Aloysia citrodora
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Verbenaceae
Genus:	Aloysia
Species:	A. citrodora
Binomial name
Aloysia citrodora Paláu
Synonyms
Aloysia triphylla (L'Hér.) Britton Lippia citrodora Kunth Lippia triphylla (L'Hér.) Kuntze Verbena triphylla L'Hér. Zappania citrodora Lam.[1]

Aloysia citrodora is a species of flowering plant in the verbena family, Verbenaceae, that is native to Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia, and Peru. Common names include Lemon Verbena and Lemon Beebrush.^[2] It was brought to Europe by the Spanish and the Portuguese in the 17th century.

Description[link]

Lemon Verbena is a deciduous open shrub growing to 2 –3 m high. The 8 cm long glossy, pointed leaves are slightly rough to the touch and emit a powerful lemon scent when bruised. Sprays of tiny lilac or white flowers appear in late Spring or early Summer. It is sensitive to cold, losing leaves at temperatures below 0°C although the wood is hardy to -10°C.^[3]

Uses[link]

Lemon verbena leaves are used to add a lemony flavor to fish and poultry dishes, vegetable marinades, salad dressings, jams, puddings, and beverages. It also is used to make herbal teas, or added to standard tea in place of actual lemon (as is common with Moroccan tea). It can also be used to make a sorbet. In addition, it has anti-Candida albicans activity.^[4] In European Union, Verbena essential oils (Lippia citriodora Kunth.) and derivatives other than absolute are prohibited when used as a fragrance ingredient (Commission Directive 2009/164/EU of 22 December 2009).

Moderate antioxidant supplementation with lemon verbena extract protects neutrophils against oxidative damage, decreases the signs of muscular damage in chronic running exercise without blocking the cellular adaptation to exercise.^[5]

Lippia citriodora extract shows antioxidant properties that could play an important role in modulating GSH-reductase activity in lymphocytes and erythrocytes and protecting plasma from exercise oxidative damage.^[6]

Lemon verbena extract containing 25% verbascoside showed strong antioxidant capacity, especially in a lipophilic environment, which was higher than expected as concluded from the antioxidant capacity of pure verbascoside, probably due to synergistic effects. The capacity of verbascoside to act as an effective radical scavenger in lipophilic environments was also shown. Verbascoside-enriched extracts might have interesting applications in cosmetic, nutraceuticals or functional food;^[7] however, the genotoxicity of verbascoside may limit its use.^[8]

Chemistry[link]

The major isolates in lemon verbena oil are citral (30-35%), nerol and geraniol.^[9]

Phenylpropanoids are the main class of compounds from lemon verbena which have shown a wide biological activity, verbascoside being the most abundant one.^[7]

Synonyms[link]

Synonyms for Lemon Verbena are Verbena triphylla L'Hér., Verbena citriodora Cav., Lippia triphylla, Lippia citriodora, Aloysia citriodora (Cav.) Ort.

Garden history[link]

The first European botanist who publicly noticed this plant was the French Philibert Commerson, who collected in the Buenos Aires on his botanical circumnavigation with Bougainville, about 1785. The plant had already been quietly imported directly into the Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, where professors Casimiro Gómez Ortega and Antonio Palau y Verdera named it, though they did not publish it, Aloysia citrodora,^[10] to compliment the morganatic wife of the Garden's patron Infante Luis Antonio de Borbon, Prince of Asturias and brother of king Carlos III.^[11]

Unofficial importations from Spanish America seldom fared well: when another French botanist Joseph Dombey landed his collections at Cadiz in 1785 they were impounded and left to rot in warehouses, while he was refused permission even to have seeds planted. Among the bare handful of plants Dombey had assembled during eight years at Lima, Lemon Verbena survived.^[12]

Palau y Verdera's dedication was utterly ignored, and when the plant became popular throughout southern Spain as Yerba Luisa it was connected, even in print, with the more prominent personage Maria Luisa, Queen of Spain.^[13]

Meanwhile Gómez Ortega sent seeds and specimens of the plant to Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle in Paris; L'Héritier published it as Verbena triphylla in his Stirpes Novae. 1784. From Paris John Sibthorpe, professor of Botany at Oxford, obtained the specimen that he introduced to British horticulture: by 1797 the Lemon Verbena was common in greenhouses around London, and its popularity as essential in a fragrant bouquet increased through the following century

References[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Aloysia citrodora

Wikispecies has information related to: Aloysia citrodora

Mikis Theodorakis (Μίκης Θεοδωράκης)
Mikis Theodorakis in 2004
Background information
Born	(1925-07-29) July 29, 1925 (age 86) Chios, Greece
Genres	20th century classical Greek music
Years active	1943-present
Labels	Paredon Records Folkways Records
Website	http://www.mikis-theodorakis.net

Michael "Mikis" Theodorakis (Greek: Μίκης Θεοδωράκης, pronounced [ˈmicis θeoðoˈracis]) (born July 29, 1925) is a Greek songwriter and famous composer^[1]. He scored for the films Zorba the Greek (1964), Z (1969), and Serpico (1973). He is viewed as Greece's best-known living composer.^[2]

Politically, he identified with the left until the late 1980s; in 1989, he ran as an independent candidate within the centre-right New Democracy party in order for the country to come out of the political crisis that had been created due to the numerous scandals of the government of Andreas Papandreou^[3] and helped to establish a large coalition between conservatives, socialists and leftists. In 1990 he was elected to the parliament (as in 1964 and 1981), became a government minister under Constantine Mitsotakis, and fought against drugs and terrorism and for culture, education and better relations between Greece and Turkey. He continues to speak out in favor of left-liberal causes, Greek-Turkish-Cypriot relations, and against the War in Iraq.^[4][5] He has consistently opposed oppressive regimes and was the key voice against the Greek junta 1967-1974, which imprisoned him.^[6]

Biography[link]

Early years[link]

Mikis Theodorakis was born on the Greek island of Chios and spent his childhood years in different provincial Greek cities such as Mytilene, Cephallonia, Patras, Pyrgos and Tripoli. His father, a lawyer and a civil servant was from Galata (Crete) and his mother from Cesme (Asia Minor).

Theodorakis's fascination with music began in early childhood; he taught himself to write his first songs without access to musical instruments. In Patras^[7] and Pyrgos^[8] he took his first music lessons, and in Tripoli, Peloponnese,^[9] he gave his first concert at the age of seventeen.

He went to Athens in 1943, and became a member of a Reserve Unit of ELAS.^[10] During the Greek Civil War, he was arrested, sent into exile on the island of Icaria^[11] and then deported to the island of Makronisos, where he was tortured and twice buried alive.^[12]

During the periods when he was not obliged to hide, not exiled or jailed, he studied from 1943 to 1950 at the Athens Conservatoire under Filoktitis Economidis,.^[13] In 1950, he finished his studies and took his last two exams "with flying colours".^[14] He went to Crete, where he became the "head of the Chania Music School" and founded his first orchestra.^[15] At this time he ended what he has called the first period of his musical writing.

Studies in Paris[link]

In 1954 he travelled with his young wife Myrto Altinoglou to Paris where he entered the Conservatory and studied musical analysis under Olivier Messiaen^[16] and conducting under Eugene Bigot.^[17] His time in Paris, 1954–1959, was his second period of musical writing and a time of intense artistic creation.

His symphonic works: a Piano concerto, his first suite, his first symphony, and his scores for the ballet: Greek Carnival, Le Feu aux Poudres, Les Amants de Teruel, received international acclaim. In 1957, he won the Gold Medal in the Moscow Music Festival; President of the Jury was Dmitri Shostakovitch. In 1959, after the successful performances of Theodorakis's ballet Antigone at Covent Garden in London, the French composer Darius Milhaud proposed him for the American Copley Music Prize - an award of the "William and Noma Copley Foundation",^[18] which later changed its name to "Cassandra Foundation" - as the "Best European Composer of the Year". His first international scores for the film Ill Met by Moonlight and Luna de Miel, directors: Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, were also very successful: The Honeymoon title song became part of the repertoire of The Beatles.

Notable works up to 1960[link]

1. Chamber Music: Four String Quartets; Trio four piano, violin, cello; Little Suite for piano; Sonatina for piano; Sonatinas No.1 and No.2 for violin and piano;
2. Symphonic music: Assi-Gonia (symphonic movement; Piano Concerto "Helicon"; Symphony No.1 (Proti Simfonia); Suites n° 1, 2 et 3 for orchestre; La Vie et la Mort / Live and Death (for voice and strings); Œdipus Tyrannos (for strings; later for quartet and symphony orchestra); Piano Concerto;
3. Ballets: Greek Carnival; Le Feu aux Poudres; Les Amants de Teruel; Antigone;
4. Filmscores: The Barefoot Battalion (Greg Tallas); Ill Met by Moonlight and Honeymoon (Powell and Pressburger); Faces in the Dark (David Eady).

Back to Greek roots[link]

Mikis Theodorakis shortly after his return to Greece, 1961.

In 1960, Theodorakis returned to Greece and his roots in genuine Greek music: With his song cycle Epitaphios he started the third period of his composing and contributed to a cultural revolution in his country.^[19] His most significant and influential works are based Greek and world poetry – Epiphania (Giorgos Seferis), Little Kyklades (Odysseas Elytis), Axion Esti (Odysseas Elytis), Mauthausen (Iakovos Kambanellis), Romiossini (Yannis Ritsos), and Romancero Gitano (Federico García Lorca) – he attempted to give back to Greek music a dignity which in his perception it had lost. He developed his concept of "metasymphonic music" (symphonic compositions that go beyond the "classical" status and mix symphonic elements with popular songs, Western symphonic orchestra and Greek popular instruments).

He founded the Little Orchestra of Athens and the Musical Society of Piraeus, gave many, many concerts all around Greece and abroad... and he naturally became involved in the politics of his home country. After the assassination of Gregoris Lambrakis in May 1963 he founded the Lambrakis Democratic Youth ("Lambrakidès") and was elected its president.^[20] Under Theodorakis's impetus, it started a vast cultural renaissance movement and became the greatest political organisation in Greece with more than 50.000 members.^[21] Following the 1964 elections, Theodorakis became a member of the Greek Parliament, associated with the left-wing party EDA. Because of his political ideas, the composer was black-listed by the cultural establishment; at the time of his biggest artistic glory, a large number of his songs were censored-before-studio or were not allowed on the radio stations.^[22]

During 1964, he wrote the music for the Michael Cacoyiannis film Zorba the Greek, whose main theme, since then, exists as a trademark for Greece. It is also known as 'Syrtaki dance'; inspired from old Cretan traditional dances.

Main works of this period[link]

1. Song cycles: Epitaphios (Yannis Ritsos); Archipelagos (Songs of the Islands), Politia A & B (Songs of the City), Epiphania (Giorgos Seferis, Nobel Prize 1963), Mikres Kyklades (Odysseas Elytis), Chrysoprasino Fyllo (Golden-green leaf), Mauthausen (Iakovos Kambanellis), Romiossini (Yannis Ritsos), Thalassina Feggaria (Moons of the Sea)
2. Oratorio: To Axion Esti^[23] (Odysseas Elytis, Nobel Prize 1979), cf. Theodorakis on Axion Esti^[24]
3. Music for the Stage: The Hostage (Brendan Behan); Ballad of the Dead Brother (Theodorakis); Omorphi Poli (Beautiful City); Maghiki Poli (Magical City); I Gitonia ton Angelon(The Angels' Quarter, Iakovos Kambanellis)
4. Film scores: Phaedra (Jules Dassin), The Lovers of Teruel (Raymond Rouleau), Five Miles to Midnight (Anatole Litvak), Electra and Zorba the Greek (Michalis Cacoyannis), To Nisi tis Afroditis (Harilaos Papadopoulos)

During the dictatorship[link]

M. Theodorakis (1971)

On 21 April 1967 a right wing junta (the Regime of the Colonels) took power in a putsch. Theodorakis went underground and founded the "Patriotic Front" (PAM). On 1 June, the Colonels published "Army decree No 13", which banned playing, and even listening to his music. Theodorakis himself was arrested on 21 August,^[25] and jailed for five months. Following his release end of January 1968, he was banished in August to Zatouna with his wife Myrto and their two children, Margarita and Yorgos.^[26] Later he was interned in the concentration camp of Oropos.^[27] An international solidarity movement, headed by such personalities as Dmitri Shostakovich, Leonard Bernstein, Arthur Miller, and Harry Belafonte demanded to get Theodorakis freed. On request of the French politician Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, Theodorakis was allowed to go into exile to Paris on 13 April 1970. Theodorakis's flight left very secretly from an Onassis owned private airport outside Athens. Theodorakis arrived at Le Bourget Airport where he met Costa Gavras, Melina Mercouri and Jules Dassin. Theodorakis was immediately hospitalized because he suffered from lung tuberculosis.^[28] Myrto Theodorakis, Mikis's wife and two children joined him a week later in France. They arrived from Greece to France via Italy on a boat.^[29]

Main works under the dictatorship[link]

1. Song cycles: Ta Laïka (The Popular Songs, Manos Elefteriou);^[30] O Ilios ke o Chronos (Sun and Time, Theodorakis); Songs for Andreas (Theodorakis); Arcadies I-X; Nichta Thanatou (Nights of Death, Manos Elefteriou);
2. Oratorios: Ephiphania Averoff Giorgos Seferis, State of Siege (Marina = Rena Hadjidakis), March of the Spirit (Angelos Sikelianos), Raven (Giorgos Seferis, after Edgar Allan Poe);
3. Film score: Z (Costa-Gavras).

Resistance in exile[link]

While in exile, Theodorakis fought during four years for the overthrow of the colonels. He started his world tours and gave thousands of concerts on all continents as part of his struggle for the restoration of democracy in Greece.

Mikis Theodorakis at a concert in Caesarea, Israel, in the 1970s.

He met Pablo Neruda and Salvador Allende and promised them to compose his version of Neruda's Canto General. He was received by Gamal Abdel Nasser and Tito, Yigal Allon and Yasser Arafat, while François Mitterrand,^[31] Olof Palme and Willy Brandt became his friends. For millions of people, Theodorakis was the symbol of resistance against the Greek dictatorship.^[32]

Main works written in exile[link]

1. Song cycles: 18 lianotragouda tis pikris patridas (18 Short Songs of the Bitter Land, Yiannis Ritsos), Ballades (Manolis Anagnostakis), Tis exorias (Songs of the Exile)
2. Oratorio: Canto General (Pablo Neruda)
3. Film scores: The Trojan Women (M. Cacoyannis); State of Siege (Costa-Gavras); Serpico (Sydney Lumet)

Return to Greece[link]

Theodorakis on a visit in East Germany, May 1989.

After the fall of the Colonels, Mikis Theodorakis returned to Greece on 24 July 1974 to continue his work and his concert tours, both in Greece and abroad.^[33] At the same time he participated in public affairs. In 1978, through his article For a United Left Wing, he had "stirred up the Greek political life. His proposal for the unification of the three parties of the former United Left – which had grown out of the National Liberation Front (N.L.F.) – had been accepted by the Greek Communist Party which later proposed him as the candidate for mayor of Athens during the 1978 elections." (Andreas Brandes)^[34] He was later elected several times to the Greek Parliament (1981–1986 and 1989–1993) and for two years, from 1990 to 1992, he was a minister in the government of Constantine Mitsotakis. After his resignation as a member of Greek parliament, he was appointed General Musical Director of the Choir and the two Orchestras of the Hellenic State Radio (ERT),^{[disambiguation needed ]} which he reorganised and with which he undertook successful concert tours abroad.^[35]

He is committed to heightening international awareness of human rights, of environmental issues, and of the need for peace and for this reason he initiated, together with the Turkish author, musician, singer, and filmmaker Zülfü Livaneli,^[36] the Greek–Turkish Friendship Society.^[37]

From 1981, Theodorakis had started the fourth period of his musical writing, during which he returned to the symphonic music, while still going on to compose song-cycles. His most significant works written in these years are his Second, Third, Fourth and Seventh Symphony, most of them being first performed in the former German Democratic Republic between 1982 and 1989. It was during this period that he received the Lenin Peace Prize. He composed his first opera Kostas Kariotakis (The Metamorphoses of Dionysus) and the ballet Zorba the Greek, premièred in the Arena of Verona during the Festival Verona 1988. During this period, he also wrote the five volumes of his autobiography: The Ways of the Archangel (Οι δρόμοι του αρχάγγελου).

In 1989, he started the fifth period, the last, of his musical writing: He composed three operas (lyric tragedies) Medea, first performed in Bilbao (1 October 1991), Elektra,^{[disambiguation needed ]} first performed in Luxembourg (2 May 1995) and Antigone, first performed in Athens' Megaron Moussikis (7 October 1999). This trilogy was complemented by his last opera Lysistrata, first performed in Athens (14 April 2002): a call for peace... With his operas, and with his song cycles from 1974 to 2006, Theodorakis ushered in the period of his Lyrical Life.

Theodorakis is Doctor honoris causa of several universities, including Montreal, Thessaloniki, and Crete, and was nominated by the Greek people for the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2000.

Theodorakis holding hands with Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou

Now he lives in retirement, reading, writing, publishing arrangements of his scores, texts about culture and politics. On important occasions he still takes position: in 1999, opposing NATO's Kosovo war and in 2003 against the Iraq War. In 2005, he was awarded the Sorano Friendship and Peace Award, the Russian International St.-Andrew-the-First-Called Prize, the insignia of Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of Luxembourg, and the IMC UNESCO International Music Prize, while already in 2002 he was honoured in Bonn with the Erich Wolfgang Korngold Prize for film music at the International Film Music Biennial in Bonn^[38] (cf also: Homepage of the Art and Exhibition Hall Bonn).^[39] In 2007, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the distribution of the World Soundtrack Awards in Ghent.^[40]

A final set of songs entitled: Odysseia was composed by utilizing poetry written by Costas Kartelias for lyrics. Created in 2007, Theodorakis achieved the distinction of producing one of the largest works by any composer of any time.^[41]

Main works after 1974[link]

1. Song cycles: Ta Lyrika; Dionysos; Phaedra; Beatrice in Zero Street; Radar; Chairetismoi (Greetings); Mia Thalassa (A Sea Full of Music); Os archaios Anemos (Like an Ancient Wind); Lyrikotera (The More-Than-Lyric Songs); Lyrikotata (The Most Lyric Songs); Erimia (Solitude); Odysseia;
2. Music for the Stage: Orestia (dir.: Spyros Evangelatos); Antigone (dir.: Minos Volanakis); Medea (dir.: Spyros Evangelatos)
3. Film scores: Iphigenia (M. Cacoyannis), The Man with the Carnation (Nikos Tzimas)
4. Oratorios: Liturgia 2; Missa Greca (Thia Liturgia); Requiem;
5. Symphonic music and cantatas: Symphonies no 2, 3, 4, 7; According to the Sadducees; Canto Olympico; Guitar Rhapsody; Cello Rhapsody; Trumpet Rhapsody;
6. Operas: "The Metamorphosis of the Dionysus" (Kostas Karyotakis); Medea; Elektra; Antigone; Lysistrata.

Political views[link]

Theodorakis has spoken out against the Iraq and Israel's occupation of Gaza and the West Bank has blasted Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou for establishing closer relations with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who was guilty, he said, of "war crimes in Lebanon and Gaza."^[42]

2010-2011: Calling for revolution[link]

In December 1, 2010, Mikis Theodorakis founded "Spitha: People's Independent Movement", a non-political movement which calls people to gather and express their political ideas. The main goal of "Spitha" is to help Greece stay clear off its economic crisis.^[43] On May 31, Mikis Theodorakis gave a speech among 10.000 Greeks in the centre of Athens, criticising the Greek government for the loan debt it has taken from the International Monetary Fund.^[44] It was also the first time he called everyone to revolutionize.

Work[link]

Songs and song cycles[link]

Theodorakis has written more than 1,000 songs and song-cycles, whose melodies have become part of the heritage of Greek music: Sto Perigiali, Kaimos, Aprilis, Doxa to Theo, Sotiris Petroulas, Lipotaktes, Stis Nichtas to Balkoni, Agapi mou, Pou petaxe t'agori mou, Anixe ligo to parathiro, O Ipnos se tilixe, To gelasto pedi, Dendro to dendro, Asma Asmaton, O Andonis...

His song cycles are based on poems by Greek authors, as well as by Lorca and Neruda: Epitaphios, Archipelagos, Politia A-D, Epiphania, The Hostage, Mykres Kyklades, Mauthausen, Romiossini, Sun and Time, Songs for Andreas, Mythology, Night of Death, Ta Lyrika, The Quarters of the World, Dionysos, Phaedra, Mia Thalassa, Os Archaios Anemos, Ta Lyrikotera, Ta Lyrikotata, Erimia, Odysseia. Theodorakis released two albums of his songs and song cycles on Paredon Records and Folkways Records in the early seventies, including his Peoples' Music: The Struggles of the Greek People (1974).^[45]

Symphonic works[link]

• 1952: Piano Concerto "Helikon"
• 1953: First Symphony ("Proti Simfonia")
• 1954–1959: 3 Orchestral Suites
• 1958: Piano Concerto
• 1981: Symphony No 2 ("The Song of the Earth"; text: Mikis Theodorakis) for children's choir, piano, and orchestra
• 1981: Symphony No 3 (texts: Dionysios Solomos; Constantine P. Cavafy; Byzantine hymns) for soprano, choir, and orchestra
• 1983: Symphony No 7 ("Spring-Symphony"; texts: Yannis Ritsos; Yorgos Kulukis) for four soloists, choir, and orchestra
• 1986–1987: Symphony No 4 ("Of Choirs") for soprano, mezzo, narrator, choir, and symphonic orchestra without strings
• 1995: Rhapsody for Guitar and Orchestra
• 1996: Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra
• 2008: Rhapsody for Trumpet and Orchestra (orchestrated by Robert Gulya)
• 2010: "Andalusia" for Mezzo and Orchestra

Chamber music[link]

• 1942: Sonatina for piano
• 1945: Elegy No 1, for cello and piano
• 1945: Elegy No 2, for violin and piano
• 1946: To Kimitirio (The Cemetery), for string quartet
• 1946: String Quartet No 1
• 1946: Duetto, for two violins
• 1947: Trio, for violin, cello and piano
• 1947: 11 Preludes, for piano
• 1947: Sexteto, for piano, flute and string quartet
• 1949: Study for two violins and cello
• 1952: Syrtos Chaniotikos, for piano and percussion
• 1952: Sonatina No 1, for violin and piano
• 1955: Little Suite, for piano
• 1955: Passacaglia, for two pianos
• 1959: Sonatina No 2, for violin and piano
• 1989: Choros Assikikos, for violoncello solo
• 1996: Melos, for piano
• 2007: East of the Aegean, for cello and piano

Cantatas and oratorios[link]

• 1960: Axion Esti (text: Odysseas Elytis)
• 1969: The March of the Spirit (text: Angelos Sikelianos)
• 1971–82: Canto General (text: Pablo Neruda)
• 1981–82: Kata Saddukaion Pathi (Sadducean-Passion; text: Michalis Katsaros) for tenor, baritone, bass, choir and orchestra
• 1982: Liturgy No 2 ("To children, killed in War"); texts: Tassos Livaditis, Mikis Theodorakis) for choir
• 1982–83: Lorca, for voice, solo guitar, choir, and orchestra (based on Romancero Gitano, text: Federico Garcia Lorca, translated by Odysseas Elytis)
• 1992: Canto Olympico, for voice, solo piano, choir, and orchestra (texts: Dimitra Manda, Mikis Theodorakis)

Hymns[link]

• 1970: Hymn for Nasser
• 1973: Hymn for the Socialist Movement in Venezuela
• 1973: Hymn for the Students. dedicated to the victims of Polytechnical School in Athens (18.11.)
• 1977: Hymn of the French Socialist Party
• 1978: Hymn for Malta
• 1982: Hymn of P.L.O.
• 1991: Hymn of the Mediterranean Games
• 1992: "Hellenism" (Greek Hymn for the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games of Barcelona)

Ballets[link]

• 1953: Greek Carnival (choreography: Rallou Manou)
• 1958: Le Feu aux Poudres (choreography: Paul Goubé)
• 1958: Les Amants de Teruel (choreography: Milko Sparembleck)
• 1959: Antigone (choreography: John Cranko)
• 1972: Antigone in Jail (choreography: Micha van Hoecke)
• 1979: Elektra (choreography: Serge Kenten)
• 1983: Sept Danses Grecques (choreography: Maurice Béjart)
• 1987–88: Zorba il Greco (choreography: Lorca Massine)

Operas[link]

• 1984–85: Kostas Karyotakis (The Metamorphosis of Dionysos)
• 1988–90: Medea
• 1992–93: Elektra
• 1995–96: Antigone
• 1999–01: Lysistrata

Music for the stage[link]

Classical tragedies[link]

• 1959–60: Phoenician Women (Euripides)
• 1960–61: Ajax (Sophocles)
• 1965: Trojan Women (Euripides)
• 1966–67: Lysistrata (Aristophanes)
• 1977: The Suppliants (Aeschylus)
• 1979: The Knights (Aristophanes)
• 1986–88: Oresteia: Agamemnon, Choephorae, Eumenides (Aeschylus)
• 1987: Hecuba (Euripides)
• 1990: Antigone (Sophocles)
• 1992: Prometheus Bound (Aeschylus)
• 1996: Oedipus Rex (Sophocles)
• 2001: Medea (Euripides)

Modern plays[link]

• 1960–61: To Tragoudi tou Nekrou Adelfou (Ballad of the Dead Brother), Musical Tragedy (text: Mikis Theodorakis)
• 1961–62: Omorphi Poli (Beautiful City), revue (Bost, Dimitris Christodoulou, Christofelis, et al.)
• 1963: I Gitonia ton Angelon (The Quarter of Angels), Music-drama (Iakovos Kambanelis)
• 1963: Magiki Poli (Enchanted City), revue (Mikis Theodorakis, Notis Pergialis, Michalis Katsaros)
• 1971: Antigoni stin Filaki (Antigone in Jail), drama
• 1974: Prodomenos Laos (Betrayed People), music for the theatre (Vangelis Goufas)
• 1975: Echtros Laos (Enemy People), drama (Iakovos Kambanelis)
• 1975: Christophorus Kolumbus, drama (Nikos Kazantzakis)
• 1976: Kapodistrias, drama (Nikos Kazantzakis)
• 1977: O Allos Alexandros ("The Other Alexander"), drama (Margarita Limberaki)
• 1979: Papflessas, play (Spiros Melas)

International theatre[link]

• 1961: Enas Omiros (The Hostage), drama (Brendan Behan)
• 1963: The Chinese Wall, drama (Max Frisch)
• 1975: Das Sauspiel, tragicomedy (Martin Walser)
• 1979: Caligula, drama (Albert Camus)
• 1978: Polites B' Katigorias (Second-Class Citizens), drama (Brian Friel)
• 1980: Perikles, tragedy, (William Shakespeare)
• 1994: Macbeth, tragedy (William Shakespeare)

Principal film scores[link]

• 1960: Ill Met by Moonlight (Director: Michael Powell)
• 1960: Honeymoon (Luna de miel) (Director: Michael Powell, Choreography: Leonide Massine)
• 1960: Faces in the Dark (Director: David Eady)
• 1961: Shadow of the Cat (Director: John Gilling)
• 1961: Phaedra (Director: Jules Dassin)
• 1961–62: Les Amants de Teruel (Director: Raymond Rouleau)
• 1961–62: Five Miles to Midnight (Director: Anatole Litvak)
• 1961–62: Electra (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)
• 1964: Zorba the Greek (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)
• 1967: The Day the Fish Came Out (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)
• 1969: Z (Director: Constantin Costa-Gavras)
• 1971: Biribi (Director: Daniel Moosman)
• 1972: State of Siege (Director: Constantin Costa-Gavras)
• 1973: Serpico (Director: Sidney Lumet)
• 1974: The Rehearsal (Director: Jules Dassin)
• 1976: Actas de Marousia (Director: Miguel Littin)
• 1977–78 Iphigenia (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)
• 1980: The Man with the Carnation (Director: Nikos Tzimas)

Reference: Guy Wagner. Chairman of the International Theodorakis Foundation FILIKI. List of works based on the research of Asteris Koutoulas, published in O Mousikos Theodorakis.

Scores[link]

• Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra
• March of the spirit (Oratorio, Full Score)
• Axion esti (Oratorio Full Score)
• Zorbas Ballet (Suite - Ballet, Full Score)
• Carnaval (Suite - Ballet Full, Score)
• Adagio (Full Score) & Sinfonietta (Full Score)
• Epiphania Averof (Cantata)
• Canto Olympico (Oratorio)
• Les Eluard
• Ο κύκλος
• 20 τραγούδια για πιάνο και αρμόνιο
• Η Βεατρίκη στην οδό Μηδέν
• Μια θάλασσα γεμάτη μουσική
• Τα λυρικώτερα
• Τα λυρικώτατα
• Τα πρόσωπα του Ήλιου
• Φαίδρα
• Λιποτάκτες
• Θαλασσινά φεγγάρια
• Ασίκικο πουλάκη
• Romancero Gitano (για πιάνο - φωνή)
• Τα Λυρικά
• Ταξίδι μέσα στη νύχτα
• Μικρές Κυκλάδες
• Διόνυσος
• Επιφάνια
• Επιτάφιος
• Μπαλάντες. Κύκλος τραγουδιών για πιάνο και φωνή
• Χαιρετισμοί. Κύκλος τραγουδιών για πιάνο και φωνή
• Ένα όμηρος

Internationally-available CD releases[link]

• Mikis Theodorakis & Zülfü Livaneli — Together (Tropical)
• Mikis Theodorakis — First Symphony & Adagio (Intuition/Schott)
• Maria Farantouri — Poetica (Songs by Theodorakis) (Peregrina)
• Mikis Theodorakis — Mikis (Peregrina)
• Mikis Theodorakis — Symphony No. 4 (Intuition/Schott)
• Maria Farantouri — Aemata (Songs by Theodorakis) (Peregrina)
• Mikis Theodorakis — Requiem: For soloists, choir and symphonic orchestra (Intuition/Schott)
• Mikis Theodorakis — Symphonietta & Etat de Siege (Intuition/Schott)
• Maria Farantouri & Rainer Kirchmann — Sun & Time: Songs by Theodorakis (Lyra)
• Mikis Theodorakis — Mauthausen Trilogy: In Greek, Hebrew and English (Plaene)
• Mikis Theodorakis — Carnaval — Raven (for mezzo and symphonic orchestra) (Intuition/Schott)
• Mikis Theodorakis — Resistance (historic recordings) (Intuition/Schott)
• Mikis Theodorakis — First Songs (Intuition/Schott)
• Mikis Theodorakis — Antigone/Medea/Electra (3-Opera Box) (Intuition/Schott)
• Mikis Theodorakis — The Metamorphosis of Dionysus (Opera) (Intuition/Schott)
• Mikis Theodorakis — Rhapsodies for Cello and Guitar (Intuition/Schott)
• Mikis Theodorakis — East of the Aegean (for cello and piano) (Intuition/Schott)
• Mikis Theodorakis & Francesco Diaz — Timeless (Wormland White)

Selected Bibliography[link]

• Jean Boivin, Messiaen's Teaching at the Paris Conservatoire: A Humanist Legacy, in Siglind Bruhn, Messiaen's Language of Mystical Love (New York, Garland, 1998), 5-31: 10
• George Giannaris: Mikis Theodorakis. Music and Social Change, Foreword by Mikis Theodorakis. G. Allen, London, 1972
• Gail Holst: Myth & Politics in Modern Greek Music, Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam, 1980
• Mikis Theodorakis: Journals of Resistance. Translated from the French by Graham Webb, Hart-Davis MacGibbon, London, 1973
• Mikis Theodorakis: Music and Theater, Translated by George Giannaris, Athens, 1983
• Asteris Koutoulas: O Mousikos Theodorakis / Theodorakis the Musician (in Greek). "Nea Synora - A. A. Livami, 1998. ISBN 960-296-216-7
• Guy Wagner: Mikis Theodorakis. Mia Zoi yia tin Ellada. Typothito - Giorgos Dardanos, 2002. ISBN 960-402-008-0 (The biography exists also in French: Mikis Theodorakis. Une Vie pour la Grèce. Editions Phi, Luxembourg, 2000; and in German: Mikis Theodorakis. Ein Leben für Griechenland. Editions Phi, Luxembourg, 1995)
• George Logothetis: Mikis Theodorakis: the Greek soul, translated from the Greek by Phillipos Chatzopoulos, Agyra editions 2004, ISBN 960-422-095-0. The Chinese version has been published by Shanghai Baijia Publishing House in 2008, ISBN 978-7-80703-861-0.
• Asteris Kutulas: Mikis Theodorakis. A Life in pictures (in German), Coffee-table book with 1 DVD & 2 CDs. Schott Music, Mainz 2010, ISBN 978-3-7957-0713-2

Published written works[link]

Books in Greek by Theodorakis

• Για την ελληνική μουσική (About Greek music)
• Το τραγούδι του νεκρού αδελφού
• Το μανιφέστο των Λαμπράκηδων
• Ζητείται αριστερά
• Δημοκρατική και συγκεντρωτική αριστερά
• Οι μνηστήρες της Πηνελόπης
• Περί τέχνης (Essays and articles about art)
• Πού πάμε; (Where are we going?, Gnosis Publishing House, Athens 1988)
• Ανατομία της μουσικής (Anatomy of the Music, 1983)
• Οι δρόμοι του αρχάγγελου Ι-V (Mikis Theodorakis, Paths of the Archangel (Autobiography), Kedros Publishing House, Athens 1986-88)
• Αντιμανιφέστο (Antimanifest, Gnosis Publishing House, Athens 1998)
• Μελοποιημένη Ποίηση Ι -III (Poetry & textes of his musical works)
• Πού να βρω την ψυχή μου... A' - Γ' (Where can I find my soul (Essays & Articles), Livanis Publishing House, Athens 2002)
• Να μαγευτώ και να μεθύσω
• Μάνου Χατζιδάκι εγκώμιον (About Manos Hatzidakis, Ianos Publishing House, Thessaloniki 2004)
• I had Three Lives (Poetry by Mikis Theodorakis in English, translated by Gail Holst)
• Σπίθα. Για μια Ελλάδα ανεξάρτητη και δυνατή, Ianos Publishing House, Thessaloniki, 2011

See also[link]

• Zorbas
• Eimaste dyo, eimaste treis, eimaste xilioi dekatreis!

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Web Site
• Κίνησης Ανεξάρτητων Πολιτών (Independent Citizens Movement Off. site)
• Official Site (Schott Music) with non-proprietary audio files, discography, recent performances and news
• Lilian Voudouri Library
• Alexia - Mikis Theodorakis MySpace page
• Nicolas Mottas, Mikis Theodorakis: A Legend for Greece - American Chronicle, July 28, 2009.
• Mikis Theodorakis speech against International Monetary Fund and greek government, May 31 2011
• film scores
• complete discography