Galls or ''cecidia'' are outgrowths on the surface of lifeforms caused by invasion by other lifeforms, such as parasites or bacterial infection. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues and can be caused by various parasites, from fungi and bacteria, to insects and mites. Plant galls are often highly organised structures and because of this the cause of the gall can often be determined without the actual agent being identified. This applies particularly to some insect and mite plant galls. In pathology, a gall is a raised sore on the skin, usually caused by chafing or rubbing.

Causes of plant galls

Insects

Insect galls are the highly distinctive plant structures formed by some herbivorous insects as their own microhabitats. They are plant tissue which is controlled by the insect. Galls act as both the habitat and food source for the maker of the gall. The interior of a gall can contain edible nutritious starch and other tissues. Some galls act as "physiologic sinks", concentrating resources in the gall from the surrounding plant parts. Galls may also provide the insect with physical protection from predators.

Insect galls are usually induced by chemicals injected by the larvae or the adults of the insects into the plants, and possibly mechanical damage. After the galls are formed, the larvae develop inside until fully grown, when they leave. In order to form galls, the insects must seize the time when plant cell division occurs quickly: the growing season, usually spring in temperate climates, but which is extended in the tropics.

The meristems, where plant cell division occurs, are the usual sites of galls, though insect galls can be found on other parts of the plant, such as the leaves, stalks, branches, buds, roots, and even flowers and fruits. Gall-inducing insects are usually species-specific and sometimes tissue-specific on the plants they gall.

Gall-inducing insects include gall wasps, gall midges, gall flies, aphids (such as ''Melaphis chinensis''), and psyllids.

Fungi

One gall-inducing fungus is Cedar-apple rust. Galls are often seen in Millettia pinnata leaves and fruits. Leaf galls appear like tiny clubs; however, flower galls are globose.

It is worth noting that the fungus ''Ustilago esculenta'' associated with ''Zizania latifolia'', a wild rice, produces an edible gall highly valued as a food source in the Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces of China.

Bacteria and viruses

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is an example of a gall-causing bacterium.

Other plants

Mistletoe can form galls on its hosts

Uses

Galls are rich in resins and tannic acid and have been used in the manufacture of permanent inks (such as iron gall ink) and astringent ointments, in dyeing, and in tanning. A high-quality ink has long been made from the Aleppo gall, found on oaks in the Middle East; it is one of a number of galls resembling nuts and called "gallnuts" or "nutgalls". The yeast that makes lager beer possible originated in galls on Patagonian beech trees.

The larvae in galls are useful for a survival food and fishing bait; see the Indigenous Australian foods Bush coconut and Mulga apple. Nutgalls also produce purpurogallin.

Gallery

See also

Bush coconut

Chirosia betuleti

Mulga apple

Oak apple

Oak Marble gall

Knopper gall

Oak artichoke gall

Rose bedeguar gall

Pineapple gall

Cola-nut gall

''Neuroterus quercusbaccarum'' Common Spangle and Currant galls

Footnotes

External links

Goldenrod Gall Fly

All Galls Are Divided Into Three Parts (At Least In Goldenrod), Solidago

Category:Galls

ar:العفصة ca:Agalla (botànica) cs:Hálka da:Galle de:Pflanzengalle et:Pahk es:Agalla eo:Gajlo fr:Galle (botanique) gl:Bugallo io:Galo it:Galla (botanica) he:עפץ kk:Галлы la:Galla (tumor plantarum) lt:Galas hu:Gubacs nl:Galappel ja:虫こぶ pl:Galas pt:Galha ru:Галл (биология) fi:Äkämä zh:癭

Coordinates	28°36′36″N77°13′48″N
name	France Gall
background	solo_singer
birth name	Isabelle Geneviève Marie Anne Gall
alias	France Gall
born	October 09, 1947Paris, France
origin	Paris, France
genre	Yé-yé, pop
occupation	Singer
years active	1963–1995
label	WEA FrancePhilips France
associated acts	Michel Berger, Serge Gainsbourg
website	}}

France Gall (born Isabelle Geneviève Marie Anne Gall on 9 October 1947 in Paris, France) is a popular French yé-yé singer.

Gall was married to, and had a successful singing career in partnership with, French singer-songwriter Michel Berger.

Early years

Her father was lyricist Robert Gall, and her mother, Cécile Berthier, was the daughter of Paul Berthier, co-founder of Petits Chanteurs à la Croix de Bois. (This made her cousin to the guitarist Denys Lable and the composer Vincent Berthier de Lioncourt, as well as niece to Jacques Berthier.) She was the sole daughter in the family, with two brothers named Patrice and Claude. In spring 1963, Robert Gall encouraged his daughter to record songs and send the demos to a musical publisher, Denis Bourgeois. That July, she auditioned for Bourgeois at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris, after which Bourgeois wanted to sign her immediately. France was subsequently signed to Philips.

At the time, Bourgeois was working for the label as Artistic Director for Serge Gainsbourg and assumed this role for Gall as well. He encouraged her to record four tracks with French jazz musician, arranger and composer Alain Goraguer.

Early career

The first airplay of France's first single "Ne sois pas si bête" ("Don't Be So Stupid"), occurred on her 16th birthday. It was released in November and became a hit. Serge Gainsbourg, whose career was faltering although he had released several albums and written songs for singers including Michèle Arnaud and Juliette Gréco, was asked by Bourgeois to write songs for Gall. Gainsbourg's "N'écoute pas les idoles" ("Don't listen to the idols") became Gall's second single; it reached the top of the French charts in March 1964 and stayed there for three weeks.

At the same time, Gall made her live debut, opening for Sacha Distel in Belgium. She teamed up with Distel's business manager, Maurice Tézé, who was also a lyricist. This allowed her to create an original repertoire, unlike the majority of her contemporaries ("yéyés") who sang adaptations of Anglophone hits. However, under the influence from this team of music veterans, Gall struggled to defend her personal choice of material.

In addition to songs written by her father, Gall's success in the 1960s was built on songs written by some of the biggest names among French composers and lyricists: Gérard Bourgeois, Jean-Pierre Bourtayre, Vline Buggy Pierre Cour, Joe Dassin, Jacques Datin, Pierre Delanoë, Jean Dréjac, Alain Goraguer, Hubert Giraud, Georges Liferman, Guy Magenta, Eddy Marnay, Jean-Michel Rivat, Jean-Max Rivière, Frank Thomas, Maurice Vidalin, André Popp, Gilles Thibaut, and Jean Wiener.

Gall's songs often featured lyrics based on a stereotypical view of the teenage mind. Elaborate orchestrations by Alain Goraguer blended styles, permitting her to navigate between jazz, children's songs, and anything in between. Examples of this mixed-genre style included "Jazz à gogo" (lyrics by Robert Gall and music by Goraguer) and "Mes premières vraies vacances" (by Datin-Vidalin).

Gall and Gainsbourg's association produced many popular singles, continuing through the summer of 1964 with the hit song "Laisse tomber les filles" ("Never Mind the Girls") followed by "Christiansen" by Datin-Vidalin. Gainsbourg also secretly recorded Gall's laughter to use on ''Pauvre Lola'', a track on his 1964 album ''Gainsbourg Percussions''. Her laughter is not credited.

1965

Having previously resisted, Gall gave in to her managers at the end of 1964 and recorded a single intended for children. The song "Sacré Charlemagne," her father's lyrics set to the music of George Liferman, was a hit in 1965, selling 2 million copies.

Eurovision

Gall was then selected to represent Luxembourg for the 1965 Eurovision Song Contest. Out of the 10 songs proposed to her, she chose Gainsbourg's "Poupée de cire, poupée de son." On 20 March 1965, Gainsbourg, Gall, and Goraguer attended the finals of the song contest in Naples, where the song bring the attraction. Although Gall's delivery during the live show was not of the highest standard, the song impressed the jury and it took the Grand Prix. Success at Eurovision ensured that Gall became even more known outside Europe and she recorded "Poupée de cire, poupée de son" in French, Finnish, German, Italian, and Japanese. There appears to be no English version released by France Gall herself, although there was an English cover by the English 60s star Twinkle.

Serge Gainsbourg said about the song: "The songs young people turn to for help in their first attempts at discovering what life and love are about, are sung by people too young and inexperienced to be of much help and condemned by their celebrity to find out." At a young age, France Gall was too naïve to understand the second meaning of the lyrics and she felt she was used by Gainsbourg, most notably after the song "Les Sucettes" – literally about a girl eating lollipops but with a double meaning referring to oral sex.

Today France Gall tries to not discuss it in public and refuses to perform her winning song.

Summer tour

In the summer of 1965, France Gall toured France for several months with "Le Grand Cirque de France" ("The Great Circus of France"), a combination of radio show and live circus. Her singles continued to chart successfully, including the Gainsbourg-penned "Attends ou va-t'en" ("Wait for me, or go away") and "Nous ne sommes pas des anges" ("We are not angels"). She also had a hit with the song "Amérique" ("America") by Eddy Marnay and Guy Magenta.

Film opportunities

After a TV film directed by Jean-Christophe Averty and dedicated to the songs of Gall was distributed in the United States in 1965, Gall was sought by Walt Disney to appear as Alice in a musical film version of ''Alice in Wonderland'', after having already made '' Alice'' into a cartoon in 1951. Although Gall had insisted she did not want to become involved in film work, this was the only project which appealed to her. The project was cancelled after Disney's death in 1966.

In 1966 Gall appeared in the television film '' Viva Morandi'', made in the same psychoanalytical mould as the (1965) Federico Fellini film '' Giulietta degli Spiriti ("Juliet of the Spirits")''. Gall played "La Grâce" alongside Christine Lebail who plays "La Pureté", both singing ''Les Sucettes'' in a segment which was prominently labelled "Fantasy", in a clear reference to the song's sexual undertones.

She was approached by director Bernardo Bertolucci for the leading female role in Last Tango in Paris (1972). However, she firmly rejected this offer.

Gall once again considered appearing on screen in 1993 for a cinematographic collaboration with her best friend, the screenplay writer Telsche Boorman. Like the Disney film, this planned project was never completed due to the death of Boorman in 1996.

1966

At the beginning of 1966 Gall released '' Baby pop'', another song written by Gainsbourg, the lyrics of which Gall once described as "brutal", but whose dark undertones are not easily perceived when one hears the song as sung by the then 18 year-old girl. However, the undertones in her next hit song were not so easily missed, and caused a scandal when it was released. Gainsbourg deliberately filled the song ''Les Sucettes'' ("Lollipops") with double-meanings and strong sexual innuendo. On the surface, the lyrics tell the innocent tale of a girl named Annie who enjoys lollipops. However, it is clear that Gainsbourg intentionally created the theme as a metaphor for oral sex. Although a big hit, the song sat in stark contrast to genuinely innocent songs on the same album such as ''Je me marie en blanc'' ("White Wedding") and ''Ça me fait rire'' ("It makes me laugh").

The public furore over Les Sucettes would throw Gall’s career off-track for years, and Gall was not left unscathed by the experience. She belatedly understood that she had been used: the song was deliberately conceived with the aim of attracting publicity. All her records which followed, even expunged of the Gainsbourg signature, would be suspiciously viewed as having crass commercial motivations. She interpreted a song dedicated to John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr., '' Bonsoir John John ''. Sullied by her association with Gainsbourg, her songs failed to chart for a long time afterwards.

Even some of her children’s songs recorded in 1966, for example, ''Les Leçons particulières'' ("private lessons"), have not been spared pernicious assumptions. It was not helpful when Jean-Christophe Averty corrosively choreographed a troupe of men on all fours to illustrate her children's song ''J'ai retrouvé mon chien'' ("I’ve found my dog") on his television program ''Les Raisins verts'' ("Green grapes").

''Bébé requin'', LSD and local decline

At the beginning of the year 1967, she sang a duet with Maurice Biraud, ''La Petite'', which evokes a young girl coveted by a friend of her father. The controversy over this performance overshadowed her release of Gainsbourg’s poetic ''Néfertiti''.

Her next single was recorded with the orchestration of English composer David Whitaker. New authors Frank Thomas and Jean-Michel Rivat were brought on board. They wrote ''Bébé requin'' (Baby Shark), a song which met with some success for Gall. This was followed by ''Teenie Weenie Boppie'', an anti-LSD song by Gainsbourg, which was a huge flop. Gainsbourg then sang an anti-capital punishment song in tandem with Gall, ''Qui se souvient de Caryl Chessman?'' ("Anyone remember Caryl Chessman?"), about the death row prisoner, but this song never saw the light of day. Her next record ''C'est toi que je veux'', again with Whitaker, also failed to make an impact.

German career

Although struggling in her home country, Gall regularly recorded in Germany from 1966 to 1972, in particular with the composer and orchestrator Werner Müller. She had a successful German career with songs by Horst Buchholz and Giorgio Moroder: ''Love, l'amour und liebe'' (1967), ''Hippie, hippie'' (1968), ''Ich liebe dich, so wie du bist'' (I love you the way you are) (1969) and ''Mein Herz kann man nicht kaufen'' (My heart is not for sale) (1970). Some of her other German hits included: ''Haifischbaby (Bébé requin) '', ''Die schönste Musik, die es gibt'' (The most beautiful music there is/Music To Watch Girls By), '' Was will ein Boy'' (What does a boy want?) (1967), ''Ja, ich sing'' (Yes, I sing), ''A Banda (Zwei Apfelsinen im Haar)'' (Two oranges in my hair), '' Der Computer Nr. 3 '' (1968), ''Ein bisschen Goethe, ein bisschen Bonaparte'' (A little Goethe, a little Bonaparte), ''I like Mozart'' (1969), ''Dann schon eher der Piano player'' (Then rather the piano player) (1970), ''Komm mit mir nach Bahia, Miguel'' (Come with me to Bahia, Miguel) (1972).

Post-Gainsbourg career

New label, new beginnings

Gall had several other releases in France in 1968, none of which aroused any great interest. At the end of 1968, on reaching the age of 21, Gall separated from Denis Bourgeois and stretched her wings upon the expiration of her contract with Philips.

She moved to a new record label, "La Compagnie", born from the association of artists Hugues Aufray, Nicole Croisille and Michel Colombier. At "La Compagnie", Gall made a number of recordings, but she never succeeded in finding a coherent style with Norbert Saada as Artistic Director. She went her own way in 1969 with two adaptations: one Italian and the other British: ''L'Orage / La Pioggia)'' ("The Storm") which she sang with Gigliola Cinquetti at the 1969 San Remo Music Festival, and ''Les Années folles ("Gentlemen Please")'', created by Barbara Ruskin. Her songs ''Des gens bien élevés'', ''La Manille et la révolution'', '' Zozoï'' and '' Éléphants'' were largely ignored. Moreover, "La Compagnie" went bankrupt.

The early seventies continued to be a barren period for Gall. Although she was the first artist to be recorded in France for Atlantic Records in 1971, her singles ''C'est cela l'amour'' (1971) and ''Chasse neige'' (1971), faltered in the charts. In 1972, Gall, for the last time, recorded songs by Gainsbourg, ''Frankenstein'' and ''Les Petits ballons'', but these also failed to chart. The results of her collaboration with Jean-Michel Rivat as artistic director, ''La Quatrieme chose'' (1972, suspiciously similar to Bread's "Everything I Own") and ''Par plaisir'' or ''Plus haut que moi'' (1973) did not meet with commercial success. While officially done with Gainsbourg, an old flame and producer from her Gainsbourg days, invited France Gall on television to sing a medley of old songs from their time together, which in included "Poupee de cire, Poupee de son". From the 1970s onwards, Gall started regularly visiting Senegal, which she loved. She bought her hideaway there on the island of N'Gor, close to Dakar in 1990.

Michel Berger

France Gall was seduced by Michel Berger’s music when she heard his song '' Attends-moi'' ("Wait for Me") one day in 1973. During a later radio broadcast, she asked him for his opinion on songs which her then producer wanted her to record. Although he was disconcerted by the quality of the songs, there would be no question of collaboration.

Only 6 months later, in 1974, after she sang vocals on the song ''Mon fils rira du rock'n'roll'' on Berger's new album, Gall's publisher asked him, at her behest, to write for her. Gall had already made her mind up that ''"It will be him or else it will be nobody"'' (documentary France 3 ''France Gall by France Gall''). Thus, in 1974, ''La Déclaration d'amour'' was to be the first in a long line of hits which marked a turning point in Gall’s career.

Meanwhile, the two artists, whose affinities became more than musical, married on 22 June 1976. France Gall shared years of work and family life with Michel Berger. The couple had two children.

Musicals

In 1978, pushed by Berger, she once again trod the boards of the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées where she had auditioned 15 years earlier, starring in a show entitled "''Made in France''". The most novel aspect of this show was that, except for the Brazilian drag act Les Étoiles, the members of the orchestra, choir and the dance troupe were exclusively female. In this show, France sang ''Maria vai com as outras'' the original, Brazilian (Portuguese) version of ''Plus haut que moi''.

In 1979, Gall took part in a new show which remains memorable for many. Composed by Michel Berger and written by the Québécois author Luc Plamondon, the rock opera ''Starmania'' enjoyed a success not usual for musicals in France. The show played for one month at Palais des congrès de Paris.

In 1982, Gall rehearsed in the ''Palais des Sports'' of Paris to present ''Tout pour la musique'', an innovative spectacle marked by its use of electronic music. The songs ''Résiste'' and ''Il jouait du piano debout'' ("He played the piano standing") quickly became French pop standards.

1980s and humanitarian projects

In 1985, France Gall joined Chanteurs Sans Frontières, on the initiative of Valerie Lagrange. She also worked for ''S.O.S Ethiopie'' for the benefit of Ethiopia under the aegis of Renaud.

At the same time, she gave a successful series of concerts lasting three weeks at the new venue Zénith in Paris, where she performed new songs like '' Débranche'' ("Loosen-up"), ''Hong-Kong Star'', and gave solid acoustic performances of ''Plus haut'', ''Diego libre dans sa tête'' and ''Cézanne peint''.

In 1985 and 1986, Gall worked with Berger, Richard Berry, Daniel Balavoine and Lionel Rotcage for the benefit of ''Action Écoles'', an organization of schoolboy volunteers which collects essential food products in France for African countries where famine and drought prevail. On 14 January 1986, during a trip to Africa, Balavoine tragically perished in a helicopter crash. In 1987, the song ''Évidemment'', written by Berger and sung by Gall, was a moving homage to their lost friend. The song appeared on the album ''Babacar''.

Gall topped the pop charts in many countries in 1987 and 1988 with another song from the ''Babacar'' album, ''Ella, elle l'a'' ("Ella, she's got it"), a Berger tribute to Ella Fitzgerald.

Following the release of ''Babacar'', Gall launched a new show produced by Berger. Opening at Le Zénith, the successful production toured throughout Europe, and gave rise to the live album ''Le Tour de France '88''.

The 1990s

Gall took a break from singing in the early 1990s and did not record any more for several years to come. She did, however, make an album called ''Double Jeu'' with Berger.

Following the release of ''Double Jeu'', Gall and Berger announced a series of concerts in various Parisian venues, such as La Cigale and Bercy. This project was nearly cancelled by Berger's death from a heart attack on 2 August 1992.

Although Gall was strongly affected by Berger's death, she wanted to complete the project they had planned. However, she decided to commit to the performances at the Bercy and promoted the songs that she and Berger created together. However, Gall was diagnosed with breast cancer in April 1993, which was successfully treated. She finally performed at the Bercy in September. All the songs she performed were written by Berger from ''Double Jeu'', and from their discographies.

A year later, she went back on stage and performed in a new show in the Pleyel in Paris featuring new musicians. The repertoire featured songs written exclusively by Berger though Gall included her own versions of songs originally performed by others.

In 1996, Gall asked Jean-Luc Godard to produce the video clip of her song "''Plus haut''", taken from her album "''France''". Godard initially refused Gall's offer but later agreed, and directed a dreamy, picturesque video entitled "''Plus Oh!''" near his residence in Rolle (Switzerland). It was given its first and only airing on 20 April 1996 on the French television channel M6. It was only shown once, due to copyright issues.

After a year in Los Angeles, she released her eighth studio album, ''France'' in 1996. The album featured Gall's own interpretations of some of Michel Berger's songs. In 1996, Gall finally decided to appear as a headline artist at the legendary venue for French artists, the Paris Olympia. In 1997, she announced her retirement and recorded an unplugged show for French television showcasing songs from her final album.

In December 1997, Pauline, Gall's elder daughter with Michel Berger, died of complications of cystic fibrosis. Her illness was never made public.

Since the death of her daughter Gall has made only occasional public appearances. As a farewell to her career, a documentary movie was shot in 2001, ''France Gall par France Gall'', directed by Eric Guéret. Nine million people tuned in to watch the documentary when it aired on French television that year. She also staged and appeared in the 2007 France 2 documentary "Tous pour la musique" marking the fifteenth anniversary of Michel Berger's death.

Today she is a patron for French charity Coeurs de Femmes – a group helping homeless women.

Discography

Singles

October 1963 – "Ne sois pas si bête", adaptation by Pierre Delanoë of "Stand a little closer", original words and music by Jack Wolf and Maurice "Bugs" Bower

1964 – "N'écoute pas les idoles", words and music by Gainsbourg

1964 – "Jazz à gogo", words by Robert Gall music by Alain Goraguer

1964 – "Laisse tomber les filles", words and music by Gainsbourg

1964 – "Sacré Charlemagne", words by Robert Gall and music by Georges Liferman

1965 – "Poupée de cire, poupée de son", words and music by Gainsbourg

1965 – "Attends ou va-t'en", words and music by Gainsbourg

1965 – "Nous ne sommes pas des anges", words and music by Gainsbourg

1966 – "Baby pop", words and music by Gainsbourg

1966 – "Les Sucettes", words and music by Gainsbourg

1967 – "Néfertiti", words and music by Gainsbourg

1967 – "Bébé requin", words by Jean-Michel Rivat and Frank Thomas, music by Joe Dassin

1967 – "Toi que je veux", words by Jean-Michel Rivat and Frank Thomas, music by Joe Dassin

1968 – "Le Temps du tempo", words by Robert Gall and music by Alain Goraguer

1968 – "Y'a du soleil à vendre", words by Robert Gall and music by Hubert Giraud

1968 – "24 / 36", words by Jean-Michel Rivat and Frank Thomas, music by Joe Dassin

1969 – "Homme tout petit", words by Jean-Michel Rivat and Frank Thomas, music by Jean-Pierre Bourtayre

1969 – "Les Années folles", adaptation by Boris Bergman of the British song "Gentlemen Please", original words and music by Barbara Ruskin

1969 – "Baci, baci, baci", adaptation by Eddy Marnay from Italian lyrics by Sergio Bardotti and Claudio Tallino and music by Franco and Giorgio Bracardi

1970 – "Zozoï", words by Robert Gall and music by Nelson Angelo

1970 – "Les Éléphants", words by Jean Schmitt and music by Jean Géral

1971 – "C'est cela l'amour", words by Jacques Lanzmann and music by Paul-Jean Borowsky

1971 – "Chasse neige", words by Étienne Roda-Gil and music by Julien Clerc

1972 – "Frankenstein", words and music by Gainsbourg

1972 – "5 minutes d'amour", words by Jean-Michel Rivat and Frank Thomas, music by Roland Vincent

1973 – "Plus haut que moi", adaptation by Yves Dessca and Jean-Michel Rivat of "Maria vai com as outras" by Toquinho and Vinicius de Moraes

1973 – "Par Plaisir", words by Yves Dessca and Jean-Michel Rivat, music by Roland Vincent

May 1974 – "La Déclaration d'amour", words and music by Berger

October 1974 – "Mais, aime la", words and music by Berger

1975 – "Comment lui dire", words and music by Berger

April 1976 – "Ce soir je ne dors pas"

June 1976 – " Ça balance pas mal à Paris" (duet with Michel Berger), words and music by Berger

May 1977 – "Musique", words and music by Berger

October 1977 – "Si, maman si"

January 1978 – "Le meilleur de soi-même"

March 1978 – "Viens je t'emmène", words and music by Berger

January 1979 – "Besoin d'amour", words by Luc Plamondon and music by Berger

June 1980 – "Il jouait du piano debout", words and music by Berger

October 1980 – "Bébé, comme la vie", words and music by Berger

October 1980 – "Donner pour donner" (duet with Elton John), words by Michel Berger and Bernie Taupin, music by Michel Berger – Archives INA : Reportage Antenne 2, 1981

1981 – "Tout pour la musique", words and music by Berger

1981 – "Résiste", words and music by Berger

May 1981 – "Amor También", words and music by Berger

6 April 1984 – "Débranche", words and music by Berger

17 September 1984 – "Hong Kong Star", words and music by Berger – Archives INA : Extrait de "Hong Kong Star", Antenne 2, 1984 FR #6

4 February 1984 – "Calypso", words and music by Berger

20 May 1984 – "Cézanne peint", words and music by Berger

3 April 1987 – "Babacar", words and music by Berger FR #11 GER #14

24 August 1987 – "Ella, elle l'a", words and music by Berger FR #2 GER #1 NL #38

7 March 1988 – "Évidemment", words and music by Berger

12 September 1988 – "Papillon de nuit", words and music by Berger

20 March 1989 – "La chanson d'Azima"

29 May 1992 – "Laissez passez les rêves", words and music by Berger, duet with Michel Berger

12 October 1992 – "Superficiel et léger"

15 January 1993 – "Les élans du coeur"

6 May 1993 – "Mademoiselle Chang" (live)

5 November 1993 – "Si, maman si" (live)

December 1993 – "Il jouait du piano debout" (live)

2 February 1994 – "La négresse blonde" (live)

15 March 1994 – "Paradis Blanc" (live)

14 November 1994 – "Les princes des villes"

15 March 1996 – "Plus haut"

5 November 1996 – "Privée d'amour"

25 October 1996 – "Message personnel"

14 February 1997 – "Résiste" (remix)

15 May 1997 – "Attends ou va-t'en" (live)

2004 – "Zozoï" – Reissue of 1970 single

20 August 2004 – "La seule chose qui compte"

Albums

''Les Sucettes'' (1965)

''Baby Pop'' (1966)

''1968'' (1967)

''France Gall'' (6 January 1976)

''Dancing disco'' (27 April 1977)

''France Gall Live'' (live album, 9 November 1978)

''Starmania'' (various artists) (16 October 1978)

''Paris, France'' (19 May 1980)

''Tout pour la musique'' (10 December 1981)

''Palais des Sports'' (live album, 4 November 1982)

''Débranche'' (2 April 1984)

''France Gall au Zénith'' (live album, 4 February 1985)

''Babacar'' (19 February 1987)

''Le Tour de France 88'' (live album, 7 November 1988)

''Double jeu'' (with Michel Berger, 12 June 1992)

''Simple je (Débranchée à Bercy 93)'' (live album, 29 October 1993)

''Simple je (Rebranchée à Bercy 93)'' (live album, 28 January 1994)

''Pleyel (music album)'' (live album, concert recorded in 1994, published in December 2005)

''France'' (29 March 1996)

''Concert public (live, Olympia 1996) & Concert privé (Concert acoustique TV M6 1997)'' (24 April 1997)

''Best of France Gall'' (compilation, 15 June 2004)

''Évidemment'' (compilation, 7 October 2004)

Audio sample

References

External links

Clips from INA archives

Official website managed by WEA Music (offline)

France Gall biography on RFI

A Tribute to Gainsbourg: France Gall

French forum of France Gall & Michel Berger

Category:1947 births Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Paris Category:French child singers Category:French female singers Category:French-language singers Category:German-language singers Category:Eurovision Song Contest winners Category:Luxembourgian Eurovision Song Contest entrants Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1965

ca:France Gall cs:France Gall da:France Gall de:France Gall el:Φρανς Γκαλ es:France Gall eo:France Gall fr:France Gall ko:프랑스 갈 it:France Gall he:פראנס גל lt:France Gall hu:France Gall nl:France Gall ja:フランス・ギャル no:France Gall pl:France Gall pt:France Gall ro:France Gall ru:Галль, Франс sl:France Gall sr:Frans Gal sh:France Gall fi:France Gall sv:France Gall tr:France Gall

Coordinates	28°36′36″N77°13′48″N
name	Gail Force
gender	female
birth date	July 25, 1966
alias	Christy Brian, Cristy Brian
number of films	174 (per IAFD)
spelling	}}

Gail Force (born July 25, 1966) is an American pornographic actress and director

She has been inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame.

References

External links

Biographical sketch at Luke Ford

Category:1966 births Category:American pornographic film actors Category:Living people Category:Female pornographic film actors

de:Gail Force fa:گیل فورس

Coordinates	28°36′36″N77°13′48″N
name	Serge Gainsbourg
background	solo_singer
birth name	Lucien Ginsburg
alias	Julien GrixGainsbarre
birth date	April 02, 1928
death date	March 02, 1991
origin	Paris, France
instrument	Piano, guitar, bass, clavinet, accordion, harmonica
genre	Adult contemporary, jazz, funk, reggae, French rock, French pop, electronic, New Wave, yé-yé
occupation	poetsinger-songwriteractordirector
years active	1957–1991
label	Mercury/Universal Records
website	Serge Gainsbourg
notable instruments	}}

Serge Gainsbourg, born Lucien Ginsburg (; 2 April 1928 – 2 March 1991) was a French singer-songwriter, actor and director. Gainsbourg's extremely varied musical style and individuality make him difficult to categorize. His legacy has been firmly established, and he is often regarded as one of the world's most influential popular musicians.

Biography

Personal life

He was born Lucien Ginsburg in Paris, France, the son of Russian Jewish parents, Joseph Ginsburg (28 December 1898, Kharkov (Ukraine) – 22 April 1971) and Olga Bessman (1894 – 16 March 1985), who fled to France after the 1917 Russian Revolution. He had a twin sister, Liliane. His childhood was profoundly affected by the occupation of France by Nazi Germany, during which he and his family, as Jews, were forced to wear the yellow star and eventually flee Paris. Before he was 30 years old, Gainsbourg was a disillusioned painter, but earned his living as a piano player in bars.

He first married Elisabeth "Lize" Levitsky on 3 November 1951, and divorced her in 1957. He married a second time on 7 January 1964, to Françoise-Antoinette "Béatrice" Pancrazzi (b. 28 July 1931), with whom he had two children: a daughter named Natacha (b. 8 August 1964) and a son, Paul (born in spring 1968, after Serge had got back together with Béatrice). They divorced in February 1966.

In late-1967, he had a short but ardent love affair with Brigitte Bardot to whom he dedicated the song and album ''Initials BB''.

In mid-1968, Gainsbourg fell in love with the much younger English singer and actress Jane Birkin, whom he met during the shooting of the film ''Slogan''. They married some time afterwards. In 1971 they had a daughter, the actress and singer Charlotte Gainsbourg. Birkin left him in 1980.

Birkin remembers the beginning of her affair with Gainsbourg: he first took her to a nightclub, then to a transvestite club and afterwards to the Hilton hotel, where he passed out in a drunken stupor. Birkin left Gainsbourg when pregnant with her third daughter, Lou, by the film director Jacques Doillon, whom she later married.

His last partner was Bambou (Caroline Paulus, grandchild of General Friedrich Paulus). In 1986 they had a son, Lucien (best known as Lulu).

Early work

His early songs were influenced by Boris Vian and were largely in the vein of old-fashioned ''chanson''. Very early, however, Gainsbourg began to move beyond this and experiment with a succession of different musical styles: jazz early on, pop in the 1960s, funk, rock and reggae in the 1970s, and electronica in the 1980s.

Many of his songs contained themes with a morbid or sexual twist in them. An early success, "Le Poinçonneur des Lilas", describes the day in the life of a Paris Métro ticket man whose job it is to stamp holes in passengers' tickets. Gainsbourg describes this chore as so monotonous that the man eventually thinks of putting a hole into his own head and being buried in another.

More success began to arrive when, in 1965, his song "Poupée de cire, poupée de son" was the Luxembourg entry in the Eurovision Song Contest. Performed by French teen and charming singer France Gall, it won first prize. The song was recorded in English as "A Lonely Singing Doll" by British teen idol Twinkle.

His next song for Gall, "Les Sucettes" ("Lollipops"), caused a scandal in France: Gainsbourg had written the song with double-meanings and strong sexual innuendo, of which the singer was apparently unaware when she recorded it. Whereas Gall thought that the song was about a girl enjoying lollipops, it was really about oral sex. The controversy arising from the song, although a big hit for Gall, threw her career off-track in France for several years.

Gainsbourg arranged other Gall songs and LPs that were characteristic of the late 1960s psychedelic styles, among them Gall's ''1968'' album. Another of Serge's songs "Boum Bada Boum" was entered in by Monaco in the 1967 contest, sung by Minouche Barelli; it came fifth. He also wrote hit songs for other artists, such as "Comment Te Dire Adieu" for Françoise Hardy.

In 1969, he released "Je t'aime... moi non plus", which featured explicit lyrics and simulated sounds of female orgasm. The song appeared that year on an LP, ''Jane Birkin/Serge Gainsbourg''. Originally recorded with Brigitte Bardot, it was released with future girlfriend Birkin when Bardot backed out. While Gainsbourg declared it the "ultimate love song," it was considered too "hot"; the song was censored or banned from public broadcast in numerous countries, and in France even the toned-down version was suppressed. The Vatican made a public statement citing the song as offensive. However, despite or perhaps because of all the controversy, it sold well and charted within the top ten in many European countries.

The seventies

''Histoire de Melody Nelson'' was released in 1971. This concept album, produced and arranged by Jean-Claude Vannier, tells the story of a Lolita-esque affair, with Gainsbourg as the narrator. It features prominent string arrangements and even a massed choir at its tragic climax. The album has proven influential with artists such as Air, David Holmes, Jarvis Cocker, Beck and Dan the Automator.

In 1975, he released the album ''Rock Around the Bunker'', a rock album written entirely on the subject of the Nazis. Gainsbourg used black comedy, as he and his family suffered during World War II. While a child in Paris, Gainsbourg had worn the yellow badge as the mark of a Jew. ''Rock Around the Bunker'' belonged in the mid-1970s "retro" trend.

The next year saw the release of another major work, ''L'Homme à tête de chou'' (''Cabbage-Head Man''), featuring the new character Marilou and sumptuous orchestral themes. Cabbage-Head Man is one of his nicknames, as it refers to his ears. Musically, ''L'homme à tête de chou'' turned out to be Gainsbourg's last LP in the English rock style he had favoured since the late 1960s. He would go on to produce two reggae albums recorded in Jamaica (1979 and 1981) and two electronic funk albums recorded in New York (1984 and 1987).

In Jamaica in 1978 he recorded "Aux Armes et cetera", a reggae version of the French national anthem "La Marseillaise", with Robbie Shakespeare, Sly Dunbar, and Rita Marley. This song earned him death threats from right-wing veterans of the Algerian War of Independence who were opposed to certain lyrics. Bob Marley was furious when he discovered Gainsbourg made his wife Rita Marley sing erotic lyrics. In the 1980s, near the end of his life, Gainsbourg became a regular figure on French TV. His appearances seemed devoted to his controversial sense of humour and provocation. In March 1984, he burned a 500 French franc bill on television to protest against heavy taxation. He would show up drunk and unshaven on stage: in April 1986, in Michel Drucker's live Saturday evening show with the American singer Whitney Houston, he exclaimed to the host (in English, and when this was not translated, in French), "I want to fuck her". The same year, in another talk show interview, he appeared alongside Catherine Ringer, a well known singer who had appeared in pornographic films. Gainsbourg shouted, "You're nothing but a filthy whore, a filthy, fucking whore". Ringer scolded back, "Look at you, you're just a bitter old alcoholic. I used to admire you but these days you've become a disgusting old parasite".

By December 1988, while a judge at a film festival in Val d'Isère, he was extremely intoxicated at a local theatre where he was to do a presentation. While on stage he began to tell an obscene story about Brigitte Bardot and a champagne bottle, only to stagger offstage and collapse in a nearby seat. Subsequent years saw his health deteriorate. He had to undergo liver surgery, but denied any connection to cancer or cirrhosis. His appearances and releases became sparser as he had to rest and recover in Vezelay. During these final years, he released ''Love on the Beat'', a controversial electronic album with mostly sexual themes in the lyrics, and his last studio album, ''You're Under Arrest'' presented more synth-driven songs.

His songs became increasingly eccentric during this period, ranging from the anti-drug "Aux Enfants de la Chance" to the highly controversial duet with his daughter Charlotte named "Lemon Incest". This translates as ''"Inceste de citron"'', a wordplay on ''"un zeste de citron"'' (a lemon zest). The title demonstrates Gainsbourg's love for puns – another example of which is ''Beau oui comme Bowie'', a song he gave to Isabelle Adjani.

Film work

In 1960 Gainsbourg co-starred with Rhonda Fleming in the Italian film, ''La Rivolta Degli Schiavi'' "The Revolt of The Slaves" as Corvino, the Roman Emperor Massimiano's evil henchman.

During his career, he wrote the soundtracks for more than 40 films. In 1996, he received a posthumous César Award for Best Music Written for a Film for ''Élisa'', along with Zbigniew Preisner and Michel Colombier.

He directed four movies: ''Je t'aime... moi non plus'', ''Équateur'', ''Charlotte For Ever'' and ''Stan The Flasher.''

He made a brief appearance with Jane Birkin in 1980 in ''Egon Schiele Exzess und Bestrafung'', a film by Herbert Vesely, and also starred at "Les Chemins de Katmandou", with Jane Birkin.

Writing

Gainsbourg wrote a novel entitled ''Evguénie Sokolov''.

Death and legacy

Gainsbourg died on 2 March 1991 of a heart attack. He was buried in the Jewish lot of the Montparnasse Cemetery, in Paris. His funeral brought Paris to a standstill, and French President François Mitterrand said of him, "He was our Baudelaire, our Apollinaire... He elevated the song to the level of art." His home at the well-known address rue de Verneuil is still covered in graffiti and poems.

Since his death, Gainsbourg's music has reached legendary stature in France. His lyrical brilliance in French has left an extraordinary legacy. His music, always progressive, covered many styles: jazz, ballads, mambo, lounge, reggae, pop (including adult contemporary pop, kitsch pop, yé-yé pop, '80s pop, pop-art pop, prog pop, space-age pop, psychedelic pop, and erotic pop), funk, disco, calypso, Africana, bossa nova, and rock and roll. He has gained a following in the English-speaking world with many non-mainstream artists finding his arrangements highly influential.

One of the most frequent interpreters of Gainsbourg's songs was British singer Petula Clark, whose success in France was propelled by her recordings of his tunes. In 2003, she wrote and recorded ''La Chanson de Gainsbourg'' as a tribute to the composer of some of her biggest hits.

His lyrics are collected in the volume ''Dernières nouvelles des étoiles''.

Film adaptation

A feature film titled ''Gainsbourg (Vie héroïque)'' was released in France in January 2010, which is based on the graphic novel by the writer-director of the film, Joann Sfar. Gainsbourg is portrayed by Eric Elmosnino and Kacey Mottet Klein.

Covers and tributes

In 1964, Gainsbourg himself did covers of Babatunde Olatunji's drum-heavy tunes "Kiyakiya (Why Do You Run Away?)", "Akiwowo (Chant to the Trainman)" and "Jin-go-lo-ba" which are featured on Olatunji's acclaimed ''Drums of Passion'' LP (1959). They appeared, with new French lyrics but otherwise identical in rhythm, melody and overall sound, as "Joanna", "New York – U.S.A." and "Marabout", respectively, on the "Gainsbourg Percussions" album – without any credit given to Olatunji.

One of the celebrating events of the Year of France in Brazil was a concert in September 2009 called "Gainsbourg Imperial", an event celebrating the music of Serge Gainsbourg. It was performed by Brazilian Samba Big Band Orquestra Imperial, having French maestro Jean-Claude Vannier, English singer Jane Birkin and Brazilian musician and singer Caetano Veloso as special guests.

Belinda Carlisle covered "Bonnie and Clyde" and "Contact" on her 2007 French language album ''Voila''.

Giddle & Boyd (Giddle Partridge and Boyd Rice) covered "Bonnie and Clyde" on their 2008 EP ''Going Steady with Peggy Moffitt''.

The first English-language version of a Gainsbourg song was Dionne Warwick's 1965 version of "Mamadou".

Australian rock musician Mick Harvey released two CDs of Gainsbourg's songs translated into English. Of particular note is "To All the Lucky Kids (Aux Enfants De La Chance)" on ''Pink Elephants''.

Gainsbourg's song "Bonnie and Clyde" is featured in the burlesque show scene of ''Rush Hour 3'' and in the romantic film ''Laurel Canyon'' starring Christian Bale and Kate Beckinsale.

American indie rock band Luna included a cover of "Bonnie and Clyde" as a hidden track on their 1995 album ''Penthouse,'' and their 2001 ''Luna Live album'' features a live performance of the song.

Swedish band Sambassadeur covers "La Chanson de Prevert" in French on their self-titled debut album.

Okkervil River covers "Je suis venu te dire que je m'en vais" in English ("I Came Here to Say I'm Going Away").

Arcade Fire covered "Poupée de cire, poupée de Son" and also released it as a split 7" single with LCD Soundsystem.

Beirut often covers "La Javanaise" in their live sets and it is included in the live album Live at the Music Hall of Williamsburg (2009).

Australian pop singer-songwriter Kylie Minogue extensively sampled his duet with Brigitte Bardot "Bonnie and Clyde" on the song "Sensitized" off her 2007 album ''X''. In 2003, she sampled "Je t'aime... moi non plus" in a modified version of her song "Breathe" (which originally did not contain any samples) for a special one-off live performance at the Hammersmith Apollo in promotion of her album ''Body Language''.

French rapper MC Solaar sampled "Bonnie and Clyde" in his song "Nouveau Western" on his 1994 album ''Prose Combat''. Renegade Soundwave released "Renegade Soundwave" with the same sample at the same time.

Irish musician David Holmes covered "Cargo Culte" in his song "Don't Die Just Yet" on his 1997 album ''Let's Get Killed''.

American emcee Princess Superstar sampled the melody of the songs "Melody" and "Cargo Culte" in the song "You Get Mad At Napster" on her album ''Princess Superstar Is''.

The Welsh comedy-rap band Goldie Lookin Chain extensively sampled the title track of Gainsbourg's ''Cannabis'' film soundtrack for their single "Your Missus Is a Nutter".

In 1997 Tzadik records released a tribute to Gainsbourg in their Great Jewish Composers series. The album includes covers by John Zorn, Medeski, Martin and Wood, Mike Patton, Fred Frith, Ikue Mori, Marc Ribot and Cyro Baptista.

On the HBO show ''Flight of the Conchords'', the sequence for the song "A Kiss is Not a Contract" is a tribute to Gainsbourg's video for "Ballade de Melody Nelson".

The track "Serge" on The Herbaliser's album ''Take London'' is about a chance encounter with Gainsbourg 3 days before his death.

Black Grape's "A Big Day in the North" is based on a sample taken from ''Initials B.B.'' and also features samples from "Ford Mustang".

In the film ''High Fidelity'', when a pair of punks steals from Rob Gordon's record store, one of the things they stole was a Serge Gainsbourg record.

American hip hop duo The Beatnuts sampled "Melody" on their track "Superbad" off their album ''The Beatnuts LP''.

Nick Cave sang a duet of "I love you nor do I" with his long time girlfriend Anita Lane. So did Barry Adamson with Anita in 1993 on his release ''The Negro inside Me'' with "Je t'aime ... Moi non plus".

Trumpet player Erik Truffaz did a jazz remake of "Je t'aime, moi non plus".

Australian Psychedelic band Tame Impala covered "Bonnie and Clyde" in their 2011 tour of Europe.

American hip hop band De La Soul sampled "Les Oubliettes" and "En Melody" on their second album De La Soul Is Dead released in 1991.

In 2005, the album Monsieur Gainsbourg Revisited was released by Virgin Records. The album consisted of specially-recorded English-language cover versions of Gainsbourg's songs, recorded by artists as diverse as Franz Ferdinand, Portishead, Placebo, Marc Almond, Michael Stipe, Cat Power, Karen Elson, Jarvis Cocker, Kid Loco, Faultline, Françoise Hardy, Tricky, Marianne Faithfull, Sly and Robbie, Gonzales, Feist, Dani, Trash Palace, The Rakes, The Kills, Carla Bruni, James Iha, Kazu Makino, Nina Persson and Nathan Larson.

Discography

Albums

1958: ''Du chant à la une''

1959: ''N° 2''

1961: ''L'Étonnant Serge Gainsbourg''

1962: ''N° 4''

1963: ''Confidentiel''

1964: ''Percussions''

1967: ''Anna''

1968: ''Serge Gainsbourg – Brigitte Bardot: Bonnie & Clyde'' (compilation)

1968: ''Initials B.B.'' (compilation)

1969: ''Jane Birkin/Serge Gainsbourg''

1970: ''Cannabis'' (instrumental)

1971: ''Histoire de Melody Nelson''

1973: ''Vu de l'extérieur''

1975: ''Rock around the bunker''

1976: ''Je t'aime... moi non plus – Ballade de Johnny-Jane'' (instrumental)

1976: ''L'Homme à la tête de chou''

1977: ''Madame Claude''

1977: ''Goodbye Emmanuelle'' (instrumental)

1979: ''Aux armes et cætera''

1980: ''Je vous aime'' (only 3 pieces sung by Gainsbourg)

1980: ''Enregistrement public au Théâtre Le Palace'' (live)

1981: ''Mauvaises nouvelles des étoiles''

1984: ''Love On The Beat''

1986: ''Live (Casino de Paris)''

1986: ''Putain de film ! – B.O.F. Tenue de soirée''

1987: ''You're Under Arrest''

1988: ''Le Zénith de Gainsbourg'' (live)

1994: ''De Gainsbourg à Gainsbarre'' (11 CD box set)

Tribute albums and posthumous releases

1997: ''Great Jewish Music: Serge Gainsbourg'' (tribute album)

1997: ''Comic Strip''

2001: ''Gainsbourg Forever'' (integral box set)

2001: ''Le Cinéma de Gainsbourg'' (box set)

2001: ''I Love Serge: Electronicagainsbourg'' (remix album)

2005: ''Monsieur Gainsbourg Revisited'' (tribute album)

2008: ''Classé X'' (compilation)

Singles

"Black Trombone" (1962)

"La Javanaise" (1963)

"Couleur Café" (1964)

"New York U.S.A." (1964)

"Les Sucettes" (1966)

"Hold Up" (1967)

"Initials B.B." (1967)

"Bonnie and Clyde" (1968) (Brigitte Bardot et Serge Gainsbourg)

"Je t'aime... moi non plus" (1969) (Jane Birkin avec Serge Gainsbourg)

"La Décadanse" (1971) (Jane Birkin et Serge Gainsbourg)

"Je suis venu te dire que je m'en vais" (1973)

"L'Homme à Tête de Chou" (1976)

"Marilou" (1976)

"Sea, Sex and Sun" (1978)

"Aux armes et caetera" (1979)

"Lola Rastaquouère" (1979)

"Dieu fumeur de havanes" (1980) (Catherine Deneuve & Serge Gainsbourg)

"Sorry Angel" (1984)

"Lemon Incest" (1985) (Charlotte & Gainsbourg)

"You're Under Arrest" (1987)

"Mon légionnaire" (1987)

"Requiem pour un con" (1991)

"Élisa" (1995)

"La Noyée"

;Singles written for other artists

"Les Incorruptibles" (1965) – Petula Clark

"Poupée de cire, poupée de son" (1965) – France Gall

"Baby Pop" (1966) – France Gall

"Comment te dire adieu?" (1968) – Françoise Hardy

"Dis-lui toi que je t'aime" (1990) – Vanessa Paradis

"White and Black Blues" (1990) – Joëlle Ursull (lyrics by Gainsbourg)

"La Gadoue" (1995) – Jane Birkin

Notes

References

''Serge Gainsbourg: View From The Exterior'' by Alan Clayson (1998). Sanctuary. ISBN 9781860742224

''Serge Gainsbourg: A Fistful of Gitanes'' by Sylvie Simmons (2002). Da Capo Press. ISBN 9780306811838

External links

Serge Gainsbourg official site A tribute website to Serge Gainsbourg

The lyrics of Serge Gainsbourg in English

Category:Cabaret singers Category:French agnostics Category:French-language singers Category:French male singers Category:French poets Category:French singer-songwriters Category:Writers from Paris Category:French people of Russian descent Category:French Jews Category:Jewish poets Category:Eurovision Song Contest winners Category:Mercury Records artists Category:Jewish songwriters Category:Jewish singers Category:Twin people from France Category:1928 births Category:1991 deaths Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery

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