Mecklenburg, divided between Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, from 1866 to 1934.

Mecklenburg (Low German: Mękelnborg) is a historical region in northern Germany comprising the western and larger part of the federal-state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The largest cities of the region are Rostock, Schwerin, and Neubrandenburg.

The name Mecklenburg derives from a castle named "Mikilenburg" (Old Saxon: "big castle", thus the Grecised name variant Megalopolis used in Medieval Latin sources), located between the cities of Schwerin and Wismar. It was the ancestral seat of the House of Mecklenburg and for a time divided into Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz among the same dynasty.

Linguistically Mecklenburgers retain and use many features of Low German vocabulary or phonology.

Geography[link]

Mecklenburg is known for its mostly flat countryside. Much of the terrain forms a morass, with ponds, marshes and fields as common features, with small forests interspersed. The terrain changes as one moves north towards the Baltic Sea.

Under the peat of Mecklenburg are sometimes found deposits of ancient lava flows. Traditionally, at least in the countryside, the stone from these flows is cut and used in the construction of homes, often in joint use with cement, brick and wood, forming a unique look to the exterior of country houses.

Mecklenburg has productive farming, but the land is most suitable for grazing purposes. Nonetheless Mecklenburg is a relatively poor region of Germany with a rate of unemployment from 13–20%; traditionally Mecklenburg has been one of the poorer German areas. The area has seen an increase in tourism, particularly with regard to the beaches at the Baltic Sea, Isle of Rügen, the Mecklenburg Lakeland (Mecklenburgische Seenplatte), the Mecklenburg Switzerland (Mecklenburgische Schweiz) with its pristine nature, and the old Hanseatic towns well known for the famous Brick Gothic churches.

History[link]

Early history[link]

Mecklenburg is the site of many prehistoric dolmen tombs. Its earliest organised inhabitants may have had Celtic origins. By no later than 100 BC the area had been populated by pre-Christian Germanic peoples.

The traditional symbol of Mecklenburg, the grinning steer's head (Low German: Ossenkopp, lit.: 'oxen's head', with osse being a synonym for steer and bull in Middle Low German), with an attached hide, and a crown above, may have originated from this period.^{[citation needed]} It represents what early peoples would have worn, i.e. a steers's head as a hat, with the hide hanging down the back to protect the neck from the sun, and overall as a way to instill fear in the enemy.

From the 7th through the 12th centuries, the area of Mecklenburg was taken over by Western Slavic peoples, most notably the Obotrites and other tribes that Frankish sources referred to as "Wends". The 11th century founder of the Mecklenburgian dynasty of Dukes and later Grand Dukes, which lasted until 1918, was Nyklot of the Obotrites.

In the late 12th century, Henry the Lion, Duke of the Saxons, conquered the region, subjugated its local lords, and Christianized its people, in a precursor to the Northern Crusades. From 12th to 14th century, large numbers of Germans and Flemings settled the area (Ostsiedlung), importing German law and improved agricultural techniques. The Wends who survived all warfare and devastation of the centuries before, including invasions of and expeditions into Saxony, Denmark and Liutizic areas as well as internal conflicts, were assimilated the centuries thereafter. However, elements of certain names and words used in Mecklenburg speak to the lingering Slavic influence. An example would be the city of Schwerin, which was originally called Zuarin in the Slavic. Another example is town of Bresegard, the 'gard' portion of the town name derives from the Slavic word 'grad', meaning city or town.

Since the 12th century, the territory has remained stable and relatively independent of its neighbours; one of the few German territories for which this is true. During the reformation the Duke in Schwerin would convert to Protestantism and so would follow the Duchy of Mecklenburg.

[edit] History, 1621–1933

Like many German territories, Mecklenburg was sometimes partitioned and re-partitioned among different members of the ruling dynasty. In 1621 it was divided into the two duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Güstrow. With the extinction of the Güstrow line in 1701, the Güstrow lands were redivided, part going to the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and part going to the new line of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

In 1815, the two Mecklenburgian duchies were raised to Grand Duchies, and subsequently existed separately as such in Germany under enlightened but absolute rule (constitutions being granted on the eve of World War I) until the revolution of 1918. Life in Mecklenburg could be quite harsh. Practices such as having to ask for permission from the Grand Duke to get married, or having to apply for permission to emigrate, would linger late into the history of Mecklenburg (i.e. 1918), long after such practices had been abandoned in other German areas. Even as late as the later half of the 19th century the Grand Duke personally owned half of the countryside. The last Duke abdicated in 1918, as monarchies fell throughout Europe. The Duke's ruling house reigned in Mecklenburg uninterrupted (except for two years) from its incorporation into the Holy Roman Empire until 1918. From 1918 to 1933, the duchies were free states in the Weimar Republic.

Traditionally Mecklenburg has always been one of the poorer German areas, and later the poorer of the provinces, or Länder, within a unified Germany. The reasons for this may be varied, but one factor stands out: agriculturally the land is poor and can not produce at the same level as other parts of Germany. The two Mecklenburgs made attempts at being independent states after 1918, but eventually this failed as their dependence on the rest of the German lands became apparent.

History since 1934[link]

After three centuries of partition, Mecklenburg was united in 1934 by the Nazi government. The Wehrmacht assigned Mecklenburg and Pomerania to Wehrkreis II under the command of General der Infanterie Werner Kienitz, with the headquarters at Stettin. Mecklenburg was assigned to an Area headquartered at Schwerin, which was responsible for military units in Schwerin; Rostock; Parchim; and Neustrelitz.

Mecklenburg regional flag

After World War II, the Soviet government occupying eastern Germany merged Mecklenburg with the smaller neighbouring region of Western Pomerania (German Vorpommern) to form the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Mecklenburg contributed about two-thirds of the geographical size of the new state and the majority of its population. Also, the new state became temporary or permanent home for lots of refugees expelled from former German territories seized by the Soviet Union and Poland after the war. The Soviets changed the name from "Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania" to "Mecklenburg" in 1947.

In 1952, the East German government ended the independent existence of Mecklenburg, creating 3 districts ("Bezirke") out of its territory: Rostock, Schwerin and Neubrandenburg.

During German reunification in 1990, the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern was revived, and is now one of the 16 states of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Coat of arms of the duchies of Mecklenburg[link]

The House of Mecklenburg was founded by Niklot, prince of the Obotrites, Chizzini and Circipani on the Baltic Sea, who died in 1160. His Christian progeny was recognized as prince of the Holy Roman Empire 1170 and Duke of Mecklenburg 8 July 1348. On 27 February 1658 the ducal house divided in two branches: Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

The flag of both Mecklenburg duchies is traditionally made of the colours blue, yellow and red. The sequence however changed more than once in the past 300 years. In 1813 the duchies used yellow-red-blue. 23 December 1863 for Schwerin and 4 January 1864 for Strelitz blue-yellow-red was ordered.^[1] Mecklenburg-Schwerin however used white instead of yellow for flags on sea by law of 24 March 1855.^[2]

Siebmachers Wappenbuch gives therefore (?) blue-white-red for Schwerin and blue-yellow-red for Strelitz.^[3] According to this source, the grand ducal house of Schwerin used a flag of 3.75 to 5.625 M with the middle arms on a white quadrant (1.75 M) in the middle.

The middle arms show the shield of Mecklenburg as arranged in the 17th century. The county of Schwerin in the middle and in the quartering Mecklenburg (bull's head with hide), Rostock (griffin), principality of Schwerin (griffin surmounting green rectangle), Ratzeburg (cross surmounted by crown), Stargard (arm with hand holding ring) and Wenden (bull's head). The shield is supported by a bull and a griffin and surmounted by a royal crown.

The dukes of Strelitz used according to Siebmachers the blue-yellow-red flag with just the (oval) shield of Mecklenburg in the yellow band.

Ströhl in 1897 and Bulgaria,^[4] show another arrangement: The grand-duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin flows a flag (4:5) with the arms of the figures from the shield of arms.

The former Schwerin standard with the white quadrant is now ascribed to the grand dukes of Strelitz. Ströhl mentions a flag for the grand ducal house by law of 23 December 1863 with the middle arms in the yellow band. And he mentions a special sea flag, the same but with a white middle band. 'Berühmte Fahnen' shows furthermore a standard for grand duchess Alexandra of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, princess of Hannover (1882–1963), showing her shield and that of Mecklenburg joined by the order of the Wendic Crown in a white oval. On sea the yellow band in her flag was of course white. The princes (dukes) of Mecklenburg-Schwerin had according to this source their own standard, showing the griffin of Rostock.

Notable Mecklenburgers[link]

See also[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Government portal of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
•  "Mecklenburg". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. 
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mecklenburg". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

v t e Lower Saxon Circle (1500–1806) of the Holy Roman Empire Ecclesiastical Bremen1 · Halberstadt1 · Hildesheim · Lübeck · Magdeburg1 · Ratzeburg2 · Schwerin1 Secular Bremen3 · Brunswick and Lunenburg (Blankenburg4 · Calenberg5 · Celle5 · Grubenhagen6 · Hanover7 · Wolfenbüttel) · Holstein (Glückstadt · Gottorp8 · Pinneberg9) · Mecklenburg (Güstrow10 · Schwerin · Strelitz11) · Rantzau12 · Regenstein · Saxe-Lauenburg5 Cities Bremen · Goslar · Hamburg · Lübeck · Mühlhausen · Nordhausen 1 until 1648.   2 until 1701.   3 from 1648.   4 until 1731.   5 until 1705.   6 until 1596.   7 from 1708.   8 until 1773.   9 until 1640.   10 until 1695.   11 from 1701.   12 until 1734.

Coordinates: 53°36′46″N 12°25′47″E / 53.61265°N 12.42960°E / 53.61265; 12.42960

Princess Cecilie
Hereditary Grand Duchess of Hesse
Spouse	Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse
Issue
Prince Ludwig Prince Alexander Princess Johanna
House	House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg House of Hesse-Darmstadt
Father	Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark
Mother	Princess Alice of Battenberg
Born	(1911-06-22)22 June 1911 Tatoi Palace, Tatoi, Greece
Died	16 November 1937(1937-11-16) (aged 26)[1] Ostend, Belgium

Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark (Greek: Πριγκίπισσα Καικιλία της Ελλάδας και Δανίας) (22 June 1911 – 16 November 1937) was the wife of Hereditary Grand Duke Georg Donatus of Hesse and the sister of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

Birth and ancestry[link]

Cecilie as a young girl.

Cecilie was the third child and daughter of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg. She was born on 22 June 1911 at the summer estate of the Greek Royal Family at Tatoi, fifteen kilometres north of Athens. Although her given name was Cecilie, she was known to her family as Cécile.

Cecilie was baptised at Tatoi on 2 July 1911. Her godparents were King George V of the United Kingdom, Grand Duke Ernst Louis of Hesse, Prince Nicholas of Greece and Duchess Vera of Württemberg.

Through her father Cecilie was a grandchild of King George I of Greece and his wife Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinova of Russia (a granddaughter of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia). Through her mother she was a great-granddaughter of Princess Alice of the United Kingdom (daughter of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert).

Cecilie had three sisters: Margarita (wife of Prince Gottfried of Hohenlohe-Langenburg), Theodora (wife of Berthold, Margrave of Baden) and Sophie (wife firstly of Prince Christoph of Hesse and secondly of Prince Georg Wilhelm of Hanover). Her brother Philip, later Duke of Edinburgh, is the husband of Elizabeth II.

In 1922 Cecilie and her sisters were bridesmaids at the wedding of their uncle Lord Louis Mountbatten (later Earl Mountbatten of Burma) to Edwina Ashley.^[2]

Marriage and children[link]

On 2 February 1931 at Darmstadt Cecilie married Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine. They had four children:

On 1 May 1937 Cecilie and her husband both joined the Nazi Party.^[4]

Death[link]

In October 1937, Cecilie's father-in-law Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse died. A few weeks after the funeral, her brother-in-law Prince Ludwig was due to be married to the Hon. Margaret Campbell-Geddes in London.

On 16 November 1937, Georg Donatus, Cecilie, their two young sons and Georg's mother Grand Duchess Eleonore left Darmstadt for London. The aeroplane hit a factory chimney near Ostend and crashed in flames, killing all those on board.^[5] Cecilie was eight months pregnant^[3] with her fourth child at the time of the crash, and the remains of her baby were found in the wreckage, indicating that Cecilie had gone into labour^[6] or suffered sufficient bodily trauma to result in birth.

Cecilie was buried with her husband, two sons and the stillborn child in Darmstadt at the Rosenhöhe, the traditional burial place of the Hesse family. Cecilie's daughter Johanna was adopted by Prince Ludwig and Princess Margaret; she died two years later from meningitis and is buried with her parents and siblings.

In popular culture[link]

The crash figures in the plot of A Matter of Honour by Jeffrey Archer, where Grand Duke Georg has in his possession the jewels of his aunt, the last Tsaritsa of Russia, which the KGB are looking for.

Titles, styles, honours and arms[link]

Titles and styles[link]

• Her Royal Highness Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark (1911–1931)
• Her Royal Highness The Hereditary Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine (1931–1937)

Ancestors[link]

See also[link]

• Sabena OO-AUB Ostend crash

References[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark

v t e Greek princesses First generation Alexandra, Grand Duchess Paul Alexandrovich of Russia Maria, Grand Duchess George Mikhailovich of Russia Princess Olga Second generation Helen, Queen of Romania Olga, Princess Paul of Yugoslavia Irene, Queen of Croatia and Duchess of Aosta Elizabeth, Countess of Toerring-Jettenbach Margarita, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg Theodora, Margravine of Baden Marina, Duchess of Kent Eugénie, Duchess of Castel Duino Cecilie, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Hesse Princess Katherine Sophie, Princess George William of Hanover Third generation Alexandra, Queen of Yugoslavia Sofía, Queen of Spain Princess Irene Princess Alexandra, Mrs. Nicolas Mirzayantz Olga, Duchess of Apulia Fourth generation Princess Alexia, Mrs. Carlos Morales Princess Theodora Fifth generation Princess Maria-Olympia

v t e Danish princesses 1st generation Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom Dagmar, Empress of Russia Thyra, Duchess of Cumberland and Teviotdale 2nd generation Louise, Princess Frederick of Schaumburg-Lippe Ingeborg, Duchess of Västergötland Princess Thyra Princess Dagmar, Mrs. Jørgen Castenskiold Alexandra, Grand Duchess Paul Alexandrovich of Russia* Maria Grand Duchess George Mikhailovich of Russia* Princess Olga* Margaret, Princess René of Parma 3rd generation Feodora, Princess Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe Caroline-Mathilde, Princess Knud of Denmark Alexandrine-Louise, Countess Luitpold of Castell-Castell Helen, Queen of Romania* Irene, Queen of Croatia and Duchess of Aosta* Lady Katherine Brandram* Eugénie, Duchess of Castel Duino* Olga, Princess Paul of Yugoslavia* Elizabeth, Countess of Toerring-Jettenbach* Marina, Duchess of Kent* Margarita, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg* Theodora, Margravine of Baden* Cecilie, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine* Sophie, Princess George William of Hanover* 4th generation Margrethe II Benedikte, Princess of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg Anne-Marie, Queen of the Hellenes Princess Elisabeth Alexandra, Queen of Yugoslavia* Sofía, Queen of Spain* Princess Irene* 5th generation Princess Alexia, Mrs. Carlos Morales* Princess Theodora* 6th generation Princess Isabella Princess Josephine Princess Athena Princess Maria-Olympia* * also a princess of Greece