Fever

Friday, 26 October 2012

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This article is about the medical condition. For other uses, see Fever (disambiguation).

Fever
An analog medical thermometer showing a temperature of 38.7 °C or 101.7 °F
ICD-10	R 50
ICD-9	780.6
DiseasesDB	18924
eMedicine	med/785
MeSH	D005334

Fever (also known as pyrexia^[1]) is a common medical sign characterized by an elevation of temperature above the normal range of 36.5–37.5 °C (98–100 °F) due to an increase in the body temperature regulatory set-point.^[2] This increase in set-point triggers increased muscle tone and shivering.

As a person's temperature increases, there is, in general, a feeling of cold despite an increasing body temperature. Once the new temperature is reached, there is a feeling of warmth. A fever can be caused by many different conditions ranging from benign to potentially serious. There are arguments for and against the usefulness of fever, and the issue is controversial. With the exception of very high temperatures, treatment to reduce fever is often not necessary; however, antipyretic medications can be effective at lowering the temperature, which may improve the affected person's comfort.

Fever differs from uncontrolled hyperthermia,^[1] in that hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature over the body's thermoregulatory set-point, due to excessive heat production and/or insufficient thermoregulation.

Definition [link]

Temperature Classification
	Core (rectal, esophageal, etc.)
Normal	36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F)^[3]
Hypothermia	<35.0 °C (95.0 °F)^[4]
Fever	>37.5–38.3 °C (99.5–100.9 °F)^[1]^[5]
Hyperthermia	>37.5–38.3 °C (99.5–100.9 °F)^[1]^[5]
Hyperpyrexia	>40.0–41.5 °C (104–106.7 °F)^[6]^[7]
Note: The difference between fever and hyperthermia is the mechanism.
v t e

A wide range for normal temperatures has been found.^[5] Fever is generally agreed to be present if the elevated temperature is caused by a raised set point and:

Temperature in the anus (rectum/rectal) is at or over 37.5–38.3 °C (99.5–100.9 °F)^[1]^[5]
Temperature in the mouth (oral) is at or over 37.7 °C (99.9 °F)^[8]
Temperature under the arm (axillary) or in the ear (otic) is at or over 37.2 °C (99.0 °F)

In healthy adult men and women, the range of normal, healthy temperatures for oral temperature is 33.2–38.2 °C (91.8–100.8 °F), for rectal it is 34.4–37.8 °C (93.9–100 °F), for tympanic membrane (the ear drum) it is 35.4–37.8 °C (95.7–100 °F), and for axillary (the armpit) it is 35.5–37.0 °C (95.9–98.6 °F).^[9] Harrison's textbook of internal medicine defines a fever as a morning temperature of >37.2°C (>98.9°F) or an evening temperature of >37.7°C (>99.9°F) with the normal daily temperature variation is typically 0.5°C (0.9°F).^[10]

Normal body temperatures vary depending on many factors, including age, sex, time of day, ambient temperature, activity level, and more. A raised temperature is not always a fever. For example, the temperature of a healthy person rises when he or she exercises, but this is not considered a fever, as the set-point is normal. On the other hand, a "normal" temperature may be a fever, if it is unusually high for that person. For example, medically frail elderly people have a decreased ability to generate body heat, so a "normal" temperature of 37.3 °C (99.1 °F) may represent a clinically significant fever.

Types [link]

Performance of the various types of fever
a) Fever continues
b) Fever continues to abrupt onset and remission
c) Fever remittent
d) Intermittent fever
e) Undulant fever
f) Relapsing fever

The pattern of temperature changes may occasionally hint at the diagnosis:

Continuous fever: Temperature remains above normal throughout the day and does not fluctuate more than 1 °C in 24 hours, e.g. lobar pneumonia, typhoid, urinary tract infection, brucellosis, or typhus. Typhoid fever may show a specific fever pattern (Wunderlich curve of typhoid fever), with a slow stepwise increase and a high plateau. (Drops due to fever-reducing drugs are excluded.)
Intermittent fever: The temperature elevation is present only for a certain period, later cycling back to normal, e.g. malaria, kala-azar, pyaemia, or septicemia. Following are its types ^[11]
- Quotidian fever, with a periodicity of 24 hours, typical of Plasmodium falciparum
- Tertian fever (48 hour periodicity), typical of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale
- Quartan fever (72 hour periodicity), typical of Plasmodium malariae.
Remittent fever: Temperature remains above normal throughout the day and fluctuates more than 1 °C in 24 hours, e.g., infective endocarditis.
Pel-Ebstein fever: A specific kind of fever associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma, being high for one week and low for the next week and so on. However, there is some debate as to whether this pattern truly exists.^[12]

A neutropenic fever, also called febrile neutropenia, is a fever in the absence of normal immune system function. Because of the lack of infection-fighting neutrophils, a bacterial infection can spread rapidly; this fever is, therefore, usually considered to require urgent medical attention. This kind of fever is more commonly seen in people receiving immune-suppressing chemotherapy than in apparently healthy people.

Febricula is an old term for a low-grade fever, especially if the cause is unknown, no other symptoms are present, and the patient recovers fully in less than a week.^[13]

Hyperpyrexia [link]

Hyperpyrexia is a fever with an extreme elevation of body temperature greater than or equal to 41.5 °C (106.7 °F).^[14] Such a high temperature is considered a medical emergency as it may indicate a serious underlying condition or lead to significant side effects.^[15] The most common cause is an intracranial hemorrhage.^[14] Other possible causes include sepsis, Kawasaki syndrome,^[16] neuroleptic malignant syndrome, drug effects, serotonin syndrome, and thyroid storm.^[15] Infections are the most common cause of fevers, however as the temperature rises other causes become more common.^[15] Infections commonly associated with hyperpyrexia include: roseola, rubeola and enteroviral infections.^[16] Immediate aggressive cooling to less than 38.9 °C (102.0 °F) has been found to improve survival.^[15] Hyperpyrexia differs from hyperthermia in that in hyperpyrexia the body's temperature regulation mechanism sets the body temperature above the normal temperature, then generates heat to achieve this temperature, while in hyperthermia the body temperature rises above its set point.^[14]

Hyperthermia [link]

Hyperthermia is an example of a high temperature that is not a fever. It occurs from a number of causes including heatstroke, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, malignant hyperthermia, stimulants such as amphetamines and cocaine, idiosyncratic drug reactions, and serotonin syndrome.

Signs and symptoms [link]

Michael Peter Ancher, "The Sick Girl", 1882, Statens Museum for Kunst

A fever is usually accompanied by sickness behavior, which consists of lethargy, depression, anorexia, sleepiness, hyperalgesia, and the inability to concentrate.^[17]^[18]^[19]

Differential diagnosis [link]

Fever is a common symptom of many medical conditions:

Infectious disease, e.g., influenza, HIV, malaria, infectious mononucleosis, or gastroenteritis
Various skin inflammations, e.g., boils, or abscess
Immunological diseases, e.g., lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, Kawasaki disease
Tissue destruction, which can occur in hemolysis, surgery, infarction, crush syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, cerebral hemorrhage, etc.
Reaction to incompatible blood products
Cancers, most commonly kidney cancer and leukemia and lymphomas
Metabolic disorders, e.g., gout or porphyria
Thrombo-embolic processes, e.g., pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis

Persistent fever that cannot be explained after repeated routine clinical inquiries is called fever of unknown origin.

Pathophysiology [link]

Hyperthermia: Characterized on the left. Normal body temperature (thermoregulatory set-point) is shown in green, while the hyperthermic temperature is shown in red. As can be seen, hyperthermia can be conceptualized as an increase above the thermoregulatory set-point.
Hypothermia: Characterized in the center: Normal body temperature is shown in green, while the hypothermic temperature is shown in blue. As can be seen, hypothermia can be conceptualized as a decrease below the thermoregulatory set-point.
Fever: Characterized on the right: Normal body temperature is shown in green. It reads "New Normal" because the thermoregulatory set-point has risen. This has caused what was the normal body temperature (in blue) to be considered hypothermic.

Temperature is ultimately regulated in the hypothalamus. A trigger of the fever, called a pyrogen, causes a release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 then in turn acts on the hypothalamus, which generates a systemic response back to the rest of the body, causing heat-creating effects to match a new temperature level.

In many respects, the hypothalamus works like a thermostat.^[20] When the set point is raised, the body increases its temperature through both active generation of heat and retaining heat. Vasoconstriction both reduces heat loss through the skin and causes the person to feel cold. If these measures are insufficient to make the blood temperature in the brain match the new setting in the hypothalamus, then shivering begins in order to use muscle movements to produce more heat. When the fever stops, and the hypothalamic setting is set lower; the reverse of these processes (vasodilation, end of shivering and nonshivering heat production) and sweating are used to cool the body to the new, lower setting.

This contrasts with hyperthermia, in which the normal setting remains, and the body overheats through undesirable retention of excess heat or over-production of heat.^[20] Hyperthermia is usually the result of an excessively hot environment (heat stroke) or an adverse reaction to drugs. Fever can be differentiated from hyperthermia by the circumstances surrounding it and its response to anti-pyretic medications.

Pyrogens [link]

A pyrogen is a substance that induces fever. These can be either internal (endogenous) or external (exogenous) to the body. The bacterial substance lipopolysaccharide (LPS), present in the cell wall of some bacteria, is an example of an exogenous pyrogen. Pyrogenicity can vary: In extreme examples, some bacterial pyrogens known as superantigens can cause rapid and dangerous fevers. Depyrogenation may be achieved through filtration, distillation, chromatography, or inactivation.

Endogenous

In essence, all endogenous pyrogens are cytokines, molecules that are a part of the innate immune system. They are produced by phagocytic cells and cause the increase in the thermoregulatory set-point in the hypothalamus. Major endogenous pyrogens are interleukin 1 (α and β),^[21] interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Minor endogenous pyrogens include interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, tumor necrosis factor-β, macrophage inflammatory protein-α and macrophage inflammatory protein-β as well as interferon-α, interferon-β, and interferon-γ.^[21]

These cytokine factors are released into general circulation, where they migrate to the circumventricular organs of the brain due to easier absorption caused by the blood–brain barrier's reduced filtration action there. The cytokine factors then bind with endothelial receptors on vessel walls, or interact with local microglial cells. When these cytokine factors bind, the arachidonic acid pathway is then activated.

Exogenous

One model for the mechanism of fever caused by exogenous pyrogens includes LPS, which is a cell wall component of gram-negative bacteria. An immunological protein called lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) binds to LPS. The LBP–LPS complex then binds to the CD14 receptor of a nearby macrophage. This binding results in the synthesis and release of various endogenous cytokine factors, such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and the tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In other words, exogenous factors cause release of endogenous factors, which, in turn, activate the arachidonic acid pathway.

PGE2 release [link]

PGE2 release comes from the arachidonic acid pathway. This pathway (as it relates to fever), is mediated by the enzymes phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E2 synthase. These enzymes ultimately mediate the synthesis and release of PGE2.

PGE2 is the ultimate mediator of the febrile response. The set-point temperature of the body will remain elevated until PGE2 is no longer present. PGE2 acts on neurons in the preoptic area (POA) through the prostaglandin E receptor 3 (EP3). EP3-expressing neurons in the POA innervate the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), the rostral raphe pallidus nucleus in the medulla oblongata (rRPa), and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus . Fever signals sent to the DMH and rRPa lead to stimulation of the sympathetic output system, which evokes non-shivering thermogenesis to produce body heat and skin vasoconstriction to decrease heat loss from the body surface. It is presumed that the innervation from the POA to the PVN mediates the neuroendocrine effects of fever through the pathway involving pituitary gland and various endocrine organs.

Hypothalamus [link]

The brain ultimately orchestrates heat effector mechanisms via the autonomic nervous system. These may be:

Increased heat production by increased muscle tone, shivering and hormones like epinephrine
Prevention of heat loss, such as vasoconstriction.

In infants, the autonomic nervous system may also activate brown adipose tissue to produce heat (non-exercise-associated thermogenesis, also known as non-shivering thermogenesis). Increased heart rate and vasoconstriction contribute to increased blood pressure in fever.

Usefulness [link]

There are arguments for and against the usefulness of fever, and the issue is controversial.^[22]^[23] There are studies using warm-blooded vertebrates^[24] and humans^[25] in vivo, with some suggesting that they recover more rapidly from infections or critical illness due to fever. A Finnish study suggested reduced mortality in bacterial infections when fever was present.^[26]

In theory, fever can aid in host defense.^[22] There are certainly some important immunological reactions that are sped up by temperature, and some pathogens with strict temperature preferences could be hindered.^[27]

Research^[28] has demonstrated that fever assists the healing process in several important ways:

Increased mobility of leukocytes
Enhanced leukocytes phagocytosis
Endotoxin effects decreased
Increased proliferation of T cells^[29]

Management [link]

Fever should not necessarily be treated.^[30] Most people recover without specific medical attention.^[31] Although it is unpleasant, fever rarely rises to a dangerous level even if untreated. Damage to the brain generally does not occur until temperatures reach 42 °C (107.6 °F), and it is rare for an untreated fever to exceed 105 °F (41 °C).^[30] Some limited evidence supports sponging or bathing feverish children with tepid water.^[32] The use of a fan or air conditioning may somewhat reduce the temperature and increase comfort. If the temperature reaches the extremely high level of hyperpyrexia, aggressive cooling is required.^[15] In general, people are advised to keep adequately hydrated.^[33] Whether increased fluid intake improves symptoms or shortens respiratory illnesses such as the common cold is not known.^[34]

Medications [link]

The antipyretic ibuprofen is effective in reducing fevers in children.^[35] It is more effective than acetaminophen (paracetamol) in children. Ibuprofen and acetaminophen may be safely used together in children with fevers.^[36]^[37] The efficacy of acetaminophen by itself in children with fevers has been questioned.^[38] Ibuprofen is also superior to aspirin in children with fevers.^[39] Additionally, aspirin is not recommended in children and young adults (those under the age of 16 or 19 depending on the country) due to the risk of Reye's syndrome.^[40]

Epidemiology [link]

About 5% of people who go to an emergency room have a fever.^[41]

Society and culture [link]

Fever phobia [link]

Fever phobia is the name given by medical experts to parents' misconceptions about fever in their children. Among them, many parents incorrectly believe that fever is a disease rather than a medical sign, that even low fevers are harmful, and that any temperature even briefly or slightly above the oversimplified "normal" number marked on a thermometer is a clinically significant fever.^[42] They are also afraid of harmless side effects like febrile seizures and dramatically overestimate the likelihood of permanent damage from typical fevers.^[42] The underlying problem, according to professor of pediatrics Barton D. Schmitt, is "as parents we tend to suspect that our children’s brains may melt".^[43]

As a result of these misconceptions parents are anxious, give the child fever-reducing medicine when the temperature is technically normal or only slightly elevated, and interfere with the child's sleep to give the child more medicine.^[42]

Etymology [link]

Pyrexia is from the Greek pyr meaning fire. Febrile is from the Latin word febris, meaning fever, and archaically known as ague.

In other animals [link]

Fever is an important feature for the diagnosis of disease in domestic animals. The body temperature of animals, which is taken rectally, is different from one species to another. For example, a horse is said to have a fever above 101.0 °F (38.3 °C).^[44]

In species that allow the body to have a wide range of "normal" temperatures, such as camels,^[45] it is sometimes difficult to determine a febrile stage.

References [link]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Axelrod YK, Diringer MN (May 2008). "Temperature management in acute neurologic disorders". Neurol Clin 26 (2): 585–603, xi. DOI:10.1016/j.ncl.2008.02.005. PMID 18514828.
^ Karakitsos D, Karabinis A (September 2008). "Hypothermia therapy after traumatic brain injury in children". N. Engl. J. Med. 359 (11): 1179–80. DOI:10.1056/NEJMc081418. PMID 18788094.
^ Karakitsos D, Karabinis A (September 2008). "Hypothermia therapy after traumatic brain injury in children". N. Engl. J. Med. 359 (11): 1179–80. DOI:10.1056/NEJMc081418. PMID 18788094.
^ Marx, John (2006). Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice. Mosby/Elsevier. p. 2239. ISBN 9780323028455.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Laupland KB (July 2009). "Fever in the critically ill medical patient". Crit. Care Med. 37 (7 Suppl): S273–8. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181aa6117. PMID 19535958.
^ Manson's Tropical Diseases: Expert Consult. Saunders Ltd. 2008. pp. 1229. ISBN 1-4160-4470-1.
^ Trautner BW, Caviness AC, Gerlacher GR, Demmler G, Macias CG (July 2006). "Prospective evaluation of the risk of serious bacterial infection in children who present to the emergency department with hyperpyrexia (temperature of 106 degrees F or higher)". Pediatrics 118 (1): 34–40. DOI:10.1542/peds.2005-2823. PMC 2077849. PMID 16818546. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2077849.
^ Barone JE (August 2009). "Fever: Fact and fiction". J Trauma 67 (2): 406–9. DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181a5f335. PMID 19667898.
^ Sund-Levander M, Forsberg C, Wahren LK (June 2002). "Normal oral, rectal, tympanic and axillary body temperature in adult men and women: a systematic literature review". Scand J Caring Sci 16 (2): 122–8. DOI:10.1046/j.1471-6712.2002.00069.x. PMID 12000664.
^ Harrison's principles of internal medicine. (18th ed. ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 2011. pp. 4012. ISBN 978-0-07-174889-6.
^ Muhammad, Inayatullah; Shabbir Ahmad Nasir (May 2009). Bedside Techniques: Methods of clinical examination. Saira Publishers and Salamat Iqbal Press, Multan.
^ Hilson AJ (July 1995). "Pel-Ebstein fever". N. Engl. J. Med. 333 (1): 66–7. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199507063330118. PMID 7777006. . They cite Richard Asher's lecture Making Sense (Lancet, 1959, 2, 359)
^ Rolla L. Thomas (1906) [1906]. The eclectic practice of medicine. The Scudder Brothers Company. p. 261. http://books.google.com/books?id=HglMAAAAMAAJ.
^ ^a ^b ^c Loscalzo, Joseph; Fauci, Anthony S.; Braunwald, Eugene; Dennis L. Kasper; Hauser, Stephen L; Longo, Dan L. (2008). Harrison's principles of internal medicine. McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. Chapter 17, Fever versus hyperthermia. ISBN 0-07-146633-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e McGugan EA (March 2001). "Hyperpyrexia in the emergency department". Emerg Med (Fremantle) 13 (1): 116–20. DOI:10.1046/j.1442-2026.2001.00189.x. PMID 11476402.
^ ^a ^b Marx, John (2006). Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice. Mosby/Elsevier. p. 2506. ISBN 978-0-323-02845-5.
^ Hart BL (1988). "Biological basis of the behavior of sick animals". Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews 12 (2): 123–37. DOI:10.1016/S0149-7634(88)80004-6. PMID 3050629.
^ Johnson RW (2002). "The concept of sickness behavior: a brief chronological account of four key discoveries". Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 87 (3–4): 443–50. DOI:10.1016/S0165-2427(02)00069-7. PMID 12072271.
^ Kelley KW, Bluthé RM, Dantzer R, Zhou JH, Shen WH, Johnson RW, Broussard SR (2003). "Cytokine-induced sickness behavior". Brain, behavior, and immunity 17 Suppl 1: S112–8. DOI:10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00077-6. PMID 12615196.
^ ^a ^b Fauci, Anthony (2008). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (17 ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 117–121. ISBN 978-0-07-146633-2.
^ ^a ^b Chapter 58 in: Walter F., PhD. Boron (2003). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1300. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.
^ ^a ^b Schaffner A (2006). "Fever--useful or noxious symptom that should be treated?". Therapeutische Umschau. Revue therapeutique 63 (3): 185–8. PMID 16613288.
^ Soszyński D (2003). "The pathogenesis and the adaptive value of fever". Postepy higieny i medycyny doswiadczalnej 57 (5): 531–54. PMID 14737969.
^ Su F, Nguyen ND, Wang Z, Cai Y, Rogiers P, Vincent JL (2005). "Fever control in septic shock: beneficial or harmful?". Shock (Augusta, Ga.) 23 (6): 516–20. PMID 15897803.
^ Schulman CI, Namias N, Doherty J, Manning RJ, Li P, Elhaddad A, Lasko D, Amortegui J et al. (2005). "The effect of antipyretic therapy upon outcomes in critically ill patients: a randomized, prospective study". Surgical infections 6 (4): 369–75. DOI:10.1089/sur.2005.6.369. PMID 16433601.
^ Rantala S, Vuopio-Varkila J, Vuento R, Huhtala H, Syrjänen J (2009). "Predictors of mortality in beta-hemolytic streptococcal bacteremia: a population-based study". The Journal of infection 58 (4): 266–72. DOI:10.1016/j.jinf.2009.01.015. PMID 19261333.
^ Fischler M.P., Reinhart W.H. (1997). "Fever: friend or enemy?". Schweiz Med Wochenschr 127 (20): 864–70. PMID 9289813.
^ Craven, R and Hirnle, C. (2006). Fundamentals of nursing: Human health and function. Fourth edition. p. 1044
^ Lewis, SM, Heitkemper, MM, and Dirksen, SR. (2007). Medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems. sixth edition. p. 212
^ ^a ^b "Fever". Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia. U.S. National Library of Medicine. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
^ "What To Do If You Get Sick: 2009 H1N1 and Seasonal Flu". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009-05-07. http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/sick.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
^ Meremikwu M, Oyo-Ita A (2003). Meremikwu, Martin M. ed. "Physical methods for treating fever in children". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD004264. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD004264. PMID 12804512.
^ "Fever". National Institute of Health. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fever.html.
^ Guppy, MP; Mickan, SM, Del Mar, CB, Thorning, S, Rack, A (2011 Feb 16). "Advising patients to increase fluid intake for treating acute respiratory infections.". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (2): CD004419. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD004419.pub3. PMID 21328268.
^ Perrott DA, Piira T, Goodenough B, Champion GD (June 2004). "Efficacy and safety of acetaminophen vs ibuprofen for treating children's pain or fever: a meta-analysis". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158 (6): 521–6. DOI:10.1001/archpedi.158.6.521. PMID 15184213.
^ Hay AD, Redmond NM, Costelloe C et al. (May 2009). "Paracetamol and ibuprofen for the treatment of fever in children: the PITCH randomised controlled trial". Health Technol Assess 13 (27): iii–iv, ix–x, 1–163. DOI:10.3310/hta13270 (inactive 2010-09-13). PMID 19454182. http://www.hta.ac.uk/fullmono/mon1327.pdf.
^ Southey ER, Soares-Weiser K, Kleijnen J (September 2009). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical safety and tolerability of ibuprofen compared with paracetamol in paediatric pain and fever". Curr Med Res Opin 25 (9): 2207–22. DOI:10.1185/03007990903116255. PMID 19606950.
^ Meremikwu M, Oyo-Ita A (2002). Meremikwu, Martin M. ed. "Paracetamol for treating fever in children". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD003676. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD003676. PMID 12076499.
^ Autret E, Reboul-Marty J, Henry-Launois B et al. (1997). "Evaluation of ibuprofen versus aspirin and paracetamol on efficacy and comfort in children with fever". Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 51 (5): 367–71. DOI:10.1007/s002280050215. PMID 9049576.
^ "2.9 Antiplatelet drugs". British National Formulary for Children. British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. 2007. pp. 151.
^ Nassisi, Denise (January 2012). "Evidence-Based Guidelines For Evaluation And Antimicrobial Therapy For Common Emergency DepartmentInfections". Emergency Medicine Practice 14 (1).
^ ^a ^b ^c Crocetti M, Moghbeli N, Serwint J (June 2001). "Fever phobia revisited: have parental misconceptions about fever changed in 20 years?". Pediatrics 107 (6): 1241–6. DOI:10.1542/peds.107.6.1241. PMID 11389237.
^ Klass, Perri (10 January 2011). "Lifting a Veil of Fear to See a Few Benefits of Fever". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/11/health/11klass.html.
^ "Equusite Vital Signs". www.equusite.com. http://www.equusite.com/articles/health/healthVitalSigns.shtml. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
^ "Body Temperature of the Camel and Its Relation to Water Economy". ajplegacy.physiology.org. http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/188/1/103. Retrieved 2010-03-22.

External links [link]

What to do if your child has a fever from Seattle Children's Hospital
Fever and Taking Your Child's Temperature
US National Institute of Health factsheet
Drugs most commonly associated with the adverse event Pyrexia (Fever) as reported the FDA

v t e Symptoms and signs: general / constitutional (R50–R61, 780.6–780.9)

Temperature	heat: Fever (Fever of unknown origin, Drug-induced fever, Postoperative fever) • Hyperhidrosis (e.g., Sleep Hyperhidrosis; "Sweating") • Hyperpyrexia • Hyperthermia cold: Chills

Aches/Pains	Headache • Chronic pain • Cancer pain

Malaise and fatigue	Atrophy (e.g., Muscle Atrophy) • Debility (or Asthenia) • Lassitude • Lethargy • Muscle tremors • Tenderness

Miscellaneous	Flu-Like Symptoms

http://wn.com/Fever

http://cs.wn.com/Horečka

http://id.wn.com/Demam

http://es.wn.com/Fiebre

http://nl.wn.com/Koorts

http://it.wn.com/Febbre

http://pl.wn.com/Gorączka

http://fr.wn.com/Fièvre

http://ru.wn.com/Лихорадка

http://de.wn.com/Fieber

http://hi.wn.com/ज्वर

http://pt.wn.com/Febre

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever

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Peggy Lee
in the film Stage Door Canteen (1943) in the film Stage Door Canteen (1943)
Background information
Birth name	Norma Deloris Egstrom
Born	(1920-05-26)May 26, 1920 Jamestown, North Dakota
Died	January 21, 2002(2002-01-21) (aged 81) Bel Air, Los Angeles, California
Genres	Traditional pop, jazz
Occupations	Singer, actress, songwriter
Years active	1941–2000
Labels	Decca Records Capitol Records

Peggy Lee (May 26, 1920 – January 21, 2002) was an American jazz and popular music singer, songwriter, composer, and actress in a career spanning six decades. From her beginning as a vocalist on local radio to singing with Benny Goodman's big band, she forged a sophisticated persona, evolving into a multi-faceted artist and performer. She wrote music for films, acted, and created conceptual record albums—encompassing poetry, jazz, chamber pop, and art songs.

Early life [link]

Lee was born Norma Deloris Egstrom in Jamestown, North Dakota, the seventh of eight children of Marvin Olof Egstrom, a station agent for the Midland Continental Railroad, and his wife Selma Amelia (Anderson) Egstrom. Her mother died when Lee was just four years old.^[1] Her father was Swedish American and her mother was Norwegian American.^[2]

Lee first sang professionally over KOVC radio in Valley City, North Dakota. She later had her own series on a radio show sponsored by a local restaurant that paid her a "salary" in food. Both during and after her high school years, Lee sang for paltry sums on local radio stations. Radio personality Ken Kennedy, of WDAY in Fargo, North Dakota (the most widely heard station in North Dakota), changed her name from Norma to Peggy Lee.^{[citation needed]} Thereafter, Lee left home and traveled to Los Angeles at the age of 17.

She returned to North Dakota for a tonsillectomy, and later made her way to Chicago for a gig at The Buttery Room, a nightclub in the Ambassador Hotel East. There, she was noticed by bandleader Benny Goodman. According to Lee, "Benny's then-fiancée, Lady Alice Duckworth, came into The Buttery, and she was very impressed. So the next evening she brought Benny in, because they were looking for a replacement for Helen Forrest. And although I didn't know, I was it. He was looking at me strangely, I thought, but it was just his preoccupied way of looking. I thought that he didn't like me at first, but it just was that he was preoccupied with what he was hearing." She joined his band in 1941 and stayed for two years.

Recording career [link]

In 1942 Lee had her first #1 hit, "Somebody Else Is Taking My Place", followed by 1943's "Why Don't You Do Right?" (originally sung by Lil Green), which sold over a million copies and made her famous. She sang with Goodman's orchestra in two 1943 films, Stage Door Canteen and The Powers Girl.

In March 1943 Lee married Dave Barbour, a guitarist in Goodman's band. Peggy said, "David joined Benny's band and there was a ruling that no one should fraternize with the girl singer. But I fell in love with David the first time I heard him play, and so I married him. Benny then fired David, so I quit, too. Benny and I made up, although David didn't play with him anymore. Benny stuck to his rule. I think that's not too bad a rule, but you can't help falling in love with somebody."

When Lee and Barbour left the band, the idea was that he would work in the studios and she would keep house and raise their daughter, Nicki. But she drifted back to songwriting and occasional recording sessions for the fledgling Capitol Records in 1947, for whom she produced a long string of hits, many of them with lyrics and music by Lee and Barbour, including "I Don't Know Enough About You" and "It's a Good Day" (1948). With the release of the US #1-selling record of 1948, "Mañana", her "retirement" was over.

In 1948 Lee joined Perry Como and Jo Stafford as a rotating host of the NBC Radio musical program Chesterfield Supper Club.^[3]^[4] She was also a regular on NBC's Jimmy Durante Show.

She left Capitol for a few years in the early 1950s, but returned in 1953. She is most famous for her cover version of the Little Willie John hit "Fever" written by Eddie Cooley and John Davenport,^[5] to which she added her own, uncopyrighted lyrics ("Romeo loved Juliet," "Captain Smith and Pocahontas") and her rendition of Leiber and Stoller's "Is That All There Is?". Her relationship with the Capitol label spanned almost three decades, aside from her brief but artistically rich detour (1952–1956) at Decca Records, where in 1956 she recorded one of her most acclaimed albums, Black Coffee. While recording for Decca, Lee had hit singles with the songs Lover and Mister Wonderful.

Lee is today internationally recognized for her signature song "Fever". She had a string of successful albums and top 10 hits in three consecutive decades. She is regarded as one of the most influential jazz vocalists of all time, being cited as a mentor to diverse artists such as Judy Garland, Frank Sinatra, Paul McCartney, Bette Midler, Madonna, and Dusty Springfield. Lee was also an accomplished actress.

In her 60-year-long career, Peggy was the recipient of three Grammy Awards (including the Lifetime Achievement Award), an Academy Award nomination, The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) Award, the President's Award, the Ella Award for Lifetime Achievement, and the Living Legacy Award^[6] from the Women's International Center. In 1999 Lee was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.^[7]

Songwriting [link]

Lee was a successful songwriter, with songs from the Disney movie Lady and the Tramp, for which she also supplied the singing and speaking voices of four characters.^[8] Her collaborators included Laurindo Almeida, Harold Arlen, Sonny Burke, Cy Coleman, Duke Ellington, Dave Grusin, Quincy Jones, Francis Lai, Jack Marshall, Johnny Mandel, Marian McPartland, Willard Robison, Lalo Schifrin and Victor Young.

She wrote the lyrics for:

"I Don't Know Enough About You"
"It's A Good Day", composed by Dave Barbour
"I'm Gonna Go Fishin'", composed with Duke Ellington
"The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter"
"Mañana (Is Soon Enough for Me)"
"Bless You (For The Good That's In You)", composed with Mel Tormé
"What More Can a Woman Do?"
"Don't Be Mean to Baby"
"New York City Ghost", composed with Victor Young
"You Was Right, Baby"
"Just an Old Love of Mine"
"Everything's Movin' Too Fast"
"The Shining Sea"

"He's A Tramp"
"The Siamese Cat Song"
"There Will Be Another Spring"
"Johnny Guitar", composed with Victor Young
"Sans Souci", composed with Sonny Burke
"So What's New?"
"Don't Smoke in Bed"
"I Love Being Here With You"
"Happy With the Blues" with Harold Arlen
"Where Can I Go Without You?"
"Things Are Swingin'"
"Then Was Then" with Cy Coleman

Her first published song was in 1941, "Little Fool". "What More Can a Woman Do?" was recorded by Sarah Vaughan with Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker. "Mañana (Is Soon Enough for Me)" was no.1 for 9 weeks on the Billboard singles chart in 1948, from the week of March 13 to May 8.

Lee was a mainstay of Capitol Records when rock'n'roll came onto the American music scene. She was among the first of the "old guard" to recognize this new genre, as seen by her recording music from The Beatles, Randy Newman, Carole King, James Taylor and other up-and-coming songwriters. From 1957 until her final disc for the company in 1972, she produced a steady stream of two or three albums per year which usually included standards (often arranged quite different from the original), her own compositions, and material from young artists.

Acting career [link]

Lee starred and sang in the hit films The Jazz Singer, Disney's Lady and the Tramp, and Pete Kelly's Blues, for which she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress.^[9]

In 1952 Lee played opposite Danny Thomas in a remake of the early Al Jolson film, The Jazz Singer. In 1955 she played an alcoholic blues singer in Pete Kelly's Blues, for which she received an Academy Awards nomination.^[9] In 1955 Lee did the speaking and singing voices for several characters in Disney's Lady and the Tramp movie: she played the human "Darling" (in the first part of the movie), the dog "Peg", and the two Siamese cats "Si" and "Am".^[8] In 1957 Lee guest starred on the short-lived ABC variety program, The Guy Mitchell Show.

In the early 1990s she retained famed entertainment attorney Neil Papiano to sue Disney for royalties on Lady and the Tramp. Lee's lawsuit claimed that she was due royalties for video tapes, a technology that did not exist when she agreed to write and perform for Disney. Her lawsuit was successful.

Never afraid to fight for what she believed in, Lee passionately insisted that musicians be equitably compensated for their work. Although she realized litigation had taken a toll on her health, Lee often quoted Ralph Waldo Emerson on the topic: "God will not have his work be made manifest by cowards."

She also successfully sued MCA/Decca with the assistance of noted entertainment attorney Cy Godfrey.

Personal life [link]

Lee was married four times; each marriage ended in divorce:

Guitarist and composer Dave Barbour (1943–1951); daughter Nicki Lee Foster (born 1943)
Actor Brad Dexter (1953)
Actor Dewey Martin (1956–1958)
Bandleader and percussionist Jack Del Rio (1964–1965)

Retirement and death [link]

Peggy Lee's bench

Lee continued to perform into the 1990s, sometimes in a wheelchair.^[10]^[11] After years of poor health, Lee died of complications from diabetes and a heart attack at age 81. Her body was buried in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles' Westwood, Los Angeles, California neighborhood. On her marker in a garden setting is inscribed, "Music is my life's breath."

Legacy [link]

Academy Awards memorial omission [link]

She was not featured in the memorial tribute during the 2002 Academy Awards ceremony. When her family requested she be featured in the following year's ceremony, the Academy stated they did not honor requests and Lee was omitted because her contribution to film and her legacy were not deemed significant enough, although she had been nominated for a Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Pete Kelly's Blues. Her family pointed out that, although she had been omitted, R&B singer/actress Aaliyah, who died a few months earlier, was included though having been in only one moderately successful film, Romeo Must Die (Queen of the Damned had yet to be released). The Academy provided no comment on the oversight.

Awards [link]

Lee was nominated for 12 Grammy Awards, winning Best Contemporary Vocal Performance for her 1969 hit "Is That All There Is?" In 1995 she was given the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Lee is a recipient of North Dakota's Roughrider Award; the Pied Piper Award from The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP); the Presidents Award, from the Songwriters Guild of America; the Ella Award for Lifetime Achievement, from the Society of Singers; and the Living Legacy Award, from the Women's International Center. In 1999 she was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.

Carnegie Hall tribute [link]

In 2003, "There'll Be Another Spring: A Tribute to Miss Peggy Lee" was held at Carnegie Hall.^[12] Produced by recording artist Richard Barone, the sold-out event included performances by Cy Coleman, Debbie Harry, Nancy Sinatra, Rita Moreno, Marian McPartland, Chris Connor, Petula Clark, and others. In 2004 Barone brought the event to a sold-out Hollywood Bowl,^[13] and then to Chicago's Ravinia Festival, with expanded casts including Maureen McGovern, Jack Jones and Bea Arthur. The Carnegie Hall concert was broadcast on NPR's "Jazz Set".

In popular culture [link]

The Peggy Lee Rose is a light pink hybrid tea rose with a "touch of peach" that was introduced in 1983 and named in her honor.^[14]^[15] Lee considered peach to be her favorite color.^[16]
Peggy Lee was known as "Miss Peggy Lee" or "Miss Peggy," and was the inspiration for the Muppets' Miss Piggy, a stylish self-assured blonde with a sense of romance.

Bibliography [link]

Autobiography

Peggy Lee, Miss Peggy Lee: An Autobiography, 2002, Bloomsbury (UK), ISBN 0-7475-5907-4

Biography

Peter Richmond, Fever: The Life and Music of Miss Peggy Lee, 2006, Henry Holt and Company, ISBN 0-8050-7383-3
Robert Strom, Miss Peggy Lee: A Career Chronicle, 2005, McFarland Publishing, ISBN 0-7864-1936-9

Album liner notes

Will Friedwald, Album liner notes The Best of Peggy Lee, The Capitol Years

Discography [link]

Capitol Records [link]

1948 Rendezvous with Peggy Lee (set of 78s: 6 songs)
1952 Rendezvous with Peggy Lee (10-inch LP: 8 songs; 12-inch LP: 12 songs)

Decca Records [link]

1953 Black Coffee (10-inch version)
1954 Songs in an Intimate Style
1954 Selections from Irving Berlin's 'White Christmas' (w/ Bing Crosby and Danny Kaye)
1955 Songs from Pete Kelly's Blues (w/ Ella Fitzgerald)
1956 Black Coffee (12-inch version)

1957 Dream Street
1957 Songs from Walt Disney's "Lady and the Tramp"
1958 Sea Shells (recorded 1955)
1959 Miss Wonderful (recorded 1956)
1964 Lover (recorded 1952)
1964 The Fabulous Peggy Lee (recorded 1953–56)

1966 Big $pender
1967 Extra Special!
1967 Somethin' Groovy!
1968 2 Shows Nightly
1969 A Natural Woman
1969 Is That All There Is?
1970 Bridge Over Troubled Water
1970 Make It With You
1971 Where Did They Go
1972 Norma Deloris Egstrom from Jamestown, North Dakota

Post-Capitol albums [link]

1974 Let's Love
1975 Mirrors
1977 Live in London
1977 Peggy

1979 Close Enough for Love
1988 Miss Peggy Lee Sings the Blues
1990 The Peggy Lee Songbook: There'll Be Another Spring

1993 Love Held Lightly: Rare Songs by Harold Arlen (rec. 1988)
1993 Moments Like This

Chart singles [link]

Year	Title	Chart Positions ^[17]
Year	Title	US Pop	US AC
1941	"I Got It Bad and That Ain't Good"	25	—
	"Winter Weather" (w/ Art Lund)	24	—
	"Blues in the Night"	20	—
	"Somebody Else is Taking My Place"	1	—
	"My Little Cousin"	14	—
	"We'll Meet Again"	16	—
	"Full Moon"	22	—
	"The Way You Look Tonight"	21	—
1943	"Why Don't You Do Right"	4	—
1945	"Waitin' for the Train to Come in"	4	—
1946	"I'm Glad I Waited for You"	24	—
	"I Don't Know Enough About You"	7	—
	"Linger in My Arms a Little Longer, Baby"	16	—
	"It's All Over Now"	10	—
1947	"It's a Good Day"	16	—
	"Everything's Moving too Fast"	21	—
	"Chi-baba, Chi-baba (My Bambino, Go to Sleep)"	10	—
	"Golden Earrings"	2	—
1948	"Mañana (Is Soon Enough for Me)"	1	—
	"All Dressed up with a Broken Heart"	21	—
	"For Every Man, There's a Woman"	25	—
	"Laroo, Laroo, Lili Bolero"	13	—
	"Talking to Myself About You"	23	—
	"Don't Smoke in Bed"	22	—
	"Caramba! It's the Samba"	13	—
	"Baby, Don't Be Mad at Me"	21	—
	"Somebody Else is Taking My Place" (re-issue)	30	—
	"Bubble Loo, Bubble Loo"	23	—
1949	"Blum Blum, I Wonder Who I Am"	27	—
	"Similau (See-Me-Lo)"	17	—
	"Bali Ha'i"	13	—
	"Riders in the Sky (A Cowboy Legend)"	2	—
1950	"The Old Master Painter" (w/ Mel Torme)	9	—
1950	"Show Me the Way to Get out of This World"	28	—
1951	"(When I Dance with You) I Get Ideas"	14	—
1952	"Be Anything (But Be Mine)"	21	—
	"Lover"	3	—
	"Watermelon Weather" (w/ Bing Crosby)	28	—
	"Just One of Those Things"	14	—
	"River, River"	23	—
1953	"Who's Gonna Pay the Check"	22	—
1953	"Baubles, Bangles, & Beads"	30	—
1954	"Where can I go Without You"	28	—
1954	"Let Me Go, Lover"	26	—
1956	"Mr. Wonderful"	14	—
1956	"Joey, Joey, Joey"	76	—
1958	"Fever"	8	—
	"Light of Love"	63	—
	"Sweetheart"	98	—
1959	"Alright, Okay, You Win"	68	—
	"My Man"	81	—
	"Hallelujah, I Love Him So"	77	—
1963	"I'm a Woman"	54	—
1964	"In the Name of Love"	132	—
1965	"Pass Me By"	93	20
1965	"Free Spirits"	—	29
1966	"Big Spender"	—	9
	"That Man"	—	31
	"You've Got Possibilities"	—	36
	"So, What's New"	—	20
	"Walking Happy"	—	14
1967	"I Feel it"	—	8
1969	"Spinning Wheel"	—	24
	"Is That All There Is?"	11	1
	"Whistle for Happiness"	—	13
1970	"(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story"	105	26
	"You'll Remember Me"	—	16
	"One More Ride on the Merry-Go-Round"	—	21
1972	"Love Song"	—	34
1974	"Let's Love"	—	22

Film and television [link]

Film

The Powers Girl (1943)
Stage Door Canteen (1943)
Banquet of Melody (1946) (short subject)
Jasper in a Jam (1946) (short subject) (voice)
Midnight Serenade (1947) (short subject)
Peggy Lee and the Dave Barbour Quartet (1950) (short subject)
Mr. Music (1950)
The Jazz Singer (1952)
Lady and the Tramp (1955) (voice, songwriter)
Pete Kelly's Blues (1955)
Celebrity Art (1973) (short subject)

Television

Mystery guest on What's My Line? (February 28, 1960)
The World of Peggy Lee – documentary film produced for National Educational Television (October 16, 1969)

Music portal

References [link]

^ Peggy Lee profile at Current Biography
^ "Nättidningen RÖTTER - för dig som släktforskar! (Släkthistoriskt Forum)". Genealogi.se. http://www.genealogi.se/shf9731.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
^ Dunning, John, ed. (1998). On the air: the encyclopedia of old time radio. Oxford University Press USA. pp. 840. ISBN 0-19-507678-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=EwtRbXNca0oC&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=chesterfield+supper+club&source=bl&ots=H4zKbUA0Br&sig=chyBsPTHW5ciO5txTs69pFS9OLk&hl=en&ei=Rj8pTNnOIJWknQfwu9SLAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CC8Q6AEwCTgU#v=onepage&q=chesterfield%20supper%20club&f=false. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
^ Music—As Written. Billboard. June 19, 1948. http://books.google.com/books?id=dfUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=chesterfield+supper+club&hl=en&ei=4KacTdTzDM-tgQfSobCNBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAzha#v=onepage&q=chesterfield%20supper%20club&f=false. Retrieved April 6, 2011.
^ Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'N' Roll Years (1st ed.). London: Reed International Books Ltd. p. 56. CN 5585.
^ The Living Legacy Award of the Womens International Center
^ 14:00 - 16:30 (2008-08-15). "Radio 3 Jazz Profiles - Peggy Lee". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/jazz/profiles/peggy_lee.shtml. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
^ ^a ^b "Lady and the Tramp – 50th Anniversary Edition". PeggyLee.com. February 28, 2006. http://www.peggylee.com/new/0602_ladyandthetramp.html.
^ ^a ^b Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'N' Roll Years (1st ed.). London: Reed International Books Ltd. p. 18. CN 5585.
^ Holden, Stephen (August 7, 1992). "Sounds Around Town". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/07/news/sounds-around-town-615692.html.
^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0498007/bio Holden, Stephen, Sounds Around Town: Peggy Lee (August 7, 1992)] New York Times
^ David Torresen (content) and David Uy (design) (2003-06-23). "There'll Be Another Spring: A Tribute to Miss Peggy Lee". PeggyLee.com. http://www.peggylee.com/solos/carnegie.html. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
^ David Torresen (content) and David Uy (design). "There'll Be Another Spring: A Tribute to Miss Peggy Lee". PeggyLee.com. http://www.peggylee.com/solos/july2004.html. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
^ Peggy Lee Rose
^ United States Patent No: PP 5,467; dated May 14, 1985.
^ St. Johns, Elaine (May 1987). "A Presence in My Life: Recollections by Peggy Lee". Science of Mind Magazine. http://www.peggylee.com/library/870500.html. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
^ Peggy Lee chart hits – Peggy Lee.com

External links [link]

	Book: Peggy Lee
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

v t e Peggy Lee

Albums	Selections from Irving Berlin's 'White Christmas' Songs from Pete Kelly's Blues Black Coffee Dream Street Sea Shells Miss Wonderful The Man I Love Jump for Joy Things Are Swingin' I Like Men! Beauty and the Beat! Latin ala Lee! All Aglow Again! Pretty Eyes Christmas Carousel Olé ala Lee Basin Street East Proudly Presents Miss Peggy Lee If You Go Blues Cross Country Sugar 'n' Spice Mink Jazz I'm a Woman In Love Again! Pass Me By Then Was Then – Now Is Now! Guitars a là Lee Big $pender Extra Special! Somethin' Groovy! 2 Shows Nightly A Natural Woman Make It with You Where Did They Go Norma Deloris Egstrom from Jamestown, North Dakota Let's Love Mirrors Live in London Peggy Close Enough for Love Miss Peggy Lee Sings the Blues The Peggy Lee Songbook: There'll Be Another Spring Love Held Lightly: Rare Songs by Harold Arlen Moments Like This The Best of Peggy Lee: The Capitol Years

Singles	"I Got It Bad (and That Ain't Good)" "Blues in the Night" "We'll Meet Again" "The Way You Look Tonight" "Why Don't You Do Right?" "It's a Good Day" "Mañana (Is Soon Enough for Me)" "Bali Ha'i" "Riders in the Sky (A Cowboy Legend)" "Lover" "Just One of Those Things" "Baubles, Bangles, & Beads" "Let Me Go, Lover" "Fever" "Hallelujah, I Love Him So" "I'm a Woman" "Big Spender" "Spinning Wheel" "Is That All There Is?" "(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story"

Songs	"Black Coffee" "The Folks Who Live On the Hill" "Kansas City" "I Love Being Here with You"

Radio	The Chesterfield Supper Club

Television	The Guy Mitchell Show What's My Line?

Films	Stage Door Canteen Jasper in a Jam The Jazz Singer Lady and the Tramp Pete Kelly's Blues

Related acts	Benny Goodman Dave Barbour Brad Dexter Dewey Martin Jo Stafford Patti Page Rosemary Clooney

Book:Peggy Lee

v t e The Chesterfield Supper Club

Cast	Perry Como Jo Stafford Peggy Lee The Fontane Sisters

Bands	Ted Steele (Perry Como: New York 1944) Lloyd Shaffer (Perry Como: New York 1945 – 1948) Mitchell Ayres (Perry Como: New York 1948 – 1950) Paul Weston (Jo Stafford: Los Angeles 1947 –) Dave Barbour (Peggy Lee: Los Angeles 1948 –)

Announcers	Martin Block Mel Allen Ben Grauer

Albums	At the Supper Club-Perry Como (2010) At the Supper Club Part II-Perry Como (2011) At the Supper Club Part III-Perry Como (2011) At the Supper Club-Jo Stafford (2010) At the Supper Club Part II-Jo Stafford (2011) At the Supper Club Part III-Jo Stafford (2011)

Persondata
Name	Lee, Peggy
Alternative names	Egstrom, Norma Deloris
Short description	Singer, actress
Date of birth	May 26, 1920
Place of birth	Jamestown, North Dakota
Date of death	January 21, 2002
Place of death	Bel-Air, Los Angeles, California

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For other uses, see Elvis Presley (disambiguation).

"Elvis" redirects here. For other people with this name, see Elvis (given name).

Elvis Presley
Publicity photo for Jailhouse Rock (1957)
Background information
Birth name	Elvis Aaron Presley
Born	(1935-01-08)January 8, 1935 Tupelo, Mississippi, U.S.
Died	August 16, 1977(1977-08-16) (aged 42) Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.
Genres	Rock and roll, pop, rockabilly, country, blues, gospel, R&B
Occupations	Musician, actor
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, piano
Years active	1953–77
Labels	Sun, RCA Victor
Associated acts	The Blue Moon Boys, The Jordanaires, The Imperials
Website	elvis.com

Elvis Aaron Presley^a (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977) was one of the most popular American singers of the 20th century. A cultural icon, he is widely known by the single name Elvis. He is often referred to as the "King of Rock and Roll" or simply "the King".

Born in Tupelo, Mississippi, Presley moved to Memphis, Tennessee, with his family at the age of 13. He began his career there in 1954, working with Sun Records owner Sam Phillips, who wanted to bring the sound of African American music to a wider audience. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was the most important popularizer of rockabilly, an uptempo, backbeat-driven fusion of country and rhythm and blues. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, who would manage the singer for over two decades. Presley's first RCA single, "Heartbreak Hotel", released in January 1956, was a number one hit. He became the leading figure of the newly popular sound of rock and roll with a series of network television appearances and chart-topping records. His energized interpretations of songs, many from African American sources, and his uninhibited performance style made him enormously popular—and controversial. In November 1956, he made his film debut in Love Me Tender.

Conscripted into military service in 1958, Presley relaunched his recording career two years later with some of his most commercially successful work. He staged few concerts however, and guided by Parker, proceeded to devote much of the 1960s to making Hollywood movies and soundtrack albums, most of them critically derided. In 1968, after seven years away from the stage, he returned to live performance in a celebrated comeback television special that led to an extended Las Vegas concert residency and a string of profitable tours. In 1973 Presley staged the first concert broadcast globally via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii, seen by approximately 1.5 billion viewers. Prescription drug abuse severely compromised his health, and he died suddenly in 1977 at the age of 42.

Presley is regarded as one of the most important figures of 20th-century popular culture. He had a versatile voice and unusually wide success encompassing many genres, including country, pop ballads, gospel, and blues. He is the best-selling solo artist in the history of popular music.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Nominated for 14 competitive Grammys, he won three, and received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36. He has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame.

1 Life and career
2 Musical style
3 Questions over cause of death
4 Racial issues
5 Influence of Colonel Parker and others
- 5.1 Parker and the Aberbachs
- 5.2 Memphis Mafia
6 Sex symbol
7 Legacy
8 Discography
- 8.1 Number one albums
- 8.2 Number one singles
9 Filmography
10 See also
11 Notes
12 Citations
13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links

Life and career [link]

Early years (1935–53)[link]

Childhood in Tupelo [link]

Present-day photograph of a whitewashed house, about 15 feet wide. Four bannistered steps in the foreground lead up to a roofed porch that holds a swing wide enough for two. The front of the house has a door and a single paned window. The visible side of the house, about 30 feet long, has two paned windows.

Presley's birthplace in Tupelo, Mississippi

Elvis Presley was born on January 8, 1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to 18-year-old Vernon Elvis and 22-year-old Gladys Love Presley.^[5] In the two-room shotgun house built by his father in readiness for the birth, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered 35 minutes before him, stillborn. As an only child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an unusually tight bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God church where he found his initial musical inspiration.^[6]

Presley's ancestry was primarily a Western European mix: On his mother's side, he was Scots-Irish, with some French Norman; one of Gladys's great-great-grandmothers was Cherokee.^[7]^b His father's forebears were of Scottish^[8] or German^[9] origin. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family. Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evidencing little ambition.^[10]^[11] The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of altering a check written by the landowner. He was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives.^[12]

In September 1941, Presley entered first grade at East Tupelo Consolidated, where his instructors regarded him as "average".^[13] He was encouraged to enter a singing contest after impressing his schoolteacher with a rendition of Red Foley's country song "Old Shep" during morning prayers. The contest, held at the Mississippi-Alabama Fair and Dairy Show on October 3, 1945, saw his first public performance: dressed as a cowboy, the ten-year-old Presley stood on a chair to reach the microphone and sang "Old Shep". He recalled placing fifth.^[14] A few months later, Presley received his first guitar for his birthday; he had hoped for something else—by different accounts, either a bicycle or a rifle.^[15]^[16] Over the following year, he received basic guitar lessons from two of his uncles and the new pastor at the family's church. Presley recalled, "I took the guitar, and I watched people, and I learned to play a little bit. But I would never sing in public. I was very shy about it."^[17]

Entering a new school, Milam, for sixth grade in September 1946, Presley was regarded as a loner. The following year, he began bringing his guitar in on a daily basis. He played and sang during lunchtime, and was often teased as a "trashy" kid who played hillbilly music. The family was by then living in a largely African American neighborhood.^[18] A devotee of Mississippi Slim's show on the Tupelo radio station WELO, Presley was described as "crazy about music" by Slim's younger brother, a classmate of Presley's, who often took him in to the station. Slim supplemented Presley's guitar tuition by demonstrating chord techniques.^[19] When his protégé was 12 years old, Slim scheduled him for two on-air performances. Presley was overcome by stage fright the first time, but succeeded in performing the following week.^[20]

Teenage life in Memphis [link]

In November 1948, the family moved to Memphis, Tennessee. After residing for nearly a year in rooming houses, they were granted a two-bedroom apartment in the public housing complex known as the Courts.^[21] Enrolled at Humes High School, Presley received only a C in music in eighth grade. When his music teacher told him he had no aptitude for singing, he brought in his guitar the next day and sang a recent hit, "Keep Them Cold Icy Fingers Off Me", in an effort to prove otherwise. A classmate later recalled that the teacher "agreed that Elvis was right when he said that she didn't appreciate his kind of singing."^[22] He was generally too shy to perform openly, and was occasionally bullied by classmates who viewed him as a "mama's boy".^[23] In 1950, he began practicing guitar regularly under the tutelage of Jesse Lee Denson, a neighbor two-and-a-half years his senior. They and three other boys—including two future rockabilly pioneers, brothers Dorsey and Johnny Burnette—formed a loose musical collective that played frequently around the Courts.^[24] That September, he began ushering at Loew's State Theater.^[25] Other jobs followed during his school years: Precision Tool, Loew's again, and MARL Metal Products.^[26]

During his junior year, Presley began to stand out more among his classmates, largely because of his appearance: he grew out his sideburns and styled his hair with rose oil and Vaseline. On his own time, he would head down to Beale Street, the heart of Memphis's thriving blues scene, and gaze longingly at the wild, flashy clothes in the windows of Lansky Brothers. By his senior year, he was wearing them.^[27] Overcoming his reticence about performing outside the Courts, he competed in Humes's Annual "Minstrel" show in April 1953. Singing and playing guitar, he opened with "Till I Waltz Again with You", a recent hit for Teresa Brewer. Presley recalled that the performance did much for his reputation: "I wasn't popular in school ... I failed music—only thing I ever failed. And then they entered me in this talent show ... when I came onstage I heard people kind of rumbling and whispering and so forth, 'cause nobody knew I even sang. It was amazing how popular I became after that."^[28]

Presley, who never received formal music training or learned to read music, studied and played by ear. He frequented record stores with jukeboxes and listening booths. He knew all of Hank Snow's songs^[29] and he loved records by other country singers such as Roy Acuff, Ernest Tubb, Ted Daffan, Jimmie Rodgers, Jimmie Davis, and Bob Wills.^[30] The Southern Gospel singer Jake Hess, one of his favorite performers, was a significant influence on his ballad-singing style.^[31]^[32] He was a regular audience member at the monthly All-Night Singings downtown, where many of the white gospel groups that performed reflected the influence of African American spiritual music.^[33] He adored the music of black gospel singer Sister Rosetta Tharpe.^[30] Like some of his peers, he may have attended blues venues—of necessity, in the segregated South, only on nights designated for exclusively white audiences.^[34] He certainly listened to the regional radio stations that played "race records": spirituals, blues, and the modern, backbeat-heavy sound of rhythm and blues.^[35] Many of his future recordings were inspired by local African American musicians such as Arthur Crudup and Rufus Thomas.^[36]^[37] B.B. King recalled that he knew Presley before he was popular when they both used to frequent Beale Street.^[38] By the time he graduated high school in June 1953, Presley had already singled out music as his future.^[39]^[40]

First recordings (1953–55)[link]

Presley in a Sun Records promotional photograph, 1954

Sam Phillips and Sun Records [link]

In August 1953, Presley walked into the offices of Sun Records. He aimed to pay for a few minutes of studio time to record a two-sided acetate disc: "My Happiness" and "That's When Your Heartaches Begin". He would later claim he intended the record as a gift for his mother, or was merely interested in what he "sounded like", though there was a much cheaper, amateur record-making service at a nearby general store. Biographer Peter Guralnick argues that he chose Sun in the hope of being discovered. Asked by receptionist Marion Keisker what kind of singer he was, Presley responded, "I sing all kinds." When she pressed him on whom he sounded like, he repeatedly answered, "I don't sound like nobody." After he recorded, Sun boss Sam Phillips asked Keisker to note down the young man's name, which she did along with her own commentary: "Good ballad singer. Hold."^[41] Presley cut a second acetate in January 1954—"I'll Never Stand In Your Way" and "It Wouldn't Be the Same Without You"—but again nothing came of it.^[42]

Not long after, he failed an audition for a local vocal quartet, the Songfellows. He explained to his father, "They told me I couldn't sing."^[43] Songfellow Jim Hamill later claimed that he was turned down because he did not demonstrate an ear for harmony at the time.^[44] In April, Presley began working for the Crown Electric company as a truck driver.^[45] His friend Ronnie Smith, after playing a few local gigs with him, suggested he contact Eddie Bond, leader of Smith's professional band, which had an opening for a vocalist. Bond rejected him after a tryout, advising Presley to stick to truck driving "because you're never going to make it as a singer."^[46]

Phillips, meanwhile, was always on the lookout for someone who could bring the sound of the black musicians on whom Sun focused to a broader audience. As Keisker reported, "Over and over I remember Sam saying, 'If I could find a white man who had the Negro sound and the Negro feel, I could make a billion dollars.'"^[47] In June, he acquired a demo recording of a ballad, "Without You", that he thought might suit the teenaged singer. Presley came by the studio, but was unable to do it justice. Despite this, Phillips asked Presley to sing as many numbers as he knew. He was sufficiently affected by what he heard to invite two local musicians, guitarist Winfield "Scotty" Moore and upright bass player Bill Black, to work something up with Presley for a recording session.^[48]

	"That's All Right" noicon Presley transformed not only the sound but the emotion of the song, turning what had been written as a "lament for a lost love into a satisfied declaration of independence."^[49]
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The session, held the evening of July 5, proved entirely unfruitful until late in the night. As they were about to give up and go home, Presley took his guitar and launched into a 1946 blues number, Arthur Crudup's "That's All Right". Moore recalled, "All of a sudden, Elvis just started singing this song, jumping around and acting the fool, and then Bill picked up his bass, and he started acting the fool, too, and I started playing with them. Sam, I think, had the door to the control booth open ... he stuck his head out and said, 'What are you doing?' And we said, 'We don't know.' 'Well, back up,' he said, 'try to find a place to start, and do it again.'" Phillips quickly began taping; this was the sound he had been looking for.^[50] Three days later, popular Memphis DJ Dewey Phillips played "That's All Right" on his Red, Hot, and Blue show.^[51] Listeners began phoning in, eager to find out who the singer was. The interest was such that Phillips played the record repeatedly during the last two hours of his show. Interviewing Presley on-air, Phillips asked him what high school he attended in order to clarify his color for the many callers who had assumed he was black.^[52] During the next few days the trio recorded a bluegrass number, Bill Monroe's "Blue Moon of Kentucky", again in a distinctive style and employing a jury-rigged echo effect that Sam Phillips dubbed "slapback". A single was pressed with "That's All Right" on the A side and "Blue Moon of Kentucky" on the reverse.^[53]

Early live performances and signing to RCA [link]

The trio played publicly for the first time on July 17 at the Bon Air club—Presley still sporting his child-size guitar.^[54] At the end of the month, they appeared at the Overton Park Shell, with Slim Whitman headlining. A combination of his strong response to rhythm and nervousness at playing before a large crowd led Presley to shake his legs as he performed: his wide-cut pants emphasized his movements, causing young women in the audience to start screaming.^[55] Moore recalled, "During the instrumental parts he would back off from the mike and be playing and shaking, and the crowd would just go wild".^[56] Black, a natural showman, whooped and rode his bass, hitting double licks that Presley would later remember as "really a wild sound, like a jungle drum or something".^[56] Soon after, Moore and Black quit their old band to play with Presley regularly, and DJ and promoter Bob Neal became the trio's manager. From August through October, they played frequently at the Eagle's Nest club and returned to Sun Studio for more recording sessions,^[57] and Presley quickly grew more confident on stage. According to Moore, "His movement was a natural thing, but he was also very conscious of what got a reaction. He'd do something one time and then he would expand on it real quick."^[58] Presley made what would be his only appearance on Nashville's Grand Ole Opry on October 2; after a polite audience response, Opry manager Jim Denny told Phillips that his singer was "not bad" but did not suit the program.^[59] Two weeks later, Presley was booked on Louisiana Hayride, the Opry's chief, and more adventurous, rival. The Shreveport-based show was broadcast to 198 radio stations in 28 states. Presley had another attack of nerves during the first set, which drew a muted reaction. A more composed and energetic second set inspired an enthusiastic response.^[60] House drummer D.J. Fontana brought a new element, complementing Presley's movements with accented beats that he had mastered playing in strip clubs.^[61] Soon after the show, the Hayride engaged Presley for a year's worth of Saturday-night appearances. Trading in his old guitar for $8 (and seeing it promptly dispatched to the garbage), he purchased a Martin instrument for $175, and his trio began playing in new locales including Houston, Texas, and Texarkana, Arkansas.^[62]

By early 1955, Presley's regular Hayride appearances, constant touring, and well-received record releases had made him a substantial regional star, from Tennessee to West Texas. In January, Neal signed a formal management contract with Presley and brought the singer to the attention of Colonel Tom Parker, whom he considered the best promoter in the music business. Parker—Dutch-born, though he claimed to be from West Virginia—had acquired an honorary colonel's commission from country singer turned Louisiana governor Jimmie Davis. Having successfully managed top country star Eddy Arnold, he was now working with the new number one country singer, Hank Snow. Parker booked Presley on Snow's February tour.^[63]^[64] When the tour reached Odessa, Texas, a 19-year-old Roy Orbison saw Presley for the first time: "His energy was incredible, his instinct was just amazing. ... I just didn't know what to make of it. There was just no reference point in the culture to compare it."^[29] Presley made his television debut on March 3 on the KSLA-TV broadcast of Louisiana Hayride. Soon after, he failed an audition for Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts on the CBS television network. By August, Sun had released ten sides credited to "Elvis Presley, Scotty and Bill"; on the latest recordings, the trio were joined by a drummer. Some of the songs, like "That's All Right", were in what one Memphis journalist described as the "R&B idiom of negro field jazz"; others, like "Blue Moon of Kentucky", were "more in the country field", "but there was a curious blending of the two different musics in both".^[65] This blend of styles made it difficult for Presley's music to find radio airplay. According to Neal, many country music disc jockeys would not play it because he sounded too much like a black artist and none of the rhythm and blues stations would touch him because "he sounded too much like a hillbilly."^[66] The blend came to be known as rockabilly. At the time, Presley was variously billed as "The King of Western Bop", "The Hillbilly Cat", and "The Memphis Flash".^[67]

Presley renewed Neal's management contract in August 1955, simultaneously appointing Parker as his special adviser.^[68] The group maintained an extensive touring schedule throughout the second half of the year.^[69] Neal recalled, "It was almost frightening, the reaction that came to Elvis from the teenaged boys. So many of them, through some sort of jealousy, would practically hate him. There were occasions in some towns in Texas when we'd have to be sure to have a police guard because somebody'd always try to take a crack at him. They'd get a gang and try to waylay him or something."^[70] The trio became a quartet when Hayride drummer Fontana joined as a full member. In mid-October, they played a few shows in support of Bill Haley, whose "Rock Around the Clock" had been a number one hit the previous year. Haley observed that Presley had a natural feel for rhythm, and advised him to sing fewer ballads.^[71]

At the Country Disc Jockey Convention in early November, Presley was voted the year's most promising male artist.^[72] Several record companies had by now shown interest in signing him. After three major labels made offers of up to $25,000, Parker and Phillips struck a deal with RCA Victor on November 21 to acquire Presley's Sun contract for an unprecedented $40,000.^[73]^c Presley, at 20, was still a minor, so his father signed the contract.^[74] Parker arranged with the owners of Hill and Range Publishing, Jean and Julian Aberbach, to create two entities, Elvis Presley Music and Gladys Music, to handle all of the new material recorded by Presley. Songwriters were obliged to forego one third of their customary royalties in exchange for having him perform their compositions.^[75]^d By December, RCA had begun to heavily promote its new singer, and before month's end had reissued many of his Sun recordings.^[76]

Commercial breakout and controversy (1956–58)[link]

First national TV appearances and debut album [link]

File:Elvispresleydebutalbum.jpeg

The "iconic cover" of Presley's 1956 debut album^[77] featuring a photo taken July 31, 1955, in Tampa, Florida^[78]

On January 10, 1956, Presley made his first recordings for RCA in Nashville.^[79] Extending the singer's by now customary backup of Moore, Black, and Fontana, RCA enlisted pianist Floyd Cramer, guitarist Chet Atkins, and three background singers, including Gordon Stoker of the popular Jordanaires quartet, to fill out the sound.^[80] The session produced the moody, unusual "Heartbreak Hotel", released as a single on January 27.^[79] Parker finally brought Presley to national television, booking him on CBS's Stage Show for six appearances over two months. The program, produced in New York, was hosted on alternate weeks by big band leaders and brothers Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey. After his first appearance, on January 28, Presley stayed in town to record at RCA's New York studio. The sessions yielded eight songs, including a cover of Carl Perkins' rockabilly anthem "Blue Suede Shoes". In February, Presley's "I Forgot to Remember to Forget", a Sun recording initially released the previous August, reached the top of the Billboard country chart.^[81] Neal's contract was terminated and, on March 2, Parker became Presley's manager.^[82]

	"Blue Suede Shoes" noicon Presley exhorts guitarist Scotty Moore during his break. "Let's go, cat!" was in the Perkins original. "Aw, walk the dog!" is all Elvis.
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RCA Victor released Presley's self-titled debut album on March 23. Joined by five previously unreleased Sun recordings, its seven recently recorded tracks were of a broad variety. There were two country songs and a bouncy pop tune. The others would centrally define the evolving sound of rock and roll: "Blue Suede Shoes"—"an improvement over Perkins' in almost every way", according to critic Robert Hilburn—and three R&B numbers that had been part of Presley's stage repertoire for some time, covers of Little Richard, Ray Charles, and The Drifters. As described by Hilburn, these "were the most revealing of all. Unlike many white artists ... who watered down the gritty edges of the original R&B versions of songs in the '50s, Presley reshaped them. He not only injected the tunes with his own vocal character but also made guitar, not piano, the lead instrument in all three cases."^[83] It became the first rock and roll album to top the Billboard chart, a position it held for 10 weeks.^[79] While Presley was not an innovative instrumentalist like Moore or contemporary African American rockers Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry, cultural historian Gilbert B. Rodman argues that the album's cover image, "of Elvis having the time of his life on stage with a guitar in his hands played a crucial role in positioning the guitar...as the instrument that best captured the style and spirit of this new music."^[84]

[edit] Milton Berle Show and "Hound Dog"

Presley made the first of two appearances on NBC's Milton Berle Show on April 3. His performance, on the deck of the USS Hancock in San Diego, prompted cheers and screams from an audience of sailors and their dates.^[85] A few days later, a flight taking Presley and his band to Nashville for a recording session left all three badly shaken when an engine died and the plane almost went down over Arkansas.^[86] Twelve weeks after its original release, "Heartbreak Hotel" became Presley's first number one pop hit. In late April, Presley began a two-week residency at the New Frontier Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. The shows were poorly received by the conservative, middle-aged hotel guests—"like a jug of corn liquor at a champagne party", wrote a critic for Newsweek.^[87] Amid his Vegas tenure, Presley, who had serious acting ambitions, signed a seven-year contract with Paramount Pictures.^[88] He began a tour of the Midwest in mid-May, taking in 15 cities in as many days.^[89] He had attended several shows by Freddie Bell and the Bellboys in Vegas, and was struck by their cover of "Hound Dog", a hit in 1953 for blues singer Big Mama Thornton by songwriters Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It became the new closing number of his act.^[90] After a show in La Crosse, Wisconsin, an urgent message on the letterhead of the local Catholic diocese's newspaper was sent to FBI director J. Edgar Hoover. It warned that "Presley is a definite danger to the security of the United States. ... [His] actions and motions were such as to rouse the sexual passions of teenaged youth. ... After the show, more than 1,000 teenagers tried to gang into Presley's room at the auditorium. ... Indications of the harm Presley did just in La Crosse were the two high school girls ... whose abdomen and thigh had Presley's autograph."^[91]

The second Milton Berle Show appearance came on June 5 at NBC's Hollywood studio, amid another hectic tour. Berle persuaded the singer to leave his guitar backstage, advising, "Let 'em see you, son."^[92] During the performance, Presley abruptly halted an uptempo rendition of "Hound Dog" with a wave of his arm and launched into a slow, grinding version accentuated with energetic, exaggerated body movements.^[92] Presley's gyrations created a storm of controversy.^[93] Television critics were outraged: Jack Gould of The New York Times wrote, "Mr. Presley has no discernible singing ability. ... His phrasing, if it can be called that, consists of the stereotyped variations that go with a beginner's aria in a bathtub. ... His one specialty is an accented movement of the body ... primarily identified with the repertoire of the blond bombshells of the burlesque runway."^[94] Ben Gross of the New York Daily News opined that popular music "has reached its lowest depths in the 'grunt and groin' antics of one Elvis Presley. ... Elvis, who rotates his pelvis ... gave an exhibition that was suggestive and vulgar, tinged with the kind of animalism that should be confined to dives and bordellos".^[95] Ed Sullivan, whose own variety show was the nation's most popular, declared him "unfit for family viewing".^[96] To Presley's displeasure, he soon found himself being referred to as "Elvis the Pelvis", which he called "one of the most childish expressions I ever heard, comin' from an adult."^[97]

[edit] Steve Allen Show and first Sullivan appearance

The Berle shows drew such high ratings that Presley was booked for a July 1 appearance on NBC's Steve Allen Show in New York. Allen, no fan of rock and roll, introduced a "new Elvis" in a white bow tie and black tails. Presley sang "Hound Dog" for less than a minute to a basset hound wearing a top hat and bow tie. As described by television historian Jake Austen, "Allen thought Presley was talentless and absurd... [he] set things up so that Presley would show his contrition".^[98] Allen, for his part, later wrote that he found Presley's "strange, gangly, country-boy charisma, his hard-to-define cuteness, and his charming eccentricity intriguing" and simply worked the singer into the customary "comedy fabric" of his program.^[99] Presley would refer back to the Allen show as the most ridiculous performance of his career.^[100] Later that night, he appeared on Hy Gardner Calling, a popular local TV show. Pressed on whether he had learned anything from the criticism to which he was being subjected, Presley responded, "No, I haven't, I don't feel like I'm doing anything wrong. ... I don't see how any type of music would have any bad influence on people when it's only music. ... I mean, how would rock 'n' roll music make anyone rebel against their parents?"^[95]

A black-and-white promotional shot of Ed Sullivan

The rivalry between variety show hosts Steve Allen and Ed Sullivan (pictured) helped catapult Presley to unprecedented fame.

The next day, Presley recorded "Hound Dog", along with "Any Way You Want Me" and "Don't Be Cruel". The Jordanaires sang harmony, as they had on The Steve Allen Show; they would work with Presley through the 1960s. A few days later, the singer made an outdoor concert appearance in Memphis at which he announced, "You know, those people in New York are not gonna change me none. I'm gonna show you what the real Elvis is like tonight."^[101] In August, a judge in Jacksonville, Florida, ordered Presley to tame his act. Throughout the following performance, he largely kept still, except for wiggling his little finger suggestively in mockery of the order.^[102] The single pairing "Don't Be Cruel" with "Hound Dog" ruled the top of the charts for 11 weeks—a mark that would not be surpassed for 36 years.^[103] Recording sessions for Presley's second album took place in Hollywood during the first week of September. Leiber and Stoller, the writers of "Hound Dog", contributed "Love Me".^[104]

Allen's show with Presley had, for the first time, beaten CBS's Ed Sullivan Show in the ratings. Sullivan, despite his June pronouncement, booked the singer for three appearances for an unprecedented $50,000.^[105] The first, on September 9, 1956, was seen by approximately 60 million viewers—a record 82.6 percent of the television audience.^[106] Actor Charles Laughton hosted the show, filling in while Sullivan recuperated from a car accident.^[96] Presley appeared in two segments that night from CBS Television City in Los Angeles. According to Elvis legend, Presley was shot only from the waist up. Watching clips of the Allen and Berle shows with his producer, Sullivan had opined that Presley "got some kind of device hanging down below the crotch of his pants–so when he moves his legs back and forth you can see the outline of his cock. ... I think it's a Coke bottle. ... We just can't have this on a Sunday night. This is a family show!"^[107] Sullivan publicly told TV Guide, "As for his gyrations, the whole thing can be controlled with camera shots."^[105] In fact, Presley was shown head-to-toe in the first and second shows. Though the camerawork was relatively discreet during his debut, with leg-concealing closeups when he danced, the studio audience reacted in customary style: screaming.^[108]^[109] Presley's performance of his forthcoming single, the ballad "Love Me Tender", prompted a record-shattering million advance orders.^[110] More than any other single event, it was this first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show that made Presley a national celebrity of barely precedented proportions.^[96]

Accompanying Presley's rise to fame, a cultural shift was taking place that he both helped inspire and came to symbolize. Igniting the "biggest pop craze since Glenn Miller and Frank Sinatra ... Presley brought rock'n'roll into the mainstream of popular culture", writes historian Marty Jezer. "As Presley set the artistic pace, other artists followed. ... Presley, more than anyone else, gave the young a belief in themselves as a distinct and somehow unified generation—the first in America ever to feel the power of an integrated youth culture."^[111]

Crazed crowds and movie debut [link]

	"We're gonna do a sad song..." noicon Presley's definition of rock and roll included a sense of humor—here, during his second Sullivan appearance, he introduces one of his signature numbers.
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The audience response at Presley's live shows became increasingly fevered. Moore recalled, "He'd start out, 'You ain't nothin' but a Hound Dog,' and they'd just go to pieces. They'd always react the same way. There'd be a riot every time."^[112] At the two concerts he performed in September at the Mississippi-Alabama Fair and Dairy Show, 50 National Guardsmen were added to the police security to prevent crowd trouble.^[113] Elvis, Presley's second album, was released in October and quickly rose to number one. Assessing the musical and cultural impact of Presley's recordings from "That's All Right" through Elvis, rock critic Dave Marsh wrote that "these records, more than any others, contain the seeds of what rock & roll was, has been and most likely what it may foreseeably become."^[114]

Presley returned to the Sullivan show at its main studio in New York, hosted this time by its namesake, on October 28. After the performance, crowds in Nashville and St. Louis burned him in effigy.^[96] His first motion picture, Love Me Tender, was released on November 21. Though he was not top billed, the film's original title—The Reno Brothers—was changed to capitalize on his latest number one record: "Love Me Tender" had hit the top of the charts earlier that month. To further take advantage of Presley's popularity, four musical numbers were added to what was originally a straight acting role. The movie was panned by the critics but did very well at the box office.^[88] Presley would receive top billing on every subsequent film he made.

On December 4, Presley dropped into Sun Records where Carl Perkins and Jerry Lee Lewis were recording and jammed with them. Though Phillips no longer had the right to release any Presley material, he made sure the session was captured on tape. The results became legendary as the "Million Dollar Quartet" recordings—Johnny Cash was long thought to have played as well, but he was present only briefly at Phillips' instigation for a photo opportunity.^[115] The year ended with a front-page story in The Wall Street Journal reporting that Presley merchandise had brought in $22 million on top of his record sales,^[116] and Billboard's declaration that he had placed more songs in the top 100 than any other artist since records were first charted.^[117] In his first full year on RCA, one of the music industry's largest companies, Presley had accounted for over 50 percent of the label's singles sales.^[110]

Leiber and Stoller collaboration and draft notice [link]

Presley made his third and final Ed Sullivan Show appearance on January 6, 1957—on this occasion indeed shot only down to the waist. Some commentators have claimed that Parker orchestrated an appearance of censorship to generate publicity.^[109]^[118] In any event, as critic Greil Marcus describes, Presley "did not tie himself down. Leaving behind the bland clothes he had worn on the first two shows, he stepped out in the outlandish costume of a pasha, if not a harem girl. From the make-up over his eyes, the hair falling in his face, the overwhelmingly sexual cast of his mouth, he was playing Rudolph Valentino in The Sheik, with all stops out."^[96] To close, displaying his range and defying Sullivan's wishes, Presley sang a gentle black spiritual, "Peace in the Valley". At the end of the show, Sullivan declared Presley "a real decent, fine boy".^[119] Two days later, the Memphis draft board announced that Presley would be classified 1A and would probably be drafted sometime that year.^[120]

Presley and costar Judy Tyler in the trailer for Jailhouse Rock, released October 17, 1957

Each of the three Presley singles released in the first half of 1957 went to number one: "Too Much", "All Shook Up", and "(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear". Already an international star, he was attracting fans even where his music was not officially released. Under the headline "Presley Records a Craze in Soviet", The New York Times reported that pressings of his music on discarded X-ray plates were commanding high prices in Leningrad.^[121] Between film shoots and recording sessions, the singer also found time to purchase an 18-room mansion eight miles (13 km) south of downtown Memphis for himself and his parents: Graceland.^[122] Loving You—the soundtrack to his second film, released in July—was Presley's third straight number one album. The title track was written by Leiber and Stoller, who were then retained to write four of the six songs recorded at the sessions for Jailhouse Rock, Presley's next movie. The songwriting team effectively produced the Jailhouse sessions and developed a close working relationship with Presley, who came to regard them as his "good-luck charm".^[123] The title track was yet another number one hit, as was the Jailhouse Rock EP.

Presley undertook three brief tours during the year, continuing to generate a crazed audience response.^[124] A Detroit newspaper suggested that "the trouble with going to see Elvis Presley is that you're liable to get killed."^[125] Villanova students pelted him with eggs in Philadelphia,^[125] and in Vancouver, the crowd rioted after the end of the show, destroying the stage.^[126] Frank Sinatra, who had famously inspired the swooning of teenaged girls in the 1940s, condemned the new musical phenomenon. In a magazine article, he decried rock and roll as "brutal, ugly, degenerate, vicious. ... It fosters almost totally negative and destructive reactions in young people. It smells phoney and false. It is sung, played and written, for the most part, by cretinous goons. ... This rancid-smelling aphrodisiac I deplore."^[127] Asked for a response, Presley said, "I admire the man. He has a right to say what he wants to say. He is a great success and a fine actor, but I think he shouldn't have said it. ... This is a trend, just the same as he faced when he started years ago."^[128]

Leiber and Stoller were again in the studio for the recording of Elvis' Christmas Album. Toward the end of the session, they wrote a song on the spot at Presley's request: "Santa Claus Is Back In Town", an innuendo-laden blues.^[129] The holiday release stretched Presley's string of number one albums to four and would eventually become the best selling Christmas album of all time.^[130]^[131] After the session, Moore and Black—drawing only modest weekly salaries, sharing in none of Presley's massive financial success—resigned. Though they were brought back on a per diem basis a few weeks later, it was clear that they had not been part of Presley's inner circle for some time.^[132] On December 20, Presley received his draft notice. He was granted a deferment to finish the forthcoming King Creole, in which $350,000 had already been invested by Paramount and producer Hal Wallis. A couple of weeks into the new year, "Don't", another Leiber and Stoller tune, became Presley's tenth number one seller. It had been only 21 months since "Heartbreak Hotel" had brought him to the top for the first time. Recording sessions for the King Creole soundtrack were held in Hollywood mid-January. Leiber and Stoller provided three songs and were again on hand, but it would be the last time they worked closely with Presley.^[133] A studio session on February 1 marked another ending: it was the final occasion on which Black was to perform with Presley. He died in 1965.

Military service and mother's death (1958–60)[link]

On March 24, Presley was inducted into the U.S. Army as a private at Fort Chaffee, near Fort Smith, Arkansas. His arrival was a major media event. Hundreds of people descended on Presley as he stepped from the bus; photographers then accompanied him into the base.^[134] Presley announced that he was looking forward to his military stint, saying he did not want to be treated any differently from anyone else: "The Army can do anything it wants with me."^[135]

Soon after Presley commenced basic training at Fort Hood, Texas, he received a visit from Eddie Fadal, a businessman he had met on tour. According to Fadal, Presley had become convinced his career was finished—"He firmly believed that."^[136] During a two-week leave in early June, Presley cut five sides in Nashville. In early August, his mother was diagnosed with hepatitis and her condition swiftly worsened. Presley, granted emergency leave to visit her, arrived in Memphis on August 12. Two days later, she died of heart failure, aged 46. Presley was devastated;^[137] their relationship had remained extremely close—even into his adulthood, they would use baby talk with each other and Presley would address her with pet names.^[138]

After training, Presley joined the 3rd Armored Division in Friedberg, Germany, on October 1.^[139] Introduced to amphetamines by a sergeant while on maneuvers, he became "practically evangelical about their benefits"—not only for energy, but for "strength" and weight loss, as well—and many of his friends in the outfit joined him in indulging.^[140] The Army also introduced Presley to karate, which he studied seriously, later including it in his live performances.^[141] Fellow soldiers have attested to Presley's wish to be seen as an able, ordinary soldier, despite his fame, and to his generosity. He donated his Army pay to charity, purchased TV sets for the base, and bought an extra set of fatigues for everyone in his outfit.^[142]

While in Friedberg, Presley met 14-year-old Priscilla Beaulieu. They would eventually marry after a seven-and-a-half-year courtship.^[143] In her autobiography, Priscilla says that despite his worries that it would ruin his career, Parker convinced Presley that to gain popular respect, he should serve his country as a regular soldier rather than in Special Services, where he would have been able to give some musical performances and remain in touch with the public.^[144] Media reports echoed Presley's concerns about his career, but RCA producer Steve Sholes and Freddy Bienstock of Hill and Range had carefully prepared for his two-year hiatus. Armed with a substantial amount of unreleased material, they kept up a regular stream of successful releases.^[145] Between his induction and discharge, Presley had ten top 40 hits, including "Wear My Ring Around Your Neck", the best-selling "Hard Headed Woman", and "One Night" in 1958, and "(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I" and the number one "A Big Hunk o' Love" in 1959.^[146] RCA also generated four albums compiling old material during this period, most successfully Elvis' Golden Records (1958), which hit number three on the LP chart.^[147]

Focus on movies (1960–67)[link]

[edit] Elvis Is Back

	"It's Now or Never" noicon Presley broke new stylistic ground and displayed his vocal range with this number one hit. The quasi-operatic ballad ends with Presley "soaring up to an incredible top G sharp."^[148]
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Presley returned to the United States on March 2, 1960, and was honorably discharged with the rank of sergeant on March 5.^[149] The train that carried him from New Jersey to Tennessee was mobbed all the way, and Presley was called upon to appear at scheduled stops to please his fans.^[150] On the night of March 20, he entered RCA's Nashville studio to cut tracks for a new album along with a single—"Stuck on You" was rushed into release and swiftly became a number one hit.^[151] Another Nashville session two weeks later yielded a pair of his best-selling singles, the ballads "It's Now or Never" and "Are You Lonesome Tonight?", along with the rest of Elvis Is Back! The album features several songs described by Greil Marcus as full of Chicago blues "menace, driven by Presley's own super-miked acoustic guitar, brilliant playing by Scotty Moore, and demonic sax work from Boots Randolph. Elvis's singing wasn't sexy, it was pornographic."^[152] As a whole, the record "conjured up the vision of a performer who could be all things", in the words of music historian John Robertson: "a flirtatious teenage idol with a heart of gold; a tempestuous, dangerous lover; a gutbucket blues singer; a sophisticated nightclub entertainer; [a] raucous rocker".^[153] Released only days after recording was complete, it reached number two on the album chart.

Presley returned to television on May 12 as a guest on The Frank Sinatra Timex Special—ironic for both stars, given Sinatra's not-so-distant excoriation of rock and roll. Also known as Welcome Home Elvis, the show had been taped in late March, the only time all year Presley performed in front of an audience. Parker secured an unheard-of $125,000 fee for eight minutes of singing. The broadcast drew an enormous viewership.^[154]

G.I. Blues, the soundtrack to Presley's first film since his return, was a number one album in October. His first LP of sacred material, His Hand in Mine, followed two months later. It reached number 13 on the U.S. pop chart and number 3 in Great Britain, remarkable figures for a gospel album. In February 1961, Presley performed two shows for a benefit event in Memphis, on behalf of 24 local charities. During a luncheon preceding the event, RCA presented him with a plaque certifying worldwide sales of over 75 million records.^[155] A 12-hour Nashville session in mid-March yielded nearly all of Presley's next studio album, Something for Everybody.^[156] As described by John Robertson, it exemplifies the Nashville sound, the restrained, cosmopolitan style that would define country music in the 1960s. Presaging much of what was to come from Presley himself over the next half-decade, the album is largely "a pleasant, unthreatening pastiche of the music that had once been Elvis's birthright."^[157] It would be his sixth number one LP. Another benefit concert, raising money for a Pearl Harbor memorial, was staged on March 25, in Hawaii. It was to be Presley's last public performance for seven years.^[158]

Lost in Hollywood [link]

Comeback (1968–73)[link]

[edit] Elvis: the '68 Comeback Special

Main article: Elvis (1968 TV program)

File:Elvis Presley 68 Comeback Special.jpg

The '68 Comeback Special produced "one of the most famous images" of Presley.^[171] Taken on June 29, 1968, it was adapted for the cover of Rolling Stone in July 1969.^[171]^[172]

Presley's only child, Lisa Marie, was born on February 1, 1968, during a period when he had grown deeply unhappy with his career.^[173] Of the eight Presley singles released between January 1967 and May 1968, only two charted in the top 40, and none higher than number 28.^[174] His forthcoming soundtrack album, Speedway, would die at number 82 on the Billboard chart. Parker had already shifted his plans to television, where Presley had not appeared since the Sinatra Timex show in 1960. He maneuvered a deal with NBC that committed the network to both finance a theatrical feature and broadcast a Christmas special.^[175]

Recorded in late June in Burbank, California, the special, called simply Elvis, aired on December 3, 1968. Later known as the '68 Comeback Special, the show featured lavishly staged studio productions as well as songs performed with a band in front of a small audience—Presley's first live performances since 1961. The live segments saw Presley clad in tight black leather, singing and playing guitar in an uninhibited style reminiscent of his early rock and roll days. Director and coproducer Steve Binder had worked hard to reassure the nervous singer and to produce a show that was far from the hour of Christmas songs Parker had originally planned.^[176] The show, NBC's highest rated that season, captured 42 percent of the total viewing audience.^[177] Jon Landau of Eye magazine remarked, "There is something magical about watching a man who has lost himself find his way back home. He sang with the kind of power people no longer expect of rock 'n' roll singers. He moved his body with a lack of pretension and effort that must have made Jim Morrison green with envy."^[178] Dave Marsh calls the performance one of "emotional grandeur and historical resonance."^[179]

By January 1969, the single "If I Can Dream", written for the special, reached number 12. The soundtrack album broke into the top ten. According to friend Jerry Schilling, the special reminded Presley of what "he had not been able to do for years, being able to choose the people; being able to choose what songs and not being told what had to be on the soundtrack. ... He was out of prison, man."^[177] Binder said of Presley's reaction, "I played Elvis the 60-minute show, and he told me in the screening room, 'Steve, it's the greatest thing I've ever done in my life. I give you my word I will never sing a song I don't believe in.'"^[177]

[edit] From Elvis In Memphis and the International

	"Power of My Love" noicon Beginning with his American Sound recordings, soul music became a central element in Presley's fusion of styles. Here, he revels in lyrics full of sexual innuendo.^[180]
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Buoyed by the experience of the Comeback Special, Presley engaged in a prolific series of recording sessions at American Sound Studio, which led to the acclaimed From Elvis in Memphis. Released in June 1969, it was his first secular, non-soundtrack album from a dedicated period in the studio in eight years. As described by Dave Marsh, it is "a masterpiece in which Presley immediately catches up with pop music trends that had seemed to pass him by during the movie years. He sings country songs, soul songs and rockers with real conviction, a stunning achievement."^[181] The album featured the hit single "In the Ghetto", issued in April, which reached number three on the pop chart—Presley's first non-gospel top ten hit since "Bossa Nova Baby" in 1963. Further hit singles were culled from the American Sound sessions: "Suspicious Minds", "Don't Cry Daddy", and "Kentucky Rain".

Presley was keen to resume regular live performing. Following the success of the Comeback Special, offers came in from around the world. The London Palladium offered Parker $28,000 for a one-week engagement. He responded, "That's fine for me, now how much can you get for Elvis?"^[182] In May, the brand new International Hotel in Las Vegas, boasting the largest showroom in the city, announced that it had booked Presley. He was scheduled to perform 57 shows over four weeks beginning July 31. Moore, Fontana, and the Jordanaires declined to participate, afraid of losing the lucrative session work they had in Nashville. Presley assembled new, top-notch accompaniment, led by guitarist James Burton and including two gospel groups, The Imperials and Sweet Inspirations.^[183] Nonetheless, he was nervous: his only previous Las Vegas engagement, in 1956, had been dismal. Parker, who intended to make Presley's return the show business event of the year, oversaw a major promotional push. For his part, hotel owner Kirk Kerkorian arranged to send his own plane to New York to fly in rock journalists for the debut performance.^[184]

Presley took to the stage without introduction. The audience of 2,200, including many celebrities, gave him a standing ovation before he sang a note and another after his performance. A third followed his encore, "Can't Help Falling in Love" (a song that would be his closing number for much of the 1970s).^[185] At a press conference after the show, when a journalist referred to him as "The King", Presley gestured toward Fats Domino, who was taking in the scene. "No," Presley said, "that's the real king of rock and roll."^[186] The next day, Parker's negotiations with the hotel resulted in a five-year contract for Presley to play each February and August, at an annual salary of $1 million.^[187] Newsweek commented, "There are several unbelievable things about Elvis, but the most incredible is his staying power in a world where meteoric careers fade like shooting stars."^[188] Rolling Stone called Presley "supernatural, his own resurrection."^[189] In November, Presley's final non-concert movie, Change of Habit, opened. The double album From Memphis To Vegas/From Vegas To Memphis came out the same month; the first LP consisted of live performances from the International, the second of more cuts from the American Sound sessions. "Suspicious Minds" reached the top of the charts—Presley's first U.S. pop number one in over seven years, and his last.

Cassandra Peterson, later television's Elvira, met Presley during this period in Las Vegas, where she was working as showgirl. She recalls of their encounter, "He was so anti-drug when I met him. I mentioned to him that I smoked marijuana, and he was just appalled. He said, 'Don't ever do that again.'"^[190] Presley was not only deeply opposed to recreational drugs, he also rarely drank. Several of his family members had been alcoholics, a fate he intended to avoid.^[191]

Back on tour and meeting Nixon [link]

Presley returned to the International early in 1970 for the first of the year's two month-long engagements, performing two shows a night. Recordings from these shows were issued on the album On Stage.^[192] In late February, Presley performed six attendance-record–breaking shows at the Houston Astrodome.^[193] In April, the single "The Wonder of You" was issued—a number one hit in Great Britain, it topped the U.S. adult contemporary chart, as well. MGM filmed rehearsal and concert footage at the International during August for the documentary Elvis: That's the Way It Is. Presley was by now performing in a jumpsuit, which would become a trademark of his live act. During this engagement, he was threatened with murder unless $50,000 was paid. Presley had been the target of many threats since the 1950s, often without his knowledge.^[194] The FBI took the threat seriously and security was stepped up for the next two shows. Presley went onstage with a Derringer in his right boot and a .45 pistol in his waistband, but the concerts went off without incident.^[195]^[196]

The album That's the Way It Is, produced to accompany the documentary and featuring both studio and live recordings, marked a stylistic shift. As music historian John Robertson notes, "The authority of Presley's singing helped disguise the fact that the album stepped decisively away from the American-roots inspiration of the Memphis sessions towards a more middle-of-the-road sound. With country put on the back burner, and soul and R&B left in Memphis, what was left was very classy, very clean white pop—perfect for the Las Vegas crowd, but a definite retrograde step for Elvis."^[197] After the end of his International engagement on September 7, Presley embarked on a week-long concert tour, largely of the South, his first since 1958. Another week-long tour, of the West Coast, followed in November.^[198]

A mutton-chopped Presley, wearing a long velour jacket and a giant buckle like that of a boxing championship belt, shakes hands with a balding man wearing a suit and tie. They are facing camera and smiling. Five flags hang from poles directly behind them.

Presley meets U.S. President Richard Nixon in the White House Oval Office, December 21, 1970

On December 21, 1970, Presley engineered a meeting with President Richard Nixon at the White House, where he expressed his patriotism and his contempt for the hippie drug culture. He asked Nixon for a Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs badge, to add to similar items he had begun collecting and to signify official sanction of his patriotic efforts. Nixon, who apparently found the encounter awkward, expressed a belief that Presley could send a positive message to young people and that it was therefore important he "retain his credibility". Presley told Nixon that The Beatles, whose songs he regularly performed in concert during the era,^[199] exemplified what he saw as a trend of anti-Americanism and drug abuse in popular culture.^[200] (Presley and his friends had had a four-hour get-together with The Beatles five years earlier.) On hearing reports of the meeting, Paul McCartney later said that he "felt a bit betrayed. ... The great joke was that we were taking [illegal] drugs, and look what happened to him", a reference to Presley's death, hastened by prescription drug abuse.^[201]

The U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce named Presley one of its annual Ten Most Outstanding Young Men of the Nation on January 16, 1971.^[202] Not long after, the City of Memphis named the stretch of Highway 51 South on which Graceland is located "Elvis Presley Boulevard". The same year, Presley became the first rock and roll singer to be awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award (then known as the Bing Crosby Award) by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, the Grammy Award organization.^[203] Three new, non-movie Presley studio albums were released in 1971, as many as had come out over the previous eight years. Best received by critics was Elvis Country, a concept record that focused on genre standards.^[204] The biggest seller was Elvis Sings the Wonderful World of Christmas, "the truest statement of all", according to Greil Marcus. "In the midst of ten painfully genteel Christmas songs, every one sung with appalling sincerity and humility, one could find Elvis tom-catting his way through six blazing minutes of 'Merry Christmas, Baby,' a raunchy old Charles Brown blues. ... If [Presley's] sin was his lifelessness, it was his sinfulness that brought him to life".^[205]

[edit] Marriage breakdown and Aloha from Hawaii

Health deterioration and death (1973–77)[link]

Medical crises and last studio sessions [link]

Presley's divorce took effect on October 9, 1973.^[220] He was now becoming increasingly unwell. Twice during the year he overdosed on barbiturates, spending three days in a coma in his hotel suite after the first incident. Toward the end of 1973, he was hospitalized, semicomatose from the effects of Demerol addiction. According to his main physician, Dr. George C. Nichopoulos, Presley "felt that by getting [drugs] from a doctor, he wasn't the common everyday junkie getting something off the street."^[221] Since his comeback, he had staged more live shows with each passing year, and 1973 saw 168 concerts, his busiest schedule ever.^[222] Despite his failing health, in 1974 he undertook another intensive touring schedule.^[223]

Presley's condition declined precipitously in September. Keyboardist Tony Brown remembers the singer's arrival at a University of Maryland concert: "He fell out of the limousine, to his knees. People jumped to help, and he pushed them away like, 'Don't help me.' He walked on stage and held onto the mike for the first thirty minutes like it was a post. Everybody's looking at each other like, Is the tour gonna happen?"^[224] Guitarist John Wilkinson recalled, "He was all gut. He was slurring. He was so fucked up. ... It was obvious he was drugged. It was obvious there was something terribly wrong with his body. It was so bad the words to the songs were barely intelligible. ... I remember crying. He could barely get through the introductions".^[225] Wilkinson recounted that a few nights later in Detroit, "I watched him in his dressing room, just draped over a chair, unable to move. So often I thought, 'Boss, why don't you just cancel this tour and take a year off...?' I mentioned something once in a guarded moment. He patted me on the back and said, 'It'll be all right. Don't you worry about it.'"^[225] Presley continued to play to sellout crowds. As cultural critic Marjorie Garber describes, he was now widely seen as a garish pop crooner: "in effect he had become Liberace. Even his fans were now middle-aged matrons and blue-haired grandmothers."^[226]

On July 13, 1976, Vernon Presley—who had become deeply involved in his son's financial affairs—fired "Memphis Mafia" bodyguards Red West (Presley's friend since the 1950s), Sonny West, and David Hebler, citing the need to "cut back on expenses".^[227]^[228]^[229] Presley was in Palm Springs at the time, and some suggest the singer was too cowardly to face the three himself. Another associate of Presley's, John O'Grady, argued that the bodyguards were dropped because their rough treatment of fans had prompted too many lawsuits.^[230] However, Presley's stepbrother David Stanley has claimed that the bodyguards were fired because they were becoming more outspoken about Presley's drug dependency.^[231] Presley and Linda Thompson split in November, and he took up with a new girlfriend, Ginger Alden.^[232] He proposed to Alden and gave her an engagement ring two months later, though several of his friends later claimed that he had no serious intention of marrying again.^[233]

RCA, which had enjoyed a steady stream of product from Presley for over a decade, grew anxious as his interest in spending time in the studio waned. After a December 1973 session that produced 18 songs, enough for almost two albums, he did not enter the studio in 1974.^[234] Parker sold RCA on another concert record, Elvis: As Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis.^[235] Recorded on March 20, it included a version of "How Great Thou Art" that would win Presley his third and final competitive Grammy Award.^[236] (All three of his competitive Grammy wins—out of 14 total nominations—were for gospel recordings.) Presley returned to the studio in Hollywood in March 1975, but Parker's attempts to arrange another session toward the end of the year were unsuccessful.^[237] In 1976, RCA sent a mobile studio to Graceland that made possible two full-scale recording sessions at Presley's home.^[238] Even in that comfortable context, the recording process was now a struggle for him.^[239]

	"Hurt" noicon An R&B hit for Roy Hamilton in 1955 and a pop hit for blue-eyed soul singer Timi Yuro in 1961, Presley's deep soul version was picked up by country radio in 1976.^[240]
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For all the concerns of his label and manager, in studio sessions between July 1973 and October 1976, Presley recorded virtually the entire contents of six albums. Though he was no longer a major presence on the pop charts, five of those albums entered the top five of the country chart, and three went to number one: Promised Land (1975), From Elvis Presley Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee (1976), and Moody Blue (1977).^[241] The story was similar with his singles—there were no major pop hits, but Presley was a significant force in not just the country market, but on adult contemporary radio as well. Eight studio singles from this period released during his lifetime were top ten hits on one or both charts, four in 1974 alone. "My Boy" was a number one AC hit in 1975, and "Moody Blue" topped the country chart and reached the second spot on the AC in 1976.^[242] Perhaps his most critically acclaimed recording of the era came that year, with what Greil Marcus described as his "apocalyptic attack" on the soul classic "Hurt".^[243] "If he felt the way he sounded", Dave Marsh wrote of Presley's performance, "the wonder isn't that he had only a year left to live but that he managed to survive that long."^[244]

Final year and death [link]

Journalist Tony Scherman writes that by early 1977, "Elvis Presley had become a grotesque caricature of his sleek, energetic former self. Hugely overweight, his mind dulled by the pharmacopoeia he daily ingested, he was barely able to pull himself through his abbreviated concerts."^[245] In Alexandria, Louisiana, the singer was on stage for less than an hour and "was impossible to understand".^[246] Presley failed to appear in Baton Rouge; he was unable to get out of his hotel bed, and the rest of the tour was cancelled.^[246] Despite the accelerating deterioration of his health, he stuck to most touring commitments. In Rapid City, South Dakota, "he was so nervous on stage that he could hardly talk", according to Presley historian Samuel Roy, and unable to "perform any significant movement."^[247] Guralnick relates that fans "were becoming increasingly voluble about their disappointment, but it all seemed to go right past Elvis, whose world was now confined almost entirely to his room and his spiritualism books."^[248] A cousin, Billy Smith, recalled how Presley would sit in his room and chat for hours, sometimes recounting favorite Monty Python sketches and his own past escapades, but more often gripped by paranoid obsessions that reminded Smith of Howard Hughes.^[249] "Way Down", Presley's last single issued during his lifetime, came out on June 6. His final concert was held in Indianapolis at the Market Square Arena, on June 26.

A long, ground-level gravestone reads "Elvis Aaron Presley", followed by the singer's dates, the names of his parents and daughter, and several paragraphs of smaller text. It is surrounded by flowers, a small American flag, and other offerings. Similar grave markers are visible on either side. In the background is a small round pool, with a low decorative metal fence and several fountains.

Presley's gravestone at Graceland

The book Elvis: What Happened?, cowritten by the three bodyguards fired the previous year, was published on August 1.^[250] It was the first exposé to detail Presley's years of drug misuse. He was devastated by the book and tried unsuccessfully to halt its release by offering money to the publishers.^[251] By this point, he suffered from multiple ailments: glaucoma, high blood pressure, liver damage, and an enlarged colon, each aggravated—and possibly caused—by drug abuse.^[221]

Presley was scheduled to fly out of Memphis on the evening of August 16, 1977, to begin another tour. That afternoon, Alden discovered him unresponsive on his bathroom floor. Attempts to revive him failed, and death was officially pronounced at 3:30 pm at Baptist Memorial Hospital.^[252]

President Jimmy Carter issued a statement that credited Presley with having "permanently changed the face of American popular culture".^[253] Thousands of people gathered outside Graceland to view the open casket. One of Presley's cousins, Billy Mann, accepted $18,000 to secretly photograph the corpse; the picture appeared on the cover of the National Enquirer's biggest-selling issue ever.^[254] Alden struck a $105,000 deal with the Enquirer for her story, but settled for less when she broke her exclusivity agreement.^[255] Presley left her nothing in his will.^[256]

Presley's funeral was held at Graceland, on Thursday, August 18. Outside the gates, a car plowed into a group of fans, killing two women and critically injuring a third.^[257] Approximately 80,000 people lined the processional route to Forest Hill Cemetery, where Presley was buried next to his mother.^[258] Within a few days, "Way Down" topped the country and UK pop charts.^[242]^[259] Following an attempt to steal the singer's body in late August, the remains of both Elvis Presley and his mother were reburied in Graceland's Meditation Garden on October 2.^[255]

Since 1977 [link]

Between 1977 and 1981, six posthumously released singles by Presley were top ten country hits.^[242] Graceland was opened to the public in 1982. Attracting over half a million visitors annually, it is the second most-visited home in the United States, after the White House.^[260] It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2006.^[261]

Presley has been inducted into four music halls of fame: the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1986), the Country Music Hall of Fame (1998), the Gospel Music Hall of Fame (2001), and the Rockabilly Hall of Fame (2007). In 1984, he received the W. C. Handy Award from the Blues Foundation and the Academy of Country Music's first Golden Hat Award. In 1987, he received the American Music Awards' Award of Merit.^[262]

A Junkie XL remix of Presley's "A Little Less Conversation" (credited as "Elvis Vs JXL") was used in a Nike advertising campaign during the 2002 FIFA World Cup. It topped the charts in over 20 countries, and was included in a compilation of Presley's number one hits, ELV1S, that was also an international success. In 2003, a remix of "Rubberneckin'", a 1969 recording of Presley's, topped the U.S. sales chart, as did a 50th-anniversary re-release of "That's All Right" the following year.^[263] The latter was an outright hit in Great Britain, reaching number three on the pop chart.

In 2005, another three reissued singles, "Jailhouse Rock", "One Night"/"I Got Stung", and "It's Now or Never", went to number one in Great Britain. A total of 17 Presley singles were reissued during the year; all made the British top five. For the fifth straight year, Forbes named Presley the top-earning deceased celebrity, with a gross income of $45 million.^[264] He placed second in 2006,^[265] returned to the top spot the next two years,^[266]^[267] and ranked fourth in 2009.^[268] The following year, he was ranked second, with his highest annual income ever—$60 million—spurred by the celebration of his 75th birthday and the launch of Cirque du Soleil's Viva Elvis show in Las Vegas.^[269] In November 2010, Viva Elvis: The Album was released, setting his voice to newly recorded instrumental tracks.^[270]^[271] As of mid-2011, there were an estimated 15,000 licensed Presley products.^[272] He was again the second-highest-earning deceased celebrity.^[273]

Presley holds the records for most songs charting in Billboard's top 40 and top 100: chart statistician Joel Whitburn calculates the respective totals as 104 and 151;^[274] Presley historian Adam Victor gives 114 and 138.^[275] Presley's rankings for top ten and number one hits vary depending on how the double-sided "Hound Dog/Don't Be Cruel" and "Don't/I Beg of You" singles, which precede the inception of Billboard's unified Hot 100 chart, are analyzed.^e According to Whitburn's analysis, Presley and Madonna share the record for most top ten hits with 38;^[276] per Billboard's current assessment, he ranks second with 36.^[277] Whitburn and Billboard concur that The Beatles hold the record for most number one hits with 20 and that Mariah Carey is second with 18. Whitburn has Presley also with 18 and thus tied for second;^[276] Billboard has him third with 17.^[278] Presley retains the record for cumulative weeks at number one: alone at 80, according to Whitburn and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame;^[279]^[280] tied with Carey at 79, according to Billboard.^[281]^[282] He holds the records for most British number one hits, with 21, and top ten hits, with 76.^[283]^[284]

Musical style [link]

Influences [link]

Presley's earliest musical influence came from gospel. His mother recalled that from the age of two, at the Assembly of God church in Tupelo attended by the family, "he would slide down off my lap, run into the aisle and scramble up to the platform. There he would stand looking at the choir and trying to sing with them."^[285] In Memphis, Presley frequently attended all-night gospel singings at the Ellis Auditorium, where groups such as the Statesmen Quartet led the music in a style that, Guralnick suggests, sowed the seeds of Presley's future stage act:

The Statesmen were an electric combination ... featuring some of the most thrillingly emotive singing and daringly unconventional showmanship in the entertainment world ... dressed in suits that might have come out of the window of Lansky's. ... Bass singer Jim Wetherington, known universally as the Big Chief, maintained a steady bottom, ceaselessly jiggling first his left leg, then his right, with the material of the pants leg ballooning out and shimmering. "He went about as far as you could go in gospel music," said Jake Hess. "The women would jump up, just like they do for the pop shows." Preachers frequently objected to the lewd movements ... but audiences reacted with screams and swoons.^[286]

As a teenager, Presley's musical interests were wide-ranging, and he was deeply informed about African American musical idioms as well as white ones (see "Teenage life in Memphis"). Though he never had any formal training, he was blessed with a remarkable memory, and his musical knowledge was already considerable by the time he made his first professional recordings in 1954 at the age of 19. When Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller met him two years later, they were astonished at his encyclopedic understanding of the blues.^[287] At a press conference the following year, he proudly declared, "I know practically every religious song that's ever been written."^[126]

Genres [link]

Presley was a central figure in the development of rockabilly, according to music historians. "Rockabilly crystallized into a recognizable style in 1954 with Elvis Presley's first release, on the Sun label", writes Craig Morrison.^[288] Paul Friedlander describes the defining elements of rockabilly, which he similarly characterizes as "essentially ... an Elvis Presley construction": "the raw, emotive, and slurred vocal style and emphasis on rhythmic feeling [of] the blues with the string band and strummed rhythm guitar [of] country".^[289] In "That's All Right", the Presley trio's first record, Scotty Moore's guitar solo, "a combination of Merle Travis–style country finger-picking, double-stop slides from acoustic boogie, and blues-based bent-note, single-string work, is a microcosm of this fusion."^[289]

At RCA, Presley's rock and roll sound grew distinct from rockabilly with group chorus vocals, more heavily amplified electric guitars^[290] and a tougher, more intense manner.^[291] While he was known for taking songs from various sources and giving them a rockabilly/rock and roll treatment, he also recorded songs in other genres from early in his career, from the pop standard "Blue Moon" at Sun to the country ballad "How's the World Treating You?" on his second LP to the blues of "Santa Claus Is Back In Town". In 1957, his first gospel record was released, the four-song EP Peace in the Valley. Certified as a million seller, it became the top-selling gospel EP in recording history.^[292] Presley would record gospel periodically for the rest of his life.

	"Run On" noicon From How Great Thou Art (1967), a traditional song popular in the black gospel tradition. The arrangement evokes "the percussive style of the 1930s Golden Gate Quartet."^[293]^[294]
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

After his return from military service in 1960, Presley continued to perform rock and roll, but the characteristic style was substantially toned down. His first post-Army single, the number one hit "Stuck on You", is typical of this shift. RCA publicity materials referred to its "mild rock beat"; discographer Ernst Jorgensen calls it "upbeat pop".^[295] The modern blues/R&B sound captured so successfully on Elvis Is Back! was essentially abandoned for six years until such 1966–67 recordings as "Down in the Alley" and "Hi-Heel Sneakers".^[296] The singer's output during most of the 1960s emphasized pop music, often in the form of ballads such as "Are You Lonesome Tonight?", a number one in 1960. While that was a dramatic number, most of what Presley recorded for his movie soundtracks was in a much lighter vein.^[297]

While Presley performed several of his classic ballads for the '68 Comeback Special, the sound of the show was dominated by aggressive rock and roll. He would record few new straight-ahead rock and roll songs thereafter; as he explained, they were "hard to find".^[298] A significant exception was "Burning Love", his last major hit on the pop charts. Like his work of the 1950s, Presley's subsequent recordings reworked pop and country songs, but in markedly different permutations. His stylistic range now began to embrace a more contemporary rock sound as well as soul and funk. Much of Elvis In Memphis, as well as "Suspicious Minds", cut at the same sessions, reflected his new rock and soul fusion. In the mid-1970s, many of his singles found a home on country radio, the field where he first became a star.^[299]

Vocal style and range [link]

Music critic Henry Pleasants observes that "Elvis Presley has been described variously as a baritone and a tenor. An extraordinary compass ... and a very wide range of vocal color have something to do with this divergence of opinion."^[300] He identifies Presley as a high baritone, calculating his range as two octaves and a third, "from the baritone low G to the tenor high B, with an upward extension in falsetto to at least a D-flat. Presley's best octave is in the middle, D-flat to D-flat, granting an extra full step up or down."^[300] In Pleasants' view, his voice was "variable and unpredictable" at the bottom, "often brilliant" at the top, with the capacity for "full-voiced high Gs and As that an opera baritone might envy."^[300] Scholar Lindsay Waters, who figures Presley's range as two and a quarter octaves, emphasizes that "his voice had an emotional range from tender whispers to sighs down to shouts, grunts, grumbles and sheer gruffness that could move the listener from calmness and surrender, to fear. His voice can not be measured in octaves, but in decibels; even that misses the problem of how to measure delicate whispers that are hardly audible at all."^[301] Presley was always "able to duplicate the open, hoarse, ecstatic, screaming, shouting, wailing, reckless sound of the black rhythm-and-blues and gospel singers," writes Pleasants, and also demonstrated a remarkable ability to assimilate many other vocal styles.^[300]

Questions over cause of death [link]

"Drug use was heavily implicated" in Presley's death, writes Guralnick. "No one ruled out the possibility of anaphylactic shock brought on by the codeine pills ... to which he was known to have had a mild allergy." A pair of lab reports filed two months later each strongly suggested that polypharmacy was the primary cause of death; one reported "fourteen drugs in Elvis' system, ten in significant quantity."^[302] Forensic historian and pathologist Michael Baden views the situation as complicated: "Elvis had had an enlarged heart for a long time. That, together with his drug habit, caused his death. But he was difficult to diagnose; it was a judgment call."^[303]

The competence and ethics of two of the centrally involved medical professionals were seriously questioned. Before the autopsy was complete and toxicology results known, medical examiner Dr. Jerry Francisco declared the cause of death as cardiac arrhythmia, a condition that can be determined only in someone who is still alive.^[304] Allegations of a cover-up were widespread.^[303] While Presley's main physician, Dr. Nichopoulos, was exonerated of criminal liability for the singer's death, the facts were startling: "In the first eight months of 1977 alone, he had [prescribed] more than 10,000 doses of sedatives, amphetamines and narcotics: all in Elvis's name." His license was suspended for three months. It was permanently revoked in the 1990s after the Tennessee Medical Board brought new charges of over-prescription.^[221]

In 1994, the Presley autopsy was reopened. Coroner Dr. Joseph Davis declared, "There is nothing in any of the data that supports a death from drugs. In fact, everything points to a sudden, violent heart attack."^[221] Whether or not combined drug intoxication was in fact the cause, there is little doubt that polypharmacy contributed significantly to Presley's premature death.^[304]

Racial issues [link]

When Dewey Phillips first aired "That's All Right" on Memphis radio, many listeners who contacted the station by phone and telegram to ask for it again assumed that its singer was black.^[52] From the beginning of his national fame, Presley expressed respect for African American performers and their music, and disregard for the norms of segregation and racial prejudice then prevalent in the South. Interviewed in 1956, he recalled how in his childhood he would listen to blues musician Arthur Crudup—the originator of "That's All Right"—"bang his box the way I do now, and I said if I ever got to the place where I could feel all old Arthur felt, I'd be a music man like nobody ever saw."^[36] The Memphis World, an African American newspaper, reported that Presley, "the rock 'n' roll phenomenon", "cracked Memphis's segregation laws" by attending the local amusement park on what was designated as its "colored night".^[36] Such statements and actions led Presley to be generally hailed in the black community during the early days of his stardom.^[36] By contrast, many white adults, according to Billboard's Arnold Shaw, "did not like him, and condemned him as depraved. Anti-negro prejudice doubtless figured in adult antagonism. Regardless of whether parents were aware of the Negro sexual origins of the phrase 'rock 'n' roll', Presley impressed them as the visual and aural embodiment of sex."^[305]

Despite the largely positive view of Presley held by African Americans, a rumor spread in mid-1957 that he had at some point announced, "The only thing Negroes can do for me is buy my records and shine my shoes." A journalist with the national African American weekly Jet, Louie Robinson, pursued the story. On the set of Jailhouse Rock, Presley granted him an interview, though he was no longer dealing with the mainstream press. He denied making such a statement or holding in any way to its racist view. Robinson found no evidence that the remark had ever been made, and on the contrary elicited testimony from many individuals indicating that Presley was anything but racist.^[36]^[306] Blues singer Ivory Joe Hunter, who had heard the rumor before he visited Graceland one evening, reported of Presley, "He showed me every courtesy, and I think he's one of the greatest."^[307] Though the rumored remark was wholly discredited at the time, it was still being used against Presley decades later.^[308] The identification of Presley with racism—either personally or symbolically—was expressed most famously in the lyrics of the 1989 rap hit "Fight the Power", by Public Enemy: "Elvis was a hero to most / But he never meant shit to me / Straight-up racist that sucker was / Simple and plain".^[309]

The persistence of such attitudes was fueled by resentment over the fact that Presley, whose musical and visual performance idiom owed much to African American sources, achieved the cultural acknowledgment and commercial success largely denied his black peers.^[306] Into the 21st century, the notion that Presley had "stolen" black music still found adherents.^[308]^[309] Notable among African American entertainers expressly rejecting this view was Jackie Wilson, who argued, "A lot of people have accused Elvis of stealing the black man's music, when in fact, almost every black solo entertainer copied his stage mannerisms from Elvis."^[310] And throughout his career, Presley plainly acknowledged his debt. Addressing his '68 Comeback Special audience, he said, "Rock 'n' roll music is basically gospel or rhythm and blues, or it sprang from that. People have been adding to it, adding instruments to it, experimenting with it, but it all boils down to [that]." Nine years earlier, he had said, "Rock 'n' roll has been around for many years. It used to be called rhythm and blues."^[311]

Influence of Colonel Parker and others [link]

Parker and the Aberbachs [link]

Further information: Colonel Tom Parker

Once he became Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker insisted on exceptionally tight control over his client's career. Early on, he and his Hill and Range allies, the brothers Jean and Julian Aberbach, perceived the close relationship that developed between Presley and songwriters Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller as a serious threat to that control.^[312] Parker effectively ended the relationship, deliberately or not, with the new contract he sent Leiber in early 1958. Leiber thought there was a mistake—the sheet of paper was blank except for Parker's signature and a line on which to enter his. "There's no mistake, boy, just sign it and return it", Parker directed. "Don't worry, we'll fill it in later." Leiber declined, and Presley's fruitful collaboration with the writing team was over.^[313] Other respected songwriters lost interest in or simply avoided writing for Presley because of the requirement that they surrender a third of their usual royalties.^[314]

By 1967, Parker's contracts with Presley gave him 50 percent of most of the singer's earnings from recordings, films, and merchandise.^[315] Beginning in February 1972, he took a third of the profit from live appearances;^[316] a January 1976 agreement entitled him to half of that as well.^[317] Priscilla Presley noted that "Elvis detested the business side of his career. He would sign a contract without even reading it."^[318] Presley's friend Marty Lacker regarded Parker as a "hustler and a con artist. He was only interested in 'now money'—get the buck and get gone."^[319]

Lacker was instrumental in convincing Presley to record with Memphis producer Chips Moman and his handpicked musicians at American Sound Studio in early 1969. The American Sound sessions represented a significant departure from the control customarily exerted by Hill and Range. Moman still had to deal with the publisher's staff on site, whose song suggestions he regarded as unacceptable. He was on the verge of quitting, until Presley ordered the Hill and Range personnel out of the studio.^[320] Although RCA executive Joan Deary was later full of praise for the producer's song choices and the quality of the recordings,^[321] Moman, to his fury, received neither credit on the records nor royalties for his work.^[322]

Throughout his entire career, Presley performed in only three venues outside the United States—all of them in Canada, during brief tours there in 1957. Rumors that he would play overseas for the first time were fueled in 1974 by a million-dollar bid for an Australian tour. Parker was uncharacteristically reluctant, prompting those close to Presley to speculate about the manager's past and the reasons for his apparent unwillingness to apply for a passport. Parker ultimately squelched any notions Presley had of working abroad, claiming that foreign security was poor and the venues unsuitable for a star of his magnitude.^[323]

Parker arguably exercised tightest control over Presley's movie career. In 1957, Robert Mitchum asked Presley to costar with him in Thunder Road, on which Mitchum was writer and producer.^[324] According to George Klein, one of his oldest friends, Presley was offered starring roles in West Side Story and Midnight Cowboy.^[325] In 1974, Barbra Streisand approached Presley to star with her in the remake of A Star is Born.^[326] In each case, any ambitions the singer may have had to play such parts were thwarted by his manager's negotiating demands or flat refusals. In Lacker's description, "The only thing that kept Elvis going after the early years was a new challenge. But Parker kept running everything into the ground."^[319] The operative attitude may have been summed up best by the response Leiber and Stoller received when they brought a serious film project for Presley to Parker and the Hill and Range owners for their consideration. In Leiber's telling, Jean Aberbach warned them to never again "try to interfere with the business or artistic workings of the process known as Elvis Presley".^[162]

Memphis Mafia [link]

Main article: Memphis Mafia

In the early 1960s, the circle of friends with whom Presley constantly surrounded himself until his death came to be known as the "Memphis Mafia".^[327] "Surrounded by the[ir] parasitic presence", as journalist John Harris puts it, "it was no wonder that as he slid into addiction and torpor, no-one raised the alarm: to them, Elvis was the bank, and it had to remain open."^[328] Tony Brown, who played piano for Presley regularly in the last two years of the singer's life, observed his rapidly declining health and the urgent need to address it: "But we all knew it was hopeless because Elvis was surrounded by that little circle of people ... all those so-called friends".^[329] In the Memphis Mafia's defense, Marty Lacker has said, "[Presley] was his own man. ... If we hadn't been around, he would have been dead a lot earlier."^[330]

Larry Geller became Presley's hairdresser in 1964. Unlike others in the Memphis Mafia, he was interested in spiritual questions and recalls how, from their first conversation, Presley revealed his secret thoughts and anxieties: "I mean there has to be a purpose...there's got to be a reason...why I was chosen to be Elvis Presley. ... I swear to God, no one knows how lonely I get. And how empty I really feel."^[331] Thereafter, Geller supplied him with books on religion and mysticism, which the singer read voraciously.^[332] Presley would be preoccupied by such matters for much of his life, taking trunkloads of books with him on tour.^[221]

Sex symbol [link]

Movie poster with Presley on the left, holding a young woman around the waist, her arms draped over his shoulders. To the right, five young women wearing bathing suits and holding guitars stand in a row. The one in front taps Presley on the shoulder. Along with title and credits is the tagline "Climb aboard your dreamboat for the fastest-movin' fun 'n' music!"

The title and marketing of Girls! Girls! Girls! (1962) took advantage of Presley's sex symbol status.

Presley's physical attractiveness and sexual appeal were widely acknowledged. "He was once beautiful, astonishingly beautiful", in the words of critic Mark Feeney.^[333] Television director Steve Binder, no fan of Presley's music before he oversaw the '68 Comeback Special, reported, "I'm straight as an arrow and I got to tell you, you stop, whether you're male or female, to look at him. He was that good looking. And if you never knew he was a superstar, it wouldn't make any difference; if he'd walked in the room, you'd know somebody special was in your presence."^[334] His performance style, as much as his physical beauty, was responsible for Presley's eroticized image. Writing in 1970, critic George Melly described him as "the master of the sexual simile, treating his guitar as both phallus and girl."^[335] In his Presley obituary, Lester Bangs credited him as "the man who brought overt blatant vulgar sexual frenzy to the popular arts in America."^[336] Ed Sullivan's declaration that he perceived a soda bottle in Presley's trousers was echoed by rumors involving a similarly positioned toilet roll tube or lead bar.^[337]

While Presley was marketed as an icon of heterosexuality, some cultural critics have argued that his image was ambiguous. In 1959, Sight and Sound's Peter John Dyer described his onscreen persona as "aggressively bisexual in appeal".^[338] Brett Farmer places the "orgasmic gyrations" of the title dance sequence in Jailhouse Rock within a lineage of cinematic musical numbers that offer a "spectacular eroticization, if not homoeroticization, of the male image".^[339] In the analysis of Yvonne Tasker, "Elvis was an ambivalent figure who articulated a peculiar feminised, objectifying version of white working-class masculinity as aggressive sexual display."^[340]

Reinforcing Presley's image as a sex symbol were the reports of his dalliances with various Hollywood stars and starlets, from Natalie Wood in the 1950s to Connie Stevens and Ann-Margret in the 1960s to Candice Bergen and Cybill Shepherd in the 1970s. June Juanico of Memphis, one of Presley's early girlfriends, later blamed Parker for encouraging him to choose his dating partners with publicity in mind.^[190] Presley, however, never grew comfortable with the Hollywood scene, and most of these relationships were insubstantial.^[341]

Legacy [link]

Further information: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley; Cultural depictions of Elvis Presley

His music and his personality, fusing the styles of white country and black rhythm and blues, permanently changed the face of American popular culture. His following was immense, and he was a symbol to people the world over of the vitality, rebelliousness, and good humor of his country.

President Jimmy Carter
August 17, 1977^[253]

Presley's rise to national attention in 1956 transformed the field of popular music and had a huge effect on the broader scope of popular culture.^[4] As the catalyst for the cultural revolution that was rock and roll, he was central not only to defining it as a musical genre but in making it a touchstone of youth culture and rebellious attitude.^[342] With its racially mixed origins—repeatedly affirmed by Presley—rock and roll's occupation of a central position in mainstream American culture facilitated a new acceptance and appreciation of black culture.^[343] In this regard, Little Richard said of Presley, "He was an integrator. Elvis was a blessing. They wouldn't let black music through. He opened the door for black music."^[344] Al Green agreed: "He broke the ice for all of us."^[345] Presley also heralded the vastly expanded reach of celebrity in the era of mass communication: at the age of 21, within a year of his first appearance on American network television, he was one of the most famous people in the world.^[346]

A horizontally formatted stamp with a close-up illustration of a young, smiling Presley. A bank of spotlights shines behind him.

Stamp depicting Presley issued by the German post office in 1988

Presley's name, image, and voice are instantly recognizable around the globe.^[347] He has inspired a legion of impersonators.^[348] In polls and surveys, he is recognized as one of the most important popular music artists and influential Americans.^f "Elvis Presley is the greatest cultural force in the twentieth century", said composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein. "He introduced the beat to everything and he changed everything—music, language, clothes. It's a whole new social revolution—the sixties came from it."^[349] Bob Dylan described the sensation of first hearing Presley as "like busting out of jail".^[345]

A New York Times editorial on the 25th anniversary of Presley's death observed, "All the talentless impersonators and appalling black velvet paintings on display can make him seem little more than a perverse and distant memory. But before Elvis was camp, he was its opposite: a genuine cultural force. ... Elvis's breakthroughs are underappreciated because in this rock-and-roll age, his hard-rocking music and sultry style have triumphed so completely."^[350] Not only Presley's achievements, but his failings as well, are seen by some cultural observers as adding to the power of his legacy, as in this description by Greil Marcus:

Elvis Presley is a supreme figure in American life, one whose presence, no matter how banal or predictable, brooks no real comparisons. ... The cultural range of his music has expanded to the point where it includes not only the hits of the day, but also patriotic recitals, pure country gospel, and really dirty blues. ... Elvis has emerged as a great artist, a great rocker, a great purveyor of schlock, a great heart throb, a great bore, a great symbol of potency, a great ham, a great nice person, and, yes, a great American.^[351]

Discography [link]

Main articles: Elvis Presley albums discography and Elvis Presley singles discography

A vast number of recordings have been issued under Presley's name. The total number of his original master recordings has been variously calculated as 665^[275] and 711.^[333] His career began and he was most successful during an era when singles were the primary commercial medium for pop music. In the case of his albums, the distinction between "official" studio records and other forms is often blurred. For most of the 1960s, his recording career focused on soundtrack albums. In the 1970s, his most heavily promoted and best-selling LP releases tended to be concert albums. This summary discography lists only the albums and singles that reached the top of one or more of the following charts: the main U.S. Billboard pop chart; the Billboard country chart, the genre chart with which he was most identified (there was no country album chart before 1964); and the official British pop chart.^g In the United States, Presley also had five or six number one R&B singles and seven number one adult contemporary singles;^h in 1964, his "Blue Christmas" topped the Christmas singles chart during a period when Billboard did not rank holiday singles in its primary pop chart.^[241]^[352] He also had number one hits in many countries beside the United States and United Kingdom.

Number one albums [link]

Year	Album	Type	Chart positions
Year	Album	Type	US^[353]	US Country^[354]	UK^[259]^[355]
1956	Elvis Presley	studio/comp.	1	n.a.	1
1956	Elvis	studio	1	n.a.	3
1957	Loving You	sound./studio	1	n.a.	1
1957	Elvis' Christmas Album	studio	1	n.a.	2
1960	Elvis Is Back!	studio	2	n.a.	1
1960	G.I. Blues	soundtrack	1	n.a.	1
1961	Something for Everybody	studio	1	n.a.	2
1961	Blue Hawaii	soundtrack	1	n.a.	1
1962	Pot Luck	studio	4	n.a.	1
1964	Roustabout	soundtrack	1	—	12
1969	From Elvis in Memphis	studio	13	2	1
1973	Aloha from Hawaii: Via Satellite	live	1	1	11
1974	Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 1	compilation	43	1	20
1975	Promised Land	studio	47	1	21
1976	From Elvis Presley Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee	studio	41	1	29
1977	Elvis' 40 Greatest	compilation	—	—	1
	Moody Blue	studio/live	3	1	3
	Elvis in Concert	live	5	1	13
2002	ELV1S: 30 #1 Hits	compilation	1	1	1
2007	Elvis the King	compilation	—	—	1

Number one singles [link]

Year	Single	Chart positions
Year	Single	US^[276]	US Country^[356]	UK^[259]^[355]
1956	"I Forgot to Remember to Forget" (reissue)	—	1	—
	"Heartbreak Hotel"	1	1	2
	"I Want You, I Need You, I Love You"	1	1	14
	"Don't Be Cruel"	1	1	2
	"Hound Dog"	1	1	2
	"Love Me Tender"	1	3	11
1957	"Too Much"	1	3	6
	"All Shook Up"	1	1	1
	"(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear"	1	1	3
	"Jailhouse Rock"	1	1	1
1958	"Don't"	1	2	2
1958	"Hard Headed Woman"	1	2	2
1959	"One Night"/"I Got Stung"	4/8	24/—	1
	"A Fool Such as I"/"I Need Your Love Tonight"	2/4	—	1
	"A Big Hunk o' Love"	1	—	4
1960	"Stuck on You"	1	27	3
	"It's Now or Never"	1	—	1
	"Are You Lonesome Tonight?"	1	22	1
1961	"Wooden Heart"	—	—	1
	"Surrender"	1	—	1
	"(Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame"/"Little Sister"	4/5	—	1
1962	"Can't Help Falling in Love"/"Rock-A-Hula Baby"	2/23	—	1
	"Good Luck Charm"	1	—	1
	"She's Not You"	5	—	1
	"Return to Sender"	2	—	1
1963	"(You're The) Devil in Disguise"	3	—	1
1965	"Crying in the Chapel"	3	—	1
1969	"Suspicious Minds"	1	—	2
1970	"The Wonder of You"	9	37	1
1977	"Moody Blue"	31	1	6
1977	"Way Down"	18	1	1
1981	"Guitar Man" (remix)	28	1	43
2002	"A Little Less Conversation" (JXL remix)	50	—	1
2005	"Jailhouse Rock" (reissue)	—	—	1
	"One Night"/"I Got Stung" (reissue)	—	—	1
	"It's Now or Never" (reissue)	—	—	1

Filmography [link]

Main article: Elvis Presley filmography

Notes [link]

^ Note a: Although some pronounce his surname "PREZ-lee", Presley himself used the pronunciation of the American South, "PRESS-lee", as did his family and those who worked with him.^[357] The correct spelling of his middle name has long been a matter of debate. The physician who delivered him wrote "Elvis Aaron Presley" in his ledger.^[358] The state-issued birth certificate reads "Elvis Aron Presley". The name was chosen after the Presleys' friend and fellow congregation member Aaron Kennedy, though a single-A spelling was probably intended by Presley's parents in order to parallel the middle name of Presley's stillborn brother, Jesse Garon.^[138] It reads Aron on most official documents produced during his lifetime, including his high school diploma, RCA record contract, and marriage license, and this was generally taken to be the proper spelling.^[359] In 1966, Presley expressed the desire to his father that the more traditional biblical rendering, Aaron, be used henceforth, "especially on legal documents."^[358] Five years later, the Jaycees citation honoring him as one of the country's Outstanding Young Men used Aaron. Late in his life, he sought to officially change the spelling to Aaron and discovered that state records already listed it that way. Knowing his wishes for his middle name, Aaron is the spelling his father chose for Presley's tombstone, and it is the spelling his estate has designated as official.^[359]
^ Note b: According to a third cousin of Presley's, one of Gladys's great-grandmothers was Jewish.^[360] There is no evidence that Presley or his mother shared this belief in a Jewish heritage. Syndicated columnist Nate Bloom has challenged the cousin's account, which he calls a "tall tale".^[361]
^ Note c: Of the $40,000, $5,000 covered back royalties owed by Sun.^[73]
^ Note d: In 1956–57, Presley was also credited as a cowriter on several songs where he had no hand in the writing process: "Heartbreak Hotel"; "Don't Be Cruel"; all four songs from his first film, including the title track, "Love Me Tender"; "Paralyzed"; and "All Shook Up".^[362] He received credit on two other songs to which he did contribute: he provided the title for "That's Someone You Never Forget" (1961), written by his friend Red West; Presley and West collaborated with another friend, guitarist Charlie Hodge, on "You'll Be Gone" (1962).^[363]
^ Note e: Whitburn follows actual Billboard history in considering the four songs on the "Don't Be Cruel/Hound Dog" and "Don't/I Beg of You" singles as distinct. He tallies each side of the former single as a number one (Billboard's sales chart had "Don't Be Cruel" at number one for five weeks, then "Hound Dog" for six) and reckons "I Beg of You" as a top ten, as it reached number eight on the old Top 100 chart. Billboard now considers both singles as unified items, ignoring the historical sales split of the former and its old Top 100 chart entirely. Whitburn thus analyzes the four songs as yielding three number ones and a total of four top tens. Billboard now states that they yielded just two number ones and a total of two top tens, voiding the separate chart appearances of "Hound Dog" and "I Beg of You".
^ Note f: VH1 ranked Presley #8 among the "100 Greatest Artists of Rock & Roll" in 1998.^[364] The BBC ranked him as the #2 "Voice of the Century" in 2001.^[365] Rolling Stone placed him #3 in its list of "The Immortals: The Fifty Greatest Artists of All Time" in 2004.^[366] CMT ranked him #15 among the "40 Greatest Men in Country Music" in 2005.^[367] The Discovery Channel placed him #8 on its "Greatest American" list in 2005.^[368] Variety put him in the top ten of its "100 Icons of the Century" in 2005.^[369] The Atlantic Monthly ranked him #66 among the "100 Most Influential Figures in American History" in 2006.^[370]
^ Note g: (1) The year given is the year the record first reached number one, rather than its original year of release. For instance, in 1974, Elvis' 40 Greatest, a compilation on the budget Arcade label, was the fourth highest selling album of the year in the United Kingdom; at the time, the main British chart did not rank such compilations, relegating them to a chart for midpriced and TV-advertised albums, which Elvis' 40 Greatest topped for 15 weeks.^[371] The policy was altered in 1975, allowing the album to hit number one on the main chart in 1977, following Presley's death.^[372] (2) Before late 1958, rather than unified pop and country singles charts, Billboard had as many as four charts for each, separately ranking records according to sales, jukebox play, jockey spins (i.e., airplay), and, in the case of pop, a general Top 100. Billboard now regards the sales charts as definitive for the period. Widely cited chart statistician Joel Whitburn accords historical releases the highest ranking they achieved among the separate charts. Presley discographer Ernst Jorgensen refers only to the Top 100 chart for pop hits. All of the 1956–58 songs listed here as number one U.S. pop hits reached the top of both the sales and, with three exceptions, the Top 100 charts: "I Want You, I Need You, I Love You" (three), "Hound Dog" (two, behind its flip side, "Don't Be Cruel"), and "Hard Headed Woman" (two). (3) Several Presley singles reached number one in the United Kingdom as double A-sides; in the United States, the respective sides of those singles were ranked separately by Billboard.
^ Note h: Whitburn calculates a total of six number one R&B singles, including "Don't Be Cruel", released as a double A-side with "Hound Dog";^[352] Billboard's Keith Caulfield excludes "Don't Be Cruel".^[241]

Citations [link]

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External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Elvis Presley

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Elvis Presley

Elvis Presley at the Internet Movie Database
Elvis Presley at AllRovi
Elvis Presley discography at Discogs
Elvis Presley Enterprises official site of the Elvis Presley brand
Elvis The Music official record label site
Elvis Presley Interviews on officially sanctioned Elvis Australia site
Elvis Presley at the Open Directory Project
Elvis Presley Ancestry at Genealogy.com
Elvis Presley 1955 interview material on Pop Chronicles

v t e Elvis Presley

Studio albums	Elvis Presley Elvis Elvis' Christmas Album For LP Fans Only A Date with Elvis Elvis Is Back! His Hand in Mine Something for Everybody Pot Luck How Great Thou Art From Elvis in Memphis From Memphis to Vegas/From Vegas to Memphis Elvis Country (I'm 10,000 Years Old) Love Letters from Elvis Elvis Sings the Wonderful World of Christmas Elvis Now He Touched Me Elvis (1973) Raised on Rock/For Ol' Times Sake Good Times Promised Land Today From Elvis Presley Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee Moody Blue

Live albums	On Stage Elvis: As Recorded at Madison Square Garden Aloha from Hawaii: Via Satellite Elvis: As Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis Having Fun with Elvis on Stage Elvis in Concert

Soundtrack albums	Loving You King Creole G.I. Blues Blue Hawaii Girls! Girls! Girls! It Happened at the World's Fair Fun in Acapulco Kissin' Cousins Roustabout Girl Happy Harum Scarum Frankie and Johnny Paradise Hawaiian Style Spinout Double Trouble Clambake Speedway Elvis That's the Way It Is Viva Elvis

Compilation albums	Elvis' Golden Records 50,000,000 Elvis Fans Can't Be Wrong Elvis' Golden Records Volume 3 Elvis for Everyone Elvis' Gold Records Volume 4 Elvis Sings Flaming Star Let's Be Friends Almost in Love C'mon Everybody I Got Lucky Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 1 Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 2 The Sun Sessions Welcome to My World Mahalo from Elvis Elvis' Gold Records Volume 5 Amazing Grace: His Greatest Sacred Performances Command Performances: The Essential 60s Masters II ELV1S 2nd to None Hitstory Elvis Inspirational Elvis Rock The Essential Elvis Presley Elvis the King Elvis Christmas Elvis Presley Christmas Duets

Box sets	The King of Rock 'n' Roll: The Complete 50's Masters From Nashville to Memphis: The Essential 60's Masters Walk a Mile in My Shoes: The Essential '70s Masters Live in Las Vegas Today, Tomorrow, and Forever Elvis: Close Up Elvis 75: Good Rockin' Tonight The Complete Elvis Presley Masters Young Man With the Big Beat - The Complete '56 Masters

Filmography	Love Me Tender Loving You Jailhouse Rock King Creole G.I. Blues Flaming Star Wild in the Country Blue Hawaii Follow That Dream Kid Galahad Girls! Girls! Girls! It Happened at the World's Fair Fun in Acapulco Kissin' Cousins Viva Las Vegas Roustabout Girl Happy Tickle Me Harum Scarum Frankie and Johnny Paradise, Hawaiian Style Spinout Easy Come, Easy Go Double Trouble Clambake Stay Away, Joe Speedway Live a Little, Love a Little Charro! The Trouble with Girls Change of Habit

Films inspired by Elvis' image	Elvis Meets Nixon Elvis (TV miniseries)

Documentaries	The Pied Piper of Cleveland Elvis: That's the Way It Is Elvis on Tour This Is Elvis The New Gladiators

TV specials	The Frank Sinatra Timex Show: Welcome Home Elvis Elvis Presley's '68 Comeback Special Aloha from Hawaii Elvis in Concert

Stage shows based on Elvis	Cooking with Elvis All Shook Up Jailhouse Rock Elvis. The Musical Are You Lonesome Tonight? Elvis: The Concert Viva Elvis

Top 10 singles	"Heartbreak Hotel" "I Want You, I Need You, I Love You" "Don't Be Cruel" "Hound Dog" "Love Me Tender" "Love Me" "Too Much" "All Shook Up" "(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear" "Jailhouse Rock" "Don't" "Wear My Ring Around Your Neck" "Hard Headed Woman" "One Night" "I Got Stung" "(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I" "I Need Your Love Tonight" "A Big Hunk o' Love" "Stuck on You" "It's Now or Never" "Are You Lonesome Tonight?" "Surrender" "I Feel So Bad" "(Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame" "Little Sister" "Can't Help Falling in Love" "Good Luck Charm" "She's Not You" "Return to Sender" "(You're The) Devil in Disguise" "Bossa Nova Baby" "Crying in the Chapel" "In the Ghetto" "Suspicious Minds" "Don't Cry Daddy" "The Wonder of You" "Burning Love"

Related people	Sam Phillips The Blue Moon Boys The Jordanaires The Imperials Stephen H. Sholes June Juanico Memphis Mafia Colonel Tom Parker Lisa Marie Presley Priscilla Presley Judy Spreckels Linda Thompson

Related articles	Discography Graceland Cultural depictions Cultural impact Personal relationships Impersonators Elvis and Gladys Elvis and Me Elvis-A-Rama Museum Hit singles Sun recordings Million Dollar Quartet List of Elvis Presley songs Songs about Elvis Elvis Presley Enterprises "Elvis has left the building" Elvis Radio FBI files on Elvis Presley Army career Acting career Eight Elvises

Book Category Portal WikiProject

v t e Billboard Year-End number one singles (1946–1959)

1946: "Prisoner of Love" – Perry Como 1947: "Near You" – Francis Craig 1948: "Twelfth Street Rag" – Pee Wee Hunt 1949: "Riders in the Sky" – Vaughn Monroe Orchestra 1950: "Goodnight, Irene" – Gordon Jenkins and The Weavers 1951: "Too Young" – Nat King Cole 1952: "Blue Tango" – Leroy Anderson 1953: "The Song from Moulin Rouge" – Percy Faith 1954: "Little Things Mean a Lot" – Kitty Kallen 1955: "Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White" – Perez Prado 1956: "Heartbreak Hotel" – Elvis Presley 1957: "All Shook Up" – Elvis Presley 1958: "Nel Blu Dipinto di Blu (Volare)" – Domenico Modugno 1959: "The Battle of New Orleans" – Johnny Horton

Complete list (1946–1959) (1960–1979) (1980–1999) (2000–2019)

v t e UK best-selling singles (by year) (1952–1969)

1952: "Here in My Heart" - Al Martino · 1953: "I Believe" - Frankie Laine · 1954: "Secret Love" - Doris Day · 1955: "Rose Marie" - Slim Whitman · 1956: "I'll Be Home" - Pat Boone · 1957: "Diana" - Paul Anka · 1958: "Jailhouse Rock" - Elvis Presley · 1959: "Living Doll" - Cliff Richard · 1960: "It's Now or Never" - Elvis Presley · 1961: "Are You Lonesome Tonight" - Elvis Presley · 1962: "I Remember You" - Frank Ifield · 1963: "She Loves You" - The Beatles · 1964: "Can't Buy Me Love" - The Beatles · 1965: "Tears" - Ken Dodd · 1966: "Green, Green Grass of Home" - Tom Jones · 1967: "Release Me" - Engelbert Humperdinck · 1968: "Hey Jude" - The Beatles · 1969: "Sugar, Sugar" - The Archies

Complete list (1952–1969) (1970–1989) (1990–2009) (2010–2029)

v t e UK best-selling albums (by year) (1956–1969)

1956: Carousel (Original Soundtrack) 1957: The King and I (Original Soundtrack) 1958: My Fair Lady (Broadway Cast recording) 1959: South Pacific (Original Soundtrack) 1960: South Pacific (Original Soundtrack) 1961: G.I. Blues (Elvis Presley) 1962: West Side Story (Original Soundtrack) 1963: With The Beatles (The Beatles) 1964: Beatles for Sale (The Beatles) 1965: The Sound of Music (Original Soundtrack) 1966: The Sound of Music (Original Soundtrack) 1967: Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (The Beatles) 1968: The Sound of Music (Original Soundtrack) 1969: Abbey Road (The Beatles)

Complete list (1956–1969) (1970–1989) (1990–2009) (2010–2029)

Authority control: PND: 118596357 | LCCN: n78079487 | VIAF: 23404836 | WorldCat

Persondata
Name	Presley, Elvis Aaron
Alternative names	Presley, Elvis Aaron
Short description	American singer, song producer and actor; "The King of Rock'n'Roll"
Date of birth	(1935-01-08)January 8, 1935
Place of birth	Tupelo, Mississippi, U.S.
Date of death	August 16, 1977(1977-08-16)
Place of death	Memphis, Tennessee, USA

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Eva Cassidy
File:Eva the the piano.jpg
Background information
Birth name	Eva Marie Cassidy
Born	(1963-02-02)February 2, 1963 Washington, D.C., U.S.
Origin	Maryland, United States
Died	November 2, 1996(1996-11-02) (aged 33) Bowie, Maryland, U.S.
Genres	Soul, Jazz, Blues, Folk, Gospel and Pop
Occupations	Landscaper, Painter, Singer, Guitarist
Instruments	Vocals, Guitar, Electric Guitar, Piano
Years active	1981–1996
Labels	Liaison (U.S.) Blix Street (U.S.) Hot (Europe)
Associated acts	Chuck Brown, Katie Melua
Website	www.evacassidy.org

Eva Marie Cassidy (February 2, 1963 – November 2, 1996) was an American vocalist known for her interpretations of jazz, blues, folk, gospel, country and pop classics. In 1992 she released her first album, The Other Side, a set of duets with go-go musician Chuck Brown, followed by a live solo album, Live at Blues Alley in 1996. Although she had been honored by the Washington Area Music Association, she was virtually unknown outside her native Washington, D.C., when she died of melanoma (skin cancer) in 1996.

Four years later, Cassidy's music was brought to the attention of British audiences when her version of "Over the Rainbow" was played by Terry Wogan on BBC Radio 2. Following the overwhelming response, a camcorder recording of "Over the Rainbow", taken at Blues Alley in Washington, was shown on BBC Two's Top of the Pops 2. Shortly afterwards, the compilation album Songbird climbed to the top of the UK Albums Charts, almost three years after its initial release. The chart success in the United Kingdom and Ireland led to increased recognition worldwide; her posthumously released recordings, including three UK number 1s, have sold more than ten million copies.^[1] Her music has also charted top 10 positions in Australia, Germany, Sweden, Norway and Switzerland.^[2]

1 Biography
2 Posthumous recognition
3 Unofficial recordings
4 In popular media
- 4.1 Possibility of future film
5 Discography
6 Videography
7 References
- 7.1 Notes
- 7.2 Books
8 External links

Biography [link]

Early life [link]

Born on February 2, 1963, at the Washington Hospital Center,^[3] Cassidy grew up in Oxon Hill and later Bowie, Maryland, suburbs of Washington, D.C.. She was the third of four children born to Hugh and Barbara Cassidy. Her father, a retired teacher, sculptor, musician, Powerlifter and former army medic, is of Scottish and Irish descent, while her German-born mother was a horticulturist.^[2]^[4]^[5] From an early age, Cassidy displayed interest in art and music. When she was nine, her father taught her to play the guitar and she began to play and sing at family gatherings.^[4]

At age 11, Cassidy began singing and playing guitar in a Washington area band called Easy Street.^[6] This band performed in a variety of styles at weddings, corporate parties and pubs. Due to her shyness, she struggled with performing in front of strangers. While a student at Bowie High School, she sang with a local band called Stonehenge.^[4] During the summer of 1983, Cassidy sang and played guitar six days a week at the theme park Wild World.^[4] Her younger brother Dan, a fiddler, was also a member of this working band. She enrolled in art classes at a community college but dropped out after finding them unhelpful.^[7]

Throughout the 1980s, Cassidy worked with several other bands, including the techno-pop band Characters Without Names. During this period, Cassidy also worked as a propagator at a plant nursery and as a furniture painter. In her free time, she explored other artistic expressions including painting, sculpting and jewelry design.^[7] Despite holding a belief in God, Cassidy was not part of any organized religion.^[8]

Music career [link]

In 1986, Cassidy was asked by Stonehenge guitarist and high school friend, David Lourim, to lend her voice to his music project, Method Actor.^[9] This brought her to Black Pond Studios, where she met bassist and recording engineer Chris Biondo. Biondo helped her find work as a session singer and later introduced her to Al Dale, who would become her manager. She sang back-ups for various acts, from go-go rhythm and blues band Experience Unlimited to rapper E-40.^[10] Biondo and Cassidy, who were in a romantic relationship for a time, formed the five-piece "Eva Cassidy Band" with Lenny Williams, Keith Grimes and Raice McLeod in 1990. They began to perform frequently in the Washington area.^[4]

	"Over the Rainbow" noicon One of the changes Cassidy made to "Over the Rainbow" includes singing the opening word "somewhere" on the same high A flat, rather than with an octave jump of the Judy Garland version.
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

	"Stormy Monday" noicon Cassidy's arrangement of T-Bone Walker's popular blues song.
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

In 1992, Biondo played a tape of Cassidy's voice for Chuck Brown, the "Godfather of go-go".^[11] It resulted in the duet album The Other Side featuring performances of classic songs such as "Fever", "God Bless the Child," and what would later become Cassidy's signature song, "Over the Rainbow". The album was released and distributed in 1992 by Liaison Records, the label that also released Brown's Go-go albums. Brown originally intended to record a single duet with Cassidy for his next solo album, but this was postponed due to ongoing negotiations between Dale and other labels for a solo deal.^[10]^[12] Cassidy's unwillingness to narrow her stylistic focus to one genre hindered her chances of securing a deal.^[13]^[14] After talks broke down, the two decided to record their own duet album. As a duo, they performed at the Columbia Arts Festival and opened for acts like Al Green and The Neville Brothers.^[10]

In 1993, Cassidy was honored by the Washington Area Music Association with a Wammie award for the Vocalist Jazz/Traditional category.^[15] The next year she was invited to perform at the event and chose to sing "Over the Rainbow". A Washington Times review of the event called her performance "a show-stopper".^[16] She took home two Wammies that night, again for Vocalist Jazz/Traditional and also for Roots Rock/Traditional R&B.^[15] For a brief period that year, Cassidy signed a deal with Blue Note Records to pair up with pop-jazz band Pieces of a Dream to release an album and tour the country. She sang two tracks in a mainly instrumental album. It was a musically unsatisfying experience for her.^[10]

After having a potential contract with Apollo Records collapse when the label went bankrupt, Biondo and Dale decided that she should release her own live album.^[10] In January 1996, the material for Live at Blues Alley was recorded over a two-day period at Blues Alley, Washington, D.C. Due to a technical glitch on the first night of recording,^[17] only the second night's recording was usable. Unhappy with the way she sounded due to a cold, she was reluctant to release the album. She eventually relented, on the condition that the studio track "Oh, Had I a Golden Thread", Cassidy's favorite song,^[18] would be included in the release, and that they start working on a follow-up studio album.^[7]^[10] Her apprehension appeared unfounded as local reviewers and the public responded positively.^[7] The Washington Post commented that "she could sing anything — folk, blues, pop, jazz, R&B, gospel — and make it sound like it was the only music that mattered."^[11] The subsequent studio album she worked on was released as Eva by Heart posthumously in 1997. In the liner notes of Eva by Heart, critic Joel E. Siegel described Cassidy as "one of the greatest voices of her generation."^[7]

Death [link]

In 1993, Cassidy had a malignant mole removed from her back. Three years later, during a promotional event for the Live at Blues Alley album in July 1996, Cassidy noticed an ache in her hips, which she attributed to stiffness from painting murals while perched atop a stepladder.^[11] The pain persisted and a few weeks later, X-rays revealed that the melanoma had spread to her lungs and bones. Her doctors estimated she had three to five months to live. Cassidy opted for aggressive treatment, but her health deteriorated rapidly. In the early fall, at a benefit concert for her at the Bayou, she made her final public appearance, closing the set with "What a Wonderful World" in front of an audience of friends, fans and family. Additional chemotherapy was uneffective, and within six weeks she had died.^[2]^[11]^[19]

Cassidy died on November 2, 1996, at her family home in Bowie, Maryland. She was 33. In accordance with her wishes, her body was cremated and the ashes were scattered on the lake shores of St. Mary's River Watershed Park, a nature reserve near Callaway, Maryland.^[2]

Posthumous recognition [link]

After Cassidy's death, local folk singer Grace Griffith introduced the Blues Alley recording to Bill Straw from her label, Blix Street Records.^[19] Straw approached the Cassidy family to put together a new album. In 1998, a compilation of tracks from Cassidy's three released recordings was assembled into the CD Songbird. This CD lingered in relative obscurity for two years until being given airplay by Terry Wogan on his wide-reaching BBC Radio 2 show Wake Up to Wogan, following recommendation by his producer Paul Walters. The album sold more than 100,000 copies in the following months.^[2] The New York Times spoke of her "silken soprano voice with a wide and seemingly effortless range, unerring pitch and a gift for phrasing that at times was heart-stoppingly eloquent."^[19]

Before Christmas of 2000, Top Of The Pops 2 aired a video of Cassidy performing "Over the Rainbow", which resulted in Songbird climbing steadily up the UK charts over the next few weeks. Just as ITV's Tonight with Trevor McDonald aired a feature on Cassidy, the album topped the chart.^[20] Shot at Blues Alley by a friend with a camcorder the same night the album was recorded,^[2] the video became the most requested video ever shown on Top Of The Pops 2.^[21] "There's an undeniable emotional appeal in hearing an artist who you know died in obscurity singing a song about hope and a mystical world beyond everyday life", wrote The Guardian.^[22]

File:Top of the pops 2 eva cassidy.jpg

The camcorder recording of "Over the Rainbow" as shown on Top of the Pops 2

Paul McCartney and Eric Clapton were among her new-found fans. Jazz critic Ted Gioia writes, "you might be tempted to write off the 'Cassidy sensation' [...] as a response to the sad story of the singer's abbreviated life rather than as a measure of her artistry. But don't be mistaken, Cassidy was a huge talent, whose obscurity during her lifetime was almost as much a tragedy as her early death."^[23] Songbird has since achieved significant chart success throughout Europe and six times platinum status in the UK.^[2]^[24] Although still relatively unknown in the United States at that time, the album would eventually be certified gold in the U.S. as well.^[25]

In May 2001, ABC's Nightline in the United States broadcast a well-received short documentary about Cassidy.^[26] Over the weekend, all five of Cassidy's albums occupied Amazon.com's best sellers list top spots.^[27] The Nightline episode has since been rebroadcast three times due to popular demand.^[28] Producer Leroy Sievers has said that it is "probably the most popular Nightline ever".^[29] In December, a nine-minute segment on NPR resulted in a similar sales surge, with five of the top seven spots going to Cassidy.^[4] A rebroadcast of the Tonight with Trevor McDonald feature on Cassidy in Britain also bumped up sales.^[4]^[30]

Since Songbird, several other CDs with original material have been released: Time After Time (2000), Imagine (2002) and American Tune (2003). 2008 saw the release of another new album titled Somewhere. Unlike previous albums, which consisted solely of cover songs, this release contains two original songs co-written by Cassidy. An acoustic album titled Simply Eva was released in January 2011.

Together with word of mouth and internet fansites, online commerce has played a big role in Cassidy's success.^[31]^[32] This point was further affirmed when in 2005, Amazon.com released a list of its top 25 best-selling musicians, which placed Cassidy in fifth position, behind The Beatles, U2, Norah Jones and Diana Krall,^[33] and far ahead of Elvis Presley and several other well-known stars.^[34]

In 2004, during the gala opening of the Bowie Center for the Performing Arts, the Bowie Regional Arts Vision Association, Inc. (BRAVA) dedicated the Star's Dressing Room to Eva. Following a moving tribute to Eva, Chuck Brown took the stage and performed his duet "with" Eva as her photos and video appeared in the background.

Unofficial recordings [link]

File:Eva Cassidy - Method Actor.jpg

The re-released Method Actor album cover, showing Cassidy's prominent name placement, which resulted in the lawsuit. The original LP cover contained the same artwork, which was done by Cassidy

A collection of previously unreleased studio recordings from 1987 to 1991, was released in 2000 as No Boundaries. This release was not endorsed by the Cassidy family^[2] and was released under a different label. An allmusic review of the album stated that even "a gifted vocalist like Eva Cassidy can only do so much with bad material".^[35] In 2002, the self titled 1988 album by the band Method Actor, which featured Cassidy, was re-released by the band's guitarist and producer David Lourim with Cassidy's name displayed prominently on the cover. The Cassidy family and Blix Street Records filed a lawsuit against Lourim, claiming that Cassidy's name was used in a misleading fashion and that Blix Street has exclusive rights to her recordings.^[36] Lourim had Cassidy's written permission to release the album and eventually the cover was changed to look like the original LP album while already released copies were affixed with a sticker indicating that they are not solo Eva Cassidy albums.^[37]^[38]

A bootleg recording which has been in circulation is called Live at Pearl's. It was recorded at Pearl's Restaurant in Annapolis, Maryland in 1994. Copies of the recording were circulated among friends and families after her death. Some of the songs on the recording are also on Imagine and American Tune.^[39] Another recording, featuring Mick Fleetwood on drums and recorded at his restaurant in Alexandria, Virginia called Fleetwood's in the early 1990s, was in the possession of Niki Lee - the former wife of pianist Lenny Williams - who discovered it in her garage and attempted to sell it on eBay in 2008.^[40]

In popular media [link]

In 2001, a book titled Songbird: Eva Cassidy: Her Story By Those Who Knew Her, on the life and work of Cassidy based on interviews with close family and associates was released in the UK. The hardcover edition has since sold in excess of 100,000 copies. A U.S. edition published by Gotham Books was released in late 2003 and includes two additional chapters on her influences and success in the US. Her life story has also been adapted into a musical^[41] and also a Broadway piece for cancer benefit.^[42]

At the 2002 Winter Olympics gala, and later on tour, figure skater Michelle Kwan brought Cassidy's music to a new audience when she skated to a recording of "Fields of Gold". Kwan's part in exposing the music of Cassidy to the international and American public led Cassidy's label to present her a gold record from the certification of Songbird.^[43] Subsequently, other figure skaters such as Kristi Yamaguchi, Sarah Hughes and Kimmie Meissner have used Cassidy's music in their routines.

Anglo-Georgian singer Katie Melua is a keen fan of Cassidy.^[44] Her debut album "Call Off the Search" contained the song "Faraway Voice", written in Cassidy's memory.^[44] Melua has also performed Cassidy's arrangement of "Anniversary Song" in concert.^[44] On Christmas Eve 2006, she performed alongside video footage of Cassidy singing Over The Rainbow on BBC One's "Duet Impossible".^[45] One year later, Cassidy's "What A Wonderful World" was spliced together with new vocals by Melua and released as a single exclusively at the British retail chain Tesco. It debuted at #1 on the UK Singles chart on December 16. All profits from the single went to the British Red Cross.^[46] Irish singer Chris de Burgh has stated that his song "Songbird" from his album The Road to Freedom was written in honour of Cassidy. Singer Mary Chapin Carpenter made reference to Cassidy in the song "My Heaven" on the album Between Here and Gone: "More memories than my heart can hold, when Eva's singing 'Fields of Gold'."

In 2008, Cassidy's recording of "Autumn Leaves" was used by the Canadian National Professional Latin Champions, Andre and Natalie Paramonov, when they competed in America's Ballroom Challenge as finalists in the International Latin Competition.

The first film to feature an Eva Cassidy recording was Flight of Fancy starring Dean Cain. Since then her music has appeared in various film and TV series including the Dawson's Creek season four episode titled "The Graduate," Judging Amy, Joe Somebody, Love Actually, Maid in Manhattan, The Man From Elysian Fields, Alpha Dog and Smallville. Cassidy's arrangement of "Over the Rainbow" is a popular cover choice by singing competition contestants, with American Idol season 5 runner-up Katharine McPhee and The X Factor season 3 winner Leona Lewis among the singers. Her interpretation of "Imagine" has been performed by American Idol season 7 runner-up David Archuleta.

In March 2012, Sweden's Caroline Larsson and Bengt Magnusson released an album entitled A Tribute to Eva Cassidy.

Possibility of future film [link]

In late 2007, AIR Productions acquired the rights to produce a film based on Cassidy's life.^[47] It is being produced by Amy Redford (daughter of Robert Redford), Irwin Shapiro and Rick Singer.^[48] In an interview a year earlier, Cassidy's parents suggested Kirsten Dunst or Emily Watson as possible actresses who could play their daughter.^[49]

A documentary on the life, art and music of Cassidy entitled Eva's Song is expected to be in theaters February 2013.^[50]

Discography [link]

Main article: Eva Cassidy discography

Albums [link]

Title	Release date	Label	Notes
The Other Side	1992	Liaison	Chuck Brown with Eva Cassidy.
Live at Blues Alley	1997	Blix Street	Originally self-released under Eva Music in 1996.
Eva by Heart	1997	Blix Street/Hot	Originally released under Liaison Records. Cassidy's only solo studio album.
Songbird	1998		Compilation. UK #1, US (Pop Catalog) #1
Time After Time	2000
No Boundaries	2000	Renata/Brunswick
Method Actor	2002	Blp	Reissue of a 1988 LP.
Imagine	2002	Blix Street/Hot	UK #1
American Tune	2003		UK #1
Wonderful World	2004		Compilation.
Somewhere	2008		UK #4
Simply Eva	2011	Blix Street	UK #4

Singles [link]

Title	Release date	Label	Notes
"Over the Rainbow"	2001		UK #42 - Appeared in the charts between April and August 2001
"Take My Breath Away"	2003		UK #54
"What a Wonderful World"	2007	Dramatico	Posthumous duet with Katie Melua. UK #1
"Songbird"	2009		UK #56

Bootleg [link]

Title	Release date	Label	Notes
Live at Pearl's	1994	-	bootleg recording taped at Pearl's Restaurant in Annapolis, Maryland.^[39] Tracklist

Videography [link]

Title	Release date	Format	Notes
Eva Cassidy Sings	2004	PAL DVD (Region 2 and Region 4)

References [link]

Notes [link]

^ "Blix Stree Records Celebrates 10th Anniversary of Eva Cassidy's 'Songbird' CD Reaching number 1 on U.K. Music Chart with Gold Certification of New 'Simply Eva' Acoustic CD". AltSounds. http://hangout.altsounds.com/news/127691-blix-street-records-celebrates-10th-anniversary-of-eva-cassidys-songbird.html. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h The Afterlife of Eva Cassidy (PDF) Dorian Lynske, Word Magazine, 2003. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ Burley et al. p.13.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Songbird Sherri Dalphonse, Washingtonian, May 1, 2001. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ Burley et al. p.12.
^ Burley et al. p.54–56.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Liner notes Joel E. Siegel, Eva by Heart. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ Burley et al. p.165.
^ Burley et al. p.64.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f When Chuck Met Eva Jefferson Morley, The Washington Post, March 8, 1998. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Echoes of a Voice Stilled Too Early Richard Harrington, The Washington Post, November 17, 1996. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ Side by Side Alona Wartofsky, Washington City Paper, November 20, 1992. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ Over the Rainbow Jeff Chu, Time, April 9, 2001. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ Eva Cassidy's Gift Joan Anderman, Boston Globe, January 31, 1999. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Wammie Winners Washington Area Music Association. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ Wammies honor area musicians. Washington Times. November 9, 1994.
^ Eva Cassidy: "Oh, Had I a Golden Thread" evacassidy.org. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ According to the liner notes of the "Live at Blues Alley" CD:"* this wasn't in the live show but it is my favorite song..."
^ ^a ^b ^c Ward, Alex (August 12, 2002). "In Death, A Shy Singer Finally Grabs The Spotlight; CD's Carry Eva Cassidy's Voice a Wider Audience,". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A05EEDC133AF931A2575BC0A9649C8B63. Retrieved 03-06-2008.
^ Burley et al. p.155.
^ Eva Cassidy's producer Chris Biondo talks to Toby Foster BBC Radio, July 2002. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ Albums from the crypt The Guardian, November 1, 2002. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ Eva Cassidy: Autumn Leaves Ted Gioia, Jazz.com
^ "Cassidy album six-times platinum". The Press Association. Nov 2, 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5il3LVBbCLE_tMQtpQ6zndog-qt-g. Retrieved 2009-11-10.
^ RIAA Gives Thanks For Strong Gold and Platinum Numbers In November RIAA News Room. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ Nightline Daily Email: 7/2 Leroy Sievers. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ 'Nightline' Boosts Cassidy Bill Holland, Billboard Bulletin, May 30, 2001. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ Rebroadcast on July 4, 2001 [1], August 15, 2002 [2] and January 1, 2004 [3]
^ Nightline Daily E-Mail: January 2, 2004, Leroy Sievers and the Nightline Staff, January 2, 2004
^ The Official UK Albums Chart Top 75 Music Week, August 25, 2001. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ Internet fuels singer's posthumous success. The Deseret News, March 11, 2001.
^ Keeping the flame Mike Anderiesz, The Guardian, April 4, 2002. Retrieved on March 14, 2008.
^ Amazon.com Inducts 25 Musicians into Hall of Fame Business Wire, July 11, 2005. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ Online, Eva Cassidy Trumps Elvis Joel Topcik, New York Times, July 24, 2004. Retrieved on March 14, 2008.
^ Review of No Boundaries William Cooper, allmusic. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ Hugh Cassidy, et al. v. David Lourim, et al. (PDF) United States district court for the district of Maryland. Retrieved on March 6, 2008. Archived February 27, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ Method Actor evacassidy.org. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ "Lawyer disqualified from continuing to represent Blix Street Records in suit over right to distribute early Eva Cassidy album, over objections of Cassidy's parents who were lawyer's clients too when lawsuit was filed, but now want to settle case even though Blix Street does not". Entertainment Law Reporter. October 2004.
^ ^a ^b Q and A Evacassidy.org.
^ Selling Eva Cassidy by the Pound Dave McKenna, Washingtoncitypaper.com. Jun. 4, 2008
^ Musical charts life of songstress Eva Cassidy Grantham Journal, March 13, 2008. Retrieved March 17, 2008
^ Eva Cassidy Remembered Broadwayworld.com, January 26, 2005. Retrieved March 17, 2008
^ Blix Street Records Presents Kwan with Gold Record for Cassidy's 'Songbird' Album Press release. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c Review: Katie Melua in concert Neil Smith, BBC News Online, March 17, 2004. Retrieved March 17, 2008.
^ BBC Duet Impossible steve-smith.tv. Retrieved on March 18, 2008^{[dead link]}
^ Melua duet headed for number one BBC News, December 12, 2007. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ Sheboygan native receives leadership award Warren Gerds, Green Bay Press-Gazette, November 25, 2007. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.^{[dead link]}
^ Eva Cassidy biopic in the works., Michael Fleming, Variety, December 7, 2007. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ Local Singer's Career Takes Off After Death, Eva Cassidy's Story To Be Told In Hollywood nbc4.com, November 2, 2006. Retrieved on March 6, 2008.
^ Gus Russo. "Exciting news for all Eva Cassidy fans". http://www.oaksite.co.uk/eva%20song.html. Retrieved 29 March 2012.

Books [link]

Rob Burley; Jonathan Maitland, Elana Rhodes Byrd (2003). Eva Cassidy: Songbird: Her Story by Those Who Knew Her. Gotham Books. ISBN 978-1-59240-035-5.
Johan Bakker; Behind the Rainbow, the tragic life of Eva Cassidy (2012) Omnibus Press, 207 pages, ISBN 978-1-78038-231-9

External links [link]

Eva Cassidy website maintained by her cousin, Laura Claire Bligh
Eva Cassidy Artwork website
Evasongs recordings information
Eva Cassidy at the All Music Guide
Eva Cassidy on ABC Nightline
Eva Cassidy Feature on ABC Nightline
Eva Cassidy: Songbird: Her Story by Those Who Knew Her at Google Book Search
Over the Rainbow on YouTube – Eva plays live, recorded on a friend's video camera — became the most requested video ever shown on Top Of The Pops 2.
Tears in Heaven on YouTube - Mary Ann Redmond & Eva Cassidy singing Eric Clapton's "Tears in Heaven" – From a 1995 performance at Fleetwood's in Alexandria, VA.
Website Eva Cassidy Biography

v t e Eva Cassidy

Accompaniment	Eva Cassidy (guitar) Chris Biondo (bass) Keith Grimes (guitar) Raice McLeod (drums) Lenny Williams (keyboard)

Albums	The Other Side Live at Blues Alley Eva by Heart Time After Time Imagine American Tune Somewhere Simply Eva

Compilations	Songbird Wonderful World

Unofficial releases	No Boundaries Method Actor

http://wn.com/Eva_Cassidy

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Cassidy

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Bullet for My Valentine
Bullet for My Valentine performing at the 2010 Norway Rock Festival.
Background information
Origin	Bridgend, Wales, United Kingdom
Genres	Heavy metal, metalcore, thrash metal
Years active	1998–present
Labels	Columbia, Trustkill, Gun, Sony Music, Jive, RCA
Website	bulletformyvalentine.com
Members
Matthew Tuck Michael Paget Michael Thomas Jason James
Past members
Nick Crandle

Bullet for My Valentine are a Welsh heavy metal band from Bridgend, formed in 1998. The band is composed of Matthew Tuck (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Michael Paget (lead guitar, backing vocals), Jason James (bass guitar, backing vocals), and Michael Thomas (drums). They were formed under the name Jeff Killed John and started their music career by covering songs by Metallica and Nirvana. Jeff Killed John recorded six songs which were not released; two of these tracks were reworked later in their career as Bullet for My Valentine. Financial difficulties dictated the name change, which was followed by a change in music direction. In 2002, the band secured a five-album deal with Sony BMG. The band has stated that their music is influenced by classic heavy metal acts such as Metallica, Iron Maiden, and Slayer. The band is part of the Cardiff music scene.

Bullet for My Valentine's debut album, The Poison, was released on 3 October 2005 in the United Kingdom and on 14 February 2006 in the United States to coincide with Valentine's Day hence their band name. The album entered the Billboard 200 in the US at number 128. It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. The band made appearances at the Download Festival and Kerrang! XXV, and undertook a US tour with Rob Zombie. Bullet for My Valentine's second studio album, Scream Aim Fire, was released on 29 January 2008 and debuted at number four on the Billboard 200. The band's third album, Fever, was released on 26 April 2010 and debuted at number three on the Billboard 200. The band has sold over one million albums in the United States and nearly 2,500,000 albums worldwide and are the most-successful act in the Kerrang! Awards category of "Best British Band" with three wins.

1 History
2 Musical style and influences
3 Band members
- 3.1 Timeline
4 Discography
5 Awards and achievements
6 References
7 External links

History [link]

Jeff Killed John and record deal (1998—2005)[link]

	"Tears Don't Fall" noicon According to Scott Alisoglu of Blabbermouth.net, "Tears Don't Fall"'s "twin lead work, thrashy romps, galloping tempos, and a hot solo launch the track out of mediocrity."^[1]
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

Jeff Killed John was the forerunner band to Bullet for My Valentine and was formed in 1998 by Matthew Tuck, Michael "Padge" Paget, Nick Crandle, and Michael "Moose" Thomas while studying music at Bridgend College. Playing Nirvana and Metallica cover songs, the band released a two-track EP in 2002, You/Play with Me, which was produced by Greg Haver. The EP was financed through the Pynci scheme for new Welsh musicians and the release garnered radio airplay on BBC Radio 1's broadcast at Newport's T.J.'s.^[2] Jeff Killed John's music followed the nu metal trend set by bands such as Korn and Limp Bizkit.^[2] Bassist Crandle left the band on the eve of entering the recording sessions for You/Play with Me and was replaced by Jason James.^[2] The band then changed their name to Bullet for My Valentine and reworked their musical strategy; they decided to play thrash metal songs with "harmony guitars and big angelic choruses" according to frontman Tuck.^[3]

Roadrunner Records showed interest in Bullet for My Valentine and offered the band a deal. The offer was ultimately turned down, and the band signed a five-album record deal with Sony BMG and a UK licensing deal with Visible Noise. According to Tuck, they chose Sony because, "We thought that a lot more doors would be open to us."^[3] A self-titled EP was released on 15 November 2004 in the UK. Produced by Colin Richardson, it featured five tracks and marked the band's first official release.^[2] A second EP, Hand of Blood, was released on 22 August 2005 through Trustkill Records and was only available in the US; the release contained one extra track than the self-titled EP, "4 Words (To Choke Upon)." Daniel Lukes of Decibel Magazine reviewed the EP by stating, "The worst part is that the music itself isn’t all that bad, for the genre." He went on to comment that the band should be "embarrassed" about the release.^[4] Zeromag's Josh Joyce complimented the band on "how technical they can get without confusing the kids."^[5]

[edit] The Poison (2005—2007)

Bullet for My Valentine at 2007's Earthday Birthday (depicted from left to right: Paget, James, and Tuck).

Bullet for My Valentine's debut album, The Poison, was released on 3 October 2005 in the UK and on Valentine's Day, 2006 in the US. It entered the Billboard 200 at number 128,^[6] and attained number 11 on the Independent Albums chart.^[7] On 30 January 2009, the album was certified gold by the RIAA after 500,000 copies were sold in the US.^[8] Four singles were released from The Poison: "4 Words (To Choke Upon)", "Suffocating Under Words of Sorrow (What Can I Do)", "All These Things I Hate (Revolve Around Me)", and "Tears Don't Fall".^[9] Bullet for My Valentine promoted the album by touring across the world. In 2005, with increased popularity, they played on the larger Download Festival Snickers stage;^[10] in 2006, the band were moved to near the top of the main stage bill.^[11] Other tours included opening for Metallica and Guns N' Roses in the summer of 2006,^[12] the Vans Warped Tour and Earthday Birthday. The band's headline performance at Kerrang XXV, a one-off gig at Brixton Academy in London on 28 January 2006, was filmed for their first DVD, The Poison: Live at Brixton.^[13]^[14] During June 2007, Tuck suffered from laryngitis, which let to an emergency tonsillectomy in July.^[15] Bullet for My Valentine were forced to cancel several shows, including supporting Metallica for three dates on their Sick of the Studio '07 tour on 29 June in Bilbao, 5 July in Vienna, and 8 July at the recently completed Wembley Stadium in London.^[16] Unable to speak, Tuck wrote that as soon as doctors cleared him he would be in the studio working on the band's next album.^[17]

[edit] Scream Aim Fire (2007—2008)

Bullet for My Valentine's second studio album, Scream Aim Fire, was recorded at Sonic Ranch Studios and was produced by Colin Richardson.^[18] Tuck commented at the time, "It's a lot more up tempo, a lot more aggressive".^[19] The album was released in the US on 29 January 2008.^[20] It sold 53,000 copies in its first week and peaked at number four on the Billboard 200.^[21] Three songs were released as singles: "Scream Aim Fire", "Hearts Burst into Fire", and "Waking the Demon".

In support of the new album, the band toured North America and Australia in the spring of 2008 for the Taste of Chaos tour alongside Atreyu, Blessthefall, and Avenged Sevenfold. Bullet for My Valentine cut short the Canada portion of the tour and flew back home to support the daughter of James who was in hospital.^[22] The band performed in North America again in the summer of 2008 as part of the No Fear Tour with Bleeding Through, Cancer Bats, and Black Tide.^[23] In late 2008, the band toured Europe, supported by Lacuna Coil, Bleeding Through, and Black Tide.^[24] In December 2008, Scream Aim Fire was re-released with four bonus tracks that were recorded during the album's studio sessions, but with re-recorded vocal-lines.^[25]

[edit] Fever (2009—2011)

Michael Paget (left) and Matthew Tuck (right) at 2006's Roskilde Festival held in Denmark.

Matt Tuck spoke to Daniel Marez of Metal Hammer in March 2009 about the band's progress on writing and recording their third album. Tuck stated that there were four or five songs that were finished and that "usually we write and record 14 tracks that I then have to write vocal lines for, but this time I’m trying to write the vocals as I write the music".^[25] Bullet for My Valentine confirmed in August 2009 that they were aiming for an early 2010 release for the new album, while Tuck stated that the upcoming record is "a lot more mature-sounding, it's a lot more classic. It'll stand the test of time [more] than both the previous things we've done".^[26] In a January 2010 interview with Rock Sound, Tuck stated explained details for the album; it would be titled Fever and that the 11-track record would have a sound closer to The Poison rather than Scream Aim Fire and would be absent of ballads.^[27]

During the summer of 2009, Bullet for My Valentine toured across the United States as part of the Mayhem Festival,^[28] alongside Killswitch Engage, Slayer, and Marilyn Manson on the main stage;^[29] they also appeared on the UK leg of the Sonisphere tour at Knebworth, headlining the second stage.^[30] The band will be headlining the second stage at the Download Festival 2010 on the Friday night.^[31] The band has also been confirmed for Nova Rock,^[32] Metaltown,^[33] Rock am Ring,^[34] Rock on the Range,^[35] The Bamboozle,^[36] Bilbao Live Festival,^[37] Fortarock^[38] and Graspop.^[39] In addition, they will be playing alongside the Big Four on the Greek leg of Sonisphere.^[40] Fever was released on 27 April 2010.^[41] A free download of a new track called "Begging For Mercy" was released on the band's website on 14 February 2010 as part of a Twitter promotion.^[42] The song "Your Betrayal" was chosen as the lead single for the album and was set to release on 9 March 2010, but, unexpectedly, was released earlier on 2 March 2010 as a digital single on iTunes Store. The second single is called "The Last Fight" and was released on 19 April. The album artwork for this studio album was released on the official website on 5 March 2010.^[41] Bullet for My Valentine announced the start their US tour in support of Fever. It began on 30 April with the bands Airbourne and Chiodos as support.^[43] On 12 March the band released the music videos for "The Last Fight" and "Your Betrayal".^[44] The band revealed the track listing on their website on 15 March, as well as other various sources that include an email to all of their subscribers on the mailing list.^[45] On 26 April the band played a secret show in London to celebrate the release of Fever. This was their only UK headline show until the end of the year.^[46]

Fourth studio album (2011—present)[link]

On 28 January 2011, Michael Paget stated that the group had already drawn proportions for the next studio album and will sound a lot like Fever. He followed-along with stating that the band plans to have the songs for it written within 2011 and will begin recording the album by the end of the year. A couple tracks left from the Fever sessions might be redone, re-arranged and re-recorded for the new record.^[47] The band played at Uproar Festival 2011, after which they began writing material for a fourth studio album. The band hopes to release the album sometime in 2012.^[48]

On 7 October, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding Jive Records along with Arista Records and J Records. With the shutdown, the band (and all other artists previously signed to these three labels) will release their future material (including their next studio album) on the RCA Records brand.^[49]^[50] Also in October, frontman Matt Tuck announced that he will be working on a new side project which he has described as "metal as fuck", influenced by bands such as Pantera and Slipknot.^[51] On May 1, 2012, it was revealed that the project will be called AxeWound and will feature Liam Cormier, Mike Kingswood, Joe Copcutt and Jason Bowld.

In May 2012, it was announced that Bullet For My Valentine would be playing at the South African music festival Oppikoppi. They were slated to play in the country for the Coke Zero Fest of 2009, but pulled out at the last minute to record Fever.^[52]

Musical style and influences [link]

Bullet for My Valentine are primarily deemed as a contemporary metal band. With detailed statements, their music has been described by critics as heavy metal,^[53]^[54] metalcore^[41]^[55] and thrash metal.^[56]^[57] The band has cited being influenced by bands such as Metallica, Annihilator, Pantera, Machine Head, Iron Maiden, Guns N' Roses,^[58] Testament, Stuck Mojo, Slayer, Judas Priest, and Megadeth.^[59] These bands inspire Bullet for My Valentine's "catchy vocals, aggressive riffs, and melodies," according to Thomas.^[60] The band describe two of their albums, The Poison and Fever, as having a "super dark" tone,^[61] Tuck went on to state that "…we're a hard rock band with metal influences, and I’ve said that from Day One.”^[27] Kirk Miller of Decibel Magazine praised the band for the effort in synchronised song structures.^[62] When asked of their views on their looks, members of the band have stated that they would not change their sound or image for a commercial approach; Tuck also commented that, "Without sounding harsh, we're more interested in what our music sounds like than what our fucking hair looks like."^[63]

Band members [link]

Current members

Michael Paget – lead guitar, backing vocals (1998–present)
Michael Thomas – drums (1998–present)
Matthew Tuck – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1998–present)
Jason James – bass guitar, backing vocals (2003–present)

Former members

Nick Crandle – bass guitar (1998–2003)

Timeline [link]

<timeline> ImageSize = width:750 height:300 PlotArea = left:110 bottom:120 top:0 right:30 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1998 till:02/02/2012 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy

Colors =

id:bass value:brightgreen legend:Bass guitar
id:bass;vocals value:purple legend:Bass, backing vocals
id:drums value:yellow legend:Drums
id:rhythm;vocals value:red legend:Rhythm guitar, lead vocals
id:guitar;vocals value:brightblue legend:Lead guitar, backing vocals
id:lines value:black legend:Studio albums

Legend = orientation:vertical position:bottom columns:2

ScaleMajor = increment:2 start:1998 ScaleMinor = increment:1 start:1999

LineData =

at:10/03/2005 color:black layer:back
at:01/29/2008 color:black layer:back
at:04/26/2010 color:black layer:back

BarData =

bar:Hetfield text:"'Matthew Tuck"
bar:Lars text:"Michael Paget"
bar:Mustaine text:"Jason James"
bar:Kirk text:"Michael Thomas"
bar:Ron text:"Nick Crandle"

PlotData=

width:10 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)
bar:Hetfield from:01/01/1998 till:end color:rhythm;vocals
bar:Lars from:01/01/1998 till:end color:guitar;vocals
bar:Ron from:01/01/1998 till:01/01/2003 color:bass
bar:Mustaine from:01/01/2003 till:end color:bass;vocals
bar:Kirk from:01/01/1998 till:end color:drums

</timeline>

Discography [link]

Main article: Bullet for My Valentine discography

Studio albums

The Poison (2005)
Scream Aim Fire (2008)
Fever (2010)

Awards and achievements [link]

Welsh Music Award
- Best Newcomer (2004)^[64]
Metal Hammer Golden God Award
- Best British Band (2006, 2010)^[65]^[66]
Kerrang! Awards
- Best Single for "Tears Don't Fall" (2006)^[67]
- Best British Newcomer (2005)^[68]
- Best British Band (2008, 2009, 2010)^[69]^[70]
- Headlined Kerrang!'s 25 year anniversary tour of the UK^[71]
- Best Live Band (2010)^[72]

References [link]

^ Alisoglu, Scott (22 August 2009). "The Poison". Blabbermouth.net. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/showreview.aspx?reviewID=604. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Bullet for My Valentine biography". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/music/sites/genres_artists/rock_pop/bfmv.shtml. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
^ ^a ^b "Bullet for My Valentine Interview". Room Thirteen. 8 July 2005. Archived from the original on 12 November 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071112164113/http://www.roomthirteen.com/cgi-bin/feature_view.cgi?FeatureID=185. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
^ Lukes, Daniel. "Screamocore takes a dump where it eats". Decibel. Archived from the original on 6 May 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060506025905/http://www.decibelmagazine.com/reviews/sep2005/bullet_for_my_valentine.aspx. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
^ Joyce, Josh. "Bullet For My Valentine – Hand of Blood EP". Zero Magazine. http://www.zeromag.com/articles/cd_view.php?id=924&pi=0. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
^ "Chart Listing for the week of 4 Mar 2006:". Billboard. 4 March 2006. Archived from the original on 12 November 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071112062414/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=305&cfgn=Albums&cfn=The+Billboard+200&ci=3064550&cdi=8553281&cid=03%2F04%2F2006. Retrieved 2 November 2007.
^ "Bullet for My Valentine – Albums". Billboard. Archived from the original on 12 November 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071112062429/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.chartFormatGroupName=Albums&model.vnuArtistId=690285&model.vnuAlbumId=914137. Retrieved 2 November 2007.
^ "RIAA – Gold & Platinum – 12 August 2009". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=The%20Poison&artist=&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
^ "Bullet for My Valentine – Singles". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=690285&model.vnuAlbumId=914137. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
^ "Download Festival 2005 line-up". Download Festival. http://2005.downloadfestival.co.uk/lineup/index.asp. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
^ "Download Festival 2006 line-up". Download Festival. http://2006.downloadfestival.co.uk/lineup/index.asp. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
^ "Bullet for My Valentine – Matt Tuck, Vocals/Guitars". SMN News. 1 April 2006. http://www.smnnews.com/2006/04/01/bullet-for-my-valentine-matt-tuck-vocalsguitars/. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
^ "Bullet For My Valentine DVD Slated For December Release". The Gauntlet. 2 November 2006. http://www.thegauntlet.com/article/1203/6254/%09%09%09Bullet-For-My-Valentine.html. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
^ Arto (3 January 2006). "Bullet for My Valentine interview – Moose". HardcoreSounds. http://www.hardcoresounds.net/modules.php?name=Interviews&func=view&id=6. Retrieved 7 November 2007. ^{[dead link]}
^ Wood, Mikael. "BULLET FOR MY VALENTINE". Revolver. http://www.revolvermag.com/content/bullet-my-valentine-0. Retrieved 22 August 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Machine Head Added To Metallica's Wembley Bill". Blabbermouth.net. 27 June 2007. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=75664. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
^ Chris (21 June 2007). "Bullet update". bulletformyvalentine1.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071125120648/http://www.bulletformyvalentine1.com/website/html/news.php?page=2. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
^ Graff, Gary (12 April 2007). "Bullet for My Valentine in the thick of new album". Billboard. Archived from the original on 25 April 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070425125256/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003571071. Retrieved 31 November 2007.
^ "Bullet for My Valentine frontman says new album is 'More commercial than the last one, we're all gonna cut our hair and wear more makeup'.". Blabbermouth.net. 15 October 2007. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=82814. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
^ Harris, Chris; Wiederhorn, Jon (16 November 2007). "Hate Eternal Do Some Soul-Searching; Plus Shadows Fall, Blut Aus Nord & More News That Rules, In Metal File". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1574461/20071115/id_0.jhtml. Retrieved 13 August 2009.
^ Hasty, Katie (6 February 2008). "Keys Notches Fourth Week At No. 1". Billboard. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080208021000/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003707091. Retrieved 7 February 2008.
^ "Bullet for My Valentine Cancels Seattle, Canada Dates". Blabbermouth.net. 14 April 2008. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=94842. Retrieved 14 April 2008.
^ Tjames Madison. "No Fear tour". LiveDaily. http://www.livedaily.com/news/14274.html. Retrieved 11 August 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ Pollstar (2008). "Lacuna Coil Concert Dates". http://www.pollstar.com/tour/searchall.pl?By=Artist&Exact=Y&Content=Lacuna+Coil. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Bullet for My Valentine’s Matt Tuck on new album". Metal Hammer. 16 March 2009. http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/bullet-for-my-valentines-matt-tuck-on-new-album/. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
^ "Bullet for My Valentine Drummer Interviewed By Swigged!". Blabbermouth. 11 August 2009. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=125100. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
^ ^a ^b "Bullet For My Valentine Talk New Album". Rock Sound. 21 January 2010. http://www.rocksound.tv/news/article/bullet-for-my-valentine-talk-new-album. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
^ Castillo, Arielle. "Mayhem Festival". New Times Broward/Palm Beach. http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/events/mayhem-festival-828624/. Retrieved 12 August 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Mayhem Festival Press Release". Mayhem Festival. 28 January 2009. http://www.mayhemfest.com/2009-press-release.pdf. Retrieved 28 January 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ Chamberlain, Richard. "Sonisphere – the inthenews.co.uk review". Inthenews.co.uk. http://www.inthenews.co.uk/infocus/entertainment/sonisphere-the-inthenews-co-uk-review-$1316160.htm. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
^ "Download Festival 2010". Kerrang. http://www2.kerrang.com/2010/01/download_2010_is_go.html. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
^ "HEAVEN & HELL, SLAYER, BULLET FOR MY VALENTINE Confirmed For Austria's NOVA ROCK Festival". Blabbermouth. 9 December 2009. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=131707. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
^ "BULLET FOR MY VALENTINE, KREATOR, Others Confirmed For Sweden's METALTOWN Festival". Blabbermouth. 3 February 2010. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Search&searchtext=bullet+for+my+valentine&x=85&y=11. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
^ "KISS To Play Germany's ROCK AM RING/ROCK IM PARK Festivals?". Blabbermouth. 4 December 2009. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=131455. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
^ "GODSMACK, ROB ZOMBIE, LIMP BIZKIT, SLASH, DEFTONES Confirmed For ROCK ON THE RANGE". Blabbermouth. 9 February 2010. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=134781. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
^ "New Jersey Bamboolze Festival Announces New Acts: Bullet For My Valentine, Motion City Soundtrack". The Silver Tongue. 29 January 2010. http://thesilvertongueonline.com/?p=8127. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
^ "BBK Live 2010 Festival line-up begins to take shape". EITB. 10 February 2010. http://www.eitb.com/news/detail/352766/bbk-live-2010-festival-line-up-begins-to-take-shape/. Retrieved 11 February 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ "KILLSWITCH ENGAGE, DEICIDE, KREATOR, BULLET FOR MY VALENTINE Confirmed For Holland's FORTAROCK". Blabbermouth. 13 February 2010. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=135004. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
^ "BULLET FOR MY VALENTINE, KILLSWITCH ENGAGE, NILE Confirmed For GRASPOP METAL MEETING". Blabbermouth. 8 December 2009. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=131652. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
^ "METALLICA, MEGADETH, SLAYER, ANTHRAX Confirmed For Greece's SONISPHERE". Blabbermouth. 18 February 2010. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=135356. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Bullet For My Valentine announce third album". BBC News. 17 February 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/walesmusic/2010/02/bullet-for-my-valentine-album-fever.shtml. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
^ ""Begging For Mercy" Free Download". Bullet For My Valentine. 14 February 2010. http://www.bulletformyvalentine.com/us/news/begging-mercy-free-download. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
^ "Bullet for my Valentine Tour Dates with Airbourne and Chiodos". Noisecreep. 8 March 2010. http://www.noisecreep.com/2010/03/08/bullet-for-my-valentine-tour-dates-with-chiodos-and-airbourne/. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
^ "Bullet For My Valentine – Your Betrayal Video". Jiverecords.com. http://www.jiverecords.com/bulletformyvalentine/. Retrieved 29 October 2011. ^{[dead link]}
^ [1]^{[dead link]}
^ Bhamra, Satvir (9 April 2010). "Bullet For My Valentine to play secret show". Amplified.tv. http://amplified.tv/2010/04/09/bullet-for-my-valentine-to-play-secret-show/. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
^ "Bullet For My Valentine: 'Next Album Going To Be In A Similar Vein Of Fever'". Ultimate-guitar.com. 28 January 2011. http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/interviews/interviews/bullet_for_my_valentine_next_album_going_to_be_in_a_similar_vein_of_fever.html. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
^ Anne Erickson (18 August 2011). "Bullet for My Valentine Guitarist Talks Metallica, Ozzy and Kurt Cobain". Gibson Guitars. http://www.gibson.com/en-us/Lifestyle/Features/valentine-0818-2011/. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
^ "RCA's New Executive Team Named Under CEO Peter Edge Amid Layoffs (Update)". Billboard.biz. 23 August 2011. http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/rca-s-new-executive-team-named-under-ceo-1005324782.story. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
^ "Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Arbitron Ratings, Music News and more!". FMQB. http://www.fmqb.com/article.asp?id=2268707. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
^ "Bullet For My Valentine’s Matt Tuck Working On “Metal As Fuck” New Project". Metal Hammer. 2011-10-27. http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/bullet-for-my-valentines-matt-tuck-working-on-metal-as-fuck-new-project/. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
^ http://www.timeslive.co.za/entertainment/music/2012/05/29/bullet-for-my-valentine-to-play-oppikoppi
^ Nettleton, Chris. "Drowned in Sound – Bullet for My Valentine: Scream Aim Fire review". Drowned in Sound. http://drownedinsound.com/releases/12569/reviews/2876423. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
^ "Absolute Radio – Bullet for My Valentine pull out of Metallica Wembley show". Absolute Radio. 21 June 2007. http://www.absoluteradio.co.uk/music/news/story/2294/Bullet_for_My_Valentine_pull_out_of_Metallica_Wembley_show.html. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
^ "BFMV at NME". NME. UK. http://www.nme.com/artists/bullet-for-my-valentine. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
^ Stack, Eamonn (20 February 2008). "BBC review Scream Aim Fire". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/release/8f4h/. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
^ Weiderhorn, Jon (7 November 2008). "The New Guitar Gods: Bullet for My Valentine". Guitar World. http://www.guitarworld.com/article/the_new_guitar_gods_bullet_for_my_valentine. Retrieved 8 February 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Guns N' Roses Biography – AOL Music". Music.aol.com. http://music.aol.com/artist/guns-n-roses/biography. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
^ "Bullet for My Valentine Interview – Ultimate Guitar". Ultimate Guitar Archive. 20 October 2005. http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/news/interviews/bullet_for_my_valentine_interview.html. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
^ "Bullet for My Valentine – Confident aiming at being the next classic metal band". Metalrage.com. 22 June 2006. http://www.metalrage.com/articles/422. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
^ "Bullet For My Valentine biography". http://www.bulletformyvalentine.com/us/biography.
^ Miller, Kirk. "Bullet for My Valentine – The Poison". Decibel. Archived from the original on 4 April 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060404110846/http://www.decibelmagazine.com/reviews/mar2006/bulletformyvalentine.aspx. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
^ "Bullet for My Valentine Interview". Popworld. Archived from the original on 23 November 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061123013438/http://www.popworld.com/pages/bulletformyvalentine_rock1. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
^ "Welsh Music Awards 2004". BBC News. Archived from the original on 9 July 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060709084226/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/music/sites/content/pages/welsh_music_awards_2004.shtml. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
^ Mendoza, Nadia (12 June 2007). "Bullet booed at Metal Awards". The Sun (UK). http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/online/article236903.ece. Retrieved 31 October 2007. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Kawasaki Golden God Award: Best UK Band". Metal Hammer. 6 July 2010. http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/kawasaki-golden-god-award-best-uk-band/. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
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^ "Award double for rockers Slipknot". BBC News. 4 August 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8181878.stm. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
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^ "Kerrang! And the winners are...". Kerrang!. 29 July 2010. http://www.kerrang.com/blog/2010/07/and_the_winners_are_1.html. Retrieved 16 February 2011.

External links [link]

Official website

Bullet for My Valentine

Matthew Tuck
Jason James
Michael Paget
Michael Thomas

Nick Crandle

Studio albums
and singles

The Poison	"4 Words (To Choke Upon)" "Suffocating Under Words of Sorrow" "All These Things I Hate" "Tears Don't Fall"

Scream Aim Fire	"Scream Aim Fire" "Hearts Burst into Fire" "Waking the Demon"

Fever	"Your Betrayal" "The Last Fight" "Bittersweet Memories" "Fever"

Non-studio albums

EPs	Bullet for My Valentine Hand of Blood

Live albums	The Poison: Live at Brixton Scream Aim Fire: Live at London Alexandria

Discography

v t e Culture and recreation in Cardiff

Performing arts	Cardiff Singer of the World Welsh Singers Competition BBC National Orchestra of Wales Welsh National Opera Wales Millennium Centre Motorpoint Arena Cardiff St David's Hall Cardiff City Hall New Theatre Sherman Cymru Chapter Arts Centre Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama National Youth Orchestra of Wales Cardiff Philharmonic Orchestra NoFit State Circus

Music venues and acts	Music of Cardiff Clwb Ifor Bach Coal Exchange Spillers Records Barfly Cardiff University Students' Union Bute Park Catatonia The Automatic Jem Funeral for a Friend Lostprophets Bullet for My Valentine Stereophonics Manic Street Preachers Super Furry Animals Kids in Glass Houses Los Campesinos! We're No Heroes The Hot Puppies The Oppressed Pagan Wanderer Lu Budgie Shakin' Stevens Charlotte Church Shirley Bassey Gorky's Zygotic Mynci Only Men Aloud! Under the Driftwood Tree

Festivals and concerts	Cardiff Big Weekend Cardiff Film Festival Cardiff Comedy Festival Cardiff Design Festival Sŵn National Eisteddfod Urdd Eisteddfod Party in the Park Tsunami Relief Cardiff Michael Forever – The Tribute Concert Welcome to Wales Armed Forces Day Millennium Stadium concerts Cardiff Arms Park concerts Sparks in the Park

Museums and galleries	National Museum Cardiff St Fagans National History Museum Museum of the Welsh Soldier Chapter Arts Centre Norwegian Church Arts Centre The Gate Doctor Who Exhibition Centre Pierhead Building Techniquest Cardiff Story

Entertainment and dining	Red Dragon Centre Mermaid Quay Hard Rock Cafe Millennium Plaza The Glee Club Eastside Café Quarter

Recreation	Cardiff Central Library Libraries in Cardiff Leisure centres in Cardiff Bute Park Roath Park Victoria Park Roald Dahl Plass Llandaff Fields Thompson's Park Llanishen Reservoir

Shopping	Arcades St. David's Queens Arcade Capitol Centre Central Market Castle Quarter The Hayes Howells Mermaid Quay Retail Parks

Kerrang! Award for Best Single

"Tequilla" by Terrorvision (1999)
"Wait and Bleed" by Slipknot (2000)
"Heaven Is a Halfpipe" by OPM (2001)
"Blurry" by Puddle of Mudd (2002)
"Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous" by Good Charlotte (2003)
"Last Train Home" by Lostprophets (2004)
"Best of You" by Foo Fighters (2005)
"Tears Don't Fall" by Bullet for My Valentine (2006)
"The Kill" by 30 Seconds to Mars (2007)
"From Yesterday" by 30 Seconds to Mars (2008)
"Omen" by The Prodigy (2009)
"Liquid Confidence" by You Me at Six (2010)
"Hurricane" by 30 Seconds to Mars (2011)

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_for_My_Valentine

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

	Book: Elvis Presley
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

Persondata
Name	Cassidy, Eva Marie
Alternative names
Short description	American singer
Date of birth	February 2, 1963
Place of birth	Washington, D.C., United States
Date of death	November 2, 1996
Place of death	Bowie, Maryland, United States

Fever Filmography

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