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![king cobra 2011in[ vava suresh ]kulathupuzha kollam kerala](http://web.archive.org./web/20121030224227im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/FKM3XD0yYoA/default.jpg "king cobra 2011in kulathupuzha kollam kerala. 2011 nil kukathupuzha kayikkara kunnummel ninum pidikudiya king cobra [rajavapala and kudumbam] avatharippikunu-noushad jalal .perumpuzha .www.noushadjalal.blogspot.com noushadhjalal@gmail.com")
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Accra
Accra ( or ) is the capital and largest city in Ghana with the population of the city proper estimated at 1,963,264 as of 2009. Accra also doubles as the capital of the Greater Accra Region and of the Accra Metropolitan District with which it is coterminous. Accra is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area and includes eight districts - Accra Metropolitan, Tema Metropolitan, Ga East Municipal, Ga West Municipal, Ga South Municipal, Ledzokuku-Krowor Municipal, Ashaiman Municipal and Adenta Municipal. It is home to about 4 million people, making it the largest metropolitan conglomeration in the country by population. As a primate city, Accra is the administrative, communications, and economic centre of the country.
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Agadir
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Alappuzha
Alappuzha (), traditionally known as Alleppey, is a town in Alappuzha District of Kerala state of southern India. A town with picturesque canals, backwaters, beaches, and lagoons, it was described as the one of the places known as Venice of the East by Marco Polo (1292). It is the administrative headquarters of Alappuzha District. Though the present town owes its existence to the sagacious Diwan Raja Kesavadas in the second half of 18th century, district of Alappuzha figures in classical Literature. Kuttanad, the rice bowl of Kerala with the unending stretch of paddy fields, small streams and canals with lush green coconut palms, was well known even from the early periods of the Sangam age. History says Alappuzha had trade relations with ancient Greece and Rome in Antiquity and in the Middle Ages, as well as with other parts of India. The famous Chettikulangara temple is at Mavelikkara in Alappuzha district. Arthunkal church and Edathuva church are famous christian worship centres in the district.
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Alappuzha district
For the town with the same name, see Alappuzha.
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Allepey
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Anchal
Anchal is a developing town in the east central part of Kollam district of Kerala, India.
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Anchalumoodu
Anchalumoodu is a small, but growing suburban town in Kollam district, Kerala. It is the main link for the places which have reference in history, religion and tragedy. Located 8 km from Kollam city and 8 km from Kundara town, known for Kundara proclamation. Other important places it links are Ashtamudi (Famous religious place), Prakkulam (historic place) & Perumon (Train tragedy took place here).
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Anosy
Anosy is a region in Toliara Province of Madagascar. It borders Androy region in west, Atsimo-Andrefana in north-west, Ihorombe in north and Atsimo-Atsinanana in north-east. This region runs from approximately Manantenina in the northeast corner of the region, west to Ranomafana, west to Esira, south to Amboasary-Sud and back east to Tolagnaro.
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Arguin
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Asilah
Asilah or Arzila (; "authentic") is a fortified town on the northwest tip of the Atlantic coast of Morocco, about 50 km from Tangier. Its ramparts and gateworks remain fully intact. Its history dates back to 1500 B.C., when the Phoenicians used it as a base for trade.
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Ayoor
Ayoor is a town in Kollam district, Kerala state, India. Ayoor is located on the M C Road (Thiruvananthapuram-Kottarakara route). It is 55 km north of Thiruvananthapuram and 17 km south of Kottarakara. Anchal is 8 km away and Nilamel and Kadakkal lies south of Ayoor. The Chadayamangalam Rock is near Ayoor. The place is a commercial center with rubber, paddy, cashew and pepper being the main trading items. The nearest airport is Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, 62 km south of Ayoor. Kollam Junction Railway Station is 31 km away.
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Azemmour
http://wn.com/Azemmour -
Bahrain
Bahrain, officially Kingdom of Bahrain (, , literally: "Kingdom of the Two Seas"), is a small island country in the Persian Gulf ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. While Bahrain is an archipelago of thirty-three islands, the largest (Bahrain Island) is long by wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain via the King Fahd Causeway, which was officially opened on 25 November 1986. Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain.
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Bandar-Abbas
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Barbados
Barbados ()or (Bar-bay-dos) is an island nation of the Lesser Antilles, in length and as much as in width, amounting to . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic Ocean and 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about east of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and north-east of Venezuela. Barbados is outside of the principal Atlantic hurricane belt.
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Barka, Oman
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Bidiyah
Bidiyah is the name of a settlement in Ras al-Khaimah.
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Bioko
Bioko (spelled also Bioco, in Europe traditionally called Fernando Po) is an island 32 km off the west coast of Africa, in particular Cameroon, in the Gulf of Guinea. It is the northernmost part of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea with a population of 124,000 and an area of . It is volcanic with its highest peak the Pico Basile at .
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Bissau
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Cacheu
Cacheu is a town in north western Guinea-Bissau, lying on the Cacheu River. Population 9,849 (2008 est).
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Ceylon
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Chathannoor
Chathannoor is a town in Kerala situated at the Kollam District on the banks of Ithikkara River. It is about 17KM from Kollam town towards NH47 to Trivandrum.It is around 50 km north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram on the National Highway 47 (NH 47).
http://wn.com/Chathannoor -
Chavara
Chavara ( ') is approximately 14 km north of Kollam on the Kollam-Alappuzha highway in India. Tonnes of mineral sand, mainly titanium, are exported from Chavara to various countries. The Kovilthottam''' port is situated within the limits of Chavara Panchayat.
http://wn.com/Chavara -
Chennai
Chennai (Tamil: ), formerly known as Madras (Tamil: AKA ), is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Chennai is the fourth most populous metropolitan area and the fifth most populous city in India. Located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, Chennai city had a population of 4.34 million in the 2001 census within the area administered by the Corporation of Chennai and an extended Metropolitan Population of 6.5 million. The urban agglomeration of metropolitan Chennai has an estimated population over 8.2 million people.
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Chirayinkeezhu taluk
Chirayinkeezhu Taluk is a Taluk (tehsil) in Thiruvananthapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. It situated in the northern part of the Thiruvananthapuram distrct.
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Chittagong
http://wn.com/Chittagong -
Chittur
Chittur is a small town in Palakkad district of Kerala, South India.It is situated on the banks of "chittur puzha" which is oterwise called as "sokanasini"."sokanasini is a major tributory of "bharatha puzha". It is located at a distance of around 15 km towards south of Palakkad town. Chittur is a residential town blessed with its natural beauty of Paddy fields and coconut trees. The town has many good educational institutions. Some of them are
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Cochin
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Coloane
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Colonial Brazil
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Daman and Diu
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Dejima
was a small fan-shaped artificial island built in the bay of Nagasaki in 1634. This island, which was formed by digging a canal through a small peninsula, remained as the single place of direct trade and exchange between Japan and Europe during the Edo period. Dejima was built to constrain foreign traders as part of "sakoku" self-imposed isolationist policy. Originally built to house Portuguese traders, it became a Dutch trading post from 1641 until 1853. Covering an area of 120 m x 75 m (9000 square meters, or 0.9 hectares) it became integrated in the city.
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Devikulam
Devikulam is a small hill station about 16 km from Munnar in the Idukki District of the southern state of Kerala in India. It is 1800 m above sea level.
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Egypt
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El Jadida
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Elmina
Elmina, is a town in the Central Region, situated on a south-facing bay on the Atlantic Ocean coast of Ghana, about 12 km west of Cape Coast. The first European settlement in West Africa, it now has a population of around 20,000 people.
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Eloor
http://wn.com/Eloor -
Ernakulam
:This article is about the town of Ernakulam, See Ernakulam district.
http://wn.com/Ernakulam -
Ernakulam district
Ernakulam District () is a district of the state of Kerala in southern India. The district headquarters is located at Kakkanad. The district includes the important seaport of Kochi.
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Essaouira
Mogador redirects here, for the hamlet in Surrey see Mogador, Surrey.
http://wn.com/Essaouira -
Fountain of Youth
The Fountain of Youth is a legendary spring that reputedly restores the youth of anyone who drinks of its waters. Tales of such a fountain have been recounted across the world for thousands of years, appearing in writings by Herodotus, the Alexander romance, and the stories of Prester John. Stories of a similar waters were also evidently prominent among the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean during the Age of Exploration, who spoke of the restorative powers of the water in the mythical land of Bimini.
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Goa
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Government of Kerala
The Government of Kerala is a democratically elected body that governs the State of Kerala, India for a period of 5 years. The state government is headed by the Governor of Kerala as the nominal head of state, with a democratically elected Chief Minister as real head of the executive. The state government maintains its capital at Thiruvananthapuram. The Government of Kerala was formed in November 1st, 1956 after merging of Royal States of Travancore-Cochin with Malabar as part of States Reorganization Act-1956.
http://wn.com/Government_of_Kerala -
Guruvayoor
http://wn.com/Guruvayoor -
Hengqin New Area
Hengqin New Area is an island and a special economic district (similar to Binhai New Area in Tianjin and Pudong New Area in Shanghai) in Zhuhai, a prefecture-level city and Special Economic Zone in the Guangdong province of the People's Republic of China. It has a population of about 3,000.
http://wn.com/Hengqin_New_Area -
Hugli-Chuchura
Hooghly-Chinsurah (also commonly known as Hughly-Chinsura or Chuchura) () is a city in the state of West Bengal, India. It lies on the Hooghly River, 35 km north of Kolkata (Calcutta). It is located in the district of Hooghly and is home to the district headquarters. Chinsurah houses the Commissioner of the Burdwan Range. It forms a part of the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) region.
http://wn.com/Hugli-Chuchura -
Idukki district
Idukki district () is one among the 14 districts of Kerala state, India. The district headquarters is located at [http://www.idukki.nic.in/ Kuyilimala] in Painavu.
http://wn.com/Idukki_district -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India -
Kalamassery
Kalamassery () is a suburb of Cochin city in the state of Kerala, India. It is a municipality and town in India in the Ernakulam district of the southern state of Kerala. It is a concentrated region of industrialization with several factories manufacturing chemicals and fertilizers, as well as IT companies. In the vicinity of Kalamassery are the Thrikkakara temple, the Cochin University of Science and Technology and the Eloor industrial township. The Periyar river flows through Kalamassery.
http://wn.com/Kalamassery -
Kalba
Kalba () is a city in the United Arab Emirates. It is an enclave of the emirate of Sharjah, Kalba is north of Oman and south of the emirate of Fujairah. Khor Kalba (Kalba Creek), a mangrove swamp, is located further south of the town. The town was captured by Portugal in the 16th century and was referred to as Chalba.
http://wn.com/Kalba -
Kallada River
The Kallada River is one of two major rivers that flow through the Kollam District of Kerala, India. It originates on the Kulathupuzha hills near Ponmudi and travels for 121 km, flowing through Pathanapuram, Kunnathur, Kottarakkara and Kollam before ending at Ashtamudi Lake. The Palaruvi Falls is across the river.
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Kanhangad
Kanhangad () is a city and a municipality in Kasaragod district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is 28 km from the district headquarters of Kasaragod. Kanhangad is also known as the Commercial Hub of Kasaragod district. Spiritual centers Nithyanandashram and Anandashram, located here have attracted people from different parts of the world. The tourist spot Bekal Fort is also located within its proximity.
http://wn.com/Kanhangad -
Kanjirappally
[http://www.kanjirappallyonline.com/history.html Kanjirappally] is a taluk and a town in Kottayam district, in the state of Kerala, India. Rubber plantations are a major source of income for the local population. The place has a large population of Syrian Catholics.
http://wn.com/Kanjirappally -
Kannur
:For the district with the name Kannur, see Kannur District.
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Kannur district
:For the city with the same name, see Kannur.
http://wn.com/Kannur_district -
Karunagapally
http://wn.com/Karunagapally -
Karunagappalli
Karunagappally (or Karunagappalli, ) is a Taluk in Kollam district, Kerala, India and is situated 27 km north of Kollam City Centre. The taluk centre is Karunagappally town.
http://wn.com/Karunagappalli -
Kasaragod district
Kasaragod () is one of the districts of the Indian state of Kerala.
http://wn.com/Kasaragod_district -
Kasaragod Town
http://wn.com/Kasaragod_Town -
Kerala
Kasaragod (,), is a town and a municipality in Kasaragod district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is the administrative headquarters of Kasaragod District as well as of Kasaragod Taluk. The city was formerly called Kanjirakuttom. Kasaragod is also the northernmost municipality of Kerala.
http://wn.com/Kerala -
Keralapuram
Kerala (Malayalam: , {{audio|Ml-Kerala.ogg|) is a state in India. It is located on the south-western region of the country. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act bringing together the areas where Malayalam was the dominant language.
http://wn.com/Keralapuram -
Khasab
Keralapuram is a small town in Kollam district of Kerala, India. The nearest towns are Perumpuzha and Kundara.Located at equal distances from Kollam city and Kundara town this is an important budding township.
http://wn.com/Khasab -
Khor Fakkan
Khasab () is a city in an exclave of Oman. It is the local capital of the Musandam peninsula. Khasab is located 500 kilometers from Muscat and is dubbed the "Norway of Arabia". The Portuguese built Khasab at the beginning of the 17th century at the height of their naval presence in the region. The natural harbor gave shelter from tough seas. Unlike many forts, which were built on high ground for defensive purposes, Khasab was designed as a supply point for dates and water for Portuguese ships sailing through the strait. Today, Khasab is protected from floods by three large dams.
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Kilwa Kisiwani
Khor Fakkan (or Khawr Fakkan) () is a town located along the Gulf of Oman on the east coast of the in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Khor Fakkan is scenically the most beautiful part of the entire country; the town is set on the picturesque bay of Khor Fakkan, which means "Creek of Two Jaws". Khor Fakkan belongs to the emirate of Sharjah but is geographically surrounded by the emirate of Fujairah. It is a natural deep water port that is now a major container terminal.
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Kochi
Kilwa Kisiwani is a community on an island off the coast of East Africa, in present day Tanzania.
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Kollam
Kochi (Malayalam: , ), formerly known as Cochin (the erstwhile colonial name), is a major city in the Indian state of Kerala. The city is one of the principal seaports of the country and is located in the district of Ernakulam. It has a population of 564,589, with an extended metropolitan population of about 1.5 million, making it the largest urban agglomeration in the state and the second largest city in Kerala after the state capital. Kochi is also the one of the few cities in India without a Hindu majority.
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Kollam District
Kollam () (Anglicised name: Quilon, pronounced koy-lon) is a city, a municipal corporation, and headquarters of Kollam District in the Indian state of Kerala. Kollam is the fourth largest city of Kerala and is known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. It lies north of the state capital of Thiruvanathapuram. The city lies on the shores of Ashtamudi Lake. It is the southern gateway to the Kerala Backwaters of Kerala and is a prominent tourist destination.
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Kollam district
http://wn.com/Kollam_district -
Kottarakkara
:For the town with the same name, see Kollam.
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Kottayam
http://wn.com/Kottayam -
Koyilandi
:This article is about the city of Kottayam, See Kottayam district also.
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Koyilandy
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Kozhencherry
Koyilandy (or Quilandy/Quilandi) is a city and a municipality in Kozhikode district in North Malabar region of the Indian state of Kerala. This town is between Calicut and Badagara(Vatakara ) and is on NH 17.
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Kozhikode
Kozhencherry is a small town in Pathanamthitta district of Central Travancore region (South Central Kerala) in Kerala state, South India. It is on the banks of river Pampa. It is a commercial centre with many of the Banks and trade companies have their establishments here. It is believed that once the Kovilans of Thekencore kingdom's ruled this area. Kozhencherry used to be a part of the erstwhile Travancore kingdom.
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Kozhikode district
:For the district with the same name, see Kozhikode District.
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Lakshadweep
http://wn.com/Lakshadweep -
Macau
http://wn.com/Macau -
Madagascar
Macau (), also spelled Macao () is, along with Hong Kong one of China's two special administrative regions. It lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
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Madha
Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic, French: ), is an island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The main island, also called Madagascar, is the fourth-largest island in the world.
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Madras
The Omani territory of Madha () or Wadi Madha is an exclave of Oman, surrounded by the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and located halfway between the Musandam Peninsula and the rest of Oman. It belongs to Muhafazat Musandam.
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Makassar
http://wn.com/Makassar -
Maldives
http://wn.com/Maldives -
Malindi
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Mallappally
Malindi (once known as Melinde) is a town on Malindi Bay at the mouth of the Galana River, lying on the Indian Ocean coast of Kenya. It is 120 kilometres northeast of Mombasa. The population of Malindi is 117,735 (in 1999 census). It is the capital of the Malindi District.
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Maluku Islands
Mallappally, a village of 20 km2, situates in the Pathanamthitta district, in Kerala State, India. It is also a Taluk/Revenue Block headquarters. Mallappally holds the distinction of being the Taluk with the lowest population among all the Taluks in the State.. Though a village, it has all the features and facilities of an urban centre.
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Manama
The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands) are an archipelago in Indonesia, and part of the larger Maritime Southeast Asia region. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located east of Sulawesi (Celebes), west of New Guinea, and north of Timor. The islands were also historically known as the "Spice Islands" by the Chinese and Europeans, but this term has also been applied to other islands outside Indonesia.
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Mangalore
http://wn.com/Mangalore -
Mascarene Islands
http://wn.com/Mascarene_Islands -
Mehdya
http://wn.com/Mehdya -
Mombasa
http://wn.com/Mombasa -
Muharraq
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Mumbai
Muharraq () (meaning Place of Ashes), is Bahrain's second largest city, and served as its capital until 1923. The Muharraq Town was established by the Al Bin Ali Utub tribe as early as the late 17th Century. It has long been a centre of religiosity. The city is located on Muharraq Island.
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Munroe Island
Mumbai (; , ', ), previously known as Bombay' (), is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the second most populous city in the world, with a population of approximately 14 million. The official language of Mumbai is Marathi. But many other languages are also widely used, particularly the Mumbaiian Hindi''. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. As of 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South or Central Asia.
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Muscat, Oman
Image:Munroe Islandk.jpg|Munroethuruthu
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Muttrah
http://wn.com/Muttrah -
Muvattupuzha
Muttrah, () population 650,000, is a city located in the Muscat province of Oman. Before the discovery of oil, Muttrah was the center of commerce in Oman. It is still a center of commerce as one of largest sea ports of the region is located there. Other landmarks include Souq Muttrah, a traditional bazaar and Sour Al-Lawatiah, a small community of houses surrounded by an old wall.
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Muziris
Muvattupuzha () is a municipality in Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala. The town is bordered by Kottayam district on southern side and Idukki district on eastern side approximately 15 km from the town.The Geographical Classification of this region is Midland.
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Mylapore
:Muziris is also a genus of jumping spiders.
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Neendakara
Mylapore() is a cultural hub and a bustling neighborhood, in the southern part of Chennai (formerly Madras) city, the capital of Tamil Nadu, India. Earlier Mylapore used to be called as Vedapuri.
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Netherlands
Neendakara is a village in Kollam district 8 km north of Kollam in Kerala, India. It is Kollam district's intermediate fishing port.
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Nileshwaram
{{Infobox country
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North Malabar
Nileshwaram (), also known as Nileshwar, is a municipality in the Kasaragod District of Kerala state, South India. It is one of the three municipalities of Kasaragod district, the other two being Kasaragod and Kanhangad. Nileshwaram lies between two rivers, Nileshwaram and Karyangodu. To the west is the Arabian Sea.
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Nova Scotia
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Ormus
Nova Scotia (pronounced ; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of . As of 2009, the population is 940,397, which makes Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province.
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Ouadane
The Kingdom of Ormus (also known as Ohrmuzd, Hormuz, and Ohrmazd; Portuguese Ormuz) was a 10th to 17th century kingdom located within the Persian Gulf and extending as far as the Strait of Hormuz. The Kingdom was established by Arab princes in the 10th century who in 1262 came under the suzerainty of Persia, before becoming a client state of the Portuguese Empire.
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Paravur Taluk
Ouadane () is a town in northwestern Mauritania, lying on the Adrar Plateau, northeast of Chinguetti. It was founded in 1147 by the Berber tribe Idalwa el Hadji and soon became an important caravan and trading centre.
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Pattanam
North Paravur is the capital of Paravur Taluk in Ernakulam district. Paravur Taluk lies in the north western part of Ernakulam district bordering to Thrissur district. The surrounding taluks are Kochi to the west consisting of Vypin Island, Kodungallore to the north, Aluva to the east consisting of Angamaly,Nedumbassery and Aluva, Kanayanur to the south consisting of Cochin City. Paravur is a part of Kochi urban agglomeration area. The western parts of taluk are coastal areas with cultivations like prawn and pokkali rice. The eastern parts are fertile lands. The heavy industries of Kochi is located in Udyogmandal area of taluk.
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Peermade
Pattanamis a small village, eight km south of Kodungallur and twenty-five km north of Kochi in Ernakulam District in the southern Indian state of Kerala in the Chittattukara Panchayat on the northern shore of Paravur thodu, a branch of Periyar River. Recent archaeological excavations indicate that this village site could be part of the ancient and long lost port city of Muziris/Muciri, which is referred to by Greek-Latin and Indian classical sources as far back as 2000 years ago. It is now believed that the name Pattanam (which is derived from prakrit meaning port or commercial centre) is the abbreviation of what was originally Musiripattanam, the local name of Muziris.
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Phoenicians
Peermade, also transliterated as Perumade, Peerumed, Peerumade or Peermede, is a hill station in the state of Kerala, India. It is high in the Western Ghats, 915 meters above sea level, and 85 km east of Kottayam on the way to Thekkady.
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Portugal
http://wn.com/Portugal -
Portuguese Congo
Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
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Portuguese Empire
http://wn.com/Portuguese_Empire -
Portuguese Guinea
http://wn.com/Portuguese_Guinea -
Portuguese India
Portuguese Guinea (also Guinea or the Overseas Province of Guinea) was the name for what is today Guinea-Bissau from 1446 to September 10, 1974.
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Portuguese Malacca
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Portuguese Timor
Portuguese Malacca was the territory of Malacca that, for 130 years ( 1511 - 1641 ), was a Portuguese colony.
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Príncipe
Portuguese Timor was the name of East Timor when it was under Portuguese control. During this period, Portugal shared the island of Timor with the Netherlands East Indies, and later with Indonesia.
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Pulicat
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Qatif
Pulicat (Pazhaverkadu) is a historic seashore town in Thiruvallur District, of Tamil Nadu state, South India. It is about 60 km north of Chennai and 3 km from Elavur, on the barrier island of Sriharikota, which separates Pulicat Lake from the Bay of Bengal. Pulicat lake is a shallow salt water lagoon which stretches about km along the coast. With lakeside and seashore development as well as several SEZs including a US $1 billion Medical SEZ, coming up in nearby Elavur, the land prices in the area are in the upswing.
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Qeshm
Qatif or Al-Qatif (also spelled Qateef or Al-Qateef; ) is a historic, coastal oasis region located on the western shore of the Persian Gulf in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It extends from Ras Tanura and Jubail in the north to Dammam in the south, and from the Persian Gulf in the east to King Fahd International Airport in the west. This region includes the city of Qatif as well many smaller towns and villages.
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Qurayyat, Oman
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Ranni
Qurayyat is a small fishing village near Muscat, Oman. A popular stopping point on the way to Sur, Qurayyat is in itself also a very popular destination for Muscat.
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Ras al-Khaimah
: For the village with the same name, see Ranni village
http://wn.com/Ras_al-Khaimah -
Safi, Morocco
Ras al-Khaimah (, , literally "The Top of the Tent"), is one of the emirates of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), in the east of the Persian Gulf. It is in the northern part of the UAE bordering Oman. The capital city and home of most residents is also called Ras al-Khaimah. The city has a population of 263,217 as of 2008. The city has two main sections, Old Ras Al Khaimah and Nakheel, on either side of a creek. It is served by the Ras Al Khaimah International Airport in Al Jazirah Al Hamra.
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Saint Helena
Safi (, ) is a city in western Morocco on the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of the Doukkala-Abda Region, it has a population of 284,750 (2004 census), but is also the centre of an agglomeration which has an estimated 793,000 inhabitants (1987).
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Salsette Island
http://wn.com/Salsette_Island -
Sooranad
:Not to be confused by Salcette, Goa.
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Souira Guedima
Sooranad or Sooranadu is a village located in the northern part of Kollam district in Kerala, India. Sooranad North and Sooranad South are collectively known as Sooranad.
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Surat
Souira Guedima, formerly known as Aguz, is a Moroccan town 36 km south of Safi, at the mouth of the Tensift River on the Atlantic seacoast. Guedima may also be spelt Kadima, Kdima, Qadima (best English transliteration), or Qdima. Aguz may also be spelt Agouz, Gouz or Couz.
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São Tomé Island
Surat () is the commercial capital of the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the administrative capital of Surat district. As of 2010 Surat is the fifth most populous city and seventh largest metropolitan area of india. Surat with its twin city navsari has a population of over 6.3 million. Surat Metropolitan Region is widely regarded as one of the cleanest Metropolitan Regions in the country with the city proper being the third cleanest city in India after Chandigarh and Mysore.
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Taipa
http://wn.com/Taipa -
Taliparamba
Taipa is the smaller of the two islands in Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (formerly the Portuguese colony of Macau).
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Tangasseri
Taliparamba (also known as Perimchellur) is a city and a municipality in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala. It consists of 47 villages which are spread over an area of 1330.56 square kilometres (513.73 square miles). It stretches from the coastal area of Ramanthali to Nuchiyard and Vayathur villages, touching the Karnataka border.
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Tangier
http://wn.com/Tangier -
Tarut Island
http://wn.com/Tarut_Island -
Tattamangalam
Tarut Island is an island in the Persian Gulf.
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Thalassery
http://wn.com/Thalassery -
Thiruvananthapuram
http://wn.com/Thiruvananthapuram -
Thodupuzha
Thiruvananthapuram (), also known as Trivandrum (Anglicised name), is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala and the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram District. It is located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland. Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the "Evergreen city of India", the city is characterized by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills and busy commercial alleys.With almost 745,000 inhabitants per the 2001 census, it is the largest and most populous city in Kerala; the wider urban agglomeration has a population of more than one million. Apart from being the IT hub of the state with over 80% of the state's software exports, Thiruvananthapuram ranks first in the number of international tourists in Kerala also.
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Thoothukudi
Thodupuzha () is a town and a municipality in Idukki district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is 62 km from Ernakulam.Geographical Classification of Thodupuzha Region is Midland or Idanad.
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Thrissur district
Thoothukudi (), also known as Tuticorin, is a port city and a Municipal Corporation in Thoothukudi district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Thoothukudi is the headquarters of Thoothukudi District.
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Tidore
http://wn.com/Tidore -
Tirunelveli
Tidore is a city, island, and archipelago in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, west of the larger island of Halmahera. In the pre-colonial era, the kingdom of Tidore was a major regional political and economic power, and a fierce rival of nearby Ternate, just to the north.
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Varkala
Tirunelveli (), also known as Nellai (), and historically (during British rule) as Tinnevelly, is the sixth-largest city after Chennai,Coimbatore,Madurai,Trichy, Salem in the state of Tamil Nadu in India, and the headquarters of the Tirunelveli District.
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Wayanad district
Varkala (Malayalam : ) is a coastal town and municipality in Thiruvananthapuram district situated in the Indian state of Kerala. It is located 51 kilometres (approx. 32 miles) north-west of Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) and 37 km south-west of Kollam.
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Zanzibar
http://wn.com/Zanzibar -
Ziguinchor
http://wn.com/Ziguinchor
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Apostle Thomas
http://wn.com/Apostle_Thomas -
Baby john
http://wn.com/Baby_john -
Balachandra Menon
Padmashri Balachandra Menon is a Malayalam film director, actor, script writer, lyricist, and producer. He made some very popular films in the 1980s and 1990s. He won the National Film Award for Best Actor for his role of Ismail in the film Samantharangal in 1998.
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Benny Dayal
http://wn.com/Benny_Dayal -
C. Kesavan
http://wn.com/C_Kesavan -
C. M. Stephen
C. M. Stephen (23 December 1918 – 16 January 1984) was an Indian politician and Union Minister Republic of India. He was a close aide of then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. He was the leader of the Congress Parliamentary Party - Indira faction during 1978-79. He hailed from Mavelikara in Alleppey District, the home town of another prominent figure of the Indira Gandhi regime, Dr. P. C. Alexander.
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Chattampi Swamikal
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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D. Vinayachandran
D. Vinayachandran is a well-known Indian Malayalam poet. He is one of the proponents of modern style of prose in Malayalam poetry. He worked as a Malayalam professor in various colleges for more than thirty years. Now he is retired and spents most of his time for literary works. He is a Bachelor.
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E. Ahmed
http://wn.com/E_Ahmed -
G. Devarajan
Paravoor Govindan Devarajan (), popularly known as G. Devarajan or Devarajan master, was a noted Malayalam music composer, died on March 14, 2006 in Chennai, at the age of 79.
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Jayan
Krishnan Nair (July 25, 1939 - November 16, 1980), better known by his stage name Jayan, was a retired Indian Navy soldier who attained considerable popularity as an Malayalee Indian film actor. He is considered as one of the most popular actors of all time in Malayalam cinema.
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John Mandeville
"Jehan de Mandeville", translated as "Sir John Mandeville", is the name claimed by the compiler of a singular book of supposed travels, written in Anglo-Norman French, and published between 1357 and 1371.
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John of Montecorvino
John of Montecorvino or Giovanni da Montecorvino in Italian (1246 - 1328) was an Italian Franciscan missionary, traveller and statesman, founder of the earliest Roman Catholic missions in India and China, and archbishop of Peking, and Patriarch of the Orient.
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K P Appan
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K. C. Kesava Pillai
K. C. Kesava Pillai (1868 - 1914) was a composer of Carnatic music, Poet Laureate of Travancore and made contributions to Malayalam literature
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Kalaranjini
Kalaranjini is an Indian actress and classical dancer who started her career in the early 1980s. She is the elder sister of actress Urvashi.
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Kollam Thulasi
K. Thulasidharan Nair is an actor in Malayalam cinema who is better known as Kollam Thulasi relating the name of his birth place Kollam to his first name as customary in Kerala. His first appearance was in Ezhuthappurangal (1987). He is also a poet.
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Kureepuzha Sreekumar
Kureepuzha Sreekumar (b. 10 April 1955 in Kureepuzha, Kollam, Kerala) is a noted Malayalam poet of the post modern era. His books of poetry include Habibinte Dinakkurippukal, his first, published in 1984, Sreekumarinte Dukkangal, Rahulan Urangunnilla, Amma Malayalam and Suicide Point.
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M. A. Baby
M. A. Baby is an Indian politician. He is the Education Minister of Kerala State. He is also a Central Committee Member of Communist Party of India (Marxist).
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Macau
Macau (), also spelled Macao () is, along with Hong Kong one of China's two special administrative regions. It lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
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Marco Polo
http://wn.com/Marco_Polo -
Mata Amritanandamayi
http://wn.com/Mata_Amritanandamayi -
Mukesh (actor)
Mukesh Babu (commonly known as Mukesh) is a Malayalam film actor and producer.
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O. Madhavan
O. Madhavan (1922–19 August 2005) was an Indian theatre director and actor. He was one of the founding members of the Communist Party of India in Kerala. He is considered as one of the great masters of the theatre, he has made major contributions for the evolution of theatre in Kerala. His wife is Vijayakumari, an accomplished actress herself, his son Mukesh is also an accomplished actor. He was the founder of the renowned drama company Kalidasa Kala Kendram. He won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor in 2000 for his role in the film Sayanam.
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P. K. Gurudasan
P. K. Gurudasan (born 10 July 1935) is an Indian politician, trade unionist, and a member of Communist Party of India (Marxist). He is currently the Minister for Labour and Employment in the Government of Kerala. He represents the Kollam Assembly constituency in the Kerala Legislative Assembly. He is also the State President of Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU) and a member of Central Committee of CPI(M). Gurudasan earlier served as the General Secretary of Kerala State unit of CITU.
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Phoenicians
http://wn.com/Phoenicians -
Pliny the Elder
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Punaloor Balan
Punaloor Balan (1927 - 1987) was an Indian writer and a poet in Malayalam. He was born in on 3 January 1927 in Punaloor, Kollam district, Kerala. From his student days he was associated with the Communist movement and shot to fame during the 'Pink Decade' in Malayalam poetry.
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R. Sankar
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Rajashekhara Varman
Rajasekhara Varman known as a Cheraman Perumal (Great man of the Cheras) was a Nayanar regal saint from the ancient Chera country. He is said to have ruled from the seat of Cheras, Karuvur vanchi (modern Karur) located on the shores of Anporunai (modern Amaravati River). He also ruled the Koduntamizh regions of Kuttanadu, Venadu and Tenpandinadu, the first two north and south modern Kerala and the third, the southern tail end districts of Tamil Nadu from his seat at Karur.
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Raveendran
M. Raveendran (fondly called as "Raveendran Master") was a popular Malayalam and South Indian music composer. He was always referred to as the aristocratic music director of Malayalam who had a distinctive style of his own.
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Senguttuvan
King Senguttuvan was a Chera king who ruled in Ancient India during the early centuries of the Common Era. He is famous for the legends surrounding Kannagi, the heroine of the Tamil epic Silapathikaram. According to legends, Ilango Adigal, a Hindu, pontiff and the author of Silapathikaram was king Senguttuvan's younger brother, but renounced the throne to become saint.
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Shaji N. Karun
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Shibu Baby John
Shibu Baby John (born - 27 July 1963) is the General Secretary of Revolutionary Socialist Party (Baby John) party based in Kerala, India. He is the son of RSP leader Late Baby John. His party is part of Congress-led United Democratic Front.
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Suresh Gopi
Suresh Gopi (born 25 June 1960) is a National Award-winning Malayalam film actor who is famous for his roles in police dramas. He is noted for his leading roles as much as his character roles. He is also famous for his philanthropic efforts.
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T. C. Yohannan
Thadathuvila Chandapillai Yohannan (born 19 May 1947), better known as T. C. Yohannan, is a former Indian long jumper who held the national record in long jump for nearly 3 decades and represented India in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Canada. He hails from the state of Kerala. Yohannan will be known for the new dimension he gave to long jump in India in 1974, the occasion was the Teheran Asian Games of 1974. Yohannan cleared a distance of 8.07 metres at the Teheran Asian Games for a new Asian record. That one leap, into history gave Yohannan a permanent place not only in the record books but in the annals of the Indian athletics. It was a performance rated at par with that of Milkha Singh's record breaking run in the Rome Olympics.
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Thilakan
http://wn.com/Thilakan -
Urvashi (actress)
Kavitha, better known by her stage name Urvashi, is an Indian actress who has appeared in a number of films in Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada. She is the sister of actresses Kalaranjini and
http://wn.com/Urvashi_(actress) -
V. Sambasivan
V. Sambasivan is a noted performer of the art "Kadhaprasangam". He is from South Kerala, India. His famous performances includes "Ayisha", which written by himself and Othello of Shakespeare. He is well known for his unique style of story telling and the stories are taken from world classics.
http://wn.com/V_Sambasivan -
Velu Thampi Dalawa
http://wn.com/Velu_Thampi_Dalawa -
Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa
http://wn.com/Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa
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kollam sunil
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:55
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
kollam sunil,kollam sunil first night comedy
http://wn.com/kollam_sunil
kollam city
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Updated: 20 Sep 2012
On the way to Kollam..., recorded with Samsung wave 2 mobile
http://wn.com/kollam_city
king cobra 2011in[ vava suresh ]kulathupuzha kollam kerala
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
king cobra 2011in kulathupuzha kollam kerala. 2011 nil kukathupuzha kayikkara kunnummel ninum pidikudiya king cobra [rajavapala and kudumbam] avatharippikunu-noushad jalal .perumpuzha .www.noushadjalal.blogspot.com noushadhjalal@gmail.com
http://wn.com/king_cobra_2011in_vava_suresh_kulathupuzha_kollam_kerala
Pravachaka Sneham. CD1. Farooq Naeemi Kollam
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 54:04
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Pravachaka sneham. 2 CDs. Farooq Naeemi Kollam. Pravaachaka sneham. 2 VCDs. muhammed farooq nameeni. vishudda ramadan vishudda quran. SYS ramadan campaign 2010.Kanthapuram AP Aboobacker Musliyar.mujahid sunni moudoodi ramadan shahru ramalan isra wa miraaj KNM ISM MSM SSF Rahmathullah qasimi SKSSF Markazu ssaquafathi ssunniyya satya nishedikalude anthyam vishudda ramadan vishudda Quran SYS ramadan Campaign
http://wn.com/Pravachaka_Sneham_CD1_Farooq_Naeemi_Kollam
Flashmob at Kollam Beach | YCET | XELECEA'2k12 (official)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:04
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
The Performance was conducted by students of Electronics and Communication Engineering Department of Younus College of Engineering and Technology , Kollam for the Promotion of 'XELECEA 2k12'. The FlashMob was conducted on 11 March 2012 at 06:30pm www.xelecea.com
http://wn.com/Flashmob_at_Kollam_Beach_|_YCET_|_XELECEA'2k12_official
Fishing Thevally - Kollam
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:04
- Updated: 11 Aug 2012
fish market at Thevally , Kollam. It is said crabs have less meat during new moon (karutha vavu). It seems to be true when cooked..
http://wn.com/Fishing_Thevally_Kollam
Malayalam actress rupasree kollam hot navel show
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Updated: 20 Oct 2012
Malayalam actress rupasree kollam hot navel show
http://wn.com/Malayalam_actress_rupasree_kollam_hot_navel_show
Bus Accident @ Mathilil JN, Kollam
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/Bus_Accident_@_Mathilil_JN,_Kollam
Health News - Maleria Spread In Trivandrum & Kollam 1/3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:48
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Everyday \ 1.30 PM IST www.amritatv.com/health Date - 21-10-2012
http://wn.com/Health_News_Maleria_Spread_In_Trivandrum_Kollam_1_3
Saleem kodathoor kollam shafi thanseer 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:42
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Saleem kodathoor new malayalam mappila album hit 2012
http://wn.com/Saleem_kodathoor_kollam_shafi_thanseer_2012
Toyota Innova turned into a fireball at Kollam bypass
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
A Toyota Innova caught fire while on the move at Kollam bypass www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Toyota_Innova_turned_into_a_fireball_at_Kollam_bypass
WAP4 Kerala 100 Seconds Kollam Curve
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 29 Mar 2012
WAP4 India's longest running daily, 12625 Thiruvananthapuram New Delhi Kerala express negotiates the Kollam curve and announces the arrival. P4 ED 22527. WDM Jan Shatabdi Enters Kollam Junction - www.youtube.com RPM WAP4 Kerala Kollam Curve - www.youtube.com WDP3A TVC Rajdhani Kollam Curve - www.youtube.com WAP4 Netravati Kollam Curve - www.youtube.com WAP4 Raptisagar Kollam Curve - www.youtube.com WAP1 Raptisagar Kollam Curve - www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/WAP4_Kerala_100_Seconds_Kollam_Curve
vahab naeemi kollam 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
abdul vahab naeemi kollam hamid yaseen farooq naeemi noushad baqavi vahab naeemi kollam new speech lokavasanam oru vilippadakale vahab naeemi kollam kanjar ahammed kabeer bakavi new ep aboobacker chuzhali abdullah moulavi moulavi navas mannani panavoor kamala surayya new super best thableeg jamaath abdul samad samadani abdul nasar madani abu shammas ss shameer darimi kk maheen badusha ahammad kabeer malahiri mfip kamalasurayya cd speech burdha majlis mueenudheen bangalore islamic songs old speech muvattupuzha ashraf moulavi islamic speech super jaleel design kollam 2011 2012 2013 2014 15 16 17 noushad baqavi farooq naeemi new abdul shukkoor vahab naeemi kollam al kasimi sahfeek moulavi asaniyya mannaniyya beemappalli thableeg jamath noushad baqavi vahab naeemi kollam priyapetta umma makka madinah kmyf sk ssf sys ndf new speacker speech mujahid balussery hussain salafi vahab naeemi kollam nalumukku sasthamcotta
http://wn.com/vahab_naeemi_kollam_2
this is speech.... dr.farooq naeemi kollam
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:05
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
farooq naeemi noushad baqavi new speech lokavasanam oru vilippadakale ahammed kabeer baqavi new ep aboobacker moulavi thableeg jamaath islamic speech super jaleel design kollam 2011 2012 noushad baqavi farooq naeemi new farooq naeemi noushad baqavi new speech lokavasanam oru vilippadakale ahammed kabeer baqavi new ep aboobacker moulavi thableeg jamaath islamic speech super jaleel design kollam 2011 2012 noushad baqavi farooq naeemi new hamid yaseen farooq naeemi noushad baqavi new speech lokavasanam oru vilippadakale kanjar ahammed kabeer bakavi new ep aboobacker chuzhali abdullah moulavi moulavi navas mannani panavoor kamala surayya new super best thableeg jamaath abdul samad samadani abdul nasar madani old speech muvattupuzha ashraf moulavi islamic speech super jaleel design kollam 2011 2012 noushad baqavi farooq naeemi new 2010 2013 14 15 16
http://wn.com/this_is_speech_drfarooq_naeemi_kollam
The Raviz 5 Star Resort Kollam,Kerala - India
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:28
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
The State of Kerala is internationally recognized by travellers and tourists as 'God's Own Country'. Our resort, 'The Raviz', a 5 Star property, situated on the pristine banks of the world famous 'Ashtamudi' backwaters is in fact a pearl in the crown of Kerala and can best be described as 'God's Own Resort'. 'The Raviz' is very easily accessible by road and it takes just One hour and 10 minutes from the Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, Two and a half hours from Kochi International Airport and by Five minutes from the Kollam Railway Station. 'The Raviz', situated in a peninsular strip of Five Acres with built-up area of 200000 Square Feet is surrounded by the beautiful Ashtamudi Lake on three sides. It is having all modernized facilities that are blended flawlessly with traditional and ethnic architecture of Kerala interlined with mind-boggling roof lines, corniced walls and Timber roof elements. The hotel has 100 well-appointed rooms with look-out balconies and three conference halls that can accommodate 1200, 500 and 300 people each. Our esteemed guests can enjoy the serenity of the Ashtamudi Lake in our customized house boats and for those who love a bit of adventure on water surface; a cruise in our Speed Boats will shower ever remembering moments of enjoyment and bliss. The guests can rejuvenate their mind and soul at the fully equipped Ayurveda Massaging and Spa centres that function under the expertise and guidance of stalwarts of the field. Facilities to ...
http://wn.com/The_Raviz_5_Star_Resort_Kollam,Kerala_India
Thangassery Latin Catholic cathedral Santa Yatra 2010,Kollam (Episode7, Part1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:46
- Updated: 01 Nov 2011
Revisiting Santa Yatra, 2010 - Watch full videos (Links given below) A merry Christmas journey with the "Asianet News" Santa Claus starting from the freezing Arctic Circle to the warmth of tropical Kerala, spreading the message of love and brotherhood. The "Asianet News" Santa Claus team started their long journey from the office of Santa Claus in Finland, Arctic Circle and then on to the Vatican City, where our efforts were blessed by Pope Benedict XVI. From Vatican City to Germany (Dusseldorf, Frankfurt) and then on to the United Arab Emirates (Dubai. Abu Dhabi, Sharjah), before touching down at Kerala. Back home, we travelled to various districts in Kerala spreading the Christmas spirit. The joureny culminated at Kochi on Christmas Eve.
http://wn.com/Thangassery_Latin_Catholic_cathedral_Santa_Yatra_2010,Kollam_Episode7,_Part1
Nhan innum gulfilan kollam shafi perunnal kili 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:58
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
album: perunnal kili singer: shafi kollam nhan innum gulfilanaliya
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perunnal kili 2010 akale nilavinte kollam shafi latest super hit song hi 9791
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:26
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
shibin
http://wn.com/perunnal_kili_2010_akale_nilavinte_kollam_shafi_latest_super_hit_song_hi_9791
new star... vahab naeemi kollam
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:41
- Updated: 05 Oct 2012
abdul vahab naeemi kollam hamid yaseen farooq naeemi noushad baqavi vahab naeemi kollam new speech lokavasanam oru vilippadakale vahab naeemi kollam kanjar ahammed kabeer bakavi new ep aboobacker chuzhali abdullah moulavi moulavi navas mannani panavoor kamala surayya new super best thableeg jamaath abdul samad samadani abdul nasar madani abu shammas ss shameer darimi kk maheen badusha ahammad kabeer malahiri mfip kamalasurayya cd speech burdha majlis mueenudheen bangalore islamic songs old speech muvattupuzha ashraf moulavi islamic speech super jaleel design kollam 2011 2012 2013 2014 15 16 17 noushad baqavi farooq naeemi new abdul shukkoor vahab naeemi kollam al kasimi sahfeek moulavi asaniyya mannaniyya beemappalli thableeg jamath noushad baqavi vahab naeemi kollam priyapetta umma makka madinah kmyf sk ssf sys ndf new speacker speech mujahid balussery hussain salafi vahab naeemi kollam nalumukku sasthamcotta
http://wn.com/new_star_vahab_naeemi_kollam
HAMID YASEEN AL JOUHARI KOLLAM at kannur city . rushdicity@gmail.com @ 9995256729
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 35:30
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/HAMID_YASEEN_AL_JOUHARI_KOLLAM_at_kannur_city_rushdicity@gmailcom_@_9995256729
Azhakanen - Shafi Kollam Latest Song from Bachelors by Gallery Vision
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Direction: Shannishad, Producer : Shaji S Cube, Camera: Nithin Thalikulam, Spot Mixing : Fajju Koyilandi, Lyrics & Music : Shefeek Rahman, Singer : Shafi Kollam, Banner : Gallery Vision, For Enquiries : 9895300064, 9895137141
http://wn.com/Azhakanen_Shafi_Kollam_Latest_Song_from_Bachelors_by_Gallery_Vision
Fahad Fazil @ mk fabrics Kollam .mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:17
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Fahad Fazil Inagurating The MK FABRICS kollams New Groom Planet!
http://wn.com/Fahad_Fazil_@_mk_fabrics_Kollam_mp4
NEW MAPPILA ALBUM KOLLAM SHAFI) yanne markane kazyilla avelke2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:09
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
yanne markane kazyilla avelke KOLLAM SHAFI 2012 new hit
http://wn.com/NEW_MAPPILA_ALBUM_KOLLAM_SHAFI_yanne_markane_kazyilla_avelke2012
Photo: AP / Themba Hadebe
29 Oct 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Yesterday while protesting with striking mine workers in South Africa, Mohandas Gandhi was gunned down by heavily armed security forces. Gandhi, who...
Photo: AP / John Minchillo
30 Oct 2012
At least 13 people have been killed in the US and millions are without power after Superstorm Sandy slammed into the New Jersey coastline and hurled a record-breaking 13ft surge of seawater at New...
Photo: AP / Joseph Kaczmarek
29 Oct 2012
> • TheUnited Stateson Sunday is bracing for the impact of an incredibly large Hurricane Sandy. • Hurricane Center warned residents of mid-Atlantic coast should expect life-threatening storm surges. •...
Photo: AP / Jacqueline Larma
30 Oct 2012
Updated: October 30, 2012 11:08AM NEW YORK — Millions of people from Maine to the Carolinas awoke Tuesday without electricity, and an eerily quiet New York City was all but closed off by car, train...
Photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
29 Oct 2012
A poll of Jewish Israelis published last week in Ha'aretz newspaper created headlines round the world with its findings of support among the public for discriminatory policies. Some greeted the...
Kerala issues bird flu alert
30 Oct 2012
The Hindu
Kerala’s Animal Husbandry Department on Tuesday issued a red alert in the State following the outbreak of avian influenza (bird flu) at the Hesaraghatta Farm of the Central Poultry Development Organisation (CPDO) in Karnataka. AHD Director K.G. Suma told The Hindu that a ban on the entry of...(size: 3.4Kb)
Life term for man who enacted plane hijack drama
30 Oct 2012
Newstrack India
Tweet New Delhi, Oct 30 (IANS) A Delhi court Tuesday awarded life term to a man convicted for enacting a hijack drama aboard an Indigo Airlines plane in February 2009 and threatening the crew and passengers. District-cum-Additional Sessions Judge I.S. Mehta awarded life term to convict Jitender...(size: 2.0Kb)
North-east monsoon weak over Kerala
30 Oct 2012
Zeenews
Thiruvananthapuram: North-east monsoon has been weak over Kerala. Rain occurred at a few places in Lakshadweep and at isolated places in Kerala. The chief amounts of rainfall reports in cm are Minicoy 2 and Kozhikode 1. According to meteorology...(size: 1.6Kb)
photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
In search of dry fruits
30 Oct 2012
The Hindu
Bullock carts loaded with cashew would travel all the way from Kollam to Coimbatore, where they would make a beeline to Raja Street and Thomas Street. Wholesale vendors of dry fruits would inspect the merchandise, take them to the godowns and sort them before selling them. Cashews would be sold...(size: 4.2Kb)
Three held in Kottayam for cheating women
30 Oct 2012
The Times of India
KOTTAYAM: Three men were arrested on Monday for cheating women and robbing them of money and jewellery after trapping them through marriage advertisements in newspapers. Rafeeq (34) of Aarampally in Thiruvananthapuram, Ansar (34) of...(size: 1.5Kb)
Sundergarh boys emerge champs
29 Oct 2012
Deccan Chronicle
Town High School from Sundergarh rode on Sushil Ekka’s brace to beat Jalandhar’s Government Senior Secondary School 3-2 in the final of the 30th Nehru sub-junior boys Under-15 hockey tournament at the...(size: 1.3Kb)
Newstrack India
Tweet New Delhi, Oct 29 (IANS) New Minister of State for Civil Aviation K.C. Venugopal Monday called for coordinated efforts by all stakeholders to boost growth in the sector. According to a ministry official, Venugopal said: "Coordinated efforts by all stakeholders are needed to boost growth of the...(size: 3.3Kb)
Cross-country cycle race on November 2 & 4
28 Oct 2012
The Times of India
KOLLAM: The state tourism department will organize an international mountain cycling competition at Thenmala in the district and Kovalam in Thiruvananthapuram on November 2 and 4. Chief...(size: 1.2Kb)
Criminal wanted in several cases held
28 Oct 2012
The Times of India
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM: The Nedumangad police on Sunday arrested a notorious criminal who was wanted in several cases. The police identified the accused as Shaji alias Pothu Shaji (29) of Malayadi near Tholikkode near Vithura. The police...(size: 1.5Kb)
Heli taxi service in Kollam
28 Oct 2012
The Times of India
KOLLAM: The district tourism promotion council (DTPC), Kollam, and New Delhi-based Chipsan Aviation Ltd will introduce a heli taxi service in the town ahead of the second President's Trophy Boat Race on Thursday. The...(size: 1.4Kb)
The Times of India
KOLLAM: The parents of a two-day-old baby, who died at the Shanker's Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS) here on October 19, has alleged negligence on the part of the hospital authorities for the death. Based on a complaint by Shyamkumar, the father of the newborn,...(size: 1.8Kb)
Indian Express
A 13-year-old girl has given birth to a child at the SAT hospital here, police said. The girl was admitted to the hospital on September 20 in an advanced stage of pregnancy, with severe complications. She gave birth to the baby boy on...(size: 1.5Kb)
Teen girl gives birth to child: Stepfather held
25 Oct 2012
Zeenews
Thiruvananthapuram: In a shocking incident, a 13-year-old girl gave birth to a child at a hospital here as police arrested her stepfather on charges of sexually abusing her for several months. The incident came to notice after...(size: 1.5Kb)
"Quilon" redirects here. For other uses, see Quilon (disambiguation).
| Kollam Quilon |
|
| — city — | |
 |
|
|
|
|
| Coordinates | 8°53′N 76°36′E / 8.88°N 76.60°E / 8.88; 76.60Coordinates: 8°53′N 76°36′E / 8.88°N 76.60°E / 8.88; 76.60 |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District(s) | Kollam |
| Mayor | Prasanna Earnest |
| City Police Commissioner | Gopesh Aggarwal IPS |
| Population |
349,033[1] (2011[update]) • 5,936 /km2 (15,374 /sq mi) |
| Sex ratio | 1069 ♂/♀ |
| Official languages | Malayalam |
|---|---|
| Time zone | IST (UTC+05:30) |
| Area |
58.18 square kilometres (22.46 sq mi) • 3 metres (9.8 ft) |
| Website | www.kollam.gov.in |
Kollam, often anglicized as Quilon, is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. The city lies on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake on the Arabian sea coast and is situated about 71 kilometres (44 mi) north of the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram. It is the headquarters of Kollam district and a prominent trade and commercial city.
Kollam is the fourth-largest city in Kerala, after Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam, Kozhikode, {The new population is taken as city agglomeration} in Kerala on the basis of population and the fifth-largest city on the basis of area. It is known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. It is considered to be the southern gateway to the backwaters of Kerala and is a prominent tourist destination. The Kollam urban area comprises the fast developing suburban towns such as Kottiyam in the south, Kundara in the east, and Chavara in the north of the city. Other important towns in the city suburbs are Paravur, Eravipuram, Kannanalore, and Anchalumoodu. Karunagapally, Chathannoor, and Kottarakkara are major towns within a distance of 25 km from Kollam city centre towards north, south, and east respectively.
Kollam appeared as Palombe in Mandeville's Travels, where he claimed it contained a Fountain of Youth.[2][3] During the later stages of the rule of the Chera monarchy in Kerala, Kollam emerged as the focal point of trade and politics. Kollam continues to be a major business and commercial centre in the central Travancore region of Kerala.
Toponomy[link]
The Malayalam calendar, or Kollavarsham, was created in Kollam at meetings held in the city in 825 CE.[4] The name Kollam is believed to have been derived from the Sanskrit word Kollam, meaning pepper.
History[link]
Kollam was a flourishing port of the Chera Dynasty until the formation of the Venad kingdom, when it became the capital of the independent Venad kingdom.
Kollam during Chera rule[link]
Kollam shares fame with Pattanam (Muziris) as an ancient seaport on the Malabar Coast of India from the early centuries of Before the Christian era.
Kollam had a sustained commercial reputation from the days of the Phoenicians and Ancient Rome. Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD) mentions Greek ships anchored at Muziris and Nelcynda. There was also a land route over the Western Ghats. Spices, pearls, diamonds, and silk were exported to Egypt and Rome from these ports. Pearls and diamonds came to Chera Kingdom from Ceylon and the southeastern coast of India, then known as the Pandyan kingdom.
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Cosmas Indicopleustes, a Greek Nestorian sailor,[5] in his book the Christian Topography who visited the Malabar coast in 550 CE, mentions an enclave of Christian believers in Male (Chera Kingdom). He wrote, "In the island of Tabropane (Ceylon), there is a church of Christians, and clerics and faithful. Likewise at Male, where the pepper grows and in the farming community of Kalliana (Kalliankal at Nillackal) there is also a bishop concecrated in Persia in accordance with the Nicea sunnahadose of 325 AD ."[6] The Nestorian Patriarch Jesujabus, who died in 660 CE, mentions Kollam in his letter to Simon, Metropolitan of Persia.
In 825 CE, the Nestorian monks Mar Abo and Mar Proth arrived in Kollam on the invitation of the ruler of the Venad-a feudatory under the Chera kingdom.[7] The two monks received a Royal sanction called "Tarsish-a-palli" near "Korukenikollam" from Chera ruler Rajashekara varman Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal, as described on the Tharisapalli plates. Special privileges were given to the Ezhavas in the Tarisapalli sasanam. The two monks were instrumental in founding Christian churches with Syrian liturgy in the Malabar coast area distinct from ancient Hinduism. Mar Abo lived his last years at Thevalakkara, and his remains were buried there in the Martha Mariam Orthodox Church.
Kollam Port[link]
Kollam sea port was founded by Mar Abo with sanction from Udayamarthandavarma the Tamil king from Venad otherwise called Ay kingdom in 825 AD instead of re opening the inland sea port(kore-ke-ni kollam) near Backare (Thevalakara) also known as Nelcynda and Tyndis to the Romans and The Greeks and Thondi to the Taamils and is also the foundation of the new city. It is also believed that Mar Abo actually volunteered to the Chera king to create a new sea port town near at Kollam instead of his request for renewing the almost vanishing Tyndis or Nelcynda inland sea port(kore-ke-ni) at Kollam,lying idle without trade for a few centuries because of the Cheras being over run by pallavas in the 6th century AD ending the spice trade from Malabar coast. This allowed Mar Abo to stay for many decades in Chera kingdom and streamline Christian faith in the St.Thomas tradition with Syrian liturgy replacing the Sanskrit and Vedic prayers.
Kollam, the capital of Venad 9th to 12 century AD[link]
The Malayalam Era began in 825 CE; it is named 'Kolla Varsham' after Kollam, because of the importance of Kollam in the 9th century CE. Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal granted the Tharisapalli plates copper plate grants in 825 CE to Nestorian Monk Mar S(abo)r Iso who he invited to Kollam, transferring to the Tarsish Church and the community in the St. Thomas tradition of Quilon.[8]
A merchant, Soleyman of Siraf of Persia, visited Malabar in the 9th century and found Quilon to be the only port in India used by the huge Chinese ships as their Transhipment hub for their goods on their way from China to the Persian Gulf. The rulers of Kollam (formerly called 'Desinganadu') had trade relations with China and exchanged embassies. According to the records of the Tang Dynasty (618 AD to 913 AD),[9] Quilon was their chief port of call before 7th century AD. The Chinese trade decreased about 600 AD and was again revived in the 13th century.
In 1291, John of Montecorvino, a Franciscan monk, became a priest at Quilon. Friar Jordanus Catalini, who arrived in 1321, effected large-scale Latin Catholic conversions and was appointed Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon in 1329. Friar Jordanus built a church, called St. Georges Church, with the patronage of Nestorian spice merchants at Jona-ka-puram (the seat of Jordanus Catalini )in Kollam and wrote Mirabilia Descripta. However, after Giovanni de' Marignolli in 1353, this Latin church was converted to a Nestorian church by the Nestorian Christians, and when Portuguese arrived in 1498, only Nestorian Christianity existed in Kerala in a visible way.[citation needed]
Marco Polo, who visited China's Kublai Khan's court, traveled in 1292 through Kollam on his return journey to Venice, and gave an interesting account of the flourishing port of Kollam (coilum, as he called it) and its trade relations inter connectivity with China in the east and Europe to the west. Chinnakada, (China-kada), the city center, was so named after the Chinese merchants. The increase in commercial activity resulted in establishment of a flourishing Chinese settlement at Kollam.[citation needed]
Kollam during Portuguese, Dutch and British conquests (16th to 18th centuries)[link]
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish a trading center in Tangasseri, Kollam in 1502, which became the centre of trade in pepper. In the wars with the Moors/Arabs that followed, the ancient church of St Thomas was destroyed. In 1517, the Portuguese built the St. Thomas Fort in Thangasseri, which was destroyed in the subsequent wars with the Dutch. The ruins of the Fort can still be seen in Thangasseri. In 1661, the Dutch took possession of the city. The remnants of the Dutch forts can be found at Thangasseri. In the 18th century, Travancore conquered Kollam, followed by the British in 1795. Thangasseri remains today as an Anglo-Indian settlement, though few Anglo-Indians remain. The Infant Jesus Church in Thangasseri, an old Portuguese-built church, remains as a memento of the Portuguese rule of the area.
Kollam as part of Travancore[link]
Velu Thampi Dalawa of Travancore worked to improve Kollam. He helped build new markets and invited merchants and traders from Madras (now Chennai) and Tirunelveli to set up trade in Kollam. Kollam, to this day has a thriving business in cashew nuts, coir and spices.
The history of the district as an administrative unit can be traced back to 1835, when the state of Travancore consisted of two revenue divisions with headquarters at Kollam.
Kollam, revenue district of Kerala (1949 onwards)[link]
At the time of the integrating of Travancore and Cochin districts in 1949, Kollam was one of the three revenue divisions in the state. Later these three revenue divisions were converted into districts. But Shencottah taluka was merged with Madras state consequent to the implementation of the States Reorganisation Act of 1956. Now the district has a single revenue division with its headquarters at Kollam Taluk Cutcherry.[citation needed]
Geography[link]
Kollam city is bordered by the panchayaths of Neendakara and Thrikkadavoor to the north, Mayyanad to the south, Thrikkovilvattom and Kottamkara to the east and Arabian sea to the west. Ashtamudi lake is in the heart of the city. The city is about 63 km away from Pathanamthitta,82 km from Alappuzha,71 km from Thiruvananthapuram,142 km from Kochi,350 km from Kozhikode and 226 km from Thrissur.
Two major rivers in the district are Kallada and Ithikkara. Kallada river empties into Ashtamudi lake while Ithikkara river to Paravur kayal. Jadayuppara, Palaruvi waterfalls are also important geographical attractions of the district.
Climate[link]
| Climate data for Kollam | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 30 (86) |
31 (88) |
32 (90) |
32 (90) |
31 (88) |
29 (84) |
29 (84) |
29 (84) |
29 (84) |
30 (86) |
29 (84) |
30 (86) |
30 (86.1) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 23 (73) |
23 (73) |
25 (77) |
26 (79) |
25 (77) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
23 (73) |
24.1 (75.3) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 18 (0.71) |
26 (1.02) |
53 (2.09) |
147 (5.79) |
268 (10.55) |
518 (20.39) |
381 (15) |
248 (9.76) |
209 (8.23) |
300 (11.81) |
208 (8.19) |
51 (2.01) |
2,427 (95.55) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 11 | 21 | 19 | 16 | 12 | 12 | 8 | 3 | 117 |
| Source: Weather2Travel | |||||||||||||
Demographics[link]
As of 2011[update] India census,[1] Kollam city has a population of 349,033 and a population density of 5900 persons per square kilometre. The sex ratio (the number of females per 1000 males) was 1070 during the census year of 2001. The district of Kollam ranks sixth with respect to the population in the state. The city of Kollam ranks fourth in terms of population in Kerala. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Kollam has an average literacy rate of 91.47%,[10] higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 80%. In Kollam, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Malayalam is the most spoken language. Hindi, English and Tamil are also widely understood in the city.
Civic Administration[link]
Kollam city is governed by a Municipal Corporation which is elected by the residents of the city. The corporation is divided into 55 divisions. Each division is represented by a councilor elected by the people and the Mayor is elected from among the councilors representing the political party with majority seats. There is a corporation Secretary who is the head of the office staff of the corporation. The present Mayor of Kollam Corporation is Mrs. Prasanna Earnest of the CPI(M). The police administration of the city is under the City Police Commissioner who is an IPS(Indian Police Service) officer and he reports to the Inspector General of Police (IGP) Thiruvananthapuram Range. The police administration is under the State Home Department of the Government of Kerala. Kollam City is divided into three sub divisions namely Karunagappally, Kollam and Chathannoor, each comes under an Assistant Commissioner of Police. There is a City Traffic Police wing for controlling the road traffic of the city. The present Kollam City Police Commissioner is Shri.Gopesh Aggarwaal IPS (DIG).
Transport[link]
Rail[link]
Kollam Railway Station is the second largest railway station in Kerala in terms of area after Shornur Junction with a total of 8 platforms. The metre gauge track from Kollam to Punalur was converted to broad gauge under project Unigauge and was inaugurated by the Hon. Minister for State for Railways, E. Ahmed, on 12 May 2010. The Thiruvananthapuram – Ernakulam (via Kottayam and Alappuzha) line passes through Kollam. Kollam has completely electrified railway tracks. Two railway lines passing through Kottarakkara (Chengannur -Kottarakkara – Thiruvananthapuram) and Punalur (Erumeli – Punalur – Thiruvananthapuram) have been proposed and are awaiting survey.[citation needed]
Mainline Electrical Multiple Unit (MEMU) services have started from Kollam to Ernakulamvia: allepy and kottayam from the 2nd week of January 2012.[11][12] A MEMU maintenance shed along with an upcoming Service building will change the face of Kollam Junction Railway Station. Kollam also boasts the longest railway platform in Kerala: which is more than 1 KM long.[citation needed]
Roads[link]
The city is connected to other parts of Kerala and India through the National Highways 47, NH 220 and NH 208 and by the railway network. Transport is provided by State owned Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) and private transport bus operators. Road transport is also supported by private taxis and autorickshaws, also called autos.
Water[link]
The State Water Transport Department operates boat services to West Kallada, Munroe Island and Alappuzha. Double decker luxury boats run between Kollam and Allepey daily. Luxury boats, operated by Government and private owners, operate from the main boat jetty during the tourist season. The West coast canal system, which starts from Thiruvananthapuram in the south and ends at Hosdurg in the north, passes through the city of Kollam and Karunagappally taluk. The Thiruvananthapuram-Shornur canal, which forms a part of the Thiruvananthapuram-Hosdurg system, runs a distance of about 62 km. The other canal systems include the Paravur Kayal, Kollam canal and Chavara canal.
Kollam Port (Thankasseri Port) is the second largest port in Kerala after Cochin Port Trust, as of 2010. The port is undergoing infrastructural development.[citation needed] The port is located near the city of Kollam. Neendakara and Shakthikulangara are twin fishing harbours in Kollam. Neendakara is one of the busiest fishing harbours in South Kerala. Some port operations are carried out through Neendakara as well.
Industries[link]
Kollam, like other districts in the state, is moderately industrialised. Some of the major employers in the public sector are Indian Rare Earths Limited (IRE) at Chavara, Kerala Metals and Minerals Limited at Chavara, Kerala Primo pipe factory at Chavara (closed 3 decades ago); United Electrical Industries (popularly known as the Meter Company) and Parvathi Spinning at Kollam.
Kundara was known as an industrial area with aluminium, ceramics, starch factories,all of them except a portion of 'ceramics' closed. Now a SEZ Techno park has been notified to bring in cutting edge Nano and Information Technology to develop these industries here[citation needed][citation needed]
Cashew industry and cashew board Cashew processing and coir production are the two most important sources of employment in the private sector. Cashew processing and sorting employs a large share of women workers who manually peel and sort cashews into different categories by size. The Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited (KSCDC), Kollam, a Government Company, has 30 cashew factories and employs 20,000 people. Another important source of employment is tile manufacturing using clay. It is expected that a Cashew Board will be set up at Kollam for the development of cashew processing and exporting.[citation needed]
Clay tiles Clay tile manufacturing continues to be a mix of both large scale units and small informal units.[citation needed]
Schools[link]
Infant Jesus and Mount Carmel at Thangasseri were set up during the British Raj as India's leading Anglo-Indian schools while St.Joseph's convent Girls Higher secondary school,Tuet, Govt.Boys Higher secondary school, Thevally and St.Aloysius Higher secondary school have already celebrated the centenary years of cherished existence with over 5,000 students studying in each school. Trinity Lyceum, Krist Raj Boys Higher secondary and Vimala Hridaya Girls Higher secondary schools at Pattathanam are the other three Big Schools in Kollam with over five thousand students studying. Other large schools in Kollam include "St. Mary's Residential School" S.N.Public, S.N. trust, Kendriya Vidyalaya, St. Jude Higher Secondary School, Mukhathala.Other schools in the city include:
- Lake Ford School
- Mayyanad Higher Secondary School, Kollam
- Amrita Vidyalayam(ICSE), peroor, Kollam.
- SNSMHSS,Elampeloor,Kundara,Kollam
- GHSS, Chathannoor, Kollam
- The King's School (Cambridge International School), kottiyam, kollam
- Meenakshi Vilasam Government Vocational Higher Secondary School
- Indian Public School
- National Public School
- The Oxford School
- The City Public School
- Govt. Model High School for Girls, Thevally
- Seventh Day Adventist School
- Peace Public School
- Preshitha Matha ICSE School, Mangad, Kollam
- MES Public School
- AKM Higher Secondary School
- St. Mary's Residential School
- Mahatma Central School
- Vimalahridaya Special School
- TKM Centenary Public School, Kollam
- TKM Higher Secondary School, Kollam
- Navdeep Public School, Decent Jn., Kollam
- Govt. Higher Secondary School, Mangad
- Govt. Higher Secondary School, Vallikeezhu, Kavanad, Kollam
- St.Jude HSS Mukhathal, Kollam
- St. Johns High School, Eravipuram, Kollam
- LVHS GOVT High School, Mynagappally, Kollam Dist.
- MSHS Boys and Girls Higher Secondary School, Mynagappally, Kollam.
- Govt HIgher Secondary School, Sastham Cottah, Kollam.
- Santhinikethan Higher Secondary School Patharam Mynagappally, Kollam
- Govt Higher Secondary School Karunagappaly Kollam.,
- Govt HighSchool Boys & Girls, KArunagappally Kollam.
- CMS LP School Mynagappally Panchayath, Kollam Dist.
- Amritha Higher Secondary School Vallikkavu Karunagappaly, Kollam.
- Sree Buddha Central School Karunagappaly, Kollam
- Thazhava Higher Secondary School Karunagappally, Kollam
- Nehru Memorial English Medium High School, Kaithakuzhy, Kollam.
- KRGPMHSS, Odanavattom, Kottarakkara, Kollam
- Infant Jesus Anglo Indian high school
- The City Central School
Institutions For Higher Education[link]
Arts & Science Colleges[link]
- Sree Narayana College, Kollam
- Sree Narayana College, Punalur
- Sree Narayana College for Women, Kollam
- Fatima Mata National College, Kollam
- TKM College of Arts and Science, Karikode, Kollam
- DB College Sasthamcottah, Kollam
- Baby John Memorial Government College, Chavara, Kollam
- NSS College, Kottiyam, Kollam
- NSS College, Karunagappally.
- Sree Vidyadhiraja Arts And Science College, Karunagappally*
- Saint Gregorius College, Kottarakkara, Kollam
- MSM College Kayamkulam, Kollam,
- SpeedWings Aviation Academy, S.N College Jn. KOLLAM. IATA Authorised Training Centre, WORLD NO.2
Engineering Colleges[link]
- TKM College of Engineering, Karikode, Kollam
- TKM Institute Of Technology,Karuvelil,Kollam.
- UKF College of Engineering and Technology,Parippally.
- Valiyakoonambaikulathamma college of engineering and Technology
- Shahul Hameed Memorial Engineering College,Kadakkal,Kollam
- MES Institute of Technology and Management,Chathannoor.
- Bishop Jerome Institute of Technology, Kollam.
- Sree Narayana Institute of Technology, Vadakkevila, Kollam
- Younus College of Engineering, Kollam.
- College of Engineering, Perumon, Kollam.
- College of Engineering College, Karunagappally, Kollam.
- College of Engineering, Kottarakkara,Kollam.
- Travancore Engineering College, Oyoor, Kollam.
- BMC College Of Engineering, Sasthamcottah, Kollam.
- Amritha school of Engineering,Amritapuri,Kollam.
- Younus College of Engineering for Women,Thalachira P O,Kottarakkara,Kollam
- Hindustan College of Engineering,Arippa,Chozhiyakode P O,Kulathupuzha.
Polytechnic Colleges[link]
_kottiyam_in_2008.jpg)
- Govt. Polytechnic College, Ezhukone
- Govt. Polytechnic College, Punaloor
- S.N Polytechnic College, Kottiyam
- Model Polytechnic, Karunagappally, Kollam.
ITI[link]
- Govt ITI Chanthanathoppu Kollam.
- Govt Women's ITI Ramankulangara Kollam,
Medical Colleges[link]
- Travancore Medical College, Kollam
- Azeezia Medical College, Kollam
- ESIC Medical College, Kollam
MBA Colleges[link]
- TKM Institute of Management, Kollam
- MSNIMT, Chavara, Kollam
- SN Institute OF Management Kollam.
- University OF Information Technology, Kollam.
- Sankar Institute of Science Technology And Management, Chathanoor, Kollam.
- Speedwings Aviation Academy, S.N College Jn. KOLLAM.
Hotel Management Colleges[link]
- Sankar Institute of Science Technology And Management, Chathanoor, Kollam.
- Speedwings Aviation Academy, S.N College Jn. Kollam.
Nursing Colleges[link]
- Government School of Nursing, Kollam
- Govt. School of Nursing for SC/ST, Kollam
- Upasana College of Nursing
- VNSS College of Nursing
- Bishop Benziger College of Nursing
- Dr.Nair's College of Nursing
- Holy Cross College of Nursing, Kottiyam, Kollam
- Sankars Nursing College, Kollam.
BED Colleges[link]
- BMMC II Training Bed College, Kottarakkara, Kollam
- Adoor Govt. Bed College, Kollam
- Govt. Bed College, Kollam
- Bed College Patharam, Sooranad, Kollam Dist.
- Bed College, Chavara, Kollam
- Bed College Fathima Matha Kollam
- Bed College Varkala.
Notable Events[link]
Kollam Pooram, part of the Ashramam Sree Krishnaswamy Temple Festival, is the biggest cultural celebration in south Kerala. Kollam Pooram is usually held on April 15, and occasionally on April 16. The pooram is held at the Ashramam maidan.
Chittumala Theerthatanam is an annual march held on Thiruvonam, to promote communal harmony; it started in 1968. It starts from Munroe Island 25KM from Kollam and ends at Chittumala.
Culture[link]
 |
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
Kollam, the capital of the erstwhile Venad, was a centre of learning and culture. It attracted distinguished scholars from all parts of South India. Leelathilakam and Unnuneeli Sandesam, two literary works of historical importance, are contributions of 14th century Kollam. The dance form of Kathakali, in its new version of Ramanattam, was the creation of Kottarakkara Thampuran, who also translated Krishnanattam from Sanskrit to Malayalam.[citation needed]
Other notable figures are K. C. Kesava Pillai, a poet and playwright; he originated the musical play in Malayalam through his work Sadarma. His Kesaveeyam, a Mahakavyam[clarification needed], is of outstanding literary importance. Paravoor Kesavan Asan, the founding editor of Sujanandini, wrote Saratchandrika a study of Ayurvedic system of medicine.
Coming to modern times, Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai and Soornadu Kunjan Pillai, noted literary historians and poets like O. N. V. Kurup, Thirunalloor Karunakaran, Punaloor Balan, novelist and poet Lalithambika Antharjanam are some of the literary luminaries hailing from this district.[citation needed]
Leaders like T. M. Varghese, C. Kesavan, Kumbalathu Sanku Pillai, N. Sreekantan Pillai, R. Sankar and C. M. Stephen who played prominent roles in shaping the socio-political destiny of the State, are also from this district. The district gave birth to well known freedom fighters like Chandiran Kali Ambi, Kadakkal Manthri and Franco Raghavan Pillai.[citation needed]
Training colleges[link]
Kasthoorba Gandhi TTI, Mathilil, Mathilil. Kollam, Kerala was started during 2004. It is owned by Kasthoorba Gandhi memorial women’s charitable society registered under Travancore Cochin Charitable Society’s Act. About 50 women irrespective of caste, creed or politics are members of the society. This is the only TTI in the state which is run by a women’s organization.
Places of worship[link]
Temples[link]
There are a number of temples, ashrams and holy sites in the city, including Sree Subramanya Swami Kshethram Poojappura, in Keralapuram near Kundara. The Mata Amritanandamayi Math is situated at Parayakadavu in this district, about 20 km from the Kollam. Aasramam Sreekrishna Swamy temple is in the city where the annual Kollam pooram takes place. The Mukhathala Murari (Sree Krishna Swamy) Temple[13] at Mukhathala is about 10 km from the city. Umayanalloor Sree Balasubramanya Swamy(Lord Muruga)Temple about 8 km from Kollam. Sree Mahaganapathy temple at Kottarakara about 25 km from Kollam.
Other temples in the city include Kottarakulam Mahaganapathy temple, Mulamkadakom Devi temple, Rameswaram temple, Mahavishnu temple at Thirumullavaram, Ammachiveedu temple, Ashtamudi Veerabhadraswami temple, Pattathanam Ammannada temple, Dharmasastha temple at Kadappakkada,Peroor sree meenakshi temple at Punthalathazham,Mangalathu temple[14] at Punthalathazham,Puttingal temple at Paravur[15] etc.
Mosques[link]
Some of the famous mosques are Valiyapalli at Jonakappuram, Chinnakada juma Masjid, Juma-'Ath Palli at Kollurvila, Juma-'Ath Palli at Thattamala, Muslim Juma-'Ath Palli at Karuva, Kalamala Palli at Kalamala, Muthirapparambu Palli at Muthirapparambu and Siyavathummodu Palli at Kilikolloor.[citation needed]
The 300 year old Juma-'Ath Palli at Karuva houses the mortal remains of a Sufi saint-Syed Abdur Rahman Jifri in its premises.[citation needed]
The Karbala Maidan and the adjacent Makani mosque serves as the Eid gah for the city's. Muthirapparambu Palli is the most important masjid in Kollam District. This masjid is situated in Vellaitambalam. One of the oldest masjid in Kerala, the mosque was built by an Labba family. The Maqbara of Muthirapparambu Uppa is famous in this masjid. Many people, Muslims and non-Muslims, are visiting this maqbara. Other important places are Asthamudi, Thirumullavaram, Mamootilkadavu and Thoppilkadavu, which are located near this masjid. The place has beautiful backwaters, which connect it to Kollam and Allapuzha. Several famous temples and churches are situated in this area.[16][Full citation needed]
Churches[link]
The Apostle Thomas founded one of his "seven and a half churches" in First Century AD at Thevalakara in Kollam.
- Kadeesa Syrian Orthodox Church, Jonakapuram, Kollam, originally founded by the first Latin Bishop of Asia Jordanius Kathlani in the 14th century with the patronage of Nestorian Syrian liturgy Orthodox Christians
- St.Peters Church Moothakara,Infant Jesus Shrine Moothakara is a pilgrim center located near Civil Station
- Fathima Matha Shrine
- St.George shrine, Kadavoor
- St Anthony's Church Vaddy
- The CSI Christ Church,Craven L.M.S, Kollam claims to have its roots in the London Missionary Society. This missionary society like other religious and philanthropic organizations which sprang into existence at the close of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries was the result of the evangelistic revival among the Ezhava & Nadar communities of Kerala
- Infant Jesus Cathedral Thangasseri
- St. Casmir Church Mathilil, Kollam
- St. Sebastin church, Tuet, which is one of the pilgrim center located at kollam city. And Velankanni matha shrine is located at near the kollam bus station.
- Christ the king church, Kottappuram, Mulavana, Kollam
- The Disciples Fellowships, Pattathanam, Kollam
Hospitals[link]
This are some of the hospitals in Kollam. Organizations on this list should either have an accompanying existing article link which verifies their association, or reliable sources as footnotes against the name showing they are notable and in Kollam.
- Kerala E.N.T. Research Foundation (KERF), Thevally[17]
- Bishop Benziger hospital[18]
- Matha Hospital, Mathilil.
- Sanker's Hospital, Kollam
- Upasana Hospital, Kollam
- Dr. Nair's Hospital, Kollam
- Travancore Medical College, Medicity, Byepass, Kollam
- Azeezia Medical College Hospital, Meeyannoor, Kollam
- Kumar Hospital, Kollam
- Holy Cross Hospital, Kottiyam, Kollam
- Prathibha Hospital, Kollam
- ESIC Model Hospital, Ashramom, Kollam
- ESIC Medical College Hospital, Parippally, Kollam
- District Hospital, Kollam
- Govt. Victoria Hospital, Kollam
- Royal Hospital, Chathannoor
- J.S.M Maternity Hospital, Chathannoor
- Shivapriya Ayurveda Hospital, Karammcode, Chathannoor
- AM Hospital, Karunagappally, Kollam
- SBM Hospital, Karunagappally, Kollam
- Appolo Hospital, Karunagappaly, Kollam.
- Padmvathy SUperspecially Hospital, Sastham Cottah, Kollam.
- Parabhrhma Hospital Ochira Kollam,
Physiotherapy Centre[link]
- kaya rehabs (physiotherapy centre),Hospital Jn:,Kundara, Kollam
For Stay[link]
- Hotel Raviz, Mathilil, Kollam
- The Quilon Beach, Chinnakkada, Kollam
- Hotel Nani, Chinnakkada, Kollam
- Hotel Sea Bee
- Hotel Nila Palace, Ezhukone,Kollam
- Aquasserenne Resort, Paravur
Famous Personalities[link]
Industry[link]
- M. K. K. Nair IAS (1930 Dec 29 - 1987 Sep 27, Deputy Secretary of Government of India. Project Manager of Bhilai Steel Plant, General Manager & Managing Director of Fertilizers And Chemicals Travancore Ltd (FACT). Great contributions to industrial sector of Kerala and well known for the uplift of Kerala art and culture, especially Kathakali. He was the Chairman of Kerala Kalamandalam and Member of Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy.)
Spiritual leaders[link]
Literature[link]
- Kakkanadan (Writer)
- K. C. Kesava Pillai (Poet)
- Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai (Historian)
- Sooranad Kunjan Pillai (Scholar)
- Lalithambika Antharjanam (Writer)
- Thirunalloor Karunakaran (Poet)
- O. N. V. Kurup (Poet)
- Pattathuvila Karunakaran (Short story writer)
- Johnson Eyeroor (Writer)
- Kureepuzha Sreekumar (Poet)
- Vrindavanam Venugopalan (Writer)
- D. Vinayachandran (Writer)
- K O Johnson (poet)
- K P Appan (Critic)
Politics[link]
- C. M. Stephen (opposition Leader, Republic of India-1977)
- T. M. Varghese (Freedom fighter)
- C. Kesavan (Freedom fighter)
- R. Sankar (Freedom fighter, Leader SNDP yogam, Ex-CM of kerala)
- Thangal Kunju Musaliar
- M. A. Baby {C.P.I (M), C.C.Member}
- P. K. Gurudasan (Minister, Labour and Excise)
- R. Balakrishna Pillai (Former Minister and founder of Kerala Congress)
- Baby john (Former Minister)
- Shibu Baby John (Minister for Labour & Rehabilitation of Kerala)
- K. B. Ganesh Kumar(Minister for Forest, Sports and Cinema of Kerala)
- E.Balandhan {Politburo Member C.P.I(M), C.C.Member}
- B.Wellington(former Minister for Health)
Journalism[link]
- K. Balakrishnan (Journalist)
Theatre, art, music, cinema[link]
- Pannisseri Nanu Pillai[citation needed]
- O. Madhavan[citation needed] (Theater Artist)
- V. Sambasivan[citation needed] (Kadhaprasangam artist)
- Kambisseri Karunakaran, (Journalist, Drama-Cini artist & writer)
- Devarajan Master (Cine Music Director)
- Raveendran (Famous Cine Music Director)
- Resul Pookutty (Oscar award winner, sound technician)
- Shaji N. Karun (Film Director)
- Rajeev Anchal (Film Director)
- Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair (actor)
- Jayan (actor)
- Thilakan (actor)
- Murali (actor)
- Mukesh (actor)
- Suresh Gopi (actor)
- Kollam Thulasi (actor)
- Balachandra Menon (actor)
- Kundara jhony (actor)
- Urvashi (actress)
- Kalpana (actress)
- Kalaranjini (actress)
- Saikumar[citation needed] (actor)
- K. B. Ganesh Kumar[citation needed] (Cine Artist, Minister for Forest, Sports and Cinema of Kerala)
- Benny Dayal[20] (Playback Singer)
- Thoppil Bhasi(Drama)
Sports[link]
- Suresh Babu (Olympian athlete)
- T. C. Yohannan (Athlete)
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b Census March 1, 2001 (via archive.org)
- ^ Mandeville, John. The Travels of Sir John Mandeville. Accessed 24 Sept 2011.
- ^ Kohanski, Tamarah & Benson, C. David (Eds.) The Book of John Mandeville. Medieval Institute Publications (Kalamazoo), 2007. Op. cit. "Indexed Glossary of Proper Names". Accessed 24 Sept 2011.
- ^ Kerala government website
- ^ http://www.ccel.org/ccel/pearse/morefathers/files/cosmas_00_0_eintro.htm
- ^ Travancore Manual
- ^ Kerala Charithram P.59 Sridhara Menon
- ^ Travancore Manual page 244
- ^ Travancore Manual, page 244
- ^ "Kollam District". www.kollam.nic.in. http://kollam.nic.in/edu.html. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
- ^ "Timings of MEMUs included". India: The New Indian Express. 2010-07-02. http://expressbuzz.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/timings-of-memus-included/186348.html. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
- ^ "Kerala / Thiruvananthapuram News : MEMU services figure in timetable". The Hindu. 2010-07-01. http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/01/stories/2010070155280700.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
- ^ "mukhathala murari temple". http://www.mukhathalamuraritemple.com/.
- ^ http://mangalathutemple.com
- ^ http://www.puttingaltemple.org
- ^ Shamnad Ebrahim.
- ^ "Kerala Ent Research Foundation – Home". Kerfspeciality.com. 2008-11-19. http://www.kerfspeciality.com. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
- ^ "Bishop Benziger Hospital". http://www.bishopbenzigerhospital.com.
- ^ Menon, T. Madhava (2002), A handbook of Kerala, Volume 2, International School of Dravidian Linguistics, p. 522, ISBN 978-81-85692-31-9
- ^ "Metro Plus Kochi : S5 's Malayali connection". The Hindu. 2005-05-16. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/05/16/stories/2005051601590100.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-18.
External links[link]
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http://hi.wn.com/कोल्लम
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| Vava Suresh | |
|---|---|
 Vava Suresh |
Contents |
Activities[link]
Vava Suresh is popular for his snake handling skills which he attributes to his instinctive passion for snakes from childhood and experience from longtime association with the reptiles from the age of twelve. He is widely known for his conservation activities like rescual & release of endangered species of snakes as well as preservation of collected eggs till hatching periods.[1][2] He releases his reptile collections into natural habitats at regular intervals of time.[3]
Accidents[link]
During his long career of conservation activities, he has encountered numerous accidents. The latest of these happened recently while attempting to catch a female cobra with eggs at a location in the city. Owing to repeated demands from media, Suresh took the snake out from his bag and was bitten while putting it back.[4] He was injured and rushed to the city Medical College. Though he was found to be poisoned, he survived the attack and continues his conservation activities.
Recognitions[link]
Suresh was declared winner of 'Vocational Service Award 2011' instituted by the Rotary Club's Thiruvananthapurm division.[5][6] He was selected for his service to the society for many years. The announcement was made by Rotary president Zeil S Jose and secretary Cherry Abraham.
References[link]
- ^ "King Cobra sightings bring up snake bite treatment issues". The Hindu. 2010-09-30. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/article804703.ece. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
- ^ "Seriously hurt cobra saved through surgery". Manorama Online. 2011-03-21. http://gulf.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=9019318&tabId=11&programId=1080132912&channelId=-1073865030&BV_ID=@@@. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
- ^ "Vava Suresh continues his mission to rescue snakes despite the occasional bites.". The Hindu. 2010-07-05. http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/05/stories/2010070558800300.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
- ^ "Bitten, Vava Suresh Continues To Love Snakes". yentha.com. 2011-02-21. http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/05/stories/2010070558800300.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
- ^ "Award for snake catcher". thehindu.com. 2011-04-23. http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1720305.ece. Retrieved 2011-04-27.
- ^ "Rotary award for Vava Suresh". expressbuzz.com. 2011-04-21. http://expressbuzz.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/rotary-award-for-vava-suresh/267410.html. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
http://wn.com/Vava_Suresh
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vava_Suresh
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
In this Indian name, the name Faasil is a patronymic, not a family name, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Fahadh.
| Fahad Fazil | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | Kochi , Kerala |
| Other names | Shanu |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 2002, 2009 – present |
Fahad Fazil is an Indian film actor known for his work in Malayalam cinema. He made his debut in Kaiyethum Doorath (2002) directed by Fahadh's father Fazil. The film turned out to be a commercial failure.[1] Fahadh had a resurrection of his career in the portmanteau film Kerala Cafe (2009). He earned critical acclaim for his performances in Chaappa Kurish (2011), 22 Female Kottayam and Diamond Necklace (2012). He has been largely recognized by critics for his lead roles in 22 Female Kottayam and Diamond Necklace.
Contents |
Biography[link]
His first film was Kaiyetham doorathe
Filmography[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Director | Co-cast | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | Kaiyethum Doorath | Sachin | Fazil | Nikita Thukral, Revathi, Mammotty | Debut Movie |
| 2009 | Kerala Cafe Mrityunjayam (Fourth segment) | Journalist | Uday Ananthan | Mammootty, Jayasurya, Prithviraj | This was his come back movie after a 8 years gap |
| 2010 | Pramani | Bobby | B. Unnikrishnan | Mammootty, Sneha | The film opened well on the 1st weekend, got a share of 2.1 crores in 25 days |
| Cocktail | Navin Krishnamurthy | Arun Kumar Aravind | Jayasurya, Samvrutha Sunil | Directorial Debut of Arun Kumar Aravind | |
| Tournament | Viswanathan | Lal | Siddique, Indrans | Director Lal had taken on a new format in the film called play-replay,which is really first time in Malayalam film. It means one scene will be replayed from different viewpoint after some several scenes. | |
| 2011 | Chappa Kurishu | Arjun | Sameer Thahir | Vineeth Sreenivasan, Roma Asrani, Remya Nambeesan | The movie was produced at a budget of 65 lakhs using three digital SLR cameras(Canon 5D & 7D) |
| Indian Rupee | Land Broker(Muneer) | Ranjith | Prithviraj, Thilakan | Cameo appearance | |
| Akam | Srini | Shalini Usha Nair | Anumol | Released on December 2011 in Dubai Film Festival | |
| 2012 | Padmasree Bharat Dr. Saroj Kumar | Alex Samuel (Film Director) | Sajin Raaghavan | Sreenivasan, Vineeth Sreenivasan | |
| 22 Female Kottayam | Cyril C Mathew | Aashiq Abu | Rima Kallingal | ||
| Diamond Necklace | Dr. Arun | Lal Jose | Samvrutha Sunil | ||
| Friday | Ann Augustine | Shooting started in March | |||
| Gold | Rajesh Pillai | Mohanlal, Kunchako Boban, Prithviraj, Anoop Menon |
References[link]
- ^ Fahad in Mammootty’s ‘Pramaani‘ - Malayalam Movie News. IndiaGlitz. Retrieved on 2011-09-08.
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Faasil, Fahadh |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | Kerala |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Fahadh_Faasil
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahadh_Faasil
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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