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Look up prefecture in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

For subsequent types of praefectura, see Prefect.

A prefecture (from the Latin Praefectura) is an administrative jurisdiction or subdivision in any of various countries and within some international church structures, and in antiquity a Roman district governed by an appointed prefect.

Literal prefectures[link]

Antiquity[link]

Prefecture most commonly refers to a self-governing body or area since the tetrarchy when Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into four districts (each divided into dioceses, grouped under a Vicarius (a number of Roman provinces, listed under that article), although he maintained two pretorian prefectures as an administrative level above the also surviving dioceses (a few of which were split).

Ecclesiastic[link]

As canon law is strongly inspired by Roman law, it is not surprising that the Catholic Church has several offices under a prefect. That term occurs also in otherwise styled offices, such as the head of a congregation or department of the Roman Curia. Various ecclesiastical areas, too small for a diocese, are termed prefects.

Analogous prefectures[link]

[edit] Brazilian equivalent of prefecture

In Brazil, the prefecture (prefeitura in Portuguese) is the Prefeitura Municipal, home to the Executive of a city and to the mayor's office.

[edit] Greek equivalent of prefecture

Modern Greece, under its 1975 Constitution, is divided into 51 nomoi (Greek: νομοί) which form the units of local government. These are most commonly translated into English as prefectures or "Counties".

Each nomos is headed by a prefect (nomarch), who was until recently a ministerial appointee but is nowadays elected by direct popular vote. Municipal elections in Greece are held every four years and voting for the election of nomarchs and mayors is carried out concurrently but with separate ballots.

[edit] Chinese equivalents of prefecture

The ancient sense[link]

Xian (县/縣)

When used in the context of Chinese history, especially China before the Tang Dynasty, the word "prefecture" is used to translate xian (县/縣). This unit of administration is translated as "county" when used in a contemporary context.

Zhou

In the context of Chinese history during or after the Tang Dynasty, the word "prefecture" is used to translate zhou (Wade-Giles chou (州), another ancient unit of administration in China, equivalent to the modern province.

The modern sense[link]

In modern-day People's Republic of China, the prefecture (地区; pinyin: dìqū) is an administrative division found in the second level of the administrative hierarchy. In addition to prefectures, this level also includes autonomous prefectures, leagues, and prefecture-level cities. The prefecture level comes under the province level, and in turn oversees the county level.

[edit] Italian prefettura

In Italy a prefettura is the office of prefetto; like in France he is the representative of the Government in each provincia.

[edit] French préfecture

In France, a préfecture is the capital city of a département. As there are 100 départements in France, there are 100 préfectures in France. A préfecture de région is the capital city of a région. This is the city where the préfet - the appointed government representative - resides.

[edit] Japanese sense of prefecture

In English, "prefecture" is used as the translation for todōfuken (都道府県^?), which are the main subdivisions of Japan, consisting of 47 prefectures, or 1 to, 1 do, 2 fu, and 43 ken.

Mongolian equivalent[link]

Mongolian prefectures (Aimags) were adopted during Qing Dynasty's rule. Today these are usually translated as "provinces".

[edit] Moroccan Préfecture

In Morocco, the 61 second-level administrative subdivisions are 13 prefectures and 48 provinces. They are subdivisions of the 16 regions of Morocco. Each prefecture and province are subdivided in their turn into districts (cercles, sing. cercle), municipalities (communes, sing. commune) or urban municipalities (communes urbaines, sing. commune urbaine), and arrondissements in some metropolitan areas.

Venezuelan equivalent[link]

Traditionally the prefecture as being the City Hall and the prefect as being the equivalent of a mayor and commissioner until recently; now the prefectures and prefect are analogous with the figure of Town Clerk.

Moscow, Russia[link]

This section requires expansion.

See also[link]

• County
• Politics of the People's Republic of China
• Politics of Japan
• Politics of the Republic of China
• Politics of Mongolia
• Province
• Subprefecture

Wenshan Prefecture 文山
—  Autonomous prefecture  —
文山壮族苗族自治州
Location of Wenshan Prefecture within Yunnan province of China
Wenshan Prefecture Location within China
Coordinates: 23°22′19″N 104°14′59″E / 23.37194°N 104.24972°E / 23.37194; 104.24972
Country	China
Province	Yunnan
GB/T 2260 CODE[1]	532600
Admin HQ	Wenshan
Admin units	List Wenshan Yanshan Xichou Malipo Maguan Qiubei Guangnan Funing
Area
• Total	32,239 km2 (12,448 sq mi)
Population
• Total	3,320,000
• Density	100/km2 (270/sq mi)
Time zone	China Standard Time (UTC+8)
Postal code	663000[2]
Area code(s)	0876[2]
Website	http://www.ynws.gov.cn/
1Yunnan Statistics Bureau [1] 2Yunnan Portal [2]

Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (simplified Chinese: 文山壮族苗族自治州; traditional Chinese: 文山壯族苗族自治州; pinyin: Wénshān Zhuàngzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu) is an autonomous prefecture in Yunnan Province, China.

Subdivisions[link]

Map
#	Name	Hanzi	Hanyu Pinyin	Population (2003 est.)	Area (km²)	Density (/km²)
1	Wenshan City	文山市	Wénshān Shì	430,000	3,064	140
2	Yanshan County	砚山县	Yànshān Xiàn	440,000	3,888	113
3	Xichou County	西畴县	Xīchóu Xiàn	250,000	1,545	162
4	Malipo County	麻栗坡县	Málìpō Xiàn	270,000	2,395	113
5	Maguan County	马关县	Mǎguān Xiàn	350,000	2,755	127
6	Qiubei County	丘北县	Qiūběi Xiàn	450,000	5,150	87
7	Guangnan County	广南县	Guǎngnán Xiàn	740,000	7,983	93
8	Funing County	富宁县	Fùníng Xiàn	390,000	5,459	71

Ethnic groups[link]

Wenshan is highly diverse. According to a local saying, "Han and Hui live by the market, Zhuang and Dai live by the water, Miao and Yi live on the mountains, and Yao live among the bamboos." (汉族、回族住街头，壮族、傣族住水头，苗族、彝族住山头，瑶族住箐头。)

Some of Wenshan's ethnic groups include:

• Han Chinese
• Tai peoples
  • Zhuang (3 branches according to Kaup (2000)^[3]; 4 branches according to Johnson (2011)^[4])
    • Nong 农
    • Sha 沙 ("Yei Zhuang")^[4]
    • Tu 土 ("Dai Zhuang")^[4]
    • Min^[4]
  • Dai
    • Tai Hongjin - Maguan County

• Kra peoples
  • Buyang - Funing County, Guangnan County
  • Lachi - Maguan County
  • Gelao - Malipo County
  • Qabiao - Malipo County
• Miao–Yao peoples
  • Miao people (listed from east to west)
    • Lopsided Miao 偏苗
    • White Miao 白苗
    • Green Miao 青苗
    • Flowery Miao 花苗
  • Yao people

• Tibeto-Burman peoples
  • Yi people

• Mon-Khmer peoples
  • Bolyu - Guangnan County
  • Bugan - Guangnan County, Xichou County

Transportation[link]

• Wenshan Airport

References[link]

External links[link]

• Wenshan Prefecture Official Site

Coordinates: 23°22′19″N 104°14′59″E / 23.3719°N 104.2497°E / 23.3719; 104.2497