- published: 03 Jan 2013
- views: 50
- author: ibnlive
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
More Videos
Loading...
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Afridi tribe
- Agartala
- Aizawl
- Akbar
- Alchi Monastery
- Amarnath temple
- Anantnag
- Anantnag district
- Army of India
- Article 370
- Ashoka
- Aurangzeb
- Azad Kashmir
- Bandipora district
- Bangalore
- Banihal
- Baramulla
- Baramulla district
- Bardan Monastery
- Basgo Monastery
- Basohli Painting
- Bhopal
- Bhubaneswar
- Bihar
- Brahminy Duck
- British India
- British raj
- British Raj
- Buddhism
- Budgam district
- Burn Hall School
- Canoeing
- Census of India 2001
- Chandigarh
- Chemrey Monastery
- Chennai
- Climate of India
- Common Merganser
- Common Pochard
- Common Teal
- Cricket
- Cuisine of Kashmir
- Culture of Kashmir
- Dah Hanu
- Dal Lake
- Daman, Daman and Diu
- Darbar Move
- De-facto
- Dehradun
- Delhi
- Didda
- Diskit Monastery
- Dispur
- Doda district
- Dogra
- Dried fruit
- Duck
- Durrani Empire
- English language
- Etymology
- Eurasian Wigeon
- Female
- Ferruginous Pochard
- Fishing
- FM radio
- Football (soccer)
- Gadwall
- Ganderbal district
- Gandhinagar
- Gangtok
- Garganey
- Geese
- Gilgit
- Gilgit–Baltistan
- Government of India
- Greylag Goose
- Gulab Bhavan
- Gulab Singh
- Gulmarg
- Hamza Makhdum
- Handicraft
- Handicrafts
- Hanle Monastery
- Hari Parbat
- Hari Singh
- Hazratbal Shrine
- Hemis Monastery
- Hephthalite
- Hiking
- Hinduism
- History of Kashmir
- Houseboat
- Human sex ratio
- Hundur Monastery
- Imphal
- India
- Indian Civil Service
- Indian highways
- Indian Standard Time
- Indian subcontinent
- Indo-Gangetic plain
- Indo-Pakistani wars
- Indus
- Islam
- Itanagar
- Jaipur
- Jammu
- Jammu (city)
- Jammu and Kashmir
- Jammu district
- Jammu-Poonch railway
- Jamwal
- Jhelum River
- Kambojas
- Kanger
- Karakoram Highway
- Karan Singh
- Kargil district
- Kargil town
- Karsha Monastery
- Kashmir
- Kashmir Committee
- Kashmir conflict
- Kashmir Railway
- Kashmir railway
- Kashmir Shaivism
- Kashmir Valley
- Kashmiri language
- Kashmiriyat
- Kashyapa
- Kathua
- Kathua district
- Kavaratti
- Kaśmir Śaivism
- Kheer bhawani
- Kishtwar district
- Kohima
- Kolkata
- Korzok Monastery
- Kulgam district
- Kupwara
- Kupwara district
- Kushan
- Ladakh
- Lahore
- Lake
- Lamayuru Monastery
- Leh
- Leh district
- Leh-Manali Highway
- Likir Monastery
- Line of Control
- Lingshed Monastery
- Lucknow
- Maharaja Gulab Singh
- Male
- Mallard
- Marsh
- Mashro Monastery
- Matho Monastery
- Mauryan
- Mauryan Empire
- Mayor of Srinagar
- Mehsud
- Mirwaiz Umar Farooq
- Mughal dynasty
- Mughal Empire
- Mughal gardens
- Mughal Gardens
- Mughal Road
- Mulbekh Monastery
- Mumbai
- Munawar-abad
- Music of Kashmir
- Muslim
- Muzaffarabad
- New Delhi
- Nishat Bagh
- Northern Pintail
- Northern Shoveler
- NWFP
- Omar Abdullah
- Pahalgam
- Panaji
- Pandav
- Partition of India
- Pashmina
- Pashtun people
- Patna
- Phugtal Monastery
- Phyang Monastery
- Pir Panjal
- Pondicherry (city)
- Poonch
- Population density
- Port Blair
- Postal Index Number
- Princely states
- Pulwama
- Pulwama district
- Qazigund
- Raipur, Chhattisgarh
- Rajauri
- Rajouri district
- Ramban district
- Ranchi
- Rangdum Monastery
- Ranjit Singh
- Reasi district
- Red-crested Pochard
- Rizong Monastery
- Ruddy Shelduck
- Samba district
- Sani Monastery
- Sankar Monastery
- Sanskrit
- Saspul Monastery
- Sayyid Dynasty
- Sheikh Abdullah
- Sher Garhi Palace
- Shey Monastery
- Shikara
- Shillong
- Shimla
- Shopian district
- Sikh
- Sikh Empire
- Sikhism
- Silvassa
- Simla Agreement
- SMD high school
- Sonia Gandhi
- Spituk Monastery
- Sri
- Sri Pratap College
- Srinagar
- Srinagar Airport
- Srinagar district
- Stakna Monastery
- Stok Monastery
- Stongdey Monastery
- Swami Lakshman Joo
- Takthok Monastery
- Thikse Monastery
- Thiruvananthapuram
- Time zone
- Tiny Harts School
- Tonde Monastery
- Treaty of Lahore
- Tufted Duck
- Tyrant
- Udhampur
- Udhampur district
- Ujjain
- Urdu
- UTC+5 30
- Vaishno Devi
- Vikramaditya
- Violence in Kashmir
- Wanla Monastery
- Water skiing
- Water trekking
- Wazwan
- Wetlands
- Wikipedia Media help
- Wikitravel
- Wular Lake
- Zain-ul-Abidin
- Zangla Monastery
- Zanskar
- Zongkul Monastery
-
Agartala
Agartala /ˌɑːɡərtəˈlɑː/ (Bengali: আগরতলা Agortôla, Kokborok: আগরতলা) is the capital of the Indian state of Tripura and is the second-largest city in North-east India after Guwahati in terms of municipal area as Well as population. It is situated in North-east India. It lies on the Haroa River and is located 2 km from Bangladesh. Agartala has temples and palaces. As per 2011 census, Population of Agartala city has exceeded 5,12,000. The population of Agartala was 3,67,822 in 2004 after the municipal expansion (1,89,327 in the 2001 census).
The ancient capital of the then Princely State ‘Swadhin Tripura’ was at Rangamati (Udaipur, South Tripura) by the bank of the river Gomati. In 1760 it was shifted by the Maharaja Krishna Chandra Manikya Bahadur (r.1829-1849) of Manikya Dynasty to present old Agartala by the bank of the river Howrah and was named ‘Haveli’. Due to frequent invasion of the Kuki's and also to keep easy communication with the British Bengal, the Maharaja Krishna Chandra Manikya started the process of shifting the capital from Old Haveli to New Haveli (present Agartala) in 1849.
wn.com/Agartala -
Aizawl
Aizawl (Hindi: आइजोल) is the capital of the state of Mizoram in India. With a resident population 291,822, it is the largest city within the state. It is also the center of all important government offices, state assembly house and civil secretariat. The population of Aizawl strongly reflects the different communities of the ethnic Mizo people.
In 1890, Officer Dally of the Assam Police and his 400 men arrived at the site that is now Aizawl, to support Colonel Skinner's troops during a British military operation against the tribals. On Dally's recommendation, Aizawl was selected as the site of a fortified post that Colonel Skinner had been ordered to construct. The troops constructed stockades and buildings at the site.
Aizawl was the site of a tribal uprising in 1890, and was besieged from 9 to 28 September. Robert McCabe, Deputy Commissioner of the Lakhimpur district, restored order in the area and forced 15 tribal chiefs to surrender. After this, more troops were stationed at Aizawl. Another uprising in 1892 was also quelled by McCabe.
wn.com/Aizawl -
Alchi Monastery
Alchi Monastery or Alchi Gompa is a Buddhist monastery, known more as a monastic complex (chos-'khor) of temples in Alchi village in the Leh District, of the Indian state under the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council of Jammu and Kashmir. The complex comprises four separate settlements in the Alchi village in the lower Ladakh region with monuments dated to different periods. Of these four hamlets, Alchi monastery is said to be the oldest and most famous. It is administered by the Likir Monastery.
Alchi is also part of the three villages (all in lower Ladakh region) which constitute the ‘Alchi group of monuments’; the other two villages adjoining Alchi are the Mangyu and Sumda Chun (now in Zanskar district). The monuments in these three villages are stated to be of “unique style and workmanship’, but the Alchi monastic complex is the best known.
The monastery complex was built, according to local tradition, by the great translator Guru Rinchen Zangpo between 958 and 1055. However, inscriptions in the preserved monuments ascribe it to a Tibetan noble called Kal-dan Shes-rab later in the 11th century. Dukhang or Assembly Hall and the Main Temple (gTsug-lag-khang), which is a three-storied temple called the Sumtseg (gSum-brtsegs), are built in Kashmiri style as seen in many monasteries; the third temple is called the Manjushri Temple ('Jam-dpal lHa-khang). Chortens are also an important part of the complex.
wn.com/Alchi_Monastery -
Amarnath temple
Amarnath Cave Pilgrimage is an annual pilgrimage being made to Amarnath cave by thousands of Hindu devotees on challenging mountainous terrain.
Located in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, Amarnath cave is a famous shrine in Hinduism. It is dedicated to Shiva. The shrine forms an important part of Hinduism for some Hindus, and is considered the one holiest shrines in Hinduism. The cave is surrounded by snowy mountains. The cave itself is covered with snow most time of the year except for a short period of time in summer when it is open for pilgrims.
Inside the 130 feet high Amarnath cave that faces south, is the Shiva Linga, which waxes during May to August and gradually wanes thereafter. This lingam is said to grow and shrink with the phases of the moon, reaching its height during the summer festival.
According a Hindu legend, this is the cave where Shiva explained the secret of life and eternity to his divine consort Parvati. Two other ice formations represent Parvati and Shiva's son, Ganesha.
wn.com/Amarnath_temple -
Anantnag
Anantnag (Kashmiri: अनन्तनाग/ اننتناگ /Anaṁtnāg/, meaning abode of springs and lakes), (An-ant=un-ending, Naga=Springs) is a city and a municipality in Anantnag district in Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Anantnag is regarded as the commercial and financial capital of the Kashmir valley. It is a large business and trading centre of the valley.
According to ancient mythological stories, the name Anant (infinte or never-ending) Nag (snake) is given to the place because Lord Shiva during his journey to Amarnath cave left all his valuables on the way and Anantnag was the place where he left countless number of serpents residing on his body. The city finds its place in the Bhagavadgita that says "I am Ananta Naga" It is also well mentioned in ancient Naga and Pichash cronicals of ancient aboriginals of the valley. It was also known as Kashyapteshwara in ancient times linking it to the mythology of Rishi Kashyapa. Regarding this second name, no mention is to be found in the old chronicles of Kashmir.
wn.com/Anantnag -
Anantnag district
Anantnag is a district in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is one of eight districts which make up the Kashmir Valley. The district headquarter is Anantnag. As of 2011 it is the third most populous district of Jammu and Kashmir (out of 22), after Jammu and Srinagar.
Anantnag district comprises Kokernag, Shangus, Anantnag (town), Bijbehara, Doru, Pahalgam and Qazigund (under process) tehsils. The district consists of seven blocks: Breng, Shangus, Achabal, Dachnipora, Qazigund, Khoveripora and Shahabad. Each block consists of a number of panchayats.
Anantnag District has 7 assembly constituencies: Anantnag, Devsar, Verinag, Kokernag, Shangus, Bijbehara and Pahalgam.
The district consists of many tourist places, viz., Achabal, Kokernag, Verinag, Phalgam. Of these places, Phalgam is the most famous place just 50 km from Anantnag Town.
Amarnath Temple, a famous shrine in Hinduism dedicated to Shiva is located in Phalgam. It is the site of an annual pilgrimage, Amarnath Yatra.
According to the 2011 census Anantnag district had a population of 1,070,144, roughly equal to the nation of Cyprus or the US state of Rhode Island. This gives it a ranking of 425th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 375 inhabitants per square kilometre (970 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 37.48 %. Anantnag had a sex ratio of 937 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 64.32% in 2011.
wn.com/Anantnag_district -
Azad Kashmir
Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Urdu: آزاد جموں و کشمیر, Azaad Jammu o- Kashmir, literally Free Jammu and Kashmir ; AJK) or Azad Kashmir (literally Free Kashmir) for short, is the southernmost political entity within the Pakistani-administered part of the former princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. It borders the present-day Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir to the east (separated from it by the Line of Control), Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa to the west, Gilgit–Baltistan to the north, and the Punjab province to the south. With its capital at Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir covers an area of 13,297 square kilometres (5,134 sq mi) and has an estimated population of about four million. Brad Adams the Asia director at Human Rights Watch has said in 2006
Although ‘azad’ means ‘free,’ the residents of Azad Kashmir are anything but, The Pakistani authorities govern Azad Kashmir with strict controls on basic freedoms.
Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan together constitute the disputed region, referred to as Pakistan-administered Kashmir by the United Nations and other international organisations, and as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir in India in contrast to the name Indian-occupied Kashmir which is given to the Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir by Pakistan. The territories have been under control of the two countries since the first Kashmir war after which Azad Kashmir was successfully captured from the princely state by the rebelling militias with the help of Pakistan army.
wn.com/Azad_Kashmir -
Bandipora district
Bandipora district is one of the 22 districts in Jammu and Kashmir state in northern India. Bandipora town is the administrative headquarters of the district. This district was carved out from the erstwhile Baramulla district in 2007. The district is bounded by Kupwara district in the west, Baramulla district in the south and Kargil, Srinagar and Ganderbal districts in the east. This district occupies an area of 398 km². The district has a population of 306511 (2001 census).
The district comprises three tehsils: Bandipora, Sumbal Sonawari and Gurez. The district has three Vidhan Sabha constituencies: Gurez, Bandipora and Sonawari. All of these are part of Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency.
According to the 2011 census Bandipora district has a population of 385,099 , roughly equal to the nation of Maldives. This gives it a ranking of 561st in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 1,117 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,890 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 26.31 %. Bandipora has a sex ratio of 911 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 57.82 %.
wn.com/Bandipora_district -
Bangalore
Bangalore /ˈbæŋɡəlɔər/, also rendered Bengaluru,[needs IPA] is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City for its gardens and parks and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration. Bangalore is well known as a hub for India's information technology sector. It is among the top 10 preferred entrepreneurial locations in the world.
A succession of South Indian dynasties ruled the region of Bangalore until in 1537 AD Kempe Gowda—a feudatory ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire—established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore. Following transitory occupation by Maratha and Mughal, the city remained under the Mysore kingdom. Bangalore continued to be a cantonment of the British and a major city of the Princely State of Mysore which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj. Following the independence of India in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore state, and later Karnataka.
wn.com/Bangalore -
Banihal
Banihal (Devanagari: बनिहाल) is a town and a notified area committee in Doda district in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. "Banihal" means blizzard in Kashmiri language.
It has an average elevation of 1,666 m (5,466 ft). It is located some 37 km (23 mi) away from Qazigund of Anantnag district on NH 1A highway.
Banihal Pass (Devanagari: बनिहाल दर्रा) at 2,832 m (9,291 ft) elevation on Pir Panjal mountain connects Banihal with Qazigund on the other side of the mountain. The Pir Panjal mountain range separates the Kashmir valley in the Indian state Jammu and Kashmir from the outer Himalaya and plains to the south. After closure of the Murree-Muzaffarabad-Srinagar road on partition of India in 1947, Banihal pass was the only passage from Jammu to Srinagar after independence until 1956 when a tunnel was bored through the mountain. The pass is accessible only in summer and remains closed rest of the year due to heavy snow.
A 2.5 km (1.6 mi) long tunnel through Pir Panjal mountain under the Banihal pass connects Banihal with Qazigund on the other side of the mountain. The tunnel named Jawahar tunnel after the first Prime Minister of India was constructed in early 1950s and commissioned in December 1956 to ensure snow-free passage throughout the year. However, it remains closed for a few weeks in winter due to snow avalanches. It is at elevation of about 2,100 m (6,900 ft). It was designed for 150 vehicles per day but now used by more than 7,000 vehicles per day.. Therefore a new wider and longer tunnel has been planned at a lower elevation.
wn.com/Banihal -
Baramulla
Baramulla (translation: Boar's Molar), known as Varahamula in antiquity, is a city and municipality in Baramulla district in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is located on the banks of Jhelum river downstream of Srinagar, the capital city of the state.
The name Baramulla, meaning "Boar's Molar" (from the root word Mula which means deep) is derived from two Sanskrit words Varaha (Boar) and Mula. According to Hindu teaching, the valley of Kashmir was once a lake called "Satisaras," the lake of Parvati. The ancient Hindu texts state that the lake was occupied by a demon, Jalodbhava, until Lord Vishnu, assumed the form of a boar and struck the mountain at Baramulla (ancient Varahamula) boring an opening in it for the water to flow out.
The city of Baramulla was founded by Raja Bhimsina in 2306 BCE.
A number of prominent visitors have travelled to Baramulla. These include the famous Chinese visitor Heiun T'Sang and the British historian, Moorcraft. Mughal emperors had special fascination for Baramulla. Being the gateway of the Kashmir Valley, Baramulla was a halting station for them during their visits to the valley. In 1508 CE Emperor Akbar, who entered the valley via Pakhil, spent a few days at Baramulla and, according to "Tarikh-e-Hassan", the city had been decorated like a bride during Akbar's stay. Jahangir also stayed at Baramulla during his visit to Kashmir in 1620 CE.
wn.com/Baramulla -
Baramulla district
Baramulla district is one of the 22 districts in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Baramulla city is the administrative headquarters of this district. The district covered an area of 4190 km² in 2001 but it was reduced to 3,353 km² at the time of 2011 census.
The name Baramulla, meaning "Boar's Molar Place," is derived from two Sanskrit words Varaha (Boar) and Mula. According to Hindu teaching, the valley of Kashmir was once a lake called "Satisaras," the lake of Parvati. The ancient Hindu texts state that the lake was occupied by a demon, Jalodbhava, until Lord Vishnu, assumed the form of a boar and struck the mountain with his molar at Baramulla (ancient Varahamula) boring an opening in it for the water to flow out.
The city of Baramulla, from which the district derives its name, was founded by Raja Bhimsina in 2306 BCE.
A number of prominent visitors have travelled to Baramulla. These include the famous Chinese visitor Heiun T'Sang and the British historian, Moorcraft. Mughal emperors had special fascination for Baramulla. Being the gateway of the Kashmir Valley, Baramulla was a halting station for them during their visits to the valley. In 1508 CE Emperor Akbar, who entered the valley via Pakhil, spent a few days at Baramulla and, according to "Tarikh-e-Hassan", the city had been decorated like a bride during Akbar's stay. Jahangir also stayed at Baramulla during his visit to Kashmir in 1620 CE.
wn.com/Baramulla_district -
Bardan Monastery
Bardan Monastery or Bardan Gompa is a 17th century Buddhist monastery, approximately 12 kilometres south of Padum, in Zanskar, Ladakh, northern India. It belongs to the Dugpa-Kargyud monastic order and was one of the first monasteries of this sect to be established in Zanskar. The monastery also ran several smaller hermitages in the area.
The monastery consists of a large Dukhang or assembly hall which has some grand statues of Buddhist figures and several small stupas in clay, bronze, wood and copper.
Coordinates: 33°23′24″N 76°54′36″E / 33.39°N 76.91°E / 33.39; 76.91
wn.com/Bardan_Monastery -
Basgo Monastery
Basgo Monastery, also known as Basgo or Bazgo Gompa, is a Buddhist monastery located in Basgo or Bazgo in Leh District, Ladakh, northern India approximately 40 km from Leh.
Although the monastery was built for the Namgyal rulers in 1680, Bazgo itself was embedded in the early days of Ladakh and is frequently mentioned in the Ladakhi Chronicles when it was a political and cultural center. The monastery is situated on top of the hill towering over the ruins of the ancient town and is noted for its Buddha statue and murals. In the 15th century, a palace was built in Basgo.
Coordinates: 34°13′12″N 77°16′48″E / 34.22°N 77.28°E / 34.22; 77.28
wn.com/Basgo_Monastery -
Bhopal
Bhopal /boʊˈpɑːl/ (Hindustani pronunciation: [bʱoːpaːl] (
listen)) is the capital of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and the administrative headquarters of Bhopal District and Bhopal Division. The city was the capital of the former Bhopal State. Bhopal is known as the City of Lakes for its various natural as well as artificial lakes and is also one of the greenest cities in India.
A B-1 class city, Bhopal houses various institutions and installations of national importance. Some of these include ISRO's Master Control Facility, the CSIR Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER Bhopal), School of Planning and Architecture, Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal (associated with Hamidia Hospital, Sultania Zanana Hospital & Kamla Nehru Hospital), and the (approved, under-construction) All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal.
wn.com/Bhopal -
Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar /ˌbʊvəˈneɪʃwər/, also spelled Bhubaneshwar (Oriya: ଭୁବନେଶ୍ଵର Bhubanēsbara
pronunciation (help·info)), is the capital of the Indian state of Orissa, officially spelled Odisha. The city has a history of over 2000 years starting with the Chhedi dynasty (around 2nd century BCE) who had Sisupalgarh near present-day Bhubaneswar as their capital. Bhubaneswar has been known by names such as Toshali, Kalinga Nagari, Nagar Kalinga, Ekamra Kanan, Ekamra Kshetra and Mandira Malini Nagari (City of Temples) otherwise known as the Temple City of India. Bhubaneswar, literally means the Lord (Eeswar) of the Universe (Bhuban). It is the largest city of Orissa, and a center of economic and religious importance in the region today.
Bhubaneswar's possession of magnificent sculptures and architectural heritage, coupled with the sanctity as Ekamrakshetra make this one of the great religious centres of Orissa since early medieval days. With its large number of Hindu temples (over 600 in number), which span the entire spectrum of Kalinga architecture, Bhubaneswar is often referred to as a Temple City of India and together with Puri and Konark it forms the Swarna Tribhuja (Golden Triangle); one of the most visited destinations in East India.
wn.com/Bhubaneswar -
Bihar
Bihar (/bɨˈhɑr/, pronounced [bɪˈɦaːr] ( listen)) is a state in eastern India. It is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical size at 38,202 sq mi (98,940 km2) and 3rd largest by population. Almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, which is the highest proportion in India.
Bihar lies mid-way between West Bengal in the east and Uttar Pradesh in the west. It is bounded by the country of Nepal to the north and by Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is divided into two parts by the river Ganges which flows through the middle from west to east. Bihar has notified forest area of 6,764.14 km2, which is 6.8% of its geographical area. Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the state, while the majority of the people speak Angika, Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili and Bajjika. In 2000, Bihar was divided into 2 parts, the Southern part known as Jharkhand.
Ancient Bihar (which consisted of Anga, Videha/Mithila, Magadha and Vajji/Vrijji) was a centre of power, learning and culture in ancient and classical India. Out of five "The Greats" from India, four greats belonged to this region of India, Magadh: Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka, Samudragupta and Vikramaditya. From Magadha arose India's first and greatest empire, the Maurya empire as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions, Buddhism. Magadha empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule. Its capital Patna, earlier known as Pataliputra, was an important centre of Indian civilization.Nalanda and Vikramshila were centres of learning established in the 5th and 8th century respectively in Bihar, and are counted amongst the oldest and truly international universities, where people all over the world came to study. Bihar has distinction of giving the world its first democracy through Lichchivi (modern days Vaishali) during ancient era.
wn.com/Bihar -
Budgam district
Budgam District is a district of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India. It was formed in 1979.
Budgam district consists of 8 blocks: Beerwah, Nagam, Budgam, B.K.Pora, Khan Sahib, Khag, Narbal and Chadoora. Each block consists of a number of panchayats. The only airport in valley is located at budgam.Main tourist places are DOODHPATHRI,YOUSMARG,TOSAMAIDAN,NILNAG,MOUNT TATAKUTI,PEHJAN. Badgam district is subdivided into four tehsils:
Budgam District has 5 assembly constituencies: Chadoora, Budgam, Beerwah, Khansahib and Charisharief.
Main tourist places include 1)Doodhpathri 33km from budgam & 23 km from kremshora 2)yusmarg 3)tousimoadan
wn.com/Budgam_district -
Chandigarh
Chandigarh /ˈtʃɑːndɨɡər/ is a city and union territory in India that serves as the capital of two states, Haryana and Punjab. The name Chandigarh translates as "The Fort of Chandi". The name is derived from an ancient temple called Chandi Mandir, devoted to the Hindu goddess Chandi, in the city. It is also referred to as The City Beautiful due to its beautiful surroundings, central grid of gardens, each dedicated to different species of flora.
The city of Chandigarh was the first planned city in India and is known internationally for its architecture and urban design. The city has projects designed by architects such as Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Jane Drew, and Maxwell Fry. The city tops the list of Indian States and Union Territories with the highest per capita income in the country at Rs.99,262 at current prices and Rs.70,361 at constant prices (2006–2007). The city was reported in 2010 to be the "cleanest" in India, based on a national government study, and the territory also headed the list of Indian states and territories according to research conducted using 2005 data by Human Development Index.
wn.com/Chandigarh -
Chemrey Monastery
Chemrey Monastery or Chemrey Gompa is a 1664 Buddhist monastery, approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) east of Leh, Ladakh, northern India. It belongs to the Drugpa monastic order and was founded by the Lama Tagsang Raschen and dedicated to King Sengge Namgyal.
The monastery has a notable high Padmasambhava statue. It also contains a valuable collection of scriptures, with title pages in silver and the text in gold letters. The monastery is also a venue for the festival of sacred dances which takes place on the 28th and 29th day of the 9th month of the Tibetan calendar every year.
wn.com/Chemrey_Monastery -
Chennai
Chennai /ˈtʃɛnaɪ/, formerly Madras /məˈdræs/, is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal, it is a major commercial, cultural, and educational centre in South India, while the port of Chennai is the second largest port in India. As of the 2011 census, the city had 4.68 million residents making it the sixth most populous city in India; the urban agglomeration, which comprises the city and its suburbs, was home to approximately 8.9 million, making it the fourth most populous metropolitan area in the country.
Although the area has been part of successive South Indian kingdoms through centuries, the recorded history of the city began in the colonial times, specifically with the arrival of British East India Company and the establishment in 1644 of Fort St George, an English settlement. The British defended several attacks from the French colonial forces, and from the kingdom of Mysore, on Chennai's way to become a major naval port and presidency city by late eighteenth century. Following the independence of India, Chennai became the capital of Tamil Nadu and a hotbed of regional politics that tended to bank on Dravidian identity of the populace. Chennai had become a bustling metropolis with beautiful classical and colonial European styled buildings, lining the city’s thoroughfares.
wn.com/Chennai -
Dehradun
Dehra Dun, or Dehradun /ˌdɛrəˈduːn/ (Hindi: देहरादून, Dēharādūn), is the capital city of the State of Uttarakhand in north India. Located in the Garhwal region, it is 255 km north of India's capital New Delhi and consists of 6 tehsils, 6 community development blocks, 17 towns and 764 inhabited villages. The city has been chosen as one of the "Counter Magnets" of the National Capital Region (NCR) and is being developed as an alternative centre of growth to help ease the migration and population explosion in the Delhi metropolitan area.
Dehradun is renowned for its natural resources, publishing services, and for its prestigious educational institutions such as the Forest Research Institute (FRI), Indian Military Academy (IMA) and several day and boarding schools which are highly reputed across the country. It is also home to national foundations such as the Indian Institute of Petroleum, Survey of India, Wildlife Institute of India and the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation.
Located on the foothills of the Himalayas, the Doon Valley is nestled between two of India's mightiest rivers - the Ganges on the east and the Yamuna on the west. Dehradun is famous for its picturesque landscape and pleasant climate and provides a gateway to the surrounding region. It is well connected and in proximity to popular Himalayan tourist destinations such as Mussoorie, Nainital and Auli and the Hindu holy cities of Haridwar and Rishikesh along with the Himalayan pilgrimage circuit of Char Dham.
wn.com/Dehradun -
Delhi
Delhi (/ˈdɛli/; locally pronounced Dillee or Dehli), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with 16.7 million inhabitants in the Territory at the 2011 Census. The region has been given special status of National Capital Region under The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991. There are nearly 22.2 million residents in the greater National Capital Region urban area (which also includes the cities Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon,Sonepat and Faridabad along with other smaller nearby towns).
Delhi is known to have been continuously inhabited since at least the 6th century BCE, though human habitation is believed to have existed since the second millennium BCE. Delhi is also widely believed to have been the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas during the times of the Mahabharata. Delhi re-emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain after the rise of the Delhi sultanates. It is the site of many ancient and medieval monuments, archaeological sites and remains.
wn.com/Delhi -
Diskit Monastery
Diskit Monastery also known as Deskit Gompa or Diskit Gompa is the oldest and largest Buddhist monastery (gompa) in the Nubra Valley of Ladakh, northern India.
It belongs to the Gelugpa (Yellow Hat) sect of Tibetan Buddhism. It was founded by Changzem Tserab Zangpo, a disciple of Tsong Khapa, founder of Gelugpa, in the 14th century. It is a sub-gompa of the Thikse gompa.
Lachung Temple and Hundur Monastery are also located nearby, the latter is below the main road near a bridge.
The monastery has statue of Maitreya Buddha in the prayer hall, a huge drum and several images of fierce guardian deities. An elevated cupola of the moanstery depicts a fresco of the Tashilhunpo Monastery of Tibet.
The Monastery administration runs a school, with support from a Non-Government Organization (NGO) known as the "Tibet Support Group", which has computer facilities and teaches scienece subjects, in English, to Tibetan children of the region.
A popular festival known as Dosmoche or the "Festival of the Scapegoat" is held in the precincts of the monastery in February during the winter season, which is largely attended by people from villages of the Nubra valley since the other regions in Leh are inaccessible during this period due to heavy snow fall.
wn.com/Diskit_Monastery -
Dispur
Dispur /dɪsˈpʊər/ pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of Assam, in northeast India.
Dispur has existed as a locality on the outskirts of Guwahati, took its place as the capital of Assam in 1973. This was after Shillong, the erstwhile capital, became the capital of the state of Meghalaya that was carved out of Assam.
Dispur is the seat of Government of Assam. The Assam Secretariat building is located in Dispur along with the Assam Assembly House and the State Emergency Operations Centre. The Assam Trunk road and the G S road passes through Dispur. To the south of Dispur is the theologically important site of Basistha Ashram and the Shankardev Kalakshetra, a cultural center created in the 1990s. Next to Dispur is the ancient township of Jatia.
Though it is well known as the capital of Assam, Dispur is also known for its tea auctions market. It is easily accessible from Guwahati. As is the case of Assam, Dispur too is on the earthquake belt.
Dispur is part of Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency).
wn.com/Dispur -
Doda district
Doda is a district in eastern part of Jammu region of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is the third largest district in Jammu and Kashmir after Leh and Kargil. Doda acquired the status of a district when it was carved out of the erstwhile district of Udhampur in 1948. Lying in the middle and outer Himalayan ranges, the district has mostly a hilly terrain. In view of its vastness and due to the inconvenience faced by people living in its far-flung areas and for making the whole area administratively manageable, the State Government, in July, 2006, trifurcated the district into the districts namely Doda, Ramban and Kishtwar. The district is surrounded by Anantnag district of Kashmir Division on its north, Kishtwar district in the northeast, Chamba area of Himachal Pradesh in the south, Kathua district in the south, Udhampur district in the southwest and Ramban district in the west.
Doda district has a rich history. The district is named after its largest town, Doda. It is said that one of the ancient Rajas of Kishtwar whose dominion extended beyond Doda persuaded one utensil maker Deeda, a migrant from Multan (now in Pakistan), to settle permanently in this territory and set up an utensil factory there. Deeda is said to have settled in a village which later on was called with his name. With the passage of time the name Deeda has changed into Doda, the present name of the town.
wn.com/Doda_district -
Ganderbal district
Ganderbal District (گاندربل ضلع (Perso-Arabic)}}) is a newly formed district of the state of Jammu and Kashmir of India. It was formerly 2 tehsils (Ganderbal and Kangan) of Srinagar District.
Ganderbal, like the rest of the Kashmir Valley, has witnessed many vicissitudes and experienced many upheavals from time to time. No significant ancient building or archaeological site is found in the district today, except for the Naranag temple, as most of the ancient architectural monuments in the area were destroyed during the rule of Sultan Sikander. What must have once been magnificent architectural show pieces are now in grand ruins.
Kheer Bawani temple is constructed over a sacred spring situated in village Tulmulla, 5 kilometers from the district headquartes of Ganderbal. It is among the ancient temples of Kashmir which has stood even today in its original form of architecture, when most of other temples were destroyed. It is dedicated to the Goddess Kheer Bhawani (originally just Bhawani) . The worship of Kheer Bhawani is universal among the Hindus of Kashmir, and other parts of India. A week long pilgrimage has been restored in the month of may every year in which thousands of devotees visits the temple.
wn.com/Ganderbal_district -
Gandhinagar
Gandhinagar /ɡɑːndɨˈnɑːɡər/ (Gujarati: ગાંધીનગર pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of the state of Gujarat in western India. Gandhinagar is located approximately 23 km North from Ahmedabad, the biggest city of Gujarat, on the west central point of the Industrial corridor between Delhi, the political capital of India, and Mumbai, the financial capital of India.
In 1960, when the old Bombay State was bifurcated into the present states of Maharashtra and Gujarat, Bombay city fell to the share of Maharastra. It was then decided to build an entirely new capital for Gujarat.
Gandhinagar, Gujarat's new capital city, lies on the west bank of the Sabarmati River, about 464 km away from Mumbai, the financial capital of India. Gandhinagar presents the spacious, well-organized look of an architecturally integrated city.
Thirty sectors, into which the city has been divided, stretch around the central Government complex. Each sector has its own shopping and community center, primary school, health center, government and private housing. Apart from which there is a generous provision for wide open green parks, extensive planting and a large recreational area along the river giving the city a lush green garden-city atmosphere.
wn.com/Gandhinagar -
Gangtok
Gangtok /ˈɡæŋtɒk/ (Devanagri: गान्तोक (help·info)Tibetan: སྒང་ཐོག་) is the capital and largest town of the Indian state of Sikkim. Gangtok is located in the Shivalik Hills of the eastern Himalayan range, at an altitude of 1,437 metres (4,715 ft). The town, with a population of thirty thousand belonging to different ethnicities such as Indian-Nepalis, Lepchas and Bhutia, is administered by the "Gangtok Municipal Corporation". Nestled within higher peaks of the Himalaya and enjoying a year-round mild temperate climate, Gangtok is at the centre of Sikkim’s tourism industry.
Gangtok rose to prominence as a popular Buddhist pilgrimage site after the construction of the Enchey Monastery in 1840. In 1894, the ruling Sikkimese Chogyal, Thutob Namgyal, transferred the capital to Gangtok. In the early 20th century, Gangtok became a major stopover on the trade route between Lhasa in Tibet and cities such as Kolkata (then Calcutta) in British India. After India won its independence from Britain in 1947, Sikkim chose to remain an independent monarchy, with Gangtok as its capital. In 1975, after the integration with the union of India, Gangtok was made India's twenty-second state capital.
wn.com/Gangtok -
Gilgit
Gilgit (Urdu, Shina: گلگت) is the capital city of Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan. Gilgit City forms a tehsil of Gilgit, within Gilgit District. Its ancient name was Sargin, later to be known as Gilit, and it is still called Gilit or Sargin-Gilit by local people. In the Burushaski language, it is named Geelt and in Wakhi and Khowar it is called Gilt. Ghallata is considered its name in ancient Sanskrit literature. Gilgit City is one of the two major hubs in Gilgit Baltistan for mountaineering expeditions to the Karakoram and other the peaks in the Himalayas, the other hub being Skardu.[citation needed]
Gilgit was an important city on the Silk Road, along which Buddhism was spread from South Asia to the rest of Asia.[citation needed]
The Dards and Chinas appear in many of the old Pauranic lists of peoples who lived in the region, with the former also mentioned in Ptolemy's accounts of the region. Two famous travellers, Faxian and Xuanzang, traversed Gilgit according to their accounts.[citation needed]
wn.com/Gilgit -
Gulmarg
Gulmarg (translation: "Meadow of Flowers") is a town, a hill station, a popular skiing destination and a notified area committee in Baramula district in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Gulmarg is located 52 km from Srinagar. It is located at 34°03′N 74°23′E / 34.05°N 74.38°E / 34.05; 74.38. It has an average elevation of 2,690 m (8,825 ft).
At the 2001 India census, Gulmarg had a population of 664, though many people are required to leave by nightfall. Only tourists and those working in the tourism industry may stay overnight. Males constitute 99% of the population and females 1%. Gulmarg has an average literacy rate of 96%, higher than the Indian national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 97%, and female literacy is 22%. In Gulmarg, 0% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Gulmarg has been a resort for the kings like Yousuf Shah Chak and Jahangir who used to visit frequently. The old name of Gulmarg was "Gaurimarg", the name of Lord Shiva's wife. Yousuf Shah Chak changed its name to Gulmarg, meaning the place of roses. During the early part of the 20th century the famous Central Asian explorer Sir Marc Aurel Stein (1862–1943), made his home here in a tent between his expeditions. It was a favourite summer holiday destination for the British stationed in India.
wn.com/Gulmarg -
Hanle Monastery
Hanle Monastery or Hanle or Analy Gompa is a 17th century Buddhist monastery of the "Red Hat" Tibetan Drukpa Kagyu branch of Tibetan Buddhism, located in the Hanle Valley, Leh District, Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir in northern India on an old branch of the ancient Ladakh - Tibet trade route. The valley is home to about a thousand people, with about 300 people living in Hanle village. The monastery is home to about ten monks while another 33 or so come regularly for prayers. It is only 19 kilometres or 12 miles from the disputed frontier between India and Chinese-controlled Tibet.
The main monastery, one of the largest and best known of Ladakh's monasteries, was built under the patronage of the Ladakhi king Sengge Namgyal (r. c. 1616-1642 CE) with the assistance of the famous Tibetan priest, Stag-tsang-ras-pa. It was the first to be associated with the Drugpa school that Stag-tsang-ras-pa belonged to and which, under the patronage of the Namgyal family, became very important in Ladakh, seriously rivaling the reformed ("Yellow Hat") Gelug. The monasteries of Hanle, Hemis, Chemrey and Stakna all belong to the Drukpa school.
wn.com/Hanle_Monastery -
Hari Parbat
Hari Parbat or Koh e Maran (Urdu: کوہ مارں)(Hindi: हारी पर्बत) Coordinates: 34°6′19″N 74°48′58″E / 34.10528°N 74.81611°E / 34.10528; 74.81611 is a hill overlooking Srinagar, the largest city and summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is the site of a Durrani fort, built in 1808. It has the famous Shakti Temple on the western Slope and Muslim shrines of Khwaja Makhdoom Sahib and Akhund Mullah Shah on the southern slope. On the southern side of the outer wall there is a Gurudwara, which commemorates the visit of Guru Hargobind.
The first fortifications on the site were constructed by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1590. He built an outer wall for the fort, and planned a new capital called Nager Nagor to be built within the wall. That project was never completed. The present fort was built in 1808 under the reign of Shuja Shah Durrani.
The hill is considered sacred by the Kashmiri Pandits due to the presence of temple of Sharika. Temple is of goddess Jagadamba Sharika Bhagwati. She has 18 arms and is regarded as the presiding deity (`isht`-Devi) of Srinagar city. The goddess is represented by a Swyambhu Shrichakra (Mahamaha Shrichakra), also called Mahashriyantra, which consists of circular mystic impressions and triangular patterns with a dot (bindu) at the center. Sharika Devi is believed to be a form of Durga Mata or Shakti.
wn.com/Hari_Parbat -
Hemis Monastery
Hemis Monastery is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery (gompa) of the Drukpa Lineage, located in Hemis, Ladakh (within the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir). Situated 45 km from Leh, the monastery was re-established in 1672 by the Ladakhi king Sengge Namgyal. The annual Hemis festival honoring Padmasambhava is held here in early June.
Hemis Monastery existed before the 11th century. Naropa, the pupil of the yogi Tilopa, and teacher of the translator Marpa is connected with this monastery. A translation was made by A. Grünwedel (Nӑro und Tilo,: Festschrift Ernst Kuhn, München 1916) of Naropa's biography that was found in Hemis monastery.
In this manuscript Naropa (or Naro) meets the "dark blue" (Skr.: nila: dark blue or black) Tilopa (or Tillo), a tantric master, who gives Naropa 12 "great" and 12 "small" tasks to do in order to enlighten him to the inherent emptiness/illusoriness of all things. Naropa is depicted as the "abbott of Nalanda" (F. Wilhelm, Prüfung und Initiation im Buche Pausya und in der Biographie des Naropa, Wiesbaden 1965, p. 70), the university-monastery in today's Bihar, India, that flourished until the sacking by Turkish and Afghan Muslim forces. This sacking must have been the driving force behind Naropa's peregrination in the direction of Hemis. After Naropa and Tilopa met in Hemis they travelled back in the direction of a certain monastery in the now no longer existing kingdom of Maghada, called Otantra which has been identified as today's Otantapuri. Naropa is consered the founding father of the Kagyu-lineage of the Himalayan esoteric Buddhism. Hence Hemis is the main seat of the Kagyu lineage of Buddhism.
wn.com/Hemis_Monastery -
Hundur Monastery
Hundur Monastery, also known as Hundur Gompa, is a Buddhist monastery in the Nubra Valley of Ladakh, northern India. It is located near Diskit Monastery and Lachung Temple, situated just below the main road, near the bridge.
wn.com/Hundur_Monastery -
Imphal
Imphal (/ˈɪmpəl/, Imphal.ogg (help·info)) is the capital of the Indian state of Manipur.
In the heart of the town and surrounded by a moat, are ruins of the old Palace of Kangla. Kangla Fort used to be the home of the Assam Rifles, a paramilitary force and on November 2004 it was handed over to state of Manipur by Prime minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. Another place of historical interest is the Polo Ground which is the oldest existing polo ground in the world.[citation needed] Near the Polo Ground is the Manipur State Museum, which has a collection of old artifacts and pictures depicting the history of Manipur. 'Ima Keithel' at Khwairamband Bazar is the only market in the world where, as the name suggests(Ima-Mother,Keithel-Market), all the stalls are run by women.[citation needed]
In 1944 during World War II the Battle of Imphal, along with the simultaneous Battle of Kohima, was the turning point in the Burma Campaign. For the first time in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II the Japanese lost the initiative to the Allies, who retained it until the end of the war.[citation needed]
wn.com/Imphal -
India
India (
i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
wn.com/India -
Itanagar
Itanagar /ˌiːtəˈnɑːɡər/ (Hindi: ईटानगर pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. Itanagar is situated at the foothills of Himalayas. It comes administratively under Papum Pare district.
As a capital city, Itanagar is well connected with the rest of the country by road and air communications. There is a helicopter service between Guwahati and Naharlagun (Itanagar). Buses are available from Guwahati. The nearest railway station is Harmoti in Assam.
Interesting places around are historical fort called Ita-fort which dates back to the 15th century (after which the city is named), legendary Ganga Lake or Gyakar Sinyi and the new Buddhist temple known as Buddha Vihar consecrated by the Dalai Lama. As of today, Itanagar has two churches.
Important economic activities include farming and agriculture.
Arunachal Pradesh has an engineering, applied science and management institute named NERIST(North Eastern Regional Institute of Science And Technology) whose foundation stone was laid by then president of India, the late Giani Zail Singh. It is now a deemed university under the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD).
wn.com/Itanagar -
Jaipur
Jaipur /ˈdʒaɪpʊər/ (Rajasthani: जैपर , Hindi: जयपुर Urdu: جئے پور [ˈdʒəjpʊɾ] ( listen)), also popularly known as the 'Pink City', is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan. Founded on 18 November 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II, the ruler of Amber, the city today has a population of 3.1 million.
Jaipur is one of the finest planned cities of India, located in the semi-desert lands of Rajasthan. The city which once had been the capital of the royalty now is the capital city of Rajasthan. The very structure of Jaipur resembles the taste of the Rajputs and the Royal families. At present, Jaipur is a major business centre with all requisites of a metropolitan city.
Some of the famous areas in Jaipur include Mansarovar, the largest housing colony in Asia, Sanganer, famous for handmade paper industry and Sanganeri hand block-printing, Bapu Nagar, Malviya Nagar and Vaishali Nagar.
The city is remarkable among pre-modern Indian cities for the width and regularity of its streets which are laid out into six sectors separated by broad streets 34 m (111 ft) wide. The urban quarters are further divided by networks of gridded streets. Five quarters wrap around the east, south, and west sides of a central palace quarter, with a sixth quarter immediately to the east. The Palace quarter encloses a sprawling palace complex, (Hawa Mahal), formal gardens, and a small lake. Nahargarh Fort, which was the residence of the King Sawai Jai Singh II, crowns the hill in the northwest corner of the old city. The observatory, Jantar Mantar, is one of the World Heritage Sites. Included on the Golden Triangle tourist circuit, along with Delhi and Agra, Jaipur is an extremely popular tourist destination in Rajasthan and India.
wn.com/Jaipur -
Jammu
Jammu /ˈdʒɑːmuː/ (Dogri: जम्मू, Urdu: جموں pronunciation (help·info), Punjabi: ਜੰਮੂ), also known informally as Duggardesh, is one of the three administrative divisions within Jammu and Kashmir, the northernmost state in India. The region is not a state per se but a part of the state of Jammu & Kashmir. It consists of the districts of Doda, Kathua, Jammu, Udhampur, Rajouri, Ramban, Reasi, Samba, Kishtwar & Poonch. Most of the land is hilly or mountainous, including the Pir Panjal range which separates it from the Kashmir Valley and part of the Great Himalayas in the eastern districts of Doda and Kishtwar. The principal river is the Chenab.
Jammu city, officially called Jammu-Tawi, is the largest city in Jammu and the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu City is also known as "City of Temples" as it has many temples and shrines, with glittering shikhars soaring into the sky, which dot the city’s skyline, creating the ambiance of a holy and peaceful Hindu city.
Home to some of the most popular Hindu shrines, such as Vaishno Devi, Jammu is a pilgrimage tourism destination in India. The majority of Jammu's 5.9 million population practices Hinduism, while Islam and Sikhism enjoy a strong cultural heritage in the region. Due to relatively better infrastructure, Jammu has emerged as the main economic center of the state.
wn.com/Jammu -
Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmiri/ˌdʒɑːmuː/ & /ˈkæʃmɪər/ is the northernmost state of India. It is situated mostly in the Himalayan mountains. Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south and internationally with the People's Republic of China to the north and east and the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, to the west and northwest respectively.
Formerly a part of the erstwhile Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu, which governed the larger historic region of Kashmir, this territory is disputed among China, India and Pakistan. Pakistan, which claims the territory as disputed, refers to it alternatively as Indian-occupied Kashmir or Indian-held Kashmir, while some international agencies such as the United Nations, call it Indian-administered Kashmir. The regions under the control of Pakistan are referred to as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir or PoK within India.
Jammu and Kashmir consists of three regions: Jammu, the Kashmir valley and Ladakh. Srinagar is the summer capital, and Jammu is the winter capital. While the Kashmir valley is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape, Jammu's numerous shrines attract tens of thousands of Hindu pilgrims every year. Ladakh, also known as "Little Tibet", is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and Buddhist culture.
wn.com/Jammu_and_Kashmir -
Jammu district
Jammu District is a district in Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu is the winter capital of the state. The majority of the population of the district practise Hinduism; people of all religions, Muslims, Sikhs live in peace and harmony. Jammu is also known as city of temples with major attraction as Maa Vaishno Devi which is located around 50 km from Jammu City. There are other temples with historical importance which add to the rich heritage of Jammu.
As of 2011 it is the most populous district of Jammu and Kashmir (out of 22).
Jammu district comprises 4 tehsils -
This district consists of 8 blocks: Akhnoor, Bhalwal, Bishnah, Khour, Marh, Ranbirsinghpora, Satwari and Dansal. Each block consists of a number of panchayats.
According to the 2011 census Jammu district has a population of 1,526,406, roughly equal to the nation of Gabon or the US state of Hawaii. This gives it a ranking of 326th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 596 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,540 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.48 %. Jammu has a sex ratio of 871 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 83.98 %.
wn.com/Jammu_district -
Jhelum River
Jehlum River or Jhelum River ( /ˈdʒeɪləm/) (Sanskrit: वितस्ता, Kashmiri: Vyeth, Hindi: झेलम, Punjabi: ਜੇਹਲਮ (Gurmukhi), Urdu: دریاۓ جہلم (Nastaliq)) is a river that flows in India and Pakistan. It is the largest and most western of the five rivers of Punjab, and passes through Jhelum District. It is a tributary of the Chenab River and has a total length of about 505 miles (813 kilometers).
The river Jhelum is called Vitastā in the Rigveda and Hydaspes by the ancient Greeks. The Vitasta (Sanskrit: वितस्ता, fem., also, Vetastā) is mentioned as one of the major rivers by the holy scriptures of the Indo-Aryans — the Rigveda. It has been speculated that the Vitastā must have been one of the seven rivers (sapta-sindhu) mentioned so many times in the Rigveda. The name survives in the Kashmiri name for this river as Vyeth. According to the major religious work Srimad Bhagavatam, the Vitastā is one of the many transcendental rivers flowing through land of Bharata, or ancient India.
wn.com/Jhelum_River -
Karakoram Highway
Coordinates: 35°36′N 74°39′E / 35.6°N 74.65°E / 35.6; 74.65
The Karakoram Highway (KKH) is the highest paved international road in the world. It connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass, at an altitude of 4,693 m/15,397 ft as confirmed by both SRTM and multiple GPS readings. It connects China's Xinjiang region with Pakistan's Gilgit–Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa regions and also serves as a popular tourist attraction. Due to its high elevation and the difficult conditions in which it was constructed, it is also referred to as the "Ninth Wonder of the World."
The Karakorum Highway is known informally as the KKH, and — within Pakistan — officially as the N-35; within China, officially as China National Highway 314 (G314).
The Karakoram Highway, also known as the Friendship Highway in China, was built by the governments of Pakistan and China, it was started in 1959 and was completed in 1979 (open to the public since 1986) about 810 Pakistanis and about 200 Chinese workers lost their lives, mostly in landslides and falls, while building the highway. The route of the KKH traces one of the many paths of the ancient Silk Road.
wn.com/Karakoram_Highway -
Kargil district
Kargil is a district of Ladakh region in Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Kargil lies near the Line of Control facing Gilgit–Baltistan to the west, and Kashmir valley to the south. Zanskar is part of Kargil district along with Suru, Wakha and Dras valleys. Kargil was at the center of a conflict between India and Pakistan in 1999.
As of 2011 it is the least populous district of Jammu and Kashmir (out of 22).
Kargil district is nestled in the Himalayas, giving it a cool, temperate climate. Summers are warm with cool nights, while winters are long and cold with temperatures often dropping to −40 °C (−40 °F) with recorded temperatures of −60 °C (−76 °F) in the tiny town of Dras, situated some 56 km (35 mi) from the Kargil town. The Zanskar plateau is even colder, making it thus a near-uninhabitable place for humans, except for the hardy Khampas. The entire Kargil district is spread over 14,086 km2 (5,439 sq mi). The Suru River flows through the district.
National Highway 1D, connecting Srinagar to Leh, cuts through Kargil. This highway is typically open for traffic only from June to mid-November due to heavy snowfall at the Zoji La, but in recent years it has been opened before June. Kargil is located 204 km (127 mi) from the capital city of Srinagar. There is a partially paved road—the first 40 kilometres (25 mi) or so—leading from Kargil south to Zanskar. Total distance to Zanskar is nearly 220 km (140 mi), which is again open only from June to September. The region has recently been opening to tourists, with steps a travel hub by the Indian Government. Recently, both India and Pakistan have considered linking the Pakistan town of Skardu with Kargil via a bus route to facilitate free movement of Kashmiris in the area.
wn.com/Kargil_district -
Kargil town
Kargil (Hindi: करगिल [kərɡɪl], Ladakhi: ཀར་གིལ་) is a town, which serves as the headquarters of Kargil district of Ladakh in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India. It is the second largest town in Ladakh after Leh. It is located 60 km and 204 km from Drass and Srinagar to the west respectively, 234 km from Leh to the east, 240 km from Padum to the southeast and 1,047 km to Delhi in the south.
Kargil has an average elevation of 2,676 metres (8,780 feet), and is situated along the banks of the Suru River (Indus). The town of Kargil is located 205 km (127 mi) from Srinagar, facing the Northern Areas across the LOC. Like other areas in the Himalayas, Kargil has a temperate climate. Summers are cool with frigid nights, while winters are long and chilly with temperatures often dropping to −48 °C (−54 °F).
An Indian national highway (NH 1D) connecting Srinagar to Leh cuts through Kargil.
Before the Partition of India in 1947, Kargil was part of the Baltistan district of Ladakh, a sparsely populated region with diverse linguistic, ethnic and religious groups, living in isolated valleys separated by some of the world's highest mountains. The First Kashmir War (1947–48) concluded with the LOC bisecting the Baltistan district, with the town and district of Kargil lying on the Indian side in the Ladakh subdivision of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. At the end of Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the two nations signed the Simla Agreement promising not to engage in armed conflict with respect to that boundary.
wn.com/Kargil_town -
Kashmir
Kashmir (Balti, Gojri, Poonchi/Chibhali, Dogri: कश्मीर; Kashmiri: कॅशीर, کٔشِیر; Ladakhi: ཀཤམིར; Uyghur: كەشمىر; Shina: کشمیر) is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range. Today Kashmir denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir (the Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh), the Pakistani-administered Gilgit–Baltistan and the Azad Kashmir provinces, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract.
In the first half of the first millennium, the Kashmir region became an important center of Hinduism and later of Buddhism; later still, in the ninth century, Kashmir Shaivism arose. In 1349, Shah Mir became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir and inaugurated the Salatin-i-Kashmir or Swati dynasty. For the next five centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals, who ruled from 1526 until 1751, then the Afghan Durrani Empire that ruled from 1747 until 1820. That year, the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh, annexed Kashmir. In 1846, upon the purchase of the region from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, the Dogras—under Gulab Singh—became the new rulers. Dogra Rule, under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown, lasted until 1947, when the former princely state became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China.
wn.com/Kashmir -
Kashmir Valley
Kashmir valley (Kashmiri: कश्मीर वादी (Devanagari), کشمِیر وادی (Perso-Arabic)) or Vale of Kashmir is a valley between Karakoram and the Pir Panjal Range. It is around 135 km long and 32 km wide, formed by the Jhelum River.Jahangir called it "Paradise on Earth." Kashmir valley lies completely within the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Srinagar is its main city and also the summer capital of the state. Other main cities are Anantnag and Baramulla. It has access to Jammu region of the state of Jammu and Kashmir and the rest of India through the Banihal road tunnel near Qazigund on NH 1A.
Kashmir valley is a popular tourist destination for domestic (Indian) and foreign tourists. Among the popular tourist places in the valley are Gulmarg that has a ski resort, Dal Lake that has popular house boats, Pahalgam and Amarnath Temple.
Kashmir valley has a 119 km (74 mi) long modern railway line that started in October 2009 and connects Baramulla in the western part of the valley to Srinagar and Qazigund.
wn.com/Kashmir_Valley -
Kathua
Kathua (Dogri/Pahari/Hindi: कठुआ) is a city and a Municipal Council in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is the largest city of the Kathua district. It is the third-largest city in the Duggardesh (Jammu) region and the sixth-largest in the state. The word "Kathua" is derived from the word "Thuan" in Dogri which means "Scorpios". The city was the land of Scorpios before the settling of the Dogras who arrived and made the city. Some believe that its name is derived from the name of Rishi Kashyap who disguised himself as a tortoise (kashua) for strong meditation.Kathua is also called 'the city of Sufis' owing to the presence of large number of Sufi Shrines of Peers.
Kathua is located at 32°22′N 75°31′E / 32.37°N 75.52°E / 32.37; 75.52. It has an average elevation of 307 metres (1,007 ft). Many parts of the district and the city itself lie on plains while the tehsils of Basoli and Billawar are very hilly. The Kandi region - the barren lowlands at shiwalik foothills constitute it. A gateway to the northernmost state of Jammu and Kashmir, Kathua lies just 88 kilometres south of the state's winter capital of Jammu. The city is situated along the banks of a khad (river) dividing it into two parts: Parliwand, meaning the other side; and Urliwand, meaning this side. Both parts are connected by three bridges.
wn.com/Kathua -
Kathua district
Kathua district is one of 22 administrative districts that comprise the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India. It is surrounded by Jammu to the northwest, the Doda and Udhampur districts to the north, the state of Himachal Pradesh to the east, Punjab to the south, and Pakistan's working boundary to the west. Its terrain is diverse, consisting of rich agricultural areas along the Punjab/Kashmir border, plains sweeping eastward to the foothills of the Himalaya, and a mountainous Pahari region in the east.
Kathua district is divided into 8 blocks:Bani, Barnoti, Basholi, Billawar, Duggan, Ghagwal, Hiranagar, Kathua and Lohai Malhar. It has approximately 587 villages.
The traditional language of Kathua is Dogri. The Pahari languages are prevalent in the mountainous area of the east. The principal media of education are English, Hindi, and Urdu.
In a Muslim majority state, Kathua, like the Jammu region, is overwhelmingly Hindu, Total Population is 550,084 (Census of India 2001), Hinduism practiced by 91%, Muslims 7% and Sikhs 2%.
wn.com/Kathua_district -
Kavaratti
Kavaratti (Malayalam: കവരത്തി) is the capital of the Union Territory of Lakshadweep in India. Kavaratti is a census town as well as the name of the atoll upon which the town stands.
It is well-known for its pristine white sand beaches and calm lagoons, which makes it a popular tourist destination.
The island of Kavaratti lies 360 km (190 nmi) off the coast of the state of Kerala at 10°34′N 72°37′E / 10.57°N 72.62°E / 10.57; 72.62. It has an average elevation of 0 metres (0 feet).
The closest island is uninhabited Pitti islet, located 24 km (13 nmi) north of Kavaratti. The inhabited island of Agatti lies 54 km to the NW and the uninhabited Suheli Par 53 km to the SW.
Kochi is the closest major city on the Indian mainland at a distance of 404 km (218 nmi).
Kavaratti has a tropical monsoon climate. March to May are the hottest months of the year. The year-round temperature ranges between 25-35°C. Humidity range is 70-76%.
The monsoon rains usually start at the end of May and continue through early September. The island receives an average of 1600mm of rain during the year.
wn.com/Kavaratti -
Kheer bhawani
Kheer Bhawani is a temple dedicated to the Goddess Kheer Bhawani (originally just Bhawani) constructed over a sacred spring .The worship of Kheer Bhawani is universal among the Hindus of Kashmir. The temple is situated at a distance of 14 miles east of Srinagar near the village of Tula Mula. The term kheer refers to rice pudding that is offered in the spring to propitiate the Goddess, which became part of the name of the temple. As is the custom with Hindu deities, she has many names: Maharagya Devi, Ragnya Devi, Rajni, Ragnya Bhagwati, and so on.
It is the most important temple for the followers of Historical Vedic Religion in Kashmir, known as the Kashmiri Pandits. Around the temple is an area covered with smooth and beautiful stones. In it are large, old-growth chinar trees beneath which the pilgrims sit or sleep on mats of grass. While most of the colours do not have any particular significance, the colour of the spring water changes occasionally. When black or darkish, its believed to be an indication of inauspicious times for Kashmir. In 1886, Walter Lawrence, the-then British settlement commissioner for land, during his visit to the spring, reported the water of the spring to have a violet tinge. Kashmiris claim to have observed a darkish or murky tinge to the water just before the assassination of Indira Gandhi and the 1989 insurgency in the valley.
wn.com/Kheer_bhawani -
Kishtwar district
Kishtwar District is a newly formed district of the state of Jammu and Kashmir of India. As of 2011 it is the third least populous district of Jammu and Kashmir (out of 22), after Kargil and Leh.
Kishtwar district consists of 9 blocks: Marwah, Warwan, Dachan, Kishtwar, Nagsani, Drubshall, Inderwal, Chatroo, and Paddar. Each block consists of a number of panchayats.
Block Kishtwar is the 1st block of Kishtwar District and Beron Town 1st Kishtwar is the 1st panchayat of Block Kishtwar, beron town panchayat consists of Panditgam, Zewar, Nagdera, Semmna and Wazgwari
Kishwar Sub-District:
Marwah Sub-District:
Padder Sub-District:
Kishtwar District has 2 assembly constituencies: Inderwal and Kishtwar. Marwah consist 12 panchayats 1.Nowpachi2.Nowgam.3.yourdu.4 pethgam.5.Ranie A.6 Ranie B 7.Quderna.8 Quderna B.9 Chanjer.10 Dehrana.11 Hanzal.12.Teller
According to the 2011 census Kishtwar district has a population of 231,037 , roughly equal to the nation of Vanuatu. This gives it a ranking of 586th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 125 inhabitants per square kilometre (320 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 21.06 %. Kishtwar has a sex ratio of 917 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 58.54 %.
wn.com/Kishtwar_district -
Kohima
Kohima /koʊˈhiːmə/ (Hindi: कोहिमा pronunciation (help·info)) is the hilly capital of India's north eastern border state of Nagaland which shares its borders with Burma. It lies in Kohima District and is also one of the three Nagaland towns with Municipal council status along with Dimapur and Mokokchung.
Kohima is the land of the Angami Naga tribe. The name, Kohima, was officially given by the British as they could not pronounce the Angami name Kewhima or Kewhira (Tenyidie for "the land where the flower Kewhi grows"). It is so called after the wild flowering plant Kewhi, found in the mountains. Earlier, Kohima was also known as Thigoma. Kohima is located south of Kohima District (25°40′N 94°07′E / 25.67°N 94.12°E / 25.67; 94.12) and has an average elevation of 1261 metres (4137 feet). The town of Kohima is located on the top of a high ridge and the town serpentines all along the top of the surrounding mountain ranges as is typical of most Naga settlements.
The British incursions into the Naga territory beginning in the 1840s met with stiff resistance from the independence loving Nagas who had never been conquered by any empire before. The stiffness of the resistance can be gauged by the fact that it took nearly four decades for the British to conquer a territory that is less than 10,000 square kilometres (the eastern region was left free). Kohima was the first seat of modern administration as the Headquarters of Naga Hills District (then under Assam) with the appointment of G.H. Damant as Political Officer in 1879. When Nagaland became a full fledged state on 1 December 1963, Kohima was christened as the state capital.
wn.com/Kohima -
Kolkata
Kolkata /kɒlˈkætə/, or Calcutta /kælˈkʌtə/, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, it is the principal commercial, cultural, and educational centre of East India, while the Port of Kolkata is India's oldest port as well as its sole major riverine port. As of 2011, the city had 4.5 million residents; the urban agglomeration, which comprises the city and its suburbs, was home to approximately 14.1 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India. As of 2008, its economic output as measured by gross domestic product ranked third among South Asian cities, behind Mumbai and Delhi. As a growing metropolitan city in a developing country, Kolkata confronts substantial urban pollution, traffic congestion, poverty, overpopulation, and other logistic and socioeconomic problems.
In the late 17th century, the three villages that predated Kolkata were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading license in 1690, the area was developed by the Company into an increasingly fortified mercantile base. Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Kolkata in 1756, and the East India Company retook it in the following year and by 1772 assumed full sovereignty. Under East India Company and later under the British Raj, Kolkata served as the capital of India until 1911, when its perceived geographical disadvantages, combined with growing nationalism in Bengal, led to a shift of the capital to New Delhi. The city was a centre of the Indian independence movement; it remains a hotbed of contemporary state politics. Following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata—which was once the centre of modern Indian education, science, culture, and politics—witnessed several decades of relative economic stagnation. Since the early 2000s, an economic rejuvenation has led to accelerated growth.
wn.com/Kolkata -
Korzok Monastery
Korzok, also known as Karzok or Kurzok, is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery belonging to the Drukpa Lineage and ancient village on the western bank of Tsomoriri Lake in Leh District, Ladakh, India. Korzok, situated at 4,595 metres (15,075 ft), houses a Shakyamuni Buddha and other statues. It is home to about 35 monks.
In the past, the monastery was the headquarters of the Rupshu Valley. As a Drugpa order monastery, it was under the jurisdiction of the Hemis monastery. Two or four monks were assigned to run the monastery.
The highly revered monastery is 300 years old. The Tsomoriri Lake in front of it is also held in reverence, and considered equally sacred by the local people. With the efforts of the WWF-India the Tsomoriri has been pledged as a 'Sacred Gift for a Living Planet' by the local community (mostly Chang-pa herdsmen). As a result, the area has been opened up for tourists.
The word ‘Korzok’ is a derivative of two words, namely ‘Kor’ meaning a place in the Ladakhi language and ‘Zok’ which is said to be a derivative of the word ‘dzot-pa’ meaning “manager”. Over the years, the last letter of the word was changed to ‘k’ to the derivative word Zok and together with Kor came to be known as “Korzok”. Another explanation attributed is that shepherds working for the monasteries in the nearby hamlets kept the king’s cattle at this place, not only to tend them but to also extract milk, cheese and butter. Hence, the place came to be known as “Korzok”.
wn.com/Korzok_Monastery -
Kulgam district
Kulgam District is a district of the state of Jammu and Kashmir of India.
Kulgam district consists of 5 blocks: Quimoh, Pahloo, D.H.Pora, Devsar and Kulgam. Each block consists of a number of panchayats. Population of per Blocks as: Dist. kulgam has seven important towns 1. Ashmuji 2. Frisal 3. Yaripora 4. Kulgam 5. Devsar 6. Qaimoh 7. D.H Pora. Five have already got municipality status and DH Pora is still get a municipality.
Administrative set up and officials {{when|21-05-2012} : 1. District Development Commissioner Mr. Jahangir Ahmad Mir 2. S.S.P.Kulgam Mr. Mohammad Shafi 3 Principal GDC Kulgam Dr.M.Y. Peerzada 4. Add. Distt. Dev. Commissioner Mr. M. Yousuf Zarger 5. Asstt.Commissioner Development Mr. Abdul Hamid Wani 6. Asstt. Commissioner Revenue Mr. Gh. Hassan Shaikh 7. Chief Planning Officer Mr. Rafiq Ahmad 8. Chief Medical Officer Dr. M. Altaf Hussein Beigh 9. Chief Education Officer Mr. Omprakash Sharma 10. Director, RSETI, Kulgam Dr. M.Shafi Ayaz 11. Asstt.Director Employment Mr. M.M.Shakir 12.General Manager D.I.C. Mr. Mohammad Shafiq 13. Chief Horticulture officer Mr. Farooq Ahmad Ahrar 14.Horticulture Dev. Officer(Qaimoh) Mr.Dharminder Bagat 14.Project Officer DRDA Dr. Akram-u-ullah Tak 15.Ex. Engineer R&B Mr. M.Shafi 16.Deputy Chief Education Officer Mr. B.A Bhat 17.Ex. Engineer PDD Mr. Mukhtar Ahmad 18.A.R.T.O Kulgam Mr. Majid 19.M.L.A Kulgam Mr. M.Y. Tarigami 20.M.L.A Devsar Mr. Mohd. Sartaj Madni 21.M.L.A Noorabad Ms. Sakeena Itoo 22.M.L.A Homeshalibugh Mr. Ab. Gaffar Sofi
wn.com/Kulgam_district -
Kupwara
Kupwara (Hindi: कुपवाड़ा) is a town and a notified area committee in Kupwara District in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Among the many tourist places in Kupwara, Lolab Valley has special significance. Sogam is a Tehsil and a really beautiful place to visit for its meadows, mountains, gushing waters, and fresh air.
As of 2001[update] India census, Kupwara had a population of 14,711. Males constitute 61% of the population and females 39%. Kupwara has an average literacy rate of 55%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 64%, and female literacy is 41%. In Kupwara, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Keran is a tourist place in the border area, but since 1990 it has not been visited by tourists due to militant insurgency in the area. This place is on the bank of Neelum / Kishanganga River along the Line of Control.
Kupwara has a literacy rate of 50.50%. The district has got 04 colleges, 22 Higher Secondary Schools and 1289 educational institutions. Govt Degree College, Kupwara is the largest college in the district with total enrollment exceeding 3000.
wn.com/Kupwara -
Kupwara district
Kupwara District is located in Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Kupwara district has 3 tehsils: Handwara, Karnah and Kupwara.
This district consists of 11 blocks: Sogam, Tangdar, Teetwal, Ramhal, Kupwara, Rajwal, Kralpora, Langate, Wavoora, Trehgam and Kalaroo. Each block consists of a number of panchayats.
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Kupwara one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the three districts in Jammu and Kashmir currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).
According to the 2011 census Kupwara district has a population of 875,564 , roughly equal to the nation of Fiji or the US state of Delaware. This gives it a ranking of 470th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 368 inhabitants per square kilometre (950 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 34.62 %. Kupwara has a sex ratio of 843 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 66.92 %.
wn.com/Kupwara_district -
Ladakh
Ladakh (Wylie: la-dwags, Ladakhi [lad̪ɑks], Hindi: लद्दाख़, Urdu: لدّاخ [ləd̪ˈd̪aːx]; "land of high passes") is a region of Jammu and Kashmir, the northernmost state in the control of the Republic of India. It is however disputed territory between Pakistan and India. It lies between the Kunlun mountain range in the north and the main Great Himalayas to the south, inhabited by people of Indo-Aryan and Tibetan descent. It is one of the most sparsely populated regions in Jammu and Kashmir.
Historically, the region included the Baltistan (Baltiyul) valleys, the Indus Valley, the remote Zangskar, Lahaul and Spiti to the south, Aksai Chin and Ngari, including the Rudok region and Guge, in the east, and the Nubra valleys to the north.
Contemporary Ladakh borders Tibet to the east, the Lahaul and Spiti to the south, the Vale of Kashmir, Jammu and Baltiyul regions to the west, and the trans–Kunlun territory of Xinjiang to the far north. Ladakh is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and culture. It is sometimes called "Little Tibet" as it has been strongly influenced by Tibetan culture.
wn.com/Ladakh -
Lahore
Lahore (Punjabi: لہور, Urdu: لاہور) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in the country. With a rich history dating back over a millennium, Lahore is a main cultural centre of Pakistan. One of the most densely populated cities in the world, Lahore remains an economic, political, transportation, entertainment, and educational hub.
Lahore successively served as regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th centuries the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh expansion in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. The traditional capital of Punjab for a thousand years, Lahore was the cultural center of the northern Indian subcontinent which extends from the eastern banks of the Indus River to New Delhi. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are tourist attractions. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Indo-Saracenic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office, Lahore Museum and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. The Lahore Zoo, thought to be the fourth oldest in the world, is also situated here.
wn.com/Lahore -
Lamayuru Monastery
Lamayuru or Yuru Gompa (Tibetan alphabet: བླ་མ་གཡུང་དྲུང་དགོན་པ་, Wylie: bla ma gyung drung dgon pa, Urdu:لمیرو گومپا) is a Tibetan Buddhist Gompa (monastery) in Kargil District, Western Ladakh, India, situated on the Srinagar - Kargil - Leh road 15 km east of the Fotu La, at a height of 3,510 m.
A. H. Francke states that, "according to popular tradition," it was originally the foremost Bonpo monastery in Ladakh and was called gYung-drung Monastery (from Tibetan: gYung-drung - a swastika - a popular symbol in Bon, Buddhism, and other religions); also gYung-drung-bon is the name of the Bon religion.
The Indian scholar Mahasiddhacarya Naropa (956-1041 CE), allegedly caused a lake which filled the valley to dry up and founded Lamayuru Monastery. The oldest surviving building at Lamayuru is a temple called Seng-ge-sgang, at the southern end of the Lamayuru rock, which is attributed to the famous builder-monk Rinchen Zangpo (958-1055 CE). Rinchen Zangpo was charged by the king of Ladakh to build 108 gompas, and certainly many gompas in Ladakh, Spiti and the surrounding regions, date from his time.
wn.com/Lamayuru_Monastery -
Leh
Leh pronunciation (help·info) (Tibetan alphabet: གླེ་, Wylie: Gle), was the capital of the Himalayan kingdom of Ladakh, now the Leh District in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Leh, with an area of 45,110 km2, is the second largest district in the country (after Kutch, Gujarat) in terms of area.
The town is still dominated by the now ruined Leh Palace, former mansion of the royal family of Ladakh, built in the same style and about the same time as the Potala Palace. Leh is at an altitude of 3524 metres (11,562 ft), and connects via National Highway 1D connects it to Srinagar in the southwest and to Manali in the south via Leh-Manali Highway
Leh was an important stopover on trade routes along the Indus Valley between Tibet to the east, Kashmir to the west and also between India and China for centuries. The main goods carried were salt, grain, pashm or cashmere wool, charas or cannabis resin from the Tarim Basin, indigo, silk yarn and Banaras brocade.
Although there are a few indications that the Chinese knew of a trade route through Ladakh to India as early as the Kushan period (1st to 3rd centuries AD), and certainly by Tang dynasty, little is actually known of the history of the region before the formation of the kingdom towards the end of the 10th century by the Tibetan prince, Skyid lde nyima gon (or Nyima gon), a grandson of the anti-Buddhist Tibetan king, Langdarma (r. c. 838 to 841). He conquered Western Tibet although his army originally numbered only 300 men. Several towns and castles are said to have been founded by Nyima gon and he apparently ordered the construction of the main sculptures at Shey. "In an inscription he says he had them made for the religious benefit of the Tsanpo (the dynastical name of his father and ancestors), and of all the people of Ngaris (Western Tibet). This shows that already in this generation Langdarma's opposition to Buddhism had disappeared." Shey, just 15 km east of modern Leh, was the ancient seat of the Ladakhi kings.
wn.com/Leh -
Likir Monastery
Likir Monastery or Likir Gompa (Klud-kyil) is a Buddhist monastery in Ladakh, northern India, located approximately 52 kilometres (32 mi) west of Leh. It is picturesquely situated on a little hill in the valley near the Indus River and the village of Saspol about 9.5 kilometres (5.9 mi) north of the Srinigar to Leh highway. It belongs to the Gelugpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism and was established in 1065 by Lama Duwang Chosje, under the command of the fifth king of Ladakh, Lhachen Gyalpo (Lha-chen-rgyal-po).
Although Likir now seems rather out of the way, it used to be on a major trade route which travelled via Tingmosgang, Hemis and Likir to Leh.
Likir is mentioned in the Ladakhi chronicles as having been erected by King Lhachen Gyalpo (Lha-chen-rgyal-po) (c. 1050-1080 CE). The name Likir means "The Naga - Encircled", representing the bodies of the two great serpent spirits, the Naga-rajas, Nanda and Taksako. It presumably, originally belonged to the early Kadampa order of Tibetan Buddhism..
wn.com/Likir_Monastery -
Line of Control
Coordinates: 34°56′N 76°46′E / 34.933°N 76.767°E / 34.933; 76.767
The term Line of Control (LOC) refers to the military control line between the Indian and Pakistani-controlled parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir—a line which, to this day, does not constitute a legally recognized international boundary but is the de facto border. Originally known as the "Cease-fire Line", it was redesignated as the "Line of Control" following the Simla Agreement, which was signed on 3 July 1972. The part of the former princely state that is under Indian control is known as the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The two parts of the former princely state that are under Pakistani control are known as Gilgit–Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). Its northern most point is known as the NJ9842.
Another cease-fire line, one that separates the Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area known as Aksai Chin, lies further to the east and is known as the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
wn.com/Line_of_Control -
Lingshed Monastery
Lingshed Monastery or Lingshed Gompa is a Gelugpa Buddhist monastery in the Zanskar region in the state of Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir in northern India. The Jangchub Tensung Dorje Center was founded in Lingshed by Kyabje Dagom Rinpoche.
The ceremonial life of Lingshed Monastery and its monks is the subject of Identity, Ritual and State in Tibetan Buddhism (Routledge 2003) by the anthropologist Martin A. Mills.
Lingshed Village, at the heart of the Trans-Sengge-La region between Ladakh and Zanskar, has been inhabited for nearly a thousand years. It was originally reputed to be a local hunting area, which is the source of its name. The village has been the site of several Buddhist monasteries: the remnants of a cave monastery and two walls dedicated to the translator Rinchen Zangpo (958–1055). Local tradition in the region also speaks of Kadampa and Drugpa Kagyu monasteries in the valley.
Lingshed Monastery (or Kumbum, meaning 'A Hundred Thousand Images') was founded as a Geluk School Monastery in the 1440s by Changsems Sherabs Zangpo, disciple of the noted Tibetan preceptor Je Tsongkhapa. Local tradition records how Sherabs Zangpo, having founded Karsha and Phugtal Monasteries to the south, travelled over Hanuma-La Pass to the south of Lingshed, from where he saw an 'auspicious shining light' shining on a rock on the hillside. He built a chorten around that rock, and this became the basis of Kumbum's central shrine, Tashi 'Od Bar ('Auspicious Shining Light' shrine).
wn.com/Lingshed_Monastery -
Lucknow
Lucknow /ˈlʌknaʊ/ (Hindi: लखनऊ, Urdu: لکھنؤ, Lakhnaū, IPA: [ˈləkʰnəu] ( listen)) is a city in India and capital of the state of Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow is the administrative headquarters of Lucknow District and Lucknow Division. Located in what was originally known as the Awadh (Oudh) region, Lucknow has always been known as a multicultural city, and flourished as a cultural and artistic capital of North India in the 18th and 19th centuries. Courtly manners, beautiful gardens, poetry, music, and fine cuisine patronised by the Shia Nawabs of Iranian origin, are well known amongst Indians and students of South Asian culture and history. Lucknow is popularly known as The City of Nawabs. It is also known as the "Golden City of the East," "Shiraz-i-Hind" and "The Constantinople of India."
The ancient history of Lucknow is mired in mystries and folk sayings. It is popularly believed that Lucknow (लखनऊ) derives its name from Lakshman (लक्ष्मण) (also known as Lakhan (लखन)), younger brother of Lord Rama, greatest hero of Suryawanshi kshatriya clan of India. Ram ordered Lakshman to establish a new town near Ayodhya, the capital of Rama. Lakshman came and built a strong fort. The present Lakshman Teela (लक्ष्मण टीला) in Lucknow is believed to be the site of ancient city of Lakhanpur built by Lakshman.
wn.com/Lucknow -
Matho Monastery
Matho Monastery, or Matho Gompa is a Buddhist monastery located 26 kilometres southeast of Leh in Ladakh, northern India. The village of Matho is located at the mouth of a deep gorge running out of the Zanskar Range and across the Indus. It is directly opposite Thikse Monastery.
Founded in the 16th century by Lama Dugpa Dorje, it belongs to the Sakya Order. It is noted for its four hundred year old thangkas and its Matho Nagrang Festival.
The gompa is the only one in Ladakh belonging to the Sakyapa and is said to be one of the few which is seeing an increase of monks in recent years. (This picture is not Matho Gompa.)
Most of the buildings are, apparently, rather dilapidated but there is a new assembly hall or du-khang which was built about the early 1970s and which has rather sober and plain paintings of the Lords of the Quarters on the verandah. There is a small chapel on the top story containing images of Sakya Pandita and other Sakya lamas. There is a 'museum' adjoining it with a number of very beautiful old thangkas, some of which are thought to have been brought from Tibet in the first half of the 16th century when the monastery was founded. Unfortunately, many of them are very worn. The masks and robes worn by the lamas in the annual dance festival may also be seen in the museum.
wn.com/Matho_Monastery -
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire, Shahan-e-Gurkhani, Shahan-e-Mughal, Sultanate-e-Mughliya, Daulat-e-Mughliya (Persian: شاهان گورکانی Shāhān-e Gūrkānī; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت; self-designation: گوركانى Gūrkānī ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. The Mughal Empire began in 1526; at the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent—extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south. According to "Babur-Nama", Kazakh tribal aristocracy along with number of other Turkic soldiers participated actively in the campaign of Babur, which made great influence over the development of Mughal Empire. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).
wn.com/Mughal_Empire -
Mulbekh Monastery
Mulbekh Monastery or Mulbekh Gompa is said to consist of two gompas, one Drukpa and one Gelugpa Buddhist monastery in the Zanskar region in the state of Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir in northern India.
The double gompas are dramatically situated at the very top of a crag 200 metres (656 ft) above the road. They were connected with the nearby palace of Rajah Chalon of Mulbekh below. They may be reached by a steep footpath winding up from behind.
The altitude of the town at the foot of the crag is given as 3,304 m. (10,839 ft), which makes the altitude of the gompas 3,504 m. (11,495 ft). Its population is given as 5,730.
Just a kilometre beyond Mulbekh town heading toward Leh, is the famous Chamba Statue, a striking enormous figure carved into the rock face on the right hand side of the road. It pictures a standing Maitreya Buddha or Buddha-to-come overlooking the old trade route and modern highway. Some people believe it dates to the Kushan period in the early centuries CE. Modern scholars date it as being from around the eighth century. Unfortunately, the lower part of the statue is partly obscured by a small temple built in 1975.
wn.com/Mulbekh_Monastery -
Mumbai
Mumbai /mʊmˈbaɪ/, also known as Bombay /bɒmˈbeɪ/, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West or Central Asia.
The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese and subsequently to the British East India Company. During the mid-18th century, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook the reclamation of the area between the seven constituent islands from the sea. Completed by 1845, the project along with construction of major roads and railways transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Economic and educational development characterised the city during the 19th century. It became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century. When India became independent in 1947, the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as capital. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1996.
wn.com/Mumbai -
Muzaffarabad
Muzaffarabad (Urdu: مظفر آباد, Pahari, Potwari, on mountain there are sexy girl
The residents of Muzaffarabad are a highly literate and business orientated class maintaining close ties with the financial capitals of Northern Pakistan, primarily Rawalpindi and the KPK. Muzaffarabad is a prime destination for further and higher education for the youth of Azad Kashmir and also produces the elite class of Azad Kashmir such as doctors, lawyers and businessmen. Rawalpindi is also a prime destination for further education and training.
An interesting point to note is that the entrance to the Kashmir valley faces northwards and passes westwardly through Neelum and down towards Muzaffarabad, where trade had flourished prior to the Kashmir dispute between the valley and Azad Kashmir.
Muzaffarabad is situated at the confluence of the Jhelum and Neelum rivers. The city is 138 kilometres from Rawalpindi and Islamabad and about 76 kilometres from Abbottabad. Muzaffarabad city is connected to Islamabad by a motorway, increasing trade between the mainland and the autonomous region. Cradled by lofty mountains, Muzaffarabad reflects a blend of various cultures and languages. The main language is a form of potohari and Pahari. The Neelum river plays a dominant role in the microclimate of Muzaffarabad which joins Jehlum River near Domail.
wn.com/Muzaffarabad -
New Delhi
New Delhii/ˈnjuː dɛli/ is the capital city of India. As the national capital, New Delhi is the seat of executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of the Government of India. It also serves as the centre of the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. New Delhi is situated within the metropolis of Delhi and is one of the nine districts of Delhi Union Territory.
The definition of New Delhi is unclear and the differentiation between Delhi and New Delhi is blurry. Even administratively, the demarcation between Delhi and New Delhi is not clear. Government of India and Government of Delhi have not clearly defined the area and boundaries of New Delhi. The boundaries of areas of New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) and New Delhi district of Delhi do not completely overlap. In 1920s, when British constructed New Delhi, there were only two Delhis' – the old walled city called Old Delhi and the new city designed by Edwin Lutyens to serve as capital of British India, which was called 'New Delhi'. The rest of Delhi was rural. But after independence as more and more areas around New Delhi urbanized they also became a part of New Delhi as they were also a part of Delhi which was 'new'. Now, almost all of National Capital Territory of Delhi, with exceptions of the old city called Old Delhi, Civil Lines area, Trans-Yamuna region, some rural areas and some underdeveloped parts of Delhi (e.g. Ashok Vihar, Timarpur, Nangloi, Sultanpuri, Mangolpuri, Badarpur etc.), is designated as 'New Delhi' in postal addresses. Especially, almost all the places in South, South-west, Central and West districts of Delhi are designated as New Delhi. Most of the time, the terms Delhi and New Delhi are used interchangeably.
wn.com/New_Delhi -
Nishat Bagh
Coordinates: 34°07′30″N 74°52′52″E / 34.125°N 74.881°E / 34.125; 74.881
Nishat Bagh (Urdu: نشات باغ, Hindi: निशात बाग़), is a terraced Mughal garden built on the eastern side of the Dal Lake, close to Srinagar in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is the second largest Mughal garden in the Kashmir Valley. The largest in size is the Shalimar Bagh, which is also located on the bank of the Dal Lake. ‘Nishat Bagh’ is a Hindustani word, which means "Garden of Joy," "Garden of Gladness" and "Garden of Delight."
Located on the bank of the Dal Lake, with the Zabarwan Mountains as its backdrop, Nishat Bagh is a garden of bliss that commands a magnificent view of the lake beneath the snow capped Pir Panjal mountain range that stands far away to the west of the valley. The Bagh was designed and built in 1633 by Asif Khan, elder brother of Noor Jehan.
wn.com/Nishat_Bagh -
Pahalgam
Pahalgam is a town and a notified area committee in Anantnag district in India's northernmost state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a popular tourist destination, and every year, many tourists visit Pahalgam. This world famous hill station is 45 km. from the District Head Quarter at Anantnag and located on the banks of river Lidder at an altitude of 7200 ft. from sea level. Pahalgam is one among the five tehsils of Anantnag district and tehsil head quarters are located in the main town of Pahalgam. It was once a tourist attraction and a favourite place for shooting of Bollywood films, and is still a health resort. Besides tourist huts, several hotels in private sector have come up here and these hotels provide modern facilities to their guests. A number of treks in this region also begin from Pahalgam, as the 35 km trail traverses through pinewoods to the spectacular Kolahoi Glacier.
Pahalgam is also associated with the annual Amarnath Yatra. Chandanwari (2,895 m), 16 km from Pahalgam, is the starting point of the yatra that takes place every year in the month of Sawan (July to August). The road from Pahalgam to Chandanwari is on fairly flat terrain and can be undertaken by car. From Chandanwari onwards the track becomes much steeper, and is accessible on foot or by pony. About 11 km from Chandanwari is the mountain lake of Sheshnag (3,574 m), after which, 13 km away is the last stop, Panchtarni. The Amarnath cave is 6 km away from there. During the month of Sawan, an ice stalagmite forms a natural Shivling in the Amarnath cave.
wn.com/Pahalgam -
Panaji
Panaji /ˈpʌnədʒiː/ (Konkani: पणजी Panaje, pronounced [pɔɳɟĩ], [pɵɳɟiː] ( listen), Marathi पणजी, usually known in English as Panjim) is the capital of the Indian state of Goa. It lies on the banks of the Mandovi estuary, in the district of North Goa. With a population of 65,000 in the city and approximately 100,000 in the metropolitan area, Panaji is Goa's third largest city after Vasco da Gama and Margao.
Panaji means “Land that never floods”. Panaji is the capital of Goa and headquarters of North Goa District, located on the left bank of the Mandovi River, piled up against terraced hills, a jumble of concrete buildings with whimsical balconies and red-tiled roofs, bleached clean churches and a riverside promenade, with red-roofed houses built in Latin style. It also has modern houses, well laid gardens, statues and avenues lined with gulmohar, acacia and other trees. The Baroque church of the Our Lady of Immaculate Conception located overlooking the main square known as Praça da Igreja, pretty villas, cobbled streets and interesting buildings give Panaji a Portuguese ambience.
wn.com/Panaji -
Patna
Paṭnā /ˈpʌtnə/ ( Hindi pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar and the second most populous city in Eastern India. Patna is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world.Ancient Patna, known as Pataliputra, was the capital of the Magadha Empire under the Haryanka, Nanda, Mauryan, Sunga, Gupta, Pala and during the Islamic period the seat of power for the Suri dynasty.
Pataliputra was also a seat of learning and fine arts. Its population during the Maurya period (around 300 BCE) was about 400,000.
The modern city of Patna is situated on the southern bank of the Ganges. The city also straddles the rivers Sone, Gandak and Punpun. The city is approximately 35 km long and 16 km to 18 km wide.
In June 2009, the World Bank ranked Patna in second place in India, after Delhi, in terms of the ease of starting a business. As at 2004-2005, Patna had the highest per capita gross district domestic product in Bihar, at Rs31,441. On the basis of,assumed average annual growth,Patna has been ranked as 21st fastest growing city in the world and 5th fastest growing city in India by City Mayors Foundation.Patna registered average annual growth of 3.72%,for the period of 2006-2010.
wn.com/Patna -
Phugtal Monastery
Phugtal Monastery or Phugtal Gompa (often trasliterated as Phuktal) is a monastery in south-eastern Zanskar, Ladakh in northern India.
Founded by Gangsem Sherap Sampo in the early 12th century, the monastery is a unique construction built into the cliffside like a honeycomb. It located on the mouth of a cave on the cliff face of a lateral gorge of a major tributary of the Lungnak (Lingti-Tsarap) River.
Home to about 70 monks the monastery has a library and prayer rooms. A stone tablet reminds of Alexander Csoma de Kőrös author of the first English-Tibetan dictionary who explored Ladakh and visited in 1826-27.
wn.com/Phugtal_Monastery -
Phyang Monastery
Phyang Monastery, Phyang (or Phiyang) Gompa is a Buddhist monastery located just 15 or 16 kilometres west of Leh in Ladakh, northern India. It was established in 1515.
There are a couple of divergent traditions regarding its founding.
."The site where the monastery now stands was once a part of the numerous monastic properties, offered during the time of Dharmaraja Jamyang Namgial to Chosje Damma Kunga. The hill of Phyang served as the venue of a monastery, known as Tashi Chozong, established in the year 1515. A monastic community was introduced to the monastery and with this started, the first establishment of the Digung teachings in Ladakh."
Others say that it was founded by king Tashi Namgyal, whose reign has been established from independent sources to have been in the third quarter of the sixteenth century. There are a number of chronological difficulties in establishing events in Ladakh at this period and it is assumed that some names have been omitted from the Chronicle either from mistakes in memory or tradition, or a deliberate attempt to eradicate some events which were thought better forgotten.
wn.com/Phyang_Monastery -
Poonch
Poonch (also referred to as Punch) is a town and a municipal committee in Poonch District in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Based on the Mahābhārata evidence, and the evidence from 7th Chinese traveler Xuanzang, the districts of Poonch along with Rajauri and Abhisara had been under the sway of the Republican Kambojas during epic times.
Poonch is located at 33°46′N 74°06′E / 33.77°N 74.1°E / 33.77; 74.1. It has an average elevation of 981 metres (3218 feet). Pir Panjal range of mountains separates Poonch valley from Kashmir valley. For a long time the only road connection between the two valleys was from Jammu. But now with the completion of Mughal Road (connecting Bufliaz in Poonch to Shopian in Kashmir) there will be a direct connectivity between the two. It consist of 4 tehsils viz Haveli, Mendhar Surankote and Mandi.
The Climate of Poonch is somewhat cooler than rest of the areas of Duggardesh plains.Summers are short and pleasant while sometimes they may be irritating.The summer temperature generally doesnot cross 31 degrees.Winters are cool and chilly characterized with rainfall due to western disturbances.Snowfall is uncommon but may occur in cool months like that of Dec 2012.Rainfall is 669 millimetres (26.3 in) in the wettest months.
wn.com/Poonch -
Port Blair
Port Blair (Hindi: पोर्ट ब्लेयर pronunciation (help·info), Tamil: போர்ட் ப்ளேர், Bengali: পোর্ট ব্লেয়ার, ) is the largest town and a municipal council in Andaman district in the Andaman Islands and the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India. It lies on the east coast of South Andaman Island and is the main entry point to the islands.
Port Blair is the headquarters for the Indian district of South Andaman, and the local administrative sub-division (tehsil), which is also called Port Blair. It is home to several museums and a major base for the Indian Navy and the Indian Coast Guard. It is also the headquarters of the Tri Services Command.
In 1789 the government of Bengal established a penal colony on Chatham Island in the southeast bay of Great Andaman, named Port Blair to honor Lieutenant Archibald Blair of the British East India Company. After two years, the colony moved to the northeast part of Great Andaman and was named Port Cornwallis after Admiral William Cornwallis. However, there was much disease and death in the penal colony, and the government ceased operating it in May 1796.
wn.com/Port_Blair -
Pulwama
Pulwama (known as Panwangam in antiquity, and later as Pulgam) is a town and a notified area committee in Pulwama district in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is almost 40 km (25 mi) from the summer capital of Srinagar. Pulwama is often called the "Anand of Kashmir" or "Dudha-Kul of Kashmir" on account of its high milk production.
Pulwama is located at 32°53′N 74°55′E / 32.88°N 74.92°E / 32.88; 74.92. It has an average elevation of 1,630 m (5,350 ft)).District Pulwama came into being in the year 1979 in the larger interests of maintenance of law and order, closer supervision, more effective control and above all to ensure balanced development of the area. Pulwama district comprised 550 villages, which were grouped in five (5) Tehsils viz. Shopian, Pulwama, Tral, Pampore & Awantipora. Now, again in 2007, the district has been bifurcated in two parts viz. District Shopian & District Pulwama. In District Pulwama there are four (4) tehsils namely Pulwama, Tral, Awantipora & Pampore. The total number of villages came down to 331 with four (4) CD Blocks and part of Keller block. The reporting area of this district has been reduced to 0.61 lac Hectares from 0.98 Hectares after creation of the new Hill District, Shopian.
wn.com/Pulwama -
Pulwama district
Pulwama is a district in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Pulwama district has three tehsils:
This district consists of five development blocks: Tral, Keller, Pampore, Pulwama and Kakapora. Each block consists of a number of panchayats.
Pulwama District has four assembly constituencies: Tral, Pampore, Pulwama and Rajpora.
According to the 2011 census Pulwama district has a population of 570,060, roughly equal to the nation of Solomon Islands or the US state of Wyoming. This gives it a ranking of 535th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 598 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,550 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 29.18 %. Pulwama has a sex ratio of 913 females for every 1000 males, lower than the national average of 940, and a literacy rate of 65 %., slightly higher than the national average of 64.3%.
wn.com/Pulwama_district -
Qazigund
Qazigund (Kashmiri: क़ाज़ीगुंड (Devanagari), قاضی گُنڈ (Perso-Arabic)), known as the Gate Way of Kashmir, is a town and a notified area committee in Anantnag district in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Qazigund is located at 33°38′N 75°09′E / 33.63°N 75.15°E / 33.63; 75.15. It has an average elevation of 1670 metres (5478 feet).
As of 2001 India census, Qazigund had a population of 4307. Males constitute 62% of the population and females 38%. Qazigund has an average literacy rate of 99%, higher than the national average of 64.8%, male literacy is 99%, and female literacy is 80%.In Qazigund, 8% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Some of the prominent villages in Qazigund are Vessu, Bonigam, Kurigam, Shampora, Panzath.
Gousia Arabic college trust is the prominent Religious organization in the Qazigund town founded by Sufi Saint Mir Syed Hafizullah Andrabi, Qadri, Naqshbandi(R.A).[citation needed]
Qazigund is connected to Anantnag and Srinagar by road and railway. There is a train service from Qazigund to Srinagar four times a day.
wn.com/Qazigund -
Rajauri
Rajouri is a town and a municipal committee in Rajouri district in Jammu and Kashmir. An important town en route Poonch, Rajauri is important for defence point of view. Rajauri is about 130 kilometres (81 mi) away from Jammu city on the Poonch Highway. Rajauri is also called the Vale of Lakes as there are many lakes around the city. Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University is based in the town. The area has seen a decline in tourists due to the Kashmir conflict.
The District drives its name from Rajouri town which itself had been historically known as Rajapuri/Rajapura. Rajouri District had been part of Poonch district prior to 1967. On 22 September 1967, the government bifurcated district Poonch into two districts namely 'Rajouri' and 'Poonch', to facilitate the process of development and better supervision of economic activities in this area. By this way, Rajouri emerged as a District from 1 January 1968. The District has an area of 2,630 km2 with peculiar physical features. The District is situated in the west of Jammu Division and is surrounded by the Poonch, Udhampur and Jammu Districts. The District comprise of six Tehsils, namely Rajouri, Nowshera, Sunderbani, Kalakote, Koteranka and Thannamandi and seven blocks of Rajouri, Manjakote, Darhal Malkan, Budhal, Kalakote, Sunderbani and Nowshera.
wn.com/Rajauri -
Rajouri district
Rajouri(ضلع راجوری, राजौरी जिला) is a district of Jammu region in Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Line of Control lies to its west it and Poonch to its north and Naushera and Chhamb to its south.
The district comprises six tehsils (boroughs). The land is mostly fertile and mountainous. Maize and rice are the main crops of the area and the main source of the irrigation is the river Tawi that originates from the mountains of Pir Panjal. Though Urdu and English are the main mediums of instruction, the other dialects such as Gujri, Pahari and Dogri are much spoken at the informal level. Gujri is mainly spoken by the Gujjar and Bakarwal tribes who are known for herding goats, sheep and horses. However, the fine line between Gujjar and Bakarwal tribes is that the former are farmers as they own land while the latter are nomads who herd cattle. The population is officially divided along the religious lines – though religiously diverse masses normally live in peace and harmony. The total population therefore, in accordance with the 2001 census, is 60% Muslim, 37% Hindu, 2% Sikhs and others.[clarification needed]
wn.com/Rajouri_district -
Ramban district
Ramban District is a newly formed district of the state of Jammu and Kashmir of India.
Ramban district consists of 4 blocks: Ramban, Banihal, Gool and Ramsoo and two tehsils- Ramban & Banihal.Ramban town is located along river 'Chenab' also known as 'Chanderbhaga' river on National Highway-1A(now 44) at about 150 km from Jammu and about 150 km from Srinagar making it almost a central point on Jammu-Srinagar National Highway. Each block consists of a number of panchayats.
Ramban District has 2 assembly constituencies: Banihal and Ramban. a hydroelectric project is being constructed by jp industries at chanderkote about 8 km from ramban the potential of this project is 900mw and it will be completed in two phases of 450mw each.
According to the 2011 census Ramban district has a population of 283,313 , roughly equal to the nation of Barbados. This gives it a ranking of 573rd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 213 inhabitants per square kilometre (550 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 31.81 %. Ramban has a sex ratio of 901 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 56.9 %. It is a Hindu majority district.
wn.com/Ramban_district -
Ranchi
Ranchi /ˈrɑːntʃi/ ( Hindi (help·info)) is the capital of the Indian state of Jharkhand. Jharkhand accounts for 40% of the mineral resources of India. Earlier most of the part in Jharkhand was covered by forest but now due to urbanization trees are cut and forest cover is depleting fast. Since 2011 census Ranchi now is one of the 53 million-plus cities of India and stands as the 46th largest city out of top 53.[citation needed]. Ranchi was the centre of the Jharkhand movement for a separate state for the tribal regions of South Bihar, northern Orissa, Western West Bengal and the present eastern Chhattisgarh. Jharkhand State was formed on 15 November 2000 by carving the Bihar divisions of Chota Nagpur and Santhal Parganas.
The name Ranchi comes from the original Oraon village Archi at the site. Archi derives from the Oraon word for bamboo grove or stave. According to legend, after an altercation with a spirit, a farmer beat the spirit with his bamboo stave or archi. The spirit shouted archi, archi, archi and vanished; Archi became Rachi, and Rachi became Ranchi.. One historically significant neighborhood is Doranda ('duran' 'दुरङ' means song and 'daah' 'दअः' means water in the Mundari language), between the Hinoo (Bhusur) & Harmoo Rivers, where the civil station, treasury and church established by the British Raj were destroyed by rebel forces during the Sepoy Mutiny. The present Purani (old) Ranchi marks the site of the old village of Archi.
wn.com/Ranchi -
Rangdum Monastery
Rangdum Monastery is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery belonging to the Gelugpa sect, situated on top of a small but steep sugarloaf hill at an altitude of 3,657 m (11,998 ft) at the head of the Suru Valley, in Ladakh. It is next to the tiny village of Julidok, and about 25 km from the 4,400 m (14,436 ft) Pensi La (pass) which leads into Zanskar
According to an inscription the monastery was built by Gelek Yashy Takpa during the reign of King Tsewang Mangyul of Ladakh about 200 years ago. Although it is physically in the Suru Valley, it is culturally part of Zanskar. Because one cannot count on crops being harvested due to the brief summer, both the village and the monastery depend on supplies, other than locally produced dairy, brought up the largely barren Suru Valley, or over the 4,400 metre (14,436 ft) Pensi La pass from Zanskar. The monastery is home to about 30 monks and almost as many donkeys.
Coordinates: 34°04′N 76°21′E / 34.06°N 76.35°E / 34.06; 76.35
wn.com/Rangdum_Monastery -
Reasi district
Reasi is one of the oldest towns of the Jammu and Kashmir State. It was the seat of the erstwhile Bhimgarh State, said to have been established by Raja Bhim Dev somewhere in the 8th century. It remained an independent principality till 1822, when Maharaja Gulab Singh the then King of Jammu consolidated the small states. Up until 1948 Reasi was a District of Jammu Province, but in the first administrative reorganization of the State undertaken in 1948 the major part of the then district Reasi was merged with district Udhampur, while some areas became part of District Poonch (now Rajouri).
Longitude : 33 05 N
Latitude : 74 50 E
Reasi is located at a distance of 64 km from Jammu and is bounded by Tehsil Gool-Gulabgarh in the north, Tehsil Sunderbani and Kalakote of District Rajouri in the west, Tehsil Udhampur in the east, Tehsils Jammu and Akhnoor of District Jammu on the south. Reasi sub division has a population of 1,20,380 as per 2001 census with 25.57% Muslims and Hindu majority. Climatically a major part of this Sub-Division falls in sub-tropicalzone and the rest in temperate zone. Summers are generally warm and winters cold with snowfall on the high ridges.one of the most beautiful thing about reasi is that in summer the temperature of reasi will be less than most of the districts in jammu and in winter its temperature will be higher than other districts in jammu. so this makes reasi favourable for all kinds of people visiting there.
wn.com/Reasi_district -
Rizong Monastery
Rizong (or Rhizong) gompa, Gelugpa or Yellow Hat Buddhist monastery is also called the Yuma Changchubling in Ladakh, India. It is situated at the top of a rocky side valley on the north side of the Indus, to the west of Alchi on the way to Lamayuru. It was established in 1831 by Lama Tsultim Nima under the Gelukpa order, at Ri-rdzong. There are 40 monks in the monastery. The monastery is also called “the paradise for meditation” and is noted for its extremely strict rules and standards.
The nunnery, located about 2 km from the monastery, is called the “Jelichun Nunnery” or Chulichan (Chomoling), where, at present, 20 nuns reside.
It is also believed that long ago Guru Padmasambhava meditated in the caves around Rizong years before the monasteries were built. It is also inferred that in the small caves in the vicinity, Lamas used to meditate for years in isolation from the rest of the villages. They subsisted on one meal a day, which was provided to them by local people through a 1 foot (0.30 m) square window opening in the cave.
wn.com/Rizong_Monastery -
Samba district
Samba District is a newly formed district of the state of Jammu and Kashmir of India. Before the formation of this district, the area now under the district was part of Jammu district. Now the district itself covers Samba town and adjoining tehsils namely, Vijaypur and village Supwal, Gahwal. Historically Samba consist of 22 native towns (also known as Mandi), each consist of a separate family. With the majority of the people of Samba are Rajputs mainly Sambyals and because of this reason the main focus of the people of Samba is to Join Defence Forces, i.e., Indian Army, Indian Airforce, Indian Navy, Border Security Forces, ITBP, CRPF, IRF, and many more. The district is separated from the Jammu district by "Purmandal Bridge". Muslims make up just under 6% of total population according to 2001 India census.
Samba district consists of four blocks: Samba, Vijaypur, Purmandal, and Gagwal. Each block consists of a number of GREF panchayats.
Samba District has two assembly constituencies: Samba (reserved for scheduled castes (SC)) and Vijaypur. Both the assembly constituencies are part of Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency).
wn.com/Samba_district -
Sani Monastery
Sani Monastery (also written Sanee), Sa-ni-[tshog], is located next to the village of Sani where the Stod Valley broadens into the central plain of Zanskar in Jammu and Kashmir in northern India. It is about 6 km to the northwest of the regional centre of Padum, a gentle two hour walk. Like Dzongkhul Monastery, it belongs to the Drukpa Kargyu school of Tibetan Buddhism, and is the only one of this order in Zanskar which has nuns. It is thought to be the oldest religious site in the whole region of Ladakh and Zanskar.
The gompa is built to accommodate an ancient chorten 6 m (20 ft) high and of unusual shape, known as the Kanika Chorten, is presumed to date back to the time of the famous Kushan emperor, Kanishka. Kanishka's era is now thought to have begun in 127 CE. 'Kanika' is a commonly used form of Emperor Kanishka's name. He is famous in Buddhist literature as a promoter of Buddhism and he is said to have sponsored an important Buddhist conference in nearby Kashmir. This seems to be the only monastery in the region other than Gandhola Monastery in Lahaul which has a history which purportedly goes back to Kushan times.
wn.com/Sani_Monastery -
Sankar Monastery
Sankar Monastery, or Sankar Gompa is a Buddhist monastery within an easy half-hour walk from Leh in Ladakh, northern India. It is a daughter-establishment of Spituk Monastery and the residence of the Abbot of Spituk, the Venerable Kushok Bakula, who is the senior incarnate lama of Ladakh due to his ancient lineage and personal authority.
It is a relatively modern, attractive cluster of buildings set amongst trees above the town, in the lee of Khardung La, a 5,359 m (17,582 ft) pass behind Leh leading to the Shyok and Nubra Valleys.
Only 20 monks at most live here, and only a few permanently, so visiting hours are limited to early morning and evening. The place is well lit, so an evening visit is worthwhile. Climbing the steps one reaches the double doors leading into the dukang ('du khang) or assembly hall. Three green drums are on the right of the door under which is the place of the Gyeskos. The wall and entry door are richly painted. Upstairs is the Dukar Lhakang ("residence of the deity") or inner sanctuary. There is an impressive figure here of Avalokiteśvara (Tibetan: Chenrezig) with 1,000 arms (all holding weapons) and 1,000 heads. The walls are painted with a Tibetan calendar, mandalas and rules for the monks. Above the wooden stairs can be seen the rooms of the Abbot, guest rooms and the library.
wn.com/Sankar_Monastery -
Shey Monastery
The Shey Monastery or Gompa and the Shey Palace complex are structures located on a hillock in Shey,15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the south of Leh in Ladakh, northern India on the Leh-Manali road. Shey was the summer capital of Ladakh in the past.
The palace, mostly in ruins now, was built first in 1655, near Shey village, by the king of Ladakh, Deldan Namgyal, also known as Lhachen Palgyigon. It was used as a summer retreat by the kings of Ladakh.
The Shey Monastery was also built in 1655 on the instructions of Deldon Namgyal, in the memory of his late father, Singay Namgyal, within the palace complex. The monastery is noted for its giant copper with gilded gold statue of a seated Shakyamuni Buddha. Shakyamuni Buddha is so named since Buddha was the sage (muni) of the Sakya people who resided in the Himalayan foothills and their capital was Kapilvastu. It is said to be the second largest such statue in Ladakh.
Shey was the old capital of the upper Ladakh region. When the Dogras of Jammu invaded Ladakh in 1842, the Namgyals abandoned the palace and fled to Stok (they made it their permanent residence) on the opposite side of the Indus River. It is conjectured that the fort found in ruins, not dated, above the present palace at Shey, belonged to this period of invasion. Subsequently when the political dictates necessitated shifting of the capital to Leh, even then the importance of Shey continued since it was a mandatory requirement of the Namgyal kings to father their heir apparent here.
wn.com/Shey_Monastery -
Shillong
Shillong, India (Khasi: Shillong) is the capital of Meghalaya, one of the smallest states in India and home to the Khasis. It is also the headquarters of the East Khasi Hills district and is situated at an average altitude of 4,908 feet (1,496 m) above sea level, with the highest point being Shillong Peak at 6,449 feet (1,966 m). The city had a population of 314,610 according to the 2011 census. It is said that the rolling hills around the town reminded the European settlers of Scotland. Hence, Shillong is also known as "Scotland of the East." Shillong has steadily grown in size and significance since it was made the civil station of the Khasi and Jaintia Hills in 1864 by the British. In 1874, on the formation of Assam as a Chief Commissioner's Province, it was chosen as the headquarters of the new administration because of its convenient location between the Brahmaputra and Surma valleys and more so because the climate of Shillong was much cooler than tropical India. Shillong remained the capital of undivided Assam until the creation of the new state of Meghalaya on 21 January 1972, when Shillong became the capital of Meghalaya and Assam moved its capital to Dispur in Guwahati.
wn.com/Shillong -
Shimla
Shimla /ˈʃɪmlə/ (Hindi: शिमला [ˈʃɪmlaː] ( listen)), formerly known as Simla, is the capital city of Himachal Pradesh. In 1864, Shimla was declared the summer capital of the British Raj in India. A popular tourist destination, Shimla is often referred to as the "Queen of Hills," a term coined by the British. Located in the north-west Himalayas at an average altitude of 2,205 metres (7,234 ft), the city of Shimla, draped in forests of pine, rhododendron, and oak, experiences pleasant summers and cold, snowy winters. The city is famous for its buildings styled in 'Tudorbethan' and neo-Gothic architecture dating from the colonial era. Shimla is connected to the city of Kalka by one of the longest narrow gauge railway routes still operating in India, the Kalka-Shimla Railway. Shimla is approximately 145 km (90 mi) from Mandi, 100 km (62 mi) from Chandigarh, the nearest major city, and 365 km (227 mi) from New Delhi, the national capital. The city is named after the goddess Shyamala Devi, an incarnation of the Hindu Goddess Kali.
wn.com/Shimla -
Shopian district
Shopian District (Kashmiri: शोपियां ज़िला, شوپیاں ضلع) is one of the districts of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Its headquarters are located at Shopian.
According to the 2011 census Shopian district has a population of 265,960, roughly equal to the nation of Barbados. This gives it a ranking of 577th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 852 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,210 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 25.85 %. Shupiyan has a sex ratio of 951 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 62.49 %.
District Hospital, Shopian. PHC Sedow, Sub-district zainapora, Sub-district Keller .
Shopian district has many places with tourism potential: the waterfalls of Aharbhal, Kounsernag, Kongiwatan, Lahanthour, Sedow, Herpora etc. The Jamia Masjid in Shopian is one of the famous historical monuments built during the Mughal reign resembling that of jamia masjid srinagar. The famous Aasar-i-Sharief Dargah at Pinjura, attracts thousands of devotees on the occasion of Eid-i-Milad-un- Nabi and Shab-i-Mehraj.
wn.com/Shopian_district -
Silvassa
Silvassa (Marathi: सिल्वासा (help·info), Gujarati: સેલ્વાસ) is the capital of the Indian Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
The city has a large number of factories and industries providing significant government revenue, which allows the city to maintain a low level of taxation.
Silvassa is located at 20°16′N 73°01′E / 20.27°N 73.02°E / 20.27; 73.02. It has an average elevation of 32 metres (104 ft).
As of 2001 India census, Silvassa had a population of 21,890. Males constitute 57% of the population and females 43%. Silvassa has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 68%. In Silvassa, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age. Marathi and Gujarati are the main languages spoken.
Silvassa is also considered to be the home of Warli culture. Warli is the language spoken by the Warli people which is basically a mixture of Marathi and Gujarati languages with a local twist.
The Bollywood movie Phool aur Kante was shot in Silvassa.
wn.com/Silvassa -
SMD high school
Coordinates: 34°05′00″N 74°49′09″E / 34.083465°N 74.819158°E / 34.083465; 74.819158
S.M.D. School (also known as "S.M.D. High School")is a school located in the heart of Srinagar city at Munawar-abad, India. SMD is a K-12, co-educational school. It has expanded to include a higher secondary wing.
S.M.D. School is named after its founder and Chairman Mr Sayeed Mustafa (Sayeed Mustafa Danishgah). SMD was formerly a high school imparting education from nursery to tenth grade but is now a higher secondary. The school has 500+ students.
The student body is divided into four houses, represented by colours. Each student is allotted one of these houses upon entry into school.
The four houses are:
The houses compete against each other in academic and sporting disciplines, each contributing towards house points. The house with maximum points is declared the House Of The Year.
wn.com/SMD_high_school -
Spituk Monastery
Spituk Monastery, also better as Spituk Gompa or Pethup Gompa, is a Buddhist monastery in Leh district, Ladakh, northern India, 8 kilometres from Leh. It was founded by Od-de, the elder brother of Lha Lama Changchub Od in the 11th Century. Founded as a Red Hat institution, the monastery was taken over by the Yellow Hat sect in the 15th century.
The monastery contains 100 monks and a giant statue of Kali (unveiled during the annual Spitok festival).
Every year the Gustor Festival is held at Spituk from the 27th to 29th day in the eleventh month of the Tibetan calendar.
Spituk has an average elevation of 3,307 metres (10,852 feet).
wn.com/Spituk_Monastery -
Srinagar
Srinagar /sriˈnɑːɡər/ ( Hindi pronunciation (help·info)) is the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is situated in the Kashmir Valley and lies on the banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus. The city is famous for its gardens, lakes and houseboats. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts and dry fruits.
Etymologically Srinagar is composed of two Sanskrit words, śrī (venerable) and nagar, which means "city". One theory of the origin of the name is that a Pandava King Ashoka (not to be confused with the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka) built the city of Srinagari (Srinagar). Another theory is that Mauryan Emperor Ashoka founded the original city of Srinagar, then situated on the site of the present village of Pandrathan, 5 km to the north of the existing capital.
Srinagar has a long history, dating back at least to the 3rd century BC, and has been known by different names. The city was founded by the King Pravarasena II over 2,000 years ago, named it Parvasenpur. The city was then a part of the Maurya Empire, one of the largest empires of the Indian subcontinent. Ashoka introduced Buddhism to the Kashmir valley, and the adjoining regions around the city became a centre of Buddhism. In the 1st century, the region was under the control of Kushans and several rulers of this dynasty strengthened the Buddhist tradition. Vikramaditya (of Ujjain) and his successors probably ruled the regions just before the city fell to the control of the Huns in the 6th century, and Mihirkula was the most dreaded ruler of the city and the valley.
wn.com/Srinagar -
Srinagar district
For other uses, see Srinagar (disambiguation).
Situated at the center of the Kashmir valley, Srinagar is the most populous district in the state of Jammu and Kashmir,Indian Administered Kashmir and is home to the summer capital (Srinagar) of Jammu and Kashmir (The capital moves to Jammu city in the winter). The largest city is Srinagar. It is also home to the scenic Dal Lake, a popular tourist destination.
As of 2011 it is the second most populous district of Jammu and Kashmir (out of 22), after Jammu.
Srinagar district has 2 Tehsils:
This district consists of a single block: Srinagar. This block consists of a number of panchayats.
Srinagar District has 8 assembly constituencies: Hazratbal, Zadibal, Iddgah, Khanyar, Habbakadal, Amirakadal, Sonwar and Batmaloo.
According to the 2011 census Srinagar district has a population of 1,269,751, roughly equal to the nation of Estonia or the US state of New Hampshire. This gives it a ranking of 381st in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 703 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,820 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 23.56 %. Srinagar has a sex ratio of 879 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 71.21 %.
wn.com/Srinagar_district -
Stakna Monastery
Stakna Monastery or Stakna Gompa is a Buddhist monastery of the Drugpa sect in Leh district, Ladakh, northern India, 21 or 25 kilometres from Leh on the right bank of the Indus River.
It was founded in the late 16th century by a Bhutanese scholar and saint, Chosje Jamyang Palkar. The name, literally meaning 'tiger's nose' was given because it was built on a hill shaped like a tiger's nose. Of note is a sacred Arya Avalokitesvara statue from Kamrup, Assam. Stakna has a residence of approximately 30 monks.
wn.com/Stakna_Monastery -
Stok Monastery
Stok Monastery or Stok Gompa or Palace is a Buddhist monastery in Leh district, Ladakh, northern India, 15 kilometres south of Leh. It was founded by Lama Lhawang Lotus in the 14th Century and has a notable library including all 108 volumes of the Kangjur. A ritual dance-mask festival is held annually. It was used for some time as a residence by the Ladakhi royalty.
wn.com/Stok_Monastery -
Stongdey Monastery
Stongdey Monastery, often written Stongde, Stongday, Tonday or Thonde, is a flourishing Buddhist monastery in Zanskar, Jammu and Kashmir, northern India, approximately 18 km north of Padum, on the road to Zangla, India .
The gompa was founded in 1052 CE by Naropa's disciple, the famous translator Lama Marpa Lotsawa (1012-1097). It was taken over by the Gelugpa about four centuries later and became dedicated to Je Tsongkhapa.
It is the second largest monastic institution in Zanskar, with a community of about 60 Gelukpa monks. Every year the Gustor Festival is held on the 28th and 29th day in the eleventh month of the Tibetan calendar.
There are seven temples in all. The Tshogs-khang is decorated with exquisite painting including some with deities on a black background outlined in gold.
wn.com/Stongdey_Monastery -
Takthok Monastery
Takthok Monastery (also known as Thag Thog or Thak Thak) is a Buddhist monastery in Sakti village in Ladakh, northern India, located approximately 46 kilometres east of Leh. The name Takthok, literally meaning 'rock-roof' was named because both its roof as well as walls are made up of rock. It belongs to the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism and approximately 55 lamas reside there. It is the only Nyingma monastery in Ladakh.
The monastery was founded around the mid-16th century during the reign of Tshewang Namgyal on a mountainside around a cave in which Padmasambhava is said to have meditated in the 8th century. Every year on the 9th and 10th day of the sixth month of the Tibetan calendar, celebrations which include sacred dances are held.
The main temple is very dark and gloomy with a low ceiling of rock completely covered with the residue from centuries of butterlamps having been burned there. The paintings that once adorned the walls are covered with grime and even the floor feels sticky. Further down another cave has been turned into a kitchen which has immense stoves capable of producing enough food for all the pilgrims who arrive for the annual festival (which has been shifted to the summer months to accommodate tourists). The Assembly Hall, or du-khang's verandah, has paintings of the Four Lords, while the walls have recent paintings of fierce protector divinities some of which adorn the verandah entrance. The du-khang also contains statues of Maitreya, Padmasambhava and his manifestation Dorje Takposal.
wn.com/Takthok_Monastery -
Thikse Monastery
Thikse Gompa or Thikse Monastery (also transliterated from Ladakhi as Tikse, Tiksey or Thiksey) (thiksok Nambar tak pe ling) is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery of the Yellow Hat (Gelugpa) sect, located on top of a hill, approximately 19 kilometres east of Leh in Ladakh, India. It is noted for its resemblance to the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet and is the largest gompa in central Ladakh.
The monastery is located at an altitude of 3,600 metres (11,800 ft) in the Indus valley. It is a 12-storey complex and houses many items of Buddhist art such as stupas, statues, thangkas, wall paintings and swords. One of the main points of interest is the Maitreya (future Buddha) Temple which is installed to commemorate the visit of the 14th Dalai Lama to this monastery in 1970. A 15 metres (49 ft) high statue of Maitreya, the largest such statue in Ladakh, covering two storeys of the building is deified in the monastery. A nunnery is also part of the complex.
wn.com/Thikse_Monastery -
Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram,[needs IPA]known in English as Trivandrum /trɨˈvændrəm/, is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala and the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram District. It is located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland. Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the "Evergreen city of India", the city is characterized by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills and busy commercial alleys. With more than 750,000 inhabitants in the city proper, and a population around 1.68 million when including the wider urban agglomeration, Thiruvananthapuram is the largest and most populous city in Kerala. It is an IT hub of the state with over 80% of the state's software exports.
The city houses several central and state government offices and organizations. Apart from being the political nerve centre of Kerala, it is also a major academic hub and is home to several educational institutions including the University of Kerala, and to many science and technology institutions, the most prominent being the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Technopark, the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), the Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala,Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER), the Centre for Development Studies, the International Centre for Free and Open Source Software (ICFOSS), the Regional Research Laboratory, the Centre for Earth Science Studies, Rajeev Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology and the Sree Chithira Thirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology. It is also considered as one of the 10 greenest cities in India. Thiruvananthapuram was ranked as the best city in Kerala to live in by a recent Times of India survey
wn.com/Thiruvananthapuram -
Udhampur
Udhampur (Kashmiri, Hindi: उधमपुर) is a city and a municipal council in Udhampur District in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is the second-largest city of the Duggardesh region and the fourth-largest city in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Named after Raja Udham Singh, it serves as the district capital and the Northern Command headquarters of the Indian Army. A Forward Base Support Unit (FBSU) of the Indian Air Force is also stationed there. Udhampur is used by the Armed Forces as a transit point between Jammu and Srinagar when travelling by road (National Highway Number 1A).
The district of Udhampur is located in the shiwalik range of Himalayas and the terrain is mostly mountainous. The upper reaches of the district experience snowfall in the winter season. The city of Udhampur is located at 32°56′N 75°08′E / 32.93°N 75.13°E / 32.93; 75.13 in a relatively flatter part of the district at an elevation of 756 metres (2480 feet) and rarely experience any snowfall.The city itself spreads on uneven hills of Shiwaliks.Udhampur is just 68 km ahead of Jammu city towards Srinagar.Katra too is only 23 km off Udhampur.
wn.com/Udhampur -
Udhampur district
Udhampur is a district in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Udhampur town is the headquarters of this district.
Vaishno Devi cave near Katra is an important shrine for the Hindus and the most famous tourist attraction of this district. Patnitop and Sudh Mahadev are also tourist places. Major attractions in Udhampur city include Gole Market, Devika Ghats, Jakahni Park, Ramnagar chowk (Pandav mandir nd Kachalu), Salain Talab, and the Main Bazar.
The major languages spoken in the district are Dogri, Hindi, Urdu, and Kashmiri.
Temperature varies considerably in the Udhampur District, as the altitude ranges from 600 m to 3,000 m. Chenab, Ans, Tawi and Ujh are the main rivers. The district is rich in minerals such as coal, bauxite, gypsum and lime-stone.
Udhampur district comprises seven tehsils (Chenani, Gool, Gulabgarh, Ramnagar Tehsil, Majalta, Katra and Udhampur Tehsil) and seven blocks, namely, Dudu Basantgarh, Gordi, Chenani, Majalta, Panchari, Ramnagar and Udhampur. Each block consists of a number of panchayats.
wn.com/Udhampur_district -
Ujjain
Ujjain pronunciation (help·info) (also known as Ujain, Ujjayini, Avanti, Avantikapuri), is an ancient city of Malwa region in central India, on the eastern bank of the Kshipra River (Hindi: क्षिप्रा), today part of the state of Madhya Pradesh. It is the administrative centre of Ujjain District and Ujjain Division.
In ancient times the city was called Ujjayini. As mentioned in the Mahabharata epic, Ujjayini was the capital of the Avanti Kingdom, and has been the Prime Meridian for Hindu geographers since the 4th century BCE. Ujjain is one of the seven sacred cities (Sapta Puri) of the Hindus, and the Kumbh Mela religious festival is held there every 12 years. It is also home to Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga, one of the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines to the god Shiva and is also the place where Lord Krishna got education with Balarama and Sudama from Maharshi Sandipani.
wn.com/Ujjain -
Vaishno Devi
Vaishno Devi Mandir (Hindi: वैष्णोदेवी मन्दिर) is one of the holy Hindu temples dedicated to Shakti, located in the hills of Vaishno Devi, Jammu and Kashmir, India. In Hinduism, Vaishno Devi, also known as Mata Rani and Vaishnavi, is a manifestation of the Mother Goddess.
The temple is near the town of Katra, in the Reasi district in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is one of the most revered places of worship in India. The shrine is at an altitude of 5300 feet and a distance of approximately 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from Katra. Approximately 8 million pilgrims (yatris) visit the temple every year and it is the second most visited religious shrine in India, after Tirumala Venkateswara Temple. The Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board maintains the shrine. A rail link from Udhampur to Katra is being built to facilitate pilgrimage. The nearest airport is Jammu Airport which has very high flight frequency. All leading domestic airlines have their services to Jammu Airport.
wn.com/Vaishno_Devi -
Wanla Monastery
Wanla Gompa (Urdu:وانلا گومپا) is an historic Buddhist monastery on the ridge that crowns Wanla village in Ladakh, part of Indian controlled Kashmir. Its small but impressively preserved three-storeyed Avalokitesvara temple is one of the earliest known Drigung Kagyu prayer chambers to have survived in Ladakh. Wanla is a sub-monastery of Lamayuru which provides a caretaker monk responsible for daily rituals and for granting access to the temple. The main image features Avalokitesvara in 11-headed ("Chuchigzhel") form
Along with a 1980s side building the monastery sits within the sparse remnants of a medieval castle whose construction is mentioned in Ladakhi chronicles as being by the Ladakhi King Lhachen Ngaglug (lHa-chen Ngag-lug), ie probably in the 12th century. The monastery was added in the heart of the castle in the 14th century. This timing adds to academic interest in Wanla since, as some writers have described, this was an otherwise completely obscure period of Ladakh’s history between the foundation of the Alchi group of monuments, the latest of which are to be attributed to the early 13th century, and the establishment of the Ladakhi kingdom in the early 15th century.
wn.com/Wanla_Monastery -
Zangla Monastery
Zangla Monastery is a Buddhist monastery in the village of Tsa-zar near Zangla, Zanskar, Kargil district, Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, northern India.
Zangla Monastery is home to around 150 lamas and is located near a ruined hilltop castle, and an old nunnery. It has some notable wall paintings. Zangla is the central point on the Padum-Stongdey-Zangla-Karsha-Padum trip, covering most of the cultural sites of Zanskar including the Zangla monastery.
The Hungarian scholar Sándor Kőrösi Csoma edited the first English-Tibetian dictionary while living at Zangla Monastery in 1823. The dictionary was published in 1824.
wn.com/Zangla_Monastery -
Zanskar
Zanskar (Ladakhi: ཟངས་དཀར་, Hindi: ज़ांस्कर) is a subdistrict or tehsil of the Kargil district, which lies in the eastern half of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The administrative centre is Padum. Zanskar, together with the neighbouring region of Ladakh, was briefly a part of the kingdom of Guge in Western Tibet.
The Zanskar Range is a mountain range in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir that separates Zanskar from Ladakh. Geologically, the Zanskar Range is part of the Tethys Himalaya, an approximately 100-km-wide synclinorium formed by strongly folded and imbricated, weakly metamorphosed sedimentary series. The average height of the Zanskar Range is about 6,000 m (19,700 ft). Its eastern part is known as Rupshu.
Zanskar appears as “Zangskar” mostly in academic studies in social sciences (anthropology, gender studies), reflecting the Ladakhi pronunciation, although the Zanskari pronunciation is Zãhar. Older geographical accounts and maps may use the alternate spelling "Zaskar". An etymological study (Snellgrove and Skorupsky, 1980) of the name reveals that its origin might refer to the natural occurrence of copper in this region, the Tibetan word for which is “Zangs”. The second syllable however seems to be more challenging as it has various meanings: “Zangs-dkar” (white copper), “Zangs-mkhar” (copper palace), or “Zangs-skar” (copper star). Others claim it derives from zan = copper + skar = valley. Crook (1994) partly shares this interpretation but suggests that the origin of this name might also be “Zan-mKhar” (food palace), because the staple food crops are so abundant in an otherwise rather arid region. The locally accepted spelling of the name in Tibetan script is zangs-dkar.
wn.com/Zanskar
-
Akbar
Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar (Persian: جلال الدین محمد اکبر - Jalāl ud-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar), also known as Shahanshah Akbar-e-Azam or Akbar the Great (14 October 1542 – 27 October 1605), was the third Mughal Emperor. He was of Timurid descent; the son of Emperor Humayun, and the grandson of the Mughal Emperor Zaheeruddin Muhammad Babur, the ruler who founded the Mughal dynasty in India. At the end of his reign in 1605 the Mughal empire covered most of northern and central India. He is most appreciated for having a liberal outlook on all faiths and beliefs and during his era, culture and art reached a zenith as compared to his predecessors.
Akbar was 13 years old when he ascended the Mughal throne in Delhi (February 1556), following the death of his father Humayun. During his reign, he eliminated military threats from the powerful Pashtun descendants of Sher Shah Suri, and at the Second Battle of Panipat he decisively defeated the newly self-declared Hindu king Hemu. It took him nearly two more decades to consolidate his power and bring all the parts of northern and central India into his direct realm. He influenced the whole of the Indian Subcontinent as he ruled a greater part of it as an emperor. As an emperor, Akbar solidified his rule by pursuing diplomacy with the powerful Hindu Rajput caste, and by marrying Rajput princesses.
wn.com/Akbar -
Ashoka
Ashoka (Devanāgarī: अशोक, IAST: Aśoka, IPA: [aˈɕoːkə], ca. 304–232 BC), also known as Ashoka the Great, was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from ca. 269 BC to 232 BC. One of India's greatest emperors, Ashoka reigned over most of present-day India after a number of military conquests. His empire stretched from present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan in the west, to the present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of Assam in the east, and as far south as northern Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. He conquered the kingdom named Kalinga, which none of his ancestors had conquered starting from Chandragupta Maurya. His reign was headquartered in Magadha (present-day Bihar). He embraced Buddhism after witnessing the mass deaths of the Kalinga War, which he himself had waged out of a desire for conquest. He was later dedicated to the propagation of Buddhism across Asia and established monuments marking several significant sites in the life of Gautama Buddha. Ashoka was a devotee of ahimsa (nonviolence), love, truth, tolerance and vegetarianism. Ashoka is remembered in history as a philanthropic administrator. In the history of India, Ashoka is referred to as Samraat Chakravartin Ashoka – the "Emperor of Emperors Ashoka".
wn.com/Ashoka -
Aurangzeb
Abul Muzaffar Muhiu 'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb (Persian/Urdu: ابلمظفر محىالدين محمداورنگزيب, Hindi: अबुल मुज़फ्फर मुहिउद्दीन मुहम्मद औरंगज़ेब आलमगीर) (4 November [O.S. 25 October] 1618 – 3 March [O.S. 20 February] 1707), is more popularly known as Aurangzeb, or by his chosen imperial title Alamgir ("Conquerer of the World"), he was the sixth Mughal Emperor, whose reign lasted for 49 years, from 1658 until his death in 1707.
Aurangzeb was a notable expansionist and was also among the wealthiest of the previous Mughal rulers with an annual yearly tribute of £38,624,680 (in the year 1690), during his lifetime victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to more than 1.25 million square miles, he ruled over more than 150 million subjects, constituting nearly one fourth of the world's population.
Aurangzeb was born the third son and sixth child of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand Bāno Begam) in Dahod on the way to Ujjain. Aurangzeb was born when Shah Jahan was a governor of Gujarat suba. In June 1626, after an unsuccessful rebellion by his father, Aurangzeb and his brother Dara Shikoh were kept as hostages under Nur Jahan at there grandfather Jahangir's Lahore court. On 26 February 1628, Shah Jahan was officially declared the Mughal Emperor, and then Aurangzeb returned to Agra fort to live with his parents and Since then Aurangzeb received his formal education in Arabic and Persian. His daily allowance were fixed to
500, while he spent his allowance in religious education and the study of history, he accused his brothers of alcoholism and womanizing.
wn.com/Aurangzeb -
Dogra
The Dogras(Dogri, Kashmiri, Punjabi, Hindi, Urdu: ڈوگرا / डोगरा / dogra; Tibetan, Ladakhi: སྀན་པ / sin-pa or ཤྀན་པ / shin-pa ) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group in South Asia. Being a diversified group, the Dogras include both Savarnas such as Brahmins, Rajputs and Non-savarnas. The Dogras also incluide merchant castes (Vaishyas) such as Mahajans. Rajput Dogras are believed to be Suryavanshi along with chandravanshi Rajputs of Chattari origin, migrating many centuries ago from Rajputana (now called Rajasthan) to the hilly areas of Jammu and lower altitude areas of Himachal Pradesh (Una, Kangra, Mandi, Bilaspur and Hamirpur). They live predominantly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir but also in adjoining areas of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and northeastern Pakistan. They speak their own language, Dogri, which was recognized as one of the national languages of India in 2003. Most dogras are hindus, but some are muslims and sikhs.
The Jammu region, which is one of the three regions of Jammu and Kashmir state (the other two being the Kashmir Valley and Ladakh), is bounded on the north by the Pir Panjal Range of the middle Himalayas, in the south by Punjab, to the east by Ladakh and close to the west in Pakistan. The lower Himalayan ranges begin behind the town of Jammu, which rests on a slope of over 1300 feet above sea level, overlooking and commanding the plain watered by the Chenab, Ravi, Tawi and Ujh rivers. The Jammu region consists of ten districts: Jammu, Kathua, Udhampur, Doda, Poonch, Kishtwar, Reasi, Samba, Ramban and Rajouri. The city of Jammu is the winter capital of the state of J&K.
wn.com/Dogra -
Hamza Makhdum
Hamza Makhdum (1494–1563), also called Mehboob-Ul-Alam, and Sultan-Ul-Arifeen, and popularly known as "Makdoom Sahib", was a sage born to Baba Usman, of the Chandra-Vanshi Rajput family hailing from Kangra, (Hindu Pandits or Brahmins in the region of India-held Kashmir). He was a hereditary landlord, a scholar and a mystic Sufi Muslim saint of high order.
wn.com/Hamza_Makhdum -
Hari Singh
Maharaja Hari Singh (23 September 1895, Jammu–26 April 1961, Bombay) was the last ruling Maharaja of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in India.
He was married four times. With his fourth wife, Maharani Tara Devi (1910–1967), he had one son, Yuvraj (Crown Prince) Karan Singh.
Hari Singh was born on 23 September 1895 at the palace of Amar Mahal, Jammu, the only surviving son of General Raja Sir Amar Singh (14 January 1864-26 March 1909), the younger son of General Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Ranbir Singh and the brother of Lieutenant-General Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Pratap Singh, the then Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir.
In 1903, Hari Singh served as a Page of Honour to Lord Curzon at the grand Delhi Durbar. At the age of 13, Hari Singh was dispatched to Mayo College in Ajmer. A year later in 1909, when his father died, the British took a personal interest in his education and appointed Major H.K. Brar as his guardian. After Mayo College the ruler-in-waiting went to the Imperial Cadet Corps at Dehra Dun for military training, imbibing its British upper-crust atmosphere and polishing his English to a high gloss, and by the age of 20 he had been appointed commander-in-chief of the Jammu and Kashmir state forces.
wn.com/Hari_Singh -
Kambojas
The Kambojas (Sanskrit: कम्बोज, Kamboja; Persian: کمبوہ, Kambūh) were a kshatriya tribe of Iron Age India, frequently mentioned in Sanskrit and Pali literature. Modern scholars conclude that the Kambojas were an Avestan speaking Eastern Iranian tribe at the boundary of the Indo-Aryans and the Iranians, and appear to have moved from the Iranian into the Indo-Aryan sphere over time.
The Kambojas migrated into India during the Indo-Scythian invasion from the 2nd century BCE to 5th century CE. Their descendants controlled various principalities in Medieval India.
The Kambojas were an Indo-Iranian tribe. However, the ancient Kambojas are sometimes described as Indo-Aryans or as having both Indian and Iranian affinities. However, most scholars now agree that the Kambojas were Iranians, cognate with the Indo-Scythians. The Kambojas are also described as a royal clan of the Sakas. This seems to be confirmed by the Mathura lion capital inscriptions made by Rajuvula and by one of the Edicts of Asoka. The Aśvakas were a subtribe of the Kambojas.
wn.com/Kambojas -
Karan Singh
Karan Singh is an Indian politician and member of the royal family of Jammu and Kashmir. He is a MP in the Rajya Sabha, a senior member of the ruling Indian National Congress Party serving as Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Department, President of the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), India's Ambassador to UNESCO, Chairman of the Auroville Foundation and of the Temple of Understanding, author, diplomat, champion of interfaith dialogue, and Hindu scholar. Singh (born 1931) is the son of the last ruler of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, Maharaja Hari Singh. In the 26th amendment to the Constitution of India promulgated in 1971, the Government of India abolished all official symbols of princely India, including titles, privileges, and remuneration (privy purses). Singh received the Padma Vibhushan in 2005.
Karan Singh was born on March 9, 1931, in Cannes, France, to the last ruler of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu (also known as The Royal House of Jammu and Kashmir), Maharaja Hari Singh and his wife Maharani Tara Devi. He was educated at Doon School, Dehra Dun, and received a B.A. from Sri Pratap Singh (S. P.) College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir University, and an M.A. in Political Science from Delhi University. He went on to receive a Ph.D. from Delhi University.
wn.com/Karan_Singh -
Mayor of Srinagar
The Mayor of Srinagar is the first citizen of the Indian city of Srinagar. He is the chief of the 66-member Srinagar Municipal Corporation (SMC). He is elected through a popular vote in a quinquennial election. The elections are held in all 68 wards in the city to elect corporators. The party that wins the maximum number of seats holds an internal vote to decide on the mayor.
On 29 March 2006, Ghulam Mustafa Bhat was elected Mayor of Srinagar.
wn.com/Mayor_of_Srinagar -
Mirwaiz Umar Farooq
Mohammad Umar Farooq (Kashmiri: मीरवाइज़ उमर फ़ारूक़, born 23 March 1973) is a Kashmiri religious and political leader who is the chairman of the Awami Action Committee and the All Parties Hurriyat Conference, a grassroots coalition of pro-freedom parties in the Indian administered Jammu & Kashmir.
As the Mirwaiz (Mir-Head; Waiz-Priest) of Kashmir and chairman of the Hurriyat Conference has both an important religious and political role in the Kashmir Valley.
At the age of 17, following the assassination of his father, Mirwaiz Maulvi Farooq, the leader of Awami Action Committee, Umar Farooq united 23 Kashmiri separatist organizations into the All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC). He has constantly tried to raise much awareness about the Kashmir issue internationally. He was also shown among the Asian Heroes by the Times magazine. He maintains that dialogue must take place with India and Pakistan, so long as the Kashmiri aspirations are heard as well.
He inherited as the 14th Mirwaiz (Kashmiri term for traditional preacher of Muslims in Kashmir) in 1990. Before joining the pro-freedom Kashmir politics, Mirwaiz Umar Farooq was an alumnus of the prestigious Burn Hall School in Srinagar, he had interests in computers and he wanted to become a software engineer. But fate had something else in store for this man, who became the founder-chairman of the All Parties Hurriyat Conference at the age of 20. He also holds a PhD. in Islamic Studies from Kashmir University.
wn.com/Mirwaiz_Umar_Farooq -
Omar Abdullah
Omar Abdullah (Hindi: उमर अब्दुल्लाह, Urdu: عمر عبدالله), born 10 March 1970, is an Indian Kashmiri politician and the scion of one of the state's most prominent political family, the Abdullah family who became the 11th and the youngest Chief Minister of the northern Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir, after forming a government in coalition with the Congress party, on January 5, 2009.
He was a member of 14th Lok Sabha, representing Srinagar constituency of Jammu and Kashmir, India. He was a Union Minister of State for External affairs in Atal Bihari Vajpayee's NDA government, from July 23, 2001 to December 23, 2002. He resigned from NDA government in October 2002 to concentrate on party work.
Omar joined politics in 1998, as a Lok Sabha member, a feat he repeated in subsequent three elections and also remained a Union minister; he took on the mantle of National Conference from his father in 2002, though he lost his own seat of Ganderbal during the 2002 state assembly elections, and so did his party, the political mandate; four years later, he contested once again from the same seat and won in the 2008 Kashmir Elections.
wn.com/Omar_Abdullah -
Pashtun people
Pashtuns (Pashto: پښتانه Pax̌tānə; also spelled Pushtuns, Pakhtuns or Pukhtuns), also known as ethnic Afghans (Persian: افغان) or Pathans (Urdu: پٹھان, Hindi: पठान Paṭhān), are an Eastern Iranian ethnic group with populations primarily in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Pashtuns are typically characterised by their usage of the Pashto language and practice of Pashtunwali, which is a traditional set of ethics guiding individual and communal conduct. Their origins are unclear but historians have come across references to various ancient peoples called Paktha (Pactyans) between the 2nd and the 1st millennium BC, who inhabited the region between the Hindu Kush and Indus River and may be the early ancestors of Pashtuns. Since the 3rd century AD and onward, they have been referred to by the ethnonym "Afghan".
Often characterised as a warrior and martial race, their history is spread amongst various countries of South, Central and Western Asia, centred around their traditional seat of power in medieval Afghanistan. During the Delhi Sultanate era, the Pashtun Lodi dynasty replaced the Turkic kingdoms as the ruling dynasty in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. Other Pashtuns fought the Persian Empire and the Mughal Empire before obtaining an independent state in the early-18th century, which began with a successful revolution by the Mirwais Hotak followed by conquests by Ahmad Shah Durrani. Pashtuns played a vital role during the Great Game from the 19th century to the 20th century as they were caught between the imperialist designs of the British and Russian empires.
wn.com/Pashtun_people -
Ranjit Singh
Maharaja Ranjit Singh (13 November 1780 – 20 June 1839) was the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire.
Ranjit Singh belonged to a Sikh clan of Northern India. He was born in Gujranwala, now in modern-day Pakistan. According to some historians, into a Jatt Sikh family and some that he was born into a Sansi Sikh family who were Sukerchakia misldars. As a child he suffered from smallpox which resulted in the loss of one eye. At the time, much of Punjab was ruled by the Sikhs under a Confederate Sarbat Khalsa system, who had divided the territory among factions known as misls.
Ranjit Singh's father Maha Singh was the Commander of the Sukerchakia misl and controlled a territory in the west Punjab based around his headquarters at Gujranwala. After his father's death he was raised under the protection of Sada Kaur of the Kanheya Misl. Ranjit Singh succeeded his father at the age of 18. After several campaigns, he conquered the other misls and created the Sikh Empire.
Pashtun King Amir Ahmad Shah Abdali 1747–1772 of Afghanistan Durrani Known as Kings of Kings first crossed the Indus River in 1748, the year after his ascension – his forces sacked and absorbed Lahore during that expedition. The following year (1749), the Mughal ruler was induced to cede Sindh and all of the Punjab including the vital trans Indus River to him, in order to save his capital from being attacked by the Afghan Pashtun forces of the DurraniEmpire.
wn.com/Ranjit_Singh -
Sheikh Abdullah
Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah (Kashmiri: शेख़ मुहम्मद अब्दुल्ला (Devanagari), شيخ محمد عبدالله (Nastaleeq)), Sher-e-Kashmir (the Lion of Kashmir) (December 5, 1905, Soura, Kashmir – September 8, 1982, Srinagar), was the leader of the National Conference, Kashmir's largest political party, and one of the most important political figures in the modern history of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1933 he married Akbar Jahan, the daughter of Michael Harry Nedou, the eldest son of the European proprietor of a chain of hotels in India including Nedous Hotel in Srinagar, and his Kashmiri wife Mirjan. Michael Harry Nedou was himself the proprietor of a hotel at the tourist resort of Gulmarg (The writer Tariq Ali claims that Akbar Jehan was previously married in 1928 to an Arab Karam Shah who disappeared after a Calcutta newspaper Liberty reported that he was actually T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) a British Intelligence officer. He claims that Akbar Jehan was divorced by her first husband in 1929.) He agitated against the rule of the Maharaja Hari Singh, and urged self-rule for Kashmir. He was the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir State after its provisional accession to India in 1947, and was later jailed and exiled. He again became the Chief Minister of the state following the 1974 Indira-Sheikh accord and remained in the top slot till his death on September 8, 1982.
wn.com/Sheikh_Abdullah -
Sonia Gandhi
Sonia Gandhi (born Antonia Edvige Albina Maino on 9 December 1946) is an Italian-born Indian politician and the President of the Indian National Congress, one of the major political parties of India. She is the widow of former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi and belongs to Nehru–Gandhi family. After his assassination in 1991, she was invited by the Indian National Congress to take over the Congress but refused and publicly stayed away from politics amidst constant prodding by the Congress. She finally agreed to join politics in 1997; in 1998, she was elected as the leader of the Congress.
Since then, Sonia Gandhi has been the President of the Indian National Congress Party. She has served as the Chairperson of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in the Lok Sabha since 2004. In September 2010, on being re-elected for the fourth time, she became the longest serving president in the 125-year history of the Congress party. Her foreign birth has been a subject of much debate and controversy. Although Sonia is actually the fifth foreign-born person to be leader of the Congress Party, she is the first since independence in 1947.
wn.com/Sonia_Gandhi -
Swami Lakshman Joo
Swami Lakshman Joo Raina (9 May 1907 – 27 September 1991) was a mystic and scholar of Kashmir Shaivism or Trika. He was known as Lal Sahib (friend of God) by followers, who considered him a fully realized saint. He attracted the attention of western writers such as Paul Reps, whose rendering of the Vigyan Bhairav Tantra, later used by Osho, brought Lakshman Joo and the meditation methods of his school to international prominence, and Miguel Serrano, the Chilean mystical writer.
Lakshman Joo was involved in teaching Kashmiri Shaivite texts throughout his adult life. He translated the texts he considered the most important of his tradition into both Hindi and English;
Over a period of nineteen years John Hughes recorded HLakshman joo's translations of the following texts. Transcripts of these lectures are maintained in the Universal Shaiva Fellowship library.
wn.com/Swami_Lakshman_Joo
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Srinagar records season's coldest day at -3.9 degree Celsius
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
Srinagar recorded season's coldest day on Thursday at -3.9 degree Celsius. With the dipping temperature in the city, water has frozen and fog has descended on streets.
http://wn.com/Srinagar_records_season's_coldest_day_at_-39_degree_Celsius
Srinagar recorded season's coldest day on Thursday at -3.9 degree Celsius. With the dipping temperature in the city, water has frozen and fog has descended on streets.
Srinagar: Acid attack on woman, condition stable
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:46
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
A 30-year-old woman, a school teacher, was injured when she was attacked with acid by a young man on Srinagar airport road today, police said. She suffered burn injuries on the face and arm and was admitted to the SMHS hospital; her condition is said to be "stable". For more info log on to: www.youtube.com/abpnewsTV
http://wn.com/Srinagar_Acid_attack_on_woman,_condition_stable
A 30-year-old woman, a school teacher, was injured when she was attacked with acid by a young man on Srinagar airport road today, police said. She suffered burn injuries on the face and arm and was admitted to the SMHS hospital; her condition is said to be "stable". For more info log on to: www.youtube.com/abpnewsTV
- published: 02 Jan 2013
- views: 130
- author: abpnewstv
Srinagar acid attack victim in Delhi for her surgery
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
An acid attack in Srinagar has left a young woman partially blind. The police have arrested two men and registered a case of attempt to murder with regard to the incident, even as the attack has triggered protests in Jammu and Kashmir. The girl has now been brought to Delhi for reconstructive surgery where a private hospital is treating her for free. However, the extended family of this orphan, who used to teach local children in a creche, is distraught.
http://wn.com/Srinagar_acid_attack_victim_in_Delhi_for_her_surgery
An acid attack in Srinagar has left a young woman partially blind. The police have arrested two men and registered a case of attempt to murder with regard to the incident, even as the attack has triggered protests in Jammu and Kashmir. The girl has now been brought to Delhi for reconstructive surgery where a private hospital is treating her for free. However, the extended family of this orphan, who used to teach local children in a creche, is distraught.
- published: 04 Jan 2013
- views: 389
- author: ibnlive
Acid attack: Protests continue in Srinagar, woman to be treated in Delhi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Demonstrations continued and shops remained shut in Srinagar on Friday in protest against the acid attack on a 24-year-old woman. The woman, who is a school teacher, was attacked with acid by two youths in Srinagar on Wednesday. She lost vision in one eye after the attack and her face has been disfigured due to the acid. She is now being moved to New Delhi for treatment. Doctors at Apollo Hospital in the national capital have arranged free medical treatment for her.
http://wn.com/Acid_attack_Protests_continue_in_Srinagar,_woman_to_be_treated_in_Delhi
Demonstrations continued and shops remained shut in Srinagar on Friday in protest against the acid attack on a 24-year-old woman. The woman, who is a school teacher, was attacked with acid by two youths in Srinagar on Wednesday. She lost vision in one eye after the attack and her face has been disfigured due to the acid. She is now being moved to New Delhi for treatment. Doctors at Apollo Hospital in the national capital have arranged free medical treatment for her.
- published: 04 Jan 2013
- views: 83
- author: ibnlive
Srinagar, Kashmir
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:00
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu & Kashmir, is as beautiful as it is politically unstable. Close to the line of control, a tenuously drawn border between India and Pakistan, this is one of the most fascinating areas we've seen. Muslim-controlled Srinagar is famous for many things. Follow along as we visit wooden mosques in the old city, explore the many waterways, taste some delicious Kashmiri food, and stroll through colorful Mughal gardens.
http://wn.com/Srinagar,_Kashmir
Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu & Kashmir, is as beautiful as it is politically unstable. Close to the line of control, a tenuously drawn border between India and Pakistan, this is one of the most fascinating areas we've seen. Muslim-controlled Srinagar is famous for many things. Follow along as we visit wooden mosques in the old city, explore the many waterways, taste some delicious Kashmiri food, and stroll through colorful Mughal gardens.
- published: 26 Nov 2008
- views: 59015
- author: contemporarynomad
Two Days in Srinagar, Kashmir
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:43
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
FILMED IN AND AROUND SRINAGAR, KASHMIR, IN NOVEMBER 2010 (mostly).
http://wn.com/Two_Days_in_Srinagar,_Kashmir
FILMED IN AND AROUND SRINAGAR, KASHMIR, IN NOVEMBER 2010 (mostly).
- published: 18 Dec 2011
- views: 5495
- author: FarangLeo
Watch: Season's first snowfall in Srinagar, Manali
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:41
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
Most parts of the Kashmir Valley, including Srinagar, on Friday received fresh snowfall, leading to closure of the Jammu-Srinagar National Highway. The snowfall began on Thursday evening. However, the snowfall has led to closure of the 294-km Jammu-Srinagar National Highway, the only road link between Kashmir and rest of the country. It also snowed in Manali in Himachal Pradesh which is another tourist hotspot.
http://wn.com/Watch_Season's_first_snowfall_in_Srinagar,_Manali
Most parts of the Kashmir Valley, including Srinagar, on Friday received fresh snowfall, leading to closure of the Jammu-Srinagar National Highway. The snowfall began on Thursday evening. However, the snowfall has led to closure of the 294-km Jammu-Srinagar National Highway, the only road link between Kashmir and rest of the country. It also snowed in Manali in Himachal Pradesh which is another tourist hotspot.
- published: 14 Dec 2012
- views: 771
- author: ibnlive
Leh Manali Highway - Delhi - Srinagar - Leh Ladakh - Manali - Delhi Trip 1st - 11 June 2012 Photos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:44
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
Most awaited Delhi - Srinagar - Kargil - Leh - Pangong Lake - China border - Sumdo - Sarchu - Bharachala - Keylong - Rohtang pass - Manali - Kullu - Chandigarh - Delhi round trip
http://wn.com/Leh_Manali_Highway_Delhi_Srinagar_Leh_Ladakh_Manali_Delhi_Trip_1st_11_June_2012_Photos
Most awaited Delhi - Srinagar - Kargil - Leh - Pangong Lake - China border - Sumdo - Sarchu - Bharachala - Keylong - Rohtang pass - Manali - Kullu - Chandigarh - Delhi round trip
- published: 27 Jun 2012
- views: 5368
- author: Shrichandra Yadav
SRINAGAR LAKE DAL KASHMIR INDIA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:01
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
1975 en.wikipedia.org Srinagar (Hindi: श्रीनगर, Urdu: سرینگر, Kashmiri: سِرېنَگَر सिरीनगर) , is the summer capital of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India, and is situated in the valley of Kashmir. The city lies on both banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus River. The city is famous for its lakes and houseboats floating over them. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts and dry fruits. Srinagar is 876 km north of Delhi. The headquarters of the Srinagar District are situated in the city. Tourism is the most significant segment of the city's economy. The city of Srinagar has been serving as a gateway to some of the most scenic and beautiful places of the Indian subcontinent. For decades, tourism has been contributing massively to the economy of the city for last several decades, but it has been adversely affected on account of insurgent activities by certain elements. Dal Lake, going from the Mughal Gardens side back to SrinagarSrinagar is well known for its lakes. Dal Lake with its houseboats is famous all over the world. Srinagar is a small and beautiful city with a wonderful climate in the summer. Just outside the city are found the beautiful Shalimar Gardens created by Jehangir, the Mughal emperor, in 1619. Houseboats were introduced accidentally to Kashmir: members of the Indian Civil Service serving in the plains who vacationed in Kashmir were not permitted to build permanent homes because of the then Maharaja's suspicion ...
http://wn.com/SRINAGAR_LAKE_DAL_KASHMIR_INDIA
1975 en.wikipedia.org Srinagar (Hindi: श्रीनगर, Urdu: سرینگر, Kashmiri: سِرېنَگَر सिरीनगर) , is the summer capital of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India, and is situated in the valley of Kashmir. The city lies on both banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus River. The city is famous for its lakes and houseboats floating over them. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts and dry fruits. Srinagar is 876 km north of Delhi. The headquarters of the Srinagar District are situated in the city. Tourism is the most significant segment of the city's economy. The city of Srinagar has been serving as a gateway to some of the most scenic and beautiful places of the Indian subcontinent. For decades, tourism has been contributing massively to the economy of the city for last several decades, but it has been adversely affected on account of insurgent activities by certain elements. Dal Lake, going from the Mughal Gardens side back to SrinagarSrinagar is well known for its lakes. Dal Lake with its houseboats is famous all over the world. Srinagar is a small and beautiful city with a wonderful climate in the summer. Just outside the city are found the beautiful Shalimar Gardens created by Jehangir, the Mughal emperor, in 1619. Houseboats were introduced accidentally to Kashmir: members of the Indian Civil Service serving in the plains who vacationed in Kashmir were not permitted to build permanent homes because of the then Maharaja's suspicion ...
- published: 23 Apr 2011
- views: 21416
- author: DonPugh1
Shahrukh Khan @iamsrk at Srinagar press conference (Kashmir)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:45
- Updated: 03 Nov 2012
www.shahrukhkhandream.com Voting timed 2 the anniversary of the 20year Shahrukh Khan's career in the film industry! http
http://wn.com/Shahrukh_Khan_@iamsrk_at_Srinagar_press_conference_Kashmir
www.shahrukhkhandream.com Voting timed 2 the anniversary of the 20year Shahrukh Khan's career in the film industry! http
- published: 06 Sep 2012
- views: 6203
- author: VegainkoTanni1
NANAK NAAM CHARHDI KALA TERE BHAANE SARBAT DA BHALA-BHAI HARJINDER SINGH JI (SRINAGAR WALE)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:14
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
FOR LATEST UPDATES: ---------------------------------------- SUBSCRIBE US Here: bit.ly "If you like the Video, Don't forget to Share and leave your comments" Visit Our Channel For More Videos: www.youtube.com Track: Nanak Naam Charhdi Kala Tere Bhaane Sarbat Da Bhala Title: Nanak Naam Charhdi Kala Tere Bhaane Sarbat Da Bhala Singer/Ragi: Bhai Harjinder Singh Ji (Srinagar Wale) Music: Bhai Harjinder Singh Ji (Srinagar Wale) Lyricist:Traditional Music/Audio on T-Series
http://wn.com/NANAK_NAAM_CHARHDI_KALA_TERE_BHAANE_SARBAT_DA_BHALA-BHAI_HARJINDER_SINGH_JI_SRINAGAR_WALE
FOR LATEST UPDATES: ---------------------------------------- SUBSCRIBE US Here: bit.ly "If you like the Video, Don't forget to Share and leave your comments" Visit Our Channel For More Videos: www.youtube.com Track: Nanak Naam Charhdi Kala Tere Bhaane Sarbat Da Bhala Title: Nanak Naam Charhdi Kala Tere Bhaane Sarbat Da Bhala Singer/Ragi: Bhai Harjinder Singh Ji (Srinagar Wale) Music: Bhai Harjinder Singh Ji (Srinagar Wale) Lyricist:Traditional Music/Audio on T-Series
- published: 25 Jul 2012
- views: 64149
- author: tseriesshabad
Building Bridges: Rahul Gandhi at interactive session with students at Srinagar : 5.10.2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 68:26
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Building Bridges, an interactive session organised at Srinagar on 5th October 2012. Shri Rahul Gandhi, Congress General Secretary during his two days visit to Srinagar participated in the interaction between the students of the Kashmir University and the leading industrialists of nation like Ratan Tata, Kumar Mangalam Birla, Deepak Parekh and others It is the largest business delegation to visit the state since Independence. Shri Gandhi fulfilled the promise he made on his last in his attempts to build trust and a long-term relationship with the youth of the state.
http://wn.com/Building_Bridges_Rahul_Gandhi_at_interactive_session_with_students_at_Srinagar_5102012
Building Bridges, an interactive session organised at Srinagar on 5th October 2012. Shri Rahul Gandhi, Congress General Secretary during his two days visit to Srinagar participated in the interaction between the students of the Kashmir University and the leading industrialists of nation like Ratan Tata, Kumar Mangalam Birla, Deepak Parekh and others It is the largest business delegation to visit the state since Independence. Shri Gandhi fulfilled the promise he made on his last in his attempts to build trust and a long-term relationship with the youth of the state.
- published: 08 Oct 2012
- views: 2514
- author: CongressToday
Bhai Harjinder Singh Srinagar Wale - Inhi Ki Kirpa Ke Saje Hum Hai
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:45
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
This Shabad is by Guru Gobind Singh in Dasam Granth on Pannaa 1 7:15 - Previews from Waho Waho Gobind Singh: 1. Mera Ghar Baneya by Bhai Davinder Singh Sodhi & Jaspinder Narula 2. T-Series Television (Punjabi Promo) 3. Tera Ek Naam Taare Sansar by Bhai Chamanjeet Singh Lal 4. T-Series Hyundai HCV-7800 3-VCD Player Promo 5. Salok Mehla 9 by Bhai Surinder Singh Jodhpuri 6. T-Series Blank Audio Cassettes (Full & English Promo) 7. Gun Gavan Din Raat by Bhai Harbans Singh & Gurcharan Singh 8. T-Series Ganga Promo #2 9. Tera Kiya Meetha Laage by Bhai Harbans Singh & Gurcharan Singh 10. T-Series CD Player (Shorter Promo) 11. Mere Ram Rai by Bhai Harjinder Singh & Maninder Singh 12. T-Series Concore Fans (Shorter Promo) 13. Amritsar Sifti Da Ghar by Bhai Harbans Singh & Gurcharan Singh (Shorter Preview) & 14. T-Series Blank Video Cassettes
http://wn.com/Bhai_Harjinder_Singh_Srinagar_Wale_Inhi_Ki_Kirpa_Ke_Saje_Hum_Hai
This Shabad is by Guru Gobind Singh in Dasam Granth on Pannaa 1 7:15 - Previews from Waho Waho Gobind Singh: 1. Mera Ghar Baneya by Bhai Davinder Singh Sodhi & Jaspinder Narula 2. T-Series Television (Punjabi Promo) 3. Tera Ek Naam Taare Sansar by Bhai Chamanjeet Singh Lal 4. T-Series Hyundai HCV-7800 3-VCD Player Promo 5. Salok Mehla 9 by Bhai Surinder Singh Jodhpuri 6. T-Series Blank Audio Cassettes (Full & English Promo) 7. Gun Gavan Din Raat by Bhai Harbans Singh & Gurcharan Singh 8. T-Series Ganga Promo #2 9. Tera Kiya Meetha Laage by Bhai Harbans Singh & Gurcharan Singh 10. T-Series CD Player (Shorter Promo) 11. Mere Ram Rai by Bhai Harjinder Singh & Maninder Singh 12. T-Series Concore Fans (Shorter Promo) 13. Amritsar Sifti Da Ghar by Bhai Harbans Singh & Gurcharan Singh (Shorter Preview) & 14. T-Series Blank Video Cassettes
- published: 16 May 2012
- views: 6795
- author: agamusa1
Srinagar Weather Temperature
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Srinagar_Weather_Temperature
Bhai Harjinder Singh Srinagar Wale - Bande Khoj Dil (Full Album)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 62:31
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
Opening to Program 5 Shabads: 1. Bande Khoj Dil Har Roz (Tilang Baba Kabir Ji) (Page 727) 1:54 to 5:12 - Info 2. Deedne Deedar Sahib (Tilang Mehla 5) (Page 724) 19:57 to 21:17 - Info 3. Satgur Mera Poora (Aasa Mehla 5) (Page 375) 4. Bhi Teri Keemat Na Pavai (Sri Raag Mehla 1) (Page 14 & 15) 44:49 to 46:21 - Info 5. Kin Bidh Saagar Tariyai (54:24 - In Bidh Saagar Tariyai) (Ramkali Mehla 1) (Page 877) & 6. 56:14 - Final Info (From This Album) & 58:50 - Anand Sahib (From Darash Tere Ki Pyaas) (Divaan Di Samapati)
http://wn.com/Bhai_Harjinder_Singh_Srinagar_Wale_Bande_Khoj_Dil_Full_Album
Opening to Program 5 Shabads: 1. Bande Khoj Dil Har Roz (Tilang Baba Kabir Ji) (Page 727) 1:54 to 5:12 - Info 2. Deedne Deedar Sahib (Tilang Mehla 5) (Page 724) 19:57 to 21:17 - Info 3. Satgur Mera Poora (Aasa Mehla 5) (Page 375) 4. Bhi Teri Keemat Na Pavai (Sri Raag Mehla 1) (Page 14 & 15) 44:49 to 46:21 - Info 5. Kin Bidh Saagar Tariyai (54:24 - In Bidh Saagar Tariyai) (Ramkali Mehla 1) (Page 877) & 6. 56:14 - Final Info (From This Album) & 58:50 - Anand Sahib (From Darash Tere Ki Pyaas) (Divaan Di Samapati)
- published: 26 Apr 2012
- views: 101286
- author: agamusa1
Bhai Harjinder Singh Srinagar Wale - Mohe Gareeb Ko Leho Ralaye
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:03
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
This Shabad is by Guru Arjan Dev Ji in Raag Aasaa on Pannaa 392 & 393
http://wn.com/Bhai_Harjinder_Singh_Srinagar_Wale_Mohe_Gareeb_Ko_Leho_Ralaye
This Shabad is by Guru Arjan Dev Ji in Raag Aasaa on Pannaa 392 & 393
- published: 14 May 2012
- views: 10900
- author: agamusa1
Bhai Harjinder Singh Srinagar Wale - Charan Kamal Tere Dhoye Dhoye Peevan (Kirtan Di Samapati).flv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:13
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
CHARAN KAMAL TERE DHOYE DHOYE PEEVAAN
http://wn.com/Bhai_Harjinder_Singh_Srinagar_Wale_Charan_Kamal_Tere_Dhoye_Dhoye_Peevan_Kirtan_Di_Samapatiflv
WAHEGURU SIMRAN BY BHAI HARJINDER SINGH SRINAGAR WALE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:23
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
WAHEGURU SIMRAN BY BHAI HARJINDER SINGH JI SRINAGAR WALE
http://wn.com/WAHEGURU_SIMRAN_BY_BHAI_HARJINDER_SINGH_SRINAGAR_WALE
WAHEGURU SIMRAN BY BHAI HARJINDER SINGH JI SRINAGAR WALE
- published: 16 Feb 2012
- views: 51476
- author: nitnem path gurbani kirtan
Bhai Harjinder Singh Srinagar Wale - Partap Tumhara Dekh Ke Jamdoot Chhad Jaaye
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:21
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
This Shabad is by Guru Arjan Dev Ji in Raag Bilaaval on Pannaa 811 11:00 - Previews from Simar Mana: 1. Mera Ghar Baneya by Bhai Davinder Singh Sodhi & Jaspinder Narula 2. Tera Ek Naam Taare Sansar by Bhai Chamanjeet Singh Lal 3. T-Series Ganga Promo #1 (Hindi) 4. T-Series Hyundai HCV-7800 3-VCD Player 5. Salok Mahla 9 by Bhai Surinder Singh Jodhpuri 6. Gun Gaavan Din Raat by Bhai Harbans Singh & Gurcharan Singh 7. T-Series Blank Audio Cassettes (Never Before Seen) Promo 8. T-Series Television Promo (Cut & English) 9. Tera Kiya Meetha Laage by Bhai Harbans Singh & Gurcharan Singh 10. Mere Raam Rai by Bhai Harjinder Singh & Maninder Singh 11. T-Series Blank Video Cassettes Promo 12. T-Series Concore Fans (Shorter Promo) 13. Nanak Matey Da Malik by Bhai Harbans Singh & Gurcharan Singh 14. Amritsar Sifti Da Ghar also by Bhai Harbans Singh & Gurcharan Singh (Longer Preview) & 15. T-Series CD Player (Shorter Promo)
http://wn.com/Bhai_Harjinder_Singh_Srinagar_Wale_Partap_Tumhara_Dekh_Ke_Jamdoot_Chhad_Jaaye
This Shabad is by Guru Arjan Dev Ji in Raag Bilaaval on Pannaa 811 11:00 - Previews from Simar Mana: 1. Mera Ghar Baneya by Bhai Davinder Singh Sodhi & Jaspinder Narula 2. Tera Ek Naam Taare Sansar by Bhai Chamanjeet Singh Lal 3. T-Series Ganga Promo #1 (Hindi) 4. T-Series Hyundai HCV-7800 3-VCD Player 5. Salok Mahla 9 by Bhai Surinder Singh Jodhpuri 6. Gun Gaavan Din Raat by Bhai Harbans Singh & Gurcharan Singh 7. T-Series Blank Audio Cassettes (Never Before Seen) Promo 8. T-Series Television Promo (Cut & English) 9. Tera Kiya Meetha Laage by Bhai Harbans Singh & Gurcharan Singh 10. Mere Raam Rai by Bhai Harjinder Singh & Maninder Singh 11. T-Series Blank Video Cassettes Promo 12. T-Series Concore Fans (Shorter Promo) 13. Nanak Matey Da Malik by Bhai Harbans Singh & Gurcharan Singh 14. Amritsar Sifti Da Ghar also by Bhai Harbans Singh & Gurcharan Singh (Longer Preview) & 15. T-Series CD Player (Shorter Promo)
- published: 02 Feb 2012
- views: 9503
- author: agamusa1
The Far East: Srinagar, Vale of Kasmir, India
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:11
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
SRINAGAR, VALE OF KASHMIR, INDIA (1961)08:09:01Establishing shot of mountains and foliage08:09:14Brown hillsides with bushes, mountains background08:09:29Valley of buildings with mountains background08:09:44Close up of the Hoopoe bird08:09:53Pedestrians along wall lined Lake Dal with houseboats in background08:10:03Two houseboats on Lake Dal08:10:10Lake Dal with row of houseboats 08:10:40Row of houseboats with Indian gondola \\\'shikara\\\'08:10:49Dal Gate - entrance to town from lake with 2 boats08:11:01Jhelum River with boat and shacks, boats on banks08:11:09Two men hauling water from Jhelum River08:11:17Establishing shot of Srinagar on Jhelum River08:11:31Bridge over Jhelum River with foot traffic08:11:44View of bank, houses, boats from river (various)08:12:01People doing laundry on bank of river08:12:08Bridge with Moslem mosque on right bank08:12:19Moslem mosque from river08:12:36Street scene lined with shops and traffic (various)08:13:33Crowd of children staring into camera08:13:46Bridge with traffic over Jhelum River08:13:52Two men paddling on river08:14:01Houses along river bank (various)08:14:35Group of men and boys decorating papier mache, detail08:15:42Man smoking a water pipe (hubble-bubble pipe)08:15:45Man embroidering08:16:05Men wood carving Kashmirian walnut, detail08:16:55Loaded boat on river with city and mountains background08:17:11Rice winnowing on barge tied to side of river bank08:17:20Men weighing rice with large metal scales (various)08:17:53Shop ...
http://wn.com/The_Far_East_Srinagar,_Vale_of_Kasmir,_India
SRINAGAR, VALE OF KASHMIR, INDIA (1961)08:09:01Establishing shot of mountains and foliage08:09:14Brown hillsides with bushes, mountains background08:09:29Valley of buildings with mountains background08:09:44Close up of the Hoopoe bird08:09:53Pedestrians along wall lined Lake Dal with houseboats in background08:10:03Two houseboats on Lake Dal08:10:10Lake Dal with row of houseboats 08:10:40Row of houseboats with Indian gondola \\\'shikara\\\'08:10:49Dal Gate - entrance to town from lake with 2 boats08:11:01Jhelum River with boat and shacks, boats on banks08:11:09Two men hauling water from Jhelum River08:11:17Establishing shot of Srinagar on Jhelum River08:11:31Bridge over Jhelum River with foot traffic08:11:44View of bank, houses, boats from river (various)08:12:01People doing laundry on bank of river08:12:08Bridge with Moslem mosque on right bank08:12:19Moslem mosque from river08:12:36Street scene lined with shops and traffic (various)08:13:33Crowd of children staring into camera08:13:46Bridge with traffic over Jhelum River08:13:52Two men paddling on river08:14:01Houses along river bank (various)08:14:35Group of men and boys decorating papier mache, detail08:15:42Man smoking a water pipe (hubble-bubble pipe)08:15:45Man embroidering08:16:05Men wood carving Kashmirian walnut, detail08:16:55Loaded boat on river with city and mountains background08:17:11Rice winnowing on barge tied to side of river bank08:17:20Men weighing rice with large metal scales (various)08:17:53Shop ...
- published: 23 Aug 2011
- views: 9816
- author: footagefile13
Bhai Harjinder Singh Srinagar Wale - Pritpale Nit Saar Samale
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:03
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
This Shabad is by Guru Arjan Dev Ji in Raag Sorath on Pannaa 612
http://wn.com/Bhai_Harjinder_Singh_Srinagar_Wale_Pritpale_Nit_Saar_Samale
This Shabad is by Guru Arjan Dev Ji in Raag Sorath on Pannaa 612
- published: 05 Feb 2012
- views: 5207
- author: agamusa1
Bhai Harjinder Singh (Srinagar Wale) - Adesh Baba Adesh - Baber Bani
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:06
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Track:Adesh Baba Adesh Title:Baber Bani Singer/Ragi:Bhai Harjinder Singh-Srinagar Wale Music:Bhai Harjinder Singh-Srinagar Wale Lyricist:Traditional Music/Audio on T-Series
http://wn.com/Bhai_Harjinder_Singh_Srinagar_Wale_Adesh_Baba_Adesh_Baber_Bani
Track:Adesh Baba Adesh Title:Baber Bani Singer/Ragi:Bhai Harjinder Singh-Srinagar Wale Music:Bhai Harjinder Singh-Srinagar Wale Lyricist:Traditional Music/Audio on T-Series
- published: 23 May 2011
- views: 4477
- author: tseriesshabad
Pashmina Shawls from Srinagar.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:03
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
The movie shows Pashmina weaving workshop in Srinagar, Kashmir India. All the job is done by experienced men some by women. Some big size pashmina shawls needs one and half year to be finished!
http://wn.com/Pashmina_Shawls_from_Srinagarmp4
The movie shows Pashmina weaving workshop in Srinagar, Kashmir India. All the job is done by experienced men some by women. Some big size pashmina shawls needs one and half year to be finished!
- published: 28 Nov 2010
- views: 3904
- author: Krzysztof Fugiel
photo: AP / Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
08 Jan 2013
MOSCOW, January 8 (RIA Novosti) – At least 17 billion Earth-size planets may inhabit the Milky Way galaxy, SPACE.com reported citing a new study by US astronomers ... That translates to a minimum of 17 billion planets as there are about 100 billion stars in the Milky Way ... Over a hundred of candidates have been confirmed as planets so far, NASA said....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: UN / Evan Schneider
06 Jan 2013
LONDON -- They have barely 3,000 inhabitants and far more sheep than people. They are more than 8,700 miles from London. For much of the year, they are bitterly cold and wind-swept, with only open sea and ice between them and Antarctica ... But the Falkland Islands, the focus of a short war between Britain and Argentina in 1982, have been in the headlines again recently ... Their arguments suggest what has long been evident ... Ms ... Mr ... Cameron said....(size: 5.1Kb)
photo: US Army / Sgt. Christopher Bonebrake
07 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When Congress granted President Lyndon B. Johnson absolute powers to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression," Congress could have also included "all necessary vanities." The 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which greatly escalated a foreign imperial war in Vietnam, added fuel to the bonfires of vanity....(size: 5.2Kb)
photo: AP / New South Wales Rural Fire Service
08 Jan 2013
SYDNEY - Firefighters battled scores of wildfires raging across southeast Australia on Tuesday with officials evacuating national parks and warning that blistering temperatures and high winds had led to "catastrophic" fire conditions in some areas. Enlarge. A charred vehicle sits near the remains of a destroyed home following a wildfire near Dunalley, east of the Tasmanian capital of Hobart, Australia, Saturday, Jan. 5, 2013 ... Editorial ... ....(size: 6.3Kb)
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
06 Jan 2013
ISLAMABAD - The Pakistani military is accusing forces from neighboring India of crossing the boundary between the two sides' forces in Kashmir and attacking a Pakistani border post, killing a soldier. The military's public relations office said in a statement Sunday that another Pakistani soldier was critically wounded in the incident early Sunday. They said troops are still exchanging gunfire in the area ... All rights reserved ... Parker ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
Xinhua
09 Jan 2013
SRINAGAR, Indian-controlled Kashmir, Jan ... The incident took place along the LoC in Mankote-Mendhar belt of frontier Poonch district, around 185 km southwest of Srinagar city, the summer capital of Indian-controlled Kashmir ... On Sunday, Pakistan claimed that Indian army entered into their territory in Haji Pir sector in Uri around 110 km northwest of Srinagar city and attacked their post killing one trooper ... Editor. Luan. 分享. ....(size: 2.5Kb)
The Times of India
09 Jan 2013
SRINAGAR. Chief minister Omar Abdullah is learnt to have given his nod to senior-most Kashmiri IAS officer Iqbal Khanday taking over as the new chief secretary of Jammu & Kashmir following the posting of Madhav Lal as secretary, Union government ... Goswami and Jain are in Central deputation ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)
Deccan Chronicle
09 Jan 2013
Srinagar/New Delhi. Indian troops defending the Line of Control repelled a Pakistani incursion into Mendhar sector of Jammu and Kashmir’s Poonch district on Tuesday. Two jawans were killed in the fighting, the Army said ... However, Indian Army sources refused to comment on the exact nature of the mutilation ... Lt. Col ... Earlier on Tuesday, India firmly told Pakistan to uphold the sanctity of the LoC in J&K ... The official added....(size: 3.1Kb)
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
08 Jan 2013
Srinagar, Jan 8 (IANS) Government employees in Jammu and Kashmir Tuesday went on a three-day strike to mount pressure on the government to accept and implement their demands ... Most government offices wore a deserted look in Srinagar ... Srinagar Gpo ... Srinagar H.s.g.-ii . Srinagar Dso ... Srinagar Colony ......(size: 2.6Kb)
Zeenews
08 Jan 2013
Srinagar ... Revenue authorities assisted by a squad of Srinagar Municipal Corporation and police stopped construction work on two plots belonging to a Hindu Temple trust in Barzulla estate last week, they said ... Srinagar Municipal Corporation has launched a drive against illegal ......(size: 1.5Kb)
Zeenews
08 Jan 2013
Srinagar. Kashmir Valley continued to reel under intense cold with temperatures plummeting further as Srinagar recorded the season's lowest of minus 5.5 degrees Celsius ... The night temperature in Srinagar was two degrees below normal during this part of the season, a spokesman of the MET office said, adding, the minimum temperature in the summer capital registered a drop of 0.6 degrees from yesterday's minus 4.9 degrees Celsius ... PTI ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
Newstrack India
08 Jan 2013
Srinagar, Jan 8 (IANS) Jammu and Kashmir remained under the grip of an intense cold wave Tuesday and Jammu city recorded its lowest maximum temperature in 30 years ... In the Kashmir Valley, he said, Srinagar recorded minus 5.5 degrees Celsius, Pahalgam minus 9.2 degrees, Qazigund minus 6 degrees and Gulmarg minus 10 degrees as the minimum night ......(size: 2.2Kb)
Lexington Herald-Leader
08 Jan 2013
Chawla, an Indian army spokesman, said the Pakistani soldiers crossed into Indian-controlled Kashmir near the town of Mendhar, about 110 miles (175 kilometers) from Srinagar, the region's main city, taking advantage of thick fog....(size: 1.2Kb)
Zeenews
08 Jan 2013
Srinagar ... In the Kashmir Valley, he said, Srinagar recorded minus 5.5 degrees Celsius, Pahalgam minus 9.2 degrees, Qazigund minus 6 degrees and Gulmarg minus 10 degrees as the minimum night temperatures ... Higher reaches of the Kashmir Valley are likely to receive light snowfall Wednesday, he said ... ....(size: 1.6Kb)
The Washington Post
08 Jan 2013
SRINAGAR, India — Pakistani soldiers crossed the cease-fire line in the disputed Himalayan region of Kashmir on Tuesday and attacked an Indian army patrol, killing two Indian soldiers before retreating back into Pakistani-controlled territory, an Indian army official said ... Srinagar, the region’s main city, taking advantage of thick fog....(size: 3.3Kb)
New York Daily News
08 Jan 2013
SRINAGAR, India (AP) — Pakistani soldiers crossed the cease-fire line in the disputed Himalayan region of Kashmir on Tuesday and attacked an army patrol, killing two Indian soldiers before retreating back into Pakistani-controlled territory, an Indian army official said ... from Srinagar, the region's main city, taking advantage of thick fog....(size: 2.9Kb)
The Telegraph India
08 Jan 2013
Zeenews
08 Jan 2013
This article is about the municipality in Jammu and Kashmir, India. For its namesake district, see Srinagar district.
For other uses, see Srinagar (disambiguation).
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011) |
| Srinagar | |
|---|---|
| — capital — | |
 |
|
 Srinagar
|
|
| Coordinates: 34°5′24″N 74°47′24″E / 34.09°N 74.79°E / 34.09; 74.79Coordinates: 34°5′24″N 74°47′24″E / 34.09°N 74.79°E / 34.09; 74.79 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Jammu and Kashmir |
| District | Srinagar |
| Settled | 3rd century BC |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Salman Sagar (NC) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 294 km2 (114 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,585 m (5,200 ft) |
| Population (2011)[1] | |
| • Total | 1,273,312 |
| • Density | 8,523/km2 (22,070/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Kashmiri, Urdu[2] |
| Time zone | IST (UTC+5:30) |
| PIN | 190 001 |
| Telephone code | 0194 |
| Vehicle registration | JK 01 |
| Sex ratio | 888 ♂/♀ |
| Literacy | 71.45% |
| Distance from Delhi | 876 kilometres (544 mi) NW |
| Distance from Mumbai | 2,275 kilometres (1,414 mi) NE (land) |
| Climate | Cfa (Köppen) |
| Precipitation | 710 millimetres (28 in) |
| Avg. summer temperature | 24.1 °C (75.4 °F) |
| Avg. winter temperature | 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) |
| Website | www.srinagar.nic.in |
Srinagar /sriˈnɑːɡər/ ( Hindi pronunciation (help·info)) is the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is situated in the Kashmir Valley and lies on the banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus.[3] The city is famous for its gardens, lakes and houseboats. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts and dry fruits.
Contents |
Origin of name[link]
Etymologically Srinagar is composed of two Sanskrit words, śrī (venerable) and nagar, which means "city". One theory of the origin of the name is that a Pandava King Ashoka (not to be confused with the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka) built the city of Srinagari (Srinagar).[4] Another theory is that Mauryan Emperor Ashoka founded the original city of Srinagar, then situated on the site of the present village of Pandrathan, 5 km to the north of the existing capital.[5]
History[link]
 |
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
Srinagar has a long history, dating back at least to the 3rd century BC, and has been known by different names. The city was founded by the King Pravarasena II over 2,000 years ago, named it Parvasenpur. The city was then a part of the Maurya Empire, one of the largest empires of the Indian subcontinent. Ashoka introduced Buddhism to the Kashmir valley, and the adjoining regions around the city became a centre of Buddhism. In the 1st century, the region was under the control of Kushans and several rulers of this dynasty strengthened the Buddhist tradition. Vikramaditya (of Ujjain) and his successors probably ruled the regions just before the city fell to the control of the Huns in the 6th century, and Mihirkula was the most dreaded ruler of the city and the valley.
Srinagar became the capital of Kashmir around 960 CE.[6] Some of the notable independent rulers were Lalit Aditya, Avantiverman and Sangrama Deva. The independent Hindu and the Buddhist rule of Srinagar lasted until the 14th century when the Kashmir valley, including the city, came under the control of the several Muslim rulers, including the Mughals. It was also the capital during the reign of Yusuf Shah Chak, an Independent Kashmiri ruler who was tricked by Akbar when Akbar failed to conquer Kashmir by force. Yusuf Shah Chak remains buried in Bihar in India. Akbar established Mughal rule in Srinagar and Kashmir valley.
With the disintegration of the Mughal empire after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, infiltrations to the valley from the Pashtun tribes increased, and the Durrani Empire ruled the city for several decades. Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab province annexed a major part of the Kashmir Valley, including Srinagar, to his kingdom in the year 1814 and the city came under the influence of the Sikhs. In 1846, the Treaty of Lahore was signed between the Sikh rulers and the British in Lahore. The treaty inter alia provided British de-facto suzerainty over the Kashmir Valley and installed Gulab Singh as an independent and sovereign ruler of the region. Srinagar became part of his kingdom and remained until 1947 as one of several princely states in British India. The Maharajas choose Sher Garhi Palace as their main Srinagar residence.
After India and Pakistan's independence from Britain, certain Pashtun tribes such as Mehsud and Afridi from mountainous region of north west frontier province (NWFP) of Pakistan, at the instigation of Pakistan and with its collusion, entered the Kashmir valley to capture it.[7]
The Maharaja signed the instrument of accession on 26 October 1947 which was accepted by India the next day. The government of India immediately airlifted Indian troops to Srinagar, defended the city and drove away the invaders.
The city has suffered from severe political and terrorist unrest during the last decades. Kashmiri separatists have clashed with Indian army on some occasions. The city is heavily militarized.
Geography[link]
The city is located on both the sides of the Jhelum River which is called Vyath in Kashmir. The river passes through the city and meanders through the valley, moving onward and deepening in the Wular Lake. The city is famous for its nine old bridges, connecting the two parts of the city.
Hokersar is a wetland situated near Srinagar. Thousands of migratory birds come to Hokersar from Siberia and other regions in the winter season. Migratory birds from Siberia and Central Asia use wetlands in Kashmir as their transitory camps between September and October and again around spring. These wetlands play a vital role in sustaining a large population of wintering, staging and breeding birds.
Hokersar is 14 km (8.7 mi) north of Srinagar, and is a world class wetland[citation needed] spread over 13.75 km2 (5.31 sq mi) including lake and marshy area. It is the most accessible and well-known of Kashmir's wetlands which include Hygam, Shalibug and Mirgund. A record number of migratory birds have visited Hokersar in recent years.[citation needed]season.
Birds found in Hokersar—Migratory ducks and geese which include Brahminy Duck, Tufted Duck, Gadwall, Garganey, Greylag Goose, Mallard, Common Merganser, Northern Pintail, Common Pochard, Ferruginous Pochard, Red-crested Pochard, Ruddy Shelduck, Northern Shoveler, Common Teal, and Eurasian Wigeon.[citation needed]
Climate[link]
Srinagar has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with a climate much cooler than what is found in much of the rest of India, due to its moderately high elevation and northerly position. The valley is surrounded by Himalayas on all sides. Winters are cool, with a January daily mean of 10.0 °C (50.0 °F), and temperature remains below freezing at night. Moderate to heavy snowfall is expected in winters and the only road that connects Srinagar with the rest of India may get blocked a few days due to avalanche. Summers are warm with a July daily mean of 30.1 °C (86.2 °F). The average annual rainfall is around 710 millimetres (28 in). Spring is the wettest season while autumn is the driest.
- Highest temperature: 37 °C (99 °F); lowest −14 °C (7 °F)[8]
| Climate data for Srinagar (1971–1986) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
8.2 (46.8) |
14.1 (57.4) |
20.5 (68.9) |
24.5 (76.1) |
29.6 (85.3) |
30.1 (86.2) |
29.6 (85.3) |
27.4 (81.3) |
22.4 (72.3) |
15.1 (59.2) |
8.2 (46.8) |
19.7 (67.5) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −2 (28.4) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
3.4 (38.1) |
7.9 (46.2) |
10.8 (51.4) |
14.9 (58.8) |
18.1 (64.6) |
17.5 (63.5) |
12.1 (53.8) |
5.8 (42.4) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
7.3 (45.1) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 48 (1.89) |
68 (2.68) |
121 (4.76) |
85 (3.35) |
68 (2.68) |
39 (1.54) |
62 (2.44) |
76 (2.99) |
28 (1.1) |
33 (1.3) |
28 (1.1) |
54 (2.13) |
710 (27.95) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.6 | 7.3 | 10.2 | 8.8 | 8.1 | 5.7 | 7.9 | 6.8 | 3.5 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 5.1 | 75.6 |
| Source: HKO[9] | |||||||||||||
Economy[link]
Srinagar is the pivotal centre of the economy of the Kashmir Valley,[citation needed] and it has remained a tourist destination for centuries. The valley has attracted rulers from the plains of India for a long time and they travelled to the valley and the city to avoid the hot summers of the Indo-Gangetic plains.[citation needed] The city remained on the itinerary of the Mughal ruling elite, and several Mughal emperors and their consorts had visited the city, and several Mughal gardens in and around the city indicate their close association with Srinagar.[citation needed]
The hinterland of Srinagar is the most populous part of the Kashmir valley,[citation needed] and crops like wheat and rice are cultivated for local consumption. Orchards produce a number of fruits, particularly apples. Another significant segment of the economy include handicrafts, weaving of woolen shawls and dress materials, and woodcarving. Srinagar and the surrounding areas serve as collecting points from where fruits and handicraft products are taken to several parts of the Indian subcontinent.
In November 2011, the City Mayors Foundation - an advocacy think tank — announced that Srinagar was the 92nd fastest growing urban areas in the world in terms of economic growth, based on actual data from 2006 onwards and projections to 2020.[10]
Tourism[link]
File:Srinagar — Sunset on Dal Lake.jpg
Srinagar, Sunset on Dal Lake.
Tourism is the most significant segment of the city's economy.[citation needed] Srinagar is a gateway to some of the most scenic and beautiful places of the Indian subcontinent.[citation needed]
 |
This section contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (December 2011) |
The hill station and skiing resort Gulmarg is 50 km from the city. For decades, tourism has been contributing massively to the economy of the city, but it has been adversely affected on account of insurgent activities by certain elements.[citation needed] The areas on the outskirts of Srinagar are also famous for their natural beauty. Also in this area lies the Muzaffarabad Cantonement, which is the main cantonement of the Indian Army in Srinagar District(the name of the Cantt. is often confused with Muzaffarabad city which is a separate city in Pakistan administered Kashmir)
Srinagar is well known for its lakes. Dal Lake is known for its houseboats. Nagin Lake is another famous lake in the city.
Houseboats were introduced accidentally to Kashmir: members of the Indian Civil Service of the British Raj serving in the plains who vacationed in Kashmir were not permitted to build permanent homes because of the then Maharaja's suspicion of a British presence in Srinagar.[citation needed] They thus chose to live in houseboats. The first such, named Victory, was designed by Mr MT Kenhard in 1888. There are now about five hundred on the Lake.[citation needed]
Srinagar has some Mughal gardens, forming a part of those laid by the Mughal emperors across the Indian subcontinent. Those of Srinagar and its close vicinity include Chashma Shahi (the royal fountains); Pari Mahal (the palace of the fairies); Nishat Bagh (the garden of spring); Shalimar Bagh; and the Naseem Bagh. The Tulip Gardens have been recently opened to public by Sonia Gandhi.[citation needed]
It has been called the "Venice of the East" or the "Kasmiri Venice"[11][12][13]
The Sher Garhi Palace houses administrative buildings from the state government. Another palace of the Maharajas, the Gulab Bhavan, has now become the Lalit Grand Palace hotel.
Government and politics[link]
The city is run by the Srinagar Municipal Corporation (SMC). The Srinagar district along with the adjoining Budgam district forms the Srinagar Parliamentary seat.
Stray dog controversy[link]
Srinagar's city government attracted brief international attention in March 2008 when it announced a mass poisoning program aimed at eliminating the city's population of stray dogs.[14] Officials estimate that 100,000 stray dogs roam the streets of the city, which has a human population of just under 900,000. In a survey conducted by an NGO, it was found that some residents welcomed this program, saying the city was overrun by dogs, while critics contended that more humane methods could have been used to deal with the animals.
Demographics[link]
As of 2011 census, Srinagar city's population was 1,192,792 and Srinagar urban agglomeration had 1,273,312 population.[15] The population density in the city is 556 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,440 /sq mi) while the overall population density is 99 /km2 (260 /sq mi). The languages spoken are mainly Kashmiri, Urdu and English. Muslims make up more than 97% of the population, Hindus 2% and Sikhs and others 1%.[citation needed]
Males constituted 53.0% and females 47.0% of the population. Sex ratio was just 888 females per 1,000 males compared to national average 940. Srinagar had an average literacy rate of 62.2%, lower than the national average of 64.3%. Male literacy was 67.9%, and female literacy was 55.7%. Children under six years of age numbered 148,178 and were 12.4% of the population in 2011.
Transport[link]
|
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
Road[link]
The city is served by many highways, including National Highway 1A and National Highway 1D
Air[link]
Srinagar Airport (IATA code SXR) has regular domesitc flights to Leh, Jammu, Chandigarh and Delhi and occasional international flights. The International flights terminal was inaugurated on 14 February 2009 with an Air India flight from Dubai.
Rail[link]
Main article: Srinagar railway station
Srinagar is a station on the 119 km (74 mi) long Kashmir railway that started in October 2009 and connects Baramulla to Srinagar, Anantnag and Qazigund. The railway track will connect to Banihal across the Pir Panjal mountains through the newly constructed 11 km long Banihal tunnel in 2012 and finally to Indian railway network after a few years.
Boat[link]
Boats are often used for transport, as the city is situated on the Jhelum River and Dal Lake.
Culture[link]
Like the state of Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar too has a distinctive blend of cultural heritage. Holy places in and around the city depict the historical cultural and religious diversity of the city as well as the Kashmir valley.
Places of worship[link]
File:Hazratbal.jpg
Hazratbal Shrine built in around 1700 A.D.
There are many religious holy places in Srinagar. They include:
- Hazratbal Shrine
- Jama Masjid, Srinagar, one of the oldest mosques in Kashmir
- Hamza Makhdum on "Hari Parbhat"
- Kheer bhawani in Ganderbal
- Hari Parbathill hosts shrine of Sarika Mata temple
- Shankaracharya temple
Performing arts[link]
Main article: Music of Kashmir
Performing arts of the city include:
- Bhand Pather, a form of traditional folk theatre art form of play and dance, is performed by a group of about ten to fifteen artists. They depict in a satirical style social evils. Performance is accompanied by light music.
- Chakri is a major and popular form of Kashmiri folk music.
- Another form of Kashmiri genre of music called Sufiana music is also practiced in the city. It was introduced in the valley in the 15th century from Iran. Over centuries, it has assimilated a number of Indian Ragas, and has established itself as a classical music of the region. The instruments used in the music include Santoor, Sitar, Kashmiri Saz, Tabla, and Wasool.
- Hafiz Nagma, a form of dance, is performed to the accompaniment of Sufiana music. The dancer is a female while males play different instruments used in Sufiana music.
- Rouf is also an important foulk dance kashmiri women do in marriages or on the eve of IDD/EID. All women's hands on another women's shoulders moving to and fro.
Education[link]
- National Institute of Technology, Srinagar
- University of Kashmir, Srinagar
- Islamic University of Science & Technology
- Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K)
- Sri Pratap College (Est.1905)
- New Era Public School, Rajbagh, Srinagar.
- Tyndale Biscoe School (Est.1880)
- Tiny Harts School, Tangpora, Srinagar.
- Presentation Convent High School, Rajbagh, Srinagar.
- Burn Hall School, Sonawar, Srinagar.
- Iqbal Memorial Institute,Bemina, Srinagar.
- S.M.D. High School – Munawar-abad, Khayam Road, Srinagar
- Lal Ded Memorial School, Ganpatyar, Habba Kadal, Srinagar.
Media[link]
Four FM frequencies are available in the city. However, only two bids were received by the government. Adlabs is the only FM radio operator in Srinagar (its bid was Rs. 61 lakh). The second bidder South Asia FM did not qualify because its bid was less than 25 per cent of the highest bidder, the minimum amount to be eligible for bidding.[16]
Sports[link]
|
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
Adventure sports are popular among tourists. Dal Lake has potential for canoeing and water skiing. Water trekking is local name for three to four day trip along the Jhelum River to various lakes in a shikara with camping gear. Dachigam National Park (22 km/14 mi) and Pahalgam (95 km/59 mi) are popular destinations for hikers, trekkers and fishers. The city is home to the Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium, a stadium where international cricket matches have been played.
Sports like football and cricket are popular.
Srinagar has an outdoor stadium namely Bakshi Stadium for football named after the name of Bakshi ghulam Mohammed .
See also[link]
- Kashmir Shaivism Philosophy
- Swami Lakshman Joo Raina
- Dah Hanu
- Muzaffarabad, capital of Azad Kashmir
- Gilgit, capital of Gilgit–Baltistan
References[link]
- ^ "Population in the age group 0-6 and literates by sex—urban agglomeration/town". Census of India 2001. Government of India. 27 May 2002. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
- ^ "Kashmiri: A language of India". Ethnologue. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kas. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
- ^ http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-104&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan
- ^ http://www.stanford.edu/group/hsc/kashmir/History%20of%20Kashmir.pdf
- ^ http://www.stanford.edu/group/hsc/kashmir/Brief%20history%20of%20Kashmir.pdf
- ^ Lawrence, Walter R (1985) [1895]. Valley Of Kashmir. Oxford University Press Warehouse. p. 35. http://books.google.co.th/books?id=DqAHweWRUs0C. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
- ^ http://www.kashmir-information.com/KoshSam/Kashmir_Affairs.html The Story of Kashmir Affairs - A Peep into the Past
- ^ BBC - Weather - Average Conditions have moved!
- ^ "Climatological Information for Srinigar, India". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/india/srinagar_e.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
- ^ "Srinagar among 100 fastest growing cities in world". Greater Kashmir.com. 17 november 2011. http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Nov/18/srinagar-among-100-fastest-growing-cities-in-world-37.asp. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
- ^ The Sydney Morning Herald - Google News Archive Search
- ^ Holloway, James (1965-06-13). "Fabled Kashmir: An Emerald Set Among Pearls". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/585827282.html?dids=585827282:585827282&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+13%2C+1965&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Fabled+Kashmir%3A+An+Emerald+Set+Among+Pearls&pqatl=google. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
- ^ The Earthtimes (2007-09-24). "Can Kashmir become 'Venice of the East' again? | Earth Times News". Earthtimes.org. http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/112701.html. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
- ^ MSNBC: Indian authorities to poison 100,000 stray dogs
- ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2004-06-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
- ^ FM radio: Govt to garner Rs 84 cr
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Srinagar |
- Srinagar travel guide from Wikitravel
- Srinagar district administration
- Official website of Jammu and Kashmir
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/Srinagar
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Srinagar
http://cs.wn.com/Šrínagar
http://id.wn.com/Srinagar
http://es.wn.com/Srinagar
http://ru.wn.com/Сринагар
http://nl.wn.com/Srinagar
http://pt.wn.com/Srinagar
http://pl.wn.com/Śrinagar
http://fr.wn.com/Srinagar
http://de.wn.com/Srinagar
http://hi.wn.com/श्रीनगर, जम्मू और कश्मीर
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagar
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Shahrukh" redirects here. For the Timurid dynasty ruler, see Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty).
"King of Bollywood" redirects here. For the film, see King of Bollywood (film).
| Shahrukh Khan | |
|---|---|
 Shahrukh Khan at TAG Heuer Press Conference. |
|
| Born | (1965-11-02) 2 November 1965 (age 46) New Delhi, India |
| Residence | Mumbai, Maharashtra, India[1] |
| Other names | King Khan, SRK, King of Bollywood, The Baadshah of Bollywood[2] |
| Occupation | Actor, producer, television presenter |
| Years active | 1988—present |
| Spouse | Gauri Khan (1991—present) |
| Children | 2 |
Shahrukh Khan (pronounced [‘ʃaːɦrəx ˈxaːn]; born 2 November 1965), often credited as Shah Rukh Khan and informally referred to as SRK, is an Indian film actor. Known as "The King of Bollywood", Khan has acted in over 70 Hindi films.[3][4][5] He has won fourteen Filmfare Awards from thirty nominations for his work in Indian films and shares the record for the highest number of Best Actor awards with Dilip Kumar, eight wins. In 2005, the Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri for his contributions towards Indian cinema.
After graduating with a Bachelor's degree in economics, he started his career appearing in theatre and several television serials in the late 1980s and later made his Hindi film debut in 1992 with Deewana. Early in his career he was recognised for his unconventional choice of negative roles in films such as Darr (1993), Baazigar (1993) and Anjaam (1994). Since then he has played leading roles in a wide variety of film genres, including romantic films, comedies, thrillers, action films, sport films, and historical dramas among others.
Eleven of the films he has acted in have accumulated gross earnings of over 1 billion (US$19.95 million).[6] Khan's films such as Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge (1995), Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998), Devdas (2002), Chak De! India (2007), Om Shanti Om (2007), Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi (2008), and Ra.One (2011) remain some of Bollywood's biggest hits, while films like Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... (2001), Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003), Veer-Zaara (2004), Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006), My Name Is Khan (2010), and Don 2 (2011) have been top-grossing Indian productions in the overseas markets thus making him one of the most successful leading actors of Hindi cinema.[7]
In addition to movie acting, Khan is a television presenter, a regular stage performer, and a social activist. He is the founder/owner of two production companies: Dreamz Unlimited and Red Chillies Entertainment and, along with actress Juhi Chawla and her husband Jay Mehta, the owner of the Indian Premier League cricket team Kolkata Knight Riders. Khan is considered to be one of the biggest movie stars in history, with a fan following claimed to number in the billions.[3][8] He has an estimated net worth of over 25 billion (US$540 million).[9][10] In 2008, Newsweek named Khan one of the 50 most powerful people in the world.[3]
Contents |
Early life and background[link]
Khan was born on 2 November 1965 to Muslim parents of Pathan descent in New Delhi, India.[11][12] His father, Taj Mohammed Khan, was an Indian independence activist from Peshawar, British India. According to Khan, his paternal grandfather was originally from Afghanistan.[13] His mother, Lateef Fatima, was the adopted daughter of Major General Shah Nawaz Khan of the Janjua Rajput clan, who served in the Indian National Army.[14] Khan's father came to New Delhi from Qissa Khawani Bazaar in Peshawar before the partition of India,[15] Ethnically, he describes himself as being half-Pathan through his father and half-Hyderabadi through his mother, with his paternal grandmother being Kashmiri.[16] His father died from cancer when Khan was 15 years old, and his mother died in 1990 after prolonged illness.[17][18] Khan was very attached to his parents as a child and describes their early deaths as a turning point in his life and as his biggest motivation for hard work. Khan explained his ideology in life was "... to make movies so damn bloody big...that my parents somewhere sit down on a star and from there also can look at their son and say 'I can see his movies from here better than I can see the Wall of China or anything. We see his movies covering the face of this earth'."[19] Khan has an elder sister named Shehnaz.[20]
Growing up in Rajendra Nagar neighbourhood of Delhi,[21] Khan attended St. Columba's School where he was accomplished in sports, drama, and academics. He won the Sword of Honour, an annual award given to the student who best represents the spirit of the school. Khan later attended the Hansraj College (1985–1988) and earned his Bachelors degree in Economics. When Hansraj College celebrated its 50th anniversary, it gave away 17 shields to its alumni who had excelled in their lives and professions. Khan was one of them. Though he pursued a Masters Degree in Mass Communications at Jamia Millia Islamia, he later opted out to pursue a career in Bollywood.[22] He also attended the National School of Drama in Delhi.[23]
After the death of his mother, Khan moved to Mumbai in 1991.[24] He married Gauri Chibber, a Hindu, in a traditional Hindu wedding ceremony on 25 October 1991.[17] They have two children, son Aryan (b. 1997) and daughter Suhana (b. 2000). According to Khan, while he strongly believes in Allah, he also values his wife's religion. At home, his children follow both religions, with the Qur'an being situated next to the Hindu deities.[25]
Khan studied acting under celebrated theatre director Barry John at Delhi's "Theatre Action Group" (TAG). In 2007, John commented on his former pupil, "The credit for the phenomenally successful development and management of Shahrukh's career goes to the superstar himself."[26] Khan started shooting for Lekh Tandon's television series Dil Dariya, but its delay meant that he made his acting debut with the 1988 television series, Fauji, playing the leading role of Commando Abhimanyu Rai.[24][27] He went on to appear in other television serials, such as Aziz Mirza's Circus in 1989, which depicted the life of circus performers.[28] The same year, Khan also had a minor role in the made-for-television English-language film, In Which Annie Gives it Those Ones, which was based on life at Delhi University, written by Arundhati Roy. When he appeared in those teleserials, people found in him some resemblance with actor Dilip Kumar and also compared his acting style with the latter's.[29]
Acting career[link]
1990s[link]
Khan received his first break upon moving from New Delhi to Mumbai when Hema Malini offered him a role in her directorial debut Dil Aashna Hai.[24] However, the delay in the release of the film meant that his first release was Deewana opposite Rishi Kapoor and Divya Bharti.[23][30] The movie became a box office hit, and launched his career in Bollywood.[31] His performance won him a Filmfare Best Male Debut Award. In a 2001 interview with Rediff, Khan recalled: "Actually, June 26 marks exactly 11 years since I faced the cameras for my first shot for Dil Aashna Hai, in 1990. I knew it would be a tough field, a very demanding profession."[23] He went on to star in Maya Memsaab, which generated some controversy because of his appearance in an "explicit" sex scene in the movie.[32]
In 1993, Khan won acclaim for his performances in villainous roles as an obsessive lover and a murderer, respectively, in the box office hits, Darr and Baazigar.[33] In Khan's entry in Encyclopædia Britannica's "Encyclopedia of Hindi Cinema" it was stated that "he defied the image of the conventional hero in both these films and created his own version of the revisionist hero."[34] Darr marked his first collaboration with renowned film-maker Yash Chopra and his banner Yash Raj Films, the largest production company in Bollywood. Khan's scene in the film, in which he makes obsessive phone calls to Chawla's character stammering "i love you, kkkiran," attained great popularity.[35] Baazigar, which saw Khan portraying an ambiguous avenger who murders his girlfriend, shocked its Indian audience with an unexpected violation of the standard Bollywood formula.[36] His performance won him his first Filmfare Best Actor Award. In that same year, Khan played the role of a young musician in Kundan Shah's Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa, a performance that earned him a Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance. In a 2004 retrospective review by Rediff, Sukanya Verma called it Khan's best performance and added:"He was spontaneous, vulnerable, boyish, mischievous and acting straight from the heart."[37] Khan maintains that this is his all-time favourite among the movies he has acted in.[38] In 1994, Khan once again played an obsessive lover/psycho's role in Anjaam, co-starring alongside Madhuri Dixit. Though the movie was not a box office success, Khan's performance earned him the Filmfare Best Villain Award.[39]
In 1995, Khan starred in the two biggest hits of the year in India. His first release was Rakesh Roshan's Karan Arjun, Khan was part of an ensemble cast including Salman Khan, Kajol, Mamta Kulkarni, Raakhee and Amrish Puri. The film, which dealt with reincarnation, became the second-highest grossing film of the year in India.[40] He followed it with Aditya Chopra's directorial debut, the romance Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge. A major critical and commercial success, the movie became the year's top-grossing production in India and abroad.[41] The film was declared an all time blockbuster and it remains the longest-running film in the history of Indian cinema. Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge grossed over 1.2 billion. The film won ten Filmfare Awards, and Khan's performance as a young NRI who falls for Kajol's character while on a college vacation won him much critical acclaim and his second Best Actor Award. In 2005, Indiatimes Movies ranked the movie amongst the 25 Must See Bollywood Films, citing it as a "trendsetter of sorts".[42] In that same year's retrospective review by Rediff, Raja Sen stated, "Khan gives a fabulous performance, redefining the Lover for the 1990s with great panache. He's cool and flippant, but sincere enough to appeal to the junta. The performance itself is, like the best in the business, played well enough to come across as effortless, as non-acting."[43]
1996 proved a disappointing year for Khan, he appeared in two films—English Babu Desi Mem and Mahesh Bhatt' Chaahat both of which proved critically and commercially unsuccessful in India.[44] This was, however, followed by a comeback in 1997. He saw success with Subhash Ghai's social drama Pardes opposite newcomer Mahima Chaudhry. The film brought to light the culture shock and difficulties that may be involved in the cases of young Indian women immigrating to foreign countries after their marriage to Non Resident Indian men. It was one of the biggest hits of the year and earned him a nomination for the Best Actor Award at the Filmfare ceremony. He then appeared in Aziz Mirza's comedy Yes Boss which paired him with Juhi Chawla for the fourth time. The film was a moderately successful feature.[45] His second project with Yash Chopra as a director, Dil to Pagal Hai became that year's second highest-grossing movie, and he won his third Filmfare Best Actor Award for his role as a stage director who falls in love with one of his new actresses.[45]
In 1998, Khan starred in Karan Johar's directorial debut, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, which paired him with Kajol and Rani Mukerji. The movie was declared an all time blockbuster, with a worldwide gross of over 1.03 billion.[46] Khan played the role of Rahul Khanna, a young college student who falls in love with his best friend after the death of his wife, years after breaking contact with her. His performance won him the Best Actor award at the Filmfare Awards for the second consecutive year. He won critical praise for his performance in Mani Ratnam's critically acclaimed Dil Se.., in which he played the part of Amar Varma, an All India Radio correspondent who falls deeply in love with a mysterious woman terrorist, played by Manisha Koirala.[47] Rediff wrote: "Khan delivers a compelling performance. He plays the part with taut restraint, and expresses exasperation superbly."[48] The movie failed financially in India, however, it was a commercial success overseas.[49] becoming the first Indian film to enter the top 10 in the United Kingdom box office charts.[50][51] Khan's only release in 1999, Baadshah opposite Twinkle Khanna, was an average grosser, for which he earned a Filmfare Award nomination for Best Performance in a Comic Role.[52]
2000s[link]
Khan's success continued with Aditya Chopra's 2000 film, Mohabbatein, co-starring Amitabh Bachchan. The film was a major financial success, and Khan's performance as a college teacher was acclaimed by critics; Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama wrote that he "is outstanding as Raj Aryan." He was awarded his second Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor for the role. He also starred in Mansoor Khan's action film Josh. The film starred Khan as the tough leader of a Christian gang in Goa and Aishwarya Rai as his twin sister, and was also a box office success.[53] In a positive review, Vinayak Chakravorty of Hindustan Times wrote that Khan "basks in his tailormade role, donning with panache the garb of a streetsmart tough."[54] He further played the role of an archaeologist Muslim beaten to death by Hindu fanatics during the unrest following the partition of India in Hey Ram. Directed by and co-starring Kamal Hassan, the film was critically acclaimed and was selected as India's entry for Best Foreign Language Film at the Oscars that year.[55] Khan also dubbed his own voice in Tamil for the film.[56] In that same year, Khan set up his own production house, Dreamz Unlimited with Juhi Chawla and director Aziz Mirza (see below). The three collaborated on the first film of their production house, Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani.[53]
In 2001, His collaboration with Karan Johar continued with the family drama Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham in which he featured as part of an ensemble cast that included Amitabh Bachchan, Jaya Bachchan, Kareena Kapoor, Kajol and Hrithik Roshan. the movie was a major financial success and became India's second highest-grossing film of the year and one of the biggest Bollywood success of all time in the overseas market, earning over 1,000 million (US$19.95 million) worldwide.[57] Khan's portrayal of Rahul Raichand, an adopted young man who's disowned by his rich and powerful father, played by Bachchan, for marrying a middle-class girl Anjali, played by Kajol was well received by critics. Taran Adarsh commented, "Khan sparkles yet again", noting that he performed the part "with amazing poise, class, honesty and maturity".[58] It garnered him a nomination for the Filmfare Best Actor Award. This was his last collaboration with Kajol until they would be cast again by Johar as a lead pair in early 2010.
The same year, Khan essayed the role of Emperor Asoka in Santosh Sivan's historical epic, Asoka, a partly fictionalised account of the life of Ashoka the Great.[59] It was widely screened across the United Kingdom and North America, and was also selected for screening at the Venice Film Festival and the 2001 Toronto International Film Festival, where it got positive response.[60] While promoting the film in New York City, Khan along with the film director, Sivan were stuck in the city due to the 11 September terrorist attack on the World Trade Center.[60] The film received generally positive reviews and Khan received favourable reactions for his performance, Rediff concluded that "He puts in a strong performance, in this well defined role."[61]
In 2002, Khan played the title role in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's award-winning period romance, Devdas which was the most expensive Bollywood film ever made at the time.[62] This was the third Hindi movie adaptation of Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay's well-known novel of the same name. Featured opposite Aishwarya Rai and Madhuri Dixit, Khan's performance as a rebellious alcoholic is often considered one of his best performances, and won him a Filmfare Best Actor Award. The film surfaced as the highest-grossing film of the year in India and overseas, earning a revenue of 39 million (US$778,050) domestically.[63][64] Devdas won numerous awards, including 10 Filmfare Awards and received a special screening at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival.[65][66] It received a BAFTA nomination for Best Foreign Language Film as well and was India's entry for Best Foreign Language Film at the Oscars. After the release of the film, Khan took a six months break from acting, he explained that during that period he "Just enjoyed the feeling of being sad". In an interview with Rediff, Khan commented: "For an entire year, that is what I did. I was sad. " and added, "We stars live in this bubble where everyone is smiling at you, where everyone loves you. Somehow, you lose touch with real, deep down sadness. Working on this film put us in touch with that emotion."[23] Khan also starred opposite Madhuri Dixit and Salman Khan in the family-drama Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam. The film took six years to make, with huge sabbaticals in between shoots due to unending production problems,[67] and was an average grosser at the box office.[63]
In 2003, Khan starred in Aziz Mirza's romantic drama, Chalte Chalte opposite Rani Mukerji. The film was moderately successful in India but fared much better in the overseas.[68][69] Khan played the role of Raj Mathur, a middle class man who falls in love and marries Priya Chopra, a successful fashion designer whose family is quite wealthy. But after the marriage, differences arise between the couple, leading to an irreversible separation. Manish Gajjar of BBC mentioned that he is "a sheer natural which explains why he is a great asset to Bollywood." Several critics were not as positive, including Vivek Fernandes from Rediff, who noted: "Shah Rukh hams and haws his way through the film – biting his lip, crinkling his eyebrows – it is oh-so-familiar. He is over the top, especially as the inebriated Raj who confronts the estranged wife."[70]
That same year, he starred in Kal Ho Naa Ho a drama set in New York City, written by Karan Johar and directed by Nikhil Advani co-starring Jaya Bachchan, Preity Zinta and Saif Ali Khan. Khan's performance as a man with a fatal heart disease was met with positive response from critics. The Hindu noted, "His enthusiasm unbounded, his energy unbridled, Shah Rukh is in form here. And as a guy with a few days to live and a life to spend in a moment, he looks for your sympathy. He reduces many to tears. And with each tear he rises a rank higher in the echelons of actors".[71] while rediff concluded, "Shah Rukh excels as the supercool Aman (...) He steals the show with a designer-made role."[72] The film was a critical and commercial success, becoming the second top-grossing movie domestically and the top-grossing Bollywood film in the overseas market that year.[68] When adjusted for inflation its total gross worldwide is 1.3 billion.[73] The film earned him another Filmfare Best Actor Award nomination.
2004 was a particularly good year for Khan, both commercially and critically. He produced and starred in Farah Khan's directorial debut, the action comedy Main Hoon Na. The movie did well at the box office. He then played the role of an Indian officer, Veer Pratap Singh in Yash Chopra's love saga Veer-Zaara, which was the biggest hit of 2004 in both India and overseas, with a worldwide gross of over 960 million.[57][74] It was also screened at the Berlin Film Festival.[75] The film relates the love story of Veer and a Pakistani woman Zaara Haayat Khan, played by Preity Zinta. Khan's performance in the film was praised by critics and won him awards at several award ceremonies. Rama Sharma from The Tribune wrote:"Shah Rukh Khan here scales the heights of sensitivity, rising above the mundane. His expressions are mature and reach out to touch the heart of the common man. As a prisoner lodged in a Pakistani jail, he breathes life into the story. His trauma becomes a saga and speaks about the untold sufferings of innocent prisoners."[76]
In that same year, he received critical acclaim for his performance in Ashutosh Gowariker's drama Swades which most of the critics deemed as one of his best performance till date.[77] Jitesh Pillai said of his role, "Ultimately your heart leaps out to the magical Shah Rukh Khan, who unarguably gives his career's finest performance. Shorn of any artifice or nervous energy, his anguish is tangible. He inhabits Mohan Bharghava with consummate ease, you can feel the earnestness of his intentions, the wetness of his tears".[78] His performance was later included in the 2010 issue of the "Top 80 Iconic Performances" by Filmfare.[79] He was nominated for the Filmfare Best Actor Award for all three of his releases in 2004, winning it for Swades.[74] The film itself was featured on Rediff's list of the 10 Best Bollywood Movies of the Decade.[80]
His only release in 2005, Paheli opposite Rani Mukerji, was screened at the Sundance Film Festival and was chosen as India’s official entry to the Oscars for the 79th Academy Awards.[81] The film was critically acclaimed, as was Khan's performance, which Raja Sen called " A top-notch performance, [That] justifies his supremacy in the film world".[82] In 2006, Khan collaborated with Karan Johar for the third time with the melodrama Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna, with an ensemble cast including Amitabh Bachchan, Preity Zinta, Abhishek Bachchan, Rani Mukerji and Kirron Kher. The film told the story of two unhappily married couples in New York, which later results in an extramarital affair. Khan played the role of Dev Saran, a bitter and cynical former football player who is jealous of his wife Rhea's successful career as a fashion magazine editor, played by Zinta. The film opened to mixed reviews but emerged as a major commercial success; becoming the biggest Bollywood hit in the overseas market of all-time. It grossed over 1.13 billion worldwide[57][83]
File:SRK and Farah on OSO set.jpg
Khan with director Farah Khan on the sets of Om Shanti Om (2007).
His second release that year saw him playing the title role in the action film Don, a remake of the 1978 hit film of the same name. He played the character of Don, a role which was played by Amitabh Bachchan in the original movie. While the film was generally well received, Khan's performance received mixed critical reactions. His performance was extensively compared to that of Bachchan. Taran Adarsh noted that Khan "carries a massive responsibility on his shoulders since direct comparisons with Bachchan are foreseeable" adding that "He does very well as Don. He enacts the evil character with flourish. But he fails to carry off the other role [Vijay] with conviction. It looks made up, it doesn't come natural to him at all."[84] While Derek Elley of Variety argued that "it's hard to accept him (Khan) as the title character" and that "Khan is far more convincing as Vijay, playing up to his rom-com fanbase with plenty of boyish humor."[85] The film became the fifth-highest grossing film of the year in India.[83] and the highest grossing film of the year in the overseas market. It grossed a total of 1.04 billion worldwide.[57] Both the films earned him Filmfare Best Actor Award nominations while his role as Don earned him a nomination for the Asian Film Awards.
Khan's success continued with a few more highly popular films. One of his most successful works was the multiple award-winning 2007 film, Chak De! India, about the Indian women's national hockey team. The film was a major critical and commercial success in India and abroad.[86] Earning over 1.03 billion worldwide.[57] Chak De! India became the third-highest grossing movie of 2007 in India and won yet another Filmfare Award for Best Actor for Khan. Rajeev Masand from CNN-IBN wrote about his performance, "For the first time since Swades, Shah Rukh plays a role without any of his typical trappings, without any of his trademark quirks. He sinks his teeth into the part of the determined coach and comes up with such a terrific performance. He's hopeful at times and despondent at others, he's humorous at times, and stern at others. He plays Kabir Khan like a real flesh-and-blood human being."[87] Filmfare also included his performance in the 2010 issue of the "Top 80 Iconic Performances" and commented:
| “ | It´s hard for an actor who is on the top of the heap to let go and reconstruct himself. It´s like asking a style icon to wear drab everyday clothes. Shah Rukh Khan does all that and more and reiterates the fact that beneath the nation´s sweetheart avatar lies a brilliant actor. His heartbreak at missing the goal at the film´s beginning is heartfelt, his frustration at not making his team work together is something any coach will identify with and his jubilation when he waves the Indian flag makes us proud to be Indians. The scene where he goes back home and is accepted by his neighbors once again – the satisfaction in his eyes, the half-hesitant smile – the relief of acceptance is mixed with the bitter-sweet realisation that in the end, nothing succeeds like success.[88] | ” |
In the same year Khan also starred in Farah Khan's 2007 film, Om Shanti Om. A re-incarnation melodrama. Khan essayed the role of Om Prakash Makhija, a junior artiste from the 70s who is reborn thirty years later as a superstar named Om Kapoor, he then attempts to discover the mystery of his demise and avenge the death of his lost love. His performance was generally well received by critics; Khalid Mohammed from Hindustan Times wrote, "Above all the enterprise belongs to Shah Rukh Khan, who tackles comedy, high drama and action with his signature style – spontaneous and intuitively intelligent."[89] The film emerged as the year's highest grossing film in India and the overseas market, and became India's highest grossing production ever up to that point with a worldwide gross of over 1.48 billion.[90] It earned him another nomination for Best Actor at the Filmfare ceremony.
In 2008, Khan collaborated with Aditya Chopra for the third time with the romantic drama Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi opposite newcomer Anushka Sharma where he played a double role, one of Surinder Sahni, a shy self-described geek who works for Punjab Power in Amritsar whose love for beautiful, vivacious Taani, played by Sharma, causes him to transform himself into the loud and fun-loving Raj to win her love. The film received positive reviews and was declared a blockbuster, and had been concluded as the second-highest grossing film of all-time to that point by the end of the year.[91] His performance was appreciated by critics. Rachel Saltz of New York Times stated: "The Surinder/Raj dual role seems tailor-made (probably was) for Mr. Khan, who gets to show off his twin talents: he suffers nobly and entertains with panache."[92] It earned him yet again another nomination for Best Actor at the Filmfare ceremony.
In December of the same year, Khan suffered a serious shoulder injury while filming a special appearance in Mudassar Aziz's Dulha Mil Gaya. He went through extensive physiotherapy sessions while shooting for My Name Is Khan at the time, but due to immense pain that left him almost immobile, he had to undergo an arthroscopic surgery in February 2009 after the shooting schedule for the film in the United States was over.[93][94]
2010s[link]
Khan's next film was My Name Is Khan, his fourth collaboration with director Karan Johar and the sixth movie in which he is paired with Kajol. Filming commenced in December 2008 in Los Angeles and ended in October 2009. While in Los Angeles, along with his wife Gauri and director Karan Johar, he took a break from filming to attend the 66th Golden Globe Awards, held in Los Angeles, on 11 January 2009,[95][96] where he was introduced as the King of Bollywood.[97] Khan introduced Slumdog Millionaire, a movie he had previously turned down, along with a star from the film, Freida Pinto.
My Name Is Khan was released on 12 February 2010.[98] Based on a true story, and set against the backdrop of perceptions on Islam post 11 September attacks, My Name Is Khan stars Khan as Rizwan Khan, a Muslim man suffering from Asperger syndrome who sets out on a journey across America on a mission to meet the country's President and clear his name. Khan admitted that it was a very difficult role to play and that he had to spent several months of research including reading books, watching videos and talking to people affected with the disorder in an effort to get into the skin of the character.[99] In an interview with Hindustan Times he said, "Whenever you're dealing with a disorder or a near atypical situation, the first thought is that the sort of parameters you have to set that in no which way you are derogatory or deriding the disorder. The second part is you have to come as close to reality in depicting that characterization and so one had to study a lot and one does get worried"[100] During a promotional visit to the United States, Khan was detained at Newark Airport, New Jersey because of the similarity of his last name to known terrorists.[101] Upon release, the film received positive reviews from critics and became the highest-grossing Bollywood film of all-time in the overseas market up until then. Khan's performance in the film was appreciated by most critics and earned him his eighth Filmfare Award for Best Actor, thereby joining Dilip Kumar as the record holder in this category. Jay Wesissberg from Variety wrote, "Khan uses the mannerisms associated with Asperger's – averted eyes, springy steps, stuttered repetitions of memorized texts – yet captures the personality beneath the condition in a standout performance sure to receive the Autism Society's gold seal of approval."[102]
His first release in 2011 was Anubhav Sinha's science fiction superhero film Ra.One opposite Kareena Kapoor. The film, which follows the story of a London-based videogame designer who creates the strongest villain that escaped to the real world was billed as Bollywood's most expensive film.[103] With an estimated budget of 125 crore (US$24.94 million),[104] it witnessed massive campaigning and the use of several technology equipments not used in Bollywood before.[105] The film was a box office success, grossing 2.4 billion worldwide.[106][107] Khan was involved in other aspects of the making of Ra.One—he volunteered to write the film's console game script, dubbed for it, and oversaw its technical development; he also authored the digital comics based on the film's characters.[108][109] Upon release, the film which saw Khan playing a double role, received mixed reactions from critics in India and Khan himself received mixed reviews. While most critics praised his performance as the robotic superhero G.one, they panned the one of Shekhar, the videogame designer. Rajeev Masand concluded: "The only real standout performance is by Shah Rukh Khan. His Aiyyo-speaking Shekhar Subramaniam is caricaturish but charming, while as G.One, he gives even his robotic video-game character a charismatic edge." while DNA India added: "Another half attempt comes from the lead actor: Khan is in his element and endearing as superhero G.One, but annoyingly over the top as video game creator Shekhar".[110][111]
His second release of the year was Don 2, a sequel to his 2006 film Don. The film marked Khan's return to playing villainous characters since his earlier films like Darr and Baazigar.[112] Khan experimented with a variety of looks, including long unkempt hair and stubble.[113] He also bulked up for the film by developing a six pack and decided to perform all of his own stunts.[114][115] His performance fetched him critical praise, Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India noted, "Shah Rukh remains in command and never loses his foothold, neither through the dramatic sequences nor through the action cuts."[116] The film was a major success in India and it went on to become the year's highest-grossing Bollywood production abroad with a worldwide gross of more than 2.1 billion.[117][118] It earned him another nomination for Best Actor at the Filmfare ceremony .[119]
In January 2012, he has started filming for Yash Chopra's Untitled project, opposite Katrina Kaif and Anushka Sharma.[120]
Producer[link]
Khan turned producer when he set up a production company called Dreamz Unlimited with Juhi Chawla and director Aziz Mirza in 1999.[121] The first film he produced and starred in, Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani (2000), co-starring Chawla herself and directed by Mirza was a critical and commercial failure. The following year, he produced Asoka which was a box office failure.[59] However, it was well received by critics, and was nominated for the Filmfare Best Movie Award. The film was also selected for screening at the Venice Film Festival and the 2001 Toronto International Film Festival. His third film as a producer and star, Chalte Chalte, proved a box office hit.[122]
In 2004, Khan took over his old production company Dreamz Unlimited and transformed it into Red Chillies Entertainment with his wife Gauri also serving as a producer.[123] In the same year he produced and starred in Main Hoon Na, another hit, which was directed by his friend and well-known choreographer Farah Khan.[74] The film earned a nomination for the Filmfare Best Actor Award. The following year, he produced and starred in the fantasy film Paheli, which did poorly.[124] It was, however, critically acclaimed and was selected as India's official entry to the Academy Awards for consideration for Best Foreign Language Film, but it did not pass the final selection. Also in 2005, Khan co-produced the supernatural horror film Kaal with Karan Johar, and performed an item number for the film with Malaika Arora Khan. Kaal was moderately successful at the box office.[124]
In 2007, Khan produced Om Shanti Om also directed by Farah Khan. The film was a major commercial success, and was declared India's highest grossing production ever up to that point. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, and went on to win several awards for special effects and Art Direction. It was also nominated for the Filmfare Best Movie Award. His company has further gone on to produce Billu (2009), and Always Kabhi Kabhi (2011). During the filming of My Name Is Khan, Karan Johar producer of the film and head of Dharma Productions, asked Khan to co-produce the film under his production company.[125] The both will further collaborate in Johar's next directorial venture Student Of The Year.
Since the creation of his company, Khan was keen on making a VFX-loaded film.[126] The company continued working on other projects and seeking for the right film until they finally decided on Ra.One (2011). The pre-production work began in 2007 after the release of Om Shanti Om.[126] The film's crew consisted of more than 5,000 members from India, Italy and the US, and was pieced together by more than 1,000 people, working in shifts, in around 15 studios across the world.[127] It saw the inclusion of several visual effects techniques being incorporated in the production which were carried out by Red Chillies VFX.[126] With an estimated budget of 125 crore (US$23.75 million), Ra.One was the second-most expensive film ever produced in Indian cinema, and the most expensive Bollywood film[103][109] The film witnessed a level of publicity campaigning previously unseen in India films, with marketing taking place over a period of nine months and involving major brand tie-ups of a 52 crore (US$9.88 million) which set the record for the largest marketing budget in India.[128] Khan is also one of the producers of Don 2 (2011), but not through his production company. The movie was a major success in India and abroad.
Apart from film production, the company also has a visual effects studio known as Red Chillies VFX which had been involved with many major movies like Chak De India, Om Shanti Om, Dostana, and Kurbaan. As well as studios for TV commercials known as Red Chillies TVC and TV shows/serials known as Red Chillies Idiot Box, which conceived popular shows like Up Close & Personal with PZ and Ishaan. The company also has a little over 50% stake in the Cricket team Kolkata Knight Riders often abbreviated as KKR, in the BCCI-backed IPL cricket competition.[129]
Philanthropy[link]
Khan is known for keeping a low profile and secrecy on his social commitments and Humanitarian work.[130][131] In an interview with The Guardian he stated that his reason for keeping his charity work guarded was because "it's not out of guilt. Somewhere in the Qur'an it says that if you do charity for a reason, it's not charity."[132] Apart from regular donations to organisations and individuals, especially in the case of AIDS and cancer patients, he is behind the creation of a children's ward at the Nanavati hospital in Mumbai, in memory of his late mother.[131][133] Khan is also active with relief funds when the Indian nation faces a natural calamity.[131] He also lent his name to various government campaigns throughout the years, notably those of Pulse Polio immunisation campaign which was established in 1995 to eradicate poliomyelitis in India by vaccinating all children under the age of five years against the polio virus, the National AIDS Control Organisation and the National Rural Health Mission of India which aims to provide accessible, affordable, effective and reliable health care service to the people of India residing in villages.[134] Khan is a member of the board of directors of Make-A-Wish Foundation in India.[135]
.jpg)
In March 2004, Khan visited the border post at the Attari-Wagah section of the Indo-Pak border, near Amritsar (the only one where people can cross over to the other side) to boost the morale of the jawans. It was for a TV show called Jai Jawan where entertainers and stars visit Indian troops in far-flung regions to encourage them along with the NDTV team.[136] In February 2005, Khan performed at the HELP! Telethon Concert to help raise money for the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake in company with other Bollywood stars and also donated 2.5 million for the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's Tsunami Relief Fund for the tsunami-affected areas in India.[137][138] He organised and participated in the Temptations 2005 show in New Delhi which helped to raise funds for the National Centre For Promotional of Employment for Disabled People (NCPEDP), a leading disabled rights group.[139] In 2007, he collaborated with veteran artist M.F. Husain to create a canvas in celebration of 60 years of Indian independence at a charity auction in Bonhams, London. The painting was sold for over 12 million.[140]
During his 2009 appearance at the NDTV Greenathon, Khan adopted five villages in Bhitarkanika National Park in Kendrapara, to provide them with electricity under the solar energy harnessing project in its title initiative 'Light A Billion Lives'.[141] The following year, he adopted eight more villages, and again adopted eleven during his appearance in in the third edition of the event. In the 2012 edition of of the initiative, he again adopted twelve villages.[142][143][144] In 2009, Khan committed to bear all the expenses for the treatment of two Kashmiri orphan children who suffered severe burns during a terrorist grenade attack in Srinagar. He also visited the two orphans at the hospital.[145]
In 2011, Khan teamed up with Amitabh Bachchan and English actress Judi Dench to promote Resul Pookutty's foundation that works to better the living conditions of the underprivileged in India. The campaign aims to spread awareness on the cause of education among the impoverished, in India and also discourages child labour in the low income bracket of society and focus on providing opportunities to let children have a proper childhood.[146] the same year, he was honoured with the UNESCO's Pyramide con Marni award for his charity engagements and social commitment towards providing education for kids thus becoming the first Indian to win the accolade.[147] Later that year, Khan was appointed by The UNOPS to be the first global ambassador of The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council that works to improve the lives of poor people by enhancing collaboration among sector agencies and professionals around sanitation and water supply.[148] During Ra.One's premiere in Dubai in October 2011, Khan along with co-stars Kareena Kapoor and Arjun Rampal held a high-profile dinner and charity auction, which raised AED 30,000 for building a workshop for children with special needs.[149]
Non-film work[link]
Television presenting[link]
In 2007, Khan replaced Amitabh Bachchan as the host of the third season of the game show Kaun Banega Crorepati popularly known as KBC, the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?.[150] The previous had hosted the show for two previous seasons in 2000 and 2005. On 22 January 2007, Kaun Banega Crorepati aired with Khan as the new host. The grand prize amount of 2 crore rupees (approx. $430,000 USD) was still used in KBC3.[151] and later ended on 19 April 2007 with a special finale.[152] In an interview with The Times Of India, Khan explained that he was offered to host the second season of the show as well but he turned it down because Bachchan wanted to do it then.[153] For his work at KBC 3, Khan won the best anchor at various awards ceremonies including The Global Indian Film and Television Honours and Indian Telly Awards.
A year later, Khan began hosting the game show Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain?, the Indian version of Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?,[154] The show premiered on 25 April 2008 and the last episode was telecast on 27 July 2008 with Lalu Prasad Yadav as the special guest.[155] On 1 February 2011, he began hosting Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout, the Indian version of the American game show Wipeout, on Imagine TV. The show ended on 25 February 2011 with Kushal Punjabi as the winner.[156]
Stage performances[link]
Khan is a stage performer and has participated in several world tours and concerts. In 1997, he preformed in the Asha Bhosle's: Moments In Time in Malaysia. He returned to another concert there the following year with Shahrukh—Karisma: Live in Malaysia concert. In 1999, he was part of The Awesome Foursome, which included Salman Khan, Juhi Chawla and Twinkle Khanna.[157] In November 2002, Khan took part in the Fire & Flames concert in Malaysia, alongside Rani Mukerji, Saif Ali Khan and BPL-Oye VJ Raageshwari with a 40-member troupe of singers and dancers.[157] In the same year, he participated in the show From India With Love in the UK, along with Amitabh Bachchan, Aamir Khan, Preity Zinta and Aishwarya Rai. It took place at two outdoor venues, Manchester's Old Trafford and London's Hyde Park, with over 100,000 spectators.[158]
Khan participated in a concert tour titled Temptations 2004 which was the most successful Bollywood concert at the time. Khan performed alongside Saif Ali Khan, Rani Mukerji, Preity Zinta, Arjun Rampal and Priyanka Chopra in nineteen stage shows across the globe. He sang, danced and performed in skits.[159] In 2008, Khan set up Temptation Reloaded 2008, a series of concerts showcased across several different countries. The show, which also featured Kareena Kapoor, Arjun Rampal, Katrina Kaif, Ganesh Hegde, Javed Ali and Anusha Dandekar, took place at the Ahoy Rotterdam venue in Rotterdam, Netherlands.[160] Several months later, he again joined Kapoor, Rampal and Kaif to perform for 15,000 spectators at Dubai's Festival City Arena.[161] In 2010, Khan performed alongside Rani Mukerji, Arjun Rampal, Neeraj Shridhar and Ishaa Koppikar for a concert at the Army Stadium, Dhaka, Bangladesh to a packed audience.[162] And in 2011, he joined Shahid Kapoor and Priyanka Chopra in the Friendship Concert, celebrating 150 years of India-South Africa friendship in Durban, South Africa.[163]
Ownership of IPL cricket team[link]
In 2008, Khan in partnership with actress Juhi Chawla Mehta and her husband Jay Mehta acquired ownership rights for the franchise representing Kolkata in the Twenty20 cricket tournament Indian Premier League, for a price of USD 75.09 million (Rs 357 crores), and have since named the team Kolkata Knight Riders. KKR is the richest team in the IPL and it has been ranked as the most valued with a brand value of $42.1 million.[164] Financially, the KKR are the most profitable and successful franchise in the IPL as well.[165][166] The team was surrounded with controversy and poor on-field performance through the first three years of the tournament.[167] It's performance, however, improved from the fourth season and they eventually became the IPL champions for the first time in 2012.[168]
In 9 April 2012, Khan was served a notice by the Rajasthan Police for smoking in public after he was caught smoking on camera during a match between the Kolkata Knight Riders and the Rajasthan Royals on April 8.[169] and in 16 May of the same year he received a five-year ban from the Wankhede Stadium for arguing with security at the ground after a match between his team and The Mumbai Indians.[170] Khan later apologised to the children and his fans after his team won the final match at Chennai on May 27.[171] The Mumbai Cricket Association in return stated that it had taken note of the apology but had not withdrawn the ban.[172]
In the media[link]
Khan was given the birth name "Shahrukh" (meaning "Face of the King"), but prefers his name to be written as "Shah Rukh Khan", and is also commonly referred to as SRK.[173] Khan has various homes in India and abroad. His house in Mumbai called Mannat is a well-known tourist spot and is considered a heritage building, deemed important to the townscape and hence exempt from demolition.[1] In addition, he also had a house in New Delhi.[174] Khan also owns a £20 million apartment in London and a villa on the Palm Jumeirah. He said in a television interview that "I bought the house, because one can see the island from the moon."[175][176] Khan's net worth is estimated at over 25 billion (US$540 million)[177][178]
Khan has been noted for having several trademark mannerisms, gestures and ways of delivering dialogues.[37][87] As it has been cited by CNN-IBN: "The mannerisms that have earned him both brickbats and endeared him to his fans over the years – that half nod, raised brow gesture, a deep dimpled smile and a deliberate stammer – were absent when he debuted. If he picked them up later to addapt to the big screen, they stayed for the rest of his acting career."[179] Due to his appearance in numerous romantic films, Khan has developed a "romantic lover boy" image and is referred to as the "King of Romance" by media outlets.[180][181][182] He has been accused of repeating himself through the type of characters that he played, referred to as the "Rajs and Rahuls", or him not being able to shed the superstar persona on screen and often playing himself.[183] In 2011, Rediff listed him in the top 10 "Readers Choice: The Greatest Actors of all time".[184]
Globally, Khan is considered to be one of the biggest movie stars, with a fan following claimed to number in the billions. He is also of one the most watched movie stars in the world, and one of the most recognisable faces of Indian cinema.[185][186][187][132] In 2008, Newsweek named him one of the 50 most powerful people in the world.[3] In 2011, The Los Angeles Times noted: "He is the biggest movie star you’ve never heard of. And perhaps the world’s biggest movie star, period."[188] His success and popularity has been attributed as the result of his emergence in the era of liberalisation and changing economic scenario in the 1990s. He was often described as the face and catalyst of a new consumerist urban society, and that he has managed to personify "the restless spirit of post-liberalization, ambitious, assertive and yet feel-good India."[189][190][191]
In 2004, Khan was awarded the Filmfare Power Award (shared with Amitabh Bachachan) for topping the Filmfare list of the "Ten Most Powerful Names of Bollywood", and again in 2005. In 2006 he was ranked as second overall behind Yash Chopra and his son Aditya and the most powerful actor, an achievement he would go on to repeat till 2009.[192][193] He occupied the top slot of Box Office India's Top Actors list for the first time in 1994 for two consecutive years, then again in 1998 and for the majority of the 2000s (from 2002 till 2008).[194] He was voted the sexiest Asian man in the world by Eastern Eye in 2007, and was ranked third in 2008 and 2011.[195][196] In a 2009 poll conducted by the newspaper DNA, he was voted as India's second most popular icon behind Sachin Tendulkar.[197] In a 2012 Hindustan Times Youth Survey, Khan was declared as the biggest role model for youth in India.[198]
Khan is often labelled by the Media as "Brand SRK" due to his various brand endorsement and entrepreneurship ventures. The Times Of India noted “Khan has established himself as a brand on the map of the film industry. Hailing from a non-filmi background with no pedigree to boast of and no godfather to pull strings, the St. Columba's alumnus has become a muse. ”[199] In 2005, he launched his own perfume, labelled "Tiger Eyes by SRK" by the French perfume brand Jeanne Arthes.[200] In 2009, Khan was crowned as the "Brand Ambassador of the Year" at the CNBC Awaaz consumer awards and in 2010 won the ‘Brand Ambassador of the Year’ award at NDTV Profit Car & Bike Awards.[201][202] He is also is one of the top paid Bollywood actors in this respect.[203] While in 2003, he endorsed eight brands, his endorsement rose up to a total of thirteen brands in 2004 and in 2005, he endorsed twenty one brands, thirty four brands in 2009 and twenty five in 2011.[204][205] Some of the brands that he has endorsed over the years are Pepsi, Nokia, Hyundai, Sunfeast, Videocon, Airtel, Himani, Nerolac Paints, Dish TV, D'decor and Tag Heuer.[204][205] In 2011, Khan was appointed the brand ambassador of the Champions League Twenty20.[206]
In 2005, Nasreen Munni Kabir produced a two-part documentary on Khan, titled The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan. Featuring his 2004 Temptations concert tour, the film contrasted Khan's inner world of family and daily life with the outer world of his work. The book Still Reading Khan by Mushtaq Sheikh, which details his family life, was released in 2006. Another book by Anupama Chopra, King of Bollywood: Shahrukh Khan and the seductive world of Indian cinema, was released in 2007. It describes the world of Bollywood through Khan's life.[207][208] In 2010, Discovery Travel & Living channel produced a ten-part series titled Living with a Superstar-Shah Rukh Khan. The series was the biggest Indian show on television, with a budget of nearly 20 million, highlighting Khan’s daily living, film-making, IPL venture and global lifestyle.[203][209] Khan is also the first actor and the second Indian after Sachin Tandulkar to have an official Opus dedicated to him.[210]
Awards and honours[link]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Shahrukh Khan
Filmography[link]
Main article: Shahrukh Khan: Filmography
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ a b "rediff.com: Bandra, where the Big Stars live". Specials.rediff.com. 7 August 2006. http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/07sld1.htm. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ "Bollywood Badshah bats for tech magic at 42nd film festival: Bollywood News – India Today". Indiatoday. intoday.in. 24 November 2011. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/42nd-international-film-festival-of-india—iffi-2011-shah-rukh-khan-annual-film-carnival-chief-guest-at-iffi/1/161333.html. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ a b c d "The Global Elite – 41: Shahrukh Khan". Newsweek. 20 December 2008. http://www.newsweek.com/id/176325. Retrieved 24 December 2008.
- ^ profile_1_bollywood-indian-cinema-shah-rukh-khan?_s=PM: SHOWBIZ "The King of Bollywood". CNN Entertainment. CNN. 5 February 2008. http://articles.cnn.com/2008-02-05/entertainment/SRK. profile_1_bollywood-indian-cinema-shah-rukh-khan?_s=PM: SHOWBIZ. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
- ^ Saner, Emine (4 August 2006). world "King of Bollywood". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2006/aug/04/india. world. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
- ^ "Boxofficeindia.com". Boxofficeindia.com. http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3826&nCat=. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
- ^ Kumar, Anuj (11 November 2004). "Bollywood bonanza". The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/11/stories/2004111101010300.htm. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
Kamath, Sudhish (7 December 2007). "Being SRK". The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/12/07/stories/2007120750010100.htm. Retrieved 16 August 2009. - ^ "SRK's Wax Figure to Enter Madame Tussads New York". 10 August 2010. http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=690092. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
- ^ Your name:. "Bollywood's King Khan: 45 and worth $540m". Emirates 24/7. http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/films-music/bollywood-s-king-khan-45-and-worth-540m-2010-11-02-1.312121. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ "Shah Rukh Khan's net worth is 2500 crore". The Times of India (India). 21 October 2009. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/celebs/Shah-Rukh-Khans-net-worth-is-2500-crore/videoshow/5146155.cms. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
- ^ "Bollywood Gets Political". Foreign Policy In Focus. 24 October 2008. http://www.fpif.org/articles/bollywood_gets_political.
- ^ "The Rediff Interview / Shah Rukh Khan". Rediff. http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/16srk.htm. Retrieved 5 July 2006.
- ^ 2009 interview with an Afghan movie director on Afghan TV channel, Shahrukh Khan states that his father's father (grandfather) is from Afghanistan.
- ^ Kidwai, Rasheed (31 May 2004). "Badshah at durbar and dinner". The Telegraph (Kolkota, India). http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040531/asp/frontpage/story_3313328.asp. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
- ^ "Rediff News Gallery: The Shahrukh Connection". http://specials.rediff.com/news/2004/may/31sl02.htm.
- ^ "i am half hyderabadi( mom ) half pathan( Dad)some kashmiri (grandmom) born in delhi life in mumbai punjabi wife kolkata team.indian at heart". 27 August 2010. http://twitter.com/#!/iamsrk/status/21639346475.
- ^ a b Siddiqui, Rana (17 November 2006). "Much ado about King Khan". The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/11/17/stories/2006111701130100.htm. Retrieved 9 February 2008.
- ^ "SRK used to write limericks!". The Times of India. 6 August 2007. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-08-06/news-interviews/27988571_1_vidhu-vinod-chopra-srk-king-khan. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Shahrukh Khan – Journey". Movies.indiatimes.com. 11 September 2003. http://movies.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=177008&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- ^ SRK to run for Delhi TNN, The Times of India, 30 September 2009. "I was born here, in Talwar Nursing Home. I lived here for more than two decades in Rajinder Nagar"
- ^ IndiaFM News Bureau (2 November 2006). "Facts you never knew about SRK". indiaFM. http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2006/11/02/1777/. Retrieved 26 July 2008.
- ^ a b c d "'For an entire year I was sad'". Rediff. http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/10srk.htm. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
- ^ a b c "I feel like a 25-year-old: King Khan". The Hindu. PTI (Chennai, India). 3 November 2009. http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/03/stories/2009110357772000.htm. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
- ^ Zubair Ahmed (23 September 2005). "Who's the real Shah Rukh Khan?". BBC News – BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4274774.stm. Retrieved 26 August 2008.
- ^ "Shahrukh's teacher gives him the credit". Hindustan Times. India. 9 April 2007. http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=f9c017a9-918d-45bf-9162-f147e9fec513&MatchID1=4502&TeamID1=2&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1122&PrimaryID=4502&Headline='Theatre+is+at+an+all-time+low+in+Delhi'. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- ^ Khubchandani, Lata (1 June 2004). "'I can't take credit for Shah Rukh's success'". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/02lekh.htm. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ^ Saunders, Emma (23 August 2002). "Shahrukh goes global". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2204900.stm. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- ^ Pg.34 Everybody wants a hit: 10 mantras of success in Bollywood cinema – By Derek Bose. Google Books. 1 January 2006. ISBN 978-81-7992-558-4. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=wv_mmculJ8kC&pg=PA34. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- ^ "SRK credits all his success to Hema". The asian age. India. http://www.asianage.com/bollywood/srk-credits-all-his-success-hema-635. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
- ^ "Box Office 1992". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=198&catName=MTk5Ng==. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
- ^ Dhawan, M. L. (23 March 2003). "Year of sensitive, well-made films". The Tribune. India. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030323/spectrum/main6.htm. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
- ^ "Box Office 1993". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName=MTk5Mw==. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
- ^ Gulzar; Nihalani, Govind; Chatterji, Saibal (2003). Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema. Popular Prakashan. p. 574. ISBN 81-7991-066-0.
- ^ "Weekend Watch: Darr". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/04watch.htm. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
- ^ "Shah Rukh's Best Movies". Rediff.com. http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/18sld4.htm. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
- ^ a b "Shah Rukh Khan's best performance". Rediff.com. 31 December 2004. http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/mar/25corner.htm. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ "Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa is very special, says Shahrukh Khan". Hindustan Times. India. 2 November 2006. http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=d64ec412-a1cd-44ca-909f-84e8cb73447b&MatchID1=4567&TeamID1=6&TeamID2=1&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=1145&PrimaryID=4567&Headline=iKabhi+Haan+Kabhi+Naa%2fi+is+special%3a+SRK. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- ^ "Box Office 1994". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=200&catName=MTk5NA==. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
- ^ "Box Office 1995". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=201&catName=MTk5NQ==. Retrieved 12 January 2007.
- ^ "All Time Earners Inflation Adjusted (Figures in Ind Rs)". BoxOfficeIndia.com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=all_time_earners. Retrieved 10 January 2008.
- ^ Kanwar, Rachna (3 October 2005). "25 Must See Bollywood Movies". The Times Of India. Archived from the original on 29 January 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20080209035002/http://movies.indiatimes.com/Special_Features/25_Must_See_Bollywood_Movies/articleshow/msid-1250837,curpg-4.cms. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
- ^ Sen, Raja (13 May 2005). "DDLJ: Ten years, everybody cheers". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/13raja.htm. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
- ^ "Box Office 1996". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng==. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
- ^ a b "Box Office 1997". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=203&catName=MTk5Ng==. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
- ^ "Boxofficeindia.com". Boxofficeindia.com. http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=304&catName=TGlmZXRpbWUgQWRqdXN0ZWQ=. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
- ^ Deosthalee, Deepa (22 August 1998). "A picture perfect ode to love, Dil Se". The Indian Express. http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980822/23450914.html. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
- ^ ttp://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/21dilse.htm
- ^ "Overseas Earnings (Figures in Ind Rs)". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners. Retrieved 10 January 2008.
- ^ Aftab, Kaleem (October 2002). "Brown: the new black! Bollywood in Britain". Critical Quarterly (Blackwell Synergy) 44 (3): 88–98. DOI:10.1111/1467-8705.00435. "The first Bollywood film to enter the UK top 10, Dil Se was nevertheless a flop in India. Such factors attest to the crucial role of the NRI audience in the commercial fate of Bollywood produce."
- ^ Cary Rajinder Sawhney (2006). "Dil Se..". British Film Institute. http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/review/5. Retrieved 16 February 2008.
- ^ "Box Office 1999". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&catName=MTk5Ng==. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
- ^ a b "Box Office 2000". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&catName=MjAwMA==. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
- ^ Chakravorty, Vinayak (2000). "Josh". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2000. http://web.archive.org/web/200011210715/http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewsbollywoodjosh.shtml. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ "India's Oscar failures (25 Images)". Movies.ndtv.com. http://movies.ndtv.com/gallerydetails.aspx?id=3290&category=Movies&picno=8§ion=Bollywood&ShowID=0#BD. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ^ "Stars pay tribute to Jagjit Singh – Rediff.com Movies". Rediff.com. 10 October 2011. http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-celeb-tweets-through-the-day/20111010.htm. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide (IND Rs)". BoxOffice India.com. http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU=. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
- ^ Adarsh, Taran (11 December 2001). "Movie Review: Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham". Bollywood Hungama. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/review/id/201895. Retrieved 30 September 2007.
- ^ a b "Box Office 2001". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMA==. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
- ^ a b Chhabra, Aseem (24 October 2001). "Hype 'n' Hoopla". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/oct/24mkt.htm. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
- ^ Bora, Anita (26 October 2001). "Asoka". Rediff.com. http://in.rediff.com/movies/2001/oct/26asoka.htm. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
- ^ Sahota, Inderpreet (12 July 2002). "Entertainment | No expense spared in Devdas remake". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2119805.stm. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ a b "Box Office 2002". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=208&catName=MjAwMA==. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
- ^ "Box Office India report of Overseas Gross". Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071227020122/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas.htm. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
- ^ Corliss, Richard (3 June 2002). "Cannes Kiss Off". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501020610-257165,00.html. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
- ^ "The Winners – 2002– The 51st Filmfare Awards". Filmfareawards.indiatimes.com. http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368745.cms. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
- ^ Reviewed by Kuljinder Singh Updated 31 May 2002 (31 May 2002). "Films – review – Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2002/05/31/hum_tumhare_hain_sanam_2002_review.shtml. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ a b "Box Office 2003". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMA==. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
- ^ "Chalte Chalte runs into UK Top 10". Economic Times. India. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-06-18/news/27547875_1_bollywood-film-music-rights-distribution-rights. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
- ^ "Chalte Chalte: This journey heads nowhere – Rediff.com movies". In.rediff.com. 17 June 2003. http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/13chalte.htm. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
- ^ "Fall in love now... Kal Ho Naa Ho". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 1 December 2003. http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/01/stories/2003120100420300.htm. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/25kal.htm
- ^ "Adjusted Earnings (Figures in Ind Rs)". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=313&catName=TGlmZXRpbWUgQWRqdXN0ZWQ=. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ a b c "Box Office 2004". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwMA==. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
- ^ "Yash Chopra On Berlin Film Festival Jury". Yash Raj Films. 18 January 2006. http://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/yc_berlinaile.htm. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
- ^ "Master stroke by king of romance". The Tribune. India. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041114/cth2.htm. Retrieved 2 March 2007.
- ^ "10 Best Bollywood Movies of the Decade – Rediff.com Movies". Rediff.com. 12 January 2011. http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-10-best-bollywood-movies-of-the-decade/20110112.htm. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ Web Synergy (19 December 2004). "we, the people". SWADES. http://www.swades.com/filmreviews4.html. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ "80 Iconic Performances 3/10". Filmfare. 4 June 2010. http://filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-310-953.html. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ Verma, Sukanya. "10 Best Bollywood Movies of the Decade". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-10-best-bollywood-movies-of-the-decade/20110112.htm. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
- ^ "Paheli is India's Oscar entry". rediff.com. 26 September 2005. http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/26paheli.htm.
- ^ Sen, Raja (12 June 2005). "Paheli is a breathtaking dream". Rediff. http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/24pah.htm. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Box Office 2006". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwMA==. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
- ^ Adarsh, Taran (20 October 2006). "Don – The Chase Begins Again : Movie Review". Bollywood Hungama. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/12654/index.html. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
- ^ Elley, Derek (3 January 2007). "Don". Variety. http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117932382.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&p=0.
- ^ "Taare Zameen Par, Chak De top directors' pick in 2007". Economic Times (India). 29 December 2007. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080421200216/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET_Cetera/Directors_pick_Taare_Zameen_Chak_De/articleshow/2661102.cms. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
- ^ a b "Review: Chak De's... a winner all the way – Movies News News – IBNLive". Ibnlive.in.com. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/review-chak-des-a-winner-all-the-way/46605-8.html. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ "80 Iconic Performances 8/10". Filmfare. 8 June 2010. http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-810-989.html. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ Khalid Mehmood. "Hindustan Times Review". http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=4c53bac6-5c3d-4821-baa2-230c15d5569b&&Headline=Review%3a+EMOm+Shanti+Om%2fEM.
- ^ "Boxofficeindia.com". Boxofficeindia.com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw==. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ "Box Office 2008". Boxofficeindia.com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&catName=MjAwOA==.
- ^ Saltz, Rachel (12 December 2008). "Bollywood’s Shahrukh Khan Plays a Forlorn Husband Who Makes the Right Moves". Movies.nytimes.com. http://movies.nytimes.com/2008/12/13/movies/13jodi.html?ref=arts. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ "SRK waiting for doc’s word on shoulder injury – Entertainment – DNA". Dnaindia.com. 29 January 2009. http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_srk-waiting-for-docs-word-on-shoulder-injury_1226072. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ "Workload takes toll on Shah Rukh Khan – Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 14 September 2011. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-14/news-interviews/30153647_1_shah-rukh-khan-srk-fight-sequence. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ "I don’t regret turning down Slumdog: SRK". The Times of India. 20 January 2009. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_Buzz/I_dont_regret_turning_down_Slumdog_SRK/articleshow/4001941.cms. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- ^ "SRK makes heads turn at the 66th Annual Golden Globe Awards". Bollywoodhungama.com. 13 January 2009. http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/01/13/4725/. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- ^ "THE HINDU(January-12-2009) – King Khan at the Golden Globes". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 12 January 2009. http://www.hindu.com/holnus/009200901121421.htm. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- ^ Yardley, Jim (12 February 2010). "Jim Yardley reports on the controversy stirred up by right-wing Shiv Sena". The New York Times (Mumbai (India)). http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/13/world/asia/13mumbai.html?scp=2&sq=Jim%20Yardley&st=cse. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- ^ Natasha Sahgal. "SRK plays a character with Asperger’s syndrome". Express India. http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/SRK-plays-a-character-with-Aspergers-syndrome/556738/. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
- ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/InterviewsCinema/My-Name-Is-Khan-will-entertain-SRK/Article1-506320.aspx
- ^ Hu, Winnie (16 August 2009). "Bollywood Star’s Questioning at Newark Airport Is Talk of India Day". New York TImes. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/17/nyregion/17india.html. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ Weisberg, Jay (14 February 2010). "Review:My Name Is Khan". Variety. http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117942163.html?categoryId=31&cs=1. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
- ^ a b "SRK's passion is contagious: Arjun – Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 4 January 2011. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-04/news-interviews/28370671_1_raone-arjun-rampal-expensive-film. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ "It took me 20 years to be an overnight success: Shah Rukh Khan". The Times of India. 6 November 2011. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/It-took-me-20-years-to-be-an-overnight-success/articleshow/10626459.cms. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
- ^ Sagorika Dasgupta and Jigar Shah (25 September 2011). "RA.One: Decoded | Box Office India : India’s premier film trade magazine | Bollywood news, reviews, interviews, box office collection". Box Office India. http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/ra-one-decoded/. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ "About 40–45% of our revenue comes from box office: Eros International". Economic Times (India). 8 December 2011. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/about-40-45-of-our-revenue-comes-from-box-office-eros/articleshow/11032479.cms. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
- ^ "Bollywood rediscovered mega hits in 2011". CNN-IBN. 16 December 2011. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bollywood-rediscovered-mega-hits-in-2011/212464-8-66.html. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ Press Trust of India (5 October 2011). "PlayStation launches game on SRK flick RA.One". The Economic Times (India). http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/playstation-launches-game-on-srk-flick-ra-one/articleshow/10249194.cms. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
- ^ a b Raghavendra, Nandini (13 September 2011). "Indian cinema must evolve; Ra.One not urban centric: Shahrukh Khan". The Economic Times (India). http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/if-we-dont-evolve-in-10-years-we-will-lose-indian-audience-shahrukh-khan/articleshow/9962913.cms. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
- ^ "Masand: 'RA.One' is flawed but ambitious – Reviews – Masand's Verdict – ibnlive". Ibnlive.in.com. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/diwali-cracker-raone-is-ambitious-but-flawed/196587-47-84.html. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ "Aniruddha Guha Reviews: Ra.One is beautiful in appearance, but empty within – Entertainment – DNA". Dnaindia.com. http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-ra-one-is-a-half-baked-attempt-that-entertains-sporadically_1603577. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ "SRK excited about world’s first ‘bad guy sequel’ Don 2". Zee News. 31 March 2011. http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/srk-excited-about-world-s-first-bad-guy-sequel-don-2_101893.htm. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
- ^ "SRK to have a puffed up body in ‘Don 2’". India info. 23 March 2010. http://movies.indiainfo.com/article/100323153849_srk_to_have_a_puffed_up_body_in_%E2%80%98don_2/974451.html. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
- ^ "Check Out: SRK in his new look for Don 2". Bollywoodhungama.com. 21 February 2011. http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/slideshow/2011/02/21/841/. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
- ^ ""Shah Rukh Khan did his own stunts in Don 2" – Farhan Akhtar". Bollywoodhungama.com. 12 December 2011. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2872. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- ^ The Critic has posted comments on this Movie. "Don 2 movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Don-2/movie-review/11205411.cms. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ "Don 2 Top Overseas Grosser 2011". Box Office India. 4 January 2012. http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3886&nCat=. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ "Top 37 Films". Box Office India. 3 February 2012. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ "Filmfare". Awards.filmfare.com. http://www.awards.filmfare.com/best-actor-male.php. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ Hitlist, The (28 June 2011). "Yash Chopra's next to have Katrina, Anushka opposite SRK". Mid-day.com. http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/jun/280611-informer-2.htm. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ C. Palicha, Paresh (2003-08-25). "Holidaying with unlimited Dreamz". The Hindu. http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/25/stories/2003082500540200.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-25.
- ^ "India Weekend Box Office Index for 2003". Boxofficemojo.com. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/india/?yr=2003&p=.htm. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ "Metro Plus Bangalore : Sweet smile of success". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 28 April 2011. http://www.hindu.com/mp/2011/04/28/stories/2011042850950100.htm. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ a b "Boxofficeindia.com". Boxofficeindia.com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211&catName=MjAwNQ==. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ Ahmed, Afsana (25 March 2009). "SRK is like an elder brother: Karan". The Times of India (India: The Times Group). http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Bollywood/SRK-is-an-elder-brotherKaran/articleshow/4309310.cms. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
- ^ a b c Dasgupta, S. & Shah, J (25 September 2011). "RA.One: Decoded". Box Office India. http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/ra-one-decoded/. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ^ Pal, Chandrima (25 September 2011). "Ra.One challenges Shah Rukh Khan, the star". The Times of India. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-25/news-interviews/30200118_1_srk-s-red-chillies-shah-rukh-khan-anubhav-sinha. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
- ^ "Talking Cinema Interview". 31 October 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FnDR_t3gd50. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ "Red Chillies Entertainment". Redchillies.com. http://www.redchillies.com/home/index.asp. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- ^ Raymond Ronamai (16 May 2011). "Shahrukh Khan to help the underprivileged". Entertainment.oneindia.in. http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/gupshup/2011/shahrukh-khan-cancer-wing-underprevileged-160511-aid0064.html. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ a b c "It’s Dr. Shah Rukh Khan from now on". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). 13 July 2009. http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=96609. Retrieved 27 Novemver 2011.
- ^ a b Saner, Emine (4 August 2006). "They call him King Khan. Meet Bollywood's biggest star". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2006/aug/04/india.world.
- ^ "Shahrukh Khan's king-size tribute! – Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 16 May 2011. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-16/news-interviews/29546100_1_srk-shah-rukh-khan-taj-mohammed-khan. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ Hetal Adesara. "Shah Rukh Khan's brand power". Businessofcinema.com. http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=1560. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. 22 November 2009. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\11\22\story_22-11-2009_pg15_2. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
- ^ "When Jawans Surrounded SRK". rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/apr/08sld1.htm. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ "The Telegraph – Calcutta : Nation". The Telegraph (Calcutta, India). 8 February 2005. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050208/asp/nation/story_4351693.asp. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ "HindustanTimes.com". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/htleadership/Shah%20Rukhkhan.htm. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ "New Delhi News : Shah Rukh, Rani Mukerjee coming to Capital". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 3 September 2005. http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/03/stories/2005090302100200.htm. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ "SRK, Husain paint London red – Movies News News – IBNLive". Ibnlive.in.com. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/srk-husain-paint-london-red/42481-8.html?xml. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
- ^ "SRK lights up five villages". Movies.ndtv.com. http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Story.aspx?id=ENTEN20090104703&keyword=&subcatg=. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ "Greenathon: Bollywood, NDTV light up a 'Billion lives'". Sify.com. http://www.sify.com/movies/Greenathon-Bollywood-NDTV-light-up-a-Billion-lives-imagegallery-bollywood-lgirSucdjbg.html?html=5. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ "NDTV-Toyota Greenathon II raises Rs. 3.92crores". Indiainfoline.com. 11 March 2010. http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/NDTV-Toyota-Greenathon-II-raises-Rs.-3.92crores/4793486159. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ "SRK, Priyanka adopt villages". Hindustan Times. 23 May 2012. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/SRK-Priyanka-adopt-villages/Article1-859961.aspx. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
- ^ "Shah Rukh comes to the aid of Kashmiri orphans". Hindustan Times. 21 January 2009. http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/369348.aspx. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ "Bond's M for charity with Big B,SRK : Bollywood News – India Today". Indiatoday.intoday.in. 25 January 2011. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bond%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2s-m-for-charity-with-big-b-and-srk/1/127647.html. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ "Shah Rukh Khan’s big honour – Times Of India". The Times of India. 21 November 2011. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Shah-Rukh-Khans-big-honour/articleshow/10803625.cms. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty (16 October 2011). "Life & Style / Metroplus : Time we talk about sanitation". The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2543188.ece. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ "SRK raises Dh30,000 for special needs children". 25 October 2011. thenational.ae. http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/srk-raises-dh30-000-for-special-needs-children. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
- ^ "IHT.com". International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/01/18/arts/AS-A-E-TV-India-Millionaire-Show.php. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- ^ Parul Sharma (23 January 2007). "The new Shah Rukh show is here". The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/23/stories/2007012315310100.htm. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
- ^ Upala KBR (19 April 2007). "The day SRK cried!". Mid-Day. One India.com. http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/top-stories/specials/shah-rukh-khan-kbc3-190407.html. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
- ^ Anil Thakraney (11 February 2007). "SRK turned down KBC 2". The Times of India. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-11/news-interviews/27882152_1_srk-king-khan-kbc. Retrieved 11 February 2007.
- ^ Sinha, Ashish (29 April 2008). "IPL scores over Paanchvi Paas". Rediff. http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/apr/29ipl.htm. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
- ^ Venkatraman, Deepa (2 June 2008). "Track record". The Indian Express. http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Track-record/317469/. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
- ^ "India:Zor Ka Jhatka NDTV Imagine, TV Show Zor Ka Jhatka,Zor Ka Jhatka Episode | Shows". Imagine TV. http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2002/10/11/nation/fmshah&sec=nation. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- ^ a b "Shahrukh’s message to fans". The Star (Malaysia). http://www.imagine.tv/in/shows/subhome/75/12. Retrieved 27 Novemver 2011.
- ^ "From India with Love". BBC News. 30 April 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/breakfast/1959022.stm. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
- ^ "Shahrukh may attend cinema festival". Bahrain Tribune. 20 December 2004. http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=7&ArticleId=55031. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
- ^ "SRK's Temptations Reloaded 2008 kick starts!". Rediff.com. 27 June 2008. http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/27sld1.htm. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ Spicezee Bureau (25 October 2008). "Blast in Dubai: SRK arrives with ‘Temptation Reloaded’". Zee News. Essel Group. http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/blast-in-dubai-shah-rukh-arrives-with-temptation-reloaded_14171.htm. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ "Shah Rukh Khan, Rani woo fans in Dhaka". NDTV. http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Story.aspx?id=ENTEN20100162925&keyword=&subcatg=. Retrieved 27 Novemver 2011.
- ^ "SRK, Shahid and Priyanka set to rock Durban". MSN. 6 January 2011. http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4771072. Retrieved 27 Novemver 2011.
- ^ Business Standard (10 May 2009). "IPL valued at $2.1 bn; KKR richest team". Business-standard.com. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/ipl-valued-at-21-bn-kkr-richest-team/61080/on. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ "Shah Rukh plans to desert KKR for good". Zeenews.india.com. 30 April 2009. http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/shah-rukh-plans-to-desert-kkr-for-good_19882.html. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ "SRK worked his money magic on Knight Riders". Sify.com. 10 June 2008. http://www.sify.com/sports/srk-worked-his-money-magic-on-knight-riders-news-cricket-jegrAhhhihj.html. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ "IPL victory puts KKR in the black". http://business-standard.com/india/news/ipl-victory-puts-kkr-inblack/475643/. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
- ^ Kolkata Knight Riders win IPL 5, beat Chennai Super Kings. Retrieved on 2012-05-27.
- ^ "Shah Rukh Khan's smoking row: Rajasthan police serves notice to the actor". NDTV. 22 May 2012. http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20120203916&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=214088. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
- ^ "Shah Rukh Khan banned from Mumbai stadium after row". BBC News. 18 May 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-18113195. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
- ^ "I apologise for my misbehaviour at MCA, says Shah Rukh Khan". NDTV (Chennai). 2012-0527. http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/item/190806-i-apologise-for-my-misbehaviour-at-mca-says-shah-rukh-khan. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
- ^ "MCA office-bearers to deal with Shah Rukh apology". Times of India (Mumbai). 2012-05-28. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl-2012/news/MCA-office-bearers-to-deal-with-Shah-Rukh-apology/articleshow/13608438.cms. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
- ^ James, Randy (18 August 2009). "2-Min. Bio: Bollywood Star Shah Rukh Khan". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1917090,00.html. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
- ^ "Shah Rukh gets a new home". Masala.com. http://www.masala.com/5414-shah-rukh-gets-a-new-home. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ "SRK buys flat for 20 million pounds!". Hindustan Times. 20 July 2009. http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/TBD/SRK-buys-flat-for-20-million-pounds/Article1-434231.aspx. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ "The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) | 7days | Star homes on balmy shores". The Telegraph (Calcutta, India). 12 October 2008. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081012/jsp/7days/story_9956306.jsp. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ Your name:. "Bollywood's King Khan: 45 and worth $540m". Emirates 24/7. http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/films-music/bollywood-s-king-khan-45-and-worth-540m-2010-11-02-1.312121. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ "Shah Rukh Khan's net worth is 2500 crore". The Times of India (India). 21 October 2009. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/celebs/Shah-Rukh-Khans-net-worth-is-2500-crore/videoshow/5146155.cms. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
- ^ "Shah Rukh Khan: A legacy of sweat and blood – Movies News News – IBNLive". Ibnlive.in.com. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/arjun-rampal-back-on-tv-with-love-2-hate-u/198565-8.html. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
- ^ "Shah Rukh Khan: The Lover Or The Superhero? – Rediff.com Movies". Rediff.com. 21 October 2011. http://www.rediff.com/movies/column/shah-rukh-khan-lover-or-superhero/20111021.htm. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ Unny, Divya (25 January 2012). "Bollywood's hottest actors going back to basics". Mid-day.com. http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/jan/250112-Bollywoods-hottest-actors-going-back-to-basics.htm. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ "| Latest bollywood Hindi Movie Features". Bollywood Hungama. 17 December 2011. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2896. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ "Book review: 'King of Bollywood Shahrukh Khan and the Seductive World of Indian Cinema'". Oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com. 10 August 2007. http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/08/10/2931/index.html. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ "Readers Choice: The Greatest Indian actors of all time – Rediff.com Movies". Rediff.com. 27 June 2011. http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-readers-choice-the-finest-indian-actors-of-all-time/20110627.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ "'Baadshah' Biggie: Shah Rukh Khan Turns A Year Older". 10 August 2010. http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/baadshah-biggie-shah-rukh-khan-turns-older-183000642.html. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
- ^ Sarah Gordon (10 February 2010). "Airport denies Shah Rukh Khan's body scanner image was printed for autographs". Daily Mail (UK). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-1249929/Shah-Rukh-Khans-body-scanner-image-printed-says-Heathrow-Airport.html. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
- ^ "Shah Rukh Khan – Q&A". CNN. 25 January 2008. http://articles.cnn.com/2008-02-05/entertainment/SRK.profile_1_bollywood-indian-cinema-shah-rukh-khan?_s=PM:SHOWBIZ.
- ^ "24 Frames". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2011/11/shah-rukh-khan-ra-one-bollywood.html?track=icymi.
- ^ "G.One, With The Wind". outlookindia.com. http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?278623. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ "What you didn't know about SRK – Rediff.com movies". Inhome.rediff.com. 8 August 2007. http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2007/aug/07chopra.htm. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ "Discovery Channel to telecast SRK's success story". Movies.ndtv.com. http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Story.aspx?id=ENTEN20100131436&keyword=&subcatg=. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ "Filmfare Power List of 2006". Sify.com. http://www.sify.com/movies/Filmfare-Power-List-of-2006-imagegallery-events-jdwmLMcgfhc.html?html=5. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ "Aamir tops Filmfare Power List – Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 10 March 2009. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-10/india/28048292_1_filmfare-power-list-aamir-khan-aamir-tops. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ "Boxofficeindia.com". Boxofficeindia.com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ "Hrithik Roshan named the Sexiest Asian Man in 2011". Ndtv.com. 2 December 2011. http://www.ndtv.com/article/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-named-the-sexiest-asian-man-in-2011-154668?slider. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ "Shah Rukh Khan voted sexiest Asian man". Sify.com. 24 November 2007. http://www.sify.com/movies/shah-rukh-khan-voted-sexiest-asian-man-news-bollywood-kkfusfheahb.html. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ "Sach-a icon – Lifestyle – DNA". Dnaindia.com. 13 November 2009. http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_sach-a-icon_1311240. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ "Youth Survey 2012: Role Models". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Specials/coverage/YouthSurvey2012/RoleModels.aspx. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
- ^ "Why brand SRK works – Times Of India". Articles. timesofindia. indiatimes.com. 2 November 2004. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-11-02/news-interviews/27172046_1_srk-king-khan-shah-rukh-khan. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ The author has posted comments on this article (7 April 2005). "Perfume named after Shahrukh Khan – The Times of India" (in (French)). Timesofindia. indiatimes.com. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Perfume-named-after-Shahrukh-Khan/articleshow/1071651.cms. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ Kalyani Prasad Keshri (29 June 2010). "Genelia D'Souza | Best Brand Ambassador Year | CNBC Awaaz Consumer Awards | KWAN". Entertainment. oneindia.in. http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2010/genelia-brand-ambassador-290610.html. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ "Hyundai Motor Company :: 2010". Hyundai.com. http://www.hyundai.com/in/en/CompanyInfomation/HMIL/Award/2010/index.htm. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
- ^ a b "Bollywood superstar Shah Rukh Khan is busy buiding his empire – Business Today". Businesstoday.intoday.in. 21 February 2010. http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/srk-inc./1/5200.html. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ a b Hetal Adesara. "Shah Rukh Khan's brand power". Businessofcinema.com. http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=1560. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ a b "The Big Star Players in the Ad World – Rediff.com Movies". Rediff.com. 1 February 2012. http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-srk-is-the-most-visible-celeb-in-tv-ads/20120201.htm. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ "Shahrukh Khan face of CLT20". Sify.com. 10 September 2011. http://www.sify.com/news/shahrukh-khan-face-of-clt20-news-entertainment-ljknuoigabc.html. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
- ^ Gautam, Savitha (5 August 2007). "The Khan story". The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/08/05/stories/2007080550130500.htm. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
- ^ Kumar Sen, Ashish (5 August 2007). "Face of a new India". The Tribune. India. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070805/spectrum/main5.htm. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
- ^ Businessofcinema.Com Team. "Discovery Travel & Living presents Living With a Superstar – Shah Rukh Khan". Businessofcinema.com. http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=15517In. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ "Shah Rukh's 800-page biography to weigh 37 kgs! – Books – Books News – ibnlive". Ibnlive.in.com. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shah-rukhs-800page-biography-to-weigh-37-kgs/211289-40-100.html. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
Bibliography[link]
- Nasreen Munni Kabir. The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan (Documentary, 2005).
- Chopra, Anupama. King of Bollywood : Shah Rukh Khan and the seductive world of Indian cinema (English). New York: Warner Books, 2007. ISBN 978-0-446-57858-5.
- Shahrukh Khan – Still Reading Khan. A1Books Distributor 2007. ISBN 978-81-87107-79-8.
- Gahlot, Deepa; Singh, Dipali and Agarwal, Amit. King Khan SRK. Augsburg Weltbild 2007. ISBN 978-3-8289-8869-9.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Shahrukh Khan |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Shahrukh Khan |
|
|||||
|
|||||
|
|||||
|
||||||||
|
|||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Khan, Shahrukh |
| Alternative names | Shah Rukh Khan, SRK |
| Short description | Film actor |
| Date of birth | 2 November 1965 |
| Place of birth | New Delhi, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Shahrukh_Khan
Related pages:
http://cs.wn.com/Shahrukh Khan
http://id.wn.com/Shahrukh Khan
http://es.wn.com/Shahrukh Khan
http://pt.wn.com/Shahrukh Khan
http://it.wn.com/Shah Rukh Khan
http://pl.wn.com/Shah Rukh Khan
http://fr.wn.com/Shahrukh Khan
http://ru.wn.com/Хан, Шах Рух
http://de.wn.com/Shah Rukh Khan
http://hi.wn.com/शाहरुख़ ख़ान
http://nl.wn.com/Shahrukh Khan
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahrukh_Khan
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Harjinder Singh Jinda | |
|---|---|
| Nickname | Jinda |
| Born | 1961 Village Gadli, Amritsar, Punjab, India |
| Died | October 09, 1992 Pune, Maharashtra, India |
| Allegiance | Khalistan Commando Force |
| Years of service | 1984 - 1992 |
| Battles/wars | Khalistan movement |
| Awards | “Great Martyr’ of the Sikh nation |
Harjinder Singh Jinda was a member of a Sikh organization Khalistan Commando Force and one of the two assassins of Arun Vaidya (the Chief of Indian army at the time of Operation Bluestar and architect of Operation Bluestar). He was responsible for three high-profile killings; Arjan Dass, Lalit Maken and Gen. Vaidya. He along with other members of Khalistan Commando Force participated in Indian history's biggest bank robbery[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] of Rs. 5.70 crore ($4.5 million) from Punjab National Bank, Miller Gunj branch, Ludhiana[8] to finance the campaign for a separate Sikh state of Khalistan.[9][10]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Harjinder Singh's mother's and father's names are Gurnam Kaur[11] and Gulzar Singh.[12] Jinda had two older brothers, Nirbhail Singh and Bhupinder Singh[8][13][14] and one sister, Balvinder Kaur.[11] Harinder Singh alias Mathra Singh and Jagjit Singh were nephews of Harjinder Singh Jinda.[12] Sikh militant Surjit Singh Penta (who committed suicide by consuming cyanide during Operation Black Thunder in the year of 1998) was a cousin of Harjinder Singh Jinda.[15][16][17] He belonged to a farmer family.
He was born on April 4, 1962 in the village of Gadli, Jandiala in district Amritsar[18] and received his early education in his native village of Gadli[19] in district Amritsar. After completing his early education, he enrolled in Khalsa College, Amritsar.[13][18][20]
India today described Jinda as 5'7" tall with a mole on the right side of his neck and two wounds on his right leg[21]
Participation in the Khalistan movement[link]
He was completing his BA part II when Operation Bluestar occurred. He left his studies and joined the Khalistan separatist movement afterwards.
Assassination of Lalit Maken[link]
Harjinder Singh "Jinda" and Sukhdev Singh Sukha along with Ranjit Singh Gill gunned down Congress(I) Member of Parliament Lalit Maken on July 31, 1985,[8] when he was moving towards his car parked across the road from his house in Kirti Nagar, New Delhi. The three assailants continued firing even as Maken ran towards his house for cover. Maken's wife Geetanjali and a visitor, Balkishan, were also caught in the firing. The assailants escaped on their scooters. Lalit Maken was considered to be involved in the killings of innocent Sikhs during 1984 Anti-Sikh riots. In a 31-page booklet titled 'Who Are The Guilty', People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) listed 227 people who led the mobs, which killed up to 3,000 Sikhs over three days. Lalit Maken's name was third on the list.[22] A press report has indicated that someone named Bakshish Singh was also involved along with Jinda in this assassination.[23] Ranjit Singh "Gill" was arrested by Interpol in New Jersey, USA on May 14, 1987, a federal magistrate approved his extradition on February 6, 1988[24] and he was deported back to India in February 2000 after lengthy legal cases and was sentenced to life imprisonment on February 24, 2003. Finally his life sentence was commuted on May 20, 2009.[25]
Assassination of General Vaidya[link]
In 1984, General Arun Vaidya had designed and supervised[26] Operation Blue Star - a controversial military operation ordered by Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India,[27] against a group of Sikh separatists in June 1984 at the Golden Temple, the holiest shrine of the Sikhs.
General Vaidya had moved to Pune after his retirement from the army. On August 10, 1986, General Arun Vaidya was shot to death by Jinda and Sukha while he was driving his car home from the market.[28] According to the police, the assailants pulled up next to his car on motor scooters and fired eight or nine shots into the car.[29] Vaidya reportedly died instantly of head and neck wounds. His wife, who was also in the car, was wounded by four bullets in her back and thighs.[30] According to Indian intelligence sources, Vaidya had been the number four assassination target on lists by Sikh militants and he was one of several people killed in retaliation for Operation Blue Star.[31][32] Following the assassination, the Khalistan Commando Force issued a statement declaring that Vaidya had been killed in retaliation for the Operation Blue Star.[31]
Assassination of Arjan Dass[link]
Congress (I) leader Arjun Dass was assassinated on Sept 5 1985[33][34] by Jinda,[35] Sukha[36] and one other Sikh because of his involvement in 1984 Anti-Sikh riots. Arjan Dass's name appeared in various affidavits submitted by innocent Sikh victims to Nanavati Commission which was headed by Justice G.T. Nanavati, retired Judge of the Supreme Court of India.[37] He was also identified among organisers of the carnage.[38][39] Arjun Dass was a close friend of Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi.[40]
Arrest and death[link]
On September 17, 1986, Sukha got into an accident with a truck in Pimpri, Pune and was arrested. He was riding the same black motorcycle which was used at the time of assassination of General Vaidya. Jinda was arrested at Gurdwara Majnoo Daa Tilla, Delhi in March, 1987. He was shot in the legs at the time of his arrest. During their court trial, despite admitting to the killing, they pled not-guilty, justifying their actions by saying that Vaidya was "guilty of a serious crime, the punishment for which could only be death".[32] They were awarded death sentences at 2:05 pm on October 21, 1989. Sukha and Jinda also wrote a letter to president of India asking for "No-Clemency" prior to their hanging.[41] They welcomed their death sentences with Sikh religious slogans of Jo Bole So Nihal and their political slogans of Khalistan Zindabad.
On October 9, 1992, early in the morning, Sukhdev Singh "Sukha" and Harjinder Singh "Jinda" were hanged until death in Pune Jail. The Independent World mentioned “While being led from their cell to the gallows set up in the Yerawada gaol yard, the two convicted killers shouted slogans for Sikh independence in the Punjab”.[42] Both of them were hanged at 4 am in Yerwada Central Jail Pune while extraordinary security was deployed at the jail and in the periphery of Pune to oppose any possible Sikh militant attack. Security was also tightened all over Northern India.[43]
Public protests[link]
The Independent World reported that “..their hanging sparked off protests by students and shop-keepers in the Sikh-dominated state of Punjab” and “Security forces were put on alert in New Delhi, Pune, the southern city where the two assassins were hanged, and throughout the Punjab.”.[42]
Memorial service and subsequent seizure of Golden Temple by the government[link]
On their memorial service, hundreds of troops and police surrounded the Golden Temple. In the early morning hundreds of Sikhs were ordered to move out of the Golden Temple. Sikh leaders Simranjit Singh Mann, Parkash Singh Badal, Gurcharan Singh Tohra and 300 others were arrested in the statewide arrests. Some people were baton charged when they tried to enter this religious place. Approximately 300 Sikhs openly resisted the police clampdown and held the 30 minute memorial service inside the complex while chanting slogans hailing the assassins and in support of Sikh homeland Khalistan. Jinda and Sukha’s fathers were presented with gold medals by Golden Temple priest. Police seize of the temple was lifted 3 hours after the memorial service[44][45]
Honours/ anniversaries[link]
In October 1999, his death anniversary was celebrated in his village Gadli, district Amritsar, where chief of Akal Takhat Amritsar, Giani Puran Singh declared Jinda a national martyr while justifying his action of killing general Vaidya. Some Akali leaders stayed away from this function.[46]
On October 9, 2000, representatives of all major Sikh bodies, including ruling Shiromani Akali Dal, the SHSAD, the SGPC, the Damdami Taksal, AISSF and the Dal Khalsa attended the eighth death anniversary of Harjinder Singh Jinda and Sukhdev Singh Sukha. To honour Jinda and Sukha, Giani Joginder Singh Vedanti, Head of Akal Takht (Supreme Sikh temporal seat), performed the ‘ardas’ (a Sikh religious rite). Both Sukha and Jinda were declared as “great martyrs’ of the Sikh nation during this event.[47]
On October 9, 2002, per The Tribune, on Jinda's death anniversary, "Tributes were paid to the assassins of General Vaidya — Jinda and Sukhdev Singh Sukha" and Jinda's mother was honoured by Giani Joginder Singh Vedanti, chief of Akal Takhat.[48]
In October 2005, the anniversary of his death was celebrated in his native village of Gadli by various Sikh organization including Dal Khalsa, Damdami Taksal, Akal Federation and Sikh Students Federation etc.[19] and his family was again honoured by Dal Khalsa in Fateh Garh Sahib in Punjab, India.[49]
Dashmesh Durbar Sikh temple in Surrey, Canada recently organized special prayers for both Jinda and Sukha in Canada[50]
On October 9, 2008, Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee honoured kin of Jinda and Sukha in the Golden Temple complex, to mark the anniversaries of their death. SGPC declared Jinda and Sukha ‘martyrs of Sikh nation' and added that Jinda and Sukha took revenge of Operation Bluestar.[8]
References[link]
- ^ The Tribune, October 10, 2008, PUNJAB STORIES
- ^ Los Angeles Times - Feb 12, 1987
- ^ Los Angeles Times, Date: Feb 13, 1987, Start Page: 5, Section: 1; Foreign Desk
- ^ Washington Post - Feb 13, 1987
- ^ Philadelphia Inquirer - February 13, 1987 - A13 NATIONAL
- ^ Chicago Tribune, Feb 13, 1987, Start: Page 14
- ^ Boston Globe: SIKHS STEAL $4.4M, February 13, 1987
- ^ a b c d The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab
- ^ "Sikh Separatists Masquerade as Police to Stage India's Biggest Bank Robbery". February 13, 1987. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/58240583.html?dids=58240583:58240583&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Feb+13%2C+1987&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Sikh+Separatists+Masquerade+as+Police+to+Stage+India's+Biggest+Bank+Robbery&pqatl=google.
- ^ Sikhs rob India bank of $4.5 million - Chicago Sun-Times | HighBeam Research
- ^ a b http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=0100d9dd-ce74-4f2c-8eec-66bcc317c4eb
- ^ a b http://www.sikhsiyasat.com/saheedysmagm.html
- ^ a b Letter's of Bhai Harjinder Singh 'Jinda' and Bhai Sukhdev Singh 'Sukha'
- ^ The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab
- ^ Terrorism in Punjab: understanding ... - Harish K. Puri, Paramjit S. Judge, Jagrup Singh Sekhon - Google Boeken
- ^ Pakistan at the crossroads - Google Boeken
- ^ Attack on parliament: challenges ... - K. Bhushan, G. Katyal - Google Boeken
- ^ a b India today - Google Boeken
- ^ a b The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab
- ^ The Sikh unrest and the Indian state ... - Ram Narayan Kumar - Google Boeken
- ^ India today - Google Boeken
- ^ A life sentence
- ^ Orlando Sentinel - Orlando, Fla.
- ^ The New York Times, February 6, 1988
- ^ The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab
- ^ "IN BRIEF; Indian General Who Raided Temple Is Slain". The New York Times. 17 August 1986. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE3DD1F3EF934A2575BC0A960948260&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FS%2FSikhs%20(Sect).
- ^ "Operation Bluestar, 20 Years On". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/03spec.htm.
- ^ Associated Press. "Shrine Leader Killed in Ambush", The Dallas Morning News, August 11, 1986.
- ^ Weisman, Steven R. "A Top Indian General is Assassinated", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, August 11, 1986.
- ^ Sun-Times Wires. "Sikhs kill ex-army chief, massacre revenge hinted", Chicago Sun-Times, August 11, 1986.
- ^ a b Associated Press. "General cremated; Sikhs admit to killing", c/o Houston Chronicle, August 11, 1986.
- ^ a b "The Vaidya Murder Case: Confirming Death Sentences", India Abroad. (New York edition). New York, N.Y.: July 24, 1992. Vol.XXII, Issue. 43; pg.20.
- ^ Montreal Gazette Sept 5 1985
- ^ Sydney Morning Herald
- ^ India Today
- ^ Welcome to Frontline : Vol. 28 :: No. 26
- ^ http://www.mha.nic.in/Nanavati-I.pdf
- ^ CBI files final report in anti-Sikh riot case against Tytler | NowPublic News Coverage
- ^ CC October 2009
- ^ Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Sep 5, 1985
- ^ Letter of Bhai Harjinder Singh Jinda and Sukhdev Singh Sukha to President of India
- ^ a b Mcgirk, Tim (October 10, 1992). "Protests after hanging of Sikhs - World - News - The Independent". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/protests-after-hanging-of-sikhs-1556488.html.
- ^ New Straits Times Malaysia - Oct 10, 1992
- ^ "Sikhs defy police to mourn killers - World - News - The Independent". The Independent (London). October 19, 1992. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/sikhs-defy-police-to-mourn-killers-1558282.html.
- ^ . http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=KC&p_theme=kc&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF3E4969EB10B0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM.
- ^ http://www.indiarightsonline.com/Sabrang/relipolcom9.nsf/5e7647d942f529c9e5256c3100376e2e/f3235c44e2a4bbd165256cce0027a361/$FILE/bac31539.pdf
- ^ The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab
- ^ The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab
- ^ The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab
- ^ http://www.southasianpost.com/portal2/c1ee8c441d26ef48011d2ab67c09003d_Exiled_rebels.do.html
External links[link]
- Letter sent by the two to the President of India asking for no clemency
- Letter of Bhai Sukha-Jinda in Panjabi Language
- Harjinder Singh Jinda & Sukhdev Singh Sukha Biography.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jinda, Harjinder Singh |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1961 |
| Place of birth | Village Gadli, Amritsar, India |
| Date of death | 1992 |
| Place of death | Pune, Maharashtra, India |
http://wn.com/Harjinder_Singh_Jinda
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Harjinder Singh Jinda
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harjinder_Singh_Jinda
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Rahul Gandhi | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Member of Lok Sabha from Amethi | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 2004 |
|
| General Secretary of the Indian National Congress | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 2007 |
|
| Chairperson of IYC and NSUI | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 2007 |
|
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1970-06-19) 19 June 1970 (age 42) New Delhi, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Relations | Rajiv Gandhi (father) Sonia Gandhi (mother) Priyanka Vadra (sister) |
| Residence | New Delhi, India |
| Alma mater | Rollins College Trinity College, Cambridge |
| Profession | Member of Parliament |
| As of 5 June, 2011 | |
Rahul Gandhi ([ˈraːɦʊl ˈɡaːnd̪ʱiː]; born 19 June 1970) is an Indian politician and member of the Parliament of India, representing the Amethi constituency.[1] Gandhi is the general-secretary of the Indian National Congress.[2] He is the grandson of Feroze Gandhi and Indira (née Nehru) Gandhi, and fourth-generation scion of the Nehru-Gandhi family.
Contents |
Early life and career[link]
Rahul Gandhi was born in Delhi on 19 June 1970 [3] as the first of the two children of Rajiv Gandhi, who later became the Prime Minister of India and Sonia Gandhi, who later became President of Indian National Congress, and as the grandson of the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. He is also the great-grandson of India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. Priyanka Vadra is his younger sister.[4]
Rahul Gandhi attended St. Columba's School, Delhi[5] before entering The Doon School in Dehradun (Uttarakhand), also his father's alma mater,[6] from 1981–83. Meanwhile, his father had joined politics and became the Prime Minister on October 31, 1984 when Indira Gandhi was assassinated. Due to the security threats faced by Indira Gandhi's family from Sikh extremists, Rahul Gandhi and his sister, Priyanka were home-schooled since then.[7] Rahul Gandhi joined St. Stephen's College, Delhi in 1989 for his undergraduate education but moved to Harvard University after he completed the first year examinations.[8] In 1991, after Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by LTTE[9] during an election rally, he shifted to Rollins College due to security concerns and completed his B.A. in 1994.[10] During this period, he assumed the pseudonym Raul Vinci and his identity was known only to the university officials and security agencies.[8][11] He further went on to obtain a M.Phil from Trinity College, Cambridge University in 1995.[12] After graduation, Rahul Gandhi worked at the Monitor Group, a management consulting firm, in London.[13] In 2002 he was one of the directors of Mumbai-based technology outsourcing firm Backops Services Private Ltd.[14]
Political career[link]
In March 2004, he announced his entry into politics by announcing that he would contest the May 2004 elections, standing for his father's former constituency of Amethi in Uttar Pradesh in the Lok Sabha, India's lower house of Parliament.[15] The seat had been held by his mother until she transferred to the neighbouring seat of Rae Bareilly. The Congress had been doing poorly in Uttar Pradesh, holding only 10 of the 80 Lok Sabha seats in the state at the time.[16] At the time, this move generated surprise among political commentators, who had regarded his sister Priyanka as being the more charismatic and likely to succeed. It generated speculation that the presence of a young member of India's most famous political family would reinvigorate the Congress party's political fortunes among India's youthful population[17] In his first interview with foreign media, he portrayed himself as a uniter of the country and condemned "divisive" politics in India, saying that he would try to reduce caste and religious tensions.[15]
He won with a landslide majority, retaining the family stronghold with a margin of over 100,000 as the Congress unexpectedly defeated the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party.[18] Until 2006 he held no other office.[19]
Gandhi and his sister, who is married to Robert Vadra, managed their mother's campaign for re-election to Rae Bareilly in 2006, which was won easily with a margin greater than 400,000 votes.[20]
He was a prominent figure in the Congress campaign for the 2007 Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections; Congress, however, won only 22 seats with 8.53% of votes.[21]
Rahul Gandhi was appointed a general secretary of the All India Congress Committee on 24 September 2007 in a reshuffle of the party secretariat.[22] In the same reshuffle, he was also given charge of the Indian Youth Congress and the National Students Union of India.[23]
In 2008, senior Congress leader Veerappa Moily mentioned “Rahul-as-PM” idea when the PM of India Manmohan Singh was still abroad.[24]
Youth politics[link]
In his attempt to prove himself as a youth leader in November 2008 he held interviews at his 12, Tughlak Lane residence in New Delhi to handpick at least 40 people who will make up the think-tank of the Indian Youth Congress (IYC), an organisation that he has been keen to transform since he was appointed general secretary in September 2007.[25]
Under Rahul Gandhi, IYC and NSUI has seen a dramatic increase in members from a two lakhs to twenty five lakhs.[26]
In various reports it has been proved that Rahul Gandhi has failed in his promise to eliminate family, patronage, money from Youth Congress. It has been seen that an aspiring delegates need to pay a substantial sum as nomination fee. Hence, an aspiring office-bearer with deep pockets sponsors them thereby allowing money power to have a role in the elections.[27][28][29]
2009 elections[link]
In the 2009 Lok Sabha elections, he retained his Amethi constituency by defeating his nearest rival by a margin of over 333,000 votes. In these elections congress is said to have revived itself in Uttar Pradesh by winning 21 out of the total 80 Lok Sabha seats and the majority of the credit for this turnaround is given to Rahul Gandhi.[30] He spoke at 125 rallies across the country in six weeks.
Lokpal bill[link]
Rahul Gandhi opines that the Lokpal should be made a constitutional body and it should be made accountable to the Parliament, just like the Election Commission. He also feels that Lokpal alone cannot root out corruption. This statement came out on 25 August 2011, on the 10th day of Anna Hazare's fast. This statement was considered as a delaying tactic by the opposition and Team Anna's members. It was consequently slammed by prominent opposition leaders Sushma Swaraj and Arun Jaitley.[31] The Parliamentary Standing Committee led by Abhishek Manu Singhvi tabled the Lok Bill report in the Rajya Sabha on 9 December 2011. Almost all points proposed by Team Anna were ignored while Rahul Gandhi's wish for Lokpal to be made into a constitutional body was implemented. Anna Hazare believes that Rahul Gandhi is responsible for the weak and ineffective bill proposed by the standing committee of parliament.[32]
Land Acquisition Protests Arrest[link]
On 11 May 2011 Rahul Gandhi was arrested by the Uttar Pradesh police at Bhatta Parsaul village after he turned out in support of agitating farmers demanding more compensation for their land being acquired for a highway project.[33] He was released after being held for about three hours and later returned to New Delhi. He was to be presented before a Sub-Divisional Magistrate on 12 May 2011.[34]
2012 Assembly elections[link]
Rahul Gandhi campaigned extensively in the 2012 Assembly elections, especially in the highly politically crucial state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) in the hope that his popularity would help bring Congress back to power. However, the party did very poorly in the elections winning only 38 seats, a meagre increase of six seats from the 2007 elections[35]. The Samajwadi Party and its new leader, Akhilesh Yadav swept the elections in UP, and Mr Yadav was sworn as the youngest Chief Minister of UP. The Congress party suffered humiliating defeats in other states (Goa and Punjab), and a close shave in Uttarahakhand. With only one win in the state of Manipur, the Indian press was quick to question the future of Mr Gandhi as the leader of the Congress party.[36]
Political and legal issues[link]
Comparison of RSS and SIMI[link]
Rahul Gandhi has been critical of nationalist groups like the RSS and compared them to terrorist organizations like SIMI.[37][38] According to a cable leaked by Wikileaks, in 2009, he allegedly shared concerns with the American ambassador to India Timothy Roemer that radicalized Hindu groups may pose a bigger threat to India than Islamic terror groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba.[39][40] His comments on radical Hindu groups were criticized by the opposition party, as well as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.[41]
Sukanya Devi[link]
It has been alleged that Rahul Gandhi had detained a girl and her parents since 2007 after the family accused the Gandhi scion of raping the girl. On 01st Mar 2011, the Lucknow Bench of Allahabad High Court issued a notice to Rahul Gandhi,[42] however the allegations were found to be false. Allahabad high court not only dismissed the case after the girl in question appeared in the court, but slapped a 50 lakh penalty against the petitioner ordering a CBI inquiry against her and websites publishing the story.[43]
13th Jul 2011 Terror Attack remarks[link]
On 14th Jul 2011, a day after the serial bombing in Mumbai, Rahul Gandhi gave a statement that "it was very difficult to stop every single terror attack". The remark resulted in a number of strong criticism from a number of Shiv Sena party members.[44]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Vidya Subrahmaniam (18 April 2004). "Gandhi detergent washes away caste". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/623458.cms. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
- ^ Sudip Mazumdar (25 December 2006). "Charisma Is Not Enough". Newsweek International. Archived from the original on 2007-01-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20070127214227/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16241337/site/newsweek/. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
- ^ Detailed Profile – Shri Rahul Gandhi – Members of Parliament (Lok Sabha) – Who's Who – Government: National Portal of India. India.gov.in. Retrieved on 2011-08-09.
- ^ M.V.Kamath. "Does Congress want to perpetuate Nehru-Gandhi dynasty?". Samachar. Archived from the original on 2006-10-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20061028203930/http://samachar.com/features/290905-features.html. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
- ^ George Iype (23 March 2004). "Rahul Gandhi:Biography". oneindia.in. http://living.oneindia.in/celebrity/other-celebrities/2008/rahul-gandhi-biography.html. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
- ^ [searchindia.com/search/indian-politicians-rajiv-gandhi.html "Indian Politician – Profile of Rajiv Gandhi"]. searchindia.com/search/indian-politicians-rajiv-gandhi.html. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
- ^ Sanjay Hazarika (16 July 1989). "Foes of Gandhi make targets of his children". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEEDE1130F935A25754C0A96F948260&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
- ^ a b Rahul completed education in US under a false name – India – DNA. Dnaindia.com (2009-04-30). Retrieved on 2011-08-09.
- ^ "The accused, the charges, the verdict". Frontline. 7 February 2010. http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1503/15030150.htm.
- ^ "Newsweek apologises to Rahul Gandhi". The Indian Express. 27 January 2007. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/newsweek-apologises-to-rahul-gandhi/21088/1.
- ^ A Question Of TheHeir & Now. www.outlookindia.com. Retrieved on 2011-08-09.
- ^ "Cambridge varsity confirms Rahul’s qualifications". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 29 April 2009. http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/article319541.ece. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "The Great White Hope: The Son Also Rises". Rediff.com. 13 April 2004. http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/apr/13rajeev.htm.
- ^ Want to be CEO of Rahul Gandhi's firm? rediff.com "his start-up BPO venture, Backops Services Private Ltd ... call centre-like operation providing engineering detail and structural planning services ... based in Mumbai, was incorporated in Delhi on May 28, 2002 ... Gandhi and family friend Manoj Muttu as the two directors"
- ^ a b "Rahul attacks 'divisive' politics". BBC News. 12 April 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3619123.stm. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ Majumder, Sanjoy (22 March 2004). "Gandhi fever in Indian heartlands". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3557045.stm. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ Biswas, Soutik (23 March 2004). "The riddle of Rahul Gandhi". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3560771.stm. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ "India elections: Good day – bad day". BBC News. 2 June 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3711881.stm. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ The Tribune, Chandigarh, 21 August 2004; The Telegraph India, 20 May 2006; BBC News, 26 May 2004.
- ^ Majumder, Sanjoy (11 May 2006). "India's communists upbeat over future". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4761871.stm. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ "Uttar Pradesh low caste landslide". BBC News. 11 May 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6643953.stm. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ "Rahul Gandhi gets Congress post". BBC News. 24 zzz19zzz 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7010099.stm. Retrieved 2007-09-24.
- ^ "Rahul Gandhi gets Youth Congress Charge". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 25 zzz19zzz 2007. http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/25/stories/2007092550240100.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
- ^ In the family way. Indian Express (2008-10-03). Retrieved on 2011-08-09.
- ^ "Rahul Gandhi's talent hunt". The Economic Times. 7 November 2008. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PoliticsNation/Rahul_Gandhis_secret_talent_hunt/articleshow/3684740.cms. Retrieved 2008-11-07. [dead link]
- ^ "Rahul Gandhi’s Youth Congress gets overwhelming response". DNA India. 24 May 2010. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_rahul-gandhi-s-youth-congress-gets-overwhelming-response_1386926. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- ^ "Family Still Comes First: Rahul Gandhi fails to eliminate family, patronage, money from Youth Congress". India Today. 11 July 2011. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/rahul-gandhi-fails-his-promise-to-rid-youth-congress-of-family-patronage-money/1/143357.html. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
- ^ "J&K: Senior leaders’ kin grab plum posts in YC". Indian Express. 4 August 2011. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/j&k-senior-leaders-kin-grab-plum-posts-in/827021/. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
- ^ "Youth Congress loses battle to shed family, patronage, money". Indian Express. August 2011. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/youth-congress-loses-battle-to-shed-family/740782/. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
- ^ "Sonia secures biggest margin, Rahul follows". The Times of India (Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd.). 18 May 2009. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Lucknow/Sonia-secures-biggest-margin-Rahul-follows/articleshow/4544401.cms. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
- ^ Sulekha news (27 August 2011). "Sushma tears into Rahul's address on Lokpal "]. http://newshopper.sulekha.com/sushma-tears-into-rahul-s-address-on-lokpal_news_1339499.htm. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
- ^ DNA correspondent (9 December 2011). "Anna Hazare blames Rahul Gandhi for ‘ineffective’ Lokpal Bill "]. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_anna-hazare-blames-rahul-gandhi-for-ineffective-lokpal-bill_1623889. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
- ^ "Rahul Gandhi arrested in Uttar Pradesh". Yahoo News (Yahoo News). 12 May 2011. http://in.news.yahoo.com/rahul-gandhi-arrested-uttar-pradesh-released-210738122.html. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- ^ "Rahul Gandhi arrested by UP police". LiveMint (LiveMint.com). 12 May 2011. http://www.livemint.com/2011/05/12001359/Rahul-Gandhi-arrested-by-UP-po.html. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- ^ http://www.ndtv.com/election/assembly-2012/
- ^ http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?280188
- ^ RSS is 'fanatical' like banned outfit SIMI : Rahul. The Economic Times. 6 October 2010
- ^ RSS as fanatical as SIMI: Rahul. Hindustan Times (2010-10-06). Retrieved on 2011-08-09.
- ^ Rahul Gandhi, the "crown prince" of Indian politics, told the American ambassador last year that Hindu extremist groups could pose a greater threat to his country than Muslim militants The Hindu December 17, 2010.
- ^ Radical Hindu units bigger threat than LeT: Rahul Gandhi economictimes.com, ET Bureau, Dec 18, 2010.
- ^ "Radical Hindu groups bigger threat than LeT, says Rahul". India Today. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/rahul-gandhi-in-wikileaks-terror-row/1/123754.html. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
- ^ "HC issues notice to Rahul Gandhi for girl's illegal detention". The Economic Times. 1 March 2011. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-03-01/news/28645634_1_hc-issues-notice-illegal-detention-rahul-gandhi.
- ^ "50-lakh penalty slapped on petitioner out to defame Rahul". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 8 March 2011. http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/08/stories/2011030860550300.htm.
- ^ "Rahul Gandhi on Terror Attacks". Outlook India. 14 July 2011. http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?727739.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rahul Gandhi |
- Profile at BBC News
- Profile at Govt. of India website
- Rahul Gandhi collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Rahul Gandhi collected news and commentary at The Times of India
| Lok Sabha | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Sonia Gandhi |
Member for Amethi 2004 – present |
Incumbent |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gandhi, Rahul |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Indian Politician |
| Date of birth | 19 June 1970 |
| Place of birth | New Delhi, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Rahul_Gandhi
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Rahul Gandhi
http://id.wn.com/Rahul Gandhi
http://pl.wn.com/Rahul Gandhi
http://fr.wn.com/Rahul Gandhi
http://de.wn.com/Rahul Gandhi
http://hi.wn.com/राहुल गांधी
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
More Videos
Wiki Summary
Srinagar /sriˈnɑːɡər/ ( Hindi pronunciation (help·info)) is the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is situated in the Kashmir Valley and lies on the banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus. The city is famous for its gardens, lakes and houseboats. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts and dry fruits.
Etymologically Srinagar is composed of two Sanskrit words, śrī (venerable) and nagar, which means "city". One theory of the origin of the name is that a Pandava King Ashoka (not to be confused with the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka) built the city of Srinagari (Srinagar). Another theory is that Mauryan Emperor Ashoka founded the original city of Srinagar, then situated on the site of the present village of Pandrathan, 5 km to the north of the existing capital.
Srinagar has a long history, dating back at least to the 3rd century BC, and has been known by different names. The city was founded by the King Pravarasena II over 2,000 years ago, named it Parvasenpur. The city was then a part of the Maurya Empire, one of the largest empires of the Indian subcontinent. Ashoka introduced Buddhism to the Kashmir valley, and the adjoining regions around the city became a centre of Buddhism. In the 1st century, the region was under the control of Kushans and several rulers of this dynasty strengthened the Buddhist tradition. Vikramaditya (of Ujjain) and his successors probably ruled the regions just before the city fell to the control of the Huns in the 6th century, and Mihirkula was the most dreaded ruler of the city and the valley.
