for organ. Siegfried's Rhine Journey LIVE (Twilight of the Gods)
Richard Wagner : Siegfrieds Rheinfahrt (aus Götterdämmerung) version live (20 June 2012) Michael Bártek - organ Vladimír Kiseljov - painting arr. for organ Edwin Henry Lemare www.michael-bartek.org www.kiseljov.net
5:36
Jimmy Smith w. Kenny Burrell - Organ Grinder's Swing - 1993
Live, Vienne, France, 1993. Jimmy Smith - Hammond; Kenny Burrell - guitar; Herman Riley - ...
published: 18 Jun 2008
Author: bobjazz11
Jimmy Smith w. Kenny Burrell - Organ Grinder's Swing - 1993
Live, Vienne, France, 1993. Jimmy Smith - Hammond; Kenny Burrell - guitar; Herman Riley - tenor; Grady Tate - drums
3:38
Alex Winston - Don't Care About Anything (Live Acoustic)
Alex Winston featuring The Knocks on Drums/Organ. myspace.com heavyrocmusic.com...
published: 20 Aug 2010
Author: HeavyRocTV
Alex Winston - Don't Care About Anything (Live Acoustic)
Alex Winston featuring The Knocks on Drums/Organ. myspace.com heavyrocmusic.com
5:55
Ray Manzarek The best organ solo ever. Boston 1970 (edit)
Ray Manzarek from The Doors making the best organ solo ever. Boston 1970....
published: 20 Jul 2011
Author: Martin Cellini
Ray Manzarek The best organ solo ever. Boston 1970 (edit)
Ray Manzarek from The Doors making the best organ solo ever. Boston 1970.
![Dodo skeleton cast and model based on modern research, at Oxford University Museum of Natural History[1]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121022194354im_/http://cdn1.wn.com/pd/90/3c/dac752c45af1f2355e8fe9900ce9_small.jpg "Dodo skeleton cast and model based on modern research, at Oxford University Museum of Natural History[1]")
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![Dodo skeleton cast and model based on modern research, at Oxford University Museum of Natural History[1]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121022194354/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/90/3c/dac752c45af1f2355e8fe9900ce9_medium.jpg "Dodo skeleton cast and model based on modern research, at Oxford University Museum of Natural History[1]")
Photo: AP / Geert vanden Wijngaert
21 Oct 2012
Related topics Royal WeddingsLuxembourg Royal WeddingCountess Stephanie de Lannoy Advertisement Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg and Countess Stephanie de Lannoy of Belgium were married earlier today in...
Photo: US Army / Brendan Mackie
21 Oct 2012
Top Pentagon leaders, White House advisers and members of Congress from both parties have long regarded the rapid expansion of Afghanistan’s army and police as a crucial element of the U.S. exit...
Photo: AP / Dan Steinberg
19 Oct 2012
Should Justin Timberlake have performed at his wedding?...
Photo: AP / Thao Nguyen
22 Oct 2012
Cycling's governing body agreed Monday to strip Lance Armstrong of his seven Tour de France titles and ban him for life, following a report from the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency that accused him of leading...
Photo: AP
22 Oct 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Having dealt with centuries of European colonization and exploitation, including a cruel and brutal apartheid system, it was equivalent to a political...
IMC
22 Oct 2012
Submitted by biopsychconslenva1977 on Mon, 2012-10-22 14:41 http://8qbd43c.one.pl/Ahbnd.html Mobius unleashed caught by the tail part 2 http://50hr.one.pl/Vokeu.html Intitle: live view axis 206m...
IMC
22 Oct 2012
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Otago Daily Times
22 Oct 2012
Six scientists and a government official have been sentenced to six years in prison for manslaughter by an Italian court for failing to give adequate warning of an earthquake that killed more than 300...
How sound and smell can create perfect harmony
22 Oct 2012
The Guardian
Sound and vision are not the only senses that work together – new studies show that even sound and smell can form an unlikely pairing...(size: 6.0Kb)
France24
AFP - One in five lottery winners in Britain carry on working after they hit the jackpot and one third invest in a jacuzzi, according to a survey published Monday. The study of 3,000 winners who became instant millionaires showed only 59% handed in their notice immediately after...(size: 1.8Kb)
Italian scientists jailed for six years after failing to issue warnings ahead of deadly L’Aquila earthquake
22 Oct 2012
The Independent
An Italian court has handed down six-year jail sentences to six scientists and a senior government official for failing to properly communicate the risk ahead of the deadly L’Aquila earthquake, in a verdict that will shock and surprise the international scientific community. In the regional court in...(size: 3.3Kb)
MSNBC
L'AQUILA, Italy — Six scientists and a government official were sentenced to six years in prison for manslaughter by an Italian court on Monday for failing to give adequate warning of an earthquake that killed more than 300 people in L'Aquila in 2009. The seven, all members of a body...(size: 7.0Kb)
A Tribute to My Mother on Her 70th Birthday
22 Oct 2012
Huffington Post
I have often wondered why the Bible includes 'Honor your father and mother' among the ten most important moral commandments, right up there with not murdering or stealing. Perhaps the reason is this: Gratitude is the mother of all virtues, without which humanity is fundamentally underdeveloped and...(size: 7.1Kb)
Italy scientists given jail over quake warning
22 Oct 2012
Otago Daily Times
Six scientists and a government official have been sentenced to six years in prison for manslaughter by an Italian court for failing to give adequate warning of an earthquake that killed more than 300 people in L'Aquila in 2009. The seven, all members of a body called the National Commission for the...(size: 5.4Kb)
Breastfeeding may help mums stay slim
22 Oct 2012
The Times of India
Breastfeeding may help women keep their weight in check and make them less likely to become obese, as they get older, a new study has revealed. The scientists discovered that women who breastfed their babies even for a few months after the birth were less likely to be obese 30 years later. The...(size: 3.6Kb)
France24
AFP - Seismologists said they were horrified after six of their colleagues were sentenced to six years in jail for manslaughter Monday on charges of underestimating the risk of an earthquake that struck Italy in 2009. "We are deeply concerned. It's not just seismology which has been put on trial but...(size: 3.0Kb)
Big man on campus: Lynn U. President Kevin Ross
22 Oct 2012
Palm Beach Post
Wingtip, wingtip, wingtip… Kevin Ross clop-clop-clops along the sidewalks at Lynn University, his blue oxford sleeves rolled up to his forearms against the South Florida heat. He never gets more than 50 feet without hearing a “Yo, Mr. Ross!” from students who instantly recognize...(size: 13.5Kb)
The Unkindness of Strangers
22 Oct 2012
Huffington Post
Just hours after Tuesday's debate, Mitt Romney's anecdote about ordering "binders full of women" for top jobs in Massachusetts had already gone viral. On Google, Facebook and Twitter, jokes about that moment solidly dominated popular reactions to the debate. What made binders full of women so...(size: 7.0Kb)
This article is about the city of Oxford in England. For other cities and other meanings, see Oxford (disambiguation).
| Oxford | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City — | |||
 |
|||
|
|||
| Nickname(s): "the City of Dreaming Spires" | |||
| Motto: "Fortis est veritas" "Truth is strength" | |||
 |
|||
| Coordinates: 51°45′7″N 1°15′28″W / 51.75194°N 1.25778°W / 51.75194; -1.25778 | |||
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom | ||
| Constituent country | England | ||
| Region | South East England | ||
| Ceremonial county | Oxfordshire | ||
| Admin HQ | Oxford City Centre | ||
| Founded | 8th century | ||
| Town charter | |||
| City status | 1542 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Type | City | ||
| • Governing body | Oxford City Council | ||
| • Lord Mayor – Deputy Lord Mayor |
Cllr Elise Benjamin (2010–2011) (Green Party) | ||
| • Sheriff of Oxford | Jean Fooks (LD) | ||
| • Executive – Council Leader |
Labour Cllr Bob Price |
||
| • MPs | Nicola Blackwood (C) Andrew Smith (L) |
||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 17.60 sq mi (45.59 km2) | ||
| Population (2010 est.) | |||
| • Total | 153,700 (ranked 121st of 326) | ||
| • Density | 8,500/sq mi (3,270/km2) | ||
| • Ethnicity (2005 estimates) |
73.0% White British 9.1% Other White 5.7% South Asian 3.0% Black 2.9% Chinese 2.7% Mixed Race 1.9% Other 1.8% White Irish |
||
| Demonym | Oxonian | ||
| Time zone | GMT (UTC0) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | BST (UTC+1) | ||
| Postcode | OX | ||
| Area code(s) | 01865 | ||
| ISO 3166-2 | GB-OXF | ||
| ONS code | 38UC | ||
| OS grid reference | SP513061 | ||
| NUTS 3 | |||
| Website | www.oxford.gov.uk | ||
Oxford 
i/ˈɒksfəd/[1] is a city in central southern England, the home of the University of Oxford. The city is the county town of Oxfordshire, and forms a district within the county. It has a population of just under 165,000, of whom 153,900 live within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles (80 km) north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames (also sometimes known as the Isis locally) run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre.
Oxford has a diverse economic base. Its industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing and a large number of information technology and science-based businesses.
Buildings in Oxford demonstrate an example of every English architectural period since the arrival of the Saxons, including the iconic, mid-18th century Radcliffe Camera. Oxford is known as the "city of dreaming spires", a term coined by poet Matthew Arnold in reference to the harmonious architecture of Oxford's university buildings. The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world.[2]
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of Oxford
Oxford was first settled in Saxon times, and was initially known as "Oxenaforda", meaning "Ford of the Oxen"; fords were more common than bridges at that time.[3] It began with the foundation of an oxen crossing in the early 900 AD period. In the 10th century Oxford became an important military frontier town between the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex and was on several occasions raided by Danes.
Oxford was heavily damaged during the Norman Invasion of 1066. Following the conquest, the town was assigned a governor, Robert D'Oyly, who ordered the construction of Oxford Castle to confirm Norman authority over the area. The castle has never been used for military purposes and its remains survive to this day. D'Oyly set up a monastic community in the castle consisting of a chapel and living quarters for monks (St George in the Castle). The community never grew large but it earned its place in history as one of the oldest places of formal education in Oxford. It is there that in 1139 Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote his History of the Kings of Britain, a compilation of Arthurian legends.[4]
In 1191, a city charter stated in Latin,[5]
"Be it known to all those present and future that we, the citizens of Oxford of the Commune of the City and of the Merchant Guild have given, and by this, our present charter, confirm the donation of the island of Midney with all those things pertaining to it, to the Church of St. Mary at Oseney and to the canons serving God in that place."Since, every year, at Michaelmas the said canons render half a mark of silver for their tenure at the time when we have ordered it as witnesses the legal deed of our ancestors which they made concerning the gift of this same island; and besides, because we have undertaken on our own part and on behalf of our heirs to guarantee the aforesaid island to the same canons wheresoever and against all men; they themselves, by this guarantee, will pay to us and our heirs each year at Easter another half mark which we have demanded; and we and our heirs faithfully will guarantee the aforesaid tenement to them for the service of the aforesaid mark annually for all matters and all services.
"We have made this concession and confirmation in the Common council of the City and we have confirmed it with our common seal. These are those who have made this concession and confirmation."
(There follows a list of witnesses, ending with the phrase, "... and all the Commune of the City of Oxford.")
Oxford's prestige was enhanced by its charter granted by King Henry II, granting its citizens the same privileges and exemptions as those enjoyed by the capital of the kingdom; and various important religious houses were founded in or near the city. A grandson of King John established Rewley Abbey for the Cistercian Order; and friars of various orders (Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, Augustinians, and Trinitarians), all had houses at Oxford of varying importance. Parliaments were often held in the city during the 13th century. The Provisions of Oxford were instigated by a group of barons led by Simon de Montfort; these documents are often regarded as England's first written constitution.
The University of Oxford is first mentioned in 12th century records. As the University took shape, friction between the hundreds of students living where and how they pleased led to a decree that all undergraduates would have to reside in approved halls[citation needed]. Of the hundreds of Aularian houses that sprang up across the city, only St Edmund Hall (c 1225) remains. What put an end to the halls was the emergence of colleges. Oxford's earliest colleges were University College (1249), Balliol (1263) and Merton (1264). These colleges were established at a time when Europeans were starting to translate the writings of Greek philosophers. These writings challenged European ideology – inspiring scientific discoveries and advancements in the arts – as society began to see itself in a new way. These colleges at Oxford were supported by the Church in the hope of reconciling Greek Philosophy and Christian Theology. The relationship between "town and gown" has often been uneasy – as many as 93 students and townspeople were killed in the St Scholastica Day Riot of 1355.
The sweating sickness epidemic in 1517 was particularly devastating to Oxford and Cambridge where it killed half of both cities' populations, including many students and dons.[6]
Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford is unique in combining a college chapel and a cathedral in one foundation. Originally the Priory Church of St Frideswide, the building was extended and incorporated into the structure of the Cardinal's College shortly before its refounding as Christ Church in 1546, since when it has functioned as the cathedral of the Diocese of Oxford.
The Oxford Martyrs were tried for heresy in 1555 and subsequently burnt at the stake, on what is now Broad Street, for their religious beliefs and teachings. The three martyrs were the bishops Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley, and the Archbishop Thomas Cranmer[citation needed]. The Martyrs' Memorial stands nearby, round the corner to the North on St. Giles.
During the English Civil War, Oxford housed the court of Charles I in 1642, after the king was expelled from London, although there was strong support in the town for the Parliamentarian cause. The town yielded to Parliamentarian forces under General Fairfax in the Siege of Oxford of 1646. It later housed the court of Charles II during the Great Plague of London in 1665–66. Although reluctant to do so, he was forced to evacuate when the plague got too close. The city suffered two serious fires in 1644 and 1671.[7]
In 1790, the Oxford Canal connected the city with Coventry. The Duke's Cut was completed by the Duke of Marlborough in 1789 to link the new canal with the River Thames; and in 1796 the Oxford Canal company built its own link to the Thames, at Isis Lock. In 1844, the Great Western Railway linked Oxford with London via Didcot and Reading,[8][9] and other rail routes soon followed.
In the 19th century, the controversy surrounding the Oxford Movement in the Anglican Church drew attention to the city as a focus of theological thought.
Oxford Town Hall was built by Henry T. Hare; the foundation stone was laid on 6 July 1893 and opened by the future King Edward VII on 12 May 1897. The site has been the seat of local government since the Guild Hall of 1292 and though Oxford is a city and a Lord Mayoralty, the building is still called by its traditional name of "Town Hall".
By the early 20th century, Oxford was experiencing rapid industrial and population growth, with the printing and publishing industries becoming well established by the 1920s. Also during that decade, the economy and society of Oxford underwent a huge transformation as William Morris established Morris Motors Limited to mass produce cars in Cowley, on the south-eastern edge of the city. By the early 1970s over 20,000 people worked in Cowley at the huge Morris Motors and Pressed Steel Fisher plants. By this time Oxford was a city of two halves: the university city to the west of Magdalen Bridge and the car town to the east. This led to the witticism that "Oxford is the left bank of Cowley". Cowley suffered major job losses in the 1980s and 1990s during the decline of British Leyland, but is now producing the successful Mini for BMW on a smaller site. A large area of the original car manufacturing facility at Cowley was demolished in the 1990s and is now the site of the Oxford Business Park.[10]
The influx of migrant labour to the car plants and hospitals, recent immigration from south Asia, and a large student population, have given Oxford a notable cosmopolitan character, especially in the Headington and Cowley Road areas with their many bars, cafes, restaurants, clubs, ethnic shops and fast food outlets. Oxford is one of the most diverse small cities in Britain with the most recent population estimates for 2005.[11] showing that 27% of the population were from ethnic minority groups, including 16.2% from non-white ethnic minority ethnic groups (ONS). These figures do not take into account more recent international migration into the city, with over 10,000 people from overseas registering for National Insurance Numbers in Oxford in 2005/06 and 2006/07.[12]
On 6 May 1954, Roger Bannister, a 25 year old medical student, ran the first authenticated four-minute mile at the Iffley Road running track in Oxford. Although he had previously studied at Oxford University, Bannister was studying at St Mary's Hospital Medical School in London at the time.
Oxford's second university, Oxford Brookes University, formerly the Oxford School of Art, then Oxford Polytechnic, based at Headington Hill, was given its charter in 1991 and has been voted for the last ten years the best new university in the UK.[citation needed] It was named to honour the school's founding principal, John Henry Brookes.
Geography[link]
Oxford's latitude and longitude are 51°45′07″N 1°15′28″W / 51.75194°N 1.25778°W / 51.75194; -1.25778Coordinates: 51°45′07″N 1°15′28″W / 51.75194°N 1.25778°W / 51.75194; -1.25778 or grid reference SP513061 (at Carfax Tower, which is usually considered the centre).
Location[link]
 |
Worcester | Banbury | Bicester, Milton Keynes | |
| Cheltenham |  |
High Wycombe, Aylesbury | ||
 Oxford East |
||||
 |
||||
| Wantage, Swindon | Didcot, Newbury, Reading | Slough, Windsor |
Climate[link]
Oxford has a maritime temperate climate ("Cfb" by the Köppen system). Precipitation is uniformly distributed throughout the year and is provided mostly by weather systems that arrive from the Atlantic. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Oxford was −16.6 °C (2.1 °F) in January 1982. The highest temperature ever recorded in Oxford is 35.6 °C (96 °F) in August 2003 during the 2003 European heat wave.
The average conditions below are from the Radcliffe Meteorological Station. It boasts the longest series of temperature and rainfall records for one site in Britain. These records are continuous from January, 1815. Irregular observations of rainfall, cloud and temperature exist from 1767.[13]
| Climate data for Oxford, UK | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.7 (58.5) |
18.5 (65.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
27.1 (80.8) |
30.6 (87.1) |
34.3 (93.7) |
33.9 (93.0) |
35.6 (96.1) |
33.5 (92.3) |
27.3 (81.1) |
19.0 (66.2) |
15.2 (59.4) |
35.6 (96.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 6.8 (44.2) |
7.4 (45.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
13.0 (55.4) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.8 (67.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.2 (70.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.2 (57.6) |
9.8 (49.6) |
7.4 (45.3) |
13.9 (57.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) |
1.4 (34.5) |
2.5 (36.5) |
4.3 (39.7) |
7.2 (45.0) |
10.2 (50.4) |
12.2 (54.0) |
11.9 (53.4) |
9.8 (49.6) |
6.8 (44.2) |
3.8 (38.8) |
2.1 (35.8) |
6.1 (43.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −16.6 (2.1) |
−16.2 (2.8) |
−10.9 (12.4) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
1.3 (34.3) |
4.4 (39.9) |
3.5 (38.3) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−16.1 (3.0) |
−16.6 (2.1) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 52.6 (2.071) |
41.0 (1.614) |
41.1 (1.618) |
43.9 (1.728) |
50.6 (1.992) |
53.3 (2.098) |
59.5 (2.343) |
58.3 (2.295) |
60.3 (2.374) |
65.3 (2.571) |
61.8 (2.433) |
55.8 (2.197) |
643.5 (25.335) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 54.3 | 70.3 | 113.3 | 151.8 | 191.8 | 196.9 | 191.6 | 180.3 | 138.3 | 102.8 | 64.4 | 48.8 | 1,504.3 |
| Source: Radcliffe Meteorological Station (NB: Data from the period 1881–2004)[14] | |||||||||||||
Economy[link]
Oxford has a diverse economy, which includes manufacturing, publishing and science-based industries as well as education, research and tourism.[15]
Carmaking[link]
Oxford has been an important centre of motor manufacturing since Morris Motors was established in the city in 1910. The principal production site for Mini cars, now owned by BMW, is in the Oxford suburb of Cowley.
Publishing[link]
Oxford University Press, a department of the University of Oxford, is based in the city, although it no longer operates its own paper mill and printing house. The city is also home to the UK operations of Wiley-Blackwell, and several smaller publishing houses.
Science and technology[link]
The presence of the university has given rise to many science and technology based businesses, including Oxford Instruments, Research Machines and Sophos. The university established Isis Innovation in 1987 to promote technology transfer. The Oxford Science Park was established in 1990, and the Begbroke Science Park, owned by the university, lies north of the city.
Brewing[link]
There is a long history of brewing in Oxford. Several of the colleges had private breweries, one of which, at Brasenose, survived until 1889. In the 16th century brewing and malting appear to have been the most popular trades in the city. There were breweries in Brewers Street and Paradise Street, near the Castle Mill Stream.
The development of Oxford's railway links after the 1840s and the rapid expansion of Oxford supported expansion of the brewing trade in Oxford.[16] As well as expanding the market for Oxford's brewers, railways enabled brewers further from the city to compete for a share of its market.[16] By 1874 there were nine breweries in Oxford and 13 brewers' agents in Oxford shipping beer in from elsewhere.[16] The nine breweries were: Flowers & Co in Cowley Road, Hall's St Giles Brewery, Hall's Swan Brewery (see below), Hanley's City Brewery in Queen Street, Le Mills's Brewery in St. Ebbes, Morrell's Lion Brewery in St Thomas Street (see below), Simonds's Brewery in Queen Street, Weaving's Eagle Brewery (by 1869 the Eagle Steam Brewery) in Park End Street and Wootten and Cole's St. Clement's Brewery.[16]
The Swan's Nest Brewery, later the Swan Brewery, was established by the early 18th century in Paradise Street, and in 1795 was acquired by William Hall.[17] The brewery became known as Hall's Oxford Brewery, which acquired other local breweries. Hall's Brewery was acquired by Samuel Allsopp & Sons in 1926, after which it ceased brewing in Oxford.[18]
Morrell's, the Oxford based regional brewery was founded in 1743 by Richard Tawney. He formed a partnership in 1782 with Mark and James Morrell, who eventually became the owners.[19] After an acrimonious family dispute this much-loved brewery was closed in 1998,[20] the beer brand names being taken over by the Thomas Hardy Burtonwood brewery,[21] while the 132 tied pubs were bought by Michael Cannon, owner of the American hamburger chain Fuddruckers, through a new company, Morrells of Oxford.[22] The new owners sold most of the pubs on to Greene King in 2002.[23] The Lion Brewery was converted into luxury apartments in 2002.[24]
Bellfounding[link]
The Taylor family of Loughborough had a bell-foundry in Oxford between 1786 and 1854.[25]
Shopping[link]
- Broad Street
- Clarendon Shopping Centre
- Cornmarket Street
- George Street
- Golden Cross
- The High Street
- Little Clarendon Street
- Queen Street, Oxford
- The Covered Market
- Turl Street
- Westgate Shopping Centre
- Oxford Castle
- Gloucester Green
Outside the City Centre:
- Banbury Road, Summertown, Oxford
- Botley Road, Oxford
- Cowley Retail Park, Cowley, Oxford
- Cowley Road, Oxford
- Iffley Road, Oxford
- London Road, Headington, Oxford
- North Parade, Oxford
- St Clement's, Oxford
- Templars Square shopping centre, Cowley, Oxford
- Walton Street, Jericho, Oxford
- New Botley
Theatres and cinemas[link]
- Burton Taylor Theatre, Gloucester Street
- New Theatre, George Street
- Odeon Cinema, George Street
- Odeon Cinema, Magdalen Street
- Old Fire Station Theatre, George Street
- Oxford Playhouse, Beaumont Street
- Pegasus Theatre, Magdalen Road
- O'Reilly Theatre, Blackhall Road
- Phoenix Picturehouse, Walton Street
- Ultimate Picture Palace, Cowley Road
- Vue Cinema, Grenoble Road
Landmarks[link]
Oxford has numerous major tourist attractions, many belonging to the university and colleges. As well as several famous institutions, the town centre is home to Carfax Tower and the University Church of St Mary the Virgin, both of which offer views over the spires of the city. Many tourists shop at the historic Covered Market. In the summer punting on the Thames/Isis and the Cherwell is popular.
File:Blackwells Oxford 2.jpg
Blackwells Bookshop
The University of Oxford[link]
Main article: University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the English speaking world[26] and one of the most famous and prestigious higher education institutions of the world, averaging five applications to every available place, and attracting 40% of its academic staff and 15% of undergraduates from overseas.[27] It is currently ranked as fifth-best university in the world, according to QS World Rankings,[28] behind its main UK rival, Cambridge, in first place.
Oxford is renowned for its tutorial-based method of teaching, with students attending an average of one one-hour tutorial a week.[27]
The city centre[link]
As well as being a major draw for tourists (9.1 million in 2008, similar in 2009),[29] Oxford city centre has many shops, several theatres, and an ice rink. The historic buildings make this location a popular target for film and TV crews.
The city centre is relatively small, and is centred on Carfax, a cross-roads which forms the junction of Cornmarket Street (pedestrianised), Queen Street (semi-pedestrianised), St Aldate's and The High. Cornmarket Street and Queen Street are home to Oxford's various chain stores, as well as a small number of independent retailers, one of the longest established of which is Boswells, which was founded in 1738.[30] St Aldate's has few shops but has several local government buildings, including the Town Hall, the city police station and local council offices. The High (the word street is traditionally omitted) is the longest of the four streets and has a number of independent and high-end chain stores, but mostly University and College buildings.
There are two small shopping centres in the city centre: The Clarendon Centre[31] and The Westgate Centre.[32] The Westgate Centre is named for the original West Gate in the city wall, and is located at the west end of Queen Street. It is quite small and contains a number of chain stores and a supermarket. The Westgate Shopping Centre is to undergo a large and controversial refurbishment; the plans involve tripling the size of the centre to 750,000 sq ft (70,000 m2), a new 1,335 space underground car park and 90 new shops and bars, including a 230,000 sq ft (21,000 m2) John Lewis department store. There is to be a new and improved transport system, a complete refurbishment of the existing centre and the surrounding Bonn Square area. The development plans include a number of new homes, and completion is expected in 2011, although this is being delayed due to the current financial climate.
Blackwell's Bookshop is a large bookshop which claims the largest single room devoted to book sales in the whole of Europe, the cavernous Norrington Room (10,000 sq ft).
Other attractions[link]
- Ashmolean Museum
- Bodleian Library
- Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford
- The Headington Shark
- Modern Art Oxford
- Museum of the History of Science
- Oxford Botanic Garden
- Pitt Rivers Museum
- Sheldonian Theatre
- St. Mary The Virgin Church
Parks and nature walks[link]
Oxford is a very green city, with several parks and nature walks within the ring road, as well as several sites just outside the ring road. In total, 28 Nature Reserves exist within or just outside of Oxford ring road, including:
- University Parks
- Mesopotamia
- Rock Edge Nature Reserve
- Lye Valley
- South Parks
- C. S. Lewis Nature Reserve
- Shotover Nature Reserve
- Port Meadow
Urban redevelopment[link]
The Westgate redevelopment is just part of a wider scheme proposed by the city council. This scheme includes a total redesign of the centre of Oxford to "pedestrianise" the city. The scheme, entitled Transform Oxford, is only a blueprint for public consultation at this stage, but county council officials are confident it will go ahead.
One of the key elements is the pedestrianisation of Queen Street, with bus stops removed next summer to make way for the eventual complete removal of buses from the street.
Pedestrianisation schemes in George Street and Magdalen Street should follow in the summer of 2010, with the removal of traffic from Broad Street the same year a possibility.
In 2011, highways engineers plan to remodel the Frideswide Square junctions near the railway station, removing traffic lights and introducing roundabouts to improve the traffic flow.
Transport[link]
Air[link]
In addition to the larger airports in the region, Oxford is served by nearby London Oxford Airport, in Kidlington. The airport is also home to Oxford Aviation Academy, an airline pilot flight training centre, and several private jet companies.
Buses[link]
The bus services are mainly provided by the Oxford Bus Company and Stagecoach Oxfordshire. Other operators include Thames Travel, Arriva Shires & Essex and several smaller companies.
Oxford has 5 park and ride sites with bus links to the city centre:
- Pear Tree (bus 300)
- Redbridge (bus 300)
- Seacourt (bus 400)
- Thornhill (bus 400)
- Water Eaton (bus 500)
There are also bus services to the John Radcliffe Hospital (from Thornhill/Water Eaton) and to the Churchill and Nuffield Hospitals (from Thornhill).
Hybrid buses, which use battery power with a small diesel generator, began to be used in Oxford on 15 July 2010, on Stagecoach Oxfordshire's Route 1 (Cowley, Blackbird Leys), followed by other routes.[33]
Coach[link]
The Oxford to London coach route offers a frequent coach service to London. The X90 (formerly the Oxford Espress [sic]) is operated by the Oxford Bus Company. The Oxford Tube is operated by Stagecoach Oxfordshire. The Oxford Bus Company also runs the Airline services to Heathrow and Gatwick airports.
There is a bus station at Gloucester Green, used mainly by the London and airport buses, National Express coaches, and other long-distance buses including route X5 to Milton Keynes and Cambridge.
Rail[link]
In 1844, the Great Western Railway linked Oxford with London (Paddington) via Didcot and Reading;[8][9] in 1851, the London and North Western Railway opened their own route from Oxford to London (Euston), via Bicester, Bletchley and Watford;[34] and in 1864 a third route, also to Paddington, running via Thame, High Wycombe and Maidenhead, was provided;[35] this was shortened in 1906 by the opening of a direct route between High Wycombe and London (Paddington) via Denham.[36] The distance from Oxford to London was 78 miles (125.5 km) via Bletchley; 63.5 miles (102.2 km) via Didcot and Reading; 63.25 miles (101.8 km) via Thame and Maidenhead;[37] and 55.75 miles (89.7 km) via Denham.[36] Of these, only the original route via Didcot is still in use for its full length, although portions of each of the others remain.
There were also routes to the north and west. The line to Banbury was opened in 1850,[38] and was extended to Birmingham in 1852;[39] a route to Worcester opened in 1853.[40] A branch to Witney was opened in 1862,[41] which was extended to Fairford in 1873.[42] The line to Witney and Fairford closed in 1962, but the others remain open.
Oxford has had three main railway stations. The first was opened at Grandpont in 1844,[43] but this was a terminus, inconvenient for routes to the north;[38] it was replaced by the present station on Park End Street in 1852 with the opening of the Birmingham route.[39] Another terminus, at Rewley Road, was opened in 1851 to serve the Bletchley route;[44] this station closed in 1951.[45] There have also been a number of local railway stations, all of which are now closed.
Oxford railway station is half a mile (about 1 km) west of the city centre. The station is served by numerous routes, including CrossCountry services to as far away as Manchester and Edinburgh, First Great Western (who operate the station) services to London Paddington and other destinations such as Worcester and occasional Chiltern Railways services to Birmingham. The present station opened in 1852. Oxford is the junction for a short branch line to Bicester, which is being extended to form the East-West Rail Link to Milton Keynes, providing a passenger route avoiding London. The Varsity Line between Oxford and Cambridge is planned to link Bedford with a short gap to be reconstructed to Sandy then a rail link between the two cities will be restored via Hitchin.
River and canal[link]
Oxford was historically an important port on the River Thames, with this section of the river being called The Isis; the Oxford-Burcot Commission in the 17th century attempted to improve navigation to Oxford.[46] Iffley Lock and Osney Lock lie within the bounds of the city. In the eighteenth century the Oxford Canal was built to connect Oxford with the Midlands.[47]
Commercial traffic has given way to recreational use of the river and canal. Oxford was the original base of Salters Steamers and there is a regular service from Folly Bridge downstream to Abingdon and beyond.
A roads[link]
The city has a ring road that consists of the A34, the A40, A4142 and the A423. It is mostly dual carriageway and was completed in 1966.
The main roads that lead out of Oxford are:
- A34 – which leads to Bicester, the M40 north, Birmingham and Manchester to the north (although since the M40's completion it has disappeared north of Oxford and only re-emerged some 50 miles (80 km) northwards at Solihull), and Didcot, Newbury and Winchester to the south. Since the completion of the Newbury by-pass in 1998, the A34 has been entirely grade separated dual carriageway all the way from Bicester to Winchester.
- A40 – which leads to London and High Wycombe (as well as the M40 motorway south) to the east, and Cheltenham, Gloucester and south Wales to the west.
- A44 – which begins in Oxford and leads to Worcester, Hereford and Aberystwyth.
- A420 – which also begins in Oxford and leads to Bristol passing Swindon and Chippenham.
Motorway[link]
The city is served by the M40 motorway, which connects London to Birmingham. The M40 approached Oxford in 1974 (the first section through Buckinghamshire opened in 1967) and went from London to Waterstock where the A40 continued to Oxford. When the M40 extension to Birmingham was completed in January 1991, a mile of the old motorway became a spur as the extension curved sharply north. The M40 comes no closer than 10 miles (16 km) away from the city centre, curving to the east of Otmoor. The M40 meets the A34 to the north of Oxford, the latter now being in two parts, the A34 restarting near Solihull, while the A41 (which previous passed through Banbury and Warwick) restarts in the same area.
Education[link]
Schools[link]
Main article: List of schools in Oxfordshire
Oxford is home to wide range of schools many of which receive pupils from around the world. There are two University choral foundation schools, Christ Church Cathedral School and New College School, established to educate the boy choristers of the chapel choirs, and have kept the tradition of single sex education. Magdalen College School was also a school for choristers but later became a grammar school and then independent school. St Edward's is another leading independent HMC member school and is the one of the few fully co-educational public schools in the county. Other independent schools in Oxford include Oxford High School, Rye St Antony School and Headington School (all girls only), St. Clare's, Oxford (co-ed, international school), Greene's Tutorial College (post-GCSE) and two prep schools, Dragon School and Emmanuel Christian School.
Examination results in state-run Oxford schools are consistently below the national average and regional average. However, results in the city are improving with 44% of pupils gaining 5 grades A*-C in 2006.[48] The city and its suburbs are served by two academies, three state schools and a voluntary-aided Catholic school.
Tertiary[link]
There are two universities in Oxford, the University of Oxford and Oxford Brookes University, as well as the further education institution Ruskin College. Oxford is also now home to the international headquarters of the SAE Institute, the world's largest creative media college.
Media[link]
As well as the BBC national radio stations, Oxford and the surrounding area has several local stations, including BBC Oxford, Heart Thames Valley, Glide FM and Jack FM on 106.8 along with Oxide: Oxford Student Radio[49] (which went on terrestrial radio at 87.7 MHz FM in late May 2005). A local TV station, Six TV: The Oxford Channel was also available but closed in April 2009.[50] The city is home to a BBC TV newsroom which produces an opt-out from the main South Today programme broadcast from Southampton.
Popular local papers include The Oxford Times (compact; weekly), its sister papers The Oxford Mail (tabloid; daily) and The Oxford Star (tabloid; free and delivered), and Oxford Journal (tabloid; weekly free pick-up). Oxford is also home to several advertising agencies.
Daily Information (known locally as Daily Info) is an events and advertising news sheet which has been published since 1964 and now provides a connected website.
Nightshift is a monthly local free magazine that has covered the Oxford music scene since 1991.[51]
In 2003 DIY grassroots non-corporate media has begun to spread.[52] Independent and community newspapers include the Jericho Echo[53] and Oxford Prospect.[54]
Culture[link]
Literature and film[link]
Main articles: Literature in Oxford and List of films shot in Oxford
Well-known Oxford-based authors include:
- Oscar Wilde a nineteenth century poet and author who attended Oxford from 1874 to 1878.
- John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir attended Brasenose College. Best known for his The Thirty-nine Steps, authored 32 novels and many more volumes of history, poetry and essays.
- Susan Cooper who is best known for her The Dark Is Rising Sequence
- Lewis Carroll (real name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), Student and Mathematical Lecturer of Christ Church.
- Colin Dexter who wrote and set his Inspector Morse detective novels in Oxford. Colin Dexter still lives in Oxford.
- John Donaldson (d.1989), a poet resident in Oxford in later life.
- Siobhan Dowd Oxford resident; who was an undergraduate at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.
- Kenneth Grahame educated at St. Edward's School, Oxford
- Michael Innes (J. I. M. Stewart), of Christ Church.
- P. D. James who lives part-time in Oxford.
- T. E. Lawrence, "Lawrence of Arabia", Oxford resident, undergraduate at Jesus, postgraduate at Magdalen.
- C. S. Lewis, student at University College and Fellow of Magdalen.
- Alex Ryan, formerly an Oxford resident for many years.
- Iris Murdoch, Fellow of St Anne's.
- Iain Pears, undergraduate at Wadham and Oxford resident, whose novel An Instance of the Fingerpost is set in the city.
- Philip Pullman who was an undergraduate at Exeter.
- Dorothy L. Sayers who was an undergraduate at Somerville.
- J. R. R. Tolkien, undergraduate at Exeter and later professor of English at Merton
- John Wain, undergraduate at St John's and later Professor of Poetry at Oxford University 1973–78
- Charles Williams, editor at Oxford University Press.
- Brian Aldiss who lives in Oxford.
Oxford appears in the following works:
- "The Scarlet Pimpernel"
- "Harry Potter" (all the films to date)
- The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica by James A. Owen
- Jude the Obscure (1895) by Thomas Hardy (in which Oxford is thinly disguised as "Christminster").
- Zuleika Dobson (1911) by Max Beerbohm.
- Gaudy Night (1935) by Dorothy L. Sayers.
- Brideshead Revisited (1945) by Evelyn Waugh.
- A Question of Upbringing (1951 ) by Anthony Powell
- Second Generation (1964 novel) by Raymond Williams
- Young Sherlock Holmes (1985) by Steven Spielberg
- Where The Rivers Meet (1988) trilogy set in Oxford by John Wain
- All Souls (1989) by Javier Marías
- The Children of Men (1992) by P. D. James.
- Doomsday Book (1992) by Connie Willis
- His Dark Materials (1995 onwards) by Philip Pullman
- "Tomorrow Never Dies" (1997)
- "The Saint" (1997)
- "102 Dalmatians" (2000)
- Endymion Spring (2006) by Matthew Skelton
- The Oxford Murders (2008)
- The Oxford Virus (2010) by Adam Kolczynski
- Mr. Nice (2010) The story of Howard Marks
- X-Men: First Class (2011)
Music[link]
Oxford, and its surrounding towns and villages, have produced many successful bands and musicians. The most notable Oxford act is Radiohead, who hail from nearby Abingdon, though other well known local bands include Supergrass, Ride, Swervedriver, Talulah Gosh and more recently, Young Knives, Foals and Stornoway. These and many other bands from over 30 years of the Oxford music scene's history feature in the documentary film Anyone Can Play Guitar.
In 1997, Oxford played host to Radio 1's Sound City, with acts such as Bentley Rhythm Ace, Embrace, Spiritualized and DJ Shadow playing in various venues around the city.[55]
Sport[link]
The town's leading football club, Oxford United, are currently in League Two, the fourth tier of league football, and have enjoyed great success in the past in the upper reaches of the football league. They were elected to the Football League in 1962, reached the Third Division after three years and the Second Division after six, and most notably reached the First Division in 1985 – a mere 23 years after joining the Football League. They spent three seasons in the top flight, winning the Football League Cup a year after promotion. The next 18 years that followed relegation in 1988 saw their fortunes decline gradually, though a brief respite in 1996 saw them win promotion to the new (post Premier League) Division One in 1996 and stay there for three years. They suffered relegation to the Football Conference in 2006, staying there for four seasons before returning to the Football League in 2010. They play at the Kassam Stadium (named after former chairman Firoz Kassam), which is situated near the Blackbird Leys housing estate and has been their home since relocation from the Manor Ground in 2001. The club's notable former managers include Ian Greaves, Jim Smith, Maurice Evans, Brian Horton and Denis Smith. Notable former players include John Aldridge, Ray Houghton, Tommy Caton, Matt Elliott, Nigel Jemson and Dean Whitehead.
Oxford City F.C. is a semi-professional football club, separate from Oxford United. It plays in the Southern Football League Premier Division. Oxford City Nomads F.C. are another semi-professional football club, who ground share with Oxford City F.C. and play in the Hellenic league. Oxford Harlequins RFC is the city's main rugby team and plays in the National 3 South West league.
Oxford Cheetahs motorcycle speedway team has raced at Cowley Stadium on and off since 1939. The Cheetahs competed in the Speedway Elite League and then the Speedway Conference League until 2007, when stadium landlords Greyhound Racing Association apparently doubled the rent.[citation needed] Speedway is not currently running in Oxford.
There are several field hockey clubs based in Oxford. The Oxford Hockey Club (formed after a merger of City of Oxford HC and Rover Oxford HC in 2011) plays most of its home games on the pitch at Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, and also uses the pitches at Headington Girls' School and Iffley Road. Oxford Hawks has two astroturf pitches at Banbury Road North, by Cutteslowe Park to the north of the city.
Oxford City Stars is the local Ice Hockey Team which plays at Oxford Ice Rink. There is a senior/adults’ team[56] and a junior/children’s team.[57]
Oxford is also home to the Oxford City Rowing Club which is situated near Donnington Bridge.
International relations[link]
 |
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2012) |
Oxford is twinned with:
- Bonn, Germany
- Grenoble, France[58]
- Leiden, Netherlands
- León, Nicaragua
- Perm, Russia
- Umeå, Sweden
- Saskatoon, Canada
See also[link]
Gallery[link]
-
The Sheldonian Theatre in 2009
-
Keble College, one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford
-
Night view of High Street with Christmas lights - one of Oxford's main streets
-
Floral display in Oxford city centre in 2001
-
All Souls College looking east up the High Street from St Mary's Church
-
The Bridge of Sighs links sections of Hertford College as seen from Catte Street leading into New College Lane.
-
The University Church of St Mary the Virgin as seen from Radcliffe Square.
-
A view of Broad Street, Oxford, showing the main entrances to Trinity and Balliol Colleges, and obliquely, the frontage of Exeter College from the Sheldonian Theatre.
-
Carfax Tower at Carfax, the confluence of the High Street, Cornmarket and St Aldate's streets in what is considered by many to be the centre of the city.
-
The High Street as viewed from St Mary's, looking east, with Magdalen College in the distant background.
-
Merton College as viewed from the Oriel Square entrance to Merton Street.
References[link]
- Notes
- ^ Upton, Clive, et al, ed. (2001). The Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 734. ISBN 978-0-19-863156-9.
- ^ Sager 2005, p. 36.
- ^ "A Handy Guide to Oxford, ch. 2". Penelope.uchicago.edu. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Great_Britain/England/Oxfordshire/Oxford/_Texts/FLEOXF/2*.html#hijinks. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ Chris Andrews, David Huelin; Oxford. Introduction & Guide; Oxford 1986
- ^ "Oxford charter 1191". whatdotheyknow.com. http://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/oxford_charter_1191#incoming-2650. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ The Sweating Sickness[dead link]. Story of London.
- ^ Cockayne, Emily (2007). Hubbub: Filth Noise & Stench in England. Yale University Press. pp. 134–136. ISBN 978-0-300-13756-9.
- ^ a b Simpson 1997, p. 59.
- ^ a b Simpson 2001, p. 9.
- ^ Oxford City Council[dead link].
- ^ Neighbourhood Statistics. "ONS Population Estimates 2005". Neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/instanceSelection.do?JSAllowed=true&Function=&24ph=60_61&CurrentPageId=61&step=2&datasetFamilyId=1809&instanceSelection=121810&Next.x=4&Next.y=4. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ "Department for Work and Pensions". Dwp.gov.uk. http://www.dwp.gov.uk/asd/asd1/niall/nino_allocation.asp. Retrieved 17 April 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Radcliffe Meteorological Station". http://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/climate/rms/. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
- ^ "Summary of Long Period of Obsevations". http://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/climate/rms/summary.html. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
- ^ "Economic Profile of Oxford". Oxford City Council. http://www.oxford.gov.uk/PageRender/decB/Economic_Profile_of_Oxford_occw.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-09.
- ^ a b c d Woolley, Liz (2010). "Industrial Architecture in Oxford, 1870 to 1914". Oxoniensia (Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society) LXXV: 78. ISSN 0308-5562.
- ^ Page, W.H., ed. (1907). A History of the County of Oxford, Volume 2: Industries: Malting and Brewing. Victoria County History. Archibald Constable & Co. pp. 225–277. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=101945#s12.
- ^ Richmond, Lesley; Turton, Alison (1990). The Brewing industry: a guide to historical records. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-7190-3032-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=NB8NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA165&lpg=PA165&dq.
- ^ "History of Headington, Oxford". Headington.org.uk. 19 April 2009. http://www.headington.org.uk/history/famous_people/morrellfamily.htm. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ "Morrells Brewery up for sale". Archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk. http://archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/1998/7/9/85120.html. Retrieved 17 April 2010. [dead link]
- ^ www.quaffale.org.uk (22 September 2001). "Morrells Brewery Ltd". Quaffale.org.uk. http://www.quaffale.org.uk/php/brewery/479. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ "Jericho Echo". Pstalker.com. http://www.pstalker.com/echo/f_45a.html. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ "England | Brewer buys pub chain for £67m". BBC News. 18 June 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/england/2051362.stm. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ "Brewery site plan nears final hurdle". Archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk. 19 February 2001. http://archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/2001/2/19/69009.html. Retrieved 17 April 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Bell Founders". Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers. http://dove.cccbr.org.uk/founders.php. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ A brief history of the University - University of Oxford
- ^ a b Facts and Figures - University of Oxford
- ^ QS World University Rankings - Topuniversities
- ^ Hearn, Dan (19 August 2009). "Oxford tourism suffers triple whammy". Oxford Mail. http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/4555044.Oxford_tourism_suffers_triple_whammy/. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
- ^ "About Boswells". Boswells-online.co.uk. http://www.boswells-online.co.uk//mall/infopageviewer.cfm/Boswells/AboutUs. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
- ^ "Clarendon Shopping Centre". Clarendoncentre.co.uk. http://www.clarendoncentre.co.uk/. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
- ^ "Visit Oxford's premier shopping centre — the Westgate Shopping Centre". Oxfordcity.co.uk. 18 May 2009. http://www.oxfordcity.co.uk/shops/westgate/. Retrieved 10 January 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Little, Reg (15 July 2010). "Transport revolution". The Oxford Times (Oxford: Newsquest (Oxfordshire) Ltd): pp. 1–2. http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/news/8272347.Green_revolution_on_buses/. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
- ^ Simpson 1997, p. 101.
- ^ Simpson 2001, p. 57.
- ^ a b MacDermot 1931, p. 432.
- ^ Cooke 1960, p. 70.
- ^ a b MacDermot 1927, p. 300.
- ^ a b MacDermot 1927, p. 327.
- ^ MacDermot 1927, p. 498.
- ^ MacDermot 1927, p. 551.
- ^ MacDermot 1931, p. 27.
- ^ MacDermot 1927, pp. 180–181.
- ^ Mitchell & Smith 2005, Historical Background.
- ^ Mitchell & Smith 2005, fig. 8.
- ^ Thacker, Fred. S. (1968) [1920]. The Thames Highway: Volume II Locks and Weirs. Newton Abbot: David and Charles.
- ^ Compton, Hugh J (1976). The Oxford Canal. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. OCLC 76-54077.
- ^ DfES Pupil Annual School Level Census 2006 see Neighbourhood Renewal Unit floor target results[dead link]
- ^ "Oxford Student Radio". oxideradio.co.uk. http://www.oxideradio.co.uk/. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
- ^ "Milestone Group". Milestone Group. http://www.milestonegroup.co.uk/310309.pdf. Retrieved 17 April 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Preview: Nightshift night", "Oxford Mail", 6 July 2000
- ^ "UK Indymedia – Oxford indymedia". Indymedia.org.uk. http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/regions/oxford/. Retrieved 17 April 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Jericho Echo". Jericho Echo. http://www.jerichoecho.org.uk. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ "Oxford Prospect". Oxford Prospect. http://www.oxfordprospect.co.uk. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ "Discography for NME Compilation Cassette for Oxford Sound City". http://www.discogs.com/Various-NME-Presents-Radio-1-Sound-City-Oxford-97/release/694954.
- ^ Oxford Stars senior/adults’ team
- ^ Oxford Stars junior/children’s team
- ^ Jérôme Steffenino, Marguerite Masson. "Ville de Grenoble – Coopérations et villes jumelles". Grenoble.fr. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071014074034/http://www.grenoble.fr/jsp/site/Portal.jsp?page_id=92. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2010) |
- Bibliography
- Cooke, B.W.C., ed. (January 1960). "The Why and the Wherefore: Distances from London to Oxford". The Railway Magazine (Westminster: Tothill Press) 106 (705).
- MacDermot, E.T. (1927). History of the Great Western Railway, vol. I: 1833–1863. Paddington: Great Western Railway.
- MacDermot, E.T. (1931). History of the Great Western Railway, vol. II: 1863–1921. Paddington: Great Western Railway.
- Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (July 2005). Oxford to Bletchley. Country Railway Routes. Middleton Press. ISBN 1-904474-57-8.
- Sager, Peter (2005). Oxford & Cambridge: An Uncommon History. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-51249-3.
- Saint, Andrew (1970). "Three Oxford Architects". Oxonensia (Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society) XXXV. http://www.oahs.org.uk/oxo/vol%2035/Saint.doc.
- Simpson, Bill (1997). A History of the Railways of Oxfordshire. Part 1: The North. Banbury and Witney: Lamplight. ISBN 1-899246-02-9.
- Simpson, Bill (2001). A History of the Railways of Oxfordshire. Part 2: The South. Banbury and Witney: Lamplight. ISBN 1-899246-06-1.
- Further reading
- Aston, Michael; Bond, James (1976). The Landscape of Towns. Archaeology in the Field Series. London: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-460-04194-0.
- Attlee, James (2007). Isolarion: A Different Oxford Journey. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-03093-7.
- Curl, James Stevens (1977). The Erosion of Oxford. Oxford Illustrated Press Ltd. ISBN 0-902280-40-6.
- Dale, Lawrence (1944). Towards a Plan for Oxford City. London: Faber and Faber.
- Gordon, Anne (22 June 2008). "History, learning, beauty reign over Oxford". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/travel/getaways/europe/articles/2008/06/22/history_learning_beauty_reign_over_oxford/.
- Morris, Jan (2001). Oxford. Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-19-280136-4.
- Sharp, Thomas (1948). Oxford Replanned. London: The Architectural Press.
- Tyack, Geoffrey (1998). Oxford An Architectural Guide. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-817423-3.
External links[link]
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- Oxford – 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article
- Oxford City Council official website
- School of Architecture website
- Oxford From Above BBC program
- Oxford travel guide from Wikitravel
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| Richard Dawkins | |
|---|---|
 Dawkins in 2010 at Cooper Union in New York City |
|
| Born | Clinton Richard Dawkins (1941-03-26) 26 March 1941 (age 71) Nairobi, Kenya Colony |
| Nationality | British |
| Education | MA, DPhil (Oxon) |
| Alma mater | Balliol College, Oxford |
| Occupation | Ethologist |
| Years active | 1967–present |
| Employer | University of California, Berkeley University of Oxford |
| Organization | Fellow of the Royal Society Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature |
| Known for | Gene-centered view of evolution, concept of the meme, as well as advocacy of atheism and science. |
| Notable work(s) | The Selfish Gene (1976) The Extended Phenotype (1982) The Blind Watchmaker (1986) The God Delusion (2006) |
| Influenced by | Charles Darwin, Ronald Fisher, George C. Williams, W. D. Hamilton, Daniel Dennett, Bertrand Russell, Nikolaas Tinbergen, John Maynard Smith, Robert Trivers |
| Spouse | Marian Stamp Dawkins (m. 1967–1984) Eve Barham (m. 1984–?) Lalla Ward (m. 1992–present) |
| Children | Juliet Emma Dawkins (born 1984) |
| Parents | Clinton John Dawkins Jean Mary Vyvyan (née Ladner) |
| Awards | ZSL Silver Medal (1989) Faraday Award (1990) Kistler Prize (2001) |
| Website | |
| The Richard Dawkins Foundation | |
Clinton Richard Dawkins, FRS, FRSL (born 26 March 1941), known as Richard Dawkins, is a British ethologist, evolutionary biologist and author. He is an emeritus fellow of New College, Oxford,[1] and was the University of Oxford's Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 until 2008.[2]
Dawkins came to prominence with his 1976 book The Selfish Gene, which popularised the gene-centered view of evolution and introduced the term meme. In 1982 he introduced an influential concept into evolutionary biology, presented in his book The Extended Phenotype, that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism's body, but can stretch far into the environment, including the bodies of other organisms.[3]
Dawkins is an atheist, a vice president of the British Humanist Association, and a supporter of the Brights movement.[4] He is well known for his criticism of creationism and intelligent design. In his 1986 book The Blind Watchmaker, he argued against the watchmaker analogy, an argument for the existence of a supernatural creator based upon the complexity of living organisms. Instead, he described evolutionary processes as analogous to a blind watchmaker. He has since written several popular science books, and makes regular television and radio appearances, predominantly discussing these topics. In his 2006 book The God Delusion, Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion—"a fixed false belief."[5] As of January 2010 the English-language version has sold more than two million copies and had been translated into 31 languages.[6]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Dawkins was born in Nairobi, Kenya.[7] His father, Clinton John Dawkins (1915–2010),[8] was an agricultural civil servant in the British colonial service, in Nyasaland (now Malawi). Dawkins has a younger sister.[9] His father was called up into the King's African Rifles during World War II,[10][11] returning to England in 1949, when Dawkins was eight. His father had inherited a country estate, Over Norton Park, which he turned into a commercial farm.[8] Both his parents were interested in natural sciences; they answered Dawkins' questions in scientific terms.[12]
Dawkins describes his childhood as "a normal Anglican upbringing".[13] He was confirmed, and embraced Christianity until his mid-teens, at which point he concluded that the theory of evolution was a better explanation for life's complexity, and ceased believing in a god.[9] Dawkins states: "the main residual reason why I was religious was from being so impressed with the complexity of life and feeling that it had to have a designer, and I think it was when I realised that Darwinism was a far superior explanation that pulled the rug out from under the argument of design. And that left me with nothing."[9]
He attended Oundle, a Church of England school,[9] from 1954 to 1959. He studied zoology at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was tutored by Nobel Prize–winning ethologist Nikolaas Tinbergen, graduating in 1962. He continued as a research student under Tinbergen's supervision, receiving his M.A. and D.Phil. degrees by 1966, and remained a research assistant for another year.[7] Tinbergen was a pioneer in the study of animal behaviour, particularly in the areas of instinct, learning and choice.[14] Dawkins' research in this period concerned models of animal decision-making.[15]
From 1967 to 1969, he was an assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley. During this period, the students and faculty at UC Berkeley were largely opposed to the ongoing Vietnam War, and Dawkins became heavily involved in the anti-war demonstrations and activities.[16] He returned to the University of Oxford in 1970 taking a position as a lecturer, and in 1990, as a reader in zoology. In 1995 he was appointed Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science at Oxford, a position that had been endowed by Charles Simonyi with the express intention that the holder "be expected to make important contributions to the public understanding of some scientific field",[17] and that its first holder should be Richard Dawkins.[18]
Since 1970 he has been a fellow of New College.[19] He has delivered a number of inaugural and other lectures, including the Henry Sidgwick Memorial Lecture (1989), first Erasmus Darwin Memorial Lecture (1990), Michael Faraday Lecture (1991), T. H. Huxley Memorial Lecture (1992), Irvine Memorial Lecture (1997), Sheldon Doyle Lecture (1999), Tinbergen Lecture (2004) and Tanner Lectures (2003).[7] In 1991 he gave the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures for Children. He has also served as editor of a number of journals, and has acted as editorial advisor to the Encarta Encyclopedia and the Encyclopedia of Evolution. He is a senior editor of the Council for Secular Humanism's Free Inquiry magazine, for which he also writes a column. He has been a member of the editorial board of Skeptic magazine since its foundation.[20]
He has sat on judging panels for awards as diverse as the Royal Society's Faraday Award and the British Academy Television Awards,[7] and has been president of the Biological Sciences section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2004 Balliol College, Oxford instituted the Dawkins Prize, awarded for "outstanding research into the ecology and behaviour of animals whose welfare and survival may be endangered by human activities".[21] In September 2008, he retired from his professorship, announcing plans to "write a book aimed at youngsters in which he will warn them against believing in 'anti-scientific' fairytales."[22]
Personal life[link]
On 19 August 1967, Dawkins married fellow ethologist Marian Stamp in Annestown, County Waterford, Ireland;[23] they divorced in 1984. Later that same year, on 1 June, he married Eve Barham (19 August 1951[24]–28 February 1999) in Oxford. They had a daughter, Juliet Emma Dawkins (born 1984, Oxford).[24] Dawkins and Barham also divorced[25] and she later died of cancer.[26][27] In 1992 he married actress Lalla Ward[25] in Kensington and Chelsea, London.[24] Dawkins met her through their mutual friend Douglas Adams,[28] who had worked with her on the BBC's Doctor Who.
Work[link]
Evolutionary biology[link]
Further information: Gene-centred view of evolution
In his scientific works, Dawkins is best known for his popularisation of the gene-centred view of evolution. This view is most clearly set out in his books The Selfish Gene (1976), where he notes that "all life evolves by the differential survival of replicating entities", and The Extended Phenotype (1982), in which he describes natural selection as "the process whereby replicators out-propagate each other".[29] In his role as an ethologist, interested in animal behaviour and its relation to natural selection, he advocates the idea that the gene is the principal unit of selection in evolution.
Dawkins has consistently been sceptical about non-adaptive processes in evolution (such as spandrels, described by Gould and Lewontin)[30] and about selection at levels "above" that of the gene.[31] He is particularly sceptical about the practical possibility or importance of group selection as a basis for understanding altruism.[32] This behaviour appears at first to be an evolutionary paradox, since helping others costs precious resources and decreases one's own fitness. Previously, many had interpreted this as an aspect of group selection: individuals were doing what was best for the survival of the population or species as a whole, and not specifically for themselves. British evolutionary biologist W. D. Hamilton had used the gene-centred view to explain altruism in terms of inclusive fitness and kin selection − that individuals behave altruistically toward their close relatives, who share many of their own genes.[33][a] Similarly, Robert Trivers, thinking in terms of the gene-centred model, developed the theory of reciprocal altruism, whereby one organism provides a benefit to another in the expectation of future reciprocation.[34] Dawkins popularised these ideas in The Selfish Gene, and developed them in his own work.[35]
He has also been strongly critical of the Gaia philosophy theory of the independent scientist James Lovelock.[36][37][38]
Critics of Dawkins' approach suggest that taking the gene as the unit of selection − of a single event in which an individual either succeeds or fails to reproduce − is misleading, but that the gene could be better described as a unit of evolution − of the long-term changes in allele frequencies in a population.[39] In The Selfish Gene, Dawkins explains that he is using George C. Williams' definition of the gene as "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency."[40] Another common objection is that genes cannot survive alone, but must cooperate to build an individual, and therefore cannot be an independent "unit".[41] In The Extended Phenotype, Dawkins suggests that because of genetic recombination and sexual reproduction, from an individual gene's viewpoint all other genes are part of the environment to which it is adapted.
Advocates for higher levels of selection such as Richard Lewontin, David Sloan Wilson, and Elliot Sober suggest that there are many phenomena (including altruism) that gene-based selection cannot satisfactorily explain. The philosopher Mary Midgley, with whom Dawkins clashed in print concerning The Selfish Gene,[42][43] has criticised gene selection, memetics and sociobiology as being excessively reductionist[44] and suggests that the popularity of Dawkins' work is due to factors in the Zeitgeist such as the increased individualism of the Thatcher/Reagan decades.[45]
In a set of controversies over the mechanisms and interpretation of evolution (the so-called 'Darwin Wars'),[46][47] one faction was often named after Dawkins and its rival after the American palaeontologist Stephen Jay Gould, reflecting the pre-eminence of each as a populariser of pertinent ideas.[48][49] In particular, Dawkins and Gould have been prominent commentators in the controversy over sociobiology and evolutionary psychology, with Dawkins generally approving and Gould generally being critical.[50] A typical example of Dawkins' position was his scathing review of Not in Our Genes by Steven Rose, Leon J. Kamin and Richard C. Lewontin.[51] Two other thinkers on the subject often considered to be allied to Dawkins are Steven Pinker and Daniel Dennett; Dennett has promoted a gene-centred view of evolution and defended reductionism in biology.[52] Despite their academic disagreements, Dawkins and Gould did not have a hostile personal relationship, and Dawkins dedicated a large portion of his 2003 book A Devil's Chaplain posthumously to Gould, who had died the previous year.
Dawkins' book The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution expounds the evidence for biological evolution.[53] All of his previous works dealing with evolution had assumed its truth, and not explicitly provided the evidence to this effect. Dawkins felt that this represented a gap in his oeuvre, and decided to write the book to coincide with Darwin's bicentennial year.[54]
Meme[link]
Main article: Meme
Dawkins coined the word meme (the behavioural equivalent of a gene) as a way to encourage readers to think about how Darwinian principles might be extended beyond the realm of genes.[55] Indeed, it was intended as an extension of his "replicators" argument, but it took on a life of its own in the hands of other authors such as Daniel Dennett and Susan Blackmore. These popularisations then led to the emergence of the field of memetics, from which he has distanced himself.[56]
Dawkins' memes refer to any cultural entity that an observer might consider a replicator of a certain idea or a complex of ideas. He hypothesised that people could view many cultural entities as capable of such replication, generally through exposure to humans, who have evolved as efficient (although not perfect) copiers of information and behaviour. Memes are not always copied perfectly, and might indeed become refined, combined or otherwise modified with other ideas, resulting in new memes, which may themselves prove more, or less, efficient replicators than their predecessors, thus providing a framework for a hypothesis of cultural evolution, analogous to the theory of biological evolution based on genes.[57]
Although Dawkins invented the specific term meme independently, he has not claimed that the idea itself was entirely novel,[58] and there have been other expressions for similar ideas in the past. For instance, John Laurent has suggested that the term may have derived from the work of the little-known German biologist Richard Semon.[59] In 1904 Semon published Die Mneme (which appeared in English in 1924 as The Mneme). This book discussed the cultural transmission of experiences, with insights parallel to those of Dawkins. Laurent also found the term mneme used in Maurice Maeterlinck's The Life of the White Ant (1926), and has highlighted the similarities to Dawkins' concept.[59] Author James Gleick describes Dawkins’ concept of the meme as "his most famous memorable invention, far more influential than his selfish genes or his later proselytizing against religiosity".[60]
Criticism of creationism[link]
Dawkins is a prominent critic of creationism (the religious belief that humanity, life and the universe were created by a deity,[61] without recourse to evolution[62]). He has described the Young Earth creationist view that the Earth is only a few thousand years old as "a preposterous, mind-shrinking falsehood",[63] and his 1986 book, The Blind Watchmaker, contains a sustained critique of the argument from design, an important creationist argument. In the book, Dawkins argued against the watchmaker analogy made famous by the 18th-century English theologian William Paley in his book Natural Theology. Paley argued that, just as a watch is too complicated and too functional to have sprung into existence merely by accident, so too must all living things, with their far greater complexity, be purposefully designed. Dawkins shares the view generally held by scientists that natural selection is sufficient to explain the apparent functionality and non-random complexity of the biological world, and can be said to play the role of watchmaker in nature, albeit as an automatic, nonintelligent, blind watchmaker.[64]
In 1986 Dawkins participated in an Oxford Union debate, in which he and English biologist John Maynard Smith debated Young Earth creationist A. E. Wilder-Smith and Edgar Andrews, president of the Biblical Creation Society.[b] In general, however, Dawkins has followed the advice of his late colleague Stephen Jay Gould and refused to participate in formal debates with creationists because "what they seek is the oxygen of respectability", and doing so would "give them this oxygen by the mere act of engaging with them at all". He suggests that creationists "don't mind being beaten in an argument. What matters is that we give them recognition by bothering to argue with them in public."[65]
In a December 2004 interview with American journalist Bill Moyers, Dawkins said that "among the things that science does know, evolution is about as certain as anything we know." When Moyers questioned him on the use of the word theory, Dawkins stated that "evolution has been observed. It's just that it hasn't been observed while it's happening." He added that "it is rather like a detective coming on a murder after the scene... the detective hasn't actually seen the murder take place, of course. But what you do see is a massive clue... Huge quantities of circumstantial evidence. It might as well be spelled out in words of English."[66]
Dawkins has ardently opposed the inclusion of intelligent design in science education, describing it as "not a scientific argument at all, but a religious one".[67] He has been referred to in the media as "Darwin's Rottweiler",[68] a reference to English biologist T. H. Huxley, who was known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's evolutionary ideas. He has been a strong critic of the British organisation Truth in Science, which promotes the teaching of creationism in state schools, and he plans—through the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science—to subsidise the delivery of books, DVDs and pamphlets to schools, in order to counteract what he has described as an "educational scandal".[69]
Advocacy of atheism[link]
Dawkins is an outspoken atheist and a prominent critic of religion. In an interview with Thomas Bass for a book published in 1994 he described himself as a "fairly militant atheist".[70] In 1996, when asked if he would prefer to be known as a scientist or a militant atheist, he replied "Bertrand Russell called himself the Passionate Sceptic. It's aiming high, but I'll shoot for that."[71] Dawkins is an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society,[72] a vice-president of the British Humanist Association (since 1996),[7] a Distinguished Supporter of the Humanist Society of Scotland,[73] a member of the Secular Coalition for America advisory board,[74] a Humanist Laureate of the International Academy of Humanism,[75] and a fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.[76] In 2003 he became a signatory of the humanist manifesto Humanism and Its Aspirations, published by the American Humanist Association.[77] As a result of his advocacy of atheism, Dawkins has sometimes been described as a vocal, militant rationalist,[78][79] and as "the UK's Chief Atheist".[80]
Dawkins believes that his own atheism is the logical extension of his understanding of evolution[81] and that religion is largely incompatible with science.[82] In his 1986 book The Blind Watchmaker, Dawkins wrote:
An atheist before Darwin could have said, following Hume: "I have no explanation for complex biological design. All I know is that God isn't a good explanation, so we must wait and hope that somebody comes up with a better one." I can't help feeling that such a position, though logically sound, would have left one feeling pretty unsatisfied, and that although atheism might have been logically tenable before Darwin, Darwin made it possible to be an intellectually fulfilled atheist.[83]
In his 1991 essay "Viruses of the Mind" (from which the term faith-sufferer originated), he suggested that memetic theory might analyse and explain the phenomenon of religious belief and some of the common characteristics of religions, such as the belief that punishment awaits non-believers. According to Dawkins, faith − belief that is not based on evidence − is one of the world's great evils. He claims it to be analogous to the smallpox virus, though more difficult to eradicate.[84] Dawkins is well known for his contempt for religious extremism, from Islamist terrorism[85] to Christian fundamentalism; but he has also argued with liberal believers and religious scientists, from biologists Kenneth Miller[86] and Francis Collins[87] to theologians Alister McGrath and Richard Harries.[88] Dawkins has stated that his opposition to religion is twofold, claiming it to be both a source of conflict and a justification for belief without evidence.[89] However, he describes himself as a "cultural Christian",[90] and proposed the slogan "Atheists for Jesus".[91]
Following the 11 September 2001 attacks, when asked how the world might have changed, Dawkins responded:
Many of us saw religion as harmless nonsense. Beliefs might lack all supporting evidence but, we thought, if people needed a crutch for consolation, where's the harm? September 11th changed all that. Revealed faith is not harmless nonsense, it can be lethally dangerous nonsense. Dangerous because it gives people unshakeable confidence in their own righteousness. Dangerous because it gives them false courage to kill themselves, which automatically removes normal barriers to killing others. Dangerous because it teaches enmity to others labelled only by a difference of inherited tradition. And dangerous because we have all bought into a weird respect, which uniquely protects religion from normal criticism. Let's now stop being so damned respectful![92]
Dawkins has especially risen to prominence in contemporary public debates relating science and religion since the publication of his 2006 book The God Delusion, which has achieved greater sales figures worldwide than any of his other works to date. Its success has been seen by many as indicative of a change in the contemporary cultural zeitgeist, central to a recent rise in the popularity of atheistic literature.[93][94] The God Delusion was praised by among others the Nobel laureates Sir Harold Kroto and James D. Watson and by psychologist Steven Pinker.[95] In the book, Dawkins suggested that atheists should be proud, not apologetic, because atheism is evidence of a healthy, independent mind.[96] He sees education and consciousness-raising as the primary tools in opposing what he considers to be religious dogma and indoctrination.[16][97][98] These tools include the fight against certain stereotypes, and he has adopted the term Bright as a way of associating positive public connotations with those who possess a naturalistic worldview.[98] Dawkins notes that feminists have succeeded in arousing widespread embarrassment at the routine use of "he" instead of "she". Similarly, he suggests, a phrase such as "Catholic child" or "Muslim child" should be considered just as socially absurd as, for instance, "Marxist child": children should not be classified based on their parents' ideological beliefs.[98] According to Dawkins, there is no such thing as a Christian child or a Muslim child, as children have about as much capacity to make the decision to become Christians or Muslims as they do to become Marxists.[96]
In January 2006 Dawkins presented a two-part television documentary The Root of All Evil?, addressing what he sees as the malignant influence of religion on society. The title itself is one that Dawkins disliked, noting that religion shouldn't be regarded as the root of all evil.[99] Critics have said that the programme gave too much time to marginal figures and extremists, and that Dawkins' confrontational style did not help his cause and exhibited similarities with the approaches of religious fundamentalists more than with the approaches of the dispassionate, analytic approach of 'hard' science;[100][101] Dawkins rejected these claims, citing the number of moderate religious broadcasts in everyday media as providing a suitable balance to the extremists in the programmes. He further remarked that someone who is deemed an "extremist" in a religiously moderate country may well be considered "mainstream" in a religiously conservative one.[102] The unedited recordings of Dawkins' conversations with Alister McGrath and Richard Harries, including material unused in the broadcast version, have been made available online by the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science.[103]
Dawkins' work has been controversial, and a number of Christian thinkers have responded to it. For example, Oxford theologian Alister McGrath (author of The Dawkins Delusion and Dawkins' God) maintains that Dawkins is ignorant of Christian theology and therefore unable to engage religion and faith intelligently.[104] In reply, Dawkins asks "do you have to read up on leprechology before disbelieving in leprechauns?",[105] and − in the paperback edition of The God Delusion − he refers to the American biologist PZ Myers, who has satirised this line of argument as "The Courtier's Reply".[106] Dawkins had an extended debate with McGrath at the 2007 Sunday Times Literary Festival.[107]
Dawkins argues that "the existence of God is a scientific hypothesis like any other".[108] He disagrees with Stephen Jay Gould's principle of nonoverlapping magisteria. In an interview with Time magazine, Dawkins said:
I think that Gould's separate compartments was a purely political ploy to win middle-of-the-road religious people to the science camp. But it's a very empty idea. There are plenty of places where religion does not keep off the scientific turf. Any belief in miracles is flat contradictory not just to the facts of science but to the spirit of science.[109]
Astrophysicist Martin Rees, who has described himself as an unbeliever who identifies with Christianity from a cultural perspective, has suggested that Dawkins' attack on mainstream religion is unhelpful.[110] Regarding Rees' claim in his book Our Cosmic Habitat that "such questions lie beyond science", Dawkins asks "what expertise can theologians bring to deep cosmological questions that scientists cannot?"[111][112] Elsewhere, Dawkins has written that "there's all the difference in the world between a belief that one is prepared to defend by quoting evidence and logic, and a belief that is supported by nothing more than tradition, authority or revelation."[84] As examples of "good scientists who are sincerely religious", Dawkins names Arthur Peacocke, Russell Stannard, John Polkinghorne and Francis Collins, but says "I remain baffled ... by their belief in the details of the Christian religion."[113][114][115][116][117] He has said that the publication of The God Delusion is "probably the culmination" of his campaign against religion.[118]
In 2007 Dawkins founded the Out Campaign to encourage atheists worldwide to declare their stance publicly and proudly.[119] Inspired by the gay rights movement, Dawkins hopes that atheists' identifying of themselves as such, and thereby increasing public awareness of how many people hold these views, will reduce the negative opinion of atheism among the religious majority.[120][121]
In September 2008, following a complaint by Islamic creationist Adnan Oktar, a court in Turkey blocked access to Dawkins' website richarddawkins.net. The court decision was made due to "insult to personality".[122][123][124][125][126][127] As of 8 July 2011, richarddawkins.net is no longer blocked in Turkey.[128]
In October 2008, Dawkins officially supported the UK's first atheist advertising initiative, the Atheist Bus Campaign. Created by Guardian journalist Ariane Sherine and administered by the British Humanist Association the campaign aimed to raise funds to place atheist adverts on buses in the London area, and Dawkins pledged to match the amount raised by atheists, up to a maximum of £5,500. However, the campaign was an unprecedented success, raising over £100,000 in its first four days, and generating global press coverage.[129][130] The campaign, started in January 2009, features adverts across the UK with the slogan: "There's probably no God. Now stop worrying and enjoy your life." Dawkins said that "this campaign to put alternative slogans on London buses will make people think—and thinking is anathema to religion."[131]
In 2010 Dawkins supported legal efforts to charge Pope Benedict XVI with crimes against humanity. Dawkins and fellow anti-religion campaigner Christopher Hitchens were believed to have explored the option of attempting to have the Pope arrested under the same legal principle that saw Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet arrested during a visit to Britain in 1998.[132]
Dawkins has given support to the idea of a "free thinking" school which he calls "Think for Yourself Academy".[133] The school would not "indoctrinate children in atheism, any more than in religion" but it would teach children to "ask for evidence, to be sceptical, critical, open-minded".[134][135]
On 15 September 2010, Dawkins, along with 54 other public figures, signed an open letter published in The Guardian, stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI's state visit to the United Kingdom, while acknowledging his right to tour the UK as head of the Roman Catholic Church.[136]
Richard Dawkins Foundation[link]
Main article: Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science
In 2006 Dawkins founded the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science (RDFRS), a non-profit organisation. The foundation is in developmental phase. It has been granted charitable status in the United Kingdom and the United States. RDFRS plans to finance research on the psychology of belief and religion, finance scientific education programs and materials, and publicise and support secular charitable organisations. The foundation also offers humanist, rationalist and scientific materials and information through its website.[137]
Dawkins has said the "trend toward theocratic thinking in the United States is a danger not only for America but for the entire world."[138] Connected to this concern, Dawkins invited Sean Faircloth to serve as opening speaker on Dawkins' 2011 US book tour. Faircloth is author of the book Attack of the Theocrats, How the Religious Right Harms Us All and What We Can Do About It. The Richard Dawkins Foundation (United States branch) later hired Faircloth, who has ten years experience as a state legislator, as Director of Strategy and Policy.[138]
Other fields[link]
In his role as professor for public understanding of science, Dawkins has been a critic of pseudoscience and alternative medicine. His 1998 book Unweaving the Rainbow takes John Keats' accusation that, by explaining the rainbow, Isaac Newton had diminished its beauty, and argues for the opposite conclusion. He suggests that deep space, the billions of years of life's evolution, and the microscopic workings of biology and heredity contain more beauty and wonder than do "myths" and "pseudoscience".[139] Dawkins wrote a foreword to John Diamond's posthumously published Snake Oil, a book devoted to debunking alternative medicine, in which he asserted that alternative medicine was harmful, if only because it distracted patients from more successful conventional treatments and gave people false hopes.[140] Dawkins states that "there is no alternative medicine. There is only medicine that works and medicine that doesn't work."[141]
Dawkins has expressed concern about the growth of the planet's human population and about the matter of overpopulation.[142] In The Selfish Gene, he briefly mentions population growth, giving the example of Latin America, whose population, at the time the book was written, was doubling every 40 years. He is critical of Roman Catholic attitudes to family planning and population control, stating that leaders who forbid contraception and "express a preference for 'natural' methods of population limitation" will get just such a method in the form of starvation.[143]
As a supporter of the Great Ape Project – a movement to extend certain moral and legal rights to all great apes – Dawkins contributed the article "Gaps in the Mind" to the Great Ape Project book edited by Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer. In this essay, he criticises contemporary society's moral attitudes as being based on a "discontinuous, speciesist imperative".[144]
Dawkins also regularly comments in newspapers and weblogs on contemporary political questions; his opinions include opposition to the 2003 invasion of Iraq,[145] the British nuclear deterrent and the actions of US President George W. Bush.[146] Several such articles were included in A Devil's Chaplain, an anthology of writings about science, religion and politics. He is also a supporter of the Republic campaign to replace the British monarchy with a democratically elected president.[147] Dawkins has described himself as a Labour voter in the 1970s[148] and voter for the Liberal Democrats since the party's creation.[149] In 2009 he spoke at the party's conference in opposition to blasphemy laws, alternative medicine and faith schools. In the UK general election of 2010, Dawkins officially endorsed the Liberal Democrats, in support of their campaign for electoral reform and for their "refusal to pander to 'faith'."[150]
In the 2007 TV documentary The Enemies of Reason,[151] Dawkins discusses what he sees as the dangers of abandoning critical thought and rationale based upon scientific evidence. He specifically cites astrology, spiritualism, dowsing, alternative faiths, alternative medicine and homoeopathy. He also discusses how the Internet can be used to spread religious hatred and conspiracy theories with scant attention to evidence-based reasoning.
Continuing a long-standing partnership with Channel 4, Dawkins participated in a five-part television series Genius of Britain, along with fellow scientists Stephen Hawking, James Dyson, Paul Nurse, and Jim Al-Khalili. The five-episode series was broadcast in June 2010.[152] The series focussed on major British scientific achievements throughout history.
Dawkins presented a More4 documentary entitled Faith School Menace? in which he argued for "us to reconsider the consequences of faith education, which... bamboozles parents and indoctrinates and divides children."[153][154]
In 1998 Dawkins expressed his appreciation for two books, famous for their criticism of postmodernism in US universities, in departments like literary studies, anthropology and other cultural studies; the two books are Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science (by Gross and Levitt) and Intellectual Impostures (by Sokal and Bricmont), both related to the Sokal affair hoax.[155] In the same occasion Dawkins also criticised Cambridge University for awarding philosopher Jacques Derrida an honorary doctorate.[155]
In 2011 Dawkins joined the professoriate of the New College of the Humanities, a new private university in London established by A. C. Grayling, which is scheduled to open in September 2012.[156]
Awards and recognition[link]
Dawkins was awarded a Doctor of Science by the University of Oxford in 1989. He holds honorary doctorates in science from the University of Huddersfield, University of Westminster, Durham University,[157] the University of Hull, the University of Antwerp, and the University of Oslo,[158] and honorary doctorates from the University of Aberdeen,[159] Open University, the Vrije Universiteit Brussel,[7] and the University of Valencia.[160] He also holds honorary doctorates of letters from the University of St Andrews and the Australian National University (HonLittD, 1996), and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1997 and the Royal Society in 2001.[7] He is one of the patrons of the Oxford University Scientific Society.
In 1987 Dawkins received a Royal Society of Literature award and a Los Angeles Times Literary Prize for his book, The Blind Watchmaker. In the same year, he received a Sci. Tech Prize for Best Television Documentary Science Programme of the Year, for the BBC Horizon episode The Blind Watchmaker.[7]
His other awards have included the Zoological Society of London Silver Medal (1989), Finlay innovation award (1990), the Michael Faraday Award (1990), the Nakayama Prize (1994), the American Humanist Association's Humanist of the Year Award (1996), the fifth International Cosmos Prize (1997), the Kistler Prize (2001), the Medal of the Presidency of the Italian Republic (2001), the Bicentennial Kelvin Medal of The Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow (2002)[7] and the Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest (2009).[161]
Dawkins topped Prospect magazine's 2004 list of the top 100 public British intellectuals, as decided by the readers, receiving twice as many votes as the runner-up.[162][163] He has been short-listed as a candidate in their 2008 follow-up poll.[164] In 2005 the Hamburg-based Alfred Toepfer Foundation awarded him its Shakespeare Prize in recognition of his "concise and accessible presentation of scientific knowledge". He won the Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science for 2006 and the Galaxy British Book Awards Author of the Year Award for 2007.[165] In the same year, he was listed by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2007,[166] and he was ranked 20th in The Daily Telegraph's 2007 list of 100 greatest living geniuses.[167] He was awarded the Deschner Award, named after German anti-clerical author Karlheinz Deschner.[168]
Since 2003, the Atheist Alliance International has awarded a prize during its annual conference, honouring an outstanding atheist whose work has done most to raise public awareness of atheism during that year. It is known as the Richard Dawkins Award, in honour of Dawkins' own work.[169]
In February 2010 he was named to the Freedom From Religion Foundation's Honorary Board of distinguished achievers.[170]
Media[link]
Selected publications[link]
Main article: List of publications by Richard Dawkins
- The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1976. ISBN 0-19-286092-5.
- The Extended Phenotype. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1982. ISBN 0-19-288051-9.
- The Blind Watchmaker. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 1986. ISBN 0-393-31570-3.
- River Out of Eden. New York: Basic Books. 1995. ISBN 0-465-06990-8.
- Climbing Mount Improbable. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 1996. ISBN 0-393-31682-3.
- Unweaving the Rainbow. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1998. ISBN 0-618-05673-4.
- A Devil's Chaplain. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2003. ISBN 0-618-33540-4.
- The Ancestor's Tale. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2004. ISBN 0-618-00583-8.
- The God Delusion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2006. ISBN 0-618-68000-4.
- The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution. Free Press (United States), Transworld (United Kingdom and Commonwealth). 2009. ISBN 0-593-06173-X.
- The Magic of Reality: How We Know What's Really True. Free Press (United States), Bantam Press (United Kingdom). 2011. ISBN 978-1-4391-9281-8. OCLC 709673132. [171]
Documentary films[link]
- Nice Guys Finish First (1986)
- The Blind Watchmaker (1987)[172]
- Growing Up in the Universe (1991)
- Break the Science Barrier (1996)
- The Root of All Evil? (2006)
- The Enemies of Reason (2007)
- The Genius of Charles Darwin (2008)
- Faith School Menace? (2010)
Other appearances[link]
- Doctor Who: "The Stolen Earth" (2008) – as himself
- Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed (2008) – as himself
- The Purpose of Purpose (2009) – Lecture tour among American universities
- Beautiful Minds (April 2012) – BBC4 documentary
Notes[link]
a. ^ W. D. Hamilton hugely influenced Dawkins and the influence can be seen throughout Dawkins' book The Selfish Gene.[16] They became friends at Oxford and following Hamilton's death in 2000, Dawkins wrote his obituary and organised a secular memorial service.[173]
b. ^ The debate ended with the motion "That the doctrine of creation is more valid than the theory of evolution" being defeated by 198 votes to 115.[174][175]
References[link]
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- ^ Kane, Pat (1998). Franklin, Jane. ed. The politics of risk society. Cambridge, England: Polity Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-7456-1925-5. "Richard Dawkins, appointed to a chair in 'the public understanding of science' at Oxford and one of the most vocal militant rationalists..."
- ^ Ralph Levinson, Science Today: Problem Or Crisis?, Routledge, 1997, p. 32. Books.google.com. 1997-01. ISBN 978-0-203-97482-7. http://books.google.com/?id=hR9r3zBApV0C&pg=PA30&vq=richard+dawkins+is&dq=%22richard+dawkins+is%22. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
- ^ "Doubtful Dick". The Financial Times (London). 17 September 2010. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d29981c6-c1c6-11df-9d90-00144feab49a.html. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
- ^ Sheahen, Laura (October 2005). "The Problem with God: Interview with Richard Dawkins (2)". Beliefnet.com. http://www.beliefnet.com/story/178/story_17889_2.html. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
- ^ "Interview with Richard Dawkins". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/faithandreason/transcript/dawk-frame.html. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (1986). The Blind Watchmaker. New York: Norton. p. 6. ISBN 0-393-31570-3.
- ^ a b Dawkins, Richard (January/February 1997). "Is Science a Religion?". American Humanist Association. http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/dawkins.html. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (15 September 2001). "Religion's misguided missiles". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4257777,00.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ Hall, Stephen S. (9 August 2005). "Darwin's Rottweiler". Discover magazine. Archived from the original on 4 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080404085931/http://www.discover.com/issues/sep-05/features/darwins-rottweiler/. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
- ^ Biema, David Van (5 November 2006). "God Vs. Science". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1555132-1,00.html. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (2006). "The Root of All Evil?". Channel 4. http://www.channel4.com/culture/microsites/C/can_you_believe_it/debates/rootofevil.html. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Transworld Publishers. pp. 282–286. ISBN 0-593-05548-9.
- ^ "Dawkins: I'm a cultural Christian". BBC News. 10 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7136682.stm. Retrieved 2008-03-01.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (11 April 2006). "Atheists for Jesus". RichardDawkins.net. Archived from the original on 31 March 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080331051321/http://richarddawkins.net/article,20,Atheists-for-Jesus,Richard-Dawkins. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (11 November 2001). "Has the world changed?". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/oct/11/afghanistan.terrorism2. Retrieved 2006-01-29.
- ^ Odoyo, Peter (16 July 2007). "The Death of Religion And Rise of Atheism in the West". The Nation. http://allafrica.com/stories/200707160152.html. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- ^ Burkowitz, Peter (16 July 2007). "The New Atheism". The Wall Street Journal. http://opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110010341. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- ^ "The God Delusion — Reviews". RichardDawkins.net. Archived from the original on 2 July 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080702000504/http://richarddawkins.net/godDelusionReviews. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
- ^ a b Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.. p. 3. ISBN 0-618-68000-4.
- ^ Smith, Alexandra (27 November 2006). "Dawkins campaigns to keep God out of classroom". London: The Guardian. http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,,1958138,00.html. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
- ^ a b c Dawkins, Richard (21 June 2003). "The future looks bright". London: The Guardian. http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,981412,00.html. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
- ^ Dawkins (2006: 23)
- ^ Jacobson, Howard (21 January 2006). "Nothing like an unimaginative scientist to get non-believers running back to God". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/howard-jacobson/howard-jacobson-nothing-like-an-unimaginative-scientist-to-get-nonbelievers-running-back-to-god-523917.html. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
- ^ Ferguson, Ron (19 January 2006). "What a lazy way to argue against God". The Herald. Archived from the original on 29 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080129021847/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/smgpubs/971452711.html?did=971452711&FMT=ABS&FMTS=FT&date=Jan+19%2C+2006&author=RON+FERGUSON&pub=The+Herald&desc=What+a+lazy+way+to+argue+against+God. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (30 January 2006). "Diary — Richard Dawkins". New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/200601300002. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
- ^ "Richard Dawkins and Alister McGrath Root of All Evil? Uncut Interviews". RichardDawkins.net. 31 May 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071012023424/http://richarddawkins.net/article,1212,Richard-Dawkins-and-Alister-McGrath,Root-of-All-Evil-Uncut-Interviews. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
- ^ McGrath, Alister (2004). Dawkins' God: Genes, Memes, and the Meaning of Life. Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 1-4051-2538-1.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (17 September 2007). "Do you have to read up on leprechology before disbelieving in them?". RichardDawkins.net. http://richarddawkins.net/articleComments,1647,Do-you-have-to-read-up-on-leprechology-before-disbelieving-in-them,Richard-Dawkins-The-Independent,page27. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
- ^ Myers, PZ (24 December 2006). "The Courtier's Reply". Pharyngula. http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2006/12/the_courtiers_reply.php. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
- ^ Cole, Judith (26 March 2007). "Richard Dawkins at The Sunday Times Oxford Literary Festival". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/audio_video/podcasts/books/article1570989.ece. Retrieved 2008-03-04. [dead link]
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.. p. 50. ISBN 0-618-68000-4.
- ^ Van Biema, David (5 November 2006). "God vs. Science (3)". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1555132-3,00.html. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
- ^ Jha, Alok (29 May 2007). "Scientists divided over alliance with religion". London: The Guardian. http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2007/story/0,,2089947,00.html. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (2006). "When Religion Steps on Science's Turf". Free Inquiry magazine. http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/dawkins_18_2.html. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.. pp. 55–56. ISBN 0-618-68000-4.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.. p. 99. ISBN 0-618-68000-4.
- ^ Crace, John (10 January 2006). "Richard Dawkins: Beyond belief". London: The Guardian. http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/profile/story/0,11109,1682655,00.html. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
- ^ Ruse, Michael (2000). "Double-Dealing in Darwin". Beliefnet. http://www.beliefnet.com/story/7/story_762_1.html. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
- ^ "Belief — radio interview". BBC Radio. 2004. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/programmes/belief/scripts/dawkins.shtml. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
- ^ "The Atheist: interview with Gordy Slack". Salon.com. 28 April 2005. http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2005/04/30/dawkins/index.html. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
- ^ Bearder, Tim (24 March 2006). "BBC Oxford interview". FT Magazine. http://www.bbc.co.uk/oxford/content/articles/2006/03/24/dawkins.shtml. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
- ^ "The Out Campaign (original announcement)". RichardDawkins.net. 30 July 2007. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080430213003/http://richarddawkins.net/article,1471,The-Out-Campaign,Richard-Dawkins. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
- ^ Chittenden, Maurice; Waite, Roger (23 December 2007). "Dawkins to preach atheism to US". London: The Sunday Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article3087486.ece. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (24 October 2007). "Richard Dawkins speech at Atheist Alliance International Convention 2007". The Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science. RichardDawkins.net. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2936455252329399558&hl=en. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
- ^ Gledhill, Ruth (19 September 2008). "Dawkins website banned in Turkey". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article4790039.ece. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
- ^ Hooper, Rowan (19 September 2008). "Turkey bans evolutionist's website". New Scientist Blogs. http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2008/09/turkey-bans-dawkins-website.html. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
- ^ Butt, Riazat (19 September 2008). "Missing link: creationist campaigner has Richard Dawkins' official website banned in Turkey". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/sep/19/religion.turkey. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
- ^ Staff writer (17 September 2008). "Evolutionist Dawkins' Internet Site Banned In Turkey". Bianet. http://bianet.org/english/kategori/english/109778/evolutionist-dawkins-internet-site-banned-in-turkey. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
- ^ Arpa, Yasemin (17 September 2008). "Evrimci yazarın sitesini Adnan Oktar kapattırdı" (in Turkish). NTV-MSNBC. http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/459522.asp. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
- ^ Ozimek, John (22 September 2008). "The Turkish court bans Dawkins' website". The Register. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/09/22/turkey_bans_dawkins_website/. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
- ^ "RD.net no longer banned in Turkey!". The Richard Dawkins Foundation. http://richarddawkins.net/articles/642074-rd-net-no-longer-banned-in-turkey. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ Ariane Sherine (22 October 2008). "All aboard the atheist bus campaign". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/oct/21/religion-advertising. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
- ^ Ariane Sherine (23 October 2008). "'Probably' the best atheist bus campaign ever". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/oct/23/atheist-bus-campaign-ariane-sherine. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
- ^ Riazat Butt (22 October 2008). "Arriving soon: atheist bus campaign gets off to a flying start". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/oct/22/religion-atheist-dawkins-god. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
- ^ Marc Horne (11 April 2010). "'Richard Dawkins calls for arrest of Pope Benedict XVI' by UPDATE 4–12 Marc Horne – TimesOnline". Times Online. http://richarddawkins.net/articles/5415. Retrieved 2010-06-11. (also on Dawkins' blog)
- ^ Powell, Michael (19 September 2011). "A Knack for Bashing Orthodoxy". The New York Times: p. 4. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
- ^ Beckford, Martin (24 June 2010). "Richard Dawkins interested in setting up 'atheist free school'". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/7849563/Richard-Dawkins-interested-in-setting-up-atheist-free-school.html. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
- ^ Garner, Richard (2010-07-29). "Gove welcomes atheist schools – Education News, Education". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/gove-welcomes-atheist-schools-2037990.html. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
- ^ "Letters: Harsh judgments on the pope and religion". The Guardian (London). 15 September 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/sep/15/harsh-judgments-on-pope-religion. Retrieved 16 September 2010. "...the pope, as ... the leader of a religion with many adherents in the UK, is of course free to enter and tour our country. However, as well as a religious leader, the pope is a head of state..."
- ^ "Our Mission". The Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science. Archived from the original on 17 November 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061117150429/http://www.richarddawkins.net/foundation,ourMission. Retrieved 2006-11-17.
- ^ a b "Sean Faircloth joins RDFRS (US) as Director of Strategy and Policy". The Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science. http://richarddawkins.net/articles/643044-sean-faircloth-joins-rdfrs-us-as-director-of-strategy-and-policy. Retrieved 2011-10-01.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (1998). Unweaving The Rainbow. United Kingdom: Penguin. pp. 4–7. ISBN 0-618-05673-4.
- ^ Diamond, John (2001). Snake Oil and Other Preoccupations. United Kingdom: Vintage. ISBN 0-09-942833-4.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (2003). A Devil's Chaplain. United States: Houghton Mifflin. p. 58. ISBN 0-618-33540-4.
- ^ "The Selfish Green". RichardDawkins.net. 2 April 2007. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080501094048/http://richarddawkins.net/article,829,The-Selfish-Green,Jonathan-Dimbleby-David-Attenborough-Richard-Dawkins-Jane-Goodall-Richard-Leakey. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (1989). The Selfish Gene (2nd ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 213. ISBN 0-19-286092-5.
- ^ edited by Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer.; Paola Cavalieri, Peter Singer (1993). The Great Ape Project. United Kingdom: Fourth Estate. ISBN 0-312-11818-X.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (22 March 2003). "Bin Laden's victory". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/mar/22/iraq.usa. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (18 November 2003). "While we have your attention, Mr President...". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/nov/18/usa.politics1. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
- ^ "Our supporters". Republic. 24 April 2010. http://www.republic.org.uk/Who%20we%20are/Our%20Supporters%20Include/index.php. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (1989). "Endnotes. Chapter 1. Why are people?". The Selfish Gene (1st extra chapter) (2nd ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-286092-5.
- ^ "Richard Dawkins: Keep Libel Laws OUT of Science". youtube.com. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqVm-WmFzyU. Retrieved 2009-12-12. [dead link]
- ^ "Show your support – vote for the Liberal Democrats on May 6th. libdems.org.uk. Monday, 03 May 2010". Libdems.org.uk. http://libdems.org.uk/latest_news_detail.aspx?title=Show_your_support_-_vote_for_the_Liberal_Democrats_on_May_6th&pPK=9dd43be1-d11a-40b1-8ede-3acab3666d48. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
- ^ "The Enemies of Reason". Channel 4. August 2007. http://www.channel4.com/culture/microsites/E/enemies_of_reason/. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ "C4 lines up Genius science series". Broadcast. 2009. http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/2009/01/dawkins_to_front_c4_science_series.html. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
- ^ "Faith School Menace? – Faith School Menace?". Channel 4. 18 August 2010. http://www.channel4.com/programmes/faith-school-menace/episode-guide/series-1/episode-1. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ^ Sutcliffe, Tom (19 August 2010). "Last Night's TV: Faith Schools Menace?/More 4 – Reviews, TV & Radio". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/last-nights-tv-faith-schools-menacemore-4-2056104.html. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ^ a b Dawkins, Richard. "Postmodernism Disrobed". http://physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/dawkins.html. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
- ^ New university to rival Oxbridge will charge £18,000 a year Sunday Telegraph 5-Jun-2011
- ^ "Durham salutes science, Shakespeare and social inclusion". Durham News & Events Service. 26 August 2005. http://www.dur.ac.uk/news/allnews/?itemno=3972. Retrieved 2006-04-11.
- ^ "Æresdoktorer i 2011 - Universitetet i Oslo" (in (Norwegian)). Uio.no. http://www.uio.no/om/tall-og-fakta/aresdoktorer/eresdoktorer-2011.html. Retrieved 2011-10-22. [dead link]
- ^ Best-selling biologist and outspoken atheist among those honoured by University, University of Aberdeen.
- ^ "Richard Dawkins, doctor 'honoris causa' per la Universitat de València". 31 March 2009. http://www.uv.es/~webuv/noticies/noticia.php?idnoticia=7165. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
- ^ Scripps Institution of Oceanography (7 April 2009). "Scripps Institution of Oceanography Honors Evolutionary Biologist, Richard Dawkins, in Public Ceremony and Lecture". Scripps Institution of Oceanography. http://scrippsnews.ucsd.edu/Releases/?releaseID=967. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
- ^ "Q&A: Richard Dawkins". BBC News. 29 July 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3935757.stm. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
- ^ Herman, David (2004). "Public Intellectuals Poll". Prospect magazine. http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2004/08/publicintellectualspoll/. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
- ^ "The Top 100 Public Intellectuals". Prospect magazine. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4262. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
- ^ "Galaxy British Book Awards — Winners & Shortlists 2007". Publishing News. 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927130727/http://www.britishbookawards.co.uk/pnbb_winners2007.asp?#3. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
- ^ Behe, Michael (3 May 2007). "Time Top 100". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1595329_1616137,00.html. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
- ^ "Top 100 living geniuses". The Daily Telegraph. 28 October 2007. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1567544/Top-100-living-geniuses.html. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
- ^ Giordano Bruno Stiftung (28 May 2007). "Deschner-Preis an Richard Dawkins". Humanistischer Pressedienst. http://hpd-online.de/node/2010. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ Slack, Gordy (30 April 2005). "The atheist". Salon. http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/04/30/dawkins/index.html. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
- ^ "Honorary FFRF Board Announced". http://ffrf.org/news/releases/honorary-ffrf-board-announced/. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- ^ ""The Magic of Reality - new book by Richard Dawkins this Fall" 10 May 2011". Richarddawkins.net. 10 May 2011. http://richarddawkins.net/articles/625578. Retrieved 2011-06-28.
- ^ Staff. "BBC Educational and Documentary: Blind Watchmaker". BBC. http://www.bbcactive.com/BroadCastLearning/asp/catalogue/productdetail.asp?productcode=207. Retrieved 2 December 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (3 October 2000). "Obituary by Richard Dawkins". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 March 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080318185801/http://www.unifr.ch/biol/ecology/hamilton/hamilton.html#Dawkins. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
- ^ Critical-Historical Perspective on the Argument about Evolution and Creation, John Durant, in "From Evolution to Creation: A European Perspective (Eds. Sven Anderson, Arthus Peacocke), Aarhus Univ. Press, Aarhus, Denmark
- ^ "1986 Oxford Union Debate: Richard Dawkins, John Maynard Smith". RichardDawkins.net. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071013161954/http://richarddawkins.net/article,721,1986-Oxford-Union-Debate,Richard-Dawkins-John-Maynard-Smith. Retrieved 2007-05-10. Debate downloadable as MP3 files.
External links[link]
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Book: Richard Dawkins |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Richard Dawkins |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Richard Dawkins |
General
- Official website
- The Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science
- Richard Dawkins at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Richard Dawkins in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Richard Dawkins collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Richard Dawkins collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Video
- National Geographic Interviews – A series of video interviews with National Geographic Channel with Richard Dawkins on Darwin, Evolution and God.
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Richard Dawkins on Charlie Rose
- Richard Dawkins at TED Conferences
- Video interview with Riz Khan for Al Jazeera English
- Video interview at Big Think
Selected writings
- Viruses of the Mind (1993) – Religion as a mental virus.
- The Real Romance in the Stars (1995) – A critical view of astrology.
- The Emptiness of Theology at RDFRS.(1998) – A critical view of theology.
- Snake Oil and Holy Water (1999) – suggests that there is no convergence occurring between science and theism.
- What Use is Religion? (2004) – suggests that religion may have no survival value other than to itself.
- Race and Creation (2004) – On race, its usage and a theory of how it evolved.
- The giant tortoise's tale, The turtle's tale and The lava lizard's tale (2005) – A series of three articles written after a visit to the Galápagos Islands.
- Dawkins' Huffington Post articles
Audio
- 2011 Interview on io9's Geek's Guide to the Galaxy podcast
- Richard Dawkins on RadioLIVE's Weekend Variety Wireless – Richard Dawkins appears live on New Zealand's Radio Live, taking calls from the audience.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Dawkins, Richard |
| Alternative names | Dawkins, Clinton Richard |
| Short description | British evolutionary biologist, ethologist, atheist, humanist and sceptic |
| Date of birth | 26 March 1941 |
| Place of birth | Nairobi, Kenya |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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| Born | (1942-03-28) March 28, 1942 (age 70) Boston, Massachusetts |
|---|---|
| Era | 20th / 21st-century philosophy |
| Region | Western Philosophy |
| School | Analytic philosophy |
| Main interests | Philosophy of mind Philosophy of biology Philosophy of science Cognitive science |
| Notable ideas | Heterophenomenology Intentional stance Intuition pump Multiple Drafts Model Greedy reductionism Deepity |
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Daniel Clement Dennett (born March 28, 1942)[1][2] is an American philosopher, writer and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science.[3] He is currently the Co-director of the Center for Cognitive Studies, the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, and a University Professor at Tufts University. Dennett is a firm atheist and secularist, a member of the Secular Coalition for America advisory board,[4] as well as an outspoken supporter of the Brights movement. Dennett is referred to as one of the "Four Horsemen of New Atheism," along with Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, and the late Christopher Hitchens.[5]
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Dennett spent part of his childhood in Lebanon, where, during World War II, his father was a covert counter-intelligence agent with the Office of Strategic Services posing as a cultural attaché to the American Embassy in Beirut.[6] When he was five, his mother took him back to Massachusetts after his father died in an unexplained plane crash.[7] His sister is the investigative journalist Charlotte Dennett.[6]
He attended Phillips Exeter Academy and spent one year at Wesleyan University before receiving his Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from Harvard University in 1963, where he was a student of W. V. Quine. In 1965, he received his Doctor of Philosophy in philosophy from the University of Oxford, where he studied under Gilbert Ryle and was a member of Hertford College.
Academic career[link]
As of January 2012, Dennett is the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, University Professor, and Co-Director of the Center for Cognitive Studies (with Ray Jackendoff) at Tufts University.[8]
Dennett describes himself as "an autodidact — or, more properly, the beneficiary of hundreds of hours of informal tutorials on all the fields that interest me, from some of the world's leading scientists."[9]
He is the recipient of a Fulbright Fellowship, two Guggenheim Fellowships, and a Fellowship at the Center for Advanced Studies in Behavioral Science.[10] He is a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry and a Humanist Laureate of the International Academy of Humanism.[11] He was named 2004 Humanist of the Year by the American Humanist Association.[12]
In February 2010 he was named to the Freedom From Religion Foundation's Honorary Board of distinguished achievers.[13]
In 2012 he was awarded the Erasmus Prize, an annual award for a person who has made an exceptional contribution to European culture, society or social science, "for his ability to translate the cultural significance of science and technology to a broad audience."[14]
Free will[link]
While he is a confirmed compatibilist on free will, in "On Giving Libertarians What They Say They Want" — Chapter 15 of his 1978 book Brainstorms,[15] Dennett articulated the case for a two-stage model of decision making in contrast to libertarian views.
The model of decision making I am proposing has the following feature: when we are faced with an important decision, a consideration-generator whose output is to some degree undetermined produces a series of considerations, some of which may of course be immediately rejected as irrelevant by the agent (consciously or unconsciously). Those considerations that are selected by the agent as having a more than negligible bearing on the decision then figure in a reasoning process, and if the agent is in the main reasonable, those considerations ultimately serve as predictors and explicators of the agent's final decision.[16]
While other philosophers have developed two-stage models, including William James, Henri Poincaré, Arthur Holly Compton, and Henry Margenau, Dennett defends this model for the following reasons:
- First...The intelligent selection, rejection, and weighing of the considerations that do occur to the subject is a matter of intelligence making the difference.
- Second, I think it installs indeterminism in the right place for the libertarian, if there is a right place at all.
- Third...from the point of view of biological engineering, it is just more efficient and in the end more rational that decision making should occur in this way.
- A fourth observation in favor of the model is that it permits moral education to make a difference, without making all of the difference.
- Fifth — and I think this is perhaps the most important thing to be said in favor of this model — it provides some account of our important intuition that we are the authors of our moral decisions.
- Finally, the model I propose points to the multiplicity of decisions that encircle our moral decisions and suggests that in many cases our ultimate decision as to which way to act is less important phenomenologically as a contributor to our sense of free will than the prior decisions affecting our deliberation process itself: the decision, for instance, not to consider any further, to terminate deliberation; or the decision to ignore certain lines of inquiry.
These prior and subsidiary decisions contribute, I think, to our sense of ourselves as responsible free agents, roughly in the following way: I am faced with an important decision to make, and after a certain amount of deliberation, I say to myself: "That's enough. I've considered this matter enough and now I'm going to act," in the full knowledge that I could have considered further, in the full knowledge that the eventualities may prove that I decided in error, but with the acceptance of responsibility in any case.[17]
Leading libertarian philosophers such as Robert Kane have rejected Dennett's model, specifically that random chance is directly involved in a decision, on the basis that they believe this eliminates the agent's motives and reasons, character and values, and feelings and desires. They claim that, if chance is the primary cause of decisions, then agents cannot be liable for resultant actions. Kane says:
[As Dennett admits,] a causal indeterminist view of this deliberative kind does not give us everything libertarians have wanted from free will. For [the agent] does not have complete control over what chance images and other thoughts enter his mind or influence his deliberation. They simply come as they please. [The agent] does have some control after the chance considerations have occurred.
But then there is no more chance involved. What happens from then on, how he reacts, is determined by desires and beliefs he already has. So it appears that he does not have control in the libertarian sense of what happens after the chance considerations occur as well. Libertarians require more than this for full responsibility and free will.[18]
Other philosophical views[link]
Dennett has remarked in several places (such as "Self-portrait", in Brainchildren) that his overall philosophical project has remained largely the same since his time at Oxford. He is primarily concerned with providing a philosophy of mind that is grounded in empirical research. In his original dissertation, Content and Consciousness, he broke up the problem of explaining the mind into the need for a theory of content and for a theory of consciousness. His approach to this project has also stayed true to this distinction. Just as Content and Consciousness has a bipartite structure, he similarly divided Brainstorms into two sections. He would later collect several essays on content in The Intentional stance and synthesize his views on consciousness into a unified theory in Consciousness Explained. These volumes respectively form the most extensive development of his views.[19]
In Consciousness Explained, Dennett's interest in the ability of evolution to explain some of the content-producing features of consciousness is already apparent, and this has since become an integral part of his program. He defends a theory known by some as Neural Darwinism. He also presents an argument against qualia; he argues that the concept is so confused that it cannot be put to any use or understood in any non-contradictory way, and therefore does not constitute a valid refutation of physicalism. His strategy mirrors his teacher Ryle's approach of redefining first person phenomena in third person terms, and denying the coherence of the concepts which this approach struggles with. Much of Dennett's work since the 1990s has been concerned with fleshing out his previous ideas by addressing the same topics from an evolutionary standpoint, from what distinguishes human minds from animal minds (Kinds of Minds), to how free will is compatible with a naturalist view of the world (Freedom Evolves). In his 2006 book, Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon, Dennett attempts to subject religious belief to the same treatment, explaining possible evolutionary reasons for the phenomenon of religious adherence.
Dennett self-identifies with a few terms:
[Others] note that my 'avoidance of the standard philosophical terminology for discussing such matters' often creates problems for me; philosophers have a hard time figuring out what I am saying and what I am denying. My refusal to play ball with my colleagues is deliberate, of course, since I view the standard philosophical terminology as worse than useless — a major obstacle to progress since it consists of so many errors.
— Daniel Dennett, The Message is: There is no Medium
Yet, in Consciousness Explained, he admits "I am a sort of 'teleofunctionalist', of course, perhaps the original teleofunctionalist'". He goes on to say, "I am ready to come out of the closet as some sort of verificationist". In Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon he admits to being "a bright", and defends the term.
In Darwin's Dangerous Idea, Dennett writes that evolution can account for the origin of morality. He rejects the idea of the naturalistic fallacy as the idea that ethics is in some free-floating realm, writing that the fallacy is to rush from facts to values.
Role in evolutionary debate[link]
Dennett sees evolution by natural selection as an algorithmic process (though he spells out that algorithms as simple as long division often incorporate a significant degree of randomness).[20] This idea is in conflict with the evolutionary philosophy of paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould, who preferred to stress the "pluralism" of evolution (i.e. its dependence on many crucial factors, of which natural selection is only one).
Dennett's views on evolution are identified as being strongly adaptationist, in line with his theory of the intentional stance, and the evolutionary views of biologist Richard Dawkins. In Darwin's Dangerous Idea, Dennett showed himself even more willing than Dawkins to defend adaptationism in print, devoting an entire chapter to a criticism of the ideas of Gould. This stems from Gould's long-running public debate with E. O. Wilson and other evolutionary biologists over human sociobiology and its descendant evolutionary psychology, which Gould and Richard Lewontin opposed, but which Dennett advocated, together with Dawkins and Steven Pinker.[21] Strong disagreements have been launched against Dennett from Gould and his supporters, who allege that Dennett overstated his claims and misrepresented Gould's to reinforce what Gould describes as Dennett's "Darwinian fundamentalism".[22]
Dennett's theories have had a significant influence on the work of evolutionary psychologist Geoffrey Miller. He has also written about and advocated the notion of memetics as a philosophically useful tool, most recently in his "Brains, Computers, and Minds," a three part presentation through Harvard's MBB 2009 Distinguished Lecture Series.
He has recently been doing research into clerics who are secretly atheists and how they rationalize their works. He found what he called a "Don't ask, don't tell" conspiracy because believers did not want to hear of loss of faith. That made unbelieving preachers feel isolated but they did not want to lose their jobs and sometimes their church-supplied lodgings and generally consoled themselves that they were doing good in their pastoral roles by providing comfort and required ritual.[23] The research, with Linda LaScola, was further extended to include other denominations and non-Christian clerics.[24]
Personal life[link]
Dennett lives with his wife in North Andover, Massachusetts, and has a daughter, a son, and three grandchildren.[25] He is also an avid sailor.
In October 2006, Dennett was hospitalized due to an aortic dissection. After a nine-hour surgery, he was given a new aorta. In an essay posted on the Edge website, Dennett gives his firsthand account of his health problems, his consequent feelings of gratitude towards the scientists, cardiologist, surgeons, EMT's, phlebotomists, orderlies, housekeepers, physician assistants, X-ray technicians, meal-bringers, launderers, physical therapists, perfusionist, neurologist, and nurses whose hard work made his recovery possible, and his complete lack of a "deathbed conversion".
To whom, then, do I owe a debt of gratitude? To the cardiologist who has kept me alive and ticking for years, and who swiftly and confidently rejected the original diagnosis of nothing worse than pneumonia. To the surgeons, neurologists, anesthesiologists, and the perfusionist, who kept my systems going for many hours under daunting circumstances. To the dozen or so physician assistants, and to nurses and physical therapists and x-ray technicians and a small army of phlebotomists so deft that you hardly know they are drawing your blood, and the people who brought the meals, kept my room clean, did the mountains of laundry generated by such a messy case, wheel-chaired me to x-ray, and so forth. These people came from Uganda, Kenya, Liberia, Haiti, the Philippines, Croatia, Russia, China, Korea, India—and the United States, of course—and I have never seen more impressive mutual respect, as they helped each other out and checked each other's work. But for all their teamwork, this local gang could not have done their jobs without the huge background of contributions from others. I remember with gratitude my late friend and Tufts colleague, physicist Allan Cormack, who shared the Nobel Prize for his invention of the c-t scanner. Allan—you have posthumously saved yet another life, but who's counting? The world is better for the work you did. Thank goodness. Then there is the whole system of medicine, both the science and the technology, without which the best-intentioned efforts of individuals would be roughly useless. So I am grateful to the editorial boards and referees, past and present, of Science, Nature, Journal of the American Medical Association, Lancet, and all the other institutions of science and medicine that keep churning out improvements, detecting and correcting flaws.
— Daniel C. Dennett, Thank Goodness!
By his account, upon having been told by friends and relatives that they had prayed for him, he resisted the urge to ask them, "Did you also sacrifice a goat?"[26][27]
Selected books[link]
- Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology (MIT Press 1981) (ISBN 0-262-54037-1)
- Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting (MIT Press 1984) — on free will and determinism (ISBN 0-262-04077-8)
- The Mind's I (Bantam, Reissue edition 1985, with Douglas Hofstadter) (ISBN 0-553-34584-2)
- Content and Consciousness (Routledge & Kegan Paul Books Ltd; 2nd ed. January 1986) (ISBN 0-7102-0846-4)
- The Intentional Stance (6th printing), Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1996, ISBN 0-262-54053-3 (First published 1987)
- Consciousness Explained (Back Bay Books 1992) (ISBN 0-316-18066-1)
- Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life (Simon & Schuster; reprint edition 1996) (ISBN 0-684-82471-X)
- Kinds of Minds: Towards an Understanding of Consciousness (Basic Books 1997) (ISBN 0-465-07351-4)
- Brainchildren: Essays on Designing Minds (Representation and Mind) (MIT Press 1998) (ISBN 0-262-04166-9) — A Collection of Essays 1984–1996
- Freedom Evolves (Viking Press 2003) (ISBN 0-670-03186-0)
- Sweet Dreams: Philosophical Obstacles to a Science of Consciousness (MIT Press 2005) (ISBN 0-262-04225-8)
- Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon (Penguin Group 2006) (ISBN 0-670-03472-X).
- Neuroscience and Philosophy: Brain, Mind, and Language (Columbia University Press 2007) (ISBN 978-0-231-14044-7), co-authored with Maxwell Bennett, Peter Hacker, and John Searle
- Science and Religion (Oxford University Press 2010) (ISBN 0-199-73842-4), co-authored with Alvin Plantinga
See also[link]
- The Atheism Tapes
- Cartesian materialism
- Conscious Robots
- Evolutionary psychology of religion
- Greedy reductionism
- Geoffrey Miller
- Heterophenomenology
- Intentional stance
- List of Jean Nicod Prize laureates
- Memetics
- Multiple drafts theory of consciousness
- Philosophy of Religion
- American philosophy
- List of American philosophers
Further reading[link]
- John Brockman (1995). The Third Culture. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80359-3 (Discusses Dennett and others).
- Daniel C. Dennett (1997), "Chapter 3. True Believers: The Intentional Strategy and Why it Works", in John Haugeland, Mind Design II: Philosophy, Psychology, Artificial Intelligence. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ISBN 0-262-08259-4 (reprint of 1981 publication).[a]
- Andrew Brook and Don Ross (editors) (2000). Daniel Dennett. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00864-6
- Don Ross, Andrew Brook and David Thompson (editors) (2000) Dennett's Philosophy: A Comprehensive Assessment Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-18200-9
- John Symons (2000) On Dennett. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company. ISBN 0-534-57632-X
- Matthew Elton (2003). Dennett: Reconciling Science and Our Self-Conception. Cambridge, U.K: Polity Press. ISBN 0-7456-2117-1
- P.M.S. Hacker and M.R. Bennett (2003) Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience. Oxford, and Malden, Mass: Blackwell ISBN 1-4051-0855-X (Has an appendix devoted to a strong critique of Dennett's philosophy of mind)
Notes[link]
a. ^ "True Believers: The Intentional Strategy and Why it Works" is a reprint of a paper first published in 1981 in Scientific Explanation, edited by A.F. Heath (Oxford: Oxford University Press). The paper was originally presented as a Herbert Spencer lecture at Oxford in November 1979. It was also published as chapter 2 in Dennett's book The Intentional Stance (see further reading above).
References[link]
- ^ Autobiography
- ^ About the Author
- ^ Beardsley, T. (1996) Profile: Daniel C. Dennett – Dennett's Dangerous Idea, Scientific American 274(2), 34-35.
- ^ Secular Coalition for America Advisory Board Biography
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b Feuer, Alan (2007-10-23), "A Dead Spy, a Daughter’s Questions and the C.I.A.", New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/23/nyregion/23spydad.html, retrieved 2008-09-16
- ^ Brown, Andrew (2004-04-17). "The semantic engineer". The Guardian. http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/politicsphilosophyandsociety/story/0,6000,1193371,00.html. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
- ^ Center for Cognitive Studies
- ^ Dennett, Daniel C. (2005-09-13) [2004], "What I Want to Be When I Grow Up", in John Brockman, Curious Minds: How a Child Becomes a Scientist, New York: Vintage Books, ISBN 1-4000-7686-2, http://www.edge.org/books/curious_index.html
- ^ American Scientist
- ^ Secular Humanism Laureate
- ^ Humanist of the Year
- ^ "Honorary FFRF Board Announced". http://ffrf.org/news/releases/honorary-ffrf-board-announced/. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- ^ "Erasmus Prize 2012 Awarded to Daniel C. Dennett". http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=346065. Retrieved 2012-01-25.
- ^ Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology, MIT Press (1978), pp.286-299
- ^ Brainstorms, p.295
- ^ Brainstorms, pp.295-97
- ^ Robert Kane, A Contemporary Introduction to Free Will, Oxford (2005) p.64-5
- ^ Guttenplan, Samuel (1994), A companion to the philosophy of mind, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 642, ISBN 0-631-19996-9
- ^ p. 52-60, Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life (Simon & Schuster; reprint edition 1996) (ISBN 0-684-82471-X)
- ^ Although Dennett has expressed criticism of human sociobiology, calling it a form of "greedy reductionism", he is generally sympathetic towards the explanations proposed by evolutionary psychology. Gould also is not one sided, and writes: "Sociobiologists have broadened their range of selective stories by invoking concepts of inclusive fitness and kin selection to solve (successfully I think) the vexatious problem of altruism—previously the greatest stumbling block to a Darwinian theory of social behavior. . . . Here sociobiology has had and will continue to have success. And here I wish it well. For it represents an extension of basic Darwinism to a realm where it should apply." Gould, 1980. "Sociobiology and the Theory of Natural Selection" In G. W. Barlow and J. Silverberg, eds., Sociobiology: Beyond Nature/Nurture? Boulder CO: Westview Press, pp. 257-269.
- ^ 'Evolution: The pleasures of Pluralism' — Stephen Jay Gould's review of Darwin's Dangerous Idea, June 26, 1997
- ^ Preachers who are not Believers (PDF), Evolutionary Psychology, Vol. 8, Issue 1, March, 2010, pp. 122-50, (ISSN 1474-7049).
- ^ Podcast: interview with Daniel Dennett. Further developments of the research: pastors, priests, and an Imam who are closet atheists.
- ^ Daniel C. Dennett's Home Page
- ^ Richard Dawkins: 'The Genius of Charles Darwin' (2008.).
- ^ 'Thank Goodness!', edge 195, Nov. 3, 2006
External links[link]
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- Inside Jokes Using Humor to Reverse-Engineer the Mind Matthew M. Hurley, Daniel C. Dennett and Reginald B. Adams, Jr at The MIT Press
- Faculty webpage
- Daniel C. Dennett at Internet Movie Database
- Scientific American Frontiers Profile: Daniel Dennett 2000-12-19
- Searchable bibliography of Dennett's works
- Daniel Dennett on Information Philosopher
- Media
- Edge/Third Culture: Daniel C. Dennett
- Daniel Dennett multimedia files
- Profile at TED several videos on dangerous memes, consciousness, others
- Radio interview on Philosophy Talk 2009-12-06
- The Nature of Knowledge Lecture at the University of Edinburgh 2006-03-14
- On Preaching and Teaching The Science Network interview with Daniel Dennett 2007-11-02
- The Moscow Center for Consciousness Studies video interview with Daniel Dennett 2010-03-05 (with transcript)
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Dennett, Daniel |
| Alternative names | Dennett, Dan |
| Short description | American philosopher |
| Date of birth | (1942-03-28) March 28, 1942 (age 70) |
| Place of birth | Boston, Massachusetts |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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| Daw Aung San Suu Kyi  MP AC |
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|---|---|
 |
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| Chairman of the National League for Democracy | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 27 September 1988 |
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| Preceded by | Position established |
| Member of the Pyithu Hluttaw for Kawhmu |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 2 May 2012 |
|
| Preceded by | Soe Tint |
| Majority | 46,730 (71.38%)[1] |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1945-06-19) 19 June 1945 (age 67) Rangoon, British Burma (now Yangon) |
| Political party | National League for Democracy |
| Spouse(s) | Michael Aris (1972–1999) |
| Relations | Aung San (father) Khin Kyi (mother) |
| Children | Alexander Kim |
| Alma mater | University of Delhi St Hugh's College, Oxford University of London |
| Religion | Theravada Buddhism |
| Awards | Rafto Prize Nobel Peace Prize Jawaharlal Nehru Award International Simón Bolívar Prize Olof Palme Prize Bhagwan Mahavir World Peace |
 |
This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script. |
Aung San Suu Kyi MP AC (Burmese: ; MLCTS: aung hcan: cu. krany, IPA: [ʔàʊɴ sʰáɴ sṵ tɕì]; born 19 June 1945) is a Burmese opposition politician and General Secretary of the National League for Democracy (NLD) in Burma. In the 1990 general election, the NLD won 59% of the national votes and 81% (392 of 485) of the seats in Parliament.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] She had, however, already been detained under house arrest before the elections. She remained under house arrest in Burma for almost 15 of the 21 years from 20 July 1989 until her most recent release on 13 November 2010,[9] becoming one of the world's most prominent (now former) political prisoners.[10]
Suu Kyi received the Rafto Prize and the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in 1990 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991. In 1992 she was awarded the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding by the government of India and the International Simón Bolívar Prize from the government of Venezuela. In 2007, the Government of Canada made her an honorary citizen of that country;[11] at the time, she was one of only four people ever to receive the honor.[12] In 2011, she was awarded the Wallenberg Medal.[13]
On 1 April 2012, her opposition party, the National League for Democracy, announced that she was elected to the Pyithu Hluttaw, the lower house of the Burmese parliament, representing the constituency of Kawhmu;[14] her party also won 43 of the 45 vacant seats in the lower house.[15] The election results were confirmed by the official electoral commission the following day.[16]
Suu Kyi is the third child and only daughter of Aung San, considered to be the father of modern-day Burma.
Contents |
Name[link]
Aung San Suu Kyi derives her name from three relatives: "Aung San" from her father, "Suu" from her paternal grandmother and "Kyi" from her mother Khin Kyi.[17] She is frequently called Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. Daw is not part of her name, but is an honorific, similar to madame, for older, revered women, literally meaning "aunt."[18] She is also often referred to as Daw Suu by the Burmese (or Amay Suu, lit. "Mother Suu," by some followers),[19][20] or "Aunty Suu", and as Dr. Suu Kyi,[21] Ms. Suu Kyi, or Mrs. Suu Kyi by the foreign media. However, like other Burmese, she has no surname (see Burmese names). The pronunciation of her name is approximated as "Awn Sahn Sue Chee," although the "ch" in "Chee" is unaspirated.[22]
Personal life[link]
| Part of a series on the |
| Democracy movements in Burma |
|---|
The fighting peacock flag
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| Background |
| Post-independence Burma |
| Internal conflict in Burma |
| Burmese Way to Socialism |
| State Peace and Development Council |
| Mass protests |
| 8888 Uprising · Protests of 2007 |
| Concessions and reforms |
| Roadmap to democracy New constitution Reforms of 2011 |
| Elections |
| 1990 · 2010 · 2012 |
| Organizations |
| National League for Democracy · 88 Generation Students Group · Burma Campaign UK · Free Burma Coalition · U.S. Campaign for Burma · Generation Wave · All Burma Students' Democratic Front · The Irrawaddy · Democratic Voice of Burma · Mizzima News |
| Figures |
| U Nu · Aung Gyi · Tin Oo · Aung San Suu Kyi · Min Ko Naing · Thein Sein |
| Related topics |
| Human rights in Burma · Politics of Burma · Foreign relations of Burma |
Aung San Suu Kyi was born in Rangoon (now named Yangon).[23] Her father, Aung San, founded the modern Burmese army and negotiated Burma's independence from the British Empire in 1947; he was assassinated by his rivals in the same year. She grew up with her mother, Khin Kyi, and two brothers, Aung San Lin and Aung San Oo, in Rangoon. Aung San Lin died at age eight, when he drowned in an ornamental lake on the grounds of the house.[17] Her elder brother emigrated to San Diego, California, becoming a United States citizen.[17] After Aung San Lin's death, the family moved to a house by Inya Lake where Suu Kyi met people of very different backgrounds, political views and religions.[24] She was educated in Methodist English High School (now Basic Education High School No. 1 Dagon) for much of her childhood in Burma, where she was noted as having a talent for learning languages.[25] She is a Theravada Buddhist.
Suu Kyi's mother, Khin Kyi, gained prominence as a political figure in the newly formed Burmese government. She was appointed Burmese ambassador to India and Nepal in 1960, and Aung San Suu Kyi followed her there, she studied in the Convent of Jesus and Mary School, New Delhi and graduated from Lady Shri Ram College in New Delhi with a degree in politics in 1964.[26][27] Suu Kyi continued her education at St Hugh's College, Oxford, obtaining a B.A. degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics in 1969. During her time in Oxford, she fell in love with a Pakistani man but the relationship ended in tears.[28] After graduating, she lived in New York City with a family friend who was once a popular Burmese pop singer.[28] She worked at the UN for three years, primarily on budget matters, writing daily to her future husband, Dr. Michael Aris.[29] In 1972, Aung San Suu Kyi married Aris, a scholar of Tibetan culture, living abroad in Bhutan.[26] The following year she gave birth to their first son, Alexander Aris, in London; their second son, Kim, was born in 1977. Subsequently, she earned a PhD at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London in 1985. She was elected as an Honorary Fellow in 1990.[26] For two years she was a Fellow at the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies (IIAS) in Shimla, India. She also worked for the government of the Union of Burma.
In 1988 Suu Kyi returned to Burma, at first to tend for her ailing mother but later to lead the pro-democracy movement. Aris' visit in Christmas 1995 turned out to be the last time that he and Suu Kyi met, as Suu Kyi remained in Burma and the Burmese dictatorship denied him any further entry visas.[26] Aris was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1997 which was later found to be terminal. Despite appeals from prominent figures and organizations, including the United States, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and Pope John Paul II, the Burmese government would not grant Aris a visa, saying that they did not have the facilities to care for him, and instead urged Aung San Suu Kyi to leave the country to visit him. She was at that time temporarily free from house arrest but was unwilling to depart, fearing that she would be refused re-entry if she left, as she did not trust the military junta's assurance that she could return.[30]
Aris died on his 53rd birthday on 27 March 1999. Since 1989, when his wife was first placed under house arrest, he had seen her only five times, the last of which was for Christmas in 1995. She was also separated from her children, who live in the United Kingdom, but starting in 2011, they have visited her in Burma.[31]
On 2 May 2008, after Cyclone Nargis hit Burma, Suu Kyi lost the roof of her house and lived in virtual darkness after losing electricity in her dilapidated lakeside residence. She used candles at night as she was not provided any generator set.[32] Plans to renovate and repair the house were announced in August 2009.[33] Suu Kyi was released from house arrest on 13 November 2010.[34]
Political beginnings[link]
Coincident with Aung San Suu Kyi's return to Burma in 1988, the long-time military leader of Burma and head of the ruling party, General Ne Win, stepped down. Mass demonstrations for democracy followed that event on 8 August 1988 (8–8–88, a day seen as auspicious), which were violently suppressed in what came to be known as the 8888 Uprising. On 26 August 1988, she addressed half a million people at a mass rally in front of the Shwedagon Pagoda in the capital, calling for a democratic government.[26] However in September, a new military junta took power.
Influenced[35] by both Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence[36][37] and more specifically by Buddhist concepts,[38] Aung San Suu Kyi entered politics to work for democratization, helped found the National League for Democracy on 27 September 1988,[39] but was put under house arrest on 20 July 1989. Offered freedom if she left the country, she refused.
One of her most famous speeches was "Freedom From Fear", which began: "It is not power that corrupts, but fear. Fear of losing power corrupts those who wield it and fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it."
She also believes fear spurs many world leaders to lose sight of their purpose. "Government leaders are amazing", she once said. "So often it seems they are the last to know what the people want."[40]
Political career[link]
1990 general election[link]
In 1990, the military junta called a general election, in which the National League for Democracy (NLD) received 59% of the votes, guaranteeing NLD 80% of the parliament seats. Some claim that Aung San Suu Kyi would have assumed the office of Prime Minister;[41] in fact, however, as she wasn't permitted, she did not stand as a candidate in the elections (although being a MP isn't a strict prerequisite for becoming PM in most parliamentary systems). Instead, the results were nullified and the military refused to hand over power, resulting in an international outcry. Aung San Suu Kyi was placed under house arrest at her home on University Avenue (16°49′32″N 96°9′1″E / 16.82556°N 96.15028°E / 16.82556; 96.15028) in Rangoon, during which time she was awarded the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in 1990, and the Nobel Peace Prize the year after. Her sons Alexander and Kim accepted the Nobel Peace Prize on her behalf. Aung San Suu Kyi used the Nobel Peace Prize's 1.3 million USD prize money to establish a health and education trust for the Burmese people.[42] Around this time, Suu Kyi chose non-violence as an expedient political tactic, stating in 2007, "I do not hold to non-violence for moral reasons, but for political and practical reasons,"[43] however, nonviolent action as well as civil resistance in lieu of armed conflict are also political tactics in keeping with the overall philosophy of her Theravada Buddhist religion.
1996 attack[link]
On 9 November 1996, the motorcade that she was traveling in with other National League for Democracy leaders Tin Oo and U Kyi Maung, was attacked in Yangon. About 200 men swooped down on the motorcade, wielding metal chains, metal batons, stones and other weapons. The car that Aung San Suu Kyi was in had its rear window smashed, and the car with Tin Oo and U Kyi Maung had its rear window and two backdoor windows shattered. It is believed the offenders were members of the Union Solidarity and Development Association (USDA) who were allegedly paid 500 kyats (@ USD $0.5) each to participate. The NLD lodged an official complaint with the police, and according to reports the government launched an investigation, but no action was taken. (Amnesty International 120297)[44]
House arrest[link]
Aung San Suu Kyi has been placed under house arrest for 15 of the past 21 years, on different occasions, since she began her political career,[45] during which time she was prevented from meeting her party supporters and international visitors. In an interview, Suu Kyi said that while under house arrest she spent her time reading philosophy, politics and biographies that her husband had sent her.[46] She also passed the time playing the piano, and was occasionally allowed visits from foreign diplomats as well as from her personal physician.[47]
The media were also prevented from visiting Suu Kyi, as occurred in 1998 when journalist Maurizio Giuliano, after photographing her, was stopped by customs officials who then confiscated all his films, tapes and some notes.[48] In contrast, Suu Kyi did have visits from government representatives, such as during her autumn 1994 house arrest when she met the leader of Burma, General Than Shwe and General Khin Nyunt on 20 September in the first meeting since she had been placed in detention.[26] On several occasions during Suu Kyi's house arrest, she had periods of poor health and as a result was hospitalized.[49]
The Burmese government detained and kept Suu Kyi imprisoned because it viewed her as someone "likely to undermine the community peace and stability" of the country, and used both Article 10(a) and 10(b) of the 1975 State Protection Act (granting the government the power to imprison people for up to five years without a trial),[50] and Section 22 of the "Law to Safeguard the State Against the Dangers of Those Desiring to Cause Subversive Acts" as legal tools against her.[51] She continuously appealed her detention,[52] and many nations and figures continued to call for her release and that of 2,100 other political prisoners in the country.[53][54] On 12 November 2010, days after the junta-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) won elections conducted after a gap of almost 20 years, the junta finally agreed to sign orders allowing Suu Kyi's release,[55] and Suu Kyi's house arrest term came to an end on 13 November 2010.
UN involvement[link]
The UN has attempted to facilitate dialogue between the junta and Suu Kyi.[56] On 6 May 2002, following secret confidence-building negotiations led by the UN, the government released her; a government spokesman said that she was free to move "because we are confident that we can trust each other". Aung San Suu Kyi proclaimed "a new dawn for the country". However on 30 May 2003 in an incident similar to the 1996 attack on her, a government-sponsored mob attacked her caravan in the northern village of Depayin, murdering and wounding many of her supporters.[57] Aung San Suu Kyi fled the scene with the help of her driver, Ko Kyaw Soe Lin, but was arrested upon reaching Ye-U. The government imprisoned her at Insein Prison in Rangoon. After she underwent a hysterectomy in September 2003,[58] the government again placed her under house arrest in Rangoon.
The results from the UN facilitation have been mixed; Razali Ismail, UN special envoy to Burma, met with Aung San Suu Kyi. Ismail resigned from his post the following year, partly because he was denied re-entry to Burma on several occasions.[59] Several years later in 2006, Ibrahim Gambari, UN Undersecretary-General (USG) of Department of Political Affairs, met with Aung San Suu Kyi, the first visit by a foreign official since 2004.[60] He also met with Suu Kyi later the same year.[61] On 2 October 2007 Gambari returned to talk to her again after seeing Than Shwe and other members of the senior leadership in Naypyidaw.[62] State television broadcast Suu Kyi with Gambari, stating that they had met twice. This was Suu Kyi's first appearance in state media in the four years since her current detention began.[63]
The United Nations Working Group for Arbitrary Detention published an Opinion that Aung San Suu Kyi's deprivation of liberty was arbitrary and in contravention of Article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, and requested that the authorities in Burma set her free, but the authorities ignored the request at that time.[64] The U.N. report said that according to the Burmese Government’s reply, "Daw Aung San Suu Kyi has not been arrested, but has only been taken into protective custody, for her own safety", and while "it could have instituted legal action against her under the country’s domestic legislation ... it has preferred to adopt a magnanimous attitude, and is providing her with protection in her own interests."[64]
Such claims were rejected by Brig-General Khin Yi, Chief of Myanmar Police Force (MPF). On 18 January 2007, the state-run paper New Light of Myanmar accused Suu Kyi of tax evasion for spending her Nobel Prize money outside of the country. The accusation followed the defeat of a US-sponsored United Nations Security Council resolution condemning Burma as a threat to international security; the resolution was defeated because of strong opposition from China, which has strong ties with the military junta (China later voted against the resolution, along with Russia and South Africa).[65]
In November 2007, it was reported that Suu Kyi would meet her political allies National League for Democracy along with a government minister. The ruling junta made the official announcement on state TV and radio just hours after UN special envoy Ibrahim Gambari ended his second visit to Burma. The NLD confirmed that it had received the invitation to hold talks with Suu Kyi.[66] However, the process delivered few concrete results.
On 3 July 2009, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon went to Burma to pressure the junta into releasing Suu Kyi and to institute democratic reform. However, on departing from Burma, Ban Ki-moon said he was "disappointed" with the visit after junta leader Than Shwe refused permission for him to visit Suu Kyi, citing her ongoing trial. Ban said he was "deeply disappointed that they have missed a very important opportunity."[67]
Periods under detention[link]
- 20 July 1989: Placed under house arrest in Rangoon under martial law that allows for detention without charge or trial for three years.[56]
- 10 July 1995: Released from house arrest.[17]
- 23 September 2000: Placed under house arrest.[45]
- 6 May 2002: Released after 19 months.[45]
- 30 May 2003: Arrested following the Depayin massacre, she was held in secret detention for more than three months before being returned to house arrest.[68]
- 25 May 2007: House arrest extended by one year despite a direct appeal from U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan to General Than Shwe.[69]
- 24 October 2007: Reached 12 years under house arrest, solidarity protests held at 12 cities around the world.[70]
- 27 May 2008: House arrest extended for another year, which is illegal under both international law and Burma's own law.[71]
- 11 August 2009: House arrest extended for 18 more months because of "violation" arising from the May 2009 trespass incident.
- 13 November 2010: Released from house arrest.[72]
2007 anti-government protests[link]
Main article: 2007 Burmese anti-government protests
Protests led by Buddhist monks began on 19 August 2007 following steep fuel price increases, and continued each day, despite the threat of a crackdown by the military.[73]
On 22 September 2007, although still under house arrest, Suu Kyi made a brief public appearance at the gate of her residence in Yangon to accept the blessings of Buddhist monks who were marching in support of human rights.[74] It was reported that she had been moved the following day to Insein Prison (where she had been detained in 2003),[75][76][77][78] but meetings with UN envoy Ibrahim Gambari near her Rangoon home on 30 September and 2 October established that she remained under house arrest.[79][80]
2009 trespass incident[link]
Main article: Suu Kyi trespasser incidents
On 3 May 2009, an American man, identified as John Yettaw, swam across Inya Lake to her house uninvited and was arrested when he made his return trip three days later.[81] He had attempted to make a similar trip two years earlier, but for unknown reasons was turned away.[82] He later claimed at trial that he was motivated by a divine vision requiring him to notify her of an impending terrorist assassination attempt.[83] On 13 May, Suu Kyi was arrested for violating the terms of her house arrest because the swimmer, who pleaded exhaustion, was allowed to stay in her house for two days before he attempted the swim back. Suu Kyi was later taken to Insein Prison, where she could have faced up to five years confinement for the intrusion.[84] The trial of Suu Kyi and her two maids began on 18 May and a small number of protesters gathered outside.[85][86] Diplomats and journalists were barred from attending the trial; however, on one occasion, several diplomats from Russia, Thailand and Singapore and journalists were allowed to meet Suu Kyi.[87] The prosecution had originally planned to call 22 witnesses.[88] It also accused John Yettaw of embarrassing the country.[89] During the ongoing defence case, Suu Kyi said she was innocent. The defence was allowed to call only one witness (out of four), while the prosecution was permitted to call 14 witnesses. The court rejected two character witnesses, NLD members Tin Oo and Win Tin, and permitted the defense to call only a legal expert.[90] According to one unconfirmed report, the junta was planning to, once again, place her in detention, this time in a military base outside the city.[91] In a separate trial, Yettaw said he swam to Suu Kyi's house to warn her that her life was "in danger".[92] The national police chief later confirmed that Yettaw was the "main culprit" in the case filed against Suu Kyi.[93] According to aides, Suu Kyi spent her 64th birthday in jail sharing biryani rice and chocolate cake with her guards.[94]
Her arrest and subsequent trial received worldwide condemnation by the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, the United Nations Security Council,[95] Western governments,[96] South Africa,[97] Japan[98] and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, of which Burma is a member.[99] The Burmese government strongly condemned the statement, as it created an "unsound tradition"[100] and criticised Thailand for meddling in its internal affairs.[101] The Burmese Foreign Minister Nyan Win was quoted in the state-run newspaper New Light of Myanmar as saying that the incident "was trumped up to intensify international pressure on Burma by internal and external anti-government elements who do not wish to see the positive changes in those countries' policies toward Burma".[89] Ban responded to an international campaign[102] by flying to Burma to negotiate, but Than Shwe rejected all of his requests.[103]
On 11 August 2009 the trial concluded with Suu Kyi being sentenced to imprisonment for three years with hard labour. This sentence was commuted by the military rulers to further house arrest of 18 months.[104] On 14 August, U.S. Senator Jim Webb visited Burma, visiting with junta leader Gen. Than Shwe and later with Suu Kyi. During the visit, Webb negotiated Yettaw's release and deportation from Burma.[105] Following the verdict of the trial, lawyers of Suu Kyi said they would appeal against the 18-month sentence.[106] On 18 August, United States President Barack Obama asked the country's military leadership to set free all political prisoners, including Aung San Suu Kyi.[107] In her appeal, Aung San Suu Kyi had argued that the conviction was unwarranted. However, her appeal against the August sentence was rejected by a Burmese court on 2 October 2009. Although the court accepted the argument that the 1974 constitution, under which she had been charged, was null and void, it also said the provisions of the 1975 security law, under which she has been kept under house arrest, remained in force. The verdict effectively meant that she would be unable to participate in the elections scheduled to take place in 2010 – the first in Burma in two decades. Her lawyer stated that her legal team would pursue a new appeal within 60 days.[108]
2009: International pressure for release, and Burmese general election 2010[link]
It was announced prior to the Burmese general election that Aung San Suu Kyi may be released "so she can organize her party,"[109] However, Suu Kyi was not allowed to run.[110] On 1 October 2010 the government announced that she would be released on 13 November 2010.[111]
Burma's relaxing stance, such as releasing political prisoners, was influenced in the wake of successful recent diplomatic visits by the US and other democratic governments, urging or encouraging the Burmese towards democratic reform. U.S. President Barack Obama personally advocated for the release of all political prisoners, especially Aung San Suu Kyi, during the US-ASEAN Summit of 2009.[112]
Democratic governments[which?] hoped that successful general elections would be an optimistic indicator of the Burmese government's sincerity towards eventual democracy.[113] The Hatoyama government which spent 2.82 billion yen in 2008, has promised more Japanese foreign aid to encourage Burma to release Aung San Suu Kyi in time for the elections; and to continue moving towards democracy and the rule of law.[113][114]
In a personal letter to Suu Kyi, UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown cautioned the Burmese government of the potential consequences of rigging elections as "condemning Burma to more years of diplomatic isolation and economic stagnation".[115]
The Burmese government has been granting Suu Kyi varying degrees of freedom throughout late 2009, in response to international pressure. She has met with many heads of state, and opened a dialog with the Minister of Labor Aung Kyi (not to be confused with Aung San Suu Kyi).[116]
Suu Kyi was allowed to meet with senior members of her NLD party at the State House,[117] however these meeting took place under close supervision.
2010 release[link]
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On the evening of 13 November 2010, Suu Kyi was released from house arrest.[118] This was the date her detention had been set to expire according to a court ruling in August 2009[119] and came six days after a widely criticized general election. She appeared in front of a crowd of her supporters, who rushed to her house in Rangoon when nearby barricades were removed by the security forces. The Nobel Peace Prize laureate had been detained for 15 of the past 21 years.[120] The government newspaper New Light of Myanmar reported the release positively,[121] saying she had been granted a pardon after serving her sentence "in good conduct".[122] The New York Times suggested that the military government may have released Suu Kyi because it felt it was in a confident position to control her supporters after the election.[121] The role that Suu Kyi will play in the future of democracy in Burma remains a subject of much debate.
Her son Kim Aris was granted a visa in November 2010 to see his mother shortly after her release, for the first time in 10 years.[123] He visited again in 5 July 2011, to accompany her on a trip to Bagan, her first trip outside Yangon since 2003.[124] Her son visited again in 8 August 2011, to accompany her on a trip to Pegu, her second trip.[125]
Discussions were held between Suu Kyi and the Burmese government during 2011, which led to a number of official gestures to meet her demands. In October, around a tenth of Burma's political prisoners were freed in an amnesty and trade unions were legalised.[126][127]
In November 2011, following a meeting of its leaders, the NLD announced its intention to re-register as a political party in order contend 48 by-elections necessitated by the promotion of parliamentarians to ministerial rank.[128] Following the decision, Suu Kyi held a telephone conference with U.S. President Barack Obama, in which it was agreed that Secretary of State Hillary Clinton would make a visit to Burma, a move received with caution by Burma's ally China.[129] On 1 December 2011, Suu Kyi met with Hillary Clinton at the residence of the top-ranking US diplomat in Yangon.[130]
On 21 December 2011, Thai Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra met Suu Kyi in Yangoon, becoming Suu Kyi's "first-ever meeting with the leader of a foreign country".[131]
On 5 January 2012, British Foreign Minister William Hague met Aung San Suu Kyi and his Burmese counterpart. This represented a significant visit for Suu Kyi and Burma. Suu Kyi studied in the UK and maintains many ties there, whilst Britain is Burma's largest bilateral donor.
2012 by-elections[link]
In December 2011, there was speculation that Suu Kyi would run in the 2012 national by-elections to fill vacant seats.[132] On 18 January 2012, Suu Kyi formally registered to contest a Pyithu Hluttaw (lower house) seat in the Kawhmu Township constituency in special parliamentary elections to be held on 1 April 2012.[133][134] The seat was previously held by Soe Tint, who vacated it after being appointed Construction Deputy Minister, in the 2010 election.[135] She ran against Union Solidarity and Development Party candidate Soe Min, a retired army physician and native of Twante Township.[136]
On 3 March 2012, at a large campaign rally in Mandalay, Suu Kyi unexpectedly left after 15 minutes, because of exhaustion and airsickness.[137]
In an official campaign speech broadcast on Burmese state television's MRTV on 14 March 2012, Suu Kyi publicly campaigned for reform of the 2008 Constitution, removal of restrictive laws, more adequate protections for people's democratic rights, and establishment of an independent judiciary.[138] The speech was leaked online a day before it was broadcast.[139] A paragraph in the speech, focusing on the Tatmadaw's repression by means of law, was censored by authorities.[140]
Suu Kyi has also called for international media to monitor the upcoming by-elections, while publicly pointing out irregularities in official voter lists, which include deceased individuals and exclude other eligible voters in the contested constituencies.[141][142] On 21 March 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi was quoted as saying "Fraud and rule violations are continuing and we can even say they are increasing."[143]
When asked whether she would assume a ministerial post if given the opportunity, she said the following:[144]
I can tell you one thing – that under the present constitution, if you become a member of the government you have to vacate your seat in the national assembly. And I am not working so hard to get into parliament simply to vacate my seat.
On 26 March 2012, Suu Kyi suspended her nationwide campaign tour early, after a campaign rally in Myeik (Mergui), a coastal town in the south, citing health problems due to exhaustion and hot weather.[145]
On 1 April 2012, the NLD announced that Suu Kyi had won the vote for a seat in Parliament.[146] A news broadcast on state-run MRTV, reading the announcements of the Union Election Commission, confirmed her victory, as well as her party's victory in 43 of the 45 contested seats, officially making Suu Kyi the Leader of the Opposition in the lower house.[147]
Although she and other MP-elects were expected to take office on 23 April when the Hluttaws resume session, National League for Democracy MP-elects, including Suu Kyi, said they might not take their oaths because of its wording; in its present form, parliamentarians must vow to "safeguard" the constitution.[148][149] In an address on Radio Free Asia, she said "We don't mean we will not attend the parliament, we mean we will attend only after taking the oath... Changing that wording in the oath is also in conformity with the Constitution. I don't expect there will be any difficulty in doing it."[150]
On 2 May 2012, National League for Democracy MP-elects, including Aung San Suu Kyi, took their oaths and took office, though the wording of the oath was not changed. [151] According to the Los Angeles Times, "Suu Kyi and her colleagues decided they could do more by joining as lawmakers than maintaining their boycott on principle." [152]
International support[link]
File:Aung san suu kyi libera italy.jpg
May 2009 demonstration for Aung San Suu Kyi in Rome, Italy
File:Burmeseireland.jpg
The 2009 celebration of Aung San Suu Kyi's birthday in Dublin, Ireland
Aung San Suu Kyi has received vocal support from Western nations in Europe,[153] Australia[153] and North[154] and South America, as well as India,[4] Israel,[155] Japan[156] the Philippines and South Korea.[157] In December 2007, the US House of Representatives voted unanimously 400–0 to award Aung San Suu Kyi the Congressional Gold Medal; the Senate concurred on 25 April 2008.[158] On 6 May 2008, President George Bush signed legislation awarding Suu Kyi the Congressional Gold Medal.[159] She is the first recipient in American history to receive the prize while imprisoned. More recently, there has been growing criticism of her detention by Burma's neighbours in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, particularly from Indonesia,[160] Thailand,[161] the Philippines[162][163] and Singapore.[164] At one point Malaysia warned Burma that it faced expulsion from ASEAN as a result of the detention of Suu Kyi.[165] Other nations including South Africa,[166] Bangladesh[167] and the Maldives[168] also called for her release. The United Nations has urged the country to move towards inclusive national reconciliation, the restoration of democracy, and full respect for human rights.[169] In December 2008, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the human rights situation in Burma and calling for Suu Kyi's release—80 countries voting for the resolution, 25 against and 45 abstentions.[170] Other nations, such as China and Russia, are less critical of the regime and prefer to cooperate only on economic matters.[171] Indonesia has urged China to push Burma for reforms.[172] However, Samak Sundaravej, former Prime Minister of Thailand, criticised the amount of support for Suu Kyi, saying that "Europe uses Aung San Suu Kyi as a tool. If it's not related to Aung San Suu Kyi, you can have deeper discussions with Myanmar."[173]
Vietnam, however, did not support calls by other ASEAN member states for Myanmar to free Aung San Suu Kyi, state media reported Friday, 14 August 2009.[174] The state-run Việt Nam News said Vietnam had no criticism of Myanmar's decision 11 August 2009 to place Suu Kyi under house arrest for the next 18 months, effectively barring her from elections scheduled for 2010. "It is our view that the Aung San Suu Kyi trial is an internal affair of Myanmar", Vietnamese government spokesman Le Dung stated on the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In contrast with other ASEAN member states, Dung said Vietnam has always supported Myanmar and hopes it will continue to implement the "roadmap to democracy" outlined by its government.[175]
Nobel Peace Prize[link]
Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991. The decision of the Nobel Committee mentions:[176]
The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 1991 to Aung San Suu Kyi of Myanmar (Burma) for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights....Suu Kyi's struggle is one of the most extraordinary examples of civil courage in Asia in recent decades. She has become an important symbol in the struggle against oppression...
...In awarding the Nobel Peace Prize for 1991 to Aung San Suu Kyi, the Norwegian Nobel Committee wishes to honour this woman for her unflagging efforts and to show its support for the many people throughout the world who are striving to attain democracy, human rights and ethnic conciliation by peaceful means.—Oslo, 14 October 1991
Nobel Peace Prize winners (Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the Dalai Lama, Shirin Ebadi, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Mairead Corrigan, Rigoberta Menchú, Prof. Elie Wiesel, U.S. President Barack Obama, Betty Williams, Jody Williams and former U.S. President Jimmy Carter) called for the rulers of Burma to release Suu Kyi in order to "create the necessary conditions for a genuine dialogue with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and all concerned parties and ethnic groups in order to achieve an inclusive national reconciliation with the direct support of the United Nations."[56] Some of the money she received as part of the award helps fund London-based charity Prospect Burma, which provides higher education grants to Burmese students.[177]
On May 21, 2012, it was announced that Aung San Suu Kyi would finally deliver her traditional Nobel lecture at Oslo's City Hall, two decades after receiving the peace prize.[178]
Organizations[link]
- Freedom Now, a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit organization, was retained in 2006 by a member of her family to help secure Aung San Suu Kyi's release from house arrest. The organization secured several opinions from the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention that her detention was in violation of international law; engaged in political advocacy such as spearheading a letter from 112 former Presidents and Prime Ministers to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon urging him to go to Burma to seek her release, which he did six weeks later; and published numerous opeds and spoke widely to the media about her ongoing detention. Its representation of her ended when she was released from house arrest on 13 November 2010.[179]
- Aung San Suu Kyi has been an honorary board member of International IDEA and ARTICLE 19 since her detention, and has received support from these organisations.
- The Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the Université catholique de Louvain, both located in Belgium, granted her the title of Doctor Honoris Causa.[180]
- In 2003, the Freedom Forum recognized Suu Kyi's efforts to promote democracy peacefully with the Al Neuharth Free Spirit of the Year Award, in which she was presented over satellite because she was under house arrest. She was awarded one million dollars.[181]
- In June of each year, the U.S. Campaign for Burma organizes hundreds of "Arrest Yourself" house parties around the world in support of Aung San Suu Kyi. At these parties, the organizers keep themselves under house arrest for 24 hours, invite their friends, and learn more about Burma and Aung San Suu Kyi.[182]
- The Freedom Campaign, a joint effort between the Human Rights Action Center and US Campaign for Burma, looks to raise worldwide attention to the struggles of Aung San Suu Kyi and the people of Burma.
- The Burma Campaign UK is a UK based NGO (Non Governmental Organisation) that aims to raise awareness of Burma's struggles and follow the guidelines established by the NLD and Aung San Suu Kyi.
- St. Hugh's College, Oxford, where she studied, had a Burmese theme for their annual ball in support of her in 2006.[183]
- Aung San Suu Kyi is the official patron of The Rafto Human Rights House in Bergen, Norway. She received the Thorolf Rafto Memorial Prize in 1990.
- She was made an honorary free person of the City of Dublin, Ireland in November 1999, although a space had been left on the roll of signatures to symbolize her continued detention.
- In November 2005 the human rights group Equality Now proposed Aung Sun Suu Kyi as a potential candidate, among other qualifying women, for the position of U.N. Secretary General.[184] In the proposed list of qualified women Suu Kyi is recognised by Equality Now as the Prime Minister-Elect of Burma.[3]
- The UN' special envoy to Myanmar, Ibrahim Gambari, met Aung San Suu Kyi on 10 March 2008 before wrapping up his trip to the military-ruled country.[185]
- Aung San Suu Kyi is an honorary member of The Elders, a group of eminent global leaders brought together by Nelson Mandela.[186] Her ongoing detention means that she is unable to take an active role in the group, so The Elders place an empty chair for her at their meetings.[187] The Elders have consistently called for the release of all political prisoners in Burma.[188]
- In 2008, Burma’s devoted human rights leader and Nobel Peace Prize, was welcomed as Club of Madrid Honorary Member.
- In 2011, Aung San Suu Kyi was named the Guest Director of the 45th Brighton Festival.[citation needed]
- In June 2011, the BBC announced that Aung San Suu Kyi was to deliver the 2011 Reith Lectures. The BBC covertly recorded two lectures with Aung San Suu Kyi in Burma, which were then smuggled out of the country and brought back to London.[189] The lectures were broadcast on BBC Radio 4 and the BBC World Service on 28 June 2011 and 5 July 2011.
- In November 2011, Suu Kyi received Francois Zimeray, France's Ambassador for Human Rights.
- March 8, 2012, Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird presented Aung San Suu Kyi a certificate of honorary Canadian citizenship and an informal invitation to visit Canada.
- In April 2012, British Prime Minister David Cameron became the first leader of a major world power to visit Aung San Su Kyi and the first of a British prime minister since the 1950s. In his visit, Cameron invited San Su Kyi to Britain where she would be able to visit her 'beloved' Oxford, an invitation which she later accepted; no specifec date has been confirmed but the month is thought to be June 2012.
- In May 2012, Suu Kyi received the inaugural Václav Havel Prize for Creative Dissent of the Human Rights Foundation.[190]
- 29 May 2012 PM Manmohan Singh of India visited Aung San Suu Kyi. In his visit, PM invited San Suu Kyi to India as well.
Footnotes[link]
- ^ "Myanmar election commission announces NLD wins overwhelmingly in by-elections". Xinhua. 2 April 2012. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-04/02/c_131504585.htm. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
- ^ Aung San Suu Kyi should lead Burma, Pravda Online. 25 September 2007
- ^ a b The Next United Nations Secretary-General: Time for a Woman. Equality Now.org. November 2005.
- ^ a b MPs to Suu Kyi: You are the real PM of Burma. The Times of India. 13 June 2007
- ^ Walsh, John. (February 2006). Letters from Burma. Shinawatra International University.
- ^ Deutsche Welle Article: Sentence for Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi sparks outrage and cautious hope Quote: The NLD won a convincing majority in elections in 1990, the last remotely fair vote in Burma. That would have made Suu Kyi the prime minister, but the military leadership immediately nullified the result. Now her party must decide whether to take part in a poll that shows little prospect of being just.
- ^ The Hon. PENNY SHARPE Speech: In 1990, Suu Kyi stood as the National League for Democracy's candidate for Prime Minister in the Burmese general election. The NLD won in a landslide but the military junta refused to hand over power. Page: 52
- ^ twist in Aung San Suu Kyi's fate Article: How a Missouri Mormon may have thwarted democracy in Myanmar. By Patrick Winn — GlobalPost Quote: "Suu Kyi has mostly lived under house arrest since 1990, when the country's military junta refused her election to the prime minister's seat. The Nobel Peace Laureate remains backed by a pro-democracy movement-in-exile, many of them also voted into a Myanmar parliament that never was." Published: 21 May 2009 00:48 ETBANGKOK, Thailand
- ^ Burma releases Aung San Suu Kyi. BBC News, 13 November 2010.
- ^ Aye Aye Win, Myanmar's Suu Kyi Released From Hospital, Associated Press (via the Washington Post, 10 June 2006.
- ^ "Canada makes Myanmar's Suu Kyi an honorary citizen". Reuters. 17 October 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN17350334. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ "Update: Mawlana Hazar Imam is made an honorary citizen of Canada". The Ismaili. 19 June 2009. http://www.theismaili.org/cms/732/Update-Mawlana-Hazar-Imam-is-made-an-honorary-citizen-of-Canada. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ Recipients of the Wallenberg Medal. Wallenberg.umich.edu. Retrieved on 2 April 2012.
- ^ Fuller, Thomas, Democracy Advocate Elected to Myanmar’s Parliament, Her Party Says, The New York Times, 1 April 2012.
- ^ "Burmese Parliamentary Elections". Voice of America News. 5 April 2012. http://www.voanews.com/policy/editorials/Burmese-Parliamentary-Elections-146265885.html. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
- ^ NLD Claims Suu Kyi Victory, The Irrawaddy, 4 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d Aung San Suu Kyi – Biography. Nobel Prize Foundation.
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- ^ "St. Hugh's Full Moon Ball". The Burma Campaign UK. http://www.thefullmoonball.com/ie/. Retrieved 4 July 2006.
- ^ The Next United Nations Secretary-General: Time for a Woman. Qualified women; Quote: ...Aung San Suu Kyi (Burma) Prime Minister-Elect...Equality Now.org November 2005.
- ^ "Arrest Yourself". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 March 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080315010646/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/11/myanmar.un.ap/index.html. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
- ^ "www.theElders.org ''Aung San Suu Kyi''". Theelders.org. http://www.theelders.org/elders/aung-san-suu-kyi. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
- ^ Photo: Jeff Moore / AP (26 May 2009). "San Francisco Chronicle ''Absent but not forgotten''". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/object/article?f=/g/a/2009/05/26/dip.DTL&o=9. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
- ^ "www.theElders.org ''The Elders demand release of Aung San Suu Kyi''". Theelders.org. 26 May 2009. http://www.theelders.org/media/mediareleases/elders-demand-release-aung-san-suu-kyi. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
- ^ BBC News – Aung San Suu Kyi to present the BBC's Reith Lectures. Bbc.co.uk (10 June 2011). Retrieved on 10 August 2011.
- ^ "A Prize for Creative Dissent". The Wall Street Journal. 13 May 2012. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304203604577396372334739162.html?mod=googlenews_wsj. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
Bibliography[link]
- Miller, J. E. (2001). Who's who in contemporary women's writing. Routledge.
- Reid, R., Grosberg, M. (2005). Myanmar (Burma). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-695-4.
- Stewart, Whitney (1997). Aung San Suu Kyi: fearless voice of Burma. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0-8225-4931-4.
Further reading[link]
- Aung San Suu Kyi (Modern Peacemakers) (2007) by Judy L. Hasday, ISBN 978-0-7910-9435-8
- The Lady: Aung San Suu Kyi: Nobel Laureate and Burma's Prisoner (2002) by Barbara Victor, ISBN 978-0-571-21177-7, or 1998 hardcover: ISBN 978-0-571-19944-0
- Perfect Hostage: A Life of Aung San Suu Kyi (2007) by Justin Wintle, ISBN 978-0-09-179681-5
- Tyrants: The World's 20 Worst Living Dictators (2006) by David Wallechinsky, ISBN 978-0-06-059004-8
- Aung San Suu Kyi (Trailblazers of the Modern World) (2004) by William Thomas, ISBN 978-0-8368-5263-9
- No Logo: No Space, No Choice, No Jobs (2002) by Naomi Klein ISBN 978-0-312-42143-4
- Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy (ILCAA Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series) (1999) by Gustaaf Houtman, ISBN 978-4-87297-748-6
- Hidden Agendas (1998) by John Pilger, ISBN 978-0-09-974151-0
- Aung San Suu Kyi: Standing Up for Democracy in Burma (Women Changing the World) (1998) by Bettina Ling ISBN 978-1-55861-197-9
- Prisoner for Peace: Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma's Struggle for Democracy (Champions of Freedom Series) (1994) by John Parenteau, ISBN 978-1-883846-05-3
- Des femmes prix Nobel de Marie Curie à Aung San Suu Kyi, 1903–1991 (1992) by Charlotte Kerner, Nicole Casanova, Gidske Anderson, ISBN 978-2-7210-0427-7
- Aung San Suu Kyi, towards a new freedom (1998) by Chin Geok Ang ISBN 978-981-4024-30-3
- Aung San Suu Kyi's struggle: Its principles and strategy (1997) by Mikio Oishi ISBN 978-983-9861-06-8
- Finding George Orwell in Burma (2004) by Emma Larkin ISBN 0-14-303711-0
- Character Is Destiny: Inspiring Stories Every Young Person Should Know and Every Adult Should Remember (2005) by John McCain, Mark Salter. Random House ISBN 978-1-4000-6412-0
- The Political Thought of Aung San Suu Kyi by Josef Siverstein (1996)
- Under the Dragon: A Journey Through Burma (1998/2010) by Rory MacLean ISBN 978-1-84511-622-4
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Aung San Suu Kyi |
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Aung San Suu Kyi |
- Aung San Suu Kyi at the Open Directory Project
- Aung San Suu Kyi's website via the Internet Archive
- Nobel Peace Prize 1991, Aung San Suu Kyi at NobelPrize.org
- Aung San Suu Kyi – Summary, biography, excerpts from books
- Works by Aung San Suu Kyi on Open Library at the Internet Archive
- Works by or about Aung San Suu Kyi in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Aung San Suu Kyi collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Aung San Suu Kyi collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Burma's Suu Kyi, Free at Last – slideshow by Der Spiegel
- Peace Prize 2012 from India by Sarhad organization PUNE City
| Party political offices | ||
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| New political party | Leader of the National League for Democracy 1988–present |
Incumbent |
| Assembly seats | ||
| Preceded by Soe Tint |
Member of the Burmese House of Representatives for Kawhmu 2012–present |
Incumbent |
| Awards and achievements | ||
| Preceded by Mikhail Gorbachev |
Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 1991 |
Succeeded by Rigoberta Menchú |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Aung San Suu Kyi |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | nonviolent pro-democracy activist |
| Date of birth | (1945-06-19) 19 June 1945 (age 67) |
| Place of birth | Rangoon, Myanmar |
| Date of death | living |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the person. For other uses, see Malcolm X (disambiguation).
"Malik Shabazz" redirects here. For other people of that name, see Malik Shabazz (disambiguation).
| Malcolm X | |
|---|---|
 Malcolm X in March 1964 |
|
| Born | Malcolm Little (1925-05-19)May 19, 1925 Omaha, Nebraska, United States |
| Died | February 21, 1965(1965-02-21) (aged 39) New York City, New York, United States |
| Cause of death | Assassination (gunshot) |
| Resting place | Ferncliff Cemetery |
| Other names | El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz |
| Organization | Nation of Islam, Muslim Mosque, Inc., Organization of Afro-American Unity |
| Influenced by | Elijah Muhammad, Marcus Garvey |
| Political movement | Black nationalism, Pan-Africanism |
| Religion | Nation of Islam, (later) Sunni Islam |
| Spouse | Betty Shabazz (m. 1958) |
| Children | Attallah Shabazz Qubilah Shabazz Ilyasah Shabazz Gamilah Lumumba Shabazz Malikah Shabazz Malaak Shabazz |
| Parents | Earl Little, Louise Norton Little |
| Signature |  |
Malcolm X (
/ˈmælkəm ˈɛks/; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965), born Malcolm Little and also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz[1] (Arabic: الحاجّ مالك الشباز), was an African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. Detractors accused him of preaching racism, black supremacy, antisemitism, and violence. He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history.
Malcolm X's father died—killed by white supremacists, it was rumored—when he was young, and at least one of his uncles was lynched. When he was thirteen, his mother was placed in a mental hospital, and he was placed in a series of foster homes. In 1946, at age 20, he went to prison for breaking and entering.
In prison, Malcolm X became a member of the Nation of Islam and after his parole in 1952 he quickly rose to become one of its leaders. For a dozen years Malcolm X was the public face of the controversial group, but disillusionment with Nation of Islam head Elijah Muhammad led him to leave the Nation in March 1964. After a period of travel in Africa and the Middle East, he returned to the United States, where he founded Muslim Mosque, Inc. and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. In February 1965, less than a year after leaving the Nation of Islam, he was assassinated by three members of the group.
Malcolm X's expressed beliefs changed substantially over time. As a spokesman for the Nation of Islam he taught black supremacy and advocated separation of black and white Americans—in contrast to the civil rights movement's emphasis on integration. After breaking with the Nation of Islam in 1964—saying of his association with it, "I was a zombie then ... pointed in a certain direction and told to march"—and becoming a Sunni Muslim, he disavowed racism and expressed willingness to work with civil rights leaders, though still emphasizing black self-determination and self defense.
Contents |
Early years[link]
Malcolm Little was born on May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska, the fourth of seven children to Earl Little and Louise Norton.[2] His father was an outspoken Baptist lay speaker. He supported Pan-African activist Marcus Garvey and was a local leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).[3] Malcolm never forgot the values of black pride and self-reliance that his father and other UNIA leaders preached.[4] Malcolm X later said that three of Earl Little's brothers, one of whom was lynched, died violently at the hands of white men.[5] Because of Ku Klux Klan threats, the family relocated in 1926 to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and shortly thereafter to Lansing, Michigan.[6]
Earl Little, who was dark-skinned, was born in Reynolds, Georgia.[7] He had three children from his first marriage: Ella, Mary, and Earl Jr.—and seven with his second wife, Louise: Wilfred, Hilda, Philbert, Malcolm, Reginald, Yvonne, and Wesley.[8] Louise Norton Little was born in Grenada. Because her father was Scottish, she was so light-skinned that she could have passed for white. Malcolm inherited his light complexion from his mother and maternal grandfather.[9] Initially he felt his light skin was a status symbol, but he later said he "hated every drop of that white rapist's blood that is in me."[10] Malcolm X later remembered feeling that his father favored him because he was the lightest-skinned child in the family; however, he thought his mother treated him harshly for the same reason.[11] One of Malcolm's nicknames, "Red", derived from the tinge of his hair. According to one biographer, at birth he had "ash-blonde hair ... tinged with cinnamon", and at age four, "reddish-blonde hair".[12] His hair darkened as he aged, yet he also resembled his paternal grandmother, whose hair "turned reddish in the summer sun."[2] The issue of skin and hair color took on very significant implications later in Malcolm's life.[7]
In December 1924, Louise Little was threatened by Klansmen while she was pregnant with Malcolm. She recalled that the Klansmen warned the family to leave Omaha, because Earl Little's activities with UNIA were "spreading trouble".[13] After they moved to Lansing, their house was burned in 1929; however, the family escaped without physical injury. On September 8, 1931, Earl Little was fatally struck by a streetcar in Lansing. Authorities ruled his death an accident. The police reported that Earl Little was conscious when they arrived on the scene, and he told them he had slipped and fallen under the streetcar's wheels.[14] The black community in Lansing disputed the cause of death, believing there was circumstantial evidence of assault. His family had frequently been harassed by the Black Legion, a white supremacist group that his father accused of burning down their home in 1929. Some blacks believed the Black Legion was responsible for Earl Little's death. One of the adults at the funeral told eight-year-old Philbert Little that his father had been hit from behind and shoved under the streetcar.[15]
Though Earl Little had two life insurance policies, his family received death benefits solely from the smaller policy. The insurance company of the larger policy claimed that his father had committed suicide and refused to issue the benefit.[16] The payout from the insurance policy was $1,000 (comparable to about $15,000 in 2010 dollars), and the probate court awarded Louise Little a monthly "widow's allowance" of $18. She rented space in the garden to raise more money, and her sons would hunt game for supper.[17]
In 1935 or 1936, Louise Little began dating an African-American man. A marriage proposal seemed a possibility, but the man disappeared from their lives when Louise became pregnant with his child in late 1937.[18] In December 1938, Louise Little had a nervous breakdown and was declared legally insane. The Little siblings were split up and sent to different foster homes. The state formally committed Louise Little to the state mental hospital at Kalamazoo, Michigan, where she remained until Malcolm and his siblings secured her release 24 years later.[19][20]
Malcolm Little was one of the best students in his junior high school, but he dropped out after a white eighth-grade teacher told him that his aspirations of being a lawyer were "no realistic goal for a nigger."[21] Years later, Malcolm X would laugh about the incident, but at the time it was humiliating. It made him feel that there was no place in the white world for a career-oriented black man, no matter how smart he was.[21] After living with a series of foster parents, Malcolm moved to Boston in February 1941 to live with his older half-sister, Ella Little Collins.[22][23]
Young adult years[link]
Collins lived in Roxbury, a predominantly African-American middle-class neighborhood of Boston. It was the first time Little had seen so many black people. He was drawn to the cultural and social life of the neighborhood.[24] In Boston, Little held a variety of jobs and found intermittent employment with the New Haven Railroad. Between 1943 and 1946, he drifted from city to city and job to job. He left Boston to live for a short time in Flint, Michigan. He moved to New York City in 1943. Living in Harlem, he became involved in drug dealing, gambling, racketeering, robbery, and pimping.[25] During this period, Little became known as "Detroit Red" because he came from Michigan and because of the reddish color of his hair.[26] According to recent biographies, Little occasionally engaged in sex with other men, usually for money.[27][28]
In 1943, the U.S. draft board ordered Little to register for military service.[29] He later recalled that he put on a display to avoid the draft by telling the examining officer that he could not wait to "steal us some guns, and kill us [some] crackers."[30] Military physicians classified him as "mentally disqualified for military service". He was issued a 4-F card, relieving him of his service obligations.[29] In late 1945, Little returned to Boston. With a group of associates, he began a series of elaborate burglaries targeting the residences of wealthy white families.[31] On January 12, 1946, Little was arrested for burglary while trying to pick up a stolen watch he had left for repairs at a jewelry shop.[32] The shop owner called the police because the watch was very expensive, and the police had alerted all Boston jewelers that it had been stolen. Little told the police that he had a gun on his person and surrendered so the police would treat him more leniently.[33] Three days later, Little was indicted for carrying firearms. On January 16, he was charged with larceny and breaking and entering, and eventually sentenced to eight to ten years in prison.[34]
On February 27, Little began serving his sentence at the Charlestown State Prison in Charlestown, Boston. While in prison, Little earned the nickname of "Satan" for his hostility toward religion.[35] Little met a self-educated man in prison named John Elton Bembry (referred to as "Bimbi" in The Autobiography of Malcolm X).[36] Bembry was a well-regarded prisoner at Charlestown, and Malcolm X would later describe him as "the first man I had ever seen command total respect ... with words."[37] Gradually, the two men became friends and Bembry convinced Little to educate himself.[38] Little developed a voracious appetite for reading, and he frequently read after the prison lights had been turned off.[39] In 1948, Little's brother Philbert wrote, telling him about the Nation of Islam. Like the UNIA, the Nation preached black self-reliance and, ultimately, the unification of members of the African diaspora, free from white American and European domination.[40] Little was not interested in joining until his brother Reginald wrote, saying, "Malcolm, don't eat any more pork and don't smoke any more cigarettes. I'll show you how to get out of prison."[41] Little quit smoking, and the next time pork was served in the prison dining hall, he refused to eat it.[42]
When Reginald came to visit Little, he described the group's teachings, including the belief that white people are devils. Afterward, Little thought about all the white people he had known, and he realized that he'd never had a relationship with a white person or social institution that wasn't based on dishonesty, injustice, greed, and hatred. Little began to reconsider his dismissal of all religion and he became receptive to the message of the Nation of Islam. Other family members who had joined the Nation wrote or visited and encouraged Little to join.[43] In February 1948, mostly through his sister's efforts, Little was transferred to the Norfolk Prison Colony, an experimental prison in Norfolk, Massachusetts, that had a much larger library.[44] In late 1948, he wrote a letter to Elijah Muhammad, the leader of the Nation of Islam. Muhammad advised him to atone for his crimes by renouncing his past and by humbly bowing in prayer to Allah and promising never to engage in destructive behavior again. Little, who always had been rebellious and deeply skeptical, found it very difficult to bow in prayer. It took him a week to bend his knees. Finally he prayed, and he became a member of the Nation of Islam.[45] For the remainder of his incarceration, Little maintained regular correspondence with Muhammad.[46] On August 7, 1952, Little was paroled and was released from prison.[47] He later reflected on the time he spent in prison after his conversion: "Between Mr. Muhammad's teachings, my correspondence, my visitors—usually Ella and Reginald—and my reading of books, months passed without my even thinking about being imprisoned. In fact, up to then, I had never been so truly free in my life."[48]
Nation of Islam[link]
| Part of a series on the |
| Nation of Islam |
|---|
 |
| Leaders |
| Wallace Fard Muhammad Elijah Muhammad · Malcolm X Warith Deen Mohammed Louis Farrakhan Tynetta Muhammad Mustapha Farrakhan Ishmael Muhammad Ava Muhammad |
| History and beliefs |
| Saviours' Day Nation of Islam and antisemitism Tribe of Shabazz · Yakub Million Man March |
| Publications |
| A Torchlight for America The Final Call How to Eat to Live Muhammad Speaks |
| Subsidiaries and offshoots |
| American Society of Muslims Fruit of Islam The Nation of Gods and Earths New Black Panther Party United Nation of Islam Your Black Muslim Bakery |
Further information: Nation of Islam
When Little was released from prison in 1952, he had more than a new religion. He also had a new name. In a December 1950 letter to his brother Philbert, Little signed his name as Malcolm X for the first time.[49] In his autobiography, he explained why: "The Muslim's 'X' symbolized the true African family name that he never could know. For me, my 'X' replaced the white slavemaster name of 'Little' which some blue-eyed devil named Little had imposed upon my paternal forebears."[50]
Shortly after his release from prison, Malcolm X visited Elijah Muhammad in Chicago, Illinois.[51] In June 1953, Malcolm X was named assistant minister of the Nation of Islam's Temple Number One in Detroit.[52][53] Soon, he became a full-time minister.[54] By late 1953, Malcolm X established Boston's Temple Number 11.[55] In March 1954, he expanded Temple Number 12 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[56] Two months later Malcolm X was selected to lead Temple Number Seven in Harlem,[57] and he rapidly expanded its membership.[58]
The FBI had opened a file on Malcolm X in 1950 after he wrote a letter to President Truman stating his opposition to the Korean War and declaring himself to be a communist.[59] It began surveillance of him in 1953, and soon the FBI turned its attention from concerns about possible Communist Party association to Malcolm X's rapid ascent in the Nation of Islam.[60]
During 1955, Malcolm X continued his successful recruitment efforts on behalf of the organization. He established temples in Springfield, Massachusetts (Number 13); Hartford, Connecticut (Number 14); and Atlanta, Georgia (Number 15). Hundreds of African Americans were joining the Nation of Islam every month.[61] Beside his skill as a speaker, Malcolm X had an impressive physical presence. He stood 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) tall and weighed about 180 pounds (82 kg).[62] One writer described him as "powerfully built",[63] and another as "mesmerizingly handsome ... and always spotlessly well-groomed".[62]
Johnson Hinton incident[link]
Malcolm X first came to the attention of the general public after the police beating of a Nation of Islam member named Johnson Hinton.[64][65] On April 26, 1957, two police officers were beating an African-American man with their nightsticks when three passersby who belonged to the Nation of Islam tried to intervene.[64] They shouted: "You're not in Alabama or Georgia. This is New York!"[65] One of the officers began to beat one of the passersby, Johnson Hinton. The blows were so severe, a surgeon later determined, that they caused brain contusions, subdural hemorrhaging, and scalp lacerations. All four men were arrested and taken to the police station.[64]
A woman who had seen the assault ran to the Nation of Islam's restaurant.[64] Within a few hours, Malcolm X and a small group of Muslims went to the police station and demanded to see Hinton. The police captain initially said no Muslims were being held there, but as the crowd grew to about 500, he allowed Malcolm X to speak with Hinton.[66] After a short talk, Malcolm X demanded that Hinton be taken to the hospital, so an ambulance was called and Hinton was taken to Harlem Hospital.[67]
Hinton was treated and released into the custody of the police, who returned him to the police station.[66] By this point, about 4,000 people had gathered; the police realized there was the potential for a riot and called for backup. Malcolm X went back into the police station with an attorney and made bail arrangements for the other two Muslims. The police said Hinton could not go back to the hospital until he was arraigned the following day.[67] Malcolm X realized things were at a stalemate. He stepped outside the station house and gave a hand signal.[67] The Nation of Islam members in the crowd silently walked away. The rest of the crowd dispersed minutes later. One police officer told the editor of the New York Amsterdam News: "No one man should have that much power."[67][68]
The following month, the Bureau of Special Services and Investigation of the New York Police Department (NYPD) began its surveillance of Malcolm X. The NYPD's Chief Inspector asked for information from the police department in every city where Malcolm X had lived, and from the prisons where he had served his sentence.[69] In October, when a grand jury declined to indict the officers who had beaten Hinton, Malcolm X wrote an angry telegram to the police commissioner. In response, undercover NYPD officers were placed inside the Nation of Islam.[70]
Marriage and family[link]
Malcolm X met Betty Sanders in 1955. She had been invited to listen to his lecture, and she was very impressed by him. They met again at a dinner party. Soon Sanders was attending all of Malcolm X's lectures at Temple Number Seven. In mid 1956, she joined the Nation of Islam and changed her name to Betty X.[71]
Malcolm X and Betty X did not have a conventional courtship. One-on-one dates were contrary to the teachings of the Nation of Islam. Instead, the couple shared their "dates" with dozens, or even hundreds of other members. Malcolm X frequently took groups to visit New York's museums and libraries, and he always invited Betty X.[72]
Although they had never discussed the subject, Betty X suspected that Malcolm X was interested in marriage. On January 12, 1958, he called from Detroit and asked her to marry him, and they were married two days later in Lansing, Michigan.[73][74]
The couple had six daughters. Their names were Attallah, born in 1958 and named after Attila the Hun;[75][76] Qubilah, born in 1960 and named after Kublai Khan;[77] Ilyasah, born in 1962 and named after Elijah Muhammad;[78] Gamilah Lumumba, born in 1964 and named after Patrice Lumumba;[79] and twins, Malikah and Malaak, born in 1965 after their father's assassination and named for him.[80]
[edit] The Hate That Hate Produced
After a 1959 television broadcast in New York City about the Nation of Islam, The Hate That Hate Produced, Malcolm X became known to white Americans. Representatives of the print media, radio, and television frequently asked him for comments on issues.[81] By the late 1950s, Malcolm X had acquired a new name, Malcolm Shabazz or Malik el-Shabazz, although he was still widely referred to as Malcolm X.[82]
In September 1960, Fidel Castro arrived in New York to attend the meeting of the United Nations General Assembly. He and his entourage stayed at the Hotel Theresa in Harlem. Malcolm X was a prominent member of a Harlem-based welcoming committee made up of community leaders who met with Castro.[83] Castro was so impressed by Malcolm X that he requested a private meeting with him. At the end of their two-hour meeting, Castro invited Malcolm X to visit him in Cuba.[84] During the General Assembly meeting, Malcolm X was also invited to many official embassy functions sponsored by African nations, where he met heads of state and other leaders, including Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Ahmed Sékou Touré of Guinea, and Kenneth Kaunda of the Zambian African National Congress.[85]
From his adoption of the Nation of Islam in 1952 until he broke with it in 1964, Malcolm X promoted the Nation's teachings, including that black people are the original people of the world,[86] that white people are "devils",[87] that blacks are superior to whites, and that the demise of the white race is imminent.[88] While the civil rights movement fought against racial segregation, Malcolm X advocated the complete separation of African Americans from white people. He proposed the establishment of a separate country for black people in America[89] as an interim measure until African Americans could return to Africa.[90] Malcolm X also rejected the civil rights movement's strategy of nonviolence, and instead advocated that black people use any necessary means of self-defense to protect themselves.[91] Malcolm X's speeches had a powerful effect on his audiences, generally African Americans who lived in the Northern and Western cities, who were tired of being told to wait for freedom, justice, equality and respect.[92] Many blacks felt that he articulated their complaints better than the civil rights movement did.[93][94]
Malcolm X has been widely considered the second most influential leader of the Nation of Islam after Elijah Muhammad.[95] He was largely credited with the group's dramatic increase in membership between the early 1950s and early 1960s (from 500 to 25,000 by one author's estimate,[96] or from 1,200 to 50,000 or 75,000 by another's).[97][98] He inspired the boxer Cassius Clay (later known as Muhammad Ali) to join the Nation of Islam.[99] (though like Malcolm X himself, Ali later left the group to become a Sunni Muslim).[100]
Many white people, and even some blacks, were alarmed by Malcolm X and the things he said. He and the Nation of Islam were described as hatemongers, black supremacists, racists, violence-seekers, segregationists, and a threat to improved race relations. Civil rights organizations denounced Malcolm X and the Nation as irresponsible extremists whose views were not representative of African Americans.[101][102][103] Malcolm X was accused of being antisemitic.[104]
Malcolm X was equally critical of the civil rights movement.[105] He described its leaders as "stooges" for the white establishment, and he once described Martin Luther King, Jr. as a "chump".[106][107] He criticized the 1963 March on Washington, which he called "the farce on Washington".[108] He said he did not know why so many black people were excited about a demonstration "run by whites in front of a statue of a president who has been dead for a hundred years and who didn't like us when he was alive".[109]
Leaving the Nation[link]
On December 1, 1963, when he was asked for a comment about the assassination of President Kennedy, Malcolm X said that it was a case of "chickens coming home to roost". He added that "chickens coming home to roost never did make me sad; they've always made me glad."[110] The New York Times wrote, "in further criticism of Mr. Kennedy, the Muslim leader cited the murders of Patrice Lumumba, Congo leader, of Medgar Evers, civil rights leader, and of the Negro girls bombed earlier this year in a Birmingham church. These, he said, were instances of other 'chickens coming home to roost'."[110] The remarks prompted a widespread public outcry. The Nation of Islam, which had issued a message of condolence to the Kennedy family and ordered its ministers not to comment on the assassination, publicly censured their former shining star.[111] Although Malcolm X retained his post and rank as minister, he was prohibited from public speaking for 90 days.[112]
On March 8, 1964, Malcolm X publicly announced his break from the Nation of Islam. He said that he was still a Muslim, but he felt the Nation of Islam had "gone as far as it can" because of its rigid religious teachings.[113] Malcolm X said he was going to organize a black nationalist organization that would try to "heighten the political consciousness" of African Americans.[113] He also expressed his desire to work with other civil rights leaders and said that Elijah Muhammad had prevented him from doing so in the past.[113]
One reason for the separation was growing tension between Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammad because of Malcolm X's dismay about rumors of Muhammad's extramarital affairs with young secretaries, actions that were against the teachings of the Nation. Although at first Malcolm X had ignored the rumors, after speaking with Muhammad's son Wallace and the women making the accusations, he came to believe that they were true. Muhammad confirmed the rumors in 1963 but tried to justify his actions by reference to precedents set by Biblical prophets.[114] Another reason for the separation was growing resentment by people within the Nation. As Malcolm X had become a favorite of the media, many in the Nation's Chicago headquarters felt that he was over-shadowing Muhammad. Louis Lomax's 1963 book about the Nation of Islam, When the Word Is Given, featured a picture of Malcolm X on its cover and included five of his speeches, but only one of Muhammad's, which greatly upset Muhammad. Muhammad was also envious that a publisher was interested in Malcolm X's autobiography.[115] After leaving the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X founded Muslim Mosque, Inc., a religious organization,[116][117] and the Organization of Afro-American Unity, a secular group that advocated Pan-Africanism.[118][119] On March 26, 1964, he met Martin Luther King, Jr. in Washington, D.C., after a press conference held when both men attended the Senate to hear the debate on the Civil Rights bill. This was the only time the two men ever met and their meeting lasted only one minute—just long enough for photographers to take a picture.[120][121] In April, Malcolm X made a speech titled "The Ballot or the Bullet" in which he advised African Americans to exercise their right to vote wisely.[122][123] Several Sunni Muslims encouraged Malcolm X to learn about Islam. Soon he converted to Sunni Islam, and decided to make his pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj).[124]
International travel[link]
Pilgrimage to Mecca[link]
On April 13, 1964, Malcolm X departed JFK Airport in New York for Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. His status as an authentic Muslim was questioned by Saudi authorities because of his United States passport and his inability to speak Arabic. Since only confessing Muslims are allowed into Mecca, he was separated from his group for about 20 hours.[125][126]
According to his autobiography, Malcolm X saw a telephone and remembered the book The Eternal Message of Muhammad by Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam, which had been presented to him with his visa approval. He called Azzam's son, who arranged for his release. At the younger Azzam's home, he met Azzam Pasha, who gave Malcolm his suite at the Jeddah Palace Hotel. The next morning, Muhammad Faisal, the son of Prince Faisal, visited and informed Malcolm X that he was to be a state guest. The deputy chief of protocol accompanied Malcolm X to the Hajj Court, where he was allowed to make his pilgrimage.[127]
On April 19, Malcolm X completed the Hajj, making the seven circuits around the Kaaba, drinking from the Zamzam Well, and running between the hills of Safah and Marwah seven times.[128] After completing the Hajj, he was granted an audience with Prince Faisal.[129] Malcolm X said the trip allowed him to see Muslims of different races interacting as equals. He came to believe that Islam could be the means by which racial problems could be overcome.[130]
Africa[link]
Malcolm X visited Africa on three separate occasions, once in 1959 and twice in 1964. During his visits, he met officials, gave interviews to newspapers, and spoke on television and radio in Egypt, Ethiopia, Tanganyika (now Tanzania), Nigeria, Ghana, Guinea, Sudan, Senegal, Liberia, Algeria, and Morocco.[131] Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, and Ahmed Ben Bella of Algeria invited Malcolm X to serve in their governments.[132]
In 1959, Malcolm X traveled to Egypt (then known as the United Arab Republic), Sudan, Nigeria, and Ghana to arrange a tour for Elijah Muhammad.[133] The first of the two trips Malcolm X made to Africa in 1964 lasted from April 13 until May 21, before and after his Hajj.[134] On May 8, following his speech at the University of Ibadan, Malcolm X was made an honorary member of the Nigerian Muslim Students' Association. During this reception the students bestowed upon him the name "Omowale", which means "the son who has come home" in the Yoruba language.[135] Malcolm X wrote in his autobiography that he "had never received a more treasured honor."[136]
On July 9, 1964, Malcolm X returned to Africa.[137] On July 17, he was welcomed to the second meeting of the Organization of African Unity in Cairo as a representative of the Organization of Afro-American Unity. By the time he returned to the United States on November 24, 1964, Malcolm had met with every prominent African leader and established an international connection between Africans on the continent and those in the diaspora.[132]
France and the United Kingdom[link]
On November 23, 1964, on his way home from Africa, Malcolm X stopped in Paris, where he spoke at the Salle de la Mutualité.[138][139] A week later, on November 30, Malcolm X flew to the United Kingdom, and on December 3 participated in a debate at the Oxford Union. The topic of the debate was "Extremism in the Defense of Liberty is No Vice; Moderation in the Pursuit of Justice is No Virtue", and Malcolm X argued the affirmative. Interest in the debate was so high that it was televised nationally by the BBC.[140][141]
On February 5, 1965, Malcolm X went to Europe again.[142] On February 8, he spoke in London, before the first meeting of the Council of African Organizations.[143] The next day, Malcolm X tried to go to France, but he was refused entry.[144] On February 12, he visited Smethwick, near Birmingham, which had become a byword for racial division after the 1964 general election, when the Conservative Party won the parliamentary seat after rumors that their candidate's supporters had used the slogan "If you want a nigger for your neighbour, vote Labour."[145]
Return to United States[link]
After leaving the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X spoke before a wide variety of audiences in the United States. He spoke at regular meetings of Muslim Mosque, Inc., and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. He was one of the most sought-after speakers on college campuses,[146] and one of his top aides later wrote that he "welcomed every opportunity to speak to college students."[147] Malcolm X also spoke before political groups such as the Militant Labor Forum.[148]
Tensions increased between Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam. As early as February 1964, a leader of Temple Number Seven ordered a member of the Fruit of Islam to wire explosives to Malcolm X's car.[149] In September 1964, Ebony published a photograph of Malcolm X holding an M1 Carbine and peering out a window. The photo was intended to illustrate his determination to defend himself and his family against the death threats he was receiving.[150][151]
The Nation of Islam and its leaders began making both public and private threats against Malcolm X. On March 23, 1964, Elijah Muhammad told Boston minister Louis X (later known as Louis Farrakhan) that "hypocrites like Malcolm should have their heads cut off."[152] The April 10 edition of Muhammad Speaks featured a cartoon in which his severed head was shown bouncing.[153] On July 9, John Ali, a top aide to Muhammad, answered a question about Malcolm X by saying that "anyone who opposes the Honorable Elijah Muhammad puts their life in jeopardy."[154] The December 4 issue of Muhammad Speaks included an article by Louis X that railed against Malcolm X, saying "such a man as Malcolm is worthy of death."[155]
Some threats were made anonymously. During the month of June 1964, FBI surveillance recorded two such threats. On June 8, a man called Malcolm X's home and told Betty Shabazz to "tell him he's as good as dead."[156] On June 12, an FBI informant reported getting an anonymous telephone call from somebody who said "Malcolm X is going to be bumped off."[157]
In June 1964, the Nation of Islam sued to reclaim Malcolm X's residence in Queens, New York, which they claimed to own. The suit was successful, and Malcolm X was ordered to vacate.[158] On February 14, 1965, the night before a scheduled hearing to postpone the eviction date, the house burned to the ground. Malcolm X and his family survived. No one was charged with any crime.[159]
Assassination[link]
On February 21, 1965, as Malcolm X prepared to address the Organization of Afro-American Unity in Manhattan's Audubon Ballroom, a disturbance broke out in the 400-person audience[160]—a man yelled, "Nigger! Get your hand outta my pocket!"[161][162] As Malcolm X and his bodyguards moved to quiet the disturbance,[163] a man seated in the front row rushed forward and shot him once in the chest with a double-barreled sawed-off shotgun.[164] Two other men charged the stage and fired semi-automatic handguns, hitting Malcolm X several times.[162] He was pronounced dead at 3:30 pm, shortly after he arrived at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital.[160] According to the autopsy report, Malcolm X's body had 21 gunshot wounds to his chest, left shoulder, and both arms and legs, many of them fatal; ten of the wounds were buckshot to his left chest and shoulder from the initial shotgun blast.[165]
One gunman, Nation of Islam member Talmadge Hayer (also known as Thomas Hagan) was seized and beaten by the crowd before the police arrived minutes later;[166][167] witnesses identified the others as Norman 3X Butler and Thomas 15X Johnson, also Nation members.[168] Hayer confessed at trial to have been one of the handgun shooters, but refused to identify the other assailants except to assert that they were not Butler and Johnson.[169] All three were convicted.[170]
Butler, now known as Muhammad Abdul Aziz, was paroled in 1985 and became the head of the Nation's Harlem mosque in 1998. He continues to maintain his innocence.[171] Johnson, who changed his name to Khalil Islam, rejected the Nation's teachings while in prison and converted to Sunni Islam. Released in 1987, he maintained his innocence until his death in August 2009.[172][173] Hayer, now known as Mujahid Halim,[174] was paroled in 2010.[175]
Funeral[link]
A public viewing was held at Harlem's Unity Funeral Home from February 23 through February 26, and it was estimated that between 14,000 and 30,000 mourners attended.[176] The funeral was held on February 27 at the Faith Temple Church of God in Christ in Harlem. The church was filled to capacity with more than 1,000 people.[177] Loudspeakers were set up outside the Temple so the overflowing crowd could listen[178] and a local television station broadcast the funeral live.[179]
Among the civil rights leaders attending were John Lewis, Bayard Rustin, James Forman, James Farmer, Jesse Gray, and Andrew Young.[177][180] Actor and activist Ossie Davis delivered the eulogy, describing Malcolm X as "our shining black prince".
There are those who will consider it their duty, as friends of the Negro people, to tell us to revile him, to flee, even from the presence of his memory, to save ourselves by writing him out of the history of our turbulent times. Many will ask what Harlem finds to honor in this stormy, controversial and bold young captain—and we will smile. Many will say turn away—away from this man, for he is not a man but a demon, a monster, a subverter and an enemy of the black man—and we will smile. They will say that he is of hate—a fanatic, a racist—who can only bring evil to the cause for which you struggle! And we will answer and say to them: Did you ever talk to Brother Malcolm? Did you ever touch him, or have him smile at you? Did you ever really listen to him? Did he ever do a mean thing? Was he ever himself associated with violence or any public disturbance? For if you did you would know him. And if you knew him you would know why we must honor him.[181]
Malcolm X was buried at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York.[179] At the gravesite after the ceremony, friends took the shovels from the waiting gravediggers and completed the burial themselves.[182] Actor and activist Ruby Dee (wife of Ossie Davis) and Juanita Poitier (wife of Sidney Poitier) established the Committee of Concerned Mothers to raise funds to buy a house and pay educational expenses for Malcolm X's family.[183]
Responses to assassination[link]
Reactions to Malcolm X's assassination were varied. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. sent a telegram to Betty Shabazz, expressing his sadness over "the shocking and tragic assassination of your husband."
While we did not always see eye to eye on methods to solve the race problem, I always had a deep affection for Malcolm and felt that he had a great ability to put his finger on the existence and root of the problem. He was an eloquent spokesman for his point of view and no one can honestly doubt that Malcolm had a great concern for the problems that we face as a race.[184]
Elijah Muhammad told the annual Savior's Day convention on February 26, "Malcolm X got just what he preached," while denying any involvement with the murder.[185] "We didn't want to kill Malcolm and didn't try to kill him," Muhammad said. "We know such ignorant, foolish teachings would bring him to his own end."[186]
The New York Times wrote that Malcolm X was "an extraordinary and twisted man" who "turn[ed] many true gifts to evil purpose" and that his life was "strangely and pitifully wasted".[187] The New York Post wrote that "even his sharpest critics recognized his brilliance—often wild, unpredictable and eccentric, but nevertheless possessing promise that must now remain unrealized."[188]
The international press, particularly that of Africa, was sympathetic. The Daily Times of Nigeria wrote that Malcolm X "will have a place in the palace of martyrs."[189] The Ghanaian Times likened him to John Brown and Patrice Lumumba among "a host of Africans and Americans who were martyred in freedom's cause".[190] Guangming Daily, published in Beijing, stated that "Malcolm was murdered because he fought for freedom and equal rights",[191] while in Cuba, El Mundo described the assassination as "another racist crime to eradicate by violence the struggle against discrimination".[192]
Allegations of conspiracy[link]
Within days of the assassination, questions were raised about who bore ultimate responsibility. On February 23, James Farmer, the leader of the Congress of Racial Equality, announced at a news conference that local drug dealers, and not the Nation of Islam, were to blame.[193] Others accused the NYPD, the FBI, or the CIA, citing the lack of police protection, the ease with which the assassins entered the Audubon Ballroom, and the failure of the police to preserve the crime scene.[194][195]
In the 1970s, the public learned about COINTELPRO and other secret FBI programs directed towards infiltrating and disrupting civil rights organizations during the 1950s and 1960s.[196] John Ali, national secretary of the Nation of Islam, was identified as an FBI undercover agent.[197] Malcolm X had confided in a reporter that Ali exacerbated tensions between him and Elijah Muhammad. He considered Ali his "archenemy" within the Nation of Islam leadership.[197] On February 20, 1965, the night before the assassination, Ali met with Talmadge Hayer, one of the men convicted of killing Malcolm X.[198]
In 1977 and 1978, Talmadge Hayer submitted two sworn affidavits re-asserting his claim that Butler and Johnson were not involved in the assassination. In his affidavits Hayer named four men, all members of the Nation of Islam's Newark Temple Number 25, as having participated with him in the crime. Hayer asserted that a man, later identified as Wilbur McKinley, was the one who shouted and threw a smoke bomb to create a diversion. Hayer said that another man, later identified as William Bradley, had a shotgun and was the first to fire on Malcolm X after the diversion. Hayer asserted that he and a man later identified as Leon Davis, both armed with pistols, fired on Malcolm X immediately after the shotgun blast. Hayer also said that a fifth man, later identified as Benjamin Thomas, was involved in the conspiracy.[199][200] Hayer's statements failed to convince authorities to reopen their investigation of the murder.[201]
Some, including the Shabazz family, have accused Louis Farrakhan of being involved in the plot to assassinate Malcolm X.[202][203][204][205] In a 1993 speech, Farrakhan seemed to acknowledge the possibility that the Nation of Islam was responsible for the assassination:
Was Malcolm your traitor or ours? And if we dealt with him like a nation deals with a traitor, what the hell business is it of yours? A nation has to be able to deal with traitors and cutthroats and turncoats.[206][207]
In a 60 Minutes interview that aired during May 2000, Farrakhan stated that some of the things he said may have led to the assassination of Malcolm X. "I may have been complicit in words that I spoke", he said. "I acknowledge that and regret that any word that I have said caused the loss of life of a human being."[208] A few days later Farrakhan denied that he "ordered the assassination" of Malcolm X, although he again acknowledged that he "created the atmosphere that ultimately led to Malcolm X's assassination."[209] No consensus on who was responsible has been reached.[210]
Philosophy[link]
Except for his autobiography, Malcolm X left no published writings. His philosophy is known almost entirely from the myriad speeches and interviews he gave from 1952 until his death in 1965.[211] Many of those speeches, especially from the last year of his life, were recorded and have been published.[212]
Beliefs of the Nation of Islam[link]
Further information: Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam
Before he left the Nation of Islam in 1964, Malcolm X taught its beliefs in his speeches. His speeches were peppered with the phrase "The Honorable Elijah Muhammad teaches us that...".[213] It is virtually impossible to discern whether Malcolm X's beliefs diverged from the teachings of the Nation of Islam.[214][215] Malcolm X once compared himself to a ventriloquist's dummy who could only say what Elijah Muhammad told him.[213]
Malcolm X taught that black people were the original people of the world,[86] and that white people were a race of devils who were created by an evil scientist named Yakub.[87] The Nation of Islam believed that black people were superior to white people, and that the demise of the white race was imminent.[88] When he was questioned concerning his statements that white people were devils, Malcolm X said that "history proves the white man is a devil."[216] He enumerated some of the historical reasons that, he felt, supported his argument: "Anybody who rapes, and plunders, and enslaves, and steals, and drops hell bombs on people... anybody who does these things is nothing but a devil."[217]
Malcolm X said that Islam was the "true religion of black mankind" and that Christianity was "the white man's religion" that had been imposed upon African Americans by their slave-masters.[218] He said that the Nation of Islam followed Islam as it was practiced around the world, but the Nation's teachings varied from those of other Muslims because they were adapted to the "uniquely pitiful" condition of black people in America.[219] He taught that Wallace Fard Muhammad, the founder of the Nation, was Allah incarnate,[220] and that Elijah Muhammad was his Messenger, or prophet.[221]
While the civil rights movement fought against racial segregation, Malcolm X advocated the complete separation of African Americans from white people. The Nation of Islam proposed the establishment of a separate country for black people in the Southern[89] or Southwestern United States[222] as an interim measure until African Americans could return to Africa.[90] Malcolm X suggested the United States government owed reparations to black people for the unpaid labor of their enslaved ancestors.[223] He also rejected the civil rights movement's strategy of nonviolence and instead advocated that black people should protect themselves by any necessary means.[91]
Independent views[link]
After leaving the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X announced his willingness to work with leaders of the civil rights movement,[113] though he felt that it should change its focus to human rights. So long as the movement remained a fight for civil rights, its struggle would remain a domestic issue, but by framing the struggle as a fight for human rights, it would become an international issue, and the movement could bring its complaint before the United Nations. Malcolm X said the emerging nations of the world would add their support to the cause of African Americans.[224]
Malcolm X declared that he and the other members of the Organization of Afro-American Unity were determined to defend themselves from aggressors, and to secure freedom, justice and equality "by whatever means necessary", arguing that if the government was unwilling or unable to protect black people, they should protect themselves.[225]
Malcolm X stressed the global perspective he gained from his international travels. He emphasized the "direct connection" between the domestic struggle of African Americans for equal rights with the liberation struggles of Third World nations.[226] He said that African Americans were wrong when they thought of themselves as a minority; in a global context, black people were a majority, not a minority.[227]
In his speeches at the Militant Labor Forum, which was sponsored by the Socialist Workers Party, Malcolm X criticized capitalism.[148] After one such speech, when he was asked what political and economic system he wanted, he said he didn't know, but that it was no coincidence the newly liberated countries in the Third World were turning toward socialism.[228] Malcolm X still was concerned primarily with the freedom struggle of African Americans. When a reporter asked him what he thought about socialism, Malcolm X asked whether it was good for black people. When the reporter told him it seemed to be, Malcolm X told him, "Then I'm for it."[228][229]
Although he no longer called for the separation of black people from white people, Malcolm X continued to advocate black nationalism, which he defined as self-determination for the African-American community.[230] In the last months of his life, however, Malcolm X began to reconsider his support of black nationalism after meeting northern African revolutionaries who, to all appearances, were white.[231]
After his Hajj, Malcolm X articulated a view of white people and racism that represented a deep change from the philosophy he had supported as a minister of the Nation of Islam. In a famous letter from Mecca, he wrote that his experiences with white people during his pilgrimage convinced him to "rearrange" his thinking about race and "toss aside some of [his] previous conclusions".[232] In a 1965 conversation with Gordon Parks, two days before his assassination, Malcolm said:
[L]istening to leaders like Nasser, Ben Bella, and Nkrumah awakened me to the dangers of racism. I realized racism isn't just a black and white problem. It's brought bloodbaths to about every nation on earth at one time or another.
Brother, remember the time that white college girl came into the restaurant—the one who wanted to help the [Black] Muslims and the whites get together—and I told her there wasn't a ghost of a chance and she went away crying? Well, I've lived to regret that incident. In many parts of the African continent I saw white students helping black people. Something like this kills a lot of argument. I did many things as a [Black] Muslim that I'm sorry for now. I was a zombie then—like all [Black] Muslims—I was hypnotized, pointed in a certain direction and told to march. Well, I guess a man's entitled to make a fool of himself if he's ready to pay the cost. It cost me 12 years.
That was a bad scene, brother. The sickness and madness of those days—I'm glad to be free of them.[233]
Legacy[link]
Malcolm X has been described as one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history.[234][235][236] He is credited with raising the self-esteem of black Americans and reconnecting them with their African heritage.[237] He is largely responsible for the spread of Islam in the black community in the United States.[238][239][240] Many African Americans, especially those who lived in cities in the Northern and Western United States, felt that Malcolm X articulated their complaints concerning inequality better than the mainstream civil rights movement did.[93][94] One biographer says that by giving expression to their frustration, Malcolm X "made clear the price that white America would have to pay if it did not accede to black America's legitimate demands."[241]
In the late 1960s, as black activists became more radical, Malcolm X and his teachings were part of the foundation on which they built their movements. The Black Power movement,[62][242] the Black Arts Movement,[62][243] and the widespread adoption of the slogan "Black is beautiful"[244] can all trace their roots to Malcolm X.
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was a resurgence of interest in Malcolm X among young people, fueled in part by use of him as an icon by hip hop groups such as Public Enemy.[245][246] His image was on display in hundreds of thousands of homes, offices, and schools,[247] as well as on T-shirts and jackets.[248]
This wave peaked in 1992 with the release of the film Malcolm X,[249] an adaptation of the The Autobiography of Malcolm X which Malcolm X began in 1963 in collaboration with Alex Haley on The Autobiography of Malcolm X.[115] (Malcolm X had told Haley, "If I'm alive when this book comes out, it will be a miracle";[250] indeed Haley completed and published it some months after the assassination).[251] In 1998 Time named The Autobiography of Malcolm X one of the ten most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century.[252]
Portrayals in film and on stage[link]
Denzel Washington played the title role in Malcolm X[253]—named one of the ten best films of the 1990s by both critic Roger Ebert and director Martin Scorsese.[254] Washington had previously played the part of Malcolm X in the 1981 off-Broadway play When the Chickens Came Home to Roost.[255] Other portrayals include:
- James Earl Jones, in the 1977 film The Greatest.[256]
- Dick Anthony Williams, in the 1978 television miniseries King[257] and the 1989 American Playhouse production of the Jeff Stetson play The Meeting.[258]
- Al Freeman, Jr., in the 1979 television miniseries Roots: The Next Generations.[259]
- Morgan Freeman, in the 1981 television movie Death of a Prophet.[260]
- Ben Holt, in the 1986 opera X, The Life and Times of Malcolm X at the New York City Opera.[261]
- Gary Dourdan, in the 2000 television movie King of the World.[262]
- Joe Morton, in the 2000 television movie Ali: An American Hero.[263]
- Mario Van Peebles, in the 2001 film Ali.[264]
Memorials and tributes[link]
The Malcolm X House Site, at 3448 Pinkney Street in North Omaha, Nebraska, marks the place where Malcolm Little first lived with his family. The house where the Little family lived was torn down in 1965 by owners who did not know of its connection with Malcolm X.[265] The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 and a historic marker identifies the site because of the importance of Malcolm X to American history and national culture.[266][267] In 1987 the site was added to the Nebraska register of historic sites and marked with a state plaque.[268]
Lansing, Michigan, where Malcolm Little spent his early, formative years, is home to a Michigan Historical Marker erected in 1975 marking his homesite.[269] The city is also home to El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz Academy, a public charter school with an Afrocentric focus. The Academy is located in the building where Little attended elementary school.[270]
In cities around the world, Malcolm X's birthday (May 19) is commemorated as Malcolm X Day. The first known celebration of Malcolm X Day took place in Washington, D.C., in 1971.[271] The city of Berkeley, California, has recognized Malcolm X's birthday as a citywide holiday since 1979.[272]
Many cities have renamed streets after Malcolm X; in 1987, New York mayor Ed Koch proclaimed Lenox Avenue in Harlem to be Malcolm X Boulevard.[273] The name of Reid Avenue in Brooklyn, New York, was changed to Malcolm X Boulevard in 1985.[274][275] In 1997, Oakland Avenue in Dallas, Texas, was renamed Malcolm X Boulevard.[276] Main Street in Lansing, Michigan, was renamed Malcolm X Street in 2010.[277]
There have been dozens of schools named after Malcolm X, including Malcolm X Shabazz High School in Newark, New Jersey,[278] Malcolm Shabazz City High School in Madison, Wisconsin,[279] and Malcolm X College in Chicago, Illinois.[280] Meanwhile, the Malcolm X Library and Performing Arts Center of the San Diego Public Library system opened in 1996. It is the first library named after Malcolm X.[281]
The U.S. Postal Service issued a Malcolm X postage stamp in 1999.[282] In 2005, Columbia University announced the opening of the Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center. The memorial is located in the Audubon Ballroom, where Malcolm X was assassinated.[283] Collections of Malcolm X's papers are deposited at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture and the Robert W. Woodruff Library.[284][285][286]
Published works[link]
- The Autobiography of Malcolm X. With the assistance of Alex Haley. New York: Grove Press, 1965. OCLC 219493184.
- Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements. George Breitman, ed. New York: Merit Publishers, 1965. OCLC 256095445.
- Malcolm X Talks to Young People. New York: Young Socialist Alliance, 1965. OCLC 81990227.
- Two Speeches by Malcolm X. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1965. OCLC 19464959.
- Malcolm X on Afro-American History. New York: Merit Publishers, 1967. OCLC 78155009.
- The Speeches of Malcolm X at Harvard. Archie Epps, ed. New York: Morrow, 1968. OCLC 185901618.
- By Any Means Necessary: Speeches, Interviews, and a Letter by Malcolm X. George Breitman, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970. OCLC 249307.
- The End of White World Supremacy: Four Speeches by Malcolm X. Benjamin Karim, ed. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971. OCLC 149849.
- The Last Speeches. Bruce Perry, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-87348-543-2.
- Malcolm X Talks to Young People: Speeches in the United States, Britain, and Africa. Steve Clark, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-87348-962-1.
- February 1965: The Final Speeches. Steve Clark, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-87348-749-8.
See also[link]
References[link]
Footnotes[link]
- ^ This name includes the honorific El-Hajj, given on completion of the Hajj to Mecca. Malise Ruthven (1997). Islam: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-19-285389-9.
- ^ a b Perry, p. 2.
- ^ Perry, p. 3.
- ^ Natambu, p. 7.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, pp. 3–4. There have been many editions of The Autobiography of Malcolm X. Page numbers cited in the notes refer to the One World trade paperback edition (1992).
- ^ Natambu, p. 3.
- ^ a b Natambu, p. 6.
- ^ Perry, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Perry, pp. 2–3.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, p. 5.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, pp. 7, 10–11.
- ^ Perry, pp. 2, 4.
- ^ DeCaro, pp. 43–44.
- ^ Perry, p. 12.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 29.
- ^ Natambu, p. 10.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 32. Inflation information in source.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 35.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, pp. 35–36, 265.
- ^ Perry, pp. 33–34, 331.
- ^ a b Perry, p. 42.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 21–29.
- ^ Perry, pp. 32–48.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 30–31.
- ^ Perry, pp. 58–81.
- ^ Marable, pp. 37, 51–52.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, pp. 65–66.
- ^ Perry, pp. 77, 82–83.
- ^ a b Carson, p. 108.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, p. 124.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 106–109.
- ^ Perry, p. 99.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 110–111.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, pp. 67–68.
- ^ Perry, pp. 104–106.
- ^ Natambu, p. 121.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, p. 178; ellipsis in original.
- ^ Perry, pp. 108–110.
- ^ Perry, p. 118.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 127–128.
- ^ Natambu, p. 128.
- ^ Perry, p. 113.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 132–138.
- ^ Perry, pp. 113–114.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 138–139.
- ^ Perry, p. 116.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 98.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, p. 199.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 96.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, p. 229.
- ^ Perry, pp. 142, 144–145.
- ^ Natambu, p. 168.
- ^ The Nation of Islam numbered its Temples according to the order in which they were established. Perry, pp. 141–142.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 104.
- ^ Perry, p. 147.
- ^ Perry, p. 152.
- ^ Perry, p. 153.
- ^ Perry, pp. 161–164.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 95.
- ^ Carson, p. 95.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, pp. 122–123.
- ^ a b c d Marable, "Rediscovering Malcolm's Life", p. 301.
- ^ Lincoln, p. 189.
- ^ a b c d Marable, Malcolm X, p. 127.
- ^ a b Perry, p. 164.
- ^ a b Perry, p. 165.
- ^ a b c d Marable, Malcolm X, p. 128.
- ^ Perry, p. 166.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 132.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, pp. 134–135.
- ^ Rickford, pp. 36–45, 50–51.
- ^ Rickford, pp. 61–63.
- ^ Shabazz, Betty, "Malcolm X as a Husband and Father", Clarke, pp. 132–134.
- ^ Rickford, pp. 73–74.
- ^ Rickford, pp. 109–110.
- ^ In a 1992 interview, Attallah Shabazz said she was not named for Attila, rather her name was Arabic for "the gift of God". Miller, Russell (November 23, 1992). "X Patriot". New York. http://books.google.com/books?id=3-QCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
- ^ Rickford, p. 122.
- ^ Rickford, p. 123.
- ^ Rickford, p. 197.
- ^ Rickford, p. 286.
- ^ Perry, pp. 174–179.
- ^ Manning, Malcolm X, pp. 135, 193.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 172.
- ^ Lincoln, p. 18.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 231–233.
- ^ a b Lomax, When the Word Is Given, p. 55.
- ^ a b Perry, p. 115.
- ^ a b Lomax, When the Word Is Given, p. 57.
- ^ a b Lomax, When the Word Is Given, pp. 149–152.
- ^ a b Malcolm X, End of White World Supremacy, p. 78.
- ^ a b Lomax, When the Word Is Given, pp. 173–174.
- ^ Natambu, p. 182.
- ^ a b Cone, pp. 99–100.
- ^ a b West, Cornel (1984). "The Paradox of the Afro-American Rebellion". In Sayres, Sohnya; Stephanson, Anders; Aronowitz, Stanley et al.. The 60s Without Apology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8166-1336-6.
- ^ Cone, p. 91.
- ^ Lomax. When the Word Is Given. pp. 15–16. "Estimates of the Black Muslim membership vary from a quarter of a million down to fifty thousand. Available evidence indicates that about one hundred thousand Negroes have joined the movement at one time or another, but few objective observers believe that the Black Muslims can muster more than twenty or twenty-five thousand active temple people."
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 123.
- ^ Clegg. p. 115. "The common response of Malcolm X to questions about numbers—'Those who know aren't saying, and those who say don't know'—was typical of the attitude of the leadership."
- ^ Natambu, pp. 296–297
- ^ Ali, Muhammad (2004). The Soul of a Butterfly: Reflections on Life's Journey. with Hana Yasmeen Ali. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7432-5569-1.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 162.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 215–216.
- ^ "The Black Supremacists". TIME. August 10, 1959. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,811191-1,00.html. Retrieved July 28, 2009. (Subscription required)
- ^ Lomax, When the Word Is Given, p. 172.
- ^ Lomax, When the Word Is Given, pp. 79–80.
- ^ Perry, p. 203.
- ^ King expressed mixed feelings toward Malcolm X. "He is very articulate... but I totally disagree with many of his political and philosophical views... I don't want to seem to sound self-righteous, ... or that I think I have the only truth, the only way. Maybe he does have some of the answer... I have often wished that he would talk less of violence, because violence is not going to solve our problem. And in his litany of articulating the despair of the Negro without offering any positive, creative alternative, I feel that Malcolm has done himself and our people a great disservice... [U]rging Negroes to arm themselves and prepare to engage in violence, as he has done, can reap nothing but grief." Haley, Alex (January 1965). "The Playboy Interview: Martin Luther King". Playboy. http://www.playboy.com/playground/interviews/playboy-interview-martin-luther-king. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
- ^ Cone, p. 113.
- ^ "Timeline". Malcolm X: Make It Plain, American Experience. PBS. May 19, 2005. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/malcolmx/timeline/timeline2.html. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
- ^ a b "Malcolm X Scores U.S. and Kennedy". The New York Times. December 2, 1963. p. 21. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0812FE35541A7B93C0A91789D95F478685F9. Retrieved July 28, 2008. (Subscription required)
- ^ Natambu, pp. 288–290.
- ^ Perry, p. 242.
- ^ a b c d Handler, M. S. (March 9, 1964). "Malcolm X Splits with Muhammad". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00D17FB395415738DDDA00894DB405B848AF1D3. Retrieved August 1, 2008. (Subscription required)
- ^ Perry, pp. 230–234
- ^ a b Perry, p. 214.
- ^ Perry, pp. 251–252.
- ^ Malcolm X, Malcolm X Speaks, pp. 18–22.
- ^ Perry, pp. 294–296.
- ^ Malcolm X, By Any Means Necessary, pp. 33–67.
- ^ Cone. p. 2. "There was no time for substantive discussions between the two. They were photographed greeting each other warmly, smiling and shaking hands."
- ^ Perry. p. 255. "Camera shutters clicked. The next day, the Chicago Sun-Times, the New York World Telegram and Sun, and other dailies carried a picture of Malcolm and Martin shaking hands."
- ^ Perry, pp. 257–259.
- ^ Malcolm X, Malcolm X Speaks, pp. 23–44.
- ^ Perry, p. 261.
- ^ Perry, pp. 262–263.
- ^ DeCaro, p. 204.
- ^ Perry, pp. 263–265.
- ^ Perry, pp. 265–266.
- ^ Perry, p. 267.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, pp. 388–393.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 304–305.
- ^ a b Natambu, p. 308.
- ^ Lomax, When the Word Is Given, p. 62.
- ^ Natambu, p. 303.
- ^ Perry, p. 269.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, p. 403.
- ^ Carson, p. 305.
- ^ Bethune, Lebert, "Malcolm X in Europe", Clarke, pp. 226–231.
- ^ Malcolm X, By Any Means Necessary, pp. 113–126.
- ^ Bethune, "Malcolm X in Europe", Clarke, pp. 231–233.
- ^ Malcolm X (December 3, 1964). "Malcolm X Oxford Debate". Malcolm X: A Research Site. http://www.brothermalcolm.net/2003/mx_oxford/index.html. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
- ^ Carson, p. 349.
- ^ Perry, p. 351.
- ^ Natambu, p. 312.
- ^ Kundnani, Arun (February 10, 2005). "Black British History: Remembering Malcolm's Visit to Smethwick". Independent Race and Refugee News Network. Institute of Race Relations. http://www.irr.org.uk/news/black-british-history-remembering-malcolms-visit-to-smethwick/. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
- ^ Terrill, p. 9.
- ^ Karim, p. 128.
- ^ a b Perry, pp. 277–278.
- ^ Karim, pp. 159–160.
- ^ Massaquoi, Hans J. (September 1964). "Mystery of Malcolm X". Ebony.
- ^ Lord, Lewis; Thornton, Jeannye; Bodipo-Memba, Alejandro (November 15, 1992). "The Legacy of Malcolm X". U.S. News & World Report. p. 3. http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
- ^ Kondo, p. 170.
- ^ Majied, Eugene (April 10, 1964). "On My Own". Muhammad Speaks. [[|Nation of Islam]]. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/mxp/images/sourcebook_img_111.jpg. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
- ^ Evanzz, p. 248.
- ^ Evanzz, p. 264.
- ^ Carson, p. 473.
- ^ Carson, p. 324.
- ^ Perry, pp. 290–292.
- ^ Perry, pp. 352–356.
- ^ a b Kihss, Peter (February 22, 1965). "Malcolm X Shot to Death at Rally Here". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0A15F63F5812738DDDAB0A94DA405B858AF1D3. Retrieved August 1, 2008. (Subscription required)
- ^ Karim, p. 191.
- ^ a b Evanzz, p. 295.
- ^ In his Epilogue to The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Alex Haley wrote that Malcolm said, "Hold it! Hold it! Don't get excited. Let's cool it brothers." (p. 499.) According to a transcription of a recording of the shooting, Malcolm's only words were, "Hold it!", which he repeated 10 times. (DeCaro, p. 274.)
- ^ Perry, p. 366.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 450.
- ^ Perry, pp. 366–367.
- ^ Talese, Gay (February 22, 1965). "Police Save Suspect From the Crowd". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20E12F63F5812738DDDAB0A94DA405B858AF1D3. Retrieved August 1, 2008. (Subscription required)
- ^ Kondo, p. 97.
- ^ Kondo, p. 110.
- ^ Rickford, p. 289.
- ^ "Malcolm X Killer Heads Mosque". BBC News. March 31, 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/71838.stm. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
- ^ Jacobson, Mark (October 1, 2007). "The Man Who Didn't Shoot Malcolm X". New York. http://nymag.com/news/features/38358/. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, p. 474.
- ^ Rickford, p. 489
- ^ Marable, Malcolm X, pp. 474–475.
- ^ Perry, p. 374. Alex Haley, in his Epilogue to The Autobiography of Malcolm X, says 22,000 (p. 519).
- ^ a b Rickford, p. 252.
- ^ DeCaro, p. 291
- ^ a b Arnold, Martin (February 28, 1965). "Harlem Is Quiet as Crowds Watch Malcolm X Rites". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60615FD38591B7A93CAAB1789D85F418685F9. Retrieved August 2, 2008. (Subscription required)
- ^ DeCaro, p. 290.
- ^ Davis, Ossie (February 27, 1965). "Malcolm X's Eulogy". The Official Website of Malcolm X. http://www.malcolmx.com/about/eulogy.html. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
- ^ Rickford, p. 255
- ^ Rickford, pp. 261–262.
- ^ King, Jr., Martin Luther (February 26, 1965). "Telegram from Martin Luther King, Jr. to Betty al-Shabazz". The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/telegram_from_martin_luther_king_jr_to_betty_al_shabazz/. Retrieved March 21, 2010.
- ^ Evanzz, p. 301.
- ^ Clegg, p. 232.
- ^ "Malcolm X". The New York Times. February 22, 1965. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20E13F63F5812738DDDAB0A94DA405B858AF1D3. Retrieved August 2, 2008. (Subscription required)
- ^ Rickford, p. 247.
- ^ Evanzz, p. 305.
- ^ Kenworthy, E. W. (February 26, 1965). "Malcolm Called a Martyr Abroad". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20D15F73F5812738DDDAF0A94DA405B858AF1D3. Retrieved August 2, 2008. (Subscription required)
- ^ Evanzz, p. 306.
- ^ Rickford, p. 248.
- ^ Perry, p. 371.
- ^ Marable, "Rediscovering Malcolm's Life", pp. 305–306.
- ^ Perry, p. 372.
- ^ Kondo, pp. 7–39.
- ^ a b Lomax, To Kill a Black Man, p. 198.
- ^ Evanzz, p. 294.
- ^ Bush, Roderick (1999). We Are Not What We Seem: Black Nationalism and Class Struggle in the American Century. New York: New York University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-8147-1317-4.
- ^ Friedly, Michael (1992). Malcolm X: The Assassination. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-88184-922-6.
- ^ Gardell, Mattias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam. Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-8223-1845-3.
- ^ Rickford, pp. 437, 492–495.
- ^ Evanzz, pp. 298–299.
- ^ Kondo, pp. 182–183, 193–194.
- ^ Marable, "Rediscovering Malcolm's Life", p. 305.
- ^ Rickford, p. 492.
- ^ Wartofsky, Alona (February 17, 1995). "'Brother Minister: The Martyrdom of Malcolm X'". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/brotherministerthemartyrdomofmalcolmx_c0098f.htm. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
- ^ "Farrakhan Admission on Malcolm X". 60 Minutes. CBS News. May 14, 2000. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/05/10/60minutes/main194051.shtml. Retrieved August 2, 2008.
- ^ "Farrakhan Responds to Media Attacks". The Final Call. May 15, 2000. http://www.finalcall.com/columns/mlf/2000/mlf-60minutes05-15-2000.html. Retrieved August 2, 2008.
- ^ Natambu, pp. 315–316.
- ^ Kelley, Robin D. G. (1999). "Malcolm X". Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. New York: Basic Civitas Books. p. 1233.
- ^ Terrill, pp. 15–16.
- ^ a b Lomax, When the Word Is Given, pp. 80–81.
- ^ Terrill, p. 184.
- ^ Lomax. When the Word Is Given. p. 91. "'I'll be honest with you,' Malcolm X said to me. 'Everybody is talking about differences between the Messenger and me. It is absolutely impossible for us to differ.'"
- ^ Lomax, When the Word Is Given, p. 67.
- ^ Lomax, When the Word Is Given, p. 171.
- ^ Lomax, When the Word Is Given, pp. 24, 137–138.
- ^ Malcolm X, Speeches at Harvard, p. 119.
- ^ DeCaro, pp. 166–167.
- ^ Malcolm X told Lewis Lomax that "The Messenger is the Prophet of Allah" (Lomax, When the Word Is Given, p. 80). On another occasion, he said "We never refer to the Honorable Elijah Muhammad as a prophet" (Malcolm X, Last Speeches, p. 46).
- ^ Lincoln, p. 95.
- ^ Lincoln, p. 96.
- ^ Malcolm X, Malcolm X Speaks, pp. 33–35.
- ^ Malcolm X, By Any Means Necessary, pp. 43, 47.
- ^ Malcolm X, Malcolm X Speaks, p. 90.
- ^ Malcolm X, Malcolm X Speaks, p. 117.
- ^ a b Cone, p. 284.
- ^ Perry, p. 277.
- ^ Malcolm X, Malcolm X Speaks, pp. 38–41.
- ^ Malcolm X, Malcolm X Speaks, pp. 212–213.
- ^ Malcolm X, Autobiography, p. 391.
- ^ Parks, Gordon, "Malcolm X: The Minutes of Our Last Meeting", Clarke, p. 122.
- ^ Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amhert, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. p. 333. ISBN 978-1-57392-963-9.
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- ^ Cone, pp. 291–292.
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- ^ Perry, p. 379.
- ^ Turner, Richard Brent (2004). "Islam in the African-American Experience". In Bobo, Jacqueline; Hudley, Cynthia; Michel, Claudine. The Black Studies Reader. New York: Routledge. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-415-94554-7.
- ^ Perry, p. 380.
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- ^ Cone, p. 291.
- ^ Marable, "Rediscovering Malcolm's Life", pp. 301–302.
- ^ Sales, p. 5.
- ^ Marable, "Rediscovering Malcolm's Life", p. 302.
- ^ Sales, p. 3.
- ^ Sales, p. 4
- ^ Haley, "Epilogue", Autobiography, p. 471.
- ^ Perry, p. 375.
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- Natambu, Kofi (2002). The Life and Work of Malcolm X. Indianapolis: Alpha Books. ISBN 978-0-02-864218-5.
- Perry, Bruce (1991). Malcolm: The Life of a Man Who Changed Black America. Barrytown, N.Y.: Station Hill. ISBN 978-0-88268-103-0.
- Rickford, Russell J. (2003). Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story of Survival and Faith Before and After Malcolm X. Naperville, Ill.: Sourcebooks. ISBN 978-1-4022-0171-4.
- Sales, Jr., William W. (1994). From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. Boston: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-480-3.
- Terrill, Robert (2004). Malcolm X: Inventing Radical Judgment. Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87013-730-3.
- Wood, Joe, ed. (1992). Malcolm X: In Our Image. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-06609-3.
Further reading[link]
- Baldwin, James (2007) [1973]. One Day, When I Was Lost: A Scenario Based on Alex Haley's "The Autobiography of Malcolm X". New York: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-307-27594-3.
- Boyd, Herb; Daniels, Ron; Karenga, Maulana et al., eds. (2012). By Any Means Necessary: Malcolm X: Real, Not Reinvented. Chicago: Third World Press. ISBN 978-0-88378-336-8.
- Breitman, George (1967). The Last Year of Malcolm X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary. New York: Pathfinder Press. ISBN 978-0-87348-004-8.
- Breitman, George; Porter, Herman; Smith, Baxter (1991) [1976]. The Assassination of Malcolm X. New York: Pathfinder Press. ISBN 978-0-87348-632-3.
- Cleage, Albert B.; Breitman, George (1968). Myths About Malcolm X: Two Views. New York: Merit. OCLC 615819.
- Collins, Rodnell P. (1998). Seventh Child: A Family Memoir of Malcolm X. Secaucus, N.J.: Birch Lane Press. ISBN 978-1-55972-491-3.
- Conyers, Jr., James L.; Smallwood, Andrew P., eds. (2008). Malcolm X: A Historical Reader. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-89089-228-2.
- DeCaro, Louis A. (1998). Malcolm and the Cross: The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and Christianity. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-1932-9.
- Friedly, Michael (1995). Malcolm X: The Assassination. New York: One World. ISBN 978-0-345-40010-9.
- Gallen, David, ed. (1992). Malcolm X: As They Knew Him. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-88184-850-2.
- Goldman, Peter (1979) [1973]. The Death and Life of Malcolm X. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-00774-3.
- Jamal, Hakim A. (1972). From The Dead Level: Malcolm X and Me. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-46234-9.
- Jenkins, Robert L. (2002). The Malcolm X Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29264-4.
- Kly, Yussuf Naim, ed. (1986). The Black Book: The True Political Philosophy of Malcolm X (El Hajj Malik El Shabazz). Atlanta: Clarity Press. ISBN 978-0-932863-03-4.
- Leader, Edward Roland (1993). Understanding Malcolm X: The Controversial Changes in His Political Philosophy. New York: Vantage Press. ISBN 978-0-533-09520-9.
- Lee, Spike; with Ralph Wiley (1992). By Any Means Necessary: The Trials and Tribulations of the Making of Malcolm X. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-56282-913-1.
- Shabazz, Ilyasah; with Kim McLarin (2002). Growing Up X: A Memoir by the Daughter of Malcolm X. New York: One World. ISBN 978-0-345-44495-0.
- Strickland, William; et al. (1994). Malcolm X: Make It Plain. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-017713-8.
- Terrill, Robert, ed. (2010). The Cambridge Companion to Malcolm X. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-73157-7.
- T'Shaka, Oba (1983). The Political Legacy of Malcolm X. Richmond, Calif.: Pan Afrikan Publications. ISBN 978-1-878557-01-8.
- Wolfenstein, Eugene Victor (1989). The Victims of Democracy: Malcolm X and the Black Revolution. London: Free Association Books. ISBN 978-1-85343-111-1.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Malcolm X |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Malcolm X |
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Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
- The Official Web Site of Malcolm X
- Malcolm X: Make It Plain
- malcolm-x.org
- Malcolm X: A Profile
- The Malcolm X Project at Columbia University
- Malcolm X Reference Archive
- Malcolm X: A Research Site
- Works by or about Malcolm X in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Interviews
- Interview with Dr. Kenneth Clark, Spring 1963
- Video interview with Herman Blake, October 1963
- Interview with Louis Lomax, from When the Word Is Given (December 1963)
- Interview with A.B. Spellman, May 1964
- CBC television interview, January 1965
- The short film OPEN MIND Special: Race Relations in Crisis 6/12/63 - 11/13/92 (1963/1992) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
- Speeches
- Other links
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Malcolm X |
| Alternative names | Little, Malcolm; El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz |
| Short description | Nation of Islam leader |
| Date of birth | May 19, 1925 |
| Place of birth | North Omaha, Nebraska, United States |
| Date of death | February 21, 1965 |
| Place of death | New York City, New York, United States |
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