Annas

Friday, 26 October 2012

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Bom Jesus do Monte
Bom Jesus do Monte is a Portuguese sanctuary in the surroundings of the city of Braga, in northern Portugal. Its name means Good Jesus of the Mount.
http://wn.com/Bom_Jesus_do_Monte
Braga
Braga (), a city in the Braga Municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the Braga District, the oldest archdiocese and one of the major cities of the country. Braga is the oldest Portuguese city and, one of the oldest Christian cities in the World. With an urban population of 175,063, Braga is the seventh largest municipality in Portugal by population (including the city and suburban parishes, the municipality had a total of 62 parishes and 177,183 inhabitants as of 2009). Braga is also the center of the Greater Metropolitan Area of Minho with a population of 826,833 (2007) one of the fastest growing urban areas in the European Union. Under the Roman Empire, as Bracara Augusta, it was capital of the province Gallaecia. The urban area extends from the (river) Cavado to the (river) Este. Braga is serviced by regional and fast trains to Porto and Lisbon. The city of Oporto (Porto) is about 53 km. The present Mayor is Francisco Soares Mesquita Machado, elected from the Socialist Party.
http://wn.com/Braga

Achaichus
Achaichus was one of the members of the church of Corinth who, with Fortunatus and Stephanas, visited Paul while he was at Ephesus, for the purpose of consulting him on the affairs of the church (). These three were likely the bearers of the letter from Corinth to the apostle as mentioned in .ggg
http://wn.com/Achaichus
Aeneas (Bible)
http://wn.com/Aeneas_(Bible)
Agabus
Saint Agabus () or Saint Agabo was an early follower of Christianity mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles as a prophet. He is traditionally remembered as one of the Seventy Disciples described in Luke . According to Acts , he was one of a group of prophets who came to Antioch from Jerusalem. While there he predicted a severe famine that the author says came under the reign of the Roman Emperor Claudius; this is identified with events that happened in AD 45. Acts records that many years later, in 58, he met Paul of Tarsus at Caesarea Maritima and warned him of his coming capture; he bound his own hands and feet with Paul's belt to demonstrate what the Jews would do if he continued his journey to Jerusalem, though Paul would not be persuaded.
http://wn.com/Agabus
Agrippa I
:For other with this name, see Agrippa (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Agrippa_I
Agrippa II
:For other with this name, see Agrippa (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Agrippa_II
Alexander (Ephesian)
http://wn.com/Alexander_(Ephesian)
Alphaeus
Alphaeus is mentioned in the New Testament as the father of three of the Twelve Apostles, namely:
http://wn.com/Alphaeus
Ananias and Sapphira
Ananias () and his wife Sapphira () were, according to the Acts of the Apostles, members of the Early Christian church in Jerusalem.
http://wn.com/Ananias_and_Sapphira
Ananias of Damascus
Ananias was a disciple of Jesus. The Acts of the Apostles describes how he was sent by God to heal Paul's blindness and introduce him to the Church.
http://wn.com/Ananias_of_Damascus
Ananus ben Ananus
http://wn.com/Ananus_ben_Ananus
Anna (Bible)
Anna (, ) or Anna the Prophetess was a biblical figure mentioned only in the Gospel of Luke. According to that Gospel, she was an aged Jewish prophetess who prophesied about Jesus at the Temple of Jerusalem. She appears in Luke 2:36-38 in the episode of the presentation of Jesus at the Temple.
http://wn.com/Anna_(Bible)
Annas
Annas [also Ananus or Ananias], son of Seth (23/22 BC–66 AD), was appointed by the Roman legate Quirinius as the first High Priest of the newly formed Roman province of Iudaea in 6 AD; just after the Romans had deposed Archelaus, Ethnarch of Judaea, thereby putting Judaea directly under Roman rule.
http://wn.com/Annas
Antipas of Pergamum
Saint Antipas is referred to in the Book of Revelation () as the "faithful martyr" of Pergamon. According to Christian tradition, John the Apostle ordained Antipas as bishop of the Pergamon during the reign of the Roman emperor Domitian. The traditional account goes on to say Antipas was martyred in ca. 92 AD by burning in a brazen bull-shaped altar used for casting out demons worshiped by the local population.
http://wn.com/Antipas_of_Pergamum
Antonius Felix
http://wn.com/Antonius_Felix
Apollos
http://wn.com/Apollos
Barabbas
http://wn.com/Barabbas
Barnabas
Saint Barnabas ()), born Joseph, was an Early Christian convert, one of the earliest Christian disciples in Jerusalem. Like almost all Christians at the time (see also Jewish Christians), Barnabas was one of the Children of Israel, specifically a Levite. Named an apostle in , he and Saint Paul undertook missionary journeys together and defended Gentile converts against the demands of stricter church leaders (see also Judaizers). They gained many converts in Antioch (c 43-44), traveled together making more converts (c 45-47), and participated in the Council of Jerusalem (c 50). Barnabas and Paul successfully evangelized among the "God-fearing" gentiles who attended synagogues in various Hellenized cities of Anatolia (modern day Turkey)..
http://wn.com/Barnabas
Bartholomew
http://wn.com/Bartholomew
Biblical Magi
:"Three Kings", or "Three Wise Men", redirects here. For other uses, see Three Kings (disambiguation) and Wise men.
http://wn.com/Biblical_Magi
Blastus
Blastus was the chamberlain of Herod Agrippa (Acts 12:20), and a mediator for the Sidonians and Tyrians. Blastus was involved in the events that led to Herod's death.
http://wn.com/Blastus
Caiaphas
http://wn.com/Caiaphas
Crescens
Crescens was an individual who appears in the New Testament. He was said to be a missionary in Galatia and became a companion of Paul. The name 'Crescens' is the present-active participle of the Latin word crescere, and means 'increasing'.
http://wn.com/Crescens
Diotrephes
Diotrephes was a man mentioned in the (Third Epistle of John, verses 9–11). His name means "fed by Jupiter". As Raymond E. Brown comments, "Diotrephes is not a particularly common name."
http://wn.com/Diotrephes
Dorcas
Dorcas (also known as Tabitha) was a disciple who lived in Joppa referenced in the Book of Acts of the Bible. Acts recounts that when she died, she was grieved by "all the widows...crying and showing (Peter) the robes and other clothing that Dorcas had made while she was still with them." (Acts 9:39). This may indicate that Dorcas was a widow, or at the very least that she joined the widows in their works of charity. The disciples present called upon Saint Peter who came from nearby Lydda to the place where her wake was being held and raised her from the dead.
http://wn.com/Dorcas
Elymas
Elymas is another name for Bar-Jesus (arc. Bar-Yeshua, lat. Bariesu), a Jewish magician who appears in the New Testament in the Acts of the Apostles, chapter 13.
http://wn.com/Elymas
Epaphras
Epaphras () was a Christian preacher who spread the Gospel to his fellow Colossian citizens (Col. 1:7; 4:12). When Paul was a prisoner in Rome, Epaphras came to him with a favourable account of the Church at Colossae. He remained with Paul in Rome and was, in a sense, his "fellow prisoner" (). Paul bears witness to the struggling in his prayers for Colossae and his work of service there and in Laodicea and Hierapolis. (Colossians 4:12-13)
http://wn.com/Epaphras
Epaphroditus
Epaphroditus is a saint of the Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church, first Bishop of Philippi, and of Andriaca in Asia Minor, and first Bishop of Terracina, Italy. There is little evidence that these were all the same man.
http://wn.com/Epaphroditus
Erastus of Corinth
According to the Epistle to the Romans, Erastus was Corinth's (oikonomos), a position of high status. The word is generally translated as "steward" or, in this context, "treasurer"; KJV uses the translation "chamberlain", NIV uses "director of public works". An Erastus is also mentioned in the Second Epistle to Timothy and Acts. It is not certain if these verses all refer to the one person.
http://wn.com/Erastus_of_Corinth
Ethiopian eunuch
http://wn.com/Ethiopian_eunuch
Euodia and Syntyche
http://wn.com/Euodia_and_Syntyche
Eutychus
:For the early Christian theologian, see Eutyches, for the Exarch of Ravenna see Eutychius.
http://wn.com/Eutychus
Four Evangelists
In Christian tradition the Four Evangelists refers to the authors attributed with the creation of the four Gospel accounts in the New Testament that bear the following titles:
http://wn.com/Four_Evangelists
Gamaliel
: ''This article is about Gamaliel the Elder. For other individuals and uses see Gamaliel (disambiguation)
http://wn.com/Gamaliel
Godfearers
http://wn.com/Godfearers
Herod Antipas
Herod Antipas (short for Antipatros) (before 20 BC – after 39 AD) was a first century AD ruler of Galilee and Perea, who bore the title of tetrarch ("ruler of a quarter"). He is best known today for accounts in the New Testament of his role in events that led to the executions of John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth.
http://wn.com/Herod_Antipas
Herod the Great
http://wn.com/Herod_the_Great
Historical Jesus
The term Historical Jesus refers to scholarly reconstructions of the 1st-century figure Jesus of Nazareth. These reconstructions are based upon historical methods including critical analysis of gospel texts as the primary source for his biography, along with consideration of the historical and cultural context in which he lived.
http://wn.com/Historical_Jesus
Hymenaeus (Ephesian)
http://wn.com/Hymenaeus_(Ephesian)
James the Just
http://wn.com/James_the_Just
Jesus
http://wn.com/Jesus
John Mark
John Mark is a character in the New Testament, a member of the Seventy Apostle of Christ according to the second-third century father Hippolytus in his work On the Seventy Apostles , a leader of the apostolic church, the bishop of Bibloupolis.
http://wn.com/John_Mark
John the Apostle
http://wn.com/John_the_Apostle
John the Baptist
http://wn.com/John_the_Baptist
John the Evangelist
http://wn.com/John_the_Evangelist
Joseph Barsabbas
In the Christian New Testament, Joseph Justus (also known as Barsabbas) figures momentarily in the casting of lots among the 120 or so gathered together after the Ascension of Jesus, to replace Judas Iscariot and bring the Apostles again to the number twelve. According to Acts of the Apostles i.23 – 26:
http://wn.com/Joseph_Barsabbas
Joseph of Arimathea
Joseph of Arimathea was, according to the Gospels, the man who donated his own prepared tomb for the burial of Jesus after Jesus' Crucifixion. He is mentioned in all four Gospels.
http://wn.com/Joseph_of_Arimathea
Judas Barsabbas
http://wn.com/Judas_Barsabbas
Judas Iscariot
Judas Iscariot, (, Yehuda, ) was, according to the New Testament, one of the twelve original apostles of Jesus, and is best known for betraying Jesus into the hands of the chief priests.
http://wn.com/Judas_Iscariot
Judas of Galilee
Judas of Galilee or Judas of Gamala led a violent resistance to the census imposed for Roman tax purposes by Quirinius in Iudaea Province around AD 6. The revolt was crushed brutally by the Romans. These events are discussed by Josephus in Jewish Wars and in Antiquities of the Jews.
http://wn.com/Judas_of_Galilee
Judas the Zealot
The name Judas the Zealot (Judas Zelotes) is mentioned in the Epistle of the Apostles (Epistula Apostolorum), written in the 2nd century. He is usually identified with the Apostle Simon the Zealot, with whom he shares a surname, or with the Apostle Jude.
http://wn.com/Judas_the_Zealot
Jude the Apostle
Jude was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. He is generally identified with Thaddeus, and is also variously called Jude of James, Jude Thaddaeus, Judas Thaddaeus or Lebbaeus. He is sometimes identified with Jude, "brother" of Jesus, but is clearly distinguished from Judas Iscariot, another disciple and later the betrayer of Jesus.
http://wn.com/Jude_the_Apostle
Junia
Junia or Junias was a first century Christian highly regarded and complimented by the Apostle Paul:
http://wn.com/Junia
Lazarus of Bethany
Lazarus of Bethany, also known as Saint Lazarus or Lazarus of the Four Days, is the subject of a prominent miracle attributed to Jesus in the Gospel of John, in which Jesus restores him to life four days after his death. The Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic traditions offer varying accounts of the later events of his life.
http://wn.com/Lazarus_of_Bethany
Legion (demon)
:See Legion (disambiguation) for other concepts with this name.
http://wn.com/Legion_(demon)
Luke the Evangelist
Luke the Evangelist (, Loukas) was an Early Christian writer who the Church Fathers such as Jerome and Eusebius said was the author of the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles.
http://wn.com/Luke_the_Evangelist
Lydia of Thyatira
Saint Lydia of Thyatira was the first recorded convert to Christianity in Europe.
http://wn.com/Lydia_of_Thyatira
Lysanias
Lysanias was the ruler of a small realm on the western slopes of Mount Hermon, attested to by the Jewish writer Josephus and in coins from circa 40 BC. There is also mention of a Lysanias dated to 29 AD in the gospel of Luke. It has been debated whether these are the same person.
http://wn.com/Lysanias
Malchus
: There was also another Malchus, a Byzantine historian who wrote a history from Constantine to Anastasius I in 7 books.
http://wn.com/Malchus
Manahen
Saint Manahen (also Manaen) was a teacher of the Church of Antioch and the foster brother (Gk. syntrophos, Vulg. collactaneus) of Herod Antipas.
http://wn.com/Manahen
Mark the Evangelist
http://wn.com/Mark_the_Evangelist
Martha
http://wn.com/Martha
Mary Magdalene
http://wn.com/Mary_Magdalene
Mary of Bethany
http://wn.com/Mary_of_Bethany
Michael (archangel)
http://wn.com/Michael_(archangel)
Nicodemus ben Gurion
Nicodemus ben Gurion was a wealthy Jew who lived in Jerusalem in the first century C.E. He is widely believed to be identical to the Nicodemus mentioned in the Gospel of John.
http://wn.com/Nicodemus_ben_Gurion
Nymphas
Nymphas meaning nymph. A man or a woman, depending on accenting of the Greek text, in the New Testament saluted by Paul of Tarsus in his Epistle to the Colossians as a member of the church of Laodicea (). Possibly a contraction of Nymphodorus. The church met in his or her house.
http://wn.com/Nymphas
Onesimus
Saint Onesimus (d. ca. 90 AD) (, meaning "useful," also called Onesimus of Byzantium and The Holy Apostle Onesimus in some Eastern Orthodox churches) was a slave to Philemon of Colossae, a man of Christian faith. Eventually, Onesimus transgressed against Philemon and fled to the site of Paul the Apostle's imprisonment (most probably Rome or Ephesus) to escape punishment for a theft he had committed [http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/sainto01.htm], there, he heard the Gospel from Paul and converted to Christianity. Paul, having earlier converted Philemon to Christianity, reconciled with the two and wrote a letter to Philemon (which today exists in the New Testament as the Epistle to Philemon [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Philemon%201:10-16;&version;=47;]). The letter read (in part): Due to this epistle from Paul, Philemon indeed accepted Onesimus as a brother and freed him of slavery. Although it is doubted by some authorities, it may well be that this Onesimus was the same one consecrated a bishop by the Apostles and accepted the episcopal throne in Ephesus following the Apostle Timothy. During the reign of Roman emperor Domitian and the persecution of Trajan, Onesimus was imprisoned in Rome and martyred by stoning (although some sources claim that he was beheaded[http://www.serbianorthodoxchurch.net/cgi-bin/saints.cgi?view=367579991073]).
http://wn.com/Onesimus
Paul the Apostle
http://wn.com/Paul_the_Apostle
Penitent thief
http://wn.com/Penitent_thief
Philetus (Ephesian)
http://wn.com/Philetus_(Ephesian)
Philip the Apostle
Saint Philip the Apostle () was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. Later Christian traditions describe Philip as the apostle who preached in Greece, Syria, and Phrygia.
http://wn.com/Philip_the_Apostle
Phoebe (Bible)
Phoebe (Koine Greek ) was a Christian woman mentioned by the Apostle Paul in Romans 16:1.
http://wn.com/Phoebe_(Bible)
Pontius Pilate
http://wn.com/Pontius_Pilate
Porcius Festus
Porcius Festus was procurator of Judea from about AD 58 to 62, succeeding Antonius Felix. His exact time in office is not known. He inherited all of the problems of his predecessor in regard to the Roman practice of creating civic privileges for Jews. Only one other issue bedeviled his administration, the controversy between Agrippa II and the priests in Jerusalem regarding the wall erected at the temple to break the view of the new wing of Agrippa's palace.
http://wn.com/Porcius_Festus
Quirinius
http://wn.com/Quirinius
Rhoda (Bible)
Rhoda is a minor character in the New Testament. She appears only in Acts . Rhoda (whose name means "rose") was a servant girl in the house of Mary, the mother of John Mark. After Peter was released from prison, he went to the house and knocked on the door. Rhoda came to answer it, and when she heard Peter's voice she was so overjoyed that she rushed to tell the others, and forgot to open the door for him. She told the group of Christians who were praying that Peter was there. They did not believe her at first, and told her she was out of her mind. When she kept insisting that it was Peter, they said, "It is his angel." Yet Peter kept on knocking and eventually they opened the door for him.
http://wn.com/Rhoda_(Bible)
Saint Andrew
http://wn.com/Saint_Andrew
Saint Joseph
http://wn.com/Saint_Joseph
Saint Matthew
http://wn.com/Saint_Matthew
Saint Matthias
Saint Matthias (d. 80), according to the Acts of the Apostles, was the apostle chosen by the remaining eleven apostles to replace Judas Iscariot following Judas' betrayal of Jesus and his suicide.
http://wn.com/Saint_Matthias
Saint Peter
http://wn.com/Saint_Peter
Saint Publius
Saint Publius (in Maltese, San Publju) is venerated as the first Bishop of Malta. Publius' conversion led to Malta being the first Christian nation in the West, and one of the first in the world.
http://wn.com/Saint_Publius
Saint Stephen
http://wn.com/Saint_Stephen
Saint Timothy
:For other uses of "Timothy," see Timothy (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Saint_Timothy
Salome
:This article is about the daughter of Herodias. For other uses, see Salome (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Salome
Salome (disciple)
http://wn.com/Salome_(disciple)
Samaritans
http://wn.com/Samaritans
Sceva
Sceva, or Scevas, apparently related to the Greek word skeuos meaning a vessel or implement, a Jew called a "chief priest" (archiereus in Greek) in .
http://wn.com/Sceva
Sergius Paulus
Lucius Sergius Paullus was a Proconsul of Cyprus under Claudius (1st century AD). He appears in Acts (13:6-13), where in Paphos Paul, accompanied by Barnabas and John Mark, overcame the attempts of Bar-Jesus or Elymas and converted Sergius to Christianity.
http://wn.com/Sergius_Paulus
Seven Deacons
The Seven Deacons were leaders elected by the Early Christian church to minister to the people of Jerusalem. They are described in the Acts of the Apostles, and are the subject of later traditions as well; for instance they are supposed to have been members of the Seventy Disciples who appear in the Gospel of Luke. The Seven Deacons were Stephen Protomartyr, Philip the Evangelist, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas, and Nicholas.
http://wn.com/Seven_Deacons
Seventy disciples
http://wn.com/Seventy_disciples
Simon Magus
http://wn.com/Simon_Magus
Simon of Cyrene
http://wn.com/Simon_of_Cyrene
Simon the Leper
Simon the Leper is a biblical figure mentioned by the Gospels according to Matthew () and Mark (). These two books narrate how Jesus made a visit to the house of Simon the Leper at Bethany during the course of which a woman anoints the head of Jesus with costly ointment. Bethany was the home of Simon the Leper as well as Mary, Martha, and Lazarus. The Gospel according to John () recounts that Mary, Martha and Lazarus attended a supper for Jesus Christ six days before the Passover and Crucifixion of Jesus. Martha served. According to John's Gospel, the feet of Jesus were also anointed. Comparing them suggests that Judas Iscariot and other disciples of Jesus also attended and protested the costly anointing of Jesus.
http://wn.com/Simon_the_Leper
Simon the Zealot
:St. Simon redirects here. See also Saint-Simon.
http://wn.com/Simon_the_Zealot
Sopater
http://wn.com/Sopater
Susanna (disciple)
Susanna is the name of one of the women associated with the ministry of Jesus of Nazareth. She is among the women listed in the Gospel of Luke at the beginning of as being one of the Myrrhbearers.
http://wn.com/Susanna_(disciple)
Theudas
:Theudas is also the name of a follower of Paul of Tarsus, who taught Valentinius, for more information, see Theudas (teacher of Valentinius)
http://wn.com/Theudas
Thomas the Apostle
Thomas the Apostle, also called Doubting Thomas or Didymus (meaning "Twin") was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. He is best known for disbelieving Jesus' resurrection when first told of it, then proclaiming "My Lord and my God" on seeing Jesus in . He was perhaps the only Apostle who went outside the Roman Empire to preach the Gospel. He is also believed to have crossed the largest area, which includes the Persian Empire and India.
http://wn.com/Thomas_the_Apostle
Tiberius
http://wn.com/Tiberius
Titus (biblical)
http://wn.com/Titus_(biblical)
Trophimus
:For the 3rd century martyr of Asia Minor, see Trophimus, Sabbatius, and Dorymedon.
http://wn.com/Trophimus
Tychicus
:Tychicus is also a spider genus in the Sparassidae family.
http://wn.com/Tychicus
Zacchaeus
http://wn.com/Zacchaeus
Zebedee
Zebedee (zibhdi, "the gift of God"; cf. Zebadiah) is a name which may refer to:
http://wn.com/Zebedee
Zechariah (priest)
http://wn.com/Zechariah_(priest)

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Photo: White House / Pete Souza

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Photo: U.S. Army Courtesy

Soldiers of the 6th Battalion, 2nd Brigade, 203rd Afghan National Army Corp and Soldiers of 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment, 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division, conducted dismounted patrol to an outpost in Paktika Province, Afghanistan, June 21, 2012.

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This article is about the Jewish High Priest. For the Indian currency unit, see Indian anna.

Statue of Annas in Bom Jesus, Braga

Annas [also Ananus^[1] or Ananias^[2]], son of Seth (23/22 BC–death date unknown, probably around 40CE), was appointed by the Roman legate Quirinius as the first High Priest of the newly formed Roman province of Iudaea in 6 AD; just after the Romans had deposed Archelaus, Ethnarch of Judaea, thereby putting Judaea directly under Roman rule.

Annas officially served as High Priest for ten years (6–15 AD), when at the age of 36 he was deposed by the procurator Gratus 'for imposing and executing capital sentences which had been forbidden by the imperial government.'^[3] Yet while having been officially removed from office, he remained as one of the nation's most influential political and social individuals, aided greatly by the use of his five sons and his son-in-law as puppet High Priests^[4]. His death is unrecorded, but his son Annas the Younger, also known as Ananus ben Ananus was assassinated in 66 AD for advocating peace with Rome.^[2]

Annas appears in the Gospels and Passion plays as a high priest before whom Jesus is brought for judgment, prior to being brought before Pontius Pilate.

1 The Sacerdotal Family
2 In the New Testament
3 Pop Culture References
4 References
5 External links

The Sacerdotal Family [link]

Annas ben Seth (6–15)

Eleazar ben Ananus (16–17)

Joseph ben Caiaphas (18–36/37), who had married the daughter of Annas (John 18:13)

References in the Mosaic Law to "the death of the high priest" (Num 35:25, 28) suggest that the high-priesthood was ordinarily held for life. Perhaps for this reason, Annas was still called "high priest" even after his dismissal, along with Caiaphas (Luke 3:2). He also may have been acting as president of the Sanhedrin, or a coadjutor of the high priest.

In the New Testament [link]

Luke 3:2 indicates a joint high priesthood "of Annas and Caiaphas" when the word of God came to John the son of Zechariah in the wilderness.

The plot to kill Lazarus of Bethany [link]

The involvement of the family of Annas may be implied in the plot to kill Lazarus of Bethany in John 12:10. Although Annas is not mentioned by name in the plot to kill Lazarus, several 19th Century writers such as Johann Nepomuk Sepp and the Abbé Drioux, considered that there may be a concealed reference to Annas in the parable of the Rich Man and Lazarus which points at a "Rich man" with five sons. If it is considered that rich man dressed in purple and fine linen (cf. Exodus 28:8) represents Caiaphas, as figurehead of the Sadducees, then Annas is intended by the "father" in Luke 16:27, and the "five brothers" Luke 16:28 are Annas' five sons. In support of this is the coincidence that the father and five brothers who will not be convinced even if the parable Lazarus is raised from the dead (Luke 16:31) predict that Caiaphas, Annas, and the five sons of Annas would not believe and plotted to have the real Lazarus killed when he was raised (John 12:10).

The trial of Jesus [link]

According to the Gospel of John (the event is not mentioned in other accounts), Jesus was first brought before Annas, and after a brief questioning of him (John 18:19-23) was sent to the home of Caiaphas, where some members of the Sanhedrin had met, and the first trial of Jesus took place (Matt. 26:57-68).

In the Book of Acts [link]

After Pentecost, Annas presided over the Sanhedrin before which the Apostles Peter and John were brought (Acts 4:6).

Pop Culture References [link]

Annas has an important role in Jesus Christ Superstar, spurring Caiaphas to take action against Jesus. In almost all versions, Annas has a very high voice (almost reaching falsetto) to contrast against Caiaphas' bass.

This article incorporates text from Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897), a publication now in the public domain.

References [link]

^ Josephus, The Complete Works, Thomas Nelson Publishers (Nashville, Tennessee, USA), 20.9.1 (1998)
^ ^a ^b Goodman, Martin, "Rome & Jerusalem", Penguin Books, p.12 (2007)
^ Bunch, Taylor G., Behold the Man, Pacific Press Publishing Association (Mountain View, California, USA), p.59 (1940)
^ "It is said that the elder Ananus was extremely fortunate. For he had five sons, all of whom, after he himself had previously enjoyed the office for a very long period, became high priests of God - a thing that had never happened to any other of our high priests." (Josephus, Jewish Antiquities XX, 9.1)

External links [link]

Wikisource has the text of the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article Annas.

Jewish Encyclopedia: Annas

Preceded by Joazar ben Boethus	High Priest of Israel ca.6—15	Succeeded by Ishmael ben Fabus

New Testament people

Jesus Christ

views: Christian; Historical; New Testament

Gospels

Individuals	Alphaeus Anna Annas Barabbas Bartimaeus Blind man, Bethsaida Caiaphas Cleopas Clopas Devil "Dismas," thief Elizabeth Gabriel "Gestas," thief Jairus' Daughter Joachim Joanna John the Baptist Joseph Joseph of Arimathea Joses Jude Lazarus Legion Luke Lysanias Malchus Mark Martha Mary Magdalene Mary mother of James Mary Mary of Bethany Mary of Clopas Widow's son, Nain Nathanael Nicodemus (ben Gurion) Salome Samaritan woman Simeon Simon, brother of Jesus Simon of Cyrene Simon the Leper Susanna Theophilus Zacchaeus Zebedee Zechariah

Groups	Angels Disciples Evangelists Godfearers Herodians Magi Myrrhbearers Pharisees Proselytes Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin 70 Disciples Scribes Shepherds Zealots

The Twelve

Acts
Peter, Paul

Romans &
Herod's family

Gospels	Herod Antipas Herod Archelaus Herod Philip II Herod the Great Herodias "Longinus" Pontius Pilate Pilate's Wife Quirinius Salome Tiberius

Acts	Cornelius Agrippa I Agrippa II Drusilla Felix Claudius Lysias Junius A. Gallio Festus Sergius Paulus

Epistles

Revelation

Full List
Jesus
- Ministry
- Miracles
- Parables
- Timeline
New Testament
NT Canon
Gospels
- Synoptic
Epistles
- Pauline
- General
Apostolic Age

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Silvana Mangano
File:SilvanaM.jpg As Circe in Mario Camerini's 1955 film Ulysses.
Born	(1930-04-21)21 April 1930 Rome, Italy
Died	16 December 1989(1989-12-16) (aged 59) Madrid, Spain
Resting place	Pawling, New York, U.S.
Years active	1945–1987
Spouse	Dino De Laurentiis (m.1949-1988; divorced)
Children	Veronica Raffaella Francesca Federico (died 1981)

Silvana Mangano (21 April 1930^[1] – 16 December 1989)^[2] was an Italian actress.

Raised in poverty during World War II, Mangano trained as a dancer and worked as a model before winning a "Miss Rome" beauty pageant in 1946.^[2] This led to work in films; she achieved a notable success in Bitter Rice (1949) and continued working in films for almost four more decades.

1 Early life
2 Film career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 Notes
6 External links

Early life [link]

Born in Rome to an Italian father and an English mother (Ivy Webb from Croydon), Mangano lived in poverty caused by the Second World War. Trained for seven years as a dancer, she was supporting herself as a model.

In 1946, at age 16, Mangano won the "Miss Rome" beauty pageant and through this, she obtained a role in a Mario Costa film. One year later, she became a contestant in the Miss Italia contest. Potential actress Lucia Bosé became "The Queen", among Mangano and several other future stars of Italian cinema such as Gina Lollobrigida, Eleonora Rossi Drago and Gianna Maria Canale.

Film career [link]

Mangano's earliest connection with filmmaking occurred through her romantic relationship with actor Marcello Mastroianni. This led her to a film contract, though it would take some time for Mangano to ascend to international stardom with her performance in Bitter Rice (Riso Amaro, Giuseppe De Santis, 1949). Thereafter, she signed a contract with Lux Film, in 1949, and later married Dino De Laurentiis, on the verge of becoming a known producer.^[1]

Though she never scaled the heights of her contemporaries Sophia Loren and Gina Lollobrigida, Mangano remained a favorite star between the 1950s and 1970s, appearing in Anna (Alberto Lattuada, 1951), The Gold of Naples (L'oro di Napoli, Vittorio De Sica, 1954), Mambo (Robert Rossen, 1955), Theorem (Teorema, Pier Paolo Pasolini, 1968), Death in Venice (Morte a Venezia, Luchino Visconti, 1971), and The Scientific Cardplayer (1972).

The Bosnian singer Silvana Armenulić took her stage name from Mangano.

Personal life [link]

Married to Bitter Rice producer Dino De Laurentiis from 1949, the couple had four children: Veronica, Raffaella, Francesca, and Federico.^[2] Veronica's daughter Giada De Laurentiis is host of Everyday Italian and Giada at Home on the Food Network. Raffaella coproduced with her father on Mangano's penultimate film, Dune (David Lynch, 1984). Federico died in an airplane crash in 1981 in Alaska.^[2] De Laurentiis and Mangano separated in 1983, and Mangano began divorce proceedings in 1988.^[3]

Following surgery on 4 December 1989 that left her in a coma, Mangano died of lung cancer in Madrid, Spain, during the late night/early morning hours between 15 and 16 December 1989.^[1]

Filmography [link]

Le jugement dernier (1945)
L'elisir d'amore (1946)
Il delitto di Giovanni Episcopo (1947)
Gli uomini sono nemici (1948)
Riso amaro (1949)
Il lupo della Sila (1949)
Black Magic (1949)
Il Brigante Musolino (1950)
Anna (1951)
Il più comico spettacolo del mondo (1953)
Mambo (1954)
L'oro di Napoli (1954)
Ulysses (1954)
Uomini e lupi (1956)
La tempesta (1958)
This Angry Age (1958)
La grande guerra (1959)
Crimen (1960)
Five (5) Branded Women (1960)
Il giudizio universale (1961)
Barabbas (1961)
Il processo di Verona (1963)
La mia signora (1964)
Il disco volante (1964)
Io, io, io... e gli altri (1965)
Scusi, lei è favorevole o contrario? (1966)
Le streghe (1967)
Edipo Re (1967)
Capriccio all'italiana (1968)
Teorema (1968)
Scipione detto anche l'africano (1971)
Morte a Venezia (1971)
Il Decameron (1971)
D'amore si muore (1972)
Lo scopone scientifico (1972)
Ludwig (1972) - Cosima Wagner
Gruppo di famiglia in un interno (1974) - Marchesa Bianca Brumonti
Dune (1984) - Rev. Mother Ramallo
Oci ciornie (1987)

Although performed by Flo Sandon's, Silvana Mangano was credited on the label of the recording of "El Negro Zumbon", known as "Anna" in the U.S.A., which is from the soundtrack of the film Anna (1951) and was a hit song in 1953.

Notes [link]

^ ^a ^b ^c "Mort de Silvana Mangano La magicienne". Le Monde. 18 December 1989. p. 10.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Flint, Peter B. (17 December 1989). "Silvana Mangano Is Dead at 59; Starred as Peasant in "Bitter Rice"". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/17/obituaries/silvana-mangano-is-dead-at-59-starred-as-peasant-in-bitter-rice.html. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
^ Obituary: Dino De Laurentiis, Daily Telegraph, 11 November 2010

External links [link]

Silvana Mangano at the Internet Movie Database
Silvana Mangano at AllRovi
Silvana Mangano at Find a Grave
Front Cover of Life Magazine, April 11, 1960

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Silvana Mangano

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Persondata
Name	Mangano, Silvana
Alternative names
Short description	Italian actress
Date of birth	1930-04-21
Place of birth	Rome, Italy
Date of death	1989-12-16
Place of death	Madrid, Spain

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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

For the American independent film producer, see Arthur Alexander (producer).

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011)

Arthur Alexander
Arthur Alexander, 1993. One of the last photos taken before his death. Arthur Alexander, 1993. One of the last photos taken before his death.
Background information
Birth name	Arthur Alexander
Born	(1940-05-10)May 10, 1940
Origin	Sheffield, Alabama
Died	June 9, 1993(1993-06-09) (aged 53)
Genres	Country, soul
Occupations	Recording artist, singer, songwriter
Years active	1960–1975, 1993
Labels	Judd, Dot Records, Buddah Records, Warner Brothers, Ace, Elektra

Arthur Alexander (May 10, 1940 – June 9, 1993) was an American country soul singer. Jason Ankeny, music critic for Allmusic, said Alexander was a "country-soul pioneer" and though largely unknown, "his music is the stuff of genius, a poignant and deeply intimate body of work on par with the best of his contemporaries."^[1]

1 Career
2 Legacy
3 Discography (USA issues except where noted)
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links

Career [link]

Alexander was born in Sheffield, Alabama. Working with Spar Music in Florence, Alabama, Alexander recorded his first single, "Sally Sue Brown", under the name of June Alexander (short for Junior), which was released in 1960 on Jud Phillips' Judd Records. (Phillips is the brother of music pioneer Sam Phillips).

A year later, Alexander cut "You Better Move On" at a former tobacco warehouse-turned-recording studio in Muscle Shoals. Released on Nashville's Dot Records, the song became a soul/R&B chart hit, and laid the foundation for the modern recording studio FAME. "You Better Move On" is perhaps Alexander's best-known song, covered by the Rolling Stones, the Hollies, George Jones & Johnny Paycheck and Mink DeVille. "Anna (Go to Him)", a U.S. R&B Top Ten Hit, was covered by the Beatles and Humble Pie. The Beatles also did live recordings of "Soldier of Love", which was also performed by Marshall Crenshaw and Pearl Jam, "A Shot of Rhythm and Blues", and "Where Have You Been" recorded live at the Star-Club, in Hamburg, 1962. "Set Me Free" (covered by Esther Phillips and Joe Tex) were also major hits and established Alexander as a pioneering arranger of others' tunes, as well as an established songwriter in his own right.

In the mid-1960s, Alexander switched to another label, Sound Stage 7, but failed to find commercial success. Although a 1972 album for Warner Brothers was promising, the singer's potential seemed to wither. He secured a pop hit with "Every Day I have to Cry" on Buddah Records in 1975, but the success remained short-lived. The song was also covered by Ike and Tina Turner (produced by Phil Spector), The McCoys, Dusty Springfield, Joe Stampley, C.J. Chenier and others. The follow-up single "Sharing The Night Together" (written by Muscle Shoals songwriters Ava Aldridge and Eddie Struzick) reached #92 on the R&B charts, but earned Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show a Top 10 hit in 1978; the Dr. Hook version would be used in the 2012 Family Guy episode Mr. and Mrs. Stewie.

For many years, Alexander was out of the music business; he was a bus driver for much of this time. In 1990, he was inducted into the Alabama Music Hall of Fame. He began to perform again in 1993 as renewed interest was shown in his small catalogue. His last album Lonely Just Like Me was his first in 21 years. He signed a new recording/publishing contract in May 1993 but suffered a fatal heart attack the following month, three days after performing in Nashville with his new band.

Legacy [link]

Alexander is the only songwriter whose songs have been covered by the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and Bob Dylan (who recorded "Sally Sue Brown" on his 1988 LP Down in the Groove.) "Go Home Girl" was also recorded by Ry Cooder on his 1979 album, Bop Till You Drop.

Discography (USA issues except where noted)[link]

Singles [link]

"Sally Sue Brown/"The Girl That Radiates That Charm" Judd (1960)
"You Better Move On"/"A Shot of Rhythm and Blues" Dot (1961) London (UK) (1962)
"Soldier of Love (Lay Down Your Arms)"/"Where Have You Been All My Life" Dot (1962) London (UK) (1962)
"Anna"/"I Hang My Head And Cry" Dot (1962) London (UK) (1963)
"Go Home Girl"/"You're the Reason" Dot (1962) London (UK) (1963)
"Dream Girl"/"I Wonder Where You Are Tonight" Tina Knittel (1963)
"Baby, Baby"/"Pretty Girls Everywhere" Dot (1963)
"Where Did Sally Go"/"Keep Her Guessing" Dot (1963)
"Black Knight"/"Old John Amos" Dot (1964) London (UK) (1964)
"Detroit City"/"You Don't Care" Dot (1965)
"Baby For You"/"The Other Woman (In My Life)" Sound Stage (1966) London (UK) (1966)
"Show Me The Road"/"Turn Around (And Try Me)" Sound Stage (1966)
"Love's Where Life Begins"/"Set Me Free" Sound Stage (1968)
"I Need You Baby"/"Spanish Harlem" Monument (1968)
"Bye Bye Love"/"Another Time, Another Place" Sound Stage (1968)
"Cry Like A Baby"/"Glory Road" Sound Stage (1969)
"I'm Coming Home"/"It Hurts To Want It So Bad" Warner Brothers (1972)
"Burning Love"/"It Hurts To Want It So Bad" Warner Brothers (1972)
"Mr John"/"You've Got Me Knockin'" Garry Fink (1972)
"Lover Please"/"They'll Do It Every Time" Warner Brothers (1973)
"Every Day I Have To Cry Some"/"Everybody Needs Someone To Love" Buddah (1975) Buddah (UK) (1976)
"Sharing The Night Together"/"She'll Throw Stones At You" Buddah (1976) Buddah (UK) (1977)
"Hound Dog Man's Gone Home"/"So Long Baby" Music Mill (1977)

EPs [link]

"Alexander The Great" (1963) London (UK)
"Arthur Alexander" (1963) London (UK)

Studio albums [link]

You Better Move On (LP, 1962) Label: Dot & London (UK)
Arthur Alexander (LP, 1972) Label: Warner Brothers
Lonely Just Like Me (CD, 1993) Label: Nonesuch/Elektra

Album reissues [link]

Story Of Rock 'N' Roll (LP, 1977) Label: Ariola (Germany) (Reissue of You Better Move On)
Arthur Alexander (LP, 1989) Label: Ace (UK)
You Better Move On (CD, 1993) Label: MCA (1994) MCA (UK) (Reissue of LP with bonus tracks)
Rainbow Road: The Warner Bros. Recordings (CD, 1994) Label: Warner Archives (Reissue of self-titled Warner LP above with bonus tracks)
Lonely Just Like Me: The Final Chapter (CD, 2007) Label: Hacktone (Reissue of CD with bonus tracks)

Compilation albums [link]

Various Artists - Greatest Rhythm And Blues Stars (1965) Label: Guest Star (two tracks by Alexander)
Carl Perkins - Sing A Song With Me (1979) Label: Koala (four demos by Alexander)
A Shot Of Rhythm And Soul (1982) Label: Ace (UK)
Soldier Of Love (1987) Label: Ace (UK)
The Greatest (1989 & 2006) Label: Ace (UK)
The Ultimate Arthur Alexander (1993) Label: Razor & Tie
Jon Tiven's Ego Trip - Blue Guru (1996) Label: Fountainbleu (one over-dubbed demo by Alexander)
Various Artists - Bill Haney's Atlanta Soul Brotherhood (1998) Label: Kent (UK) (one track by Alexander)
Various Artists - Bill Haney's Atlanta Soul Brotherhood Vol 2 (1998) Label: Kent (UK) (one track by Alexander)
The Monument Years (2001) Label: Ace (UK)

References [link]

^ Ankeny, Jason. "Arthur Alexander Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p3519/biography. Retrieved 2007-03-18.

Bibliography [link]

Richard Younger; Get a Shot of Rhythm and Blues: The Arthur Alexander Story The University of Alabama Press (2000) ISBN 0-8173-1023-1

External links [link]

Persondata
Name	Alexander, Arthur
Alternative names
Short description	American singer-songwriter
Date of birth	May 10, 1940
Place of birth	Florence, Alabama
Date of death	June 9, 1993
Place of death	Nashville, Tennessee

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Anna Calvi

Background information
Born	1982 (age 29–30) London, England, United Kingdom
Genres	Alternative,^[1] indie rock^[1]
Occupations	Singer, songwriter, musician, guitarist
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, violin, bass, piano, sitar,
Years active	2006–present
Labels	Domino
Associated acts	The Invisible, Arctic Monkeys, Brian Eno, Nick Cave, Alice & The Cool Dudes
Website	www.annacalvi.com

Anna Calvi is an English musician who plays in the band of the same name. On 6 December 2010, Calvi was announced as a nominee for the BBC's Sound of 2011 poll.^[2] Her debut album Anna Calvi was released in the UK on 17 January 2011,^[3] where it debuted at number 40 on 23 January.^[4] The album was subsequently nominated for the prestigious Mercury Music Prize in 2011^[5] and the BRIT Awards in 2012.^[6]

1 History
- 1.1 Formation and early years
- 1.2 Debut album
2 Live shows
3 Style and influences
4 Fashion
5 Discography
- 5.1 Studio albums
- 5.2 Singles
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links

History [link]

Formation and early years [link]

Anna Calvi was born in Twickenham,^[7] in 1982 and spent most of her first three years of life in hospital. "The way I dealt with that was to create my own world. And that's what my relationship with music is – a world of my own creation that I escape into. I was always a dreamer. The early things stick with you," she later remembered.^[8] Anna Calvi grew up being exposed to a multitude of genres of music by her music-loving Italian father; this eclectic array ranged from Captain Beefheart to The Rolling Stones to Maria Callas, combined with an early understanding of classical music, "I was so taken by the sound. Whenever I saw an instrument I would get so excited and my heart would beat really fast".^[9] Calvi first picked up the violin at 6, and guitar at 8.^[10] "Something would take me over whenever I'd seen an electric guitar," she later recalled. By the age of 10 she was using a double cassette karaoke machine to overdub her playing.^[7] All the while, attracted "to the impressionistic element of the music", she came to be much influenced by 20th century composers Messiaen, Ravel, and Debussy, the feel of which she would try to recreate on the guitar, an instrument she was compelled to learn on discovering Django Reinhardt and Jimi Hendrix at the age of 13.^[8]

After leaving school, she originally intended to study art, but instead opted for a degree in music.^[11] A spell studying music at Southampton University further strengthened her resolve to become a songwriter, although singing was not something that Calvi explored until reaching her mid-twenties. "I had a phobia about it until five years ago. I wouldn't sing in school or even in the shower. I had this emotional block about hearing my voice. So the guitar became my voice when I was a teenager, it was how I could express myself."^[9] Striving to find her own voice, Calvi said she locked herself in a room for long periods of time, singing along to records by Edith Piaf and Nina Simone.^[7] Calvi formed several bands including Cheap Hotel,^[12] which released one download-only single, New York, which did not chart. Calvi then went on to meet multi-instrumentalist Mally Harpaz and drummer Daniel Maiden-Wood, who now form her intimate band set-up.

At an early gig, Calvi caught the attention of Bill Ryder-Jones who urged Laurence Bell of Domino Records to sign her.^[8] Early support also came from renowned music legend Brian Eno, who heard about Calvi through a friend. He has since become her unofficial mentor describing her during a BBC 6 Music interview as, "the biggest thing since Patti Smith."^[13]

In the autumn of 2009, Calvi recorded a series of filmed Attic Sessions that were uploaded onto YouTube including a cover of Leonard Cohen's Joan of Arc, Elvis Presley's Surrender, TV on the Radio's Wolf Like Me and David Bowie's Sound & Vision.^[14]

Calvi played guitar on the track The Prizefighter and the Heiress on Johnny Flynn's album Been Listening.^[15]^[16] In October 2009, she also supported Flynn on tour.^[17]

In 2010, Calvi supported Interpol on their UK tour and label-mates the Arctic Monkeys at the Royal Albert Hall.^[18] Nick Cave also invited her to support Grinderman across Europe in October 2010.^[19]

On 11 October 2010, Calvi released debut single Jezebel, a 1951 song originally written by Wayne Shanklin and made famous by Frankie Laine and French chanteuse Edith Piaf. Both Jezebel and the B-side Moulinette were recorded by Rob Ellis, and released on limited edition 7" and digital download.^[20] Live versions of both Jezebel and Moulinette were filmed at The Luminaire venue in London by Emma Nathan, who also created the vinyl artwork, and used as promo for the single.^[21]

Debut album [link]

Anna Calvi was released^[18] in the UK and Europe through Domino Records to critical acclaim on 17 January 2011. It entered the official UK charts at number 40.^[22] The album achieved success across Europe, charting at 17 in France, 33 in Austria, 40 in Switzerland, 55 in Sweden and 70 in Germany.^[23] Calvi co-produced the album with long-term PJ Harvey collaborator Rob Ellis.^[24] Brian Eno sang backing vocals on Desire and Suzanne & I.^[25] Dave Okumu from the band The Invisible sang backing vocals on the song No More Words. The artwork for the album was created by long-term collaborator Emma Nathan.^[26] "I see music quite visually and I like to create atmospheres... I like to try and create a whole world in the space of a song"^[27] Calvi stated of writing the album, while discussing in an interview with the Telegraph, "'I imagine the different instruments as colours, and so it feels like painting. I need music to come from a really emotional place. With my music I do like to hypnotise people and take them somewhere else. I like to slowly draw people into a world."^[9]

NME gave the album 9 out of 10 stating, "this self-titled collection of 10 songs is perhaps the first great record of 2011."^[28] NME described it as "sumptuous, seductive and a bit scary, this velvety debut will stalk your dreams."^[28] Uncut magazine said, "This isn't just a great debut. It's a fearless rejection of current pop trends, fashioning a benchmark of intensity and originality that the rest of this year's albums will struggle to match."^[29] The Observer described it as a "gutsy and sonorous start"^[30] and The Fly magazine called it an "arresting, sparse and darkly captivating listen."^[31] The Evening Standard said "the raw talent is undeniable: 2011 is Calvi’s for the taking"^[32] while the Independent on Sunday claimed that for "serious lovers of music, Calvi is one to watch."^[33] The album was Rough Trade's album of the month in January, described as an "astonishingly confident, expressive and powerful record."^[34]

Calvi launched the album to sold out show at the intimate Hoxton Hall in London on 27 January 2011.^[35] As part of the album promotion, Calvi performed several times on French TV including a performance of Desire on Le Grand Journal, and Blackout and Desire on ARTE.^[36]^[37] In France, according to Q magazine, Calvi "has become an overnight star, the album debuting in the Top 20 and the Parisian fashionistas taking her to their hearts."^[7]

The album was released in USA, Australia, and Japan on 1 March 2011.^[38] Calvi performed on the first show of Series 38 of Later... with Jools Holland that was broadcast on 5 and 9 April 2011.^[39] She performed Blackout and Desire. Calvi performed 5 songs on the TV show "Live From Abbey Road" broadcast on Channel 4 on 22 June 2011.^[40] Calvi also performed on Late Night with David Letterman on 27 July 2011.^[41]

Domino Records released Blackout as the first single taken from the album on 21 March 2011 : it featured a cover of Elvis Presley's Surrender as the B-side.^[42] Blackout was debuted on Pitchfork in the US.^[43] "Blackout" was eventually added to BBC Radio 1's playlist in January 2012. Desire was released as the second single from the album on 20 June 2011.^[44] The single featured a cover of Leonard Cohen's Joan of Arc as the B-side.^[45] Suzanne & I was the third single from the album and was released on 12 September 2011. The B-side was Baby It's You.^[46] Calvi debuted Wolf Like Me a cover of TV On The Radio on Stereogum.^[47] The album was shortlisted for the prestigious 2011 Mercury Prize.^[5]

In January 2012, Calvi was awarded the European Border Breakers Award. To be eligible for the awards, the artists must have enjoyed border-breaking success with their first international release in Europe between 1 August 2010 and 31 July 2011. The winners are selected by music market analyst Nielsen Music Control on the basis of record sales and broadcast frequency and according to votes by European Broadcasting Union (EBU) radio stations and festivals participating in the European Talent Exchange Program (ETEP).^[48]

On 20 February 2012, Calvi released a French version of Jezebel with Wolf Like Me (TV On The Radio cover) as the B-side.^[49]

Calvi covered Beyonce's "Naughty Girl" for BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge in February 2012.^[50]

Calvi was nominated in the Best British Breakthrough category at the BRIT Awards 2012.^[51] Calvi attended the event but did not perform.^[52]

Live shows [link]

Calvi performing at the O2 Shepherds Bush Empire on 1 November 2011

Calvi is known for her intense guitar playing and seductive live performance.^[35] She has said that she tries to create the sounds of other instruments through her guitar. Visually, Calvi nods to the world of flamenco in her stage outfits. However, rather than wearing the traditional frilly dress, she opts for the high trousers and blouse of a male dancer.^[35]

Following her album release show at Hoxton Hall in London, Calvi won over critics with her "performance of superb self-possession and dramatic timing.^[53] The Independent called her a "strumming seductress" who was "born to be heard in person" playing "with every ounce of passion."^[54]

Anna Calvi sold out all of the performances on her debut European tour, which started in February 2011.^[55] She first visited the USA in March.^[56] Calvi's show at Le Petit Trianon in Paris on 22 April was broadcast live on the website of ARTE.^[57] She headlined the NME tour in May.^[58] Calvi was chosen by Ray Davies of The Kinks to co-headline the Meltdown Festival 2011.^[59] Calvi continued touring Europe throughout Autumn 2011 which was filmed and released as a 2 part series called "Somewhere Along The Line".^[60] Calvi's Shepherds Bush Empire show sold out weeks in advance.^[61]

In March 2012, Anna Calvi was invited to play at BBC 6 Music's tenth birthday celebrations. The band's performance at London's Southbank Centre was broadcast live via the radio station, and made available to view online by the BBC.^[62]

Style and influences [link]

Calvi is always seen performing with a Fender Telecaster guitar (90s US) and uses a vintage red Vox AC30 amp both live and in the studio.^[63] Calvi is a virtuoso guitarist^[64] – although her first instrument is the violin of which she has a university degree in. Calvi also imagines playing guitar as an orchestra^[65] and is noted for her particular style of playing which involves hitting the strings in a circular motion, rather than strumming up and down.^[66] The result has been described by Q as "the prodigious wash of sound that recall Ennio Morricone, Duane Eddy, even Jimi Hendrix in its fluidity."^[7]

Calvi has been compared to other female singers PJ Harvey and Siouxsie.^[67]

Calvi's style has been described as dark, romantic, atmospheric pop.^[68] The singer has stated that the powers of lust are an inspiration and her performances are deliberately sexually charged.^[69] Calvi has cited Nina Simone, Maria Callas, the rock of Jimi Hendrix and the Rolling Stones, the blues of Captain Beefheart, the stage performances of Nick Cave, David Bowie and Scott Walker as well as classical composers Carlo Gesualdo,^[70] Messiaen, Ravel and Debussy as among her influences.^[8]

Calvi has stated that the films of Gus Van Sant and Wong Kar-Wai and David Lynch have also influenced her music. She has admiration for "people that make beautiful films where the cinematography tells the story" and tries to do the same in her own work.^[71]

Fashion [link]

On 1 December 2010, Calvi performed at the Colette showcase in Paris as part of The Room Of Curiosities exhibition by Thomas Erber.^[72] Calvi was invited to play at the Gucci dinner, hosted by Vogue during the 2011 Haute Couture Paris fashion week.^[73] Since then Frida Giannini, creative director at Gucci has chosen outfits for Calvi to wear during the May 2011 US tour.^[74] Calvi also opened the new Gucci Sydney store on 30 November 2011.^[75]

The fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld has said he is a fan of her music,^[76] and has photographed Calvi for the Maison Michel Fall Winter 2011 lookbook.^[7]^[77] Sir Paul Smith photographed Calvi for the cover of L'Express Styles.^[78] Calvi was invited on the Chanel table for the Amfar charity event at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.

Discography [link]

Studio albums [link]

List of album, showing year released and chart placement
Year	Album details	Peak chart positions
Year	Album details	UK ^[4]	AUT ^[79]	BEL (FLA) ^[80]	BEL (WAL) ^[81]	FRA ^[82]	IRL ^[83]	NL ^[84]	SWE ^[85]	SWI ^[86]	ITA ^[87]	GRE ^[88]
2011	Anna Calvi Released: 17 January 2011^[89] Label: Domino Records Formats: 12" vinyl, CD, Digital download	40	33	9	36	17	72	68	55	40	93	30

Singles [link]

List of singles, showing year released and album name
Year	Single	Album
2010	"Jezebel / Moulinette" Released: 11 October	non-album track
2011	"Blackout / Surrender" Released: 21 March	Anna Calvi
	"Desire / Joan of Arc" Released: 20 June
	"Suzanne and I" / "Baby It's You" Released: 12 September
2012	"Jezebel (Version Française) / Wolf Like Me" Released: 20 February	non-album track

Awards and nominations [link]

Year	Organisation	Nominated work	Award	Result
2010	BBC Sound of 2011	Anna Calvi	Sound of 2011	Nominated
2011	Mercury Prize	Anna Calvi	Best Album	Nominated
2011	UK Festival Awards	Anna Calvi	Best Breakthrough Artist	Nominated
2012	Eurosonic Noorderslag	Anna Calvi	European Border Breaker Award (UK)	Won
2012	The Guardian	Anna Calvi	First Album Award	Nominated
2012	Brit Awards	Anna Calvi	British Breakthrough Act	Nominated

References [link]

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^ RockFeedback – Artist – Anna Calvi
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^ interview on BBC Breakfast, 31 October 2011^{[dead link]}
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^ Steffen Hung. "Discography Anna Calvi". irishcharts.com. http://www.irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Anna+Calvi. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
^ Steffen Hung. "Dutch Charts". Dutchcharts.nl. http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Anna+Calvi. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
^ Steffen Hung. "Swedish Charts". Swedishcharts.com. http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Anna+Calvi. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
^ Steffen Hung. "Swiss Charts". Hitparade.ch. http://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Anna+Calvi. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
^ Italian Charts hitparade.ch/^{[dead link]}
^ Greek Charts/^{[dead link]}
^ Anna Calvi – Anna Calvi, Amazon, Retrieved 17 January 2011.

External links [link]

Official website

Persondata
Name	Calvi, Anna
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1982
Place of birth	London, England, United Kingdom
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/Anna_Calvi

http://ru.wn.com/Кальви, Анна

http://fr.wn.com/Anna Calvi

http://pt.wn.com/Anna Calvi

http://it.wn.com/Anna Calvi

http://es.wn.com/Anna Calvi

http://cs.wn.com/Anna Calvi

http://pl.wn.com/Anna Calvi

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Calvi

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Lady Gaga
Lady Gaga performing on The Monster Ball Tour in 2010
Background information
Birth name	Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta
Born	(1986-03-28) March 28, 1986 (age 26) New York, New York, U.S.
Genres	Pop, dance, electronic
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, performance artist, record producer, dancer, businesswoman, activist
Instruments	Vocals, piano, keyboards
Years active	2005–present
Labels	Def Jam, Cherrytree, Streamline, Kon Live, Interscope
Website	LadyGaga.com Lady Gaga's signature

Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (/ˈstɛfəniː dʒʌrməˈnɑːtə/ STE-fə-nee jurr-mə-NAH-tə; born March 28, 1986), known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer and songwriter. Born and raised in New York City, she primarily studied at the Convent of the Sacred Heart and briefly attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts before withdrawing to focus on her musical career. She began performing in the rock music scene of Manhattan's Lower East Side, and was signed with Streamline Records by the end of 2007. During her employment as a songwriter for the record company, her vocal abilities captured the attention of recording artist Akon, who signed her to his label Kon Live Distribution.

Lady Gaga came to prominence as a recording artist following the release of her debut album The Fame (2008), which was a critical and commercial success that topped charts around the world and included the international number-one singles "Just Dance" and "Poker Face". After embarking on the The Fame Ball Tour, she followed the album with The Fame Monster (2009), which spawned the worldwide hit singles "Bad Romance", "Telephone" and "Alejandro". The album's success allowed her to embark on the eighteen-month long Monster Ball Tour, which later became one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time. Her most recent album Born This Way (2011) topped the charts of most major markets and generated more international chart-topping singles, including "Born This Way", "Judas" and "The Edge of Glory". Besides her musical career, she involves herself with humanitarian causes and LGBT activism.

Influenced by David Bowie, Michael Jackson, Madonna and Queen, Lady Gaga is recognized for her flamboyant, diverse and outré contributions to the music industry through her fashion, performances and music videos. She has sold an estimated 23 million albums and 64 million singles worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time and her singles are some of the best selling worldwide.^[1] Her achievements include five Grammy Awards and 13 MTV Video Music Awards. Lady Gaga has consecutively appeared on Billboard magazine's Artists of the Year (scoring the definitive title in 2010), ranked fourth in VH1's list of 100 Greatest Women in Music, is regularly placed on lists composed by Forbes magazine and was named one of the most influential people in the world by Time magazine.^[2]^[3] In 2012, Gaga was ranked at number four on Billboard's list of top moneymakers of 2011, grossing more than $25 million.^[4]

Biography [link]

1986–2004: Early life [link]

Manhattan's Upper West Side, where Gaga grew up, has been an inspiration for many of her songs.

Lady Gaga was born Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta on March 28, 1986 in New York City to parents Cynthia (née Bissett) and Joseph Germanotta, an Internet entrepreneur.^[5]^[6] Descending from Italian and more distant French-Canadian roots, Gaga is the elder of two children.^[7]^[8] Her sister, Natali, a fashion student, was born in 1992.^[9]^[10] Despite her seemingly affluent upbringing in the family home in Manhattan's Upper West Side, Gaga has stressed that she did not come from a wealthy background, stating that her parents "both came from lower-class families, so we've worked for everything—my mother worked eight to eight out of the house, in telecommunications, and so did my father."^[11]^[12]

From the age of 11, Gaga – who was raised Roman Catholic – attended the Convent of the Sacred Heart, a private all-girls Roman Catholic school on Manhattan's Upper East Side.^[13]^[14]^[15] She described her academic life in high school as "very dedicated, very studious, very disciplined" but also "a bit insecure": "I used to get made fun of for being either too provocative or too eccentric, so I started to tone it down. I didn't fit in, and I felt like a freak."^[16]^[17] Acquaintances dispute that she did not fit in at school. "She had a core group of friends; she was a good student. She liked boys a lot, but singing was No. 1," recalled a former high school classmate.^[18] Gaga began playing the piano at the age of 4, went on to write her first piano ballad at 13, and started to perform at open mike nights by the age of 14.^[19]^[20] Her passion for musical theatre brought her lead roles in high school productions, including Adelaide in Guys and Dolls and Philia in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum.^[21] She also appeared in a very small role as a mischievous classmate in the television drama series The Sopranos in a 2001 episode titled "The Telltale Moozadell" in addition to unsuccessfully auditioning for parts in New York shows.^[11]^[22]

When her time at the Convent of the Sacred Heart came to an end, her mother encouraged her to apply for the Collaborative Arts Project 21 (CAP21), a musical theatre training conservatory at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.^[11] After becoming one of twenty students to gain early admission, she eventually lived in an NYU dorm on 11th Street by the age of 17.^[21] CAP21 prepared her for her future career focus in "music, art, sex and celebrity" where, in addition to sharpening her songwriting skills, she composed essays and analytical papers on art, religion, social issues and politics, including a thesis on pop artists Spencer Tunick and Damien Hirst.^[20]^[23]^[24] With CAP21, she also tried out for and won auditions, including the part of an unsuspecting diner customer for MTV's Boiling Points, a prank reality television show.^[11]^[25] But Gaga felt more creative than some of her classmates. "Once you learn how to think about art, you can teach yourself," she said.

2005–07: Career beginnings [link]

Gaga (right) performing with Lady Starlight (left) at Lollapalooza 2007

Gaga withdrew from CAP21 at 19, in the second semester of her sophomore year, deciding to focus on her musical career.^[26] Her father agreed to pay her rent for a year, on the condition that she re-enroll at Tisch if unsuccessful. "I left my entire family, got the cheapest apartment I could find, and ate shit until somebody would listen," she remembers.^[21] Settled in a small apartment on Rivington Street towards the summer of 2005, Gaga recorded a couple of songs with hip-hop singer Grandmaster Melle Mel, for an audio book accompanying the children's book The Portal in the Park, by Cricket Casey.^[11]^[27] She also began a band called the Stefani Germanotta Band (SGBand) with some friends from NYU – guitarist Calvin Pia, bassist Eli Silverman, drummer Alex Beckham and booking manager Frank Fredericks – in September of that year.^[11]^[21] The band played a mixture of songs: some self-penned alongside classic rock numbers like Led Zeppelin's "D'yer Mak'er".^[11] Playing in bars like the Greenwich Village's The Bitter End and the Lower East Side's the Mercury Lounge, the band developed a small fan base and caught the eye of music producer Joe Vulpis.^[11] Soon after arranging time in Vulpis' studio in the months that followed, SGBand were selling their extended plays Words and Red and Blue (both 2005) at gigs around New York while becoming a local fixture of the downtown Lower East Side club scene.^[21]

SGBand reached their career peak at the 2006 Songwriters Hall of Fame New Songwriters Showcase at The Cutting Room in June where Wendy Starland, a musician, appeared as a talent scout for music producer Rob Fusari. Starland informed Fusari – who was searching for a female singer to front a new band – of Gaga's ability and contacted her. With SGBand disbanded, Gaga traveled daily to New Jersey to work on songs she had written and compose new material with the music producer.^[11] While in collaboration, Fusari compared some of her vocal harmonies to those of Freddie Mercury, lead singer of Queen.^[28] It was Fusari who helped create the moniker Gaga after the Queen song "Radio Ga Ga". Gaga was in the process of trying to come up with a stage name when she received a text message from Fusari that read "Lady Gaga."^[29] He explained, "Every day, when Stef came to the studio, instead of saying hello, I would start singing 'Radio Ga Ga'. That was her entrance song" and that the text message was the result of a predictive text glitch that changed "radio" to "lady". She texted back, "That's it," and declared, "Don't ever call me Stefani again."^[29]^[30] The New York Post, however, has reported that this story is incorrect, and that the name resulted from a marketing meeting.^[18]

Gaga performing in a bar, sporting one of her earlier looks (2008)

Although the musical relationship between Fusari and Gaga was unsuccessful at first, the pair soon set up a company titled Team Lovechild in which they recorded and produced electropop tracks and sent them to music industry bosses.^[11] Joshua Sarubin, the head of A&R at Def Jam Recordings, responded positively and vied for the record company to take a chance on her "unusual and provocative" performance. After having his boss Antonio "L.A." Reid in agreement, Gaga was signed to Def Jam in September 2006 with the intention of having an album ready in nine months.^[11] However, she was dropped by the label after only three months – an unfortunate period of her life that would later inspire her treatment for the music video for her 2011 single "Marry the Night".^[31]^[32] Devastated, Gaga returned to the solace of the family home for Christmas and the nightlife culture of the Lower East Side.^[11]

She became increasingly experimental: fascinating herself with emerging neo-burlesque shows, go-go dancing at bars dressed in little more than a bikini in addition to experimenting with drugs.^[11]^[14] Her father, however, did not understand the reason behind her drug intake and could not look at her for several months.^[14]^[30] "I was onstage in a thong, with a fringe hanging over my ass thinking that had covered it, lighting hairsprays on fire, go-go dancing to Black Sabbath and singing songs about oral sex. The kids would scream and cheer and then we'd all go grab a beer. It represented freedom to me. I went to a Catholic school but it was on the New York underground that I found myself."^[23] It was then when she became romantically involved with a heavy metal drummer in a relationship and break-up she likened to the musical film Grease: "I was his Sandy, and he was my Danny, and I just broke." He later became an inspiration behind some of her later songs.^[33]

During this time, she met performance artist Lady Starlight, who helped mold her on-stage persona.^[34] Starlight explained that, upon their first meeting, Gaga wanted to perform with her to songs she had recorded with Fusari. Like SGBand, the pair soon began performing at many of the downtown club venues like the Mercury Lounge, The Bitter End, and the Rockwood Music Hall. Their live performance art piece was known as "Lady Gaga and the Starlight Revue" and, billed as "The Ultimate Pop Burlesque Rockshow", was a low-fi tribute to 1970s variety acts.^[35]^[36] Soon after, the two were invited to play at the 2007 Lollapalooza music festival in August that year.^[37] The show was critically acclaimed, and their performance received positive reviews.^[20]^[35] Having initially focused on avant-garde electronic dance music, Gaga had found her musical niche when she began to incorporate pop melodies and the glam rock of David Bowie and Queen into her music.^[38]

While Gaga and Starlight were busy performing, producer Rob Fusari continued to work on the songs he had created with Gaga. Fusari sent these songs to his friend, producer and record executive Vincent Herbert.^[39] Herbert was quick to sign her to his label Streamline Records, an imprint of Interscope Records, upon its establishment in 2007.^[40] Gaga later credited Herbert as the man who discovered her, adding "I really feel like we made pop history, and we're gonna keep going."^[39] Having served as an apprentice songwriter under an internship at Famous Music Publishing, which was later acquired by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, Gaga subsequently struck a music publishing deal with Sony/ATV.^[41] As a result, she was hired to write songs for Britney Spears and labelmates New Kids on the Block, Fergie, and the Pussycat Dolls.^[41] At Interscope, singer-songwriter Akon recognized her vocal abilities when she sang a reference vocal for one of his tracks in studio.^[42] Akon then convinced Interscope-Geffen-A&M Chairman and CEO Jimmy Iovine to form a joint deal by having her also sign with his own label Kon Live, making her his "franchise player."^[31]^[43]

As 2007 came to a close, her former management company introduced her to songwriter and producer RedOne, whom they also managed.^[44] The first song she produced with RedOne was "Boys Boys Boys", a mash-up inspired by Mötley Crüe's "Girls, Girls, Girls" and AC/DC's "T.N.T.".^[30]^[44] Gaga continued her collaboration with RedOne in the recording studio for a week on her debut album and also joined the roster of Cherrytree Records, an Interscope imprint established by producer and songwriter Martin Kierszenbaum, after co-writing four songs with Kierszenbaum including the singles "Christmas Tree" and "Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)".^[41] Despite her secure record deal, she admitted that there was fear about her being too "racy", "dance-orientated" and "underground" for the mainstream market. Her response: "My name is Lady Gaga, I've been on the music scene for years, and I'm telling you, this is what's next."^[15]

[edit] 2008–10: The Fame and The Fame Monster

Gaga performing at The Fame Ball Tour in 2009

By 2008, Gaga had relocated to Los Angeles in order to work extensively with her record label to complete her debut album and set up her own creative team Haus of Gaga, modeled on Andy Warhol's Factory.^[30]^[45] The Fame was first released on August 19, 2008 to slow radio play. Gaga supported it by performing around Europe and in small gay clubs around the US in addition to being billed as a supporting artist on the North American leg of New Kids on the Block's reunion concert tour.^[46]^[47] A sleeper hit, lead single "Just Dance" had preceded the album's release by four months but only hit the summit of the international charts in January 2009, provoking the instant success of the album, earning her first Grammy Award nomination (for Best Dance Recording) and becoming one of the best-selling singles worldwide.^[46]^[48] Gaga achieved a greater unexpected success when "Poker Face", another sleeper hit, reached number one in most major music markets worldwide in early 2009, selling 9.8 million singles worldwide.^[49]^[50] The follow-up single won the award for Best Dance Recording at the 52nd Grammy Awards over nominations for Song of the Year and Record of the Year.

The Fame itself was nominated for Album of the Year while winning Best Dance/Electronica Album at the same ceremony.^[51] Contemporary critics lauded the album, describing it as an exploration of her obsession with fame and the intricacies of a rich and famous lifestyle, noting its combination of genres "from Def Leppard drums and hand claps to metal drums on urban tracks", the inspiration drawn from 1980s synthpop and incorporation of dance music with clear hooks.^[31] The Fame went to number one in Austria, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland and the UK and appeared in the top five in Australia, the US and 15 other countries.^[52]^[53] It also stayed atop the Dance/Electronic Albums chart for 106 non-consecutive weeks and, since its release, has sold over 12 million copies worldwide.^[54] The album's success spawned many 2009 honors including Billboard magazine's Rising Star award and the accumulation of 3 of 9 MTV Video Music Awards nominations, winning Best New Artist with the video for her single "Paparazzi" gaining Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects.^[55]^[56] In addition to being an opening act on the Pussycat Dolls' Doll Domination Tour during the first half of 2009 in Europe and Oceania, she also embarked on her own six-month critically appreciated worldwide concert tour The Fame Ball Tour which ran from March to September 2009.^[57]^[58]

While she traveled the globe, she wrote The Fame Monster, an EP of eight songs released in November 2009. Each song, dealing with the darker side of fame from personal experience, is expressed through a monster metaphor. Making Gaga the first artist in digital history to have three singles (alongside "Just Dance" and "Poker Face") to pass the four million mark in digital sales, its lead single "Bad Romance" topped the charts in eighteen countries and reached the top two in the US, Australia and New Zealand while accruing the Grammy Awards for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Short Form Music Video.^[59] The second single "Telephone", which features singer Beyoncé, was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals and became Gaga's fourth UK number one single; its accompanying music video, although controversial, received positive reception from contemporary critics who praised her for "the musicality and showmanship of Michael Jackson and the powerful sexuality and provocative instincts of Madonna."^[60]^[61] Her following single "Alejandro" paired Gaga with fashion photographer Steven Klein for a music video similarly as controversial – critics complimented its ideas and dark nature but the Catholic League attacked Gaga for her alleged use of blasphemy.^[62] Despite the controversy surrounding her music videos, they made Gaga the first artist to gain over one billion viral views on video-sharing website YouTube.^[63] At the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, Gaga won 8 of her 13 nominations, including Video of the Year for "Bad Romance" (with "Telephone" also nominated), which made her the first female artist to be nominated twice for the award.^[64]^[65] In addition, The Fame Monster garnered a total of six nominations at the 53rd Grammy Awards – equating to the amount of Grammy nominations her debut received – winning Best Pop Vocal Album and earning her a second-consecutive nomination for Album of the Year.^[66]^[67]

Gaga performing at The Monster Ball Tour in 2010

The success of the album allowed Gaga to start her second worldwide concert tour, The Monster Ball Tour, just weeks after the release of The Fame Monster and months after having finished The Fame Ball Tour.^[68] Upon finishing in May 2011, the critically acclaimed and commercially accomplished tour ran for over one and a half years and grossed $227.4 million, making it one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time and the highest-grossing for a debut headlining artist.^[69] Concerts performed at Madison Square Garden in New York City were filmed for a HBO television special titled Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden. The special accrued one of its five Emmy Award nominations and has since been released on DVD and Blu-ray.^[70] Gaga also performed songs from the album at international events such as the 2009 Royal Variety Performance where she sang "Speechless", a power ballad, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II; the 52nd Grammy Awards where her opening performance consisted of the song "Poker Face" and a piano duet of "Speechless" in a medley of "Your Song" with Elton John; and the 2010 BRIT Awards where a performance of an acoustic rendition of "Telephone" followed by "Dance in the Dark" dedicated to the late fashion designer and close friend, Alexander McQueen, supplemented her hat-trick win at the awards ceremony.^[71] Other performances may have included her participation in Michael Jackson's This Is It concert series at London's O2 Arena. "I was actually asked to open for Michael on his tour," she stated. "We were going to open for him at the O2 and we were working on making it happen. I believe there was some talk about us, lots of the openers, doing duets with Michael on stage."^[72]

In 2009 she collaborated with consumer electronic company Monster Cable Products to create a pair of in-ear jewel-encrusted headphones titled Heartbeats. "They are designed to be the first ever fashion accessories that double as the absolute best sonically sounding headphones in the world," she commented.^[73] Gaga also partnered with Polaroid in January 2010 as their Creative Director.^[74] Excited about "blending the iconic history of Polaroid and instant film with the digital era," Gaga unveiled the first trio of new products called Grey Label: a pair of picture-taking sunglasses, a paperback-sized mobile printing unit and an updated version of the traditional Polaroid camera at the 2011 Consumer Electronics Show.^[75] But her collaboration with past producer Rob Fusari led to her production team, Mermaid Music LLC, being sued in March 2010 when he claimed that he was entitled to a 20% share of the company's earnings. Gaga's lawyer, Charles Ortner, described the agreement with Fusari as "unlawful" and declined to comment, but five months later, the New York Supreme Court dismissed both the lawsuit and a countersuit by Gaga.^[76]^[77] In addition to such strife, Gaga was tested borderline positive for lupus, but claimed not to be affected by the symptoms. The revelations caused considerable dismay among fans, leading to Gaga addressing the matter in an interview with Larry King, saying she hopes to avoid symptoms by maintaining a healthy lifestyle.^[78]^[79]

[edit] 2011–present: Born This Way

Gaga performing on the 2011 Good Morning America Summer Concert Series

Gaga released her second studio album and third major release, Born This Way, on May 23, 2011. Described as a marriage of electronic music with metal, rock 'n' roll, pop and anthemic style melodies with sledge-hammering dance beats and referred to as an album "about what what keeps us up at night and what makes us afraid," Gaga characterized it as "something so much deeper than a wig or lipstick or a fucking meat dress" and, upon hearing it, Akon remarked that she is taking music to the "next level."^[80]^[81] Upon release, the album received generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised its range of different styles and her vocals.^[82]^[83] Born This Way sold 1.108 million copies in its first week in the US, debuted atop the Billboard 200, and topped the charts in more than 20 other countries.^[84] In addition to exceeding 8 million copies in worldwide sales, Born This Way received 3 Grammy Award nominations, including her third consecutive for Album of the Year.^[85]

In the months prior to its unveiling, Gaga released the singles "Born This Way", "Judas" and "The Edge of Glory" alongside promotional single "Hair". The eponymous lead single, first sung live at the 53rd Grammy Awards in a performance that saw Gaga emerge from an egg-like vessel, deals with self-acceptance regardless of race or sexual orientation. The single debuted atop the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the 19th number-one debut and the 1,000th number-one single in the history of the charts.^[86] It sold more than 3 million digital copies in the US by October 2011, becoming her eighth consecutive single to exceed sales of 2 million and, with worldwide sales of 8.2 million copies by November 2011, one of her five best-selling singles worldwide.^[87] Critics noted artistic and cultural references and praised the concept of the song's accompanying music video, in which Gaga gives birth to a new race amidst surrealistic images.^[88]^[89] The video for "Judas", in which Gaga portrays Mary Magdalene, and Biblical figures such as Jesus Christ and Judas Iscariot are also featured, was criticized for its religious references but received acclaim for its overall delivery and praise from others who claimed that there was nothing offensive about it.^[90] "Judas" also peaked within the top ten in several major musical markets, while "The Edge of Glory", first a commercial success in digital outlets, was later released as a single to critical appreciation, accompanied by a video which was notably stripped down from her usually "extravagant" efforts.^[91]^[92] She released "You and I" and "Marry the Night" as the following singles from Born This Way. Although their "crazy and ambitious" videos were praised for their audacity, both songs failed to match the similar international success that their predecessors achieved.^[93]

Gaga continued her musical endeavors by pairing with veteran artists like Tony Bennett to record a jazz version of "The Lady Is a Tramp".^[94] She also recorded a duet with Cher on a "massive" and "beautiful" track, which Gaga "wrote a long time ago, and I've never put it on one of my own albums for, really, no particular reason."^[95] Gaga also lent her vocals to an original duet with Elton John for the animated feature film Gnomeo & Juliet. The song, "Hello, Hello", was released without Gaga's vocals but the duet version features in the film.^[96]^[97] She also continued her live appearances throughout 2011, performing a one-of-a-kind concert at the Sydney Town Hall on July 13 in promotion of Born This Way and at the celebration of former US president Bill Clinton's 65th birthday, wearing a blond wig as a nod to the famous performance of Marilyn Monroe for John F. Kennedy and changing the lyrics to "You and I" specifically for the performance.^[98] Televised appearances comprised her own Thanksgiving Day television special entitled A Very Gaga Thanksgiving which was critically lauded, attained 5.749 million American viewers, and spawned the release of her fourth extended play A Very Gaga Holiday.^[99] Her second performance on Saturday Night Live saw her singing a selection of Born This Way songs alongside appearing in number of sketches with Justin Timberlake and Andy Samberg.^[100] In March 2012, Gaga was ranked at number four on Billboard's list of top moneymakers of 2011, grossing $25,353,039 dollars, which includes sales from Born This Way and her Monster Ball Tour.^[4]

In early 2012, Gaga stated that songs for a new album were "beginning to flourish" as she worked with producer Fernando Garibay, while the accompanying tour for Born This Way was materializing.^[101]^[102] Gaga's manager, Vincent Herbert, revealed that Gaga will is working on her upcoming album during the tour, stating that the material is "insane, great records."^[103] The Born This Way Ball Tour began on April 27, 2012, at the Olympic Stadium in Seoul, South Korea.^[104] The tour was met with protests from several religious groups who denounced the tour as satanic and against religious values, resulting in protests mainly from the Islamic Defenders Front, causing a cancellation in the Indonesian city of Jakarta, where Gaga was denied a license to perform. The concert however was still in question as concert promoters were optimistic that the performance will in fact go on. However, due to threats of violence from Muslim hardliners, Gaga decided to cancel the concert although 52,000 tickets have sold out in just a few days.^[105]^[106]^[107] On May 20, 2012, Gaga guest-starred on the 23rd season finale of The Simpsons entitled "Lisa Goes Gaga".^[108]

Artistry [link]

Influences [link]

Gaga's parents, who exposed her to artists like The Beatles, Stevie Wonder, Queen, Bruce Springsteen, Pink Floyd, The Grateful Dead, Led Zeppelin and Elton John had significant influence on her childhood and, presently, still do.^[109] "I am a real family girl. When it comes to love and loyalty, I am very old-fashioned. And I am quite down-to-earth for such an eccentric person," she insists.^[110] "I'm quite traditional in the family sense. I've always been that way."^[109] According to Gaga, Joanne Germanotta – her aunt who died of lupus aged 19 – lives on through her and inspires all of her music and art.^[111] Joanne's date of death is tattooed on Gaga's body and, despite dying 12 years before her birth, Gaga commented, "I really believe I have two hearts. I think I actually carry two souls in my body, and that I'm living out the rest of her life and her goodness – she died a virgin, she died never having experienced all these things that we all get to love and experience in our lives."^[112] Another spiritual influence on Gaga has been the Indian physician, public speaker and writer Deepak Chopra. Labeling him a "true inspiration", she stated that "he's always reminded me to work in a life of service to my fans and to fulfill my vision and my destiny" in addition to thinking about Chopra when it comes to her work as a musician: "I want so much for it to go beyond the music for my fans."^[113]

Musically, Gaga takes influence from numerous musicians from dance-pop singers like Madonna and Michael Jackson to glam rock artists like David Bowie and Queen whilst employing the theatrics of artists like Andy Warhol and of her musical theatre roots in performance.^[31]^[114]^[115] The Queen song "Radio Ga Ga" inspired her stage name: "I adored Freddie Mercury and Queen had a hit called 'Radio Gaga'. That's why I love the name [...] Freddie was unique—one of the biggest personalities in the whole of pop music," she commented.^[18]^[114]^[116] Gaga receives regular comparisons to recording artist Madonna who admits that she sees herself reflected in Gaga.^[117] In response to the comparisons, Gaga stated, "I don't want to sound presumptuous, but I've made it my goal to revolutionize pop music. The last revolution was launched by Madonna 25 years ago" in addition to commenting that "there is really no one that is a more adoring and loving Madonna fan than me. I am the hugest fan personally and professionally."^[114]^[118] Like Madonna, Gaga has continued to reinvent herself and, over the years of her career, has drawn musical inspiration from a diverse mix of artists including Whitney Houston, Grace Jones, Cyndi Lauper, Blondie singer Debbie Harry, Scissor Sisters, Prince, Marilyn Manson, Yoko Ono, and Britney Spears.^[119]


Gaga has been influenced by a wide-range of artists as to which she has played homages to, including Madonna (left) and Bruce Springsteen. (Right)

Gaga has mentioned Spears in several interviews, and revealed, "Britney certainly doesn’t need any freakin’ tips from me! Britney Spears is the queen of pop. I was learning from her."^[120] Gaga also paid tribute to Spears during the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards with the MTV Video Vanguard Award, adding that the pop singer "taught us all how to be fearless, and the industry wouldn't be the same without her."^[121]

Gaga has identified fashion as a major influence and has been stylistically compared to English eccentrics Leigh Bowery and Isabella Blow and to American recording artist Cher.^[14]^[26]^[110]^[122] She commented that "as a child, she somehow absorbed Cher's out-there fashion sense and made it her own."^[122] She has considered Donatella Versace her muse and the late British fashion designer and close friend Alexander McQueen as an inspiration, admitting that "I miss Lee every time I get dressed" while channeling him in some of her work.^[14]^[78] Modeled on Andy Warhol's Factory, Gaga has her own creative production team, which she handles personally, called the Haus of Gaga, who create many of her clothes, stage props, and hairdos.^[123] Her adoration of fashion came from her mother, who she stated was "always very well kept and beautiful."^[6] "When I'm writing music, I'm thinking about the clothes I want to wear on stage. It's all about everything altogether—performance art, pop performance art, fashion. For me, it's everything coming together and being a real story that will bring back the super-fan. I want to bring that back. I want the imagery to be so strong that fans will want to eat and taste and lick every part of us."^[26] The Global Language Monitor named "Lady Gaga" as the Top Fashion Buzzword with her trademark "no pants" a close third.^[124] Entertainment Weekly put her outfits on its end of the decade "best-of" list, saying, "Whether it's a dress made of Muppets or strategically placed bubbles, Gaga's outré ensembles brought performance art into the mainstream."^[125] Gaga made her runway debut at Thierry Mugler's Paris fashion show in March 2011 where she wore items from Nicola Formichetti's debut women's wear collection.^[126] In June of the same year, she won the Council of Fashion Designers of America Award for Fashion Icon.^[127] Time Magazine placed Gaga on their "All-Time 100 Fashion Icons List" amongst some of Gaga's inspirations such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, and the The Beatles, stating: "Lady Gaga is just as notorious for her outrageous style as she is for her pop hits. After all, Gaga, born Stefani Germanotta, has sported outfits made from plastic bubbles, Kermit the Frog dolls, and raw meat."^[128] She has since devoted her time as a fashion columnist for V magazine, where she has written about her creative process, her studying of the world of pop culture, and her ability to tune into the evolution of pop-culture meme.^[129]

In August 2011 she sent to her 15 millions followers that she had at that time on Twitter, a quote about creativity from the book "Creativity"^[130] by Osho,^[131] which led journalists, on October 28, of the same year, on her arrival to India for the inauguration of a big Formula One motorsport event,^[132] to ask her about her connection to him, to which Gaga said she was influenced by his work and that for her, "the creativity is the greatest way of rebellion": "Equality", she concluded, "is one of the most important things in my life".^[133]

Musical style [link]

	"Just Dance" (2008) noicon A 30-second sample of Lady Gaga's "Just Dance" featuring the chorus sung by Lady Gaga and Colby O'Donis in the range of B₃ to C♯, backed by a synth marching beat. The song became her first international hit single and sold 7.7 million copies worldwide.
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

Continually experimenting with new musical ideas and images, Gaga's musical and performance style is the subject of much analysis and scrutiny from critics. She professes that she is "liberating" herself by constantly reinventing her sound and image, insisting that she has been drawn to such a practice since her childhood.^[134] Vocally, Gaga possesses the range of a contralto and exhibits "overwhelming expression, instinctive vocal phrasing, '80s rock reminiscent chest belts and animalistic vocal ticks" while being able to move through 2.4 octaves.^[135]^[136] Refusing to lip sync, Gaga – whose range is frequently compared to those of Madonna and Gwen Stefani – has manipulated her vocal style over the course of her career yet considers Born This Way (2011) "much more vocally up to par with what I've always been capable of."^[137]^[138] In summation of her voice, Entertainment Weekly wrote, "There's an immense emotional intelligence behind the way she uses her voice. Almost never does she overwhelm a song with her vocal ability, recognizing instead that artistry is to be found in nuance rather than lung power."^[139]

A blond woman in a bob-cut, sitting cross-legged on a transparent platform full of bubbles and lit from inside in pink. The woman is wearing a dress made of transparent bubbles of varying sizes. She is holding a microphone in her left hand and appears to be smiling.

Gaga performing in a plastic bubble dress (2009)

Although her early lyrics have been criticized for lacking intellectual stimulation, "[Gaga] does manage to get you moving and grooving at an almost effortless pace."^[140] She admits that her songwriting has been misinterpreted; her friend and blogger Perez Hilton articulated her message in a clearer way: "you write really deep intelligent lyrics with shallow concepts." Gaga opined, "Perez is very intelligent and clearly listened to my record from beginning to end, and he is correct."^[141] "I love songwriting. It's so funny – I will just jam around in my underwear or I could be washing my dishes. I wrote several songs just at the piano," she confesses.^[141] Gaga believes that "all good music can be played at a piano and still sound like a hit."^[142] She has covered a wide variety of topics in her songs: while The Fame (2008) meditates on the lust for stardom, The Fame Monster (2009) expresses fame's dark side through monster metaphors. Born This Way (2011) is sung in English, French, German and Spanish and includes common themes in Gaga's controversial songwriting like love, sex, religion, money, drugs, identity, liberation, sexuality, freedom and individualism.^[143]^[144]

The structure of her music is said to echo classic 1980s pop and 1990s Europop.^[145] Her debut album The Fame (2008) provoked The Sunday Times to assert "in combining music, fashion, art and technology, [Gaga] evokes Madonna, Gwen Stefani circa 'Hollaback Girl', Kylie Minogue 2001 or Grace Jones right now" and a critic from The Boston Globe to comment that she draws "obvious inspirations from Madonna to Gwen Stefani... in [her] girlish but sturdy pipes and bubbly beats."^[146]^[147] Music critic Simon Reynolds wrote that "Everything about Gaga came from electroclash, except the music, which wasn't particularly 1980s, just ruthlessly catchy naughties pop glazed with Auto-Tune and undergirded with R&B-ish beats."^[148] The follow-up The Fame Monster (2009), saw Gaga's taste for pastiche, drawing on "Seventies arena glam, perky ABBA disco and sugary throwbacks like Stacey Q" while Born This Way (2011) also draws on the records of her childhood and still has the "electro-sleaze beats and Eurodisco chorus chants" of its predecessor but includes genres as diverse as opera, heavy metal, disco, and rock and roll.^[143] "There isn't a subtle moment on the album, but even at its nuttiest, the music is full of wide-awake emotional details," wrote Rolling Stone, who concluded: "The more excessive Gaga gets, the more honest she sounds."^[144]

Music videos and performances [link]

Gaga, recognized for her unconventionality, during a "blood soaked" performance (2010)

With constant costume changes, backup dancers, and provocative visuals, Gaga's music videos are often described as short films.^[149] "Being provocative is not just about getting people's attention. It's about saying something that really affects people in a real way, in a positive way," she professes.^[149] Exploring bondage and sadomasochism in addition to highlighting prevalent feminist themes, "the three central themes that shape Lady Gaga's music videos are sex, violence, and power."^[150] "Vaudevillian and carnal, Lady Gaga has got the knack of sending rape-like fantasies—in songs and videos that double as catch club hits—to the top of the charts," wrote one critic.^[151] "Whether it is physical violence or sexual exploitation, these videos offer vivid depictions of male power over women's bodies," wrote another.^[150] While she labels herself "a little bit of a feminist" (she rejects man-hating feminism) and asserts that she is "sexually empowering women,"^[151] Gaga strives to empower young women to stand up for what they believe in.^[150] She also attempts to liberate her fans so they can feel "less alone."^[152] "She not only reiterates her assertion of total originality," professed pop critic Ann Powers, "but also finesses it until it's both a philosophical stance about how constructing a persona from pop-cultural sources can be an expression of a person's truth—a la those drag queens Gaga sincerely admires—and a bit of a feminist act."^[153] In summation of her videos, Rolling Stone used the rhetoric: "does anyone look to a Lady Gaga video for restraint?"^[93]

Her performances are described as "highly entertaining and innovative"; the blood-spurting performance of "Paparazzi" at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was described as "eye-popping" by MTV.^[154] She continued the "blood soaked" theme during The Monster Ball Tour, in which she wore a revealing leather corset and was "attacked" by a performer dressed in black who gnaws on her throat, causing "blood" to spurt down her chest, after which she lies "dying" in a pool of blood. Her performances of that scene in England triggered protests from family groups and fans in the aftermath of a local tragedy, in which a taxi driver had murdered 12 people.^[155] "What happened in Bradford is very fresh in people's minds and given all the violence which happened in Cumbria just hours earlier, it was insensitive," said Lynn Costello of Mothers Against Violence.^[156] Her unconventionality continued at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards: performing in drag as her male alter ego, Jo Calderone, and delivering a lovesick monologue before a performance of her song "You and I".^[157] Some have defended her flamboyant and provocative behavior. "Well, she's Lady Gaga," Chris Rock said. "She's not 'Lady Behave Yourself.' Do you want great behavior from a person named Gaga? Is this what you were expecting?"^[158] As Gaga's choreographer and creative director, Laurieann Gibson provided material for her shows and videos for four years. However, the pair parted in November 2011; Gaga replacing her with Gibson's assistant Richard Jackson.^[159] Gaga admits to being a perfectionist when it comes to her elaborate shows. "I'm very bossy. I can scream my head off if I see one light fixture out. I'm very detailed – every minute of the show has got to be perfect."^[149]

Public image [link]

Philanthropy [link]

Besides her career in music, Gaga has also contributed to various charities. For natural disasters, Gaga has helped various relief efforts. Although declining an invitation to appear on the single "We Are the World 25" to benefit victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, she donated the proceeds of her January 24, 2010 concert at New York's Radio City Music Hall to the country's reconstruction relief fund.^[178] All profits from her official online store on that day were also donated. Gaga announced that an estimated total of US$500,000 was collected for the fund.^[179] Hours after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami hit Japan on March 11, 2011, Gaga tweeted a message and a link to Japan Prayer Bracelets. All revenue from a bracelet she designed in conjunction with the company was donated to relief efforts.^[180] As of March 29, 2011, the bracelets raised $1.5 million.^[181] However, attorney Alyson Oliver filed a lawsuit against Gaga in Detroit in June 2011, noting that the bracelet was subject to a sales tax and an extra $3.99 shipping charge was added to the price. She also believed that not all proceeds from the bracelets would go to the relief efforts, demanding a public accounting of the campaign and refunds for people who had bought the bracelet. Gaga's spokesperson called the lawsuit "meritless" and "misleading".^[182] On June 25, 2011, Gaga performed at MTV Japan's charity show in Makuhari Messe, which benefited the Japanese Red Cross.^[183]

HIV and AIDS [link]

Gaga also contributes in the fight against HIV and AIDS, focusing on educating young women about the risks of the disease. In collaboration with Cyndi Lauper, Gaga joined forces with MAC Cosmetics to launch a line of lipstick under their supplementary cosmetic line, Viva Glam. Titled Viva Glam Gaga and Viva Glam Cyndi for each contributor respectively, all net proceeds of the lipstick line were donated to the cosmetic company's campaign to prevent HIV and AIDS worldwide.^[184] In a press release, Gaga declared, "I don't want Viva Glam to be just a lipstick you buy to help a cause. I want it to be a reminder when you go out at night to put a condom in your purse right next to your lipstick."^[185] The sales of Gaga-endorsed Viva Glam lipstick and lipgloss have raised more than $202 million to fight HIV and AIDS.^[3]

Born This Way Foundation [link]

Main article: Born This Way Foundation

As a humanitarian, she has launched her own non-profit organization, the Born This Way Foundation, which focuses on youth empowerment and issues like self-confidence, well-being, anti-bullying, mentoring, and career development. "My mother and I have initiated a passion project. We call it the Born This Way Foundation," Gaga said in a statement about the foundation, which takes its name from the 2011 single and album. "Together we hope to establish a standard of Bravery and Kindness, as well as a community worldwide that protects and nurtures others in the face of bullying and abandonment." The foundation will work with a number of partners, including the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The California Endowment and the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University.^[186] She also jumped into the debate surrounding SB 1070, Arizona's recently-enacted anti-immigration law, after premiering her Born This Way song "Americano" on the Guadalajara stop of The Monster Ball Tour in Mexico, telling the local press that she could not "stand by many of the unjust immigration laws" in the US.^[187] A devoted advocate for the LGBT community, Gaga is also an outspoken activist for LGBT rights worldwide.^[188] On February 29, 2012, Gaga and Oprah Winfrey visited Harvard University to launch her Born This Way Foundation.

LGBT advocacy [link]

A blond woman wearing a white shirt and black glasses speaking on a lectern carrying a 'National Equality March' poster. Behind her is a white stone balustrade of a building.

Gaga delivers a speech at the 2009 National Equality March

Gaga attributes much of her early success as a mainstream artist to her gay fans and is considered to be a gay icon.^[189] Early in her career she had difficulty getting radio airplay, and stated, "The turning point for me was the gay community. I've got so many gay fans and they're so loyal to me and they really lifted me up. They'll always stand by me and I'll always stand by them. It's not an easy thing to create a fanbase."^[190] She thanked FlyLife, a Manhattan-based LGBT marketing company with whom her label Interscope works, in the liner notes of The Fame, saying, "I love you so much. You were the first heartbeat in this project, and your support and brilliance means the world to me. I will always fight for the gay community hand in hand with this incredible team."^[191] One of her first televised performances was in May 2008 at the NewNowNext Awards, an awards show aired by the LGBT television network Logo, where she sang her song "Just Dance".^[192] In June of the same year, she performed the song again at the San Francisco Pride event.^[193]

After The Fame was released, she revealed that the song "Poker Face" was about her bisexuality. In an interview with Rolling Stone, she spoke about how her boyfriends tended to react to her bisexuality, saying "The fact that I'm into women, they're all intimidated by it. It makes them uncomfortable. They're like, 'I don't need to have a threesome. I'm happy with just you'."^[33] When she appeared as a guest on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in May 2009, she praised DeGeneres for being "an inspiration for women and for the gay community".^[194] She proclaimed that the October 11, 2009 National Equality March rally on the National Mall was "the single most important event of her career." As she exited, she left with an exultant "Bless God and bless the gays,"^[195] similar to her 2009 MTV Video Music Awards acceptance speech for Best New Artist a month earlier.^[196] At the Human Rights Campaign Dinner, held the same weekend as the rally, she performed a cover of John Lennon's "Imagine" declaring that "I'm not going to [play] one of my songs tonight because tonight is not about me, it's about you." She changed the original lyrics of the song to reflect the death of Matthew Shepard, a college student murdered because of his sexuality.^[197]

Gaga addresses the crowd at SLDN's "Don't ask, don't tell" rally in 2010

Gaga attended the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards accompanied by four service members of the United States Armed Forces (Mike Almy, David Hall, Katie Miller and Stacy Vasquez), all of whom, under the United States military's "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) policy, had been prohibited from serving openly because of their sexuality.^[198] In addition, Gaga wore a meat dress to the ceremony which was supplemented by boots, a purse and a hat that were all fabricated from the flesh of a dead animal.^[199] Partly awarded in recognition of the dress, Vogue.com UK named her one of the Best Dressed people of 2010 while Time magazine's named the dress the Fashion Statement of 2010, it received divided opinions – evoking the attention of worldwide media but invoking the fury of animal rights organization PETA.^[200]^[201]^[202] She denied any intention of causing disrespect to any person or organization and wished for the dress to be interpreted as a statement of human rights with focus upon those in the LGBT community, adding that "If we don't stand up for what we believe in and if we don't fight for our rights, pretty soon we're going to have as much rights as the meat on our own bones."^[203]

She later released three videos on YouTube urging her fans to contact their Senators in an effort to overturn the policy. In late September 2010 she spoke at the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network's "4the14K" Rally in Deering Oaks Park in Portland, Maine. The name of the rally signified the number – an estimated 14,000 – of service members discharged under the DADT policy at the time. During her remarks, she urged members of the U.S. Senate (and in particular, moderate Republican Senators from Maine, Olympia Snowe and Susan Collins) to vote in favor of legislation that would repeal the DADT policy. Following this event, editors of The Advocate commented that she had become "the real fierce advocate" for gays and lesbians, one that Barack Obama had promised to be.^[204]^[205]

Gaga appeared at Europride, a pan-European international event dedicated to LGBT pride, held in Rome in June 2011. In a nearly twenty-minute speech, she criticized the intolerant state of gay rights in many European countries and described homosexuals as "revolutionaries of love" before performing acoustic renderings of "Born This Way" and "The Edge of Glory" in front of thousands at the Circus Maximus.^[206]^[207] She stated that "Today and every day we fight for freedom. We fight for justice. We beckon for compassion, understanding and above all we want full equality now".^[208] Gaga revealed that she is often questioned why she dedicates herself to "gayspeak" and "how gay" she is, to which, she told the audience: "Why is this question, why is this issue so important? My answer is: I am a child of diversity, I am one with my generation, I feel a moral obligation as a woman, or a man, to exercise my revolutionary potential and make the world a better place." She then joked: "On a gay scale from 1 to 10, I'm a Judy Garland fucking 42."^[209]

Discography [link]

For the full list, see Lady Gaga discography.

The Fame (2008)
The Fame Monster (2009)
Born This Way (2011)

Filmography [link]

Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden (2011)
A Very Gaga Thanksgiving (2011)
"Lisa Goes Gaga" (The Simpsons episode) (2012)
Men in Black 3 (Plays the role of an alien.) (2012)^[210]

Concert tours [link]

The Fame Ball Tour (2009)
Fame Kills: Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga (2009–10) (cancelled)
The Monster Ball Tour (2009–11)
The Born This Way Ball Tour (2012–13)

References [link]

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^ Review: Unnecessary ‘Men in Black 3’ just O‘K’ compared to predecessors - a-e - The Lantern - Ohio State University

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lady Gaga

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Lady Gaga

Official website
Lady Gaga at Allmusic
Lady Gaga at AllRovi
Lady Gaga discography at Discogs
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Lady Gaga collected news and commentary at The New York Times
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Works by or about Lady Gaga in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Slide show Vanity Fair

v t e Lady Gaga

Discography Awards and nominations

Studio albums	The Fame Born This Way

Compilation albums	The Remix Born This Way: The Remix

EPs	The Cherrytree Sessions Hitmixes The Fame Monster A Very Gaga Holiday

Video albums	Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden

Singles	"Just Dance" "Poker Face" "Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)" "LoveGame" "Paparazzi" "Bad Romance" "Telephone" "Alejandro" "Dance in the Dark" "Born This Way" "Judas" "The Edge of Glory" "You and I" "Marry the Night"

Collaborations	"Chillin" "Video Phone (Extended Remix)" "3-Way (The Golden Rule)" "The Lady Is a Tramp"

Promotional singles	"Beautiful, Dirty, Rich" "Christmas Tree" "Hair"

Other songs	"Monster" "Speechless" "So Happy I Could Die" "Scheiße" "Heavy Metal Lover" "Black Jesus + Amen Fashion"

Concert tours	The Fame Ball Tour Fame Kills The Monster Ball Tour Born This Way Ball

Media	"The Telltale Moozadell" "Miss Universe 2008" "The Last Days of Disco Stick" Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden A Very Gaga Thanksgiving "Lisa Goes Gaga" Men in Black 3

Books	Lady Gaga x Terry Richardson

Related articles	Born This Way Foundation "Born This Way" (Glee) Cherrytree Records Nicola Formichetti Laurieann Gibson Haus of Gaga Interscope Records Kon Live Distribution Lady Gaga: Queen of Pop Meat dress "Perform This Way" "Theatricality" Lady Gaga on Twitter Controversy of the Born This Way Ball

Book Category Portal WikiProject

Authority control: LCCN: no2008179258 | VIAF: 220974042 | WorldCat

Persondata
Name	Germanotta, Stefani Joanne Angelina
Alternative names	Lady Gaga
Short description	American pop singer
Date of birth	March 28, 1986
Place of birth	New York City, New York, U.S.
Date of death
Place of death

lez:Леди Гага

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	Book: Lady Gaga
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[edit] 2008–10: The Fame and The Fame Monster

[edit] 2011–present: Born This Way

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