Gypsy is a musical with music by Jule Styne, lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, and a book by Arthur Laurents. Gypsy is loosely based on the 1957 memoirs of Gypsy Rose Lee, the famous striptease artist, and focuses on her mother, Rose, whose name has become synonymous with "the ultimate show business mother." It follows the dreams and efforts of Rose to raise two daughters to perform onstage and casts an affectionate eye on the hardships of show business life. The character of Louise is based on Lee, and the character of June is based on Lee's sister, the actress June Havoc.
The musical contains many songs that became popular standards, including "Small World," "Everything's Coming up Roses", "Some People", "Let Me Entertain You","All I Need Is The Girl", and "Rose's Turn". It is frequently considered one of the crowning achievements of the mid-20th century's conventional musical theatre art form, often called the "book musical".
Gypsy has been referred to as the greatest American musical by numerous critics and writers, among them Ben Brantley[1] and Frank Rich.[2] Rich even calls it the American musical theatre's answer to King Lear. Theater critic Clive Barnes wrote that "Gypsy is one of the best of musicals..." and described the character of Rose as "one of the few truly complex characters in the American musical...."[3]
A musical based on the memoirs of Gypsy Rose Lee was a project of producer David Merrick and actress Ethel Merman. Merrick had read a chapter of Lee's memoirs in Harper's Magazine and approached Lee to obtain the rights. Jerome Robbins was interested, and wanted Leland Hayward as co-producer; Merman also wanted Hayward to produce her next show.[4] Merrick and Hayward approached Arthur Laurents to write the book. As he relates, Laurents initially was not interested until he saw that the story was one of parents living their children's lives. Composers Irving Berlin and Cole Porter declined the project. Finally, Robbins asked Stephen Sondheim, who agreed to do it. Sondheim had worked with Robbins and Laurents on the musical West Side Story. However, Merman did not want an unknown composer, and wanted Jule Styne to write the music. Although Sondheim initially refused to write only the lyrics, he was persuaded by Oscar Hammerstein to accept the job. The creative team was in place.[5]
In analyzing the character of Rose, Clive Barnes described her as "bossy, demanding, horrific...."[3] Rich described Rose as "a monster".[2] Critic Walter Kerr commented that though Rose is a monster, she must be liked and understood.[6] Patti LuPone describes Rose: "She has tunnel vision, she's driven, and she loves her kids.... And she is a survivor. I do not see her as a monster at all — she may do monstrous things, but that does not make a monster."[7] Sondheim has said of the character: "The fact that she's monstrous to her daughters and the world is secondary... She's a very American character, a gallant figure and a life force."[8] Sondheim also noted, "Yet the end of Gypsy is not entirely bleak. Louise comes out a star and forgives her mother. There is hope for her. Rose does confront who she is in 'Rose's Turn.' There is a catharsis. It's not Rodgers and Hammerstein, but you feel maybe the mother and daughter will come to an understanding and maybe triumph over Rose's craziness and Louise's bitterness."[8] Bernadette Peters' take of the character was different: "Rose was a woman who was traumatized by her own mother leaving her at an early age. I think that longing for acceptance is what fuels all her ambition. In the end, when she confronts herself in Rose's Turn, she realizes she has failed her daughter just as her own mother failed her...and that destroys Rose. There is a vulnerability to Rose that makes her human, not just some loud and cartoonish parody of a stage mother."
- Act I
Rose and her two daughters, Baby June and Louise, play the vaudeville circuit around the United States in the early 1920s. Rose, the archetype of a stage mother, is aggressive and domineering, pushing her children to perform. While June is an extroverted, talented child star, the older girl, Louise, is shy. The kiddie act has one song, "Let Me Entertain You", that they sing over and over again, with June always as the center-piece and Louise often as one of the "boys" ("Baby June and Her Newsboys"). Rose has big dreams for the girls but encounters setbacks, as she tells her father ("Some People"). When Rose meets a former agent, Herbie, she persuades him to become their manager using her seductive and feminine wiles ("Small World"). The girls grow up, and June, now billed as Dainty June, and her act have a chance to perform for Mr. Goldstone ("Mr. Goldstone, I love you"). Meanwhile, Louise celebrates her birthday alone and asks her birthday present, a lamb, just how old she is this year ("Little Lamb"). After Rose rejects Herbie's marriage proposal, he considers leaving, but she asserts that he could never get away from her ("You'll Never Get Away From Me"). Now billed as "Dainty June and Her Farmboys", the act finally performs on the Orpheum Circuit ("Dainty June and Her Farmboys"). June is soon offered a place at a Performing Arts school after an audition. However, Rose turns this down, refusing to break up the act. Louise and June fantasize what life would be like if Rose were married and finished with show business ("If Mama was Married"). A few months later, still on the road from show to show, Tulsa, one of the boys from the act, confides in Louise that he has been working on his own act ("All I Need Is The Girl"), and Louise fantasizes that she and he could do the act together. Shortly after, June is missing, and Louise shows a note from June. June explains that she has grown sick of her mother and the endless tour and has eloped with one of the backup dancers, and they will do a new act. Rose is hurt, but then optimistically vows that she will make Louise a star, proclaiming that "Everything's Coming up Roses".
- Act II
Louise is now a young woman, and Rose has built a pale imitation of the Dainty June act for her. Using all girls, Rose and Herbie try valiantly to sell "Madame Rose's Toreadorables" to a fading vaudeville industry. However, they are still together ("Together, Wherever We Go"). With no vaudeville venues left, Louise and her second-rate act wind up accidentally booked at a burlesque house in Wichita, Kansas, as a means to deter police raids. Rose is anguished, as she sees what a booking in burlesque means to her dreams of success, but Louise persuades her that two weeks' pay for the new act is better than unemployment. As they are introduced to Louise, three of the strippers on the bill advise her on what it takes to be a successful stripper, a "gimmick," something that "makes your strip special" ("You Gotta Get a Gimmick"). Backstage, Rose proposes to Herbie. He asks her to break up the act and let Louise have a normal life, and she reluctantly accepts, agreeing they will marry the day after their show closes. On the last day of the booking, the star stripper in the burlesque show is arrested for solicitation. Desperate, Rose cannot resist the urge to give Louise another nudge toward stardom, and she volunteers Louise to do the strip tease as a last-minute replacement. Disgusted at Rose's blind ambition for her daughter, Herbie walks out on Rose forever ("Small World" Reprise). Although reluctant, Louise wants to please her mother and she goes on, assured by Rose that she needn't actually strip, but simply walk elegantly and tease by dropping a single shoulder strap. Shy and hesitant, she sings a titillating version of "Let Me Entertain You," the song that their kiddie act had used. She removes only her glove. The audience goes wild, and this becomes Louise's "gimmick"("Let Me Entertain You (Gypsy Strip Tease)").
In the months that follow Louise becomes secure, always following her mother's advice to "Make 'em beg for more, and then don't give it to them!" The song becomes brasher and brassier, and more and more articles of clothing come off. Ultimately, Louise becomes a major burlesque star and does not need her mother any longer. After a bitter argument between Rose and Louise, who has become the sophisticated "Gypsy Rose Lee," Rose realizes Herbie and June are both gone, and now Louise is lost to her as well. Rose, feeling sad, useless and bitter asks "Why did I do it? What did it get me?" ("Rose's Turn"). All of Rose's unrequited dreams of her own stardom and her personal demons surface. She fantasizes about her own lit-up runway and cheering audience, but finally admits "I did it for me." After her admission to Louise, Mother and daughter tentatively step toward reconciliation in the end.
- In the 1974 and 2008 Broadway revivals, although the final dialogue scene remains, there is not a happy ending, but rather a bleak, sad one as all hopes of reconciliation for Rose and Louise fall flat when Louise walks away, laughing sarcastically at Rose's new "dream." The audience is then left with a Rose whose dream of her own lit up marquee slowly fades away to her craziness within taking over.
- In the 2003 revival starring Bernadette Peters, the final dialogue scene remains, but leaves the ending open to more interpretation from the audience. Louise walks through the stage door, with Rose following behind. Rose then turns to face the audience, a look of sadness and longing on her face as she takes one last look at the empty stage. She pauses and slowly closes the door.
- Act I
- “Overture” – Orchestra
- “May We Entertain You?” – Baby June and Baby Louise
- “Some People” – Rose
- “Some People (Reprise)” – Rose
- “Small World” – Rose and Herbie
- “Baby June and Her Newsboys” – Baby June and Newsboys
- “Mr. Goldstone, I Love You”† – Rose, Herbie, Ensemble
- “Little Lamb” – Louise
- “You'll Never Get Away From Me” – Rose and Herbie
- “Dainty June and Her Farmboys” – June and Farmboys
- “Broadway” – June and Farmboys
- “If Momma Was Married” – June and Louise
- “All I Need is the Girl” – Tulsa and Louise
- “Everything's Coming up Roses” – Rose
|
- Act II
- “Madame Rose's Toreadorables” – Louise, Rose and the Hollywood Blondes
- “Together, Wherever We Go”** – Rose, Herbie, and Louise
- “You Gotta Get a Gimmick” – Mazeppa, Electra, and Tessie Tura
- “Small World (Reprise)” – Rose
- “Let Me Entertain You”†† – Louise
- “Rose's Turn” – Rose
|
Notes on the songs
† Titled "Mr. Goldstone" in the 2003 revival, and "Have an Eggroll, Mr. Goldstone" in the 2008 revival
†† Titled "The Strip" in the 2008 revival[9] and on the recording of the 1989 revival.[10]
** In the 1973 London and 1974 Broadway productions, this number featured an extended dance sequence in the middle of the song, which was not featured in the original score.
During the pre-Broadway tryout tour, several songs were cut, including a song for Herbie called "Nice She Ain't" (cut because it was given to Jack Klugman one week prior to opening and he could not memorize the keys and staging one week before),[5] and a song for Baby June and Baby Louise titled "Mama's Talkin' Soft". The latter song was cut because the staging required the little girls to stand on a platform elevated above the stage, and the young actress playing Baby Louise was terrified. It was also cut because the show was running too long.[5] "Mama's Talkin' Soft" was later recorded by Petula Clark and released as a single in the UK in 1959.[11] Other cut songs include "Mother's Day", a song for Baby June's act, "Smile, Girls", which involves Rose trying to teach the untalented girls to smile in order to make the act look good, "Who Needs Him?", which Rose sings to herself after Herbie leaves Rose, and "Three Wishes for Christmas", a burlesque number similar to one that would be performed at Minsky's Burlesque.[12]
The original Broadway production opened on May 21, 1959 at The Broadway Theatre and subsequently transferred to the Imperial Theatre, running for 702 performances after two previews. The show was produced by David Merrick and directed/choreographed by Jerome Robbins. Ethel Merman starred as Rose, with Jack Klugman as Herbie and Sandra Church as Louise. The orchestrations, including a thrilling overture,[13] were supplied by Sid Ramin and Robert Ginzler.
Critic Frank Rich has referred to Robbins' work as one of the most influential stagings of a musical in American theatrical history.[2] The original production received eight Tony Award nominations, including Best Musical, Best Actress in a Musical, Best Featured Actor in a Musical, Best Featured Actress in a Musical, Best Scenic Design, Best Costume Design and Best Direction of a Musical, but failed to win any.
When the show closed in March 1961, two national touring companies toured the US. The first company starred Merman and opened in March 1961 at the Rochester, New York Auditorium, and closed in December 1961 at the American, St. Louis, Missouri. The second national company starred Mitzi Green as Rose, followed by Mary McCarty, and a young Bernadette Peters in various ensemble roles. It opened in September 1961 at the Shubert Theatre, Detroit and closed in January 1962 at the Hanna, Cleveland, Ohio.
In 1973, it was announced that Elaine Stritch would be starring in the first London production of the show. However, when ticket sales proved to be unsuccessful, producers hired the more familiar Angela Lansbury (according to Craig Zadan, "The ...producers were not able to raise the required capital on Stritch's name, and the promise of a new production...became ominously distant.").[14] The London production opened at the Piccadilly Theatre in the West End on May 29, 1973. It was produced by Barry M. Brown and Fritz Holt, in association with Edgar Lansbury (Angela's brother) and directed by the show's author, Arthur Laurents with choreography reproduced by Robert Tucker. The supporting cast featured Zan Charisse, Barry Ingham, Debbie Bowen and Bonnie Langford. Lansbury left the London production in December 1973 to tour the show in the USA and was succeeded by Dolores Gray. The London production closed on March 2, 1974, after 300 performances.
On September 23, 1974, Lansbury's West End production transferred to Broadway's Winter Garden Theatre for a planned limited run of 120 performances after four previews. The cast remained mostly the same in New York, except that Rex Robbins played Herbie, Maureen Moore (later Bernadette Peters' understudy as Rose in the 2003 revival) played the adult June, and Mary Louise Wilson was Tessie Tura. Angela Lansbury, having reprised her role as Rose, won the 1975 Tony Award.
On November 16, 1989, a second revival opened on Broadway at the St. James Theatre, and then moved to the Marquis Theatre. Billed as the 30th Anniversary Production, this revival ran for 476 performances after 23 previews. Laurents returned as director, with Tyne Daly as Rose (after Liza Minnelli and Bette Midler had both turned down the role), Jonathan Hadary as Herbie and Crista Moore as Louise. Linda Lavin and Jamie Ross replaced Daly and Hadary respectively. This production won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival and Daly won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her performance.
A new Broadway revival began previews on March 31, 2003 and opened on May 1, 2003 at the Shubert Theatre. The director was Sam Mendes, with choreography by Jerry Mitchell and costumes and sets by Anthony Ward. Bernadette Peters played the role of Rose. The New York Times described Peters as "a surefire box office draw who nonetheless may surprise some Gypsy aficionados...How will the ladylike Ms. Peters fit into the role of Rose, a part indelibly marked by its brassy, belting originator, Ethel Merman?...'One of the main reasons I wanted to do the piece was to cast someone as Rose that was closer to Rose as she really existed,' Mr. Mendes said. 'She was a tiny woman. And she was a charmer. And so is Bernadette.'"[15] Laurents had talked to Mendes ("Roughly five years ago" according to the New York Times in 2003) about directing the revival, and Mendes said "he was surprised by the idea of casting Ms. Peters as Rose".[16] Laurents notes of his suggestions on this production are in his 2009 book Mainly on Directing 'Gypsy', 'West Side Story' and Other Musicals. In a 2004 interview Laurents said that Peters' portrayal of Rose was "brilliant, original, totally unlike any of the others" while criticizing Mendes for the "physical production" which Laurents said "was misconceived and hurt the show more than people realized."[17] Gypsy had begun previews with a virtually bare stage, but by opening night this had been changed to a minimalist set.[18] The cast featured John Dossett as Herbie, Tammy Blanchard as Louise, Kate Reinders as June and David Burtka as Tulsa. The production was nominated for four Tony Awards, including Best Revival of a Musical and Best Actress in a Musical.
In his review, Ben Brantley in The New York Times wrote that "the surprise coup of many a Broadway season...Working against type and expectation under the direction of Sam Mendes, Ms. Peters has created the most complex and compelling portrait of her long career...There have been many illustrious successors to Merman as Rose...Only Ms. Peters, however, can be said to have broken the Merman mold completely."[19]
Gypsy twice set new box office records for the Shubert Theatre. Its gross of $853,476 for the week of June 9-14, 2003 was the highest ever gross for a non-holiday week and the subsequent June 15-21, 2003 box office gross of $874,397 represented the highest gross for a show in Shubert history.[20] However, the New York Times announced that Gypsy would close on February 28, 2004, stating:" Gypsy sold well for most of 2003. But by early January [2004], with tourists gone and local theatergoers staying inside during a brutal stretch of weather, the production's sales grew increasingly weak. More important, the show's advance sale, the main indicator of a production's staying power, began to shrink rapidly. It stood at less than $2 million yesterday."[21] After an increase in the gross, the show's closing was postponed indefinitely, but Gypsy finally closed on May 30, 2004 after 451 performances and 33 previews.[22] The production is believed to have recouped a little more than half of its $8 million investment.[22]
Patti Lupone starred as Rose in a semi-staged concert production of Gypsy at the Chicago Ravinia Festival in August 2006, directed by Lonny Price and accompanied by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.[23] Enough excitement was generated around LuPone playing the role of Rose that producers were eager to see Price's production, with the hope of moving it to New York. Jack Viertel, the artistic director of New York City Center Encores! saw the production and was so impressed that he contacted Arthur Laurents, requesting him to direct a new fully staged production of the show for a new program, as part of the Encores! series.[24] From July 9 to 29, 2007, the show was presented at City Center with LuPone once again. Directed by Arthur Laurents, the production also featured Laura Benanti as Louise, Boyd Gaines as Herbie and Leigh Ann Larkin as June. Lenora Nemetz, Marilyn Caskey, and Alison Fraser played the strippers Mazeppa, Electra, and Tessie Tura.
LuPone recounted in her memoirs that, when Laurents began directing this production, he based his direction initially on the 1989 revival, "because, I think that in Arthur's mind, the Tyne Daly 'Gypsy' had been the last successful production." However, the cast "questioned Arthur relentlessly about...the scenes", and he "tossed the old prompt book out and freed" the actors to explore.[25]
The Encores! production was a success, and despite Ben Brantley's somewhat negative review of LuPone's performance in the New York Times, the show transferred to Broadway, where it opened at the St. James Theatre on March 27, 2008. Brantley gave the production a rave review, praising LuPone, Laurents and the rest of the cast, and describing the characterizations in the production:
"You see, everyone's starved for attention in 'Gypsy.' That craving, after all, is the motor that keeps showbiz puttering along. And Mr. Laurents makes sure that we sense that hunger in everyone.... I was so caught up in the emotional wrestling matches between the characters (and within themselves), that I didn't really think about the songs as songs.... There is no separation at all between song and character, which is what happens in those uncommon moments when musicals reach upward to achieve their ideal reasons to be."[26]
This production won numerous awards including the Tony Awards and Drama Desk Awards for LuPone, Gaines and Benanti. The show was originally scheduled to close in March 2009 on Lupone's final performance, but closed on January 11, 2009 due to decreases in ticket sales.[27] Like the 2003 production, this revival also closed at a loss. When it closed it played 332 performances and 27 previews. On the eve before the final curtain call, LuPone made news when she literally stopped the show in the middle of the song "Rose's Turn", to scold a patron for taking illegal photographs during the performance.[28][29]
Patti LuPone had performed in Gypsy prior to Broadway. She has stated that when she was thirteen years old, she starred as Louise in a high-school production of the show. Lupone had voiced interest in heading the 2003 Broadway revival but author Arthur Laurents had reportedly banned her from any future work with his involvement, as she had previously walked out on a production of Jolson Sings Again, written by Laurents, in 1995.[30]
- 1992 Argentinian
The production opened at the Teatro Astral in Buenos Aires, directed by Víctor García Peralta. Mabel Manzotti starred. The cast included Sandra Guida, as Gypsy; Eleonora Wexler, Luis Medina Castro, Ambar La Fox, Kristine Philbrook.
- 1998 Mexico
The production opened at the Teatro Silvia Pinal in Mexico City, produced and directed by Silvia Pinal (legendary Luis Buñuel's Viridiana muse). Pinal and her daughter, the rock singer Alejandra Guzmán starred. Guzmán was replaced by Irán Castillo.
- 1998 Paper Mill Playhouse
Betty Buckley and Deborah Gibson starred at the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn, New Jersey. Laura Bell Bundy played June. It was rumored to be Broadway bound, but this did not materialize.
- 2005 Shaw Festival
This production ran in rep at the Shaw Festival, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario starring Nora McLellan as Rose and Julie Martell as Louise. Martell understudied Tammy Blanchard in the 2003 Broadway revival. Also, Kate Hennig, who has appeared on Broadway as Ms. Wilkinson in Billy Elliot, played Ms. Cratchitt as well as understudying and playing Rose at certain scheduled performances.[31]
- 2007 North American tour
Gypsy was presented by Phoenix Entertainment with Kathy Halenda starring as Rose and Missy Dowse as Louise. The production was directed by Sam Viverto and assisted by Aja Kane. Principal casting also included Ruby Lewis as June, Rachel Abrams as Mazeppa, Claire Norden as Baby June, Loriann Freda as Tessie Tura, Nick Hamel as Herbie, and Maria Egler as Electra. The tour ended in May 2008.
- 2010 New Bedford Festival Theatre
Starring Sue Mathys as Rose, directed by Michael Susko.
- 2011 Lyric Stage
From September 9 to 18, Lyric Stage in Irving, TX produced the musical. The production featured a 39 piece orchestra and full original orchestrations that had not been heard since 1961 when the original production closed. It also featured an acoustic guitar part, which had been removed prior to the Boston tryout due to pit size. The production, directed by Len Pluger and Music Directed by Jay Dias, starred Sue Mathys as Rose, Ashton Smalling as Dainty June (she has previously been Baby June at Ravinia in 2006) and Caitlin Carter as Tessie Tura, with local performers Mary McElree as Louise and Sonny Franks as Herbie.
- 2011 Bristol Riverside Theatre
Tovah Feldshuh is starring as Rose at the Bristol (PA) Riverside Theatre (BRT) production of Gypsy which opened on December 8, 2011 following two nights of previews. The production, directed by BRT artistic director Keith Baker, is scheduled to run until January 15, 2012. Also appearing are Robert Newman as Herbie and Amanda Rose as Louise.[32]
- 2012 Leicester UK revival
Australian actress/singer Caroline O'Connor starred as Rose, with Artistic Director Paul Kerryson, in the Curve Theatre (Leicester, England), production, from March 13 to April 15, 2012. The production also featured Victoria Hamilton-Barritt as Louise, David Fleeshman as Herbie and Daisy Maywood as June.[33]
Rosalind Russell, Karl Malden, and Natalie Wood starred in the 1962 Warner Bros. film adaptation of the musical. Russell won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for her portrayal of Rose.
Gypsy was also adapted as 1993 television movie with Bette Midler playing Rose. Cynthia Gibb portrayed Louise and Jennifer Beck portrayed Dainty June. Bette Midler won the Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV; Michael Rafter won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music Direction. This production was a rare example of a film/TV project in which some of the songs are sung live, and not Lip synced to a prerecorded track.[34]
In January 2011 the New York Post reported that Barbra Streisand is in negotiations to produce, direct and star in a new film version of Gypsy. In an interview with the New York Post, Arthur Laurents said: "We've talked about it a lot, and she knows what she's doing. She has my approval." He said that he would not write the screenplay.[35][36] In a clarifying statement and report, the New York Times wrote that Streisand would star, but would not produce or direct. Streisand's spokesperson confirmed that "there have been conversations".[37]
However, Frank Rizzo of courant.com reported on March 12, 2011 that the film with Streisand "is not going to happen, according to playwright-director Arthur Laurents, one of the rights holders to the work."[38] But now that is contradicted by an August 2011 report by USATODAY that the plans for a film adaptation of Gypsy are still intact. "Before writer and director Arthur Laurents died at age 93 last May, there had been much talk about a movie version of 'Gypsy' starring Streisand as Rose. 'We just have to find our team and a writer,' said Streisand. 'It's too bad, because I was looking forward to working with Arthur,' who directed Streisand in her Broadway debut. 'I had seen him a few months before that, and he seemed so strong and healthy.'"[39]
In March 2012, reports stated that Universal Pictures is pressing on with the new film. Streisand is still attached to produce and play Mama Rose, with Joel Silver co-producing and Julian Fellowes scripting.[40]
Principal casts and directors of the Broadway and West End stage productions of Gypsy (Original Broadway Cast and Revivals) (this list shows original cast only, not replacements):
There are recordings of each of the Broadway and London productions, as well as the film and television productions. The original 1959 and revival 2003 cast albums each won the Grammy Award, Best Original Cast Show Album.
The original Broadway cast album is notable as Ethel Merman's first recording in the then-new stereophonic sound technology. Motion pictures recorded in stereo had been steadily made since 1953, and stereo was first used on magnetic tape in 1954, but it was not until 1958, a year before Gypsy opened, that it became possible to use this technology on records.
The 1974 Broadway recording was not an actual recording of the Broadway revival, but a remix of the London Cast recording of 1973 with a new recording of "Some People".
The 2008 Broadway cast recording was released August 28, 2008.
- ^ Brantley, Ben. "New Momma Takes Charge". New York Times. May 2, 2003.
- ^ a b c Rich, Frank. The Hot Seat: Theater Criticism for The New York Times, 1980-1993. Random House. 1998. ISBN 0-679-45300-8.
- ^ a b Barnes, Clive. "Gypsy Bounces Back With Zest and Lilt". New York Times. September 24, 1974.
- ^ Millstein, Gilbert. "Culled From a Stripper's Past". The New York Times. May 17, 1959. p. X1
- ^ a b c Zadan, Craig. Sondheim & Co., Second Edition (1986), pp37-39, pp50-51, ISBN 0-06-015649-X
- ^ Kerr, Walter. "Two Musicals We Need Have Checked In". The New York Times. December 17, 1989. p. H7
- ^ Lunden, Jeff. "Stage Mother from Hell: Needy, Greedy Mama Rose". NPR.org. April 13, 2008.
- ^ a b Rich, Frank. "Theatre – 'Gypsy': Then, Now and Always". The New York Times. May 4, 2003. p.AR1 (Retrieved May 6, 2008)
- ^ "Gypsy: A musical fable, St. James Theatre (3/27/2008 - 1/11/2009)". Internet Broadway Database.
- ^ Gypsy (Original Cast Recording) - Tyne Daly". iTunes.com.
- ^ "Petula Clark discography". PetulaClark.net
- ^ Sondheim, Stephen, Finishing the Hat, New York: Alfred Knopf, 2010 p. 58-77 ISBN 978-0-679-43907-3
- ^ Kantor, Michael and Laurence Maslon, Broadway: The American Musical, Bulfinch Press, New York, p. 286.
- ^ Zadan, Craig. Sondheim & Co. (1974, 1986 2nd Ed.), Harper & Row, ISBN 0-06-015649-X, p. 54
- ^ McKinley, Jesse. "On Stage and Off". The New York Times. February 8, 2002.
- ^ McKinley, Jesse. "New 'Gypsy' Struts, Silencing Naysayers". The New York Times. May 5, 2003. Section E, p.1
- ^ Bryer, Jackson R.; Davison, Richard Allan. The art of the American musical: conversations with the creators (2005) Rutgers - the State University (NYC), ISBN 0-8135-0612-X p.138
- ^ Kissel, Howard. "No 'Gypsy' In Her Soul". New York Daily News. May 2, 2003.
- ^ Brantley, Ben. "New Momma Takes Charge". The New York Times. May 2, 2003.
- ^ Gans, Andrew. "Momma's Goin' Strong: Gypsy Breaks All-Time Shubert Box-Office Record". Playbill.com. June 23, 2003.
- ^ McKinley, Jesse. "'Gypsy' to Close Feb. 28, At a Loss of Millions". The New York Times. February 3, 2004.
- ^ a b "Final Curtain to Fall on 'Gypsy' May 30". The New York Times. April 22, 2004.
- ^ Gans, Andrew. Patti's Turn: LuPone Is Mama Rose in Ravinia's Gypsy Beginning Aug. 11". Playbill.com. August 11, 2006.
- ^ Laurents, Arthur. 'Gypsy' Mainly on Directing, Random House Digital, Inc., 2009, ISBN 0-307-27088-2, p. 45
- ^ LuPone, Patti. "'Gypsy'" Patti LuPone: A Memoir, Random House, Inc., 2010, ISBN 0-307-46073-8, p. 288
- ^ Brantley, Ben. "Curtain Up! It’s Patti’s Turn". New York Times. March 28, 2008.
- ^ Gans, Andrew. "LuPone Gypsy Will Now Close in January 2009". Playbill.com. December 14, 2008.
- ^ STAGE TUBE: Brian Williams Takes on Audience Cell Phone Usage - Patti LuPone & More
- ^ Cell Free? Coping with violators of the no cell phone rule
- ^ Green, Jesse. "Let Her Entertain You. Please!". The New York Times. July 8, 2007.
- ^ DePalma, Kristen. Shawfest plays up the art of striptease with Gypsy media.www.brockpress.com, May 24, 2005
- ^ Hetrick, Adam."'Gypsy', With Tovah Feldshuh, Opens at Bristol Riverside Theatre Dec. 8" playbill.com, December 8, 2011
- ^ http://platform-online.net/2012/03/here-she-is-boys-review-gypsy/
- ^ Hodges, Ann. "Cast shines in latest version of musical hit 'Gypsy'". The Houston Chronicle. December 12, 1993. Section: Television, p. 3. "It's surely the first time in a long time that the actors singing the songs are actually singing them, instead of just moving their lips to a pre-recording."
- ^ Riedel, Michael. "Babs Comes up Rose". New York Post. January 5, 2011 (updated from January 4, 2011).
- ^ Gans, Andrew."Will Barbra Streisand Star and Direct New Film Version of Gypsy?" Playbill.com. January 5, 2011 (updated).
- ^ Healy, Patrick. "Streisand in Talks to Play Mama Rose in Film Remake of 'Gypsy'". The New York Times. January 5, 2011.
- ^ "Streisand/'Gypsy' Film Project a No-Go, Says Arthur Laurents". Hartford Courant (courant.com). March 12, 2011.
- ^ "Barbra Streisand Says GYPSY Film Still On" broadwayworld.com, August 18, 2011
- ^ Fleming, M. TOLDJA! Universal, Barbra Streisand And Joel Silver Tap Julian Fellowes To Script ‘Gypsy’. Deadline.com (March 13, 2012).
