Yule

Saturday, 27 October 2012

Lisa Thiel - Winter Solstice Song (Yule)

Beautiful Wood-burning Fireplace Yule Log Video

2008 Amazing Grace by Yule - Brown Family Lights - Light O Rama

The Fireplace Video - Widescreen HD Download Available!

The Yule Ball #1 Potter Puppet Pals Musical!!!

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Bethlehem
http://wn.com/Bethlehem
England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
http://wn.com/England
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India
Moot hill
A moot hill or mons placiti (statute hill) is a hill or mound historically used as an assembly or meeting place. In early medieval Britain, such hills were used for moots, meetings of local people to settle local business. Among other things, proclamations might be read; decisions might be taken; court cases might be settled at a moot. Although some moot hills were naturally occurring features or had been created long before as burial mounds, others were purpose-built.
http://wn.com/Moot_hill
Museum of Witchcraft
Museum of Witchcraft in Boscastle, Cornwall, England is a museum dedicated to witchcraft and has the largest collection of witchcraft and Wiccan related artifacts in the world. It is one of Cornwall's most popular museums, though it had opened initially not in Cornwall but on the Isle of Man in 1951, moving to its current location in 1960.
http://wn.com/Museum_of_Witchcraft
Nordic countries
http://wn.com/Nordic_countries
North Pole
The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is, subject to the caveats explained below, defined as the point in the northern hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets the Earth's surface. It should not be confused with the North Magnetic Pole.
http://wn.com/North_Pole
Norway
http://wn.com/Norway
Spong Hill
Spong Hill (North Elmham, Norfolk, England) is the largest Early Saxon cemetery excavated in England with 2259 cremations and 57 inhumations. The site at Spong Hill consisted of two cemeteries, a large cremation cemetery and a smaller, 6th century cemetery of 57 inhumations. Several of the graves were covered by small barrows and others were marked by the use of coffins.
http://wn.com/Spong_Hill
Sutton Hoo
Sutton Hoo near Woodbridge, Suffolk, England, is the site of two Anglo-Saxon cemeteries of the 6th century and early 7th century. One contained an undisturbed ship burial including a wealth of Anglo-Saxon artefacts of outstanding art-historical and archaeological significance, which are now held in the British Museum in London. Other sites before then had already produced significant finds, but many had been looted.
http://wn.com/Sutton_Hoo
Trondheim
http://wn.com/Trondheim
Wielbark culture
Wielbark culture(, , ) was a pre-literate culture that archaeologists have identified with the Goths; it appeared during the first half of the 1st century CE. It replaced the Oksywie culture, in the area of modern-day Eastern Pomerania around the lower Vistula river, which was related to the Przeworsk culture.
http://wn.com/Wielbark_culture

Alamanni
http://wn.com/Alamanni
Aleister Crowley
http://wn.com/Aleister_Crowley
Angles
The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the ancestral cultural region of Angeln, a district located in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The Angles were one of the main groups that settled in Britain in the post-Roman period, founding several of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England, and their name is the root of the name "England".
http://wn.com/Angles
Anglo-Saxon runes
http://wn.com/Anglo-Saxon_runes
Anglo-Saxons
Anglo-Saxons is the term usually used to describe the invading Germanic tribes in the south and east of Great Britain from the early 5th century AD, and their creation of the English nation, to the Norman conquest of 1066. The Benedictine monk, Bede, writing three centuries later, identified them as the descendants of three Germanic tribes:
http://wn.com/Anglo-Saxons
Ask and Embla
http://wn.com/Ask_and_Embla
Bede
http://wn.com/Bede
Beowulf
Beowulf (; in Old English or ) is the conventional title of an Old English heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines, set in Scandinavia, commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature.
http://wn.com/Beowulf
Biblical Magi
:"Three Kings", or "Three Wise Men", redirects here. For other uses, see Three Kings (disambiguation) and Wise men.
http://wn.com/Biblical_Magi
Buddhist
http://wn.com/Buddhist
Burgundians
http://wn.com/Burgundians
Celts
The Celts ( or , see names of the Celts) were a diverse group of tribal societies in Iron Age and Roman-era Europe who spoke Celtic languages.
http://wn.com/Celts
Chatti
The Chatti (also Chatthi or Catti) were an ancient Germanic tribe whose homeland was near the upper Weser. They settled in central and northern Hesse and southern Lower Saxony, along the upper reaches of the Weser River and in the valleys and mountains of the Eder, Fulda and Weser River regions, a district approximately corresponding to Hesse-Kassel, though probably somewhat more extensive. According to Tacitus , among them were the Batavians, until an internal quarrel drove them out, to take up new lands at the mouth of the Rhine.
http://wn.com/Chatti
Doreen Valiente
http://wn.com/Doreen_Valiente
Early Germanic law
Several Latin law codes of the Germanic peoples written in the Early Middle Ages (also known as leges barbarorum "laws of the barbarians") survive, dating to between the 5th and 9th centuries. They are influenced by Roman law, ecclesiastical law, and earlier tribal customs.
http://wn.com/Early_Germanic_law
Ermanaric
Ermanaric (died 376), was a king of the Gothic Greuthungi at the eve of the Migration Period.
http://wn.com/Ermanaric
Franks
The Franks ( or gens Francorum) were a West Germanic tribal confederation first attested in the third century as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul. Only the Salian Franks formed a kingdom on Roman-held soil that was acknowledged by the Romans after 357. In the climate of the collapse of imperial authority in the West, the Frankish tribes were united under the Merovingians and conquered all of Gaul except Septimania in the 6th century. The Salian political elite would be one of the most active forces in spreading Christianity over western Europe.
http://wn.com/Franks
Frisii
http://wn.com/Frisii
Gavin Bone
Gavin Bone is an author and lecturer in the fields of magic, witchcraft, Wicca and Neo-Paganism, and an organizer in the Neo-Pagan community. He was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire in England, in 1964.
http://wn.com/Gavin_Bone
Gerald Gardner
Gerald Brousseau Gardner (June 13, 1884 - February 12, 1964), who sometimes used the craft name Scire, was an influential English Wiccan, as well as an amateur anthropologist and archaeologist, writer, weaponry expert and occultist. He was instrumental in bringing the Neopagan religion of Wicca to public attention in Britain and wrote some of its definitive religious texts. He himself typically referred to the faith as "witchcraft" or "the witch-cult", its adherents "the Wica", and he claimed that it was the survival of a pre-Christian pagan Witch cult that he had been initiated into by a New Forest coven in 1939.
http://wn.com/Gerald_Gardner
Germania
Germania was the Latin term for a geographical area of land on the east bank of the Rhine (inner Germania), which included regions of Sarmatia as well as an area under Roman control on the west bank of the Rhine. The name came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it from a Gallic term for the peoples east of the Rhine that probably meant "neighbour".
http://wn.com/Germania
Germanic kingship
Germanic kingship refers to the customs and practices surrounding kings among the pagan Germanic tribes of the Migration period (circa AD 300-700) and the kingdoms of the Early Middle Ages (circa AD 700-1000).
http://wn.com/Germanic_kingship
Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. The common ancestor of all the languages in this branch is Proto-Germanic (also known as Common Germanic), spoken in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. Proto-Germanic, along with all of its descendants, is characterized by a number of unique linguistic features, most famously the consonant change known as Grimm's law. Early varieties of Germanic enter history with the Germanic peoples moving south from northern Europe in the second century BC, to settle in northern central Europe.
http://wn.com/Germanic_languages
Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic in older literature) are a historical ethno-linguistic group, originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Indo-European Germanic languages, which diversified out of Common Germanic in the course of the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
http://wn.com/Germanic_peoples
Germanic Wars
The Germanic Wars is a name given to a series of wars between the Romans and various Germanic tribes between 113 BC and 439 A.D. The nature of these wars varied through time between Roman conquest, Germanic uprisings and later Germanic invasions in the Roman Empire that started in the late 2nd century. The series of conflicts which began in the 5th century, under the Western Roman Emperor Honorius, led (along with internal strife) to the ultimate downfall of the Western Roman Empire.
http://wn.com/Germanic_Wars
Gothic Christianity
Gothic Christianity refers to the Christian religion of the Goths and sometimes the Gepids, Vandals, and Burgundians, who may have used Wulfila's translation of the Bible into Gothic and shared common doctrines and practices. Gothic Christianity is the earliest instance of the Christianization of a Germanic people, completed more than a century before the baptism of Frankish king Clovis I.
http://wn.com/Gothic_Christianity
Goths
The Goths (Gothic: *Gutans) were a heterogeneous East Germanic tribe, who played an important role in the history of the Roman Empire after they appeared on its lower Danube frontier in the third century.
http://wn.com/Goths
Gotlander
The Gotlanders are the population of the island of Gotland. In Swedish, they are also called Gutar an ethnonym identical to Goths (Gutans), and both names were originally Proto-Germanic *Gutaniz. Their language is called Gutnish (Gutniska).
http://wn.com/Gotlander
Haakon I of Norway
http://wn.com/Haakon_I_of_Norway
Herod the Great
http://wn.com/Herod_the_Great
Hopi
http://wn.com/Hopi
Irminones
The Irminones, also referred to as Herminones or Hermiones, were a group of early Germanic tribes settling in the Elbe watershed and by the 1st century AD expanding into Bavaria, Swabia and Bohemia. Irminonic or Elbe Germanic is a conventional term grouping early West Germanic dialects ancestral to High German.
http://wn.com/Irminones
Janet Farrar
Janet Farrar (born Janet Owen on 24 June 1950) is a British teacher and author of books on Wicca and Neopaganism. Along with her two husbands, Stewart Farrar and Gavin Bone, Farrar has published "some of the most influential books on modern Witchcraft to date." According to George Knowles, "some seventy five percent of Wiccans both in the Republic and Northern Ireland can trace their roots back to the Farrar's [sic]."
http://wn.com/Janet_Farrar
Jesus
http://wn.com/Jesus
Joseph Bosworth
http://wn.com/Joseph_Bosworth
Jutes
http://wn.com/Jutes
Kurdish people
http://wn.com/Kurdish_people
Leo Ruickbie
Leo Ruickbie is an historian and sociologist of magic, witchcraft and Wicca. He is the author of several books, beginning with Witchcraft Out of the Shadows, a 2004 publication outlining the history of witchcraft from ancient Greece until the modern day. Ruickbie was born in Scotland and took a Master's degree in Sociology and Religion at the University of Lancaster. He then studied at King's College London and was an awarded a PhD for his thesis entitled The Re-Enchanters: Theorising Re-Enchantment and Testing for its Presence in Modern Witchcraft. On Samhain 2007 he launched Open Source Wicca, a project inspired by the Open Source software movement aimed at making the founding texts of Wicca more readily available by releasing them under a Creative Commons licence. In 2008 and 2009 he exhibited on the subject of witchcraft in France.
http://wn.com/Leo_Ruickbie
Lois Bourne
Lois Bourne is an influential figure in the Neopagan religion of Wicca, having been involved in it from the early 1960s, and has written a number of books on the subject. Originally initiated into Gardnerian Wicca by Gerald Gardner, she rose to become the High Priestess of the Bricket Wood coven, working alongside the High Priest Jack Bracelin.
http://wn.com/Lois_Bourne
Lombards
The Lombards (Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from Northern Europe who settled in the valley of the Danube and from there invaded Byzantine Italy in 568 under the leadership of Alboin. They established a Lombard Kingdom, later named Kingdom of Italy, which lasted until 774, when it was conquered by the Franks. Their influence on Italian political geography is apparent in the regional appellation Lombardy.
http://wn.com/Lombards
Mapuche
The Mapuche are one of the indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina. Historically Mapuches were known as Araucanians (araucanos) by the Spaniards. This is now considered pejorative by some people. Mapuche make up about 4% of the Chilean population, who are particularly concentrated in the Araucania Region.
http://wn.com/Mapuche
Marcomanni
The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Buri, Suebi or Suevi.
http://wn.com/Marcomanni
Margaret Murray
Margaret Alice Murray (13 July 1863 - 13 November 1963) was a prominent British Egyptologist and anthropologist. Primarily known for her work in Egyptology, which was "the core of her academic career," she is also known for her propagation of the Witch-cult hypothesis, the theory that the Witch trials in Early Modern Europe and North America were an attempt to extinguish a surviving pre-Christian, pagan religion devoted to a Horned God. Whilst this theory is today widely disputed and discredited by historians like Norman Cohn, Keith Thomas and Ronald Hutton, it has had a significant effect in the origins of Neopagan religions, primarily Wicca, a faith which she herself was supportive of.
http://wn.com/Margaret_Murray
Mead hall
In ancient Scandinavia and Germanic Europe a mead hall or feasting hall was initially simply a large building with a single room. From the fifth century to early medieval times such a building was the residence of a lord and his retainers. The mead hall was generally the great hall of the king. As such, it was likely to be the safest place in the kingdom.
http://wn.com/Mead_hall
Migration Period
The Migration Period, also called the Barbarian Invasions or (wandering of the peoples), was a period of human migration that occurred roughly between AD 300 to 700 in Europe, marking the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. These movements were catalyzed by profound changes within both the Roman Empire and the so-called 'barbarian frontier'. Migrating peoples during this period included the Huns, Goths, Vandals, Bulgars, Alans, Suebi, Frisians, and Franks, among other Germanic and Slavic tribes.
http://wn.com/Migration_Period
Nordic Bronze Age
The Nordic Bronze Age (also Northern Bronze Age) is the name given by Oscar Montelius to a period and a Bronze Age culture in Scandinavian pre-history, c. 1700-500 BC, with sites that reached as far east as Estonia. Succeeding the Late Neolithic culture, its ethnic and linguistic affinities are unknown in the absence of written sources. It is followed by the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
http://wn.com/Nordic_Bronze_Age
Oksywie culture
The Oksywie Culture, was an archaeological culture which existed in the area of modern day Eastern Pomerania around the lower Vistula river, from the 2nd century BC to the early 1st century AD.
http://wn.com/Oksywie_culture
Ostrogoths
The Ostrogoths () were a branch of the Goths (the other branch being the Visigoths), an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in political events of the last decades of the Roman Empire. The Ostrogoths established the Kingdom of Italy, a relatively short-lived successor state of the Western Roman Empire.
http://wn.com/Ostrogoths
Persian people
Ethnic group|group = Persian Speakers
http://wn.com/Persian_people
Philip Heselton
Philip Heselton (born 1946) is a retired British Conservation Officer, a Wiccan initiate, and a writer on the subjects of Wicca, Paganism and Earth mysteries. He is best known for two books, Wiccan Roots: Gerald Gardner and the Modern Witchcraft Revival and Gerald Gardner and the Cauldron of Inspiration, which gather historical evidence surrounding the New Forest coven and the origins of Gardnerian Wicca. He is currently working on a biography of Gerald Gardner.
http://wn.com/Philip_Heselton
Phyllis Curott
Phyllis Curott is a Wiccan priest, attorney, and author [http://www.templeofara.org/phyllis.htm].
http://wn.com/Phyllis_Curott
Pre-Roman Iron Age
The Pre-Roman Iron Age of Northern Europe (5th/4th century BC - 1st century BC) designates the earliest part of the Iron Age in Scandinavia, northern Germany, and the Netherlands north of the Rhine River. These regions feature many extensive archaeological excavation sites, which have yielded a wealth of artifacts. Objects discovered at the sites suggest that the Pre-Roman Iron Age cultures evolved without a major break out of the Nordic Bronze Age, but that there were strong influences from the Celtic Iron-Age Hallstatt culture in Central Europe. During the first century BC, Roman influence began to be felt even in Denmark.
http://wn.com/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age
Przeworsk culture
The Przeworsk culture is part of an Iron Age archaeological complex that dates from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. It was located in what is now central and southern Poland, later spreading to parts of eastern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia ranging between the Oder and the middle and upper Vistula Rivers into the headwaters of the Dniester and Tisza Rivers. It takes its name from the village near the town Przeworsk where the first artefacts were found.
http://wn.com/Przeworsk_culture
Raven Grimassi
Raven Grimassi (born 1951) is the pen name of the author of over a dozen books on Neo-paganism and witchcraft. He is perhaps best known for his popularization of Stregheria, which he and others describe as "the Old Religion of Italy... the Witch sect of Old Italy".
http://wn.com/Raven_Grimassi
Raymond Buckland
Raymond Buckland (born 31 August 1934), whose craft name is Robat, is an English American writer on the subject of Wicca and the occult, and a significant figure in the history of Wicca, of which he is a High Priest in both the Gardnerian and Seax traditions.
http://wn.com/Raymond_Buckland
Robert Barnhart
Robert K. Barnhart (1933 – April 2007) was an American lexicographer and editor of various specialized dictionaries. He was co-editor, with his father Clarence Barnhart, on some editions of the Thorndike-Barnhart dictionaries and The World Book Dictionary. With his father and Sol Steinmetz, he edited the three volumes of The Barnhart Dictionary of New English (1973,1980, 1990).
http://wn.com/Robert_Barnhart
Roman Iron Age
The Roman Iron Age (1-400) is the name that Swedish archaeologist Oscar Montelius gave to a part of the Iron Age in Scandinavia, Northern Germany and the Netherlands.
http://wn.com/Roman_Iron_Age
Ronald Hutton
Ronald Hutton (born 1954) is a British historian, working as a Professor of the subject at the University of Bristol, and sometimes appears in this capacity on British television and radio. He is also the author of a number of eleven books upon his specialist subjects; Britain in the 17th century, the history of the Neopagan movement and historical British paganism and folklore. He holds a fellowship at Magdalen College, Oxford and is also a Commissioner of English Heritage. Hutton's first published work, a biography of Charles II, was released in 1989, and was followed by a work on the British Republic. During the 1990s he published four books, one of which examined ancient British paganism, two of which dealt with later folklore and the fourth of which looked at the later Neopagan religion of Wicca.
http://wn.com/Ronald_Hutton
Rudolf Simek
Rudolf Simek (born 21 February 1954 in Eisenstadt, Burgenland) is an Austrian Germanist and Philologian.
http://wn.com/Rudolf_Simek
Runic alphabet
http://wn.com/Runic_alphabet
Saga
http://wn.com/Saga
Saint Joseph
http://wn.com/Saint_Joseph
Saint Nicholas
http://wn.com/Saint_Nicholas
Sami people
http://wn.com/Sami_people
Sanghamitta
http://wn.com/Sanghamitta
Saxons
The Saxons () were a confederation of Old Germanic tribes. Their modern-day descendants are generally considered ethnic Germans, Dutch or English. They are primarily found in Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Saxony-Anhalt, Westphalia, Drenthe, Overijssel and England (the state of Saxony is not inhabited by Saxon descendants, and was so-named because it came to be ruled by Saxon feudal dynasty).
http://wn.com/Saxons
Scott Cunningham
Scott Douglas Cunningham (June 27, 1956 – March 28, 1993) was the author of several books on Wicca and various other alternative religious subjects.
http://wn.com/Scott_Cunningham
Silver RavenWolf
Silver RavenWolf (born September 11, 1956), born Jenine E. Trayer, is an American author and lecturer who focuses on Neopaganism. She is married and has four children. She currently resides in Dillsburg, Pennsylvania.
http://wn.com/Silver_RavenWolf
Sippe
Sippe is German for "clan, kindred, extended family". It continues a Proto-Germanic term *sibbja, which referred to a band or confederation bound by a treaty or oath, not primarily restricted to blood relations. The original character of sibb as a peace treaty is visible in Old English, e.g. in Beowulf (v. 1858):
http://wn.com/Sippe
Stewart Farrar
Frank Stewart Farrar (28 June 1916 – 7 February 2000), who always went by the name of Stewart Farrar, was an English screenwriter, novelist and prominent figure in the Neopagan religion of Wicca, which he devoted much of his later life to propagating with the aid of his seventh wife, Janet Farrar, and then his friend Gavin Bone as well. A devout communist in early life, he worked as a reporter for such newspapers as the Soviet Weekly and the Daily Worker, and also served in the British army during the Second World War. He was responsible for writing episodes for such television series as ''Dr. Finlay's Casebook, Armchair Theatre and Crossroads'', and for his work in writing radio scripts won a Writer's Guild Award. He also published a string of novels, written in such disparate genres as crime, romance and fantasy.
http://wn.com/Stewart_Farrar
Suebi
http://wn.com/Suebi
Sybil Leek
http://wn.com/Sybil_Leek
Vagoth
The Vagoths were a Germanic tribe mentioned by Jordanes. He located them in Scandza. Speculations about their exact identity have identified them with the Geats of Vikbolandet and with the Gotlanders.
http://wn.com/Vagoth
Vandal tribe
http://wn.com/Vandal_tribe
Visigoths
The Visigoths () were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe; the Ostrogoths being the other. Together these tribes were among the barbarians who disturbed the late Roman Empire during the Migration Period. The romanized Visigoths first emerged as a distinct people during the 4th century, initially in the Balkans, where they participated in several wars with Rome. A Visigothic army under Alaric I eventually moved into Italy and famously sacked Rome in 410.
http://wn.com/Visigoths
Vladimir Orel
Vladimir Orel (February 9 1952 - August 5 2007) was a Russian linguist.
http://wn.com/Vladimir_Orel
Waldere
Waldere or Waldhere is the conventional title given to two Old English fragments from a lost epic poem, discovered in 1860 by E. C. Werlauff, Librarian, in the Danish Royal Library at Copenhagen, where it is still preserved. The parchment pages had been reused as stiffening in the binding of an Elizabethan prayer book. The Dissolution of the Monasteries had brought quantities of unregarded manuscripts into the English 16th-century market.
http://wn.com/Waldere
Wielbark culture
Wielbark culture(, , ) was a pre-literate culture that archaeologists have identified with the Goths; it appeared during the first half of the 1st century CE. It replaced the Oksywie culture, in the area of modern-day Eastern Pomerania around the lower Vistula river, which was related to the Przeworsk culture.
http://wn.com/Wielbark_culture
Zsuzsanna Budapest
Zsuzsanna Emese Mokcsay (born 30 January 1940 in Budapest, Hungary) is an American author of Hungarian origin who writes on feminist spirituality and Dianic Wicca under the pen name and religious name Zsuzsanna Budapest or Z. Budapest. She is the High Priestess and the founding mother of the Susan B. Anthony Coven #1, the first feminist, women-only, witches' coven. She is the director of the Women's Spirituality Forum, a nonprofit organization featuring lectures, retreats and other events, and was the lead of a cable TV show called 13th Heaven She has an autobiography, Fly by Night, online, soon to be published in book form in the spring of 2010. She is a playwright, her work The Rise of the Fates having premiered in Los Angeles in the mid-seventies. She is the composer of the song, We All Come From the Goddess, as well as others.
http://wn.com/Zsuzsanna_Budapest
Zuni people
http://wn.com/Zuni_people
Zwarte Piet
In the folklore and legends of the Netherlands and Flanders, Zwarte Piet () (meaning Black Pete) is a companion of Saint Nicholas (Dutch: Sinterklaas) whose yearly feast in the Netherlands is usually celebrated on the evening of the 5th of December (Sinterklaas-avond, that is St. Nicolas Eve) and the 6th of December in Flanders, when they distribute sweets and presents to all good children.
http://wn.com/Zwarte_Piet

Fferyllt - 'Yule' 'Йолль'

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published: 01 Feb 2009

A Pagan Yule

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published: 26 Nov 2007

Lisa Thiel - Winter Solstice Song (Yule)

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published: 05 Dec 2007

Beautiful Wood-burning Fireplace Yule Log Video

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published: 05 Feb 2010

2008 Amazing Grace by Yule - Brown Family Lights - Light O Rama

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published: 17 Jan 2009

CoolYule

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published: 16 May 2009

Tryptamoon - Yule

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published: 27 Feb 2011

CHRISTMAS YULE LOG RECIPE - SORTED

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published: 20 Dec 2011

The Fireplace Video - Widescreen HD Download Available!

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published: 26 Nov 2008

A Very Potter Musical Act 1 Part 11

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published: 05 Jul 2009

Yule Pale by Redsan

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published: 04 Apr 2009

The Yule Ball #1 Potter Puppet Pals Musical!!!

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published: 11 Dec 2006

WPIX Yule Log

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published: 23 Nov 2006

Wiccan Yule Ritual

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published: 01 Jan 2007

This is Brighton

I started shooting not long after my thirteenth birthday, and what began as a test, turned...

published: 30 Dec 2011

Author: Caleb Yule

200 Christmases In 2 Minutes

See this and more madness like it, at the Cinefamily Xmas party! http://bit.ly/exfpwS Mo...

published: 08 Nov 2010

Author: Cinefamily

Amazing Grace 2008 - Holdman Christmas Display

New display for 2008. My HOA wanted the Gate closed so I moved the display to a new locati...

published: 18 Dec 2008

Author: Richard Holdman

Of Montreal ~ An Eluardian Instance (2008) Dir: Jesse Ewles

She loves me, she loves me not... :)...

published: 10 Jan 2009

Author: Jesse Yules

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Creative Commons / Stefan
Creative Commons / Stefan
Creative Commons / Jebulon
US Coastguard / PAC Tom Sperduto
US Coastguard / PAC Tom Sperduto
WN / Denise Yong
Creative Commons / Akor Enobanda
Creative Commons / Jason Pratt
Creative Commons / Ebyabe
Creative Commons / Ebyabe

Photo: Creative Commons / Neogeolegend

Kim Jong-il Funeral ceremony .Kim Jong-il died of a suspected heart attack on 17 December 2011 at 08:30 while traveling by train to an area outside Pyongyang.

N. Korean Army General Executed with Mortar for Drinking

Novosti

25 Oct 2012

MOSCOW, October 25 (RIA Novosti) - A high-ranking North Korean Army official was reportedly executed with a mortar round for drinking liquor during the 100-day...

Chat

Photo: White House / Pete Souza

File - President Barack Obama disembarks Air Force One upon arrival at Joplin Regional Airport in Joplin, Missouri, May 21, 2012.

Did Obama Just Play His Iran Card?

WorldNews.com

24 Oct 2012

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Waves, brought by Hurricane Sandy, crash on a house in the Caribbean Terrace neighborhood in eastern Kingston, Jamaica, Wednesday, Oct. 24, 2012.

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25 Oct 2012

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25 Oct 2012

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"Jul" redirects here. For other uses, see Jul (disambiguation).

For other uses, see Yule (disambiguation).

Yule
${{{holiday_name}}}$ Hauling a Yule log, 1832
Also called	Yuletide, Yulefest
Observed by	Northern Europeans and various English-speaking peoples
Type	Cultural, Germanic Pagan then Christian, secular, and contemporary Paganism
Significance	Winter Festival.
Date	Moved to December 25 with Christianization, likely originally on and/or around midwinter
Related to	Christmas, Winter solstice (Midwinter), quarter days, Wheel of the Year, Winter Festivals

Yule or Yuletide ("Yule time") is a winter period and event that was initially celebrated by the historical Germanic peoples and some neighboring peoples as a religious festival, though it was later absorbed into, and equated with, the Christian festival of Christmas (December 25). The earliest references to the event are by way of indigenous month names (lasting between what is now mid-November and early January), whereas the event may have been centered on or around Midwinter (winter solstice). Scholars have connected the celebration to the Wild Hunt, the god Odin, increased supernatural activity, and the pagan Anglo-Saxon Modranicht.

Terms with an etymological equivalent to Yule are used in the Nordic countries for the Christian Christmas (with its religious rites), but also for other holidays of the season. Yule is also used to a lesser extent in English-speaking countries to refer to Christmas. Customs such as the Yule log, Yule goat, Yule boar, Yule singing, and others stem from Yule. The non-religious treat Yule as an entirely secular tradition. A number of Neopagans have introduced their own rites.

1 Etymology
2 Pre-Christian traditions
3 Contemporary traditions
- 3.1 Neopaganism
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References

Etymology [link]

Yule is the modern English representative of the Old English words ġéol or ġéohol and ġéola or ġéoli, with the former indicating "(the 12-day festival of) Yule" (later: "Christmastide") and the latter indicating "(the month of) Yule", whereby ǽrra ġéola referred to the period before the Yule festival (December) and æftera ġéola referred to the period after Yule (January). Both words are thought to be derived from Common Germanic *jeχʷla-, and are cognate to Gothic (fruma) jiuleis and Old Norse (Icelandic and Faroese) jól (Danish and Swedish jul and Norwegian jul or jol) as well as ýlir.^[1] The etymological pedigree of the word, however, remains uncertain, though numerous speculative attempts have been made to find Indo-European cognates outside the Germanic group.^[2]

The noun Yuletide is first attested from around 1475.^[3]

Pre-Christian traditions [link]

Yule was an indigenous midwinter (winter solstice) festival celebrated by the Germanic peoples, absorbed into celebrations surrounding Christmas over time with Christianization. The earliest references to it are in the form of month names, where the Yule-tide period lasts somewhere around two months in length, falling along the end of the modern calendar year between what is now mid-November and early January.^[4]

Yule is attested early in the history of the Germanic peoples; from the 4th century Gothic language it appears in the month name fruma jiuleis, and, in the 8th century, the English historian Bede wrote that the Anglo-Saxon calendar included the months geola or giuli corresponding with either modern December or December and January.^[5]

While the Old Norse month name ýlir is similarly attested, the Old Norse corpus also contains numerous references to an event by the Old Norse form of the name, jól. In chapter 55 of the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál, different names for the gods are given. One of the names provided is "Yule-beings." A work by the skald Eyvindr skáldaspillir that uses the term is then quoted, which reads "again we have produced Yule-being's feast [mead of poetry], our rulers' eulogy, like a bridge of masonry."^[6] In addition, one of the numerous names of Odin is Jólnir, referring to the event.^[7]

Ynglinga saga, the first book of Heimskringla, first mentions a Yule feast in 840. The Saga of Hákon the Good credits King Haakon I of Norway with the Christianization of Norway, as well as rescheduling the date of Yule to coincide with Christian celebrations held at the time. The saga states that when Haakon arrived in Norway he was confirmed a Christian, but since the land was still altogether heathen and they retained their practices, Haakon hid his Christianity to receive the help of "great chieftains." In time, Haakon had a law passed that established that Yule celebrations were to take place at the same time as when the Christians held their celebrations, "and at that time everyone was to have ale for the celebration with a measure of grain, or else pay fines, and had to keep the holiday while the ale lasted."^[8]

Yule had previously been celebrated on midwinter night for three nights, according to the saga. Haakon planned that when he had solidly established himself and held power over the whole country, he would then "have the gospel preached." According to the saga, the result of this was that his popularity caused many to allow themselves to be baptized, and some people stopped making sacrifices. Haakon spent most of this time in Trondheim, Norway. When Haakon believed that he wielded enough power, he requested a bishop and other priests from England, and they came to Norway. Upon their arrival, "Haakon made it known that he would have the gospel preached in the whole country." The saga continues describing the reactions of various regional things as they differ the matter to one another.^[8]

A description of "heathen" Yule practices is provided (notes are Hollander's own):

It was ancient custom that when sacrifice was to be made, all farmers were to come to the heathen temple and bring along with them the food they needed while the feast lasted. At this feast all were to take part of the drinking of ale. Also all kinds of livestock were killed in connection with it, horses also; and all the blood from them was called hlaut [ sacrificial blood ], and hlautbolli, the vessel holding the blood; and hlautteinar, the sacrificial twigs [ aspergills ]. These were fashioned like sprinklers, and with them were to be smeared all over with blood the pedestals of the idols and also the walls of the temple within and without; and likewise the men present were to be sprinkled with blood. But the meat of the animals was to be boiled and served as food at the banquet. Fires were to be lighted in the middle of the temple floor, and kettles hung over them. The sacrificial beaker was to be borne around the fire, and he who made the feast and was chieftain, was to bless the beaker as well as all the sacrificial meat.^[9]

The narrative continues that toasts were to be drunk. The first toast was to be drunk to Odin "for victory and power to the king", the second to the gods Njörðr and Freyr "for good harvests and for peace," and thirdly a beaker was to be drunk to the king himself. In addition, toasts were drunk to the memory of departed kinsfolk. This toast was called "minni [memorial toast]."^[9]

The Svarfdæla saga records a story in which a berserker put off a duel until three days after Yule to honor the sanctity of the holiday. The Grettis Saga refers to Yule as a time of "greatest mirth and joyance among men."^[10] This saga is set soon after Iceland converted to Christianity and identifies Yule with Christmas: "No Christian man is wont to eat meat this day [Yule Eve], because that on the morrow is the first day of Yule," says she, "wherefore must men first fast today."^[11]

In Scandinavian tradition there was an important Yule-blot around Midwinter. Rudolf Simek comments that the pagan Yule feast "had a pronounced religious character" and comments that "it is uncertain whether the Germanic Yule feast still had a function in the cult of the dead and in the veneration of the ancestors, a function which the mid-winter sacrifice certainly held for the West European Stone and Bronze Ages."

Much of the folklore surrounding the Twelve Nights of Christmas is taken to reflect customs and beliefs connected to the Yule season. Thus, the season is associated with the Wild Hunt, a ghostly procession in the winter sky in continental tradition, while in Scandinavian tradition there is increased activity of draugar—undead beings who walk the earth. Wotan is attested as leading the Wild Hunt; in Scandinavia Odin also bears the name of Jólnir.^[12] Modranicht, an event focused on collective female beings attested by Bede as having occurred among the pagan Anglo-Saxons on what is now Christmas Eve, has been seen as further evidence of a fertility event during the Yule period.^[13] The traditions of the Yule log, Yule goat, Yule boar (Sonargöltr) stilll reflected in the Christmas ham, Yule singing, and others stem from Yule customs, and customs which Simek takes as "indicat[ing] the significance of the feast in pre-Christian times."^[14]

Contemporary traditions [link]

In modern Germanic language-speaking areas and some other Northern European countries, the etymological cognates to Yule are employed for the Christmas (from Old Norse jól), see Jul (Denmark), Jul (Norway), Jól (Iceland).

Neopaganism [link]

As forms of Neopaganism can be quite different and have very different origins, these representations can vary considerably despite the shared name. Some celebrate in a way as close as possible to how they believe Ancient Germanic pagans observed the tradition, while others observe the holiday with rituals culled from numerous other unrelated sources including Germanic.

In Germanic Neopagan sects, Yule is celebrated with gatherings that often involve a meal and gift giving. Further attempts at reconstruction of surviving accounts of historical celebrations are often made, a hallmark being variations of the traditional. Groups such as the Asatru Folk Assembly in the U.S. recognize the celebration as lasting 12 days, beginning on the date of the winter solstice.^[15]

In most forms of Wicca, this holiday is celebrated at the winter solstice as the rebirth of the Great horned hunter god,^[16] who is viewed as the newborn solstice sun. The method of gathering for this sabbat varies by practitioner. Some have private ceremonies at home,^[17] while others do so with their covens.^[18]

Notes [link]

^ Bosworth & Toller (1898:424); Hoad (1996:550); Orel (2003:205).
^ For a brief overview of the proposed etymologies, see Orel (2003:205).
^ Barnhart (1995:896).
^ Orchard (1997:187).
^ Simek (2007:379).
^ Faulkes (1995:133).
^ Simek (2007:180—181).
^ ^a ^b Hollander (2007:106).
^ ^a ^b Hollander (2007:107).
^ The Story of Grettir The Strong, Chapter XIX, Translated by Eirikr Magnusson and William Morris.
^ The Story of Grettir The Strong, Chapter XXXII, Translated by Eirikr Magnusson and William Morris.
^ Simek (2007:180—181 & 379—380) and Orchard (1997:187).
^ Orchard (1997:187).
^ Simek (2007:379-380).
^ McNallen, Stephen. The Twelve Days of Yule - 2005
^ James Buescher (2007-12-15). "Wiccans, pagans ready to celebrate Yule". Lancaster Online. http://local.lancasteronline.com/4/213802. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
^ Andrea Kannapell (1997-12-21). "Celebrations; It's Solstice, Hanukkah, Kwannza: Let There Be Light!". NYtimes.com. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9507E5DA113FF932A15751C1A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
^ Ruth la Ferla (2000-12-13). "Like Magic, Witchcraft Charms Teenagers". NYtimes.com. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A04E3DD1E3EF930A25751C0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1. Retrieved 2007-12-21.

References [link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Yule

Barnhart, Robert K. (1995). The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-270084-7
Bosworth, Joseph; Toller, T. Northcote (1898). An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995). Edda. Everyman. ISBN 0-460-87616-3.
Hoad, T. F. (1996). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-283098-8.
Hollander, M. Lee (Trans.) (2007). Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-73061-8
Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-34520-2.
Orel, Vladimir (2003). A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 90-04-12875-1.
Simek, Rudolf (2007) translated by Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer ISBN 0-85991-513-1

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Brown
Ethnicity	Argentine of Scottish descent
Current region	Buenos Aires, Argentina
Information
Place of origin	Argentina
Notable members	Jorge, Alfredo, Carlos, Eliseo, Ernesto, Juan Domingo

The Brown family is an Argentine family of Scottish descent known for producing a number of high-profile footballers in the early era of Argentine football.

1 Arrival in Argentina
2 Footballing dynasty
3 Family tree
4 References

Arrival in Argentina [link]

On 22 May 1825, James Brown, Sr., a farm labourer, and his wife Mary (née Hope) left Leith, Scotland to start a new life in Argentina.^[1] On arriving in Argentina, the Browns settled in the short-lived British settlement of Monte Grande before moving to Buenos Aires after the failure of the settlement.^[2]^[3]

Footballing dynasty [link]

File:Alumni1909.PNG

Four members of the Brown family played in the Alumni 1909 championship-winning team: Carlos Carr (back row, second from left), Diego (back row, second from right), Tomás (middle row, second from left), and Ernesto (middle row, fourth from left)

James Brown Jr., the youngest son of James and Mary, fathered nine sons, seven of whom became footballers for Alumni Athletic Club. Five of those seven would also play internationally for Argentina.^[4] The eldest son to play football was Diego Hope (b. 1875). The next oldest, Jorge Gibson (b. 1880, nicknamed el Patricarcho) was the most accomplished member of the family. He would play in ten Argentine championships and representi Argentina 23 times.^[4] Jorge was treasurer of Alumni at the point it was disbanded.^[5] Jorge played in Argentina's first international in a match against Uruguay in Montevideo.^[6]^[7] The next oldest, Carlos Carr Brown (b. 1882), was the first to make an impact on Argentine football. Carlos learned his football in Britain before returning to Argentina and representing the national team twice.^[2]^[4] Tomás (b. 1884) turned out for Alumni but was not capped internationally.^[4] Ernesto Alejandro (b. 1885; nicknamed el Pacifico for his peaceful nature) once scored six goals in a match for Alumni.^[5]^[8] The two youngest, Alfredo (b. 1886) and Eliseo (b. 1888), also played international football.

A cousin of the brothers, Juan Domingo, also played for Argentina during the same era. Between 1906 and 1916 Juan played 36 times for the national team.^[9]^[10]

In 1910 when Argentina played Uruguay in the Copa Centenario, three Browns played for Argentina: Jorge, Juan Domingo and Ernesto.^[10]

Family tree [link]

Jorge Gibson Brown

James Brown, Sr.

Mary Hope

James Brown, Jr.

Unknown

Ernesto Alejandro Brown

Alfredo Brown

Eliseo Brown

Unknown

Juan Domingo Brown

References [link]

^ Morrison, Arnold. "Scots Colonists". http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/scotsinargpat/colonist.htm. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
^ ^a ^b O’Brien, Ged. "The Scotch Professors". Scotzine. http://scotzine.com/history/the-scotch-professors/. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
^ Croser, Grame (27 June 2003). "Scotsman who took the beautiful game to Argentina". Evening News. http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/evening-news-edinburgh-scotland/mi_7832/is_2003_June_27/scotsman-beautiful-game-argentina/ai_n33502466/?tag=content;col1. Retrieved 16 December 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Brennan, Dan (15 November 2008). "Argentine football returns to roots of its Scottish founder". The Scotsman. http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/sport/Argentine-football-returns-to-roots.4697484.jp. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
^ ^a ^b Barnade, Oscar (24 April 2003). "Alumni: en el nombre del fútbol" (in Spanish). Clarín.com. http://www.clarin.com/diario/2003/04/24/d-549894.htm. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
^ Barnade, Oscar (20 July 2002). "Un siglo de Selección" (in Spanish). Clarín.com. http://www.clarin.com/diario/2002/07/20/d-00815.htm. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
^ "ARGENTINA NATIONAL TEAM ARCHIVE". RSSSF. http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arg-intres.html. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
^ "Highest individual scoring per match". IFFHS. http://www.iffhs.de/?b4a390f03be4ac07cda17b45fdcdc3bfcdc0aec28d6c04. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
^ "Appearances for Argentina National Team". RSSSF. http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/arg-recintlp.html. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
^ ^a ^b "The dynasty of Argentina's Brown brothers". IFFHS. http://www.iffhs.de/?87420d87456a3615dd32300ff3e00f08. Retrieved 16 December 2009.

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Louis Armstrong
Louis Armstrong's stage personality matched his flashy cornet and trumpet playing. Armstrong is also known for his raspy singing voice.
Background information
Birth name	Louis Armstrong
Born	August 4, 1901 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
Died	July 6, 1971(1971-07-06) (aged 69) Corona, Queens, New York City, U.S.
Genres	Dixieland, jazz, swing, traditional pop
Occupations	Musician
Years active	c. 1914–71
Associated acts	Joe "King" Oliver, Ella Fitzgerald, Kid Ory, Bobby Hackett

Louis Armstrong^[1] (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971),^[2] nicknamed Satchmo^[3] or Pops, was an American jazz trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, Louisiana.

Coming to prominence in the 1920s as an "inventive" cornet and trumpet player, Armstrong was a foundational influence in jazz, shifting the music's focus from collective improvisation to solo performance. With his instantly recognizable deep and distinctive gravelly voice, Armstrong was also an influential singer, demonstrating great dexterity as an improviser, bending the lyrics and melody of a song for expressive purposes. He was also greatly skilled at scat singing (vocalizing using sounds and syllables instead of actual lyrics).

Renowned for his charismatic stage presence and voice almost as much as for his trumpet-playing, Armstrong's influence extends well beyond jazz music, and by the end of his career in the 1960s, he was widely regarded as a profound influence on popular music in general. Armstrong was one of the first truly popular African-American entertainers to "cross over," whose skin-color was secondary to his music in an America that was severely racially divided. It allowed him socially acceptable access to the upper echelons of American society that were highly restricted for a black man. While he rarely publicly politicized his race, often to the dismay of fellow African-Americans, he was privately a strong supporter of the Civil Rights movement in America.^{[citation needed]}

Early life [link]

Handcolored etching Louis Armstrong by Adi Holzer 2002.

Armstrong often stated that he was born on July 4, 1900,^[4] a date that has been noted in many biographies. Although he died in 1971, it was not until the mid-1980s that his true birth date of August 4, 1901 was discovered through the examination of baptismal records.^[5]

Armstrong was born into a very poor family in New Orleans, Louisiana, the grandson of slaves. He spent his youth in poverty, in a rough neighborhood of Uptown New Orleans, known as “Back of the Town”, as his father, William Armstrong (1881–1922), abandoned the family when Louis was an infant and took up with another woman. His mother, Mary "Mayann" Albert (1886–1942), then left Louis and his younger sister Beatrice Armstrong Collins (1903–1987) in the care of his grandmother, Josephine Armstrong, and at times, his Uncle Isaac. At five, he moved back to live with his mother and her relatives, and saw his father only in parades.

He attended the Fisk School for Boys, where he likely had early exposure to music. He brought in some money as a paperboy and also by finding discarded food and selling it to restaurants, but it was not enough to keep his mother from prostitution. He hung out in dance halls close to home, where he observed everything from licentious dancing to the quadrille. For extra money he also hauled coal to Storyville, the famed red-light district, and listened to the bands playing in the brothels and dance halls, especially Pete Lala's where Joe "King" Oliver performed and other famous musicians would drop in to jam.

After dropping out of the Fisk School at age eleven, Armstrong joined a quartet of boys who sang in the streets for money. But he also started to get into trouble. Cornet player Bunk Johnson said he taught Armstrong (then 11) to play by ear at Dago Tony's Tonk in New Orleans,^[6] although in his later years Armstrong gave the credit to Oliver. Armstrong hardly looked back at his youth as the worst of times but instead drew inspiration from it, “Every time I close my eyes blowing that trumpet of mine—I look right in the heart of good old New Orleans...It has given me something to live for.”^[7]

He also worked for a Lithuanian-Jewish immigrant family, the Karnofskys, who had a junk hauling business and gave him odd jobs. They took him in and treated him as almost a family member, knowing he lived without a father, and would feed and nurture him.^[8] He later wrote a memoir of his relationship with the Karnofskys titled, Louis Armstrong + the Jewish Family in New Orleans, La., the Year of 1907. In it he describes his discovery that this family was also subject to discrimination by "other white folks' nationalities who felt that they were better than the Jewish race. I was only seven years old but I could easily see the ungodly treatment that the White Folks were handing the poor Jewish family whom I worked for." Armstrong wore a Star of David pendant for the rest of his life and wrote about what he learned from them: "how to live—real life and determination."^[9] The influence of Karnofsky is remembered in New Orleans by the Karnofsky Project, a non-profit organization dedicated to accepting donated musical instruments to "put them into the hands of an eager child who could not otherwise take part in a wonderful learning experience."^[10]

File:LouisArmstrong PeterDavis1.jpg

Armstrong with his first trumpet instructor, Peter Davis, in 1965.

Armstrong developed his cornet playing seriously in the band of the New Orleans Home for Colored Waifs, where he had been sent multiple times for general delinquency, most notably for a long term after firing his stepfather's pistol into the air at a New Year's Eve celebration, as police records confirm. Professor Peter Davis (who frequently appeared at the Home at the request of its administrator, Captain Joseph Jones)^[11] instilled discipline in and provided musical training to the otherwise self-taught Armstrong. Eventually, Davis made Armstrong the band leader. The Home band played around New Orleans and the thirteen year old Louis began to draw attention by his cornet playing, starting him on a musical career.^[12] At fourteen he was released from the Home, living again with his father and new stepmother and then back with his mother and also back to the streets and their temptations. Armstrong got his first dance hall job at Henry Ponce’s where Black Benny became his protector and guide. He hauled coal by day and played his cornet at night.

He played in the city's frequent brass band parades and listened to older musicians every chance he got, learning from Bunk Johnson, Buddy Petit, Kid Ory, and above all, Joe "King" Oliver, who acted as a mentor and father figure to the young musician. Later, he played in the brass bands and riverboats of New Orleans, and began traveling with the well-regarded band of Fate Marable, which toured on a steamboat up and down the Mississippi River. He described his time with Marable as, "going to the University," since it gave him a much wider experience working with written arrangements.

In 1919, Joe Oliver decided to go north and resigned his position in Kid Ory's band; Armstrong replaced him. He also became second trumpet for the Tuxedo Brass Band, a society band.^[13]

Career [link]

"Muggles"

File:Louis Armstrong Skokiaan.jpg

"Skokiaan"

File:Mack The Knife Coronet.jpg

"Mack The Knife"

File:Heebie Jeebies.jpg

“Heebie Jeebies” by Louis Armstrong and his Hot Five

On March 19, 1918, Louis married Daisy Parker from Gretna, Louisiana. They adopted a 3-year-old boy, Clarence Armstrong, whose mother, Louis' cousin Flora, died soon after giving birth. Clarence Armstrong was mentally disabled (the result of a head injury at an early age) and Louis would spend the rest of his life taking care of him.^[14] Louis' marriage to Parker failed quickly and they separated. She died shortly after the divorce.

Through all his riverboat experience Armstrong’s musicianship began to mature and expand. At twenty, he could read music and he started to be featured in extended trumpet solos, one of the first jazzmen to do this, injecting his own personality and style into his solo turns. He had learned how to create a unique sound and also started using singing and patter in his performances.^[15] In 1922, Armstrong joined the exodus to Chicago, where he had been invited by his mentor, Joe "King" Oliver, to join his Creole Jazz Band and where he could make a sufficient income so that he no longer needed to supplement his music with day labor jobs. It was a boom time in Chicago and though race relations were poor, the “Windy City” was teeming with jobs for black people, who were making good wages in factories and had plenty to spend on entertainment.

Oliver's band was the best and most influential hot jazz band in Chicago in the early 1920s, at a time when Chicago was the center of the jazz universe. Armstrong lived like a king in Chicago, in his own apartment with his own private bath (his first). Excited as he was to be in Chicago, he began his career-long pastime of writing nostalgic letters to friends in New Orleans. As Armstrong’s reputation grew, he was challenged to “cutting contests” by hornmen trying to displace the new phenom, who could blow two hundred high C’s in a row.^[16] Armstrong made his first recordings on the Gennett and Okeh labels (jazz records were starting to boom across the country), including taking some solos and breaks, while playing second cornet in Oliver's band in 1923. At this time, he met Hoagy Carmichael (with whom he would collaborate later) who was introduced by friend Bix Beiderbecke, who now had his own Chicago band.

Armstrong enjoyed working with Oliver, but Louis' second wife, pianist Lil Hardin Armstrong, urged him to seek more prominent billing and develop his newer style away from the influence of Oliver. Armstrong took the advice of his wife and left Oliver's band. For a year Armstrong played in Fletcher Henderson's band in New York on many recordings. After playing in New York, Armstrong returned to Chicago, playing in large orchestras; there he created his most important early recordings.^[17] Lil had her husband play classical music in church concerts to broaden his skill and improve his solo play and she prodded him into wearing more stylish attire to make him look sharp and to better offset his growing girth. Lil’s influence eventually undermined Armstrong’s relationship with his mentor, especially concerning his salary and additional moneys that Oliver held back from Armstrong and other band members. Armstrong and Oliver parted amicably in 1924. Shortly afterward, Armstrong received an invitation to go to New York City to play with the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra, the top African-American band of the day. Armstrong switched to the trumpet to blend in better with the other musicians in his section. His influence upon Henderson's tenor sax soloist, Coleman Hawkins, can be judged by listening to the records made by the band during this period.

Armstrong getting fitted for a hat, about 1955.

Armstrong quickly adapted to the more tightly controlled style of Henderson, playing trumpet and even experimenting with the trombone and the other members quickly took up Armstrong’s emotional, expressive pulse. Soon his act included singing and telling tales of New Orleans characters, especially preachers.^[18] The Henderson Orchestra was playing in the best venues for white-only patrons, including the famed Roseland Ballroom, featuring the classy arrangements of Don Redman. Duke Ellington’s orchestra would go to Roseland to catch Armstrong’s performances and young hornmen around town tried in vain to outplay him, splitting their lips in their attempts.

During this time, Armstrong made many recordings on the side, arranged by an old friend from New Orleans, pianist Clarence Williams; these included small jazz band sides with the Williams Blue Five (some of the best pairing Armstrong with one of Armstrong's few rivals in fiery technique and ideas, Sidney Bechet) and a series of accompaniments with blues singers, including Bessie Smith, Ma Rainey, and Alberta Hunter.

Armstrong returned to Chicago in 1925 due mostly to the urging of his wife, who wanted to pump up Armstrong’s career and income. He was content in New York but later would concede that she was right and that the Henderson Orchestra was limiting his artistic growth. In publicity, much to his chagrin, she billed him as “the World’s Greatest Trumpet Player”. At first he was actually a member of the Lil Hardin Armstrong Band and working for his wife.^[19] He began recording under his own name for Okeh with his famous Hot Five and Hot Seven groups, producing hits such as "Potato Head Blues", "Muggles", (a reference to marijuana, for which Armstrong had a lifelong fondness), and "West End Blues", the music of which set the standard and the agenda for jazz for many years to come.

The group included Kid Ory (trombone), Johnny Dodds (clarinet), Johnny St. Cyr (banjo), wife Lil on piano, and usually no drummer. Armstrong’s bandleading style was easygoing, as St. Cyr noted, "One felt so relaxed working with him and he was very broad-minded ... always did his best to feature each individual."^[20] His recordings soon after with pianist Earl "Fatha" Hines (most famously their 1928 Weatherbird duet) and Armstrong's trumpet introduction to "West End Blues" remain some of the most famous and influential improvisations in jazz history. Armstrong was now free to develop his personal style as he wished, which included a heavy dose of effervescent jive, such as "whip that thing, Miss Lil" and "Mr. Johnny Dodds, Aw, do that clarinet, boy!"^[21]

Armstrong also played with Erskine Tate’s Little Symphony, actually a quintet, which played mostly at the Vendome Theatre. They furnished music for silent movies and live shows, including jazz versions of classical music, such as “Madame Butterfly,” which gave Armstrong experience with longer forms of music and with hosting before a large audience. He began to scat sing (improvised vocal jazz using non-sensical words) and was among the first to record it, on "Heebie Jeebies" in 1926. So popular was the recording the group became the most famous jazz band in the USA even though they as yet had not performed live to any great degree. Young musicians across the country, black or white, were turned on by Armstrong’s new type of jazz.^[22]

After separating from Lil, Armstrong started to play at the Sunset Café for Al Capone's associate Joe Glaser in the Carroll Dickerson Orchestra, with Earl Hines on piano, which was soon renamed Louis Armstrong and his Stompers,^[23] though Hines was the music director and Glaser managed the orchestra. Hines and Armstrong became fast friends as well as successful collaborators.

Armstrong returned to New York, in 1929, where he played in the pit orchestra of the successful musical Hot Chocolate, an all-black revue written by Andy Razaf and pianist/composer Fats Waller. He also made a cameo appearance as a vocalist, regularly stealing the show with his rendition of "Ain't Misbehavin'", his version of the song becoming his biggest selling record to date.^[24]

Armstrong started to work at Connie's Inn in Harlem, chief rival to the Cotton Club, a venue for elaborately staged floor shows,^[25] and a front for gangster Dutch Schultz. Armstrong also had considerable success with vocal recordings, including versions of famous songs composed by his old friend Hoagy Carmichael. His 1930s recordings took full advantage of the new RCA ribbon microphone, introduced in 1931, which imparted a characteristic warmth to vocals and immediately became an intrinsic part of the 'crooning' sound of artists like Bing Crosby. Armstrong's famous interpretation of Hoagy Carmichael's "Stardust" became one of the most successful versions of this song ever recorded, showcasing Armstrong's unique vocal sound and style and his innovative approach to singing songs that had already become standards.

Armstrong's radical re-working of Sidney Arodin and Carmichael's "Lazy River" (recorded in 1931) encapsulated many features of his groundbreaking approach to melody and phrasing. The song begins with a brief trumpet solo, then the main melody is stated by sobbing horns, memorably punctuated by Armstrong's growling interjections at the end of each bar: "Yeah! ..."Uh-huh" ..."Sure" ... "Way down, way down." In the first verse, he ignores the notated melody entirely and sings as if playing a trumpet solo, pitching most of the first line on a single note and using strongly syncopated phrasing. In the second stanza he breaks into an almost fully improvised melody, which then evolves into a classic passage of Armstrong "scat singing".

As with his trumpet playing, Armstrong's vocal innovations served as a foundation stone for the art of jazz vocal interpretation. The uniquely gritty coloration of his voice became a musical archetype that was much imitated and endlessly impersonated. His scat singing style was enriched by his matchless experience as a trumpet soloist. His resonant, velvety lower-register tone and bubbling cadences on sides such as "Lazy River" exerted a huge influence on younger white singers such as Bing Crosby.

The Depression of the early Thirties was especially hard on the jazz scene. The Cotton Club closed in 1936 after a long downward spiral and many musicians stopped playing altogether as club dates evaporated. Bix Beiderbecke died and Fletcher Henderson’s band broke up. King Oliver made a few records but otherwise struggled. Sidney Bechet became a tailor and Kid Ory returned to New Orleans and raised chickens.^[26] Armstrong moved to Los Angeles in 1930 to seek new opportunities. He played at the New Cotton Club in LA with Lionel Hampton on drums. The band drew the Hollywood crowd, which could still afford a lavish night life, while radio broadcasts from the club connected with younger audiences at home. Bing Crosby and many other celebrities were regulars at the club. In 1931, Armstrong appeared in his first movie, Ex-Flame. Armstrong was convicted of marijuana possession but received a suspended sentence.^[27] He returned to Chicago in late 1931 and played in bands more in the Guy Lombardo vein and he recorded more standards. When the mob insisted that he get out of town, Armstrong visited New Orleans, got a hero’s welcome and saw old friends. He sponsored a local baseball team known as “Armstrong’s Secret Nine” and got a cigar named after himself.^[28] But soon he was on the road again and after a tour across the country shadowed by the mob, Armstrong decided to go to Europe to escape.

After returning to the States, he undertook several exhausting tours. His agent Johnny Collins’ erratic behavior and his own spending ways left Armstrong short of cash. Breach of contract violations plagued him. Finally, he hired Joe Glaser as his new manager, a tough mob-connected wheeler-dealer, who began to straighten out his legal mess, his mob troubles, and his debts. Armstrong also began to experience problems with his fingers and lips, which were aggravated by his unorthodox playing style. As a result he branched out, developing his vocal style and making his first theatrical appearances. He appeared in movies again, including Crosby's 1936 hit Pennies from Heaven. In 1937, Armstrong substituted for Rudy Vallee on the CBS radio network and became the first African American to host a sponsored, national broadcast.^[29] He finally divorced Lil in 1938 and married longtime girlfriend Alpha.

After spending many years on the road, Armstrong settled permanently in Queens, New York in 1943 in contentment with his fourth wife, Lucille. Although subject to the vicissitudes of Tin Pan Alley and the gangster-ridden music business, as well as anti-black prejudice, he continued to develop his playing. He recorded Hoagy Carmichael's Rockin' Chair for Okeh Records.

During the subsequent thirty years, Armstrong played more than three hundred gigs a year. Bookings for big bands tapered off during the 1940s due to changes in public tastes: ballrooms closed, and there was competition from television and from other types of music becoming more popular than big band music. It became impossible under such circumstances to support and finance a 16-piece touring band.

The All Stars [link]

Louis Armstrong in 1953

Following a highly successful small-group jazz concert at New York Town Hall on May 17, 1947, featuring Armstrong with trombonist/singer Jack Teagarden, Armstrong's manager Joe Glaser dissolved the Armstrong big band on August 13, 1947 and established a six-piece small group featuring Armstrong with (initially) Teagarden, Earl Hines and other top swing and dixieland musicians, most of them ex-big band leaders. The new group was announced at the opening of Billy Berg's Supper Club.

This group was called Louis Armstrong and his All Stars and included at various times Earl "Fatha" Hines, Barney Bigard, Edmond Hall, Jack Teagarden, Trummy Young, Arvell Shaw, Billy Kyle, Marty Napoleon, Big Sid Catlett, Cozy Cole, Tyree Glenn, Barrett Deems, Joe Darensbourg and the Filipino-American percussionist, Danny Barcelona. During this period, Armstrong made many recordings and appeared in over thirty films. He was the first jazz musician to appear on the cover of Time Magazine on February 21, 1949.

In 1964, he recorded his biggest-selling record, "Hello, Dolly!" The song went to #1 on the pop chart, making Armstrong (age 63) the oldest person to ever accomplish that feat. In the process, Armstrong dislodged The Beatles from the #1 position they had occupied for 14 consecutive weeks with three different songs.^[30]

Armstrong kept up his busy tour schedule until a few years before his death in 1971. In his later years he would sometimes play some of his numerous gigs by rote, but other times would enliven the most mundane gig with his vigorous playing, often to the astonishment of his band. He also toured Africa, Europe, and Asia under sponsorship of the US State Department with great success, earning the nickname "Ambassador Satch." While failing health restricted his schedule in his last years, within those limitations he continued playing until the day he died.

Death [link]

Armstrong died of a heart attack in his sleep on July 6, 1971, a month before his 70th birthday,^[31] and 11 months after playing a famous show at the Waldorf-Astoria's Empire Room.^[32] He was residing in Corona, Queens, New York City, at the time of his death.^[33] He was interred in Flushing Cemetery, Flushing, in Queens, New York City.^[34]

His honorary pallbearers included Bing Crosby, Ella Fitzgerald, Dizzy Gillespie, Pearl Bailey, Count Basie, Harry James, Frank Sinatra, Ed Sullivan, Earl Wilson, Alan King, Johnny Carson and David Frost.^[35] Peggy Lee sang The Lord's Prayer at the services while Al Hibbler sang "Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen" and Fred Robbins, a long-time friend, gave the eulogy.^[36]

Autograph of Armstrong on the muretto of Alassio

Personal life [link]

Personality [link]

This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (November 2011)

Armstrong was a colorful character. His own biography vexes biographers and historians, because he had a habit of telling tales, particularly of his early childhood, when he was less scrutinized, and his embellishments of his history often lack consistency.

He was not only an entertainer. Armstrong was a leading personality of the day who was so beloved by America that gave even the greatest African American performers little access beyond their public celebrity, that he was able to live privately a life of access and privilege accorded to few other African Americans.

He tried to remain politically neutral, which gave him a large part of that access, but often alienated him from members of the black community who looked to him to use his prominence with white America to become more of an outspoken figure during the Civil Rights Era of U.S. history.

Nicknames [link]

The nicknames Satchmo and Satch are short for Satchelmouth. Like many things in Armstrong's life, which was filled with colorful stories both real and imagined, many of his own telling, the nickname has many possible origins.

The most common tale that biographers tell is the story of Armstrong as a young boy dancing for pennies in the streets of New Orleans, who would scoop up the coins off of the streets and stick them into his mouth to avoid having the bigger children steal them from him. Someone dubbed him "satchel mouth" for his mouth acting as a satchel. Another tale is that because of his large mouth, he was nicknamed "satchel mouth" which became shortened to Satchmo.

Early on he was also known as Dipper, short for Dippermouth, a reference to the piece Dippermouth Blues.^[37] and something of a riff on his unusual embouchure.

The nickname Pops came from Armstrong's own tendency to forget people's names and simply call them "pops" instead. The nickname was soon turned on Armstrong himself. It was used as the title of a 2010 biography of Armstrong by Terry Teachout.

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Armstrong's autograph from the 1960s

Armstrong and race [link]

Armstrong was largely accepted into white society, both on stage and off, a privilege reserved for very few African-American public figures, and usually those of either exceptional talent and fair skin-tone. As his fame grew, so did his access to the finer things in life usually denied to a black man, even a famous one. His renown was such that he dined in the best restaurants and stayed in hotels usually exclusively for whites.^[38]

It was a power and privilege that he enjoyed, although he was very careful not to flaunt it with fellow performers of color, and privately, he shared what access that he could with friends and fellow musicians.

That still did not prevent members of the African-American community, particularly in the late 1950s to the early 1970s, from calling him an Uncle Tom, a black-on-black racial epithet for someone who kowtowed to white society at the expense of their own racial identity.

He was criticized for accepting the title of "King of The Zulus" for Mardi Gras in 1949. In the New Orleans African-American community it is an honored role as the head of leading black Carnival Krewe, but bewildering or offensive to outsiders with their traditional costume of grass-skirts and blackface makeup satirizing southern white attitudes.

Some musicians criticized Armstrong for playing in front of segregated audiences, and for not taking a strong enough stand in the civil rights movement.^[39]

Billie Holiday countered, however, "Of course Pops toms, but he toms from the heart."^[40]

The few exceptions made it more effective when he did speak out. Armstrong's criticism of President Eisenhower, calling him "two-faced" and "gutless" because of his inaction during the conflict over school desegregation in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957 made national news.

As a protest, Armstrong canceled a planned tour of the Soviet Union on behalf of the State Department saying "The way they're treating my people in the South, the government can go to hell" and that he could not represent his government abroad when it was in conflict with its own people.^[41] Six days after Armstrong's comments, Eisenhower ordered Federal troops to Little Rock to escort students into the school.^[42]

The FBI kept a file on Armstrong, for his outspokenness about integration.^[43]

Religion [link]

When asked about his religion, Armstrong would answer that he was raised a Baptist, always wore a Star of David, and was friends with the Pope.^[44] Armstrong wore the Star of David in honor of the Karnofsky family, who took him in as a child and lent him the money to buy his first cornet. Louis Armstrong was, in fact, baptized as a Catholic at the Sacred Heart of Jesus Church in New Orleans,^[44] and he met popes Pius XII and Paul VI, though there is no evidence that he considered himself Catholic. Armstrong seems to have been tolerant towards various religions, but also found humor in them.

Personal habits [link]

Purging [link]

Armstrong was also greatly concerned with his health and bodily functions. He made frequent use of laxatives as a means of controlling his weight, a practice he advocated both to personal acquaintances and in the diet plans he published under the title Lose Weight the Satchmo Way. Armstrong's laxative of preference in his younger days was Pluto Water, but he then became an enthusiastic convert when he discovered the herbal remedy Swiss Kriss. He would extol its virtues to anyone who would listen and pass out packets to everyone he encountered, including members of the British Royal Family. (Armstrong also appeared in humorous, albeit risqué, cards that he had printed to send out to friends; the cards bore a picture of him sitting on a toilet—as viewed through a keyhole—with the slogan "Satch says, 'Leave it all behind ya!'")^[45] The cards have sometimes been incorrectly described as ads for Swiss Kriss.^[46]

In a live recording of "Baby, It's Cold Outside" with Velma Middleton, he changes the lyric from "Put another record on while I pour" to "Take some Swiss Kriss while I pour." The line, slightly garbled in the live recording, could just as likely be "Take some Swiss Miss while I pour"—Swiss Miss is a hot chocolate mix that would have been fairly new on the market in 1951. (The line comes at 1:04 in the song.)^[47]

Love of food [link]

The concern with his health and weight was balanced by his love of food, reflected in such songs as "Cheesecake", "Cornet Chop Suey,"^[48] though "Struttin’ with Some Barbecue" was written about a fine-looking companion, not about food.^[49] He kept a strong connection throughout his life to the cooking of New Orleans, always signing his letters, "Red beans and ricely yours..."^[50]

Writings [link]

Armstrong’s gregariousness extended to writing. On the road, he wrote constantly, sharing favorite themes of his life with correspondents around the world. He avidly typed or wrote on whatever stationery was at hand, recording instant takes on music, sex, food, childhood memories, his heavy "medicinal" marijuana use—and even his bowel movements, which he gleefully described.^[51] He had a fondness for lewd jokes and dirty limericks as well.

Social organizations [link]

Louis Armstrong was not, as is often claimed, a Freemason. Although he is usually listed as being a member of Montgomery Lodge No. 18 (Prince Hall) in New York, no such lodge has ever existed. Armstrong states in his autobiography, however, that he was a member of the Knights of Pythias, which is not a Masonic group.^[52]

Music [link]

Horn playing and early jazz [link]

In his early years, Armstrong was best known for his virtuosity with the cornet and trumpet. The greatest trumpet playing of his early years can be heard on his Hot Five and Hot Seven records, as well as the Red Onion Jazz Babies. The improvisations he made on these records of New Orleans jazz standards and popular songs of the day are unsurpassed by later jazz performers. The older generation of New Orleans jazz musicians often referred to their improvisations as "variating the melody." Armstrong's improvisations were daring and sophisticated for the time, while often subtle and melodic.

He often essentially re-composed pop-tunes he played, making them more interesting. Armstrong's playing is filled with joyous, inspired original melodies, creative leaps, and subtle relaxed or driving rhythms. The genius of these creative passages is matched by Armstrong's playing technique, honed by constant practice, which extended the range, tone and capabilities of the trumpet. In these records, Armstrong almost single-handedly created the role of the jazz soloist, taking what was essentially a collective folk music and turning it into an art form with tremendous possibilities for individual expression.

Armstrong's work in the 1920s shows him playing at the outer limits of his abilities. The Hot Five records, especially, often have minor flubs and missed notes, which do little to detract from listening enjoyment since the energy of the spontaneous performance comes through. By the mid 1930s, Armstrong achieved a smooth assurance, knowing exactly what he could do and carrying out his ideas to perfection.

He was one of the first artists to use recordings of his performances to improve himself. Armstrong was an avid audiophile. He had a large collection of recordings, including reel-to-reel tapes, which he took on the road with him in a trunk during his later career. He enjoyed listening to his own recordings, and comparing his performances musically. In the den of his home, he had the latest audio equipment and would sometimes rehearse and record along with his older recordings or the radio.^[53]

Vocal popularity [link]

As his music progressed and popularity grew, his singing also became very important. Armstrong was not the first to record scat singing, but he was masterful at it and helped popularize it. He had a hit with his playing and scat singing on "Heebie Jeebies" when, according to some legends, the sheet music fell on the floor and he simply started singing nonsense syllables. Armstrong stated in his memoirs that this actually occurred. He also sang out "I done forgot the words" in the middle of recording "I'm A Ding Dong Daddy From Dumas."

Such records were hits and scat singing became a major part of his performances. Long before this, however, Armstrong was playing around with his vocals, shortening and lengthening phrases, interjecting improvisations, using his voice as creatively as his trumpet.

Colleagues and followers [link]

During his long career he played and sang with some of the most important instrumentalists and vocalists of the time; among them were Bing Crosby, Duke Ellington, Fletcher Henderson, Earl Hines, the singing brakeman Jimmie Rodgers, Bessie Smith and perhaps most famously Ella Fitzgerald.

His influence upon Bing Crosby is particularly important with regard to the subsequent development of popular music: Crosby admired and copied Armstrong, as is evident on many of his early recordings, notably "Just One More Chance" (1931). The New Grove Dictionary Of Jazz describes Crosby's debt to Armstrong in precise detail, although it does not acknowledge Armstrong by name:

Crosby... was important in introducing into the mainstream of popular singing an Afro-American concept of song as a lyrical extension of speech... His techniques - easing the weight of the breath on the vocal cords, passing into a head voice at a low register, using forward production to aid distinct enunciation, singing on consonants (a practice of black singers), and making discreet use of appoggiaturas, mordents, and slurs to emphasize the text - were emulated by nearly all later popular singers.

Armstrong recorded three albums with Ella Fitzgerald: Ella and Louis, Ella and Louis Again, and Porgy and Bess for Verve Records, with the sessions featuring the backing musicianship of the Oscar Peterson Trio and drummer Buddy Rich. His recordings Satch Plays Fats, all Fats Waller tunes, and Louis Armstrong Plays W.C. Handy in the 1950s were perhaps among the last of his great creative recordings, but even oddities like Disney Songs the Satchmo Way are seen to have their musical moments. And, his participation in Dave Brubeck's high-concept jazz musical The Real Ambassadors was critically acclaimed. For the most part, however, his later output was criticized as being overly simplistic or repetitive.

Hits and later career [link]

Armstrong had many hit records including "Stardust", "What a Wonderful World", "When The Saints Go Marching In", "Dream a Little Dream of Me", "Ain't Misbehavin'", "You Rascal You,"and "Stompin' at the Savoy." "We Have All the Time in the World" was featured on the soundtrack of the James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service, and enjoyed renewed popularity in the UK in 1994 when it featured on a Guinness advert. It reached number 3 in the charts on being re-released.

In 1964, Armstrong knocked the Beatles off the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart with "Hello, Dolly!", which gave the 63-year-old performer a U.S. record as the oldest artist to have a number one song. His 1964 song, "Bout Time" was later featured in the film "Bewitched" (2005).

Armstrong performed in Italy at the 1968 Sanremo Music Festival where he sang "Mi Va di Cantare"^[54] alongside his friend, the Eritrean-born Italian singer Lara Saint Paul.^[55] In February 1968, he also appeared with Lara Saint Paul on the Italian RAI television channel where he performed "Grassa e Bella," a track he sang in Italian for the Italian market and C.D.I. label.^[56]

In 1968, Armstrong scored one last popular hit in the United Kingdom with the highly sentimental pop song "What a Wonderful World", which topped the British charts for a month; however, the single did not chart at all in America. The song gained greater currency in the popular consciousness when it was used in the 1987 movie Good Morning, Vietnam, its subsequent rerelease topping many charts around the world. Armstrong even appeared on the October 28, 1970 Johnny Cash Show, where he sang Nat "King" Cole's hit "Rambling Rose" and joined Cash to re-create his performance backing Jimmie Rodgers on "Blue Yodel #9".

Stylistic range [link]

Armstrong enjoyed many types of music, from blues to the arrangements of Guy Lombardo, to Latin American folksongs, to classical symphonies and opera. Armstrong incorporated influences from all these sources into his performances, sometimes to the bewilderment of fans who wanted him to stay in convenient narrow categories. Armstrong was inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as an early influence. Some of his solos from the 1950s, such as the hard rocking version of "St. Louis Blues" from the WC Handy album, show that the influence went in both directions.

Literature, radio, films and TV [link]

Armstrong appeared in more than a dozen Hollywood films, usually playing a band leader or musician. His most familiar role was as the bandleader cum narrator in the 1956 musical, High Society, in which he sang the title song and performed a duet with Bing Crosby on "Now You Has Jazz". In 1947, he played himself in the movie New Orleans opposite Billie Holiday, which chronicled the demise of the Storyville district and the ensuing exodus of musicians from New Orleans to Chicago.^[57] In the 1959 film, The Five Pennies (the story of the cornetist Red Nichols), Armstrong played himself as well as singing and playing several classic numbers. With Danny Kaye Armstrong performed a duet of "When the Saints Go Marching In" during which Kaye impersonated Armstrong. Armstrong also had a part in the film alongside James Stewart in The Glenn Miller Story in which Glenn (played by Stewart) jammed with Armstrong and a few other noted musicians of the time.

He was the first African American to host a nationally broadcast radio show in the 1930s. In 1969, Armstrong had a cameo role in the film version of Hello, Dolly! as the bandleader, Louis, to which he sang the title song with actress Barbra Streisand. His solo recording of "Hello, Dolly!" is one of his most recognizable performances.

Armstrong played a bandleader in the television production, "The Lord Don't Play Favorites", on Producers' Showcase in 1956.

He was heard on such radio programs as The Story of Swing (1937) and This Is Jazz (1947), and he also made countless television appearances, especially in the 1950s and 1960s, including appearances on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.

Many of Armstrong's recordings remain popular. Almost four decades since his passing, a larger number of his recordings from all periods of his career are more widely available than at any time during his lifetime. His songs are broadcast and listened to every day throughout the world, and are honored in various movies, TV series, commercials, and even anime and video games. "A Kiss to Build a Dream On" was included in the video game Fallout 2, accompanying the intro cinematic. It was also used in the 1993 film Sleepless in Seattle and the 2005 film Lord of War. His 1923 recordings, with Joe Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band, continue to be listened to as documents of ensemble style New Orleans jazz, but more particularly as ripper^[jargon] jazz records in their own right. All too often, however, Armstrong recorded with stiff, standard orchestras leaving only his sublime trumpet playing as of interest. "Melancholy Blues," performed by Armstrong and his Hot Seven was included on the Voyager Golden Record sent into outer space to represent one of the greatest achievements of humanity. Most familiar to modern listeners is his ubiquitous rendition of "What a Wonderful World". In 2008, Armstrong's recording of Edith Piaf's famous "La Vie En Rose" was used in a scene of the popular Disney/Pixar film WALL-E. The song was also used in parts, especially the opening trumpets, in the French film Jeux d'enfants (Love Me If You Dare.)

Argentine writer Julio Cortázar, a self-described Armstrong admirer, asserted that a 1952 Louis Armstrong concert at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris played a significant role in inspiring him to create the fictional creatures called Cronopios that are the subject of a number of Cortázar's short stories. Cortázar once called Armstrong himself "Grandísimo Cronopio" (The Great Cronopio).

Armstrong appears as a minor fictionalized character in Harry Turtledove's Southern Victory Series. When he and his band escape from a Nazi-like Confederacy, they enhance the insipid mainstream music of the North. A young Armstrong also appears as a minor fictionalized character in Patrick Neate's 2001 novel Twelve Bar Blues, part of which is set in New Orleans, and which was a winner at that year's Whitbread Book Awards.

There is a pivotal scene in 1980s Stardust Memories in which Woody Allen is overwhelmed by a recording of Armstrong's Stardust and experiences a nostalgic epiphany.^[58] The combination of the music and the perfect moment is the catalyst for much of the film's action, prompting the protagonist to fall in love with an ill-advised woman.^[59]

Awards and honors [link]

Grammy Awards [link]

Armstrong was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1972 by the Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. This Special Merit Award is presented by vote of the Recording Academy's National Trustees to performers who, during their lifetimes, have made creative contributions of outstanding artistic significance to the field of recording.^[60]

Year	Category	Title	Genre	Label	Result
Grammy Award
1964	Male Vocal Performance	"Hello, Dolly!"	Pop	Kapp	Winner

Grammy Hall of Fame [link]

Recordings of Armstrong were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least twenty-five years old, and that have "qualitative or historical significance."^[61]^[62]

Year recorded	Title	Genre	Label	Year inducted	Notes
Grammy Hall of Fame
1929	"St. Louis Blues"	Jazz (Single)	OKeh	2008	with Bessie Smith
1928	"Weather Bird"	Jazz (Single)	OKeh	2008	with Earl Hines
1930	"Blue Yodel #9 (Standing on the Corner)"	Country (Single)	Victor	2007	Jimmie Rodgers (Featuring Louis Armstrong)
1932	"All of Me"	Jazz (Single)	Columbia	2005
1958	Porgy and Bess	Jazz (Album)	Verve	2001	with Ella Fitzgerald
1964	"Hello Dolly!"	Pop (Single)	Kapp	2001
1926	"Heebie Jeebies"	Jazz (Single)	OKeh	1999
1968	"What a Wonderful World"	Jazz (Single)	ABC	1999
1955	"Mack the Knife"	Jazz (Single)	Columbia	1997
1925	"St. Louis Blues"	Jazz (Single)	Columbia	1993	Bessie Smith with Louis Armstrong, cornet
1928	"West End Blues"	Jazz (Single)	OKeh	1974

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame [link]

The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame listed Armstrong's West End Blues on the list of 500 songs that shaped Rock and Roll.^[63]

Year recorded	Title	Label	Group
1928	West End Blues	Okeh	Louis Armstrong and his Hot Five

Inductions and honors [link]

In 1995, the U.S. Post Office issued a Louis Armstrong 32 cents commemorative postage stamp.

Year inducted	Title	Results	Notes
2007	Louisiana Music Hall of Fame
2007	Gennett Records Walk of Fame, Richmond, Indiana
2007	Long Island Music Hall of Fame
2004	Nesuhi Ertegün Jazz Hall of Fame at Jazz at Lincoln Center
1990	Rock and Roll Hall of Fame		Early influence
1978	Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame
1952	Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame
1960^[64]	Hollywood Walk of Fame	Star	at 7601 Hollywood Blvd.

Legacy [link]

The influence of Armstrong on the development of jazz is virtually immeasurable. Yet, his irrepressible personality both as a performer, and as a public figure later in his career, was so strong that to some it sometimes overshadowed his contributions as a musician and singer.

As a virtuoso trumpet player, Armstrong had a unique tone and an extraordinary talent for melodic improvisation. Through his playing, the trumpet emerged as a solo instrument in jazz and is used widely today. He was a masterful accompanist and ensemble player in addition to his extraordinary skills as a soloist. With his innovations, he raised the bar musically for all who came after him.

Though Armstrong is widely recognized as a pioneer of scat singing, Ethel Waters precedes his scatting on record in the 1930s according to Gary Giddins and others.^[65] Billie Holiday and Frank Sinatra are just two singers who were greatly indebted to him. Holiday said that she always wanted Bessie Smith's 'big' sound and Armstrong's feeling in her singing. Even special musicians like Duke Ellington have praised Armstrong through strong testimonials. Duke Ellington said, "If anybody was a master, it was Louis Armstrong." In 1950, Bing Crosby, the most successful vocalist of the first half of the 20th century, said, "He is the beginning and the end of music in America."

On August 4, 2001, the centennial of Armstrong's birth, New Orleans's airport was renamed Louis Armstrong International Airport in his honor.

In 2002, the Louis Armstrong's Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings (1925–1928) are preserved in the United States National Recording Registry, a registry of recordings selected yearly by the National Recording Preservation Board for preservation in the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress.^[66]

The US Open tennis tournament's former main stadium was named Louis Armstrong Stadium in honor of Armstrong who had lived a few blocks from the site.^[67]

Today, there are many bands worldwide dedicated to preserving and honoring the music and style of Satchmo, including the Louis Armstrong Society located in New Orleans, LA.

House [link]

The house where Louis Armstrong lived for close to 28 years was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977 and is now a museum. The Louis Armstrong House Museum, at 34-56 107th Street (between 34th and 37th Avenues) in Corona, Queens, presents concerts and educational programs, operates as a historic house museum and makes materials in its archives of writings, books, recordings and memorabilia available to the public for research. The museum is operated by the City University of New York's Queens College, following the dictates of Lucille Armstrong'swill.

The museum opened to the public on October 15, 2003. A new visitors center is planned.^[68]

Discography [link]

Notes [link]

^ He preferred that his name be pronounced Louie. "It's like Louis Armstrong - he spelled his name Louis, but he liked it to be said as Louie," recalls Louie Bellson [1]. Armstrong was registered as "Lewie" for the 1920 U.S. Census. On various live records he's called "Louie" on stage, such as on the 1952 "Can Anyone Explain?" from the live album In Scandinavia vol.1. It should also be noted that "Lewie" is the French pronunciation of "Louis" and is commonly used in Louisiana. However, when referring to himself in "Hello Dolly!," he pronounces his name as "Lewis" ("Hello, Dolly. This is Lewis, Dolly"), pronouncing the 's'.
^ Armstrong said he was not sure exactly when he was born, but celebrated his birthday on July 4. He usually gave the year as 1900 when speaking in public (although he used 1901 on his Social Security and other papers filed with the government). Using Roman Catholic Church documents from when his grandmother took him to be baptized, New Orleans music researcher Tad Jones established Armstrong's actual date of birth as August 4, 1901. With various other collaborative evidence, this date is now accepted by Armstrong scholars. See also age fabrication Armstrong had no middle name, but a 1949 Time magazine profile gave him the middle name of Daniel. The census and baptismal records confirm he had no middle name.
^ For "satchel-mouth."
^ The TIME 100. Louis Armstrong. TIME, Stanley Crouch, June 8, 1998. "For many years it was thought that Armstrong was born in New Orleans on July 4, 1900, a perfect day for the man who wrote the musical Declaration of Independence for Americans of this century. But the estimable writer Gary Giddins discovered the birth certificate that proves Armstrong was born Aug. 4, 1901." Retrieved January 8, 2009.
^ When is Louis Armstrong's birthday? The Official Site of the Louis Armstrong House & Archives.
^ Current Biography 1944, pp. 15–17.
^ Bergreen, Laurence (1997). Louis Armstrong: An Extravagant Life. New York: Broadway Books. p. 6. ISBN 0-553-06768-0.
^ Karnow, Stanley (February 21, 2001). "My Debt to Cousin Louis's Cornet". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C02E1D91639F932A15751C0A9679C8B63. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
^ Teachout, Terry. "Satchmo and the Jews" Commentary magazine, Nov. 2009.
^ "The Karnofsky Project".
^ Current Biography 1944 p. 16.
^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 78.
^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 142.
^ "Satchuated" Gary Giddins, Village Voice April 16–22, 2003. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 170.
^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 199.
^ www.britannica.com
^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 247.
^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 260.
^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 274.
^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 264.
^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 267.
^ Collier, James Lincoln (1985). Louis Armstrong. Pan Books. pp. 160–162. ISBN 0-330-28607-2.
^ "Louis Armstrong & his Orchestra". Redhotjazz.com. http://www.redhotjazz.com/lao.html. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
^ Morgenstern, Dan. “Louis Armstrong and the development & diffusion of Jazz”, Louis Armstrong a Cultural Legacy, Marc H Miller e.d., Queens Museum of Art in association with University of Washington Press, 1994 pg110
^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 320.
^ Collier (1985), p221-2
^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 344.
^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 385.
^ Hale, James (editor of Jazzhouse.org), Danny Barcelona (1929–2007), Drums, Armstrong All-Star, The Last Post, 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
^ Meckna, Michael; Satchmo, The Louis Armstrong Encyclopedia, Greenwood Press, Connecticut & London, 2004.
^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 491.
^ Krebs, Albin. "Louis Armstrong, Jazz Trumpeter and Singer, Dies", The New York Times, July 7, 1971. Accessed October 1, 2009. "Louis Armstrong, the celebrated jazz trumpeter and singer, died in his sleep yesterday morning at his home in the Corona section of Queens."
^ Louis Armstrong at Find a Grave
^ Collier, James Lincoln (1985). Louis Armstrong. Pan. p. 333. ISBN 0-330-28607-2.
^ "Louis Armstrong Dies: 1971 Year in Review". Upi.com. December 28, 1971. http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/#title. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
^ Armstrong, 1954, pp. 27-28
^ The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones, Vol. 3, Disk 7, Mystery of the Blues Special Features, Louis Armstrong: Ambassador of Jazz (DVD). Lucasfilm, Ltd.. Event occurs at 17:30.
^ Collier (1985), p. 317-320
^ 100 Most Influential People of All Times. Books.google.com. 2007-01-01. ISBN 978-1-60501-124-0. http://books.google.com/?id=WcLJ3aK-ZSkC&pg=PT698&dq=from+the+heart+%22pops+toms%22#v=onepage&q=from%20the%20heart%20%22pops%20toms%22&f=false. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
^ "Louis Armstrong, Barring Soviet Tour, Denounces Eisenhower and Gov. Faubus". New York Times. September 19, 1957. http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/reviews/armstrong-eisenhower.html. Retrieved August 30, 2007. See also, from September 23, 2007, *David Margolick, The Day Louis Armstrong Made Noise.
^ The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones, Vol. 3, Disk 7, Mystery of the Blues Special Features, Louis Armstrong: Ambassador of Jazz (DVD). Lucasfilm, Ltd.. Event occurs at 24:28.
^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 472.
^ ^a ^b Gabbard, Krin (2001). Louis and The Good Book (CD booklet). New York City: Verve Records. p.1.
^ Gilstrap, Peter (February 29, 1996). "Leave It All Behind Ya". Phoenix New Times. http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1996-02-29/news/leave-it-all-behind-ya/. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
^ Teachout, Terry (2009) Pops: A Life of Louis Armstrong pp. 293–294.
^ Louis Armstrong, "Christmas Through the Years," Laserlight 12744
^ Satchmo.net. 'Red Beans and Ricely yours, Louis Armstrong.'
^ Jive Dictionary, by Cab Calloway: "Barbecue (n.) -- the girl friend, a beauty." Retrieved February 10, 2009.
^ Elie p. 327.
^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 4.
^ "Non-masons - Louis Armstrong". Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/armstrong_l/armstrong_l.html. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
^ Michael Cogswell, Louis Armstrong: The Offstage Story of Satchmo (Collector's Press, Portland, Oregon, 2003) ISBN 1-888054-81-6 pp. 66–68.
^ "Hit Parade Italia" Hit Parade Italia - Festival di Sanremo 1968.
^ "Mi va di cantare" Lara Saint Paul - lavocedelledonne.it.
^ Louis Armstrong: "Grassa e bella" Louis Armstrong Discography.
^ IMDb.com
^ "Stardust Memories :: rogerebert.com :: Reviews". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. January 1, 1980. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19800101/REVIEWS/1010330/1023. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
^ IMDb.com
^ "Lifetime Achievement Award". Grammy.com. February 8, 2009. http://www.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Lifetime_Awards/. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
^ "Grammy Hall of Fame Database". Grammy.com. February 8, 2009. http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
^ "The Recording Academy" (PDF). http://www.grammy.com/PressReleases/443_466_Hall%20of%20Fame%20release%20FINAL.pdf. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
^ "Experience The Music: One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". Rockhall.com. http://rockhall.com/exhibits/one-hit-wonders-songs-that-shaped-rock-and-roll/. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
^ "Hollywood Walk of Fame". Walkoffame.com. 1960-02-08. http://www.walkoffame.com/louis-armstrong. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
^ See Ken Burns' Jazz CD Set liner notes.
^ "Library of Congress archive". Loc.gov. February 18, 2009. http://www.loc.gov/rr/record/nrpb/registry/nrpb-2002reg.html. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
^ "Ashe & Armstrong Stadiums". Usta.com. May 25, 2008. http://www.usta.com/Active/News/National-Tennis-Center-News/National-Tennis-Center/14185_Ashe__Armstrong_Stadiums/. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
^ "New visitor center at Armstrong museum". Queens Chronicle. November 10, 2011. http://www.qchron.com/editions/western/new-visitor-center-at-armstrong-museum/article_0968722c-bb92-57e9-8de4-e749c6801c24.html. Retrieved April 1, 2012.

References [link]

Armstrong, Louis. Satchmo: My Life in New Orleans. ISBN 0-306-80276-7
Armstrong, Louis and Thomas Brothers. Armstrong, in His Own Words: Selected Writings. ISBN 0-19-514046-X
Bergreen, Laurence "Louis Armstrong: An Extravagant Life" ISBN 0-553-06768-0
Brothers, Thomas "Louis Armstrong's New Orleans" ISBN 0-393-06109-4
Cogswell, Michael. Armstrong: The Offstage Story. ISBN 1-888054-81-6
Elie, Lolis Eric. A Letter from New Orleans. Originally printed in Gourmet. Reprinted in Best Food Writing 2006, Edited by Holly Hughes, ISBN 1-56924-287-9
Jones Max and John Chilton. Louis Armstrong Story. ISBN 0-306-80324-0
Meckna, Michael. Satchmo: The Louis Armstrong Encyclopedia. ISBN 0-313-30137-9
Storb, Ilse. "Louis Armstrong: The Definitive Biography". ISBN 0-8204-3103-6

Video clips [link]

	New Orleans portal
	Biography portal

"Now You Has Jazz"
"Blueberry Hill"
"Stompin' At The Savoy" Germany, 1959
"Tiger Rag"
"C'est si bon 1962
"Dream a Little Dream" photo slide show
"Louis Armstrong and Frank Sinatra - The Birth of The Blues" - The Edsel Show

External links [link]

	Book: Louis Armstrong
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Louis Armstrong

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Louis Armstrong

louis-armstrong.net - Sony BMG Music Entertainment
Louis Armstrong by Nat Hentoff
Obituary, NY Times
Quotes and tributes
Discography
Filmography @ imdb.com
The Louis Armstrong Society Jazz Band
Louis Armstrong: A Life in Music - slideshow by Life magazine
Seeing Black jazz critic on the Uncle Tom question
the official website of the Louis Armstrong House & Archives
"Louis Armstrong Transcription Project - john p birchall"
Louis Armstrong at pbskids.org
David Margolick, The Day Louis Armstrong Made Noise
Smithsonian Louis Armstrong: A Cultural Legacy
Louis Armstrong at NPR Music
Louis Armstrong in Athens, Blog of the Digital Library of Georgia
Louis Armstrong: discography and early recordings (Real Player format) on the Red Hot Jazz website.
Milestone Louis Armstrong recordings at Three Perfect Minutes
Louis Armstrong's autobiography online book
- "Satchmo - My Life in New Orleans(1954)" free download
- "Satchmo - My Life in New Orleans" another website
Louis Armstrong collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Works by or about Louis Armstrong in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Louis Armstrong discography at Discogs

Persondata
Name	Armstrong, Louis
Alternative names	Satchmo
Short description	American Jazz trumpeter and singer
Date of birth	(1900-07-04)July 4, 1900
Place of birth	New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
Date of death	July 6, 1971(1971-07-06)
Place of death	New York City, New York, U.S.

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Bette Midler
Midler backstage at the Grammy Awards, February 1990
Background information
Also known as	The Divine Miss M
Born	(1945-12-01) December 1, 1945 (age 66)
Origin	Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S. Territory
Genres	Vocal, pop, adult contemporary, comedy
Occupations	Singer, actress, comedian, author, producer
Instruments	Vocals-mezzo soprano, ukulele
Years active	1965–present
Labels	Atlantic (1972–1997) Warner Bros. (1998–2001) Columbia (2002–present)
Associated acts	Barry Manilow
Website	bettemidler.com

Bette Midler (born December 1, 1945) is an American singer, actress, and comedian, also known by her informal stage name, The Divine Miss M. She became famous as a cabaret and concert headliner, and went on to star in successful and acclaimed films such as The Rose, Ruthless People, Beaches, and For The Boys. During her more than forty-year career, Midler has been nominated for two Academy Awards, and won three Grammy Awards, four Golden Globes, three Emmy Awards, and a special Tony Award. She has sold over 30 million albums worldwide.^[1] Her voice type is categorized as deep mezzo soprano.^[2]

Early life and family [link]

Midler was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. Her parents moved from Paterson, New Jersey to Honolulu before she was born, and hers was one of the few Jewish families in a mostly Asian neighborhood.^[3] Her mother, Ruth (née Schindel), was a seamstress and housewife, and her father, Fred Midler, worked at a Navy base in Hawaii as a painter.^[4] She was named after actress Bette Davis, though Davis pronounced her first name in two syllables, and Midler uses one, /ˈbɛt/.^[5] She was raised in Aiea and attended Radford High School, in Honolulu.^[6] She was voted "Most Talkative" in the 1961 school Hoss Election, and in her Senior Year (Class of 1963), "Most Dramatic".^[7] Midler majored in drama at the University of Hawaii, but left after three semesters.^[8] She earned money in the 1966 film Hawaii as an extra,^[5] playing an uncredited seasick passenger named Miss David Buff.

Midler married Martin von Haselberg on December 16, 1984, about six weeks after their first meeting. Their daughter, Sophie Frederica Alohilani Von Haselberg, was born on November 14, 1986.^[9]

Career [link]

Theater work [link]

In the summer of 1965, Midler relocated to New York City, using the money from her work in the film Hawaii. She landed her first professional onstage role in Tom Eyen's Off-Off-Broadway plays in 1965, Miss Nefertiti Regrets and Cinderella Revisited, a children's play by day and an adult show by night.^[10] From 1966 to 1969, she played the role of Tzeitel in Fiddler on the Roof on Broadway.^[5] After Fiddler, she joined the original cast of Salvation in 1969.^[11]

In the summer of 1970, Midler began singing in the Continental Baths, a gay bathhouse in the city.^[5] During this time, she became close to her piano accompanist, Barry Manilow, who produced her first album in 1972, The Divine Miss M.^[10] It was during her time at the Continental Baths that she built up a core following. In the late 1990s, during the release of her album Bathhouse Betty, Midler commented on her time performing there, "Despite the way things turned out [with the AIDS crisis], I'm still proud of those days. I feel like I was at the forefront of the gay liberation movement, and I hope I did my part to help it move forward. So, I kind of wear the label of 'Bathhouse Betty' with pride".^[12]

In 1971, Midler starred in the first professional production of The Who's rock opera Tommy, with director Richard Pearlman and the Seattle Opera.^[13] It was during the run of Tommy that Midler first appeared on The Tonight Show.

[edit] 1972–1980: The Divine Miss M and success

Midler released her debut album, The Divine Miss M, on Atlantic Records, in December 1972. It reached Billboard's Top 10 and became a million-selling Platinum-certified album,^[14] earning Midler the 1973 Grammy Award for Best New Artist.^[15] It featured three hit singles, with "Do You Want To Dance?", "Friends", and "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy", which became Midler's first No. 1 Adult Contemporary hit. "Bugle Boy" became a very successful rock cover of the classic swing tune originally introduced and popularized in 1941 by the famous Andrews Sisters, of whom Midler has repeatedly referenced as her idols and inspiration, as far back as her first appearances on The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson. Midler told Carson in an interview that she always wanted to move like the sisters, and Patty Andrews once remembered, "When I first heard the introduction on the radio, I thought it was our old record. When Bette opened at the Amphitheater in Los Angeles, Maxene and I went backstage to see her. Her first words were, 'What else did you record?'"^[16] During another one of Midler's concerts, Maxene went on stage and presented her with an honorary bugle. Bette recorded other Andrews Sisters hits, including "In the Mood" and "Lullaby of Broadway."^[16]

Her self-titled follow-up album was released at the end of 1973. It reached Billboard's Top 10 and eventually sold close to a million copies in the United States alone.^[17] Midler returned to recording with the 1976 and 1977 albums, Songs for the New Depression and Broken Blossom.

Midler at the premiere of The Rose, 1979

In 1974, she received a Special Tony Award for her contribution to Broadway,^[18] with Clams on the Half Shell Revue playing at the Minskoff Theater. From 1975–1978, she also provided the voice of Woody the Spoon on the PBS educational series Vegetable Soup. In 1977, Midler's first television special, Ol' Red Hair is Back, premiered, featuring guest stars Dustin Hoffman and Emmett Kelly. It went on to win the Emmy Award^[19] for Outstanding Special — Comedy-Variety or Music.^[20]

In 1979, Midler made her first motion picture, starring in the 1960s-era rock and roll tragedy The Rose, as a drug-addicted rock star modeled after Janis Joplin.^[5] That year, she also released her fifth studio album, Thighs and Whispers. Midler's first foray into disco was a commercial and critical failure and went on to be her all-time lowest charting album, peaking at No. 65 on the Billboard album chart.^[21] Soon afterward, she began a world concert tour, with one of her shows in Pasadena being filmed and released as the concert film Divine Madness (1980).

In 1979, she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for The Rose, a role for which she won the Golden Globe for Best Actress (Comedy or Musical).^[5] The film's acclaimed soundtrack album sold over two million copies in the United States alone, earning a Double Platinum certification.^[14] The single version of the song held the No. 1 position on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart for five consecutive weeks and reached No. 3 on Billboard's Hot 100. It earned Midler her first Gold single^[14] and won the Grammy award for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female.^[15]

[edit] 1981–89: Wind Beneath My Wings and Beaches

In 1981, Midler worked on the troubled comedy project Jinxed!. However, during production, there was friction with co-star Ken Wahl and the film's director, Don Siegel.^{[citation needed]} Released in 1982, the film was a major flop.^{[citation needed]} Midler did not appear in any other films until 1986. During those four years, she concentrated on her music career and in 1983, released the album No Frills, produced by Chuck Plotkin, who was best known for his work with Bob Dylan and Bruce Springsteen. The album included three single releases: the ballad "All I Need To Know", a cover of Detroit native Marshall Crenshaw's "You're My Favorite Waste of Time" – which Midler fell in love with after flipping his 45 of "Someday Someway"^{[citation needed]} – and Midler's take on the Rolling Stones cover "Beast of Burden". The rock and New Wave album became Midler's third lowest charting album in the U.S.

Midler performed on USA for Africa's 1985 fund-raising single "We Are the World", and participated at the Live Aid event at JFK Stadium in Philadelphia.^[22] Also in 1985, she signed a multi-picture deal with Touchstone Pictures. She was subsequently cast by director Paul Mazursky in Down and Out in Beverly Hills, beginning a successful comedic acting career.^[5] She followed that role with Ruthless People (1986), Outrageous Fortune (1987), and Big Business (1988).^[5] Later in 1988, Midler lent her voice to the animated character Georgette, a snobbish poodle, in Disney's Oliver & Company, and had a hit with the tearjerker Beaches, co-starring Barbara Hershey.^[5] The accompanying soundtrack remains Midler's all-time biggest selling disc, reaching No. 2 on Billboard's album chart and with U.S. sales of four million copies. It featured her biggest hit, "Wind Beneath My Wings", which went to No. 1 on Billboard's Hot 100, achieved Platinum status,^[14] and won Midler her third Grammy Award – for Record of the Year – at the 1990 telecast.^[15]

1990–2000: Chart comeback [link]

Midler in Los Angeles, 1990

In 1990, Midler's single "From A Distance" topped the charts and achieved platinum status. The next year, Midler co-starred with Woody Allen in Scenes from a Mall, again for Mazursky. She earned another Academy Award nomination for Best Actress for 1991's For the Boys, directed by Mark Rydell, who also directed The Rose. For the latter, she was awarded another Golden Globe for Best Actress (Comedy or Musical).^[20] She turned down the lead role in 1992's Sister Act, which instead went to Whoopi Goldberg.^[23] In 1993, she starred with Sarah Jessica Parker and Kathy Najimy in the movie, Hocus Pocus, as Winifred "Winnie" Sanderson, the head witch of the Sanderson Sisters.^[5]^[24]

Midler's other films include Stella (1990), The First Wives Club (1996), and The Stepford Wives (2004).^[5] Her television work includes an Emmy-nominated version of the stage musical Gypsy and a guest appearance as herself in Fran Drescher's The Nanny. In 1997, Midler, along with her co-stars from The First Wives Club, Goldie Hawn, and Diane Keaton, was a recipient of the Women in Film Crystal Award, which honors "outstanding women who, through their endurance and the excellence of their work, have helped to expand the role of women within the entertainment industry".^[25]

Midler won an Emmy Award in 1992 for her performance on the next-to-last episode of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in May 1992, during which she sang an emotion-laden "One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)" to Johnny Carson. That night, Midler began singing "Here's That Rainy Day", Carson's favorite song; Carson joined in a few lyrics later.^[26] She appeared on Seinfeld in the episode "The Understudy", which was the season finale of that show's sixth season in 1995.

Her 1997 HBO special Diva Las Vegas earned her a third Emmy Award, for Outstanding Performance in a Variety or Music Program.^[20]

In 1995 and 1999, she reached the top of the US Dance Charts with remixes of her hits "To Deserve You"^[27] on Atlantic and "I'm Beautiful"^[28] on Warner Brothers Records. "To Deserve You" reached No. 2 and "I'm Beautiful" reached No. 1.

2000–01 [link]

Midler has guest-starred in various sitcoms over the years, including The Simpsons in the episode "Krusty Gets Kancelled" (she is first seen traversing a highway picking up trash when she is approached by Bart and Lisa with a request for Midler to appear on a show to revive Krusty's dying career). In 2000, Midler starred in her own sitcom, Bette. Airing on CBS, initial ratings were high but soon declined and the show did not last a full season, being cancelled in early 2001. During the show's short lifespan, Bette's daughter (played by Lindsay Lohan in the pilot, then by Marina Malota starting with the third episode) and her husband were recast (Robert Hays succeeded Kevin Dunn in the final episode aired). The show was also reportedly rocked by backstage turmoil. Also in 2001, Bette or Bust, a book chronicling Midler's "Divine Miss Millennium Tour", was released.

Music [link]

Midler has won three Grammy Awards.,^[29] Best New Artist, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "The Rose" and Record of the Year for "Wind Beneath My Wings". Two of her recordings, "Wind Beneath My Wings" and "From a Distance" won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year. "From a Distance" became her longest running No. 1 – six consecutive weeks – on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart. When the American Film Institute announced "The 100 Years of the Greatest Songs" on June 22, 2004, two of Midler's recordings were selected by the board: "Wind Beneath My Wings" (No. 44) and "The Rose" (No. 83). However, after years of erratic record sales, Midler was dropped from the Warner Brothers label in 2001, after nearly three decades with Warner Music Group.

After a reported long-standing feud with Barry Manilow, the two joined forces after many years in 2003 to record Bette Midler Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook. Of the project, Manilow said he'd had a dream that he was recording with Midler again, so he called her up with the idea and she agreed that it was due time to work together again. Manilow duetted with Midler on the song "(I'd Like to Get You on a) Slow Boat to China", after a little dialogue between the two artists at the start of the track. Now signed to Columbia Records, the album was an instant success, being certified gold in only a few weeks. One of the Clooney Songbook selections, "This Ole House", became Midler's first Christian radio single shipped by Rick Hendrix and his positive music movement. The album was nominated for a Grammy the following year.^[30]

In 2003–04, Midler toured the U.S. in her new show, Kiss My Brass, to sell-out audiences. In early 2005, an Australian tour, Kiss My Brass Down Under, was equally successful. Midler joined forces again with Manilow for another tribute album, Bette Midler Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook. Released in October 2005, the album sold 55,000 copies the first week of release, returned Midler to the Top 10,^[31] and was nominated for a Grammy Award.^[32]

Grammy Awards [link]

Year	Award	Performance	Result
1974	Best New Artist	—	Won
	Album of the Year	The Divine Miss M	Nominated
	Best Female Pop Vocal Performance	"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy"	Nominated
1981	Best Female Pop Vocal Performance	"The Rose"	Won
1981	Record of the Year	"The Rose"	Nominated
1990	Record of the Year	"Wind Beneath My Wings"	Won
1990	Best Female Pop Vocal Performance	"Wind Beneath My Wings"	Nominated
1991	Best Female Pop Vocal Performance	"From a Distance"	Nominated
1991	Record of the Year	"From a Distance"	Nominated
2004	Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album	Bette Midler Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook	Nominated
2007	Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album	Bette Midler Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook	Nominated
2008	Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album	Cool Yule	Nominated

The year given is the year of the ceremony.
In 1981 the album In Harmony: A Sesame Street Record won the Grammy for Best Recording for Children, Midler was one of the various artists featured. This Grammy was awarded to the producers, David Levine and Lucy Simon.
"Wind Beneath My Wings" also won the Grammy for Song of the Year. This Grammy was awarded to the songwriters, Larry Henley and Jeff Silbar.
In 1990 Midler's version of "From a Distance" won the Grammy for Song of the Year. This Grammy was awarded to the songwriter, Julie Gold.

Ongoing work [link]

In 2006, Midler released a new Christmas album, Cool Yule, featuring the title song (written by Steve Allen) and a duet of "Winter Wonderland"/"Let It Snow" with Johnny Mathis. Midler starred in the 2007 film Then She Found Me, directed by Helen Hunt and starring Hunt, Matthew Broderick, and Colin Firth, and appeared on the American Idol season 6 finale, singing "Wind Beneath My Wings" live at the Kodak Theatre.

On December 6, 2007, Midler's album Cool Yule received a Grammy nomination for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album.^[33]

Midler had a Vegas show entitled Bette Midler: The Showgirl Must Go On at The Colosseum at Caesars Palace. The show comprised The Staggering Harlettes, 20 female dancers called The Caesar Salad Girls and a 13-piece band. The show debuted on February 20, 2008, and played its final performance on January 31, 2010, after a two-year run.^[34] The show was nominated for an Emmy for outstanding variety,music or comedy special in 2011.^[35]

A new "best of" album, Jackpot: The Best Bette, was released in 2008 and reached No. 66 on the U.S. charts, and No. 6 in the UK, where it was certified Platinum for sales of over 300,000 copies.^[36]

In June 2009, Midler appeared on the Bravo TV show My Life on the D-List with Kathy Griffin. In December 2009, Midler appeared in the Royal Variety Performance, an annual British charity event attended by Queen Elizabeth II. She performed "In My Life" and "Wind Beneath My Wings" as the closing act.^[37]

In 2010, Midler voiced the character Kitty Galore in the animated film Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore. The film was a modest success, grossing $112 million worldwide.^[38] In November 2010, Midler released Memories of You, another compilation of lesser known tracks from her catalog. She promoted the album to her UK fans on Daybreak and The Graham Norton Show, on the latter of which she also performed "Dreamland" from For the Boys.^{[citation needed]}

Midler is one of the producers of the Broadway production of the musical Priscilla Queen of the Desert which opened in February 2011.^[39]

Midler will be co-starring alongside Billy Crystal in the movie Parental Guidance due to be released in 2012. Midler also auctioned her outfits and achievements from her 40-year career in November 2011 in order to raise money for the New York Restoration Project.

Midler has an estimated net worth of $175 million.^[40]

In June 2012, she is slated to receive the Sammy Cahn Lifetime Achievement Award at the Songwriters Hall of Fame in New York in recognition of her having "captivated the world" with her "stylish presentation and unmistakable voice".^[41]

Charity work [link]

In 1995, Midler founded the New York Restoration Project (NYRP), a non-profit organization with the goal of revitalizing neglected neighborhood parks in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods of New York City.^[5] These include Highbridge Park, Fort Washington Park, and Fort Tryon Park in upper Manhattan and Roberto Clemente State Park and Bridge Park in the Bronx.^[42]

In 1999, the city planned to auction 114 community gardens for commercial development. Midler led a coalition of greening organizations to save them. NYRP took ownership of 60 of the most neglected plots. Today, Midler and her organization work with local volunteers and community groups to ensure that these gardens are kept safe, clean and vibrant. In 2003, Midler opened Swindler Cove Park, a new 5-acre (20,000 m²) public park on the Harlem River shore featuring specially designed educational facilities and the Peter Jay Sharp Boathouse, the first community rowing facility to be built on the Harlem River in more than 100 years. The organization offers free in-school and after-school environmental education programming to students from high-poverty Title I schools.^[42]

Discography [link]

Main article: Bette Midler discography

1972: The Divine Miss M
1973: Bette Midler
1976: Songs for the New Depression
1977: Live at Last
1977: Broken Blossom
1979: Thighs and Whispers
1983: No Frills
1990: Some People's Lives
1995: Bette of Roses
1998: Bathhouse Betty
2000: Bette
2003: Bette Midler Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook
2005: Bette Midler Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook
2006: Cool Yule

1980: Divine Madness – Pasadena
1982–1983: De Tour
1993: Experience the Divine
1994: Experience The Divine Again!
1997: Diva Las Vegas
1999: Bathhouse Betty Club Tour
1999–2000: The Divine Miss Millennium Tour
2003–2004: Kiss My Brass
2005: Kiss My Brass Down Under
2008–2010: The Showgirl Must Go On

Filmography [link]

Film [link]

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1966	Hawaii	Passenger	uncredited
1969	Goodbye, Columbus	Wedding Guest	uncredited, cut scene
1972	Scarecrow in a Garden of Cucumbers	unknown	voice
1974	Thorn, TheThe Thorn	Virgin Mary	Also known as The Divine Mr. J; blocked distribution of film
1979	Rose, TheThe Rose	Mary Rose Foster	Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Golden Globe Award New Star Of The Year - Actress Nominated — Academy Award for Best Actress Nominated — BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role
1980	Divine Madness!	Herself/ Divine Miss M.	concert film Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
1982	Jinxed!	Bonita Friml
1986	Down and Out in Beverly Hills	Barbara Whiteman	Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
1986	Ruthless People	Barbara Stone	American Comedy Award for Funniest Actress in a Motion Picture
1987	Outrageous Fortune	Sandy Brozinsky	American Comedy Award for Funniest Actress in a Motion Picture Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
1988	Beaches	C. C. Bloom
1988	Oliver & Company	Georgette	voice
1988	Big Business	Sadie Shelton/Sadie Ratliff	American Comedy Award for Funniest Actress in a Motion Picture
1989	Lottery, TheThe Lottery		Short film
1990	Stella	Stella Claire
1991	For the Boys	Dixie Leonard	Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated — Academy Award for Best Actress
1991	Scenes from a Mall	Deborah Fifer
1992	Hijinx	... The Ringmaster
1993	Gypsy	Mama Rose	Television film Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV Nominated — Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie
1993	Hocus Pocus	Winifred 'Winnie' Sanderson	Nominated — Saturn Award for Best Actress
1995	Get Shorty	Doris Saphron	uncredited American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
1996	First Wives Club, TheThe First Wives Club	Brenda Cushman	National Board of Review Award for Best Cast Nominated — Satellite Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
1997	That Old Feeling	Lilly Leonard
1999	Get Bruce	Herself
1999	Fantasia 2000	Herself / Hostess	(segment "Piano Concerto No. 2, Allegro, Opus 102")
2000	What Women Want	Dr. J.M. Perkins	uncredited
2000	Isn't She Great	Jacqueline Susann
2000	Drowning Mona	Mona Dearly
2004	Stepford Wives, TheThe Stepford Wives	Bobbie Markowitz
2007	Then She Found Me	Bernice Graves
2008	Women, TheThe Women	Leah Miller
2010	Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore	Kitty Galore
2012	Parental Guidance	Diane Decker	To be released December 25, 2012

Television [link]

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1976	Vegetable Soup	Woody the Spoon	Voice role
1976	The Bette Midler Show	Herself	Television special
1977	Ol' Red Hair is Back	Herself	Television special Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy-Variety or Music Special Nominated — Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program
1984	Art Or Bust	Herself/ Divine Miss M.	Television special
1984	Video Music Awards	Herself/ co-host	Awards Show
1989	Lottery, TheThe Lottery	Music teacher	Created to demonstrate special effects; shot entirely and shown only at Disney-MGM Studios in Florida
1990	Earth Day Special	Mother Nature
1993	Simpsons, TheThe Simpsons	Herself	"Krusty Gets Kancelled"
1995	Seinfeld	Herself	"The Understudy"
1997	Diva Las Vegas	Herself/ Divine Miss M.	Television special Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program Nominated — Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy-Variety or Music Special
1997	Nanny, TheThe Nanny	Herself	"You Bette Your Life"
1998	Murphy Brown	Herself	"Never Can Say Goodbye"
1999	Jackie's Back	Herself
2000–01	Bette	Bette	18 episodes TV Guide Award - Actress of the Year in a New Series Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
2008	Strictly Come Dancing	Herself	Performed Wind Beneath My Wings
2009	Loose Women	Herself	Guest Host
2009	Dancing on Ice	Herself	Performed
2009	Strictly Come Dancing	Herself	Performed The Rose
2009	One Show, TheThe One Show	Herself	Guest
2009	Royal Variety Performance, TheThe Royal Variety Performance	Herself	Performed
2009	Marriage Ref, TheThe Marriage Ref	Herself	Guest
2009	Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List	Herself	Guest / toured Las Vegas nightlife w/Kathy
2010	Showgirl Must Go On, TheThe Showgirl Must Go On	Herself	HBO TV Special (December 31)
2010	Paul O'Grady's Christmas	Herself	Guest

References [link]

^ Sinead Garvan (26 November 2010). "Bette Midler: I wouldn't make it now". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11842187. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ [1] at las vegas sun
^ "The Religious Affiliation of Singer, Actress, Comedian Bette Midler". Adherents.com. 8 October 2005. http://www.adherents.com/people/pm/Bette_Midler.html. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ "Bette Midler, Biography (1945-)". FilmReference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/58/Bette-Midler.html. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Stated on Inside the Actors Studio, 2004
^ The Class of 1963! We're Radgrads!^{[dead link]}
^ High School Hoss Elections^{[dead link]}
^ "Bette Midler: 62 and Heading for Vegas!". The Oprah Winfrey Show. 28 January 2008. Harpo Productions, Inc.
^ "Bette Midler". Jewish Women's Archive. http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/midler-bette. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ ^a ^b Richard Corliss (17 March 2004). "That Old Feeling: Best Bette Yet". Time (Time.com). http://www.time.com/time/columnist/corliss/article/0,9565,601990,00.html. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ "Bette Midler". BroadwayWorld.com. http://broadwayworld.com/people/Bette_Midler/. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
^ "Bette Midler". Houston Voice (DelveIntoTheDevine.com). 23 October 1998. http://delveintothedivine.com/bio/bettebathhouse.html. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
^ Melinda Bargreen (22 July 2005). "Glynn Ross, 90, turned Seattle into opera destination". The Seattle Times (Seattletimes.com). http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2002394625_ross22.html. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Gold & Platinum Searchable database-Bette Midler". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?content_selector=gold-platinum-searchable-database. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Past Winners Search-Midler". Grammy.com. http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=midler&title=&year=All&genre=All. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
^ ^a ^b Sforza, John: "Swing It! The Andrews Sisters Story;" Univeristy Press of Kentucky, 2000; 289 pages.
^ Joel Whitburn (1 May 2002). Top Adult Contemporary 1961-2001. Menomonee Falls, WI: Record Research, Inc. 3rd edition. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-89820-149-9.
^ "Search Past Winners-1974". TonyAwards.com. http://www.tonyawards.com/p/tonys_search?start=15&year=1974&award=All&lname=&fname=&show=. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ Bette Midler Emmy Winner
^ ^a ^b ^c "Awards for Bette Midler". imdb. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000541/awards. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ "Thighs and Wispers". betteontheboards.com. http://www.betteontheboards.com/boards/album-09.htm. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ "'We Are The World' Tune Brings Out The Best of America's 46 Stars". Jet (Google Books): p. 16. February 18, 1985. http://books.google.com/books?id=CbMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16&dq=jackson+%22we+are+the+world%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=E4EmSvWKIZj2MPnR0ZUL#v=onepage&q=jackson%20%22we%20are%20the%20world%22&f=false. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
^ Lynn Hirschburg (October 8, 2000). "Meta-Midler". New York Times: p. 14. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/08/magazine/meta-midler.html?scp=4&sq=johnny%20carson%20midler&st=nyt&pagewanted=1. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ "Hocus Pocus (1993)". IMDb. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0107120/. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ "Past Recipients". wif.org. http://wif.org/past-recipients. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
^ Bill Saporito (31 March 2003). "Great Performances to Savor". Time (Time.com). http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1004565-1,00.html. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ "To Deserve You – Bette Midler". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/song/bette-midler/to-deserve-you/426769. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ "I'm Beautiful – Bette Midler". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/song/bette-midler/i-m-beautiful/1373627. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ "search results" Grammy.com
^ "Complete list of 46th annual Grammy winners and nominees". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. http://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-grammys-nominees,0,3626237.story. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
^ "Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook-Bette Midler". Billboard.com. http://www.billboard.com/#/album/bette-midler/sings-the-peggy-lee-songbook/736948. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
^ "49th Annual Grammy Awards Winners List". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on March 5, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070305201811/http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/49th_Show/list.aspx. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
^ "Bette Midler's Array of Awards". Bootleg Betty. http://www.bootlegbetty.com/awardsandnominations.htm. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ John Katsilometes (5 November 2009). "Bette Midler’s residency at Caesars Palace to end Jan. 31". Las Vegas Sun (lasvegassun.com). http://www.lasvegassun.com/blogs/kats-report/2009/nov/05/midlers-residency-caesars-palace-end-jan-31/. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ [2] at Emmys official site
^ "Bette Midler - Jackpot: The Best Bette". charts.us. http://acharts.us/album/38034. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ Robin Duke (December 8, 2009). "The Royal Variety Performance". The Stage. http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/26531/the-royal-variety-performance. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ [3] at box office mojo
^ Andrew Gans (28 February 2011). "Priscilla Queen of the Desert Kicks Up Its Heels on Broadway Starting Feb. 28". Playbill (Playbill.com). http://www.playbill.com/events/event_detail/21056-Priscilla-Queen-of-the-Desert-at-Palace-Theatre. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
^ Midler net worth. CelebrityNetWorth.com
^ "Bette Midler to receive Songwriter Hall Of Fame award". BBC. March 8, 2012.
^ ^a ^b "About NYRP". New York Restoration Project. http://www.nyrp.org/About/our_mission_and_strategic_plan_. Retrieved 2011-07-25.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bette Midler

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Bette Midler

Official Website
Bette Midler: Bootleg Betty
Bette Midler: Fan-Forum
Bette on the Boards
Bette Midler at the Internet Movie Database
Bette Midler at the Internet Broadway Database
Bette Midler at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Bette Midler at TVGuide.com
Bette Midler bio, photos, stories and blogs in the Las Vegas Sun
Bette Midler on Muppet Wiki
Bette Midler at Emmys.com

Preceded by none	MTV Video Music Awards host 1984 (co-host with Dan Aykroyd)	Succeeded by Eddie Murphy

v t e Bette Midler

Studio albums	The Divine Miss M Bette Midler Songs for the New Depression Broken Blossom Thighs and Whispers No Frills Some People's Lives Bette of Roses Bathhouse Betty Bette Bette Midler Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook Bette Midler Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook Cool Yule

Soundtracks	The Rose Beaches For The Boys Gypsy

Live albums	Live at Last Divine Madness Mud Will Be Flung Tonight

Compilations	The Best of Bette (1978) The Best of Bette (1981) Just Hits Experience the Divine Jackpot: The Best Bette Memories of You

Tours	Kiss My Brass The Showgirl Must Go On

Films	Hawaii (1966) The Rose (1979) Divine Madness! (1980) Jinxed! (1982) Down and Out in Beverly Hills (1986) Ruthless People (1986) Outrageous Fortune (1987) Big Business (1988) Oliver & Company (1988) Beaches (1988) Stella (1990) Scenes from a Mall (1991) For the Boys (1991) Hocus Pocus (1993) Get Shorty (1995) The First Wives Club (1996) That Old Feeling (1997) Drowning Mona (2000) Isn't She Great (2000) What Women Want (2000) The Stepford Wives (2004) Then She Found Me (2007) The Women (2008)

Television	The Bette Midler Show Art or Bust "Krusty Gets Kancelled" Gypsy Diva Las Vegas Bette

Awards for Bette Midler

v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program (1976–2000)

Harvey Korman / Brenda Vaccaro (1974) Jack Albertson / Cloris Leachman (1975) Chevy Chase / Vicki Lawrence (1976) Tim Conway / Rita Moreno (1977) Tim Conway / Gilda Radner (1978) Cloris Leachman (1984) George Hearn (1985) Whitney Houston (1986) Robin Williams (1987) Robin Williams (1988) Linda Ronstadt (1989) Tracey Ullman (1990) Billy Crystal (1991) Billy Crystal (1992) Dana Carvey (1993) Tracey Ullman (1994) Barbra Streisand (1995) Tony Bennett (1996) Bette Midler (1997) Billy Crystal (1998) John Leguizamo (1999) Eddie Izzard (2000)

Complete list (1976–2000) (2001–2025)

v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (1961–1980)

Rosalind Russell (1961) Rosalind Russell (1962) Shirley MacLaine (1963) Julie Andrews (1964) Julie Andrews (1965) Lynn Redgrave (1966) Anne Bancroft (1967) Barbra Streisand (1968) Patty Duke (1969) Carrie Snodgress (1970) Twiggy (1971) Liza Minnelli (1972) Glenda Jackson (1973) Raquel Welch (1974) Ann-Margret (1975) Barbra Streisand (1976) Diane Keaton/Marsha Mason (1977) Ellen Burstyn/Maggie Smith (1978) Bette Midler (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980)

Complete list (1950–1960) (1961–1980) (1981–2000) (2001–2020)

v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (1981–2000)

Bernadette Peters (1981) Julie Andrews (1982) Julie Walters (1983) Kathleen Turner (1984) Kathleen Turner (1985) Sissy Spacek (1986) Cher (1987) Melanie Griffith (1988) Jessica Tandy (1989) Julia Roberts (1990) Bette Midler (1991) Miranda Richardson (1992) Angela Bassett (1993) Jamie Lee Curtis (1994) Nicole Kidman (1995) Madonna (1996) Helen Hunt (1997) Gwyneth Paltrow (1998) Janet McTeer (1999) Renée Zellweger (2000)

Complete list (1950–1960) (1961–1980) (1981–2000) (2001–2020)

v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film (1981–1999)

Jane Seymour (1981) Ingrid Bergman (1982) Ann-Margret (1983) Ann-Margret (1984) Liza Minnelli (1985) Loretta Young (1986) Gena Rowlands (1987) Ann Jillian (1988) Christine Lahti (1989) Barbara Hershey (1990) Judy Davis (1991) Laura Dern (1992) Bette Midler (1993) Joanne Woodward (1994) Jessica Lange (1995) Helen Mirren (1996) Alfre Woodard (1997) Angelina Jolie (1998) Halle Berry (1999)

Complete List (1981–1999) (2000–2019)

v t e Grammy Award for Best New Artist

1950s	Bobby Darin (1959)

1960s	No award given (1960) Bob Newhart (1961) Peter Nero (1962) Robert Goulet (1963) The Swingle Singers (1964) The Beatles (1965) Tom Jones (1966) No award given (1967) Bobbie Gentry (1968) José Feliciano (1969)

1970s	Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young (1970) The Carpenters (1971) Carly Simon (1972) America (1973) Bette Midler (1974) Marvin Hamlisch (1975) Natalie Cole (1976) Starland Vocal Band (1977) Debby Boone (1978) A Taste of Honey (1979)

1980s	Rickie Lee Jones (1980) Christopher Cross (1981) Sheena Easton (1982) Men at Work (1983) Culture Club (1984) Cyndi Lauper (1985) Sade (1986) Bruce Hornsby and the Range (1987) Jody Watley (1988) Tracy Chapman (1989)

1990s	Milli Vanilli (1990) Mariah Carey (1991) Marc Cohn (1992) Arrested Development (1993) Toni Braxton (1994) Sheryl Crow (1995) Hootie & the Blowfish (1996) LeAnn Rimes (1997) Paula Cole (1998) Lauryn Hill (1999)

2000s	Christina Aguilera (2000) Shelby Lynne (2001) Alicia Keys (2002) Norah Jones (2003) Evanescence (2004) Maroon 5 (2005) John Legend (2006) Carrie Underwood (2007) Amy Winehouse (2008) Adele (2009)

2010s	Zac Brown Band (2010) Esperanza Spalding (2011) Bon Iver (2012)

Grammy Award Record of the Year Song of the Year Album of the Year Best New Artist National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences

Grammy Award for Record of the Year (1990s)

"Wind Beneath My Wings"* by Bette Midler produced by Arif Mardin (1990)	"Another Day in Paradise" by Phil Collins produced by Hugh Padgham & Phil Collins (1991)
"Unforgettable"* by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole produced by David Foster (1992)	"Tears in Heaven"* by Eric Clapton produced by Russ Titelman (1993)
"I Will Always Love You" by Whitney Houston produced by David Foster (1994)	"All I Wanna Do" by Sheryl Crow produced by Bill Bottrell (1995)
"Kiss from a Rose"* by Seal produced by Trevor Horn (1996)	"Change the World"* by Eric Clapton produced by Babyface (1997)
"Sunny Came Home"* by Shawn Colvin produced by John Leventhal (1998)	"My Heart Will Go On"* by Celine Dion engineered/mixed by David Gleeson, Humberto Gatica & Simon Franglen; produced by James Horner, Simon Franglen & Walter Afanasieff (1999)

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Midler

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Persondata
Name	Midler, Bette
Alternative names	Midler, Bette Davis
Short description	Singer, actress
Date of birth	December 1, 1945
Place of birth	Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
Date of death
Place of death

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[edit] 1972–1980: The Divine Miss M and success

[edit] 1981–89: Wind Beneath My Wings and Beaches

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