Moose

Sunday, 28 October 2012

[British Gamer] What the Moose's Advanced Mid Lane Guide with Roaming - Farming Continuum

2K ELO - Thinking One Step Ahead Guide by What the Moose (League of Legends)

Sergeant helps a Moose that is stuck in swingset.wmv

[British Gamer] What the Moose's Pro Fizz Juke Compilation - 48 Jukes Fizz GG

Open Collage in a new Window

Email the Collage

Loading suggestions ...

Alaska
Alaska () is the largest state of the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Approximately half of Alaska's 698,473 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. As of 2009, Alaska remains the least densely populated state of the U.S.
http://wn.com/Alaska
Alby, Öland
http://wn.com/Alby_Öland
Algonquin Park
http://wn.com/Algonquin_Park
Alsace
http://wn.com/Alsace
Anticosti Island
http://wn.com/Anticosti_Island
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan ( ; ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (), is one of the six independent Turkic states in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south.
http://wn.com/Azerbaijan
Baltic States
http://wn.com/Baltic_States
Belarus
Belarus, ( ; , ), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Viciebsk). Forty percent of its is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
http://wn.com/Belarus
British Columbia
British Columbia (B.C.) (, C.-B.) is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment"). Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858. In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.
http://wn.com/British_Columbia
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada
Canadian Maritimes
http://wn.com/Canadian_Maritimes
Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucas (also referred to as Caucasia, , , , (''K'avk'asia''), , , , , , , ) is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia. It is home to the Caucasus Mountains, including Europe's highest mountain (Mount Elbrus).
http://wn.com/Caucasus
Caucasus Mountains
The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system in Eurasia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in the Caucasus region ( ).
http://wn.com/Caucasus_Mountains
Colorado
Colorado (pronounced or, chiefly by outsiders, ) is a U.S. state that encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Mountain States, and the Southwestern United States.
http://wn.com/Colorado
Connecticut
Connecticut () (state code CT) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, and New York to the west and south (because various islands of New York span Connecticut's entire coast).
http://wn.com/Connecticut
Czech Republic
http://wn.com/Czech_Republic
Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
http://wn.com/Finland
Fiordland
Fiordland is a geographic region of New Zealand that is situated on the south-western corner of the South Island, comprising the western-most third of Southland. Most of Fiordland is dominated by the steep sides of the snow-capped Southern Alps, deep lakes and its ocean-flooded, steep western valleys. Indeed, the name "Fiordland" comes from a variant spelling of the Scandinavian word for this type of steep valley, "fjord".
http://wn.com/Fiordland
Fredericton
http://wn.com/Fredericton
Georgia (country)
http://wn.com/Georgia_(country)
Great Britain
Great Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
http://wn.com/Great_Britain
Gulf of St. Lawrence
http://wn.com/Gulf_of_St_Lawrence
Hokitika
http://wn.com/Hokitika
Idaho
Idaho is a state in the United States of America. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called "Idahoans". Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890 as the 43rd state.
http://wn.com/Idaho
Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
http://wn.com/Iran
Isle Royale
Isle Royale is an island of the Great Lakes, located in the northwest of Lake Superior, and part of the state of Michigan. The island and the 450 surrounding smaller islands and waters make up Isle Royale National Park. It is , with a long "I" in Isle and the accent on the first syllable of Royale, not the second.
http://wn.com/Isle_Royale
Kenai, Alaska
Kenai () is a city in Kenai Peninsula Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. According to 2005 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 7,464. In 2009, the population was 7,945.
http://wn.com/Kenai_Alaska
Kostroma Moose Farm
Kostroma Moose Farm () is an experimental farm in Kostroma Oblast, Russia, where a herd of moose is kept, primarily for milk production; the farm supplies moose's milk to a nearby sanitorium. It is located near the village of Sumarokovo in Krasnoselsky District of Kostroma Oblast, some 25 km east of the city of Kostroma.
http://wn.com/Kostroma_Moose_Farm
Lithuania
Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Lithuania
Maine
http://wn.com/Maine
Maritime Provinces
http://wn.com/Maritime_Provinces
Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Most of its population of 6.6 million lives in the Boston metropolitan area. The eastern half of the state consists of urban, suburban, and rural areas, while Western Massachusetts is mostly rural. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and ranks third among U.S. states in GDP per capita.
http://wn.com/Massachusetts
Mecklenburg
Mecklenburg (Low German: Mekelnborg) is a historical region in northern Germany comprising the western and larger part of the federal-state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The largest cities of the region are Rostock, Schwerin, and Neubrandenburg.
http://wn.com/Mecklenburg
Michigan
Michigan () is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is a French corruption of the Ojibwe word mishigama, meaning "large water" or "large lake".
http://wn.com/Michigan
Minnesota
Minnesota () is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. The twelfth largest state of the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with 5.27 million residents. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state on May 11, 1858. Known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes", the state's name comes from a Dakota word for "sky-tinted water". Those waters, together with forests, parks, and wilderness areas, offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities.
http://wn.com/Minnesota
Mongolia
Mongolia (; ) is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to about 38% of the population. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic.
http://wn.com/Mongolia
Montana
http://wn.com/Montana
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands
New Brunswick
New Brunswick (; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally bilingual province (English and French) in the federation. The provincial capital is Fredericton, while Saint John is the most populous city. Statistics Canada estimates the provincial population in 2009 to be 750,457; a majority are English-speaking, but there is also a large Francophone minority (33%), chiefly of Acadian origin.
http://wn.com/New_Brunswick
New Hampshire
New Hampshire () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It borders Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire ranks 44th in land area, 46th in total area of the 50 states, and 41st in population.
http://wn.com/New_Hampshire
New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
http://wn.com/New_York
New York State
http://wn.com/New_York_State
North Dakota
North Dakota () is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America, along the Canadian border, about halfway between the Pacific Ocean and the Great Lakes. North Dakota is the 19th largest state by area in the U.S. It is also the third least populous, with only about 646,850 residents as of 2009. North Dakota was carved out of the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with South Dakota.
http://wn.com/North_Dakota
Northern Hemisphere
http://wn.com/Northern_Hemisphere
Norway
http://wn.com/Norway
Nunavut
http://wn.com/Nunavut
Ontario
Ontario is a Province of Canada located in the east-central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area, (Nunavut and the Northwest Territories are larger in area, but they are not provinces.) The province's largest metropolitan area and Canada's most populous city, Toronto, is the capital city of Ontario. The national capital of Canada, Ottawa, is located in Ontario as well.
http://wn.com/Ontario
Oregon
Oregon ( ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern boundaries, respectively. The area was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before the arrival of traders, explorers, and settlers who formed an autonomous government in Oregon Country in 1843; the Oregon Territory was created in 1848, and Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14, 1859. Salem is the state's capital and third-most-populous city; Portland is the most populous. Portland is the 30th-largest U.S. city, with a population of 582,130 (2009 estimate) and a metro population of 2,241,841 (2009 estimate), the 23rd-largest U.S. metro area.
http://wn.com/Oregon
Pennsylvania
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania () is a U.S. state and Commonwealth located in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to the east. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg.
http://wn.com/Pennsylvania
Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
http://wn.com/Poland
Quebec
Quebec or ( ) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
http://wn.com/Quebec
Rhode Island
The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, more commonly referred to as Rhode Island ( or ), is a state in the New England region of the United States. It is the smallest U.S. state by area. Rhode Island borders Connecticut to the west and Massachusetts to the north and east, and it shares a water boundary with New York's Long Island to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Rhode_Island
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia
Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
http://wn.com/Scotland
Scottish Highlands
http://wn.com/Scottish_Highlands
Siberia
Siberia ( ), is a vast region, constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union (USSR) from its beginning, as the preceding Russian Empire conquered it in the 16th century.
http://wn.com/Siberia
Slovakia
http://wn.com/Slovakia
Soviet Union
http://wn.com/Soviet_Union
Stora Alvaret
http://wn.com/Stora_Alvaret
Sweden
http://wn.com/Sweden
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
http://wn.com/Turkey
Ukraine
Ukraine ( ; , transliterated: , ), with its area of 603,628 km2, is the second largest country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast respectively.
http://wn.com/Ukraine
Upper Peninsula
http://wn.com/Upper_Peninsula
Utah
Utah ( or ) is a western state of the United States. It was the 45th state admitted to the Union, on January 4, 1896. Approximately 80% of Utah's 2,784,572 people live along the Wasatch Front, centering on Salt Lake City. This leaves vast expanses of the state nearly uninhabited, making the population the sixth most urbanized in the U.S. The name "Utah" is derived from the name of the Ute tribe and means "people of the mountains" in the Ute language. Utah is bordered by Arizona on the south, Colorado on the east, Wyoming on the northeast, Idaho on the north and Nevada on the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico.
http://wn.com/Utah
Vermont
http://wn.com/Vermont
Wisconsin
Wisconsin () is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States and is considered part of the Midwest. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Upper Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin's capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee. As of 2009 the state has an estimated 5.6 million residents. The state contains 72 counties.
http://wn.com/Wisconsin
Wyoming
Wyoming is a state in the Western United States. The western two thirds of the state is mostly covered by the mountain ranges and rangelands in the foothills of the Eastern Rocky Mountains, while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie known as the High Plains. While the tenth largest U.S. state by area, Wyoming is the least populous, with a U.S. Census estimated population of 544,270 in 2009. This is a 5.9% increase since 2000. The capital and the most populous city of Wyoming is Cheyenne.
http://wn.com/Wyoming
Yenisei River
Yenisei (), also written as Yenisey, is the greatest river system flowing to the Arctic Ocean. Rising in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea, draining a large part of central Siberia, the longest stream following the Yenisei-Angara-Selenga-Ider.
http://wn.com/Yenisei_River
Yukon
http://wn.com/Yukon

Algonquian languages
http://wn.com/Algonquian_languages
Alsace
http://wn.com/Alsace
Carl Linnaeus
http://wn.com/Carl_Linnaeus
Frederic Shoberl
http://wn.com/Frederic_Shoberl
Gigantism
Gigantism, also known as giantism (from Greek gigas, gigantas ""), is a condition characterized by excessive growth and height significantly above average. This condition is caused by an over production of human growth hormone.
http://wn.com/Gigantism
Henry David Thoreau
http://wn.com/Henry_David_Thoreau
Inuit
The Inuit are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada (Northwest Territories, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland), Russia (Siberia) and the United States (Alaska). The Inuit language is grouped under Eskimo-Aleut languages. An Inuk is an Inuit person.
http://wn.com/Inuit
John Edward Gray
http://wn.com/John_Edward_Gray
Julius Caesar
http://wn.com/Julius_Caesar
Pliny the Elder
http://wn.com/Pliny_the_Elder

Twin baby moose in sprinkler

...

published: 28 Jun 2008

Bull Moose Charges Truck

...

published: 08 Nov 2009

Woody Allen - The Moose

...

published: 21 Aug 2007

Moose and Dog

...

published: 01 Apr 2007

World Record Moose Shot

...

published: 05 Apr 2011

Moose enjoys swmming pool

...

published: 24 May 2010

[British Gamer] What the Moose's Advanced Mid Lane Guide with Roaming - Farming Continuum

...

published: 09 Jul 2012

Moose Ball

...

published: 27 Dec 2006

2K ELO - Thinking One Step Ahead Guide by What the Moose (League of Legends)

...

published: 19 Apr 2012

Sergeant helps a Moose that is stuck in swingset.wmv

...

published: 07 Aug 2012

Ticks Can Kill Moose?

...

published: 04 Mar 2008

[British Gamer] What the Moose's Pro Fizz Juke Compilation - 48 Jukes Fizz GG

...

published: 12 Jul 2012

A Moose and His Girl

...

published: 15 Aug 2010

Bull Moose Sparring

...

published: 22 Oct 2007

Gotye- Somebody That I Used To Know (feat. Kimbra)- official film clip

Film clip for the Gotye song Somebody That I Used To Know Featuring Kimbra from the album ...

published: 05 Jul 2011

Author: Gotye

Tchaikovsky Timelapse

Whilst working on the film I shot this series of dramatic time-lapses with the help of stu...

published: 20 Aug 2011

Author: joe clarke

Gotye - Bronte - official film clip

Film clip for the song Bronte, from the Gotye album Making Mirrors Buy Making Mirrors her...

published: 23 Jul 2011

Author: Gotye

HERO3 Test- around JH

The lonely (g)narwhal rides again! I was really psyched to try out the new cam. I had ti...

published: 26 Oct 2012

Author: Andrew Whiteford

<li class="playlistitemli thumbnail border_color">
        <div class="video_facebook">
            <a href="http://web.archive.org./web/20121028194425/http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http://wn.com/moose&t=<%= title %>" title="Share this video" data-title="Share this video" target="_blank" style="target-name: new; target-new: tab;"></a>
        </div>

Creative Commons / Jim.henderson
Creative Commons / Dwight Burdette
Creative Commons / Zoef de Haas
Creative Commons / Tolanor
Creative Commons / Martin Cathrae
Creative Commons / Zaereth
Creative Commons / Walter Ezell
Creative Commons / Dean Shareski
Creative Commons / goaliej54
Creative Commons / goaliej54
Creative Commons / Canada Hky
AP / Toby Talbot
Creative Commons / Dickbauch
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / Veronika Ronkos
Creative Commons / Staka
US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Nathan Lockwood
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / Queenellen (talk | contribs)cc
Creative Commons / OakleyOriginals
US Coastguard / Petty Officer 3rd Class Tara Molle)
Public Domain / JPark99
Creative Commons / P199
Creative Commons / Hjvannes
Creative Commons / Beeblebrox
Public Domain / Magnus Manske
Creative Commons / Rottweiler
Creative Commons / Dickbauch
Creative Commons / Bobisbob
GFDL / Przykuta

Photo: WN / Yolanda Leyba

Virgin for sale: Website auctions off virginity of college student for $780,000 (Video)

The Examiner

26 Oct 2012

Related topics virgin auctionvirginity auction Advertisement A 20 year-old Brazilian student has sold her virginity for the sum of $780,000 through an online auction on a website simply called Virgins...

Chat

Photo: Creative Commons / Neogeolegend

Kim Jong-il Funeral ceremony .Kim Jong-il died of a suspected heart attack on 17 December 2011 at 08:30 while traveling by train to an area outside Pyongyang.

N. Korean Army General Executed with Mortar for Drinking

Novosti

25 Oct 2012

MOSCOW, October 25 (RIA Novosti) - A high-ranking North Korean Army official was reportedly executed with a mortar round for drinking liquor during the 100-day...

Chat

Photo: US Navy / MCS2 Justin Ailes

Hurricane Sandy makes landfall at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, October 24, 2012.

Slow-moving Hurricane Sandy marches toward East Coast

CNBC

27 Oct 2012

MIAMI (Reuters) - Hurricane Sandy pulled away from the Bahamas on Saturday after killing at least 41 people in the Caribbean, beginning a slow march toward the U.S. East Coast where it threatens to...

Chat

Photo: AP / Khin Maung Win

A Rakhine refugee lies on a bed under medical treatment at Sittwe hospital in Sittwe, Rakhine State, western Myanmar, Friday, Oct. 26, 2012.

Burma: HRW satellite images 'show Rakhine destruction'

BBC News

27 Oct 2012

A human rights group has released pictures showing what appears to be the destruction of a western Burmese district riven by ethnic unrest. Human Rights Watch says more than 800 buildings and...

Chat

Photo: AP / Robert F. Bukaty

In this May 6, 2012 file photo, Gov. Paul LePage speaks at the Maine Republican Convention in Augusta, Maine. LePage met with representatives from two Jewish groups on Friday, July 13, 2012, following comments he has made comparing the Internal Revenue Service to the Gestapo

The New Gestapo Politics

WorldNews.com

28 Oct 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Even though Maine's Governor, Paul LePage, apologized for making comments for comparing the Affordable Health Care Act and Internal Revenue Service (IRS)...

Chat

Timeline:
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001

Hunters expected to see more deer, get fewer shots 28 Oct 2012

San Francisco Chronicle DULUTH, Minn. (AP) — Opening weekend of Minnesota's firearms deer season may miss the peak of the rut this year, as the season opens Saturday. "The peak of chasing time in the rut is Nov. 6 to 12," said Tom Rusch, area wildlife manager for the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources at Tower....(size: 3.4Kb)

Village welcomes Canadian air chief as war heroes are honoured 28 Oct 2012

York Press THE commanding officer of a Canadian air force squadron has flown 4,000 miles to attend a special event in a tiny North Yorkshire village. Lieutenant Colonel Maryse Carmichael today unveiled a new memorial stone in Burn,...(size: 1.5Kb)

Hurricane Sunday proves uneventful -- so far -- in Gloucester 28 Oct 2012

Daily Press Sheriff Darrell Warren reported just before 2 o'clock Sunday afternoon that Gloucester has remained virtually unscathed by Hurricane Sandy. The county's emergency operations center has been activated but "very, very few calls" have come in. The tide is going out and the next one coming in tonight is...(size: 4.1Kb)

IceCaps a hot ticket as AHL soothes NHL blues on the Rock 28 Oct 2012

TSN Canada ST. JOHN'S, N.L. -- Hockey night in St. John's, N.L., is a sold-out party that takes the edge off the growing threat that this year's NHL season may be shortened or nixed. The American Hockey League IceCaps -- farm team for the Winnipeg Jets and formerly the Manitoba Moose -- moved to the Rock last...(size: 4.4Kb)

Mujeres con perros 28 Oct 2012

IMC Submitted by glitlangisira1979 on Sun, 2012-10-28 08:47 http://6pky1dz.one.pl/Zxki.html How to say dirty things with emoji http://ci8mcmd.one.pl/Odcy.html Zone fluffy colab http://zevtj76.one.pl/Ghcom.html Learning zone kfc taco bell http://148g7h.one.pl/Bumrx.html Ermselfservice com...(size: 256.0Kb)

Daddy acrostic 28 Oct 2012

IMC Submitted by chaflagortimi1985 on Sun, 2012-10-28 08:42 http://hlqu.one.pl/Hwxvo.html Chelsea charms striping http://8mhs.one.pl/Pxpti.html Ward s simulating urinalysis lab activity with answers http://6w4x41.one.pl/Bdtm.html Frase de amor para el pin http://g5zv.one.pl/Tkie.html Www.youporna com...(size: 256.0Kb)

Reset password cisco dpc3825 28 Oct 2012

IMC Submitted by amasladeftu1972 on Sun, 2012-10-28 08:15 http://gl39d.one.pl/Oaxzd.html Tiffany thornton fake nudes http://jnijam8.one.pl/Mxyb.html Plenty of fish headline ideas http://4zlcv3b.one.pl/Hbkk.html Bitchy quotes for teens http://039t9q.one.pl/Wrdu.html The jungle call game help sharks...(size: 255.9Kb)

Norway cruise and ski: setting sail for the slopes 28 Oct 2012

The Daily Telegraph Heading for the mountains of Norway’s Arctic Circle by boat is a magical experience for skiers – but don’t expect ski lifts or predictable weather, says Yolanda Carslaw . "Anchor in lonely fjords, climb to the top of the surrounding mountains, and then ski" ...(size: 21.5Kb)

Using the trojan twister 28 Oct 2012

IMC Submitted by knownessmarneta1987 on Sun, 2012-10-28 08:05 http://9gv4ibw.one.pl/Ikry.html Girls playing with themselfs http://nv2cq.one.pl/Uefwl.html Cube field full screen http://alc07l9.one.pl/Djoej.html Imagenes comicas de old parr http://unsosq.one.pl/Kwiv.html Mujeres teniendo sexoujeres...(size: 256.0Kb)

Sexso animal 28 Oct 2012

IMC Submitted by chaflagortimi1985 on Sun, 2012-10-28 07:43 http://vqtlmev.one.pl/Annh.html Xxxdonkey show http://lhpm.one.pl/Glybm.html Landforms of the rainforest http://vu823p0.one.pl/Wlaen.html Www.ana brenda contreras fotos sexis.com http://15v8kwz.one.pl/Chwz.html Can you get high off imitrex...(size: 256.0Kb)

Packrat online game 28 Oct 2012

IMC Submitted by metvamelingnan1978 on Sun, 2012-10-28 07:30 http://nzg.one.pl/Djxhm.html Safeway greendot http://emqrpv.one.pl/Uyea.html Yoville community site http://hlqn3.one.pl/Szxp.html Tema red black para blackberry 9300 os 6.0 http://chk.one.pl/Sbui.html Dividing monomials calculator...(size: 255.9Kb)

Menendez crime scene photos 28 Oct 2012

IMC Submitted by knownessmarneta1987 on Sun, 2012-10-28 07:16 http://t017b4.one.pl/Nnms.html Chanel west coast thong pichanel west coast thong http://m9p8u5.one.pl/Qvop.html Cojiendo nalgonas http://nvx.one.pl/Vvok.html Lord of ultima hack 2012 http://o7o5ty7.one.pl/Tsek.html Context clues worksheets...(size: 256.0Kb)

Macafee will not let me get online 28 Oct 2012

IMC Submitted by knownessmarneta1987 on Sun, 2012-10-28 07:15 http://9gv4ibw.one.pl/Kbmm.html Artistas cojiendo http://bk2x4b.one.pl/Uhqrr.html Burdizzo men http://h8e3vug.one.pl/Frcn.html Heart on fire emoticon for bbm http://njyy.one.pl/Fmuw.html The men of ghetto gaggers http://7haf2.one.pl/Ldka.html...(size: 256.0Kb)

timeline:
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001

For other uses, see Moose (disambiguation).

"Alces" redirects here. For other uses, see Alces (disambiguation).

Moose

Male (bull)

Female (cow)
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)^[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Cervidae
Subfamily:	Capreolinae
Genus:	Alces Gray, 1821
Species:	A. alces
Binomial name
*Alces alces* (Linnaeus, 1758)

Moose range map

The moose (North America) or Eurasian elk (Europe) (Alces alces) is the largest extant species in the deer family. Moose are distinguished by the palmate antlers of the males; other members of the family have antlers with a dendritic ("twig-like") configuration. Moose typically inhabit boreal and mixed deciduous forests of the Northern Hemisphere in temperate to subarctic climates. Moose used to have a much wider range but hunting and other human activities greatly reduced it over the years. Moose have been re-introduced to some of their former habitats. Their diet consists of both terrestrial and aquatic vegetation. The most common moose predators are wolves, bears, and humans. Unlike most other deer species, moose are solitary animals and do not form herds. Although generally slow-moving and sedentary, moose can become aggressive and move surprisingly fast if angered or startled. Their mating season in the autumn can lead to spectacular fights between males competing for the right to mate with a particular female.

Etymology and naming [link]

Moose skull

The animal bearing the scientific name Alces alces is known in Britain as the "elk",^[2] and in North America as the "moose".

The British English word "elk" has cognates in other Indo-European languages, for example elg in Danish/Norwegian, älg in Swedish, Elch in German and łoś in Polish. Confusingly, the word elk is used in North America to refer to a different animal, the elk or less commonly wapiti (Cervus canadensis), which is similar though slightly smaller (the North American species is the second largest deer species) and behaviorally and genetically divergent from the smaller red deer of central and western Europe. Presumably early European explorers in North America called it elk because of its size and presumably because, as men coming from the British Isles they would have had no opportunity to see the difference between a member of the genus Cervus and an animal fitting the description of Alces at home, where the latter was nowhere present in the 17th and 18th century.

The word moose first entered English by 1606,^[3] and is a borrowing from Algonquian languages (compare Narragansett moos and Eastern Abenaki mos, according to early sources likely derived from moosu meaning "he strips off"),^[4] possibly involving forms from multiple languages mutually reinforcing one another. The Proto-Algonquian form was *mo·swa.^[5]

A mature male moose is referred to as a bull, a mature female moose is a cow, and an immature moose of either sex is a calf.

Habitat, range, and distribution [link]

North America [link]

Distribution of North-American subspecies

In North America, the moose range includes almost all of Canada (excluding the arctic), most of Alaska, northern New England and upstate New York, the upper Rocky Mountains, northeastern Minnesota, Michigan's Upper Peninsula, and Isle Royale in Lake Superior. Within this massive range, the most diverse range of subspecies exist, containing habitat for four of the six subspecies. In western portions of the continent, moose populations extend well north into Canada (British Columbia and Alberta) and more isolated groups have been verified as far south as the mountains of Utah and Colorado and as far west as the Lake Wenatchee area of the Washington Cascades.^[6]^[7]^[8] In 1978, a few breeding pairs were reintroduced in western Colorado, and the state's moose population is now more than 1,000 with great potential to grow.

In Northeastern North America, the Eastern moose's history is very well documented: moose meat was often a staple in the diet of Native Americans going back centuries and it is a tribe that occupied present day coastal Rhode Island that gave this deer its distinctive name in American English. The Native Americans often used moose hides for leather and its meat as an ingredient in pemmican, a type of dried jerky used as a source of sustenance in winter or on long journeys from home.^[9] Eastern tribes also valued moose leather as a source to make moccasins and other decorations.

Cow moose, Alberta

The historical range of the subspecies extended from well into Quebec, the Maritimes, and Eastern Ontario south to include all of New England finally ending in the very northeastern tip of Pennsylvania in the west, cutting off somewhere near the mouth of the Hudson River in the east. Within the eastern U.S. it has up until recently been extirpated for up to a hundred fifty years or more, due to colonial era overhunting and destruction of its habitat: Dutch, French, and British colonial sources all attest to its presence in the mid 17th century from Maine south to areas within a hundred miles of present day Manhattan. However, by the 1870s, only a handful of them existed in this entire region in very remote pockets of forest; less than 20% of suitable habitat remained.

Cow moose, Alberta

Between the 1980s to 2010s, however, this has changed dramatically, predicated on the regrowth of plentiful food sources, abandonment of farmland, better land management, cleanup of pollution and natural dispersal from the Canadian Maritimes and Quebec. South of the Canadian border Maine has the most of the population with a current headcount of about 30,000 moose and dispersals from Maine over the years have resulted in healthy, growing populations each in Vermont and New Hampshire, notably near bodies of water and as high up as 3,000 feet above sea level in the mountains. In turn dispersals from northern New England have resulted in a growing population of roughly 1,000 moose in Massachusetts (where it has been absent since the early 18th century) plus reports of new dispersals to eastern New York, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

Moose were successfully introduced on Newfoundland in 1878 and 1904^[17] where they are now the dominant ungulate, and somewhat less successfully on Anticosti Island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Europe [link]

Moose calf

In Europe, moose are currently found in large numbers throughout Norway, Sweden, Finland, Poland, and the Baltic States, with more modest numbers in the southern Czech Republic, Belarus and northern Ukraine. They are also widespread through Russia on up through the borders with Finland south towards the border with Estonia, Belarus and Ukraine and stretching far away eastwards to the Yenisei River in Siberia. The European moose was native to most temperate areas that it could physically inhabit on the continent and even Scotland from the end of the last Ice Age as Europe's traditional habitat had a natural mix of temperate boreal and deciduous forest. It was certainly thriving in both Gaul and Magna Germania as it appears in military and hunting accounts of the age. However, as the Roman era faded into medieval times, the beast slowly disappeared: it survived in Alsace and the Netherlands until the 9th century as the marshlands in the latter were drained and the forests were being cleared away for feudal lands in the former. It was gone from Switzerland by 1000 AD, gone from the western Czech Republic by 1300, gone from Mecklenburg in Germany by c. 1600, and has been gone from Hungary and the Caucasus since the 18th and 19th century respectively.

Staged picture of a moose hunt in Norway, date unknown.

By the early 20th century the very last strongholds of the European moose appeared to be in Scandinavian countries and patchy tracts of Russia. The USSR and Poland managed to restore portions of the range within its borders (such as the 1951 reintroduction into Kampinos National Park and the later 1958 reintroduction in Belarus) but political complications obviously limited its ability to be reintroduced to other portions of its range. Attempts in 1930 and again in 1967 in marshland north of Berlin were unsuccessful. At present in Poland populations are recorded in the Biebrza river valley, Kampinos, and in Białowieża National Park. Overall it is recorded as a migrant into other parts of Eastern Europe and has been spotted in Eastern and Southern Germany.^[18] Unsuccessful thus far in recolonizing these areas via natural dispersal from source populations in Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Czech Republic and Slovakia, it appears to be having more success migrating south into the Caucasus. It is listed under Appendix III of the Bern Convention.^[19]^[20]

In 2008, two moose were reintroduced into the Scottish Highlands^[21]^[22] in Alladale Wilderness Reserve.^[23]

New Zealand [link]

In 1900 an attempt to introduce moose into the Hokitika area failed; then in 1910 ten moose, four bulls and six cows, were introduced into Fiordland. This area is considered a less-than suitable habitat; and subsequent low numbers of sightings and kills has led to some presumption of this population's failure.^[24] The last proven sighting of a moose in New Zealand was in 1952.^[25] A moose antler was found in 1972 and DNA tests showed that hair collected in 2002 was from a moose. Extensive searching has been carried out and while automated cameras failed to capture photographs, evidence was seen of bedding spots, browsing and antler marks.^[26]

Populations [link]

Canada: There are an estimated 500,000 to 1,000,000 moose ^[27] with 150,000 in Newfoundland in 2007 descended from just four that were introduced in the 1900s.^[28]
Finland: In 2009, there was a summer population of 115,000 moose.^[29]
New Zealand: Presumed extinct.^[24]
Norway: In 2007, there were some 120,000 moose.^{[citation needed]}
Russia: In 2008, there were approximately 730,000 moose.^{[citation needed]}
Sweden: The summer population is 300,000–400,000 moose. 100,000 are shot each fall.^[30]^[31]
United States: probably around 300,000, as follows:
- Northeast: A wildlife ecologist estimated 50,000 in New York State and New England in 2007.^[32]
- Upper Midwest: Michigan estimated 433 (in its Upper Peninsula) in 2011,^[33] Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 20-40 (close to its UP border with Michigan) in 2003, Minnesota 5600 in its northeast in 2010,^[34] and under 100 in its northwest in 2009;^[35] North Dakota closed, due to low moose population, one of its moose-hunting (geographic) units in 2011, and issued 162 single-kill licenses to hunters, each restricted to one of the remaining nine units.^[36]
- Rocky Mountain states: Wyoming is said to have the largest share in its 6-state region, and its Fish and Game Commission estimated 7,692 in 2009.^[37]
- Alaska: The state's Department of Fish and Game estimated 200,000 in 2011.^[38]

Subspecies [link]

Eurasian Elk	A. a. alces	Finland, Sweden, Norway, Estonia, and Russia. No longer present in central and western Europe except for Poland, Lithuania and Belarus, with a certain population in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and northern Ukraine, but can be observed in Bohemia since the 1970s and a tiny reintroduced population in Scotland, Great Britain. (Range formerly included France, Germany, Switzerland, and Benelux nations.)
Eastern Moose	A. a. americana	Eastern Canada, including eastern Ontario, all of Quebec, and the Maritime Provinces. Northeastern United States including Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and northern New York State near the Adirondack Mountains. Population increasing.
Western Moose	A. a. andersoni	British Columbia to western Ontario, eastern Yukon, Northwest Territories, southwestern Nunavut, Michigan (Upper Peninsula), northern Wisconsin, northern Minnesota, and northeastern North Dakota.
Siberian Elk^[39] or Siberian Moose	A. a. cameloides	Eastern Siberia, Mongolia, and Manchuria. Mostly found in forests of eastern Russia; believed extirpated from China and Korean Peninsula.
Alaska Moose	A. a. gigas	Alaska and western Yukon. Largest subspecies and largest deer on earth.
Shiras Moose	A. a. shirasi	Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, Washington, Oregon, and Montana.^[40] Smallest subspecies.
† Caucasian Moose	A. a. caucasicus	Caucasus Mountains. Extinct due to loss of habitat and overhunting. Range would have included Iran, Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey.

Biology and behavior [link]

Diet [link]

Bull moose, eating a fireweed plant

File:Moose 983 LAB.jpg

Bull moose browses beaver pond near Grand Tetons

The moose is a herbivore and is capable of consuming many types of plant or fruit. The average adult moose needs to consume 9770 Calories per day to maintain its body weight.^[41] Much of a moose's energy is derived from terrestrial vegetation, mainly consisting of forbs and other non-grasses, and fresh shoots from trees such as willow and birch. These plants are rather low in sodium, and moose generally need to consume a good quantity of aquatic plants. While much lower in energy, these plants provide the moose with its sodium requirements, and as much as half of their diet usually consists of aquatic plant life.^[42] In winter, moose are often drawn to roadways, to lick salt that is used as a snow and ice melter.^[43] A typical moose, weighing 360 kilograms, can eat up to 32 kg of food per day.^[42]

Moose lack upper front teeth, but have eight sharp incisors on the lower jaw. They also have a tough tongue, lips and gums, which aid in the eating of woody vegetation. Moose have six pairs of molars and, ahead of those, six pairs of premolars, to grind up their food. A moose's diet often depends on its location, but they seem to prefer the new growths from trees such as white birch, trembling aspen and striped maple, among many others. Many aquatic plants include lilies and pondweed.^[44] Moose are excellent swimmers and are known to wade into water to eat aquatic plants. In non polar regions this trait serves a second purpose in cooling down the moose on summer days and ridding itself of black flies. Moose are thus attracted to marshes and river banks during warmer months as both provide suitable vegetation to eat and water to wet themselves in.

Growing antlers are covered with soft furry skin called "velvet". Blood vessels in the velvet transport nutrients to support antler growth.

Antlers [link]

The male's antlers grow as cylindrical beams projecting on each side of the head at right angles to the midline of the skull, and then fork. The lower prong of this fork may be either simple, or divided into two or three tines, with some flattening.

In the North Siberian elk (A. a. bedfordiae), the posterior division of the main fork divides into three tines, with no distinct flattening. In the common elk (A. a. alces) this branch usually expands into a broad palmation, with one large tine at the base, and a number of smaller snags on the free border. There is, however, a Scandinavian breed of the common elk in which the antlers are simpler, and recall those of the East Siberian animals.

The palmation appears to be more marked in North American moose (A. a. americanus) than in the typical Scandinavian elk.

Young female (A. a. americana) in Algonquin Park in early June

The male will drop its antlers after the mating season and conserve energy for the winter. A new set of antlers will then regrow in the spring. Antlers take three to five months to fully develop, making them one of the fastest growing animal organs. They initially have a layer of skin, called "velvet," which is shed once the antlers become fully grown. Immature bulls may not shed their antlers for the winter, but retain them until the following spring.

If a bull moose is castrated, either by accidental or chemical means, he will quickly shed his current set of antlers and then immediately begin to grow a new set of misshapen and deformed antlers that he will wear the rest of his life without ever shedding again. The distinctive looking appendages (often referred to as "devil's antlers") are the source of several myths and legends among many groups of Inuit as well as several other tribes of indigenous peoples of North America.^[45]

In extremely rare circumstances a cow moose may grow antlers. This is usually attributed to a hormone imbalance.^[46]

Size and weight [link]

Crossing a river

On average, an adult moose stands 1.4–2.1 m (4.6–6.9 ft) high at the shoulder, which is more than a foot higher than the next largest deer on average, the Elk.^[47] Males (or "bulls") weigh 380–700 kg (840–1,500 lb) and females (or "cows") typically weigh 200–360 kg (440–790 lb).^[48] The head-and-body length is 2.4–3.2 m (7.9–10 ft), with the vestigal tail adding only a further 5–12 cm (2.0–4.7 in).^[49] The largest of all the races is the Alaskan subspecies (A. a. gigas), which can stand over 2.1 m (7 ft) at the shoulder, has a span across the antlers of 1.8 m (6 ft) and averages 634.5 kg (1,396 lbs) in males and 478 kg (1,052 lbs) in females.^[50] Typically, however, the antlers of a mature bull are between 1.2 m (3.9 ft) and 1.5 m (4.9 ft). The largest confirmed size for this species was a bull shot at the Yukon River in September 1897 that weighed 820 kg (1,800 lb) and measured 2.33 m (7.6 ft) high at the shoulder.^[51] Behind only the bison, the Moose is the second largest land animal in both North America and Europe.

Social structure and reproduction [link]

Moose are mostly diurnal. They are generally solitary with the strongest bonds between mother and calf. Although moose rarely gather in groups, there may be several in close proximity during the mating season.

Mating occurs in September and October. The males are polygamous and will seek several females to breed with. During this times both sexes will call to each other. Males produce heavy grunting sounds that can be heard from up to 500 meters away, while females produce wail-like sounds.^[52] Males will fight for access to females. They either assess which is larger, with the smaller bull retreating, or they may engage in battles, usually only involving the antlers.

Female moose have an eight-month gestation period, usually bearing one calf, or twins if food is plentiful,^[53] in May or June.^[54] Newborn moose have fur with a reddish hue in contrast to the brown appearance of an adult. The young will stay with the mother until just before the next young are born. The life span of an average moose is about 15–25 years.

(newborn) calves nursing in spring
(3 months) calves stay near their mothers at all times
(9 months) this calf is almost ready to leave its mother
(10-11 months) this yearling was probably recently chased off by its mother

Aggression [link]

Moose are not usually aggressive towards humans, but can be provoked or frightened to behave with aggression. In terms of raw numbers, they attack more people than bears and wolves combined, but usually with only minor consequences. When harassed or startled by people or in the presence of a dog, moose may charge. Also, as with bears or any wild animal, moose that have become habituated to being fed by people may act aggressively when denied food. During the fall mating season, bull moose may be aggressive toward humans due to the high hormone levels they experience. Cows with young calves are very protective and will attack humans who come too close, especially if they come between mother and calf. Unlike other dangerous animals, moose are not territorial, and do not view humans as food, and will therefore usually not pursue humans if they simply run away.^[55] Like any wild animal, moose are unpredictable and should be given a respectful amount of space.

Natural predators [link]

File:Moose Tiger.jpg

Iron age saddle from Siberia, depicting a moose being hunted by a Siberian tiger

File:Moosewolf.jpg

Moose battling a wolf pack, as illustrated in The Natural History of Quadrupeds by Frederic Shoberl, 1834.

A full-grown moose has few enemies, but a pack of wolves can still pose a threat, especially to females with calves.^[56] Siberian Tigers^[57] and Brown bear^[50] are also known to prey on moose, although bears are more likely to take over a wolf kill or to take young moose than to hunt adult moose on their own.^[58] American black bears and cougars can be significant predators of moose calves in May and June and can, in rare instances, predate adults (mainly cows).^[59]^[60] Killer whales are the moose's only known marine predator as they have been known to prey on them when swimming between islands out of North America's Northwest Coast.^[61]

In some areas, moose are the primary source of food for wolves. Moose usually flee upon detecting wolves. Wolves usually follow moose at a distance of 100 to 400 metres (330 to 1,300 ft), occasionally at a distance of 2 to 3 kilometres (1.2 to 1.9 mi). Attacks from wolves against young moose may last seconds, though sometimes they can be drawn out for days with adults. Sometimes, wolves will chase moose into shallow streams or onto frozen rivers, where their mobility is greatly impeded. Moose will sometimes stand their ground and defend themselves by charging at the wolves or lashing out at them with their powerful hooves. Wolves typically kill moose by tearing at their haunches and perineum, causing massive blood loss. Occasionally, a wolf may immobilise a moose by biting its sensitive nose, the pain of which can paralyze a moose.^[62] Wolf packs primarily target calves and elderly animals, but can and will take healthy, adult moose. Moose between the ages of two and eight are rarely killed by wolves.^[63] Though moose are usually hunted by packs, there are cases in which single wolves have successfully killed moose.^[64]

Relationship with humans [link]

History [link]

Moose with reflection

European rock drawings and cave paintings reveal that moose have been hunted since the Stone Age. Excavations in Alby, Sweden, adjacent to the Stora Alvaret have yielded elk antlers in wooden hut remains from 6000 BC, indicating some of the earliest elk hunting in northern Europe. In northern Scandinavia one can still find remains of trapping pits used for hunting elk. These pits, which can be up to 4 × 7 m wide and 2 m deep, would have been camouflaged with branches and leaves. They would have had steep sides lined with planks, making it impossible for the elk to escape once it fell in. The pits are normally found in large groups, crossing the elk's regular paths and stretching over several kilometres. Remains of wooden fences designed to guide the animals toward the pits have been found in bogs and peat. In Norway, an early example of these trapping devices has been dated to around 3,700 BC. Trapping elk in pits is an extremely effective hunting method, and as early as the 16th century the Norwegian government tried to restrict their use. Nevertheless, the method was in use until the 19th century.

The earliest recorded description of the elk is in Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico, where it is described thus:

"There are also [animals], which are called elks. The shape of these, and the varied colour of their skins, is much like roes, but in size they surpass them a little and are destitute of horns, and have legs without joints and ligatures; nor do they lie down for the purpose of rest, nor, if they have been thrown down by any accident, can they raise or lift themselves up. Trees serve as beds to them ; they lean themselves against them, and thus reclining only slightly, they take their rest; when the huntsmen have discovered from the footsteps of these animals whither they are accustomed to betake themselves, they either undermine all the trees at the roots, or cut into them so far that the upper part of the trees may appear to be left standing. When they have leant upon them, according to their habit, they knock down by their weight the unsupported trees, and fall down themselves along with them."^[65]

Long legs allow moose to wade easily through deep water or snow

In book 8, chapter 16 of Pliny the Elder's Natural History from 77 AD the elk and an animal called achlis, which is presumably the same animal, are described thus:

"...there is, also, the elk, which strongly resembles our steers, except that it is distinguished by the length of the ears and of the neck. There is also the achlis, which is produced in the land of Scandinavia; it has never been seen in this city, although we have had descriptions of it from many persons; it is not unlike the elk, but has no joints in the hind leg. Hence, it never lies down, but reclines against a tree while it sleeps; it can only be taken by previously cutting into the tree, and thus laying a trap for it, as otherwise, it would escape through its swiftness. Its upper lip is so extremely large, for which reason it is obliged to go backwards when grazing; otherwise, by moving onwards, the lip would get doubled up."^[66]

As food [link]

Moose scat is commonly found on trails. Some souvenir shops sell bags of it, sealed with shellac and labeled with humorous names.

Moose are hunted as a game species in many of the countries where they are found. Moose meat tastes, wrote Henry David Thoreau in “The Maine Woods”, “like tender beef, with perhaps more flavour; sometimes like veal”. While the flesh has protein levels similar to other comparable red meats (e.g. beef, deer and elk) it has a low fat content and the fat that is found is made up of a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fats (rather than saturated fats).^[67]

Cadmium levels are high in Finnish elk liver and kidneys, with the result that consumption of these organs from elk more than one year old is prohibited in Finland.^[68] Cadmium intake has been found to be elevated amongst all consumers of elk meat, though the elk meat was found to contribute only slightly to the daily cadmium intake. However the consumption of moose liver or kidneys significantly increased cadmium intake, with the study revealing that heavy consumers of moose organs have a relatively narrow safety margin below the levels which would probably cause adverse health effects.^[69]

Dr. Valerius Geist, who emigrated to Canada from the Soviet Union, wrote in his 1999 book Moose: Behaviour, Ecology, Conservation:

Those who care most passionately about moose are—paradoxically—hunters, in particular people who live in wilderness and rural communities and those who depend on moose for food. In Sweden, no fall menu is without a mouthwatering moose dish. The Swedes fence their highways to reduce moose fatalities and design moose-proof cars. Sweden is less than half as large as the Canadian province of British Columbia, but the annual take of moose in Sweden—upward of 150,000—is twice that of the total moose harvest in North America. That is how much Swedes cherish their moose.

Boosting of moose populations in Alaska for hunting purposes is one of the reasons given for allowing aerial or airborne methods to remove wolves in designated areas, e.g., Craig Medred: "A kill of 124 wolves would thus translate to [the survival of] 1488 moose or 2976 caribou or some combination thereof".^[70] Many scientists believe that this artificial inflation of game populations is actually detrimental to both caribou and moose populations as well as the ecosystem as a whole. This is because studies have shown that when these game populations are artificially boosted, it leads to both habitat destruction and a crash in these populations^[71]

Vehicle collisions [link]

Norwegian road sign

Moose (A. a. gigas) crossing a road, Alaska, USA

A moose's body structure, with a large heavy body suspended on long spindly legs, makes these animals particularly dangerous when hit by passenger cars with low ground clearances. Generally, when colliding with a moose at high speed, the car's bumper and front grille will break the moose's legs, causing the body of the moose to fall onto the car's hood and delivering the bulk of the animal's weight into the windshield, crushing the front roof support beams and anyone in the front seats.^[72] Collisions of this type are frequently lethal; seatbelts offer no protection, and airbags may not deploy or be of much use if they do.^[73] Although vehicles with higher clearances (such as trucks) are typically immune from this effect, the force of striking any 270+ kg (600+ pound) object at high speed should not be underestimated. These risks led to the development of a vehicle test referred to as the "moose test" (Swedish: Älgtest, German: Elchtest).

Kalifornsky Beach Road, Kenai, Alaska, trees and brush are trimmed along high moose crossing areas so that moose can be seen as they approach the road

Moose warning signs are used on roads in regions where there is a danger of collision with the animal. The triangular warning signs common in Sweden, Norway, and Finland have become coveted souvenirs among tourists traveling in these countries, causing the road authorities so much expense that the moose signs have been replaced with image-less generic warning signs in some regions.^[74]

Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten estimated in January 2008 that some 13,000 moose had died in collisions with Norwegian trains since 2000. The state agency in charge of railroad infrastructure (Jernbaneverket) plans to spend 80 million Norwegian kroner to reduce collision rate in the future by fencing the railways, clearing vegetation from near the tracks, and providing alternative snow-free feeding places for the animals elsewhere.^[75]

In the Canadian province of New Brunswick, collisions with moose are frequent enough that all new highways have fences to prevent moose from accessing the road, similar to how it has long been done in Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Demonstratively, Highway 7 between Fredericton and Saint John, which has one of the highest frequencies of moose collisions in the province, did not have these fences until 2008, although it was and continues to be extremely well signed.^[76]^[77] In Newfoundland and Labrador, it is recommended to motorists to use caution between dusk and dawn, because that is when moose are most active and most difficult to see, increasing the risk of collisions.^[78] Local moose sightings are often reported on radio stations so that motorists can take care while driving in particular areas.

In Sweden a fence will not be placed unless the road meets the minimum requirement of one accident, involving a moose, per kilometre road and year.^[79]

Domestication [link]

Domestication of moose was investigated in the Soviet Union before World War II. Early experiments were inconclusive, but with the creation of a moose farm at Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve in 1949 a small-scale moose domestication program was started, involving attempts at selective breeding of animals based on their behavioural characteristics. Since 1963, the programme has continued at Kostroma Moose Farm, which had a herd of 33 tame moose as of 2003. Although at this stage the farm is not expected to be a profit-making enterprise, it obtains some income from the sale of moose milk and from visiting tourist groups. Its main value, however, is seen in the opportunities it offers for the research in the physiology and behaviour of the moose, as well as in the insights it provides into the general principles of animal domestication.

In Sweden there was a debate in the late 18th century about the national value of using the moose as a domestic animal. Among other things, the moose was proposed to be used in postal distribution, and there was a suggestion to develop a moose-mounted cavalry. Such proposals remained unimplemented, mainly because the extensive hunting for moose nearly drove it to extinction^[80] and because of moose aggressiveness during the rutting period.

Paleontology [link]

An artist's rendition of Libralces gallicus

Moose are an old genera. Like its relatives, Odocoileus and Capreolus, the genera Alces gave rise to very few species which endured for long periods of time. This differs from the Megacerines, such as the Irish elk, which evolved many species before going extinct. Some scientists, such as Adrian Lister, grouped all the species as one genus, the Alcinae, while others, such as Augusto Azzaroli, used the term "alces" for the living species, placing the fossile species into the subgenera "Cervalces" and "Libralces."

The earliest known species is Libralces gallicus (French moose), which lived in the Pliocene epoch, about 2 million years ago. Libralces gallicus came from the warm savannahs of Pliocene Europe, with the best preserved skeletons being found in southern France. Libralces gallicus was 1.25 times larger than the Alaskan moose in linear dimensions, making it nearly twice as massive. Libralces gallicus had many striking differences compared to its modern descendants. It had a longer, narrower snout and a less-developed nasal cavity, more resembling that of a modern deer, lacking any sign of the modern moose-snout. Its face resembled that of the modern wapiti. However, the rest of its skull structure, skeletal structure and teeth bore strong resemblance to those features that are unmistakable in modern moose, indicating a similar diet. Its antlers consisted of a 2 1/2 meter long horizontal bar, with no tines, ending in small palmations. Its skull and neck structure suggest an animal that fought using high-speed impacts, much like the dall sheep, rather than locking and twisting antlers the way modern moose combat. Their long legs and bone structure suggest an animal that was adapted to running at high speeds over rough terrain.^[81]^[82]

Libralces existed until the middle Pleistocene epoch, and were followed briefly by a species called Cervalces carnutorum. The main differences between the two consisted of shortening of the horizontal bar in the antlers, and broadening of the palmations, indicating a likely change from open plains to more forested environments, and skeletal changes that suggest an adaptation to marshy environments.

Cervalces carnutorum was soon followed by a much larger species called Cervalces latifrons (broad-fronted stag-moose). The Pleistocene epoch was a time of gigantism, in which most species were much larger than their descendants of today, including exceptionally large lions, hippopotamuses, mammoths, and deer. Many fossiles of Cervalces latifrons have been found in Siberia, dating from about 1.2 to 0.5 million years ago. This is most likely the time at which the species migrated from the Eurasian continent to North America. Like its descendants, it inhabited mostly northern latitudes, and was probably well-adapted to the cold. Cervalces latifrons was the largest deer known to have ever existed, standing more than 2.1 meters tall at the shoulders. This is bigger than even the Irish elk, which was 1.8 meters tall at the shoulders. Its antlers were smaller than the Irish elk, but comparable in size to Libralces gallicus. However, the antlers had a shorter horizontal bar and larger palmations, more resembling that of a modern moose.^[81]^[82]^[83]

Alces alces (modern moose) appeared during the late Pleistocene epoch. The species arrived in North America at the end of the Pleistocene, and coexisted with a late-surviving species of Cervalces latifrons, which Azzaroli classified as a separate species called Cervalces scotti, or the American stag-moose.^[84]

References [link]

^ Henttonen, H., Stubbe, M., Maran, T. & Tikhonov A. (2008). Alces alces. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 11 February 2009.
^ "elk, n.1". Oxford English Dictionary. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/60507. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
^ "moose". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 3rd ed. 2001.
^ "moose". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 3rd ed. 2001.
^ "moose". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/moose. Retrieved 2011-10-25.
^ "Utah Division of Wildlife Resources". Wildlife.utah.gov. 2006-04-28. Archived from the original on October 5, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071005181422/http://www.wildlife.utah.gov/news/06-04/permits.php. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
^ "Oregon moose population is booming". The Seattle Times. 2006-08-21. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003215177_webmoose21.html.
^ [1]^{[dead link]}
^ Nancy Cappelloni (November 2002). Cranberry Cooking for All Seasons. Spinner Publications. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-0-932027-71-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=u-uomE8l8g8C&pg=PA14. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
^ Living With Moose. Mass.gov (2007-09-20). Retrieved on 2011-01-09.
^ Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife – Moose Hunting Permits. Maine.gov. Retrieved on 2011-01-09.
^ Connecticut Wildlife Sep/Oct 2004. (PDF). Retrieved on 2011-01-09.
^ Moose are on the Loose|Connecticut Public Broadcasting Network. Cpbn.org. Retrieved on 2011-01-09.
^ Forests lure moose to Massachusetts / The Christian Science Monitor. CSMonitor.com (2007-02-14). Retrieved on 2011-01-09.
^ Moose in a Mess? – Defenders of Wildlife. Defenders.org. Retrieved on 2011-01-09.
^ Moose – NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation. Dec.ny.gov (1999-07-06). Retrieved on 2011-01-09.
^ Moose, Newfoundland Costal Safari
^ Schnfeld, Fiona (2009). "Presence of moose (Alces alces) in Southeastern Germany". European Journal of Wildlife Research 55: 449. DOI:10.1007/s10344-009-0272-5.
^ Alces alces (Eurasian Elk, Moose, Elk, Eurasian Moose, European Elk, Siberian Elk). Iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2011-01-09.
^ Wayward elk ‘Knutschi’ found dead – The Local. Thelocal.de. Retrieved on 2011-01-09.
^ 24 April 2009 (2009-04-24). "Re-Introducing Moose to the Glen – Moose – BBC". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Euq1KEgysKg. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
^ Auslan Cramb; Paul Eccleston (14 April 2008). "Moose to roam free again in Scotland". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/3339404/Moose-to-roam-free-again-in-Scotland.html. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
^ "European Elk - Alces alces". alladale.com. Alladale Wilderness Reserve. http://www.alladale.com/wilderness-reserve/highland-flora--fauna/european-elk---alces-alces.html. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
^ ^a ^b Caroline King, ed. (1995). The handbook of New Zealand mammals. Auckland, N.Z.: Oxford University Press in association with the Mammal Society, New Zealand Branch. ISBN 0-19-558320-5 (pbk.).
^ "Deer and deer farming – Introduction and impact of deer". Te Ara – Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 1 March 2009. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/deer-and-deer-farming/1. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
^ "Hairs move NZ moose out of realm of Nessie – 06 October 2005 – Dunedin and Otago News, Sport and Weather from NZ Herald". NZ Herald. 2005-10-06. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/location/story.cfm?l_id=141&ObjectID=10348890. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
^ "Hinterland Who's Who Retrieved on 2011-01-12". Hww.ca. http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=93#sid14. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
^ Newfoundland's 120,000 moose are descended from just four that were introduced a century ago. Canadacool.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-09.
^ RiistaWeb. Riistaweb.riista.fi. Retrieved on 2011-01-09.
^ "jagareforbundet.se". jagareforbundet.se. http://www.jagareforbundet.se/Viltet/ViltVetande/Artpresentationer/Alg/. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
^ salenalgen.se Om älgar (in Swedish)
^ "Moose in a Mess?"
^ "DNRE Survey Results Indicate Approximately 433 Moose in Western Upper Peninsula"
^ "2010 Aerial Moose Survey"
^ Moose Management and Research -- Interim Report
^ "Big Game Hunting: Moose Season Information", North Dakota Game and Fish Department
^ "Wyoming moose numbers fall short", Billings Gazette, May 28, 2009
^ Interior Alaska Moose News (Fall 2011), p. 6, "How Do Scandanavia and Alaska Compare?"
^ Geist, V., Ferguson, M. & Rachlow, J. 2008. Alces americanus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
^ "Moose Status and Hunting in Washington By Dana L. Base, Associate Wildlife Biologist August 2004". Archived from the original on June 21, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070621205514/http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/game/hunter/gametrails/2004/moose_status.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
^ "Info on moose diet from Norwestern University". Qrg.northwestern.edu. http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/marssim/simhtml/organisms/moose.html. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
^ ^a ^b Biology by numbers: an encouragement to quantitative thinking By Richard F. Burton – Cambridge University Press 1998 Page 84-85
^ Journey to New England By Patricia Harris, David Lyon – Patricia Harris-David Lyon 1999 Page 398
^ Moose diet. Mooseworld. Retrieved on 2011-01-09.
^ Geist, Valerius (1998) Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology Stackpole Books.
^ It’s a Bull Moose…No a Cow… Joe Viechnicki, KFSK – Petersburg 10-19-09
^ "Moose Facts from Maine". Jackmanmaine.org. http://jackmanmaine.org/maine-moose.php. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
^ "Moose". Env.gov.nl.ca. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080102234625/http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/snp/Animals/moose.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
^ Nowak, Ronald W., Walker's Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press (1999), ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8
^ ^a ^b Nancy Long / Kurt Savikko (2009-08-07). "Moose: Wildlife Notebook Series – Alaska Department of Fish and Game". Adfg.state.ak.us. http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/biggame/moose.php. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
^ Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc (1983), ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9
^ DW Hartt, Data/Web Coordinator. "Moose Reproduction". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2008-04-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20080424001305/http://www.nwtwildlife.com/NWTwildlife/moose/reproduction.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
^ Ruff, Sue (1999). The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-845-2.
^ "Moose: Minnesota DNR". http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/mammals/moose/index.html. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
^ "What To Do About Aggressive Moose, Division of Wildlife Conservation, Alaska Department of Fish and Game". wildlife.alaska.gov. http://wildlife.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=aawildlife.agmoose. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
^ Nancy Long / Kurt Savikko (2007-12-17). "Wolf: Wildlife Notebook Series – Alaska Department of Fish and Game". Adfg.state.ak.us. http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/furbear/wolf.php. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
^ Tigris Foundation dedicated to the survival of the Amur tiger and leopard in the wild : UK HOME. Tigrisfoundation.nl (1999-11-13). Retrieved on 2011-01-09.
^ Nancy Long / Kurt Savikko (2009-08-07). "Brown Bear: Wildlife Notebook Series – Alaska Department of Fish and Game". Adfg.state.ak.us. http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/biggame/brnbear.php. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
^ Charles C. Schwartz and Albert W. Franzmann (1983). "Effects of Tree Crushing on Black Bear Predation on Moose Calves". Bears: Their Biology and Management (A Selection of Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, February 1980) 5: 40. JSTOR 3872518. http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_5/Schwartz_Franzmann_Vol_5.pdf.
^ "Hinterland Who's Who – Cougar". Hww.ca. http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=87. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
^ Robert W. Baird; Robin W. Baird (31 August 2006). Killer Whales of the World: Natural History and Conservation. Voyageur Press. pp. 23–. ISBN 978-0-7603-2654-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=Rjksm-5-ap4C&pg=PA23. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
^ Graves, Will (2007). Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages. Calgary: Detselig Enterprises. p. 222. ISBN 1-55059-332-3. OCLC 80431846. http://www.wolvesinrussia.com/.
^ "Watching Wolves On a Wild Ride By Les Line, National Wildlife Federation, December/January 2001, vol. 39 no. 1". Nwf.org:80. http://www.nwf.org:80/nationalwildlife/article.cfm?issueID=35&articleID=589. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
^ "Alaska Science Forum, June 10, 2004 ''Are ravens responsible for wolf packs?'' Article #1702 by Ned Rozell". Gi.alaska.edu. 2004-06-10. http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF17/1702.html. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
^ Caesar, Julius; Aulus Hirtius (1879). "XXVII". Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic and civil wars. Harper & brothers. p. 154. ISBN 0-217-45287-6.
^ "Pliny the Elder, The Natural History (eds. John Bostock, Henry Thomas Riley)". http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+8.16. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
^ "www.nutritiondata.com". www.nutritiondata.com. http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-C00001-01c22al.html. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
^ "All-clear for Finnish foods". www.foodqualitynews.com. http://www.foodqualitynews.com/Food-Alerts/All-clear-for-Finnish-foods. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
^ Vahteristo, L., Lyytikäinen, T., Venäläinen, E. R., Eskola, M., Lindfors, E., Pohjanvirta, R., & Maijala, R. (2003). Cadmium intake of moose hunters in Finland from consumption of moose meat, liver and kidney. Food Additives and Contamination, 20, 453–463.
^ Aerial wolf killing benefits Caribou and Moose Population^{[dead link]}
^ Aerial Hunting FAQs, Protect America’s Wildlife (PAW) Act
^ http://www.vti.se/sv/publikationer/pdf/algdocka-av-gummi-for-krockprov.pdf
^ Traffic Management for a Sustainable Environment Number 2, 2004, of Nordic Road & Transport Research. Annotations Sweden
^ (Swedish) "Älgsafari lockar tusentals turister", Dagens Nyheter, August 12, 2007. Accessed November 6, 2009."
^ Railroad takes steps to reduce moose crashes Aftenposten 28 January 2008
^ Moose-Vehicle Collision Information, New Brunswick Department of Transportation
^ More wildlife fencing to be installed on Route 7 in 2008, Communications New Brunswick, April 8, 2008
^ "Highway Driving Conditions – Department of Transportation and Works". www.roads.gov.nl.ca. http://www.roads.gov.nl.ca/moose.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
^ (Swedish) Många viltolyckor – inget görs – Mellerud. www.ttela.se (2010-12-21). Retrieved on 2011-01-09.
^ Sune Björklöf: "Har älgar tämjts till kavalleri?" , Populär Historia, no 5, 1995. Visited 2010-05-17.
^ ^a ^b Deer of the world: their evolution, behaviour, and ecology By Valerius Geist - Page 244-250
^ ^a ^b Morphological Change in Quaternary Mammals of North America By Robert Allen Martin, Anthony D. Barnosky - Cambridge University Press 1993 Page 178-181
^ http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/species-of-the-day/evolution/cervalces-latifrons/index.html
^ The evolution of artiodactyls By Donald R. Prothero, Scott E Foss - Johns Hopkins University Press 2007 Page 254

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alces alces

Wikispecies has information related to: Alces alces

Extant Artiodactyla species

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria

Suborder Ruminantia

Antilocapridae

Antilocapra	Pronghorn (A. americana)

Giraffidae

Okapia	Okapi (O. johnstoni)

Giraffa	Giraffe (G. camelopardalis)

Moschidae

Moschus	Himalayan Musk Deer (M. chrysogaster) Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus) Dwarf Musk Deer (M. berezovskii) Black Musk Deer (M. fuscus)

Tragulidae

Hyemoschus	Water Chevrotain (H. aquaticus)

Moschiola	Indian Spotted Chevrotain (M. indica) Yellow-striped Chevrotain (M. kathygre) Sri Lankan Spotted Chevrotain (M. meminna)

Tragulus	Java Mouse-deer (T. javanicus) Lesser Mouse-deer (T. kanchil) Greater Mouse-deer (T. napu) Philippine Mouse-deer (T. nigricans) Vietnam Mouse-deer (T. versicolor) Williamson's Mouse-deer (T. williamsoni)

Cervidae

Large family listed below

Bovidae

Large family listed below

Family Cervidae

Cervinae

Muntiacus	Indian Muntjac (M. muntjak) Reeves's Muntjac (M. reevesi) Hairy-fronted Muntjac (M. crinifrons) Fea's Muntjac (M. feae) Bornean Yellow Muntjac (M. atherodes) Roosevelt's muntjac (M. rooseveltorum) Gongshan muntjac (M. gongshanensis) Giant Muntjac (M. vuquangensis) Truong Son Muntjac (M. truongsonensis) Leaf muntjac (M. putaoensis)

Elaphodus	Tufted deer (E. cephalophus)

Dama	Fallow Deer (D. dama) Persian fallow deer (D. mesopotamica)

Axis	Chital (A. axis)

Rucervus	Barasingha (R. duvaucelii)

Panolia	Eld's Deer (P. eldii)

Elaphurus	Père David's Deer (E. davidianus)

Hyelaphus	Hog deer (H. porcinus) Calamian Deer (H. calamianensis) Bawean Deer (H. kuhlii)

Rusa	Sambar Deer (R. unicolor) Rusa Deer (R. timorensis) Philippine Sambar (R. mariannus) Philippine Spotted Deer (R. alfredi)

Cervus	Red Deer (C. elaphus) Elk (C. canadensis) Thorold's deer (C. albirostris) Sika Deer (C. nippon)

Capreolinae

Alces	*Moose (A. alces)*

Hydropotes	Water deer (H. inermis)

Capreolus	Roe Deer (C. capreolus) Siberian Roe Deer (C. pygargus)

Rangifer	Reindeer (R. tarandus)

Hippocamelus	Taruca (H. antisensis) South Andean Deer (H. bisulcus)

Mazama	Red Brocket (M. americana) Small Red Brocket (M. bororo) Merida Brocket (M. bricenii) Dwarf Brocket (M. chunyi) Gray Brocket (M. gouazoubira) Pygmy Brocket (M. nana) Amazonian Brown Brocket (M. nemorivaga) Yucatan Brown Brocket (M. pandora) Little Red Brocket (M. rufina) Central American Red Brocket (M. temama)

Ozotoceros	Pampas deer (O. bezoarticus)

Blastocerus	Marsh Deer (B. dichotomus)

Pudu	Northern Pudu (P. mephistophiles) Pudú (P. pudu)

Odocoileus	White-tailed deer (O. virginianus) Mule deer (O. hemionus)

Family Bovidae

Cephalophinae

Cephalophus	Abbott's Duiker (C. spadix) Aders' Duiker (C. adersi) Bay Duiker (C. dorsalis) Black Duiker (C. niger) Black-fronted Duiker (C. nigrifrons) Blue Duiker (C. monticola) Harvey's Duiker (C. harveyi) Jentink's Duiker (C. jentinki) Maxwell's Duiker (C. maxwellii) Red Forest Duiker (C. natalensis) Ogilby's Duiker (C. ogilbyi) Peters's Duiker (C. callipygus) Red-flanked Duiker (C. rufilatus) Ruwenzori Duiker (C. rubidis) Weyns's Duiker (C. weynsi) White-bellied Duiker (C. leucogaster) Yellow-backed Duiker (C. Sylvicultor) Zebra Duiker (C. zebra)

Sylvicapra	Common Duiker (S. grimmia)

Hippotraginae

Hippotragus	Roan Antelope (H. equinus) Sable Antelope (H. niger)

Oryx	East African Oryx (O. beisa) Scimitar Oryx (O. dammah) Gemsbok (O. gazella) Arabian Oryx (O. leucoryx)

Addax	Addax (A. nasomaculatus)

Reduncinae

Kobus	Upemba Lechwe (K. anselli) Waterbuck (K. ellipsiprymnus) Kob (K. kob) Lechwe (K. leche) Nile Lechwe (K. megaceros) Puku (K. vardonii)

Redunca	Southern Reedbuck (R. arundinum) Mountain Reedbuck (R. fulvorufula) Bohor Reedbuck (R. redunca)

Aepycerotinae

Aepyceros	Impala (A. melampus)

Peleinae

Pelea	Grey Rhebok (P. capreolus)

Alcelaphinae

Beatragus	Hirola (B. hunteri)

Damaliscus	Korrigum (D. korrigum) Common Tsessebe (D. lunatus) Bontebok (D. pygargus) Bangweulu Tsessebe (D. superstes)

Alcelaphus	Hartebeest (A. buselaphus) Red Hartebeest (A. caama) Lichtenstein's Hartebeest (A. lichtensteinii)

Connochaetes	Black Wildebeest (C. gnou) Blue Wildebeest (C. taurinus)

Pantholopinae

Pantholops	Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii)

Caprinae

Large subfamily listed below

Bovinae

Large subfamily listed below

Antilopinae

Large subfamily listed below

Family Bovidae (subfamily Caprinae)

Ammotragus	Barbary Sheep (A. lervia)

Budorcas	Takin (B. taxicolor)

Capra	Wild goat (C. aegagrus) West Caucasian tur (C. caucasia) East Caucasian tur (C. cylindricornis) Markhor (C. falconeri) Alpine ibex (C. ibex) Nubian ibex (C. nubiana) Spanish ibex (C. pyrenaica) Siberian ibex (C. sibirica) Walia ibex (C. walie)

Hemitragus	Nilgiri tahr (H. hylocrius) Arabian tahr (H. jayakari) Himalayan tahr (H. jemlahicus)

Naemorhedus	Red goral (N. baileyi) Japanese serow (N. crispus) Long-tailed goral (N. caudatus) Himalayan goral (N. goral) Mainland serow (N. sumatraensis) Taiwan serow (N. swinhoei)

Oreamnos	Mountain goat (O. americanus)

Ovibos	Muskox (O. moschatus)

Ovis	Argali (O. ammon) Domestic sheep (O. aries) Bighorn Sheep (O. canadensis) Dall Sheep (O. dalli) Mouflon (O. musimon) Snow sheep (O. nivicola) Urial (O. orientalis)

Pseudois	Bharal (P. nayaur) Dwarf blue Sheep (P. schaeferi)

Rupicapra	Pyrenean chamois (R. pyrenaica) Chamois (R. rupicapra)

Family Bovidae (subfamily Bovinae)

Boselaphini

Tetracerus	Four-horned Antelope (T. quadricornis)

Boselaphus	Nilgai (B. tragocamelus)

Bovini

Bubalus	Water Buffalo (B. bubalus) Lowland Anoa (B. depressicornis) Mountain Anoa (B. quarlesi) Tamaraw (B. mindorensis)

Bos	Banteng (B. javanicus) Gaur (B. gaurus) Yak (B. mutus) Cattle (B. taurus) Kouprey (B. sauveli) Zebu (B. indicus)

Pseudonovibos	Kting Voar (P. spiralis)

Pseudoryx	Saola (P. nghetinhensis)

Syncerus	African Buffalo (S. caffer)

Bison	American Bison (B. bison) Wisent (B. bonasus)

Strepsicerotini

Tragelaphus	Sitatunga (T. spekeii) Nyala (T. angasii) Bushbuck (T. scriptus) Mountain Nyala (T. buxtoni) Lesser Kudu (T. imberbis) Greater Kudu (T. strepsiceros) Bongo (T. eurycerus)

Taurotragus	Common eland (T. oryx) Giant eland (T. derbianus)

Family Bovidae (subfamily Antilopinae)

Antilopini

Ammodorcas	Dibatag (A. clarkei)

Antidorcas	Springbok (A. marsupialis)

Antilope	Blackbuck (A. cervicapra)

Gazella	Mountain Gazelle (G. gazella) Neumann's Gazelle (G. erlangeri) Speke's Gazelle (G. spekei) Dorcas Gazelle (G. dorcas) Saudi Gazelle (G. saudiya) Chinkara (G. bennettii) Thomson's Gazelle (G. thomsonii) Red-fronted Gazelle (G. rufifrons) Dama Gazelle (G. dama) Grant's Gazelle (G. granti) Soemmerring's Gazelle (G. soemmerringii) Cuvier's Gazelle (G. cuvieri) Rhim Gazelle (G. leptoceros) Goitered Gazelle (G. subgutturosa)

Litocranius	Gerenuk (L. walleri)

Procapra	Mongolian gazelle (P. gutturosa) Goa (P. picticaudata) Przewalski's gazelle (P. przewalskii)

Saigini

Pantholops	Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii)

Saiga	Saiga Antelope (S. tatarica)

Neotragini

Dorcatragus	Beira (D. megalotis)

Madoqua	Günther's Dik-dik (M. guentheri) Kirk's Dik-dik (M. kirkii) Silver Dik-dik (M. piacentinii) Salt's Dik-dik (M. saltiana)

Neotragus	Bates's Pygmy Antelope (N. batesi) Suni (N. moschatus) Royal Antelope (N. pygmaeus)

Oreotragus	Klipspringer (O. oreotragus)

Ourebia	Oribi (O. ourebi)

Raphicerus	Steenbok (R. campestris) Cape Grysbok (R. melanotis) Sharpe's Grysbok (R. sharpei)

Suborder Suina

Suidae

Babyrousa	Buru Babirusa (B. babyrussa) North Sulawesi Babirusa (B. celebensis) Togian Babirusa (B. togeanensis)

Hylochoerus	Giant forest hog (H. meinertzhageni)

Phacochoerus	Desert Warthog (P. aethiopicus) Warthog (P. africanus)

Porcula	Pygmy Hog (P. salvania)

Potamochoerus	Bushpig (P. larvatus) Red River Hog (P. porcus)

Sus	Palawan Bearded Pig (S. ahoenobarbus) Bornean bearded pig (S. barbatus) Indo-chinese Warty Pig (S. bucculentus) Visayan Warty Pig (S. cebifrons) Celebes Warty Pig (S. celebensis) Flores Warty Pig (S. heureni) Oliver's Warty Pig (S. oliveri) Philippine Warty Pig (S. philippensis) Boar (S. scrofa) Timor warty pig (S. timoriensis) Javan Pig (S. verrucosus)

Tayassuidae

Tayassu	White-lipped Peccary (T. pecari)

Catagonus	Chacoan Peccary (C. wagneri)

Pecari	Collared Peccary (P. tajacu) Giant Peccary (P. maximus)

Suborder Tylopoda

Camelidae

Lama	Llama (L. glama) Guanaco (L. guanicoe)

Vicugna	Vicuña (V. vicugna) Alpaca (V. pacos)

Camelus	Dromedary (C. dromedarius) Bactrian Camel (C. bactrianus)

Cetartiodactyla (unranked clade, higher than Artiodactyla)

Hippopotamidae

Hippopotamus	Hippopotamus (H. amphibius)

Choeropsis	Pygmy Hippopotamus (C. liberiensis)

v t e Game animals and shooting in North America

Game birds	Bobwhite Quail · Chukar · Hungarian Partridge · Prairie Chicken · Mourning Dove · Ring-necked Pheasant · Ptarmigan · Ruffed Grouse · Sharp-tailed Grouse · Snipe (Common Snipe) · Spruce Grouse · Turkey · Woodcock

Waterfowl	Black Duck · Canada Goose · Canvasback · Gadwall · Greater Scaup · Lesser Scaup · Mallard · Northern Pintail · Redhead · Ross's Goose · Snow Goose · Wood Duck

Big game	Bighorn Sheep · Black Bear · Razorback · Brown Bear · Bison (Buffalo) · Caribou · Cougar (Mountain Lion) · Elk · Moose · White-tailed deer · Gray wolf · Mountain goat · Mule Deer · Pronghorn · Muskox · Dall Sheep · Polar Bear

Other quarry	American alligator · Bobcat · Coyote · Fox Squirrel · Gray Fox · Gray Squirrel · Opossum · Rabbit · Raccoon · Red Fox · Snowshoe Hare

See also	Bear hunting · Big game hunting · Deer hunting · Waterfowl hunting · Wolf hunting · Upland hunting

vep:Hirb'

http://wn.com/Moose

http://it.wn.com/Alces alces

http://cs.wn.com/Los evropský

http://es.wn.com/Alces alces

http://ru.wn.com/Лось

http://nl.wn.com/Eland

http://id.wn.com/Rusa besar

http://fr.wn.com/Alces alces

http://pt.wn.com/Alce

http://de.wn.com/Elch

http://pl.wn.com/Łoś

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Woody Allen
Allen at the 2009 premiere of Whatever Works
Born	Allan Stewart Konigsberg (1935-12-01) December 1, 1935 (age 76) The Bronx, New York, U.S.
Occupation	Actor Director Screenwriter Comedian Musician Playwright
Years active	1950–present
Influenced by	Charlie Chaplin, Groucho Marx, Ingmar Bergman, Federico Fellini, Stanley Kubrick
Home town	New York City, New York
Spouse	Harlene Rosen (m. 1954–1959) Louise Lasser (m. 1966–1969) Soon-Yi Previn (m. 1997)
Partner	Mia Farrow (1980–92)
Children	Ronan Farrow (son) Bechet Dumaine Allen (daughter) Manzie Tio Allen (daughter)^[1]
Relatives	Letty Aronson (sister)
Website
www.woodyallen.com

Woody Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg, December 1, 1935) is an award-winning American screenwriter, director, actor, comedian, author, and playwright, whose career spans over half a century.

He began as a comedy writer in the 1950s, penning jokes and scripts for television and also publishing several books of short humor pieces. In the early 1960s, Allen started performing as a stand-up comic, emphasizing monologues rather than traditional jokes. As a comic, he developed the persona of an insecure, intellectual, fretful nebbish, which he insists is quite different from his real-life personality.^[2] In 2004, Comedy Central^[3] ranked Allen in fourth place on a list of the 100 greatest stand-up comics, while a UK survey ranked Allen as the third greatest comedian.^[4]

By the mid-1960s Allen was writing and directing films, first specializing in slapstick comedies before moving into more dramatic material influenced by European art films during the 1970s. He is often identified as part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmakers of the mid-1960s to late '70s.^[5] Allen often stars in his own films, typically in the persona he developed as a standup. The best-known of his over 40 films include the Academy Award-winners Annie Hall (1977), Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) and Midnight in Paris (2011); and the Golden Globe-winning The Purple Rose of Cairo (1985). Critic Roger Ebert has described Allen as "a treasure of the cinema."^[6]

He is also a jazz clarinetist who performs regularly at small venues in Manhattan.

Early life [link]

Allen was born Allan Stewart Königsberg in The Bronx and raised in Brooklyn, NY, the son of Nettie (born Cherrie; November 8, 1906 – January 27, 2002), a bookkeeper at her family's delicatessen, and Martin Königsberg (December 25, 1900 – January 13, 2001), a jewelry engraver and waiter.^[7] His family was Jewish and his grandparents were German immigrants who spoke Yiddish, Hebrew, and German;^[8] both of his parents were born and raised on the Lower East Side of Manhattan.^[8] Allen has a sister, Letty, who was born in 1943, and was raised in Midwood, Brooklyn.^[9] His childhood was not particularly happy: his parents did not get along, and he had a rocky relationship with his stern, temperamental mother.^[10] Allen spoke German quite a bit during his early years.^[11] While attending Hebrew school for eight years, he went to Public School 99 (now The Isaac Asimov School for Science and Literature)^[12] and to Midwood High School.^[13] During that time, he lived in an apartment at 1402 Avenue K, between East 14th and 15th Streets.^{[citation needed]} Unlike his comic persona, he was more interested in baseball than school and his strong arms ensured he was the first to be picked for a team.^[14]^[15] He impressed students with his extraordinary talent at card and magic tricks.^[16] To raise money he began writing jokes (or "gags") for the agent David O. Alber, who sold them to newspaper columnists. According to Allen, his first published joke read: "Woody Allen says he ate at a restaurant that had O.P.S. prices – over people's salaries."^[17]

He began to call himself Woody Allen. He would later joke that when he was young he was often sent to inter-faith summer camps, where he "was savagely beaten by children of all races and creeds."^[16] At the age of 17, he legally changed his name to Heywood Allen.^[18] He was already earning more than both of his parents combined.^[14]

After high school, he attended New York University, where he studied communication and film. He later briefly attended City College of New York and soon flunked out. Later, he learned via self-study rather than the classroom.^[15] He eventually taught at The New School. He also studied with writing teacher Lajos Egri.^[15]^p.74

Career [link]

Comedy writer [link]

He became a full-time writer for Herb Shriner, earning $75 a week at first.^[17] At the age of 19, he started writing scripts for The Ed Sullivan Show, The Tonight Show, specials for Sid Caesar post-Caesar's Hour (1954–1957), and other television shows.^[15]^[19]^p.111 By the time he was working for Caesar, he was making $1500 a week; with Caesar he worked alongside Danny Simon, whom Allen credits for helping him to form his writing style.^[17]^[20]

In 1961, he started a new career as a stand-up comedian, debuting in a Greenwich Village club called the Duplex.^[17] Examples of Allen's standup act can be heard on the albums Standup Comic and Nightclub Years 1964–1968 (including his classic routine entitled "The Moose").^[21] Together with his managers, Allen developed a neurotic, nervous, and intellectual persona for his stand-up routine, a successful move which secured regular gigs for him in nightclubs and on television. Allen brought innovation to the comedy monologue genre and his stand-up comedy is considered influential.^[22]

Allen wrote for the popular Candid Camera television show, and appeared in some episodes.^[23]^[24]^[25]

Allen started writing short stories and cartoon captions for magazines such as The New Yorker; he was inspired by the tradition of four prominent New Yorker's humorists, S. J. Perelman, George S. Kaufman, Robert Benchley and Max Shulman, whose material he modernized.^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30] Allen is also an accomplished author having published four collections of his short pieces and plays.^[31]^[32] These are Getting Even, Without Feathers, Side Effects and Mere Anarchy. His early comic fiction was heavily influenced by the zany, pun-ridden humour of S.J. Perelman.

Playwright [link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2011)

He also became a successful Broadway playwright and wrote Don't Drink the Water in 1966. It starred Lou Jacobi, Kay Medford, Anita Gillette and Allen's future movie co-star Tony Roberts. A film adaptation of the play, directed by Howard Morris, was released in 1969, starring Jackie Gleason. Because he was not particularly happy with the 1969 film version of his play, in 1994, Allen directed and starred in a third version for television, with Michael J. Fox and Mayim Bialik.

The next play Allen wrote that was produced on Broadway was Play It Again, Sam, which he also starred in. The play opened on February 12, 1969, and ran for 453 performances. It also featured Diane Keaton and Tony Roberts. Allen, Keaton and Roberts would reprise their roles in the film version of the play, directed by Herbert Ross. For its March 21 issue, Life featured Allen on its cover.^[33] In 1981, his play The Floating Light Bulb premiered on Broadway and ran for 65 performances. While receiving mixed reviews, it was noted for giving an autobiographical insight into Allen's childhood, specifically his fascination with magic tricks. He has written several one-act plays, including 'Riverside Drive' and 'Old Saybrook' which both explore well-known Allen themes.

On October 20, 2011, Allen's one-act play Honeymoon Motel opened as part of a larger piece entitled Relatively Speaking on Broadway, along with two other one-acts by Ethan Coen and Elaine May.^[34]

Early films [link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2011)

His first movie was the Charles K. Feldman production What's New Pussycat? in 1965, for which he wrote the initial screenplay. Warren Beatty hired him to re-write a script and to appear in a small part in the movie. Over the course of the re-write, Beatty's role was lessened and Allen's increased. Beatty was upset and quit the production. Peter O'Toole was hired for the Beatty role, and Peter Sellers was brought in as well; Sellers was a big enough star to demand many of Woody Allen's best lines/scenes, prompting hasty re-writes. Because of this experience, Allen realized the importance of having control of his own writing. Despite the fact that most of his movies do not gross well and the fact that due to the small amounts of money his producers are able to raise he asks his actors to work for far less than what they would normally be paid, Allen remains one of a handful of writers and directors who has been able to maintain complete control over his own work.^{[citation needed]}

Allen's first directorial effort was What's Up, Tiger Lily? (1966, co-written with Mickey Rose), in which an existing Japanese spy movie – Kokusai himitsu keisatsu: Kagi no kagi (1965), "International Secret Police: Key of Keys" – was redubbed in English by Allen and his friends with entirely new, comic dialogue.^{[citation needed]}

Allen also appeared in Feldman's follow-up to What's New Pussycat?, the James Bond spoof Casino Royale. A number of writers contributed to the film, but once again Allen scripted his own sequences, although in this case uncredited.^{[citation needed]}

Allen directed, starred in, and wrote Take the Money and Run in 1969. That same year he starred in his own TV special, The Woody Allen Special. On the show he performed standup comedy routines before a live audience and acted in a sketch with Candice Bergen in which they appeared nude but their bodies were kept hidden from view by the camera. The special also had Allen interviewing evangelist Billy Graham and performances by the pop vocal group The 5th Dimension, singing their hit singles "Workin' On A Groovy Thing" and "Wedding Bell Blues." The show's sponsor, Libby's, broadcast comical commercials starring Tony Randall as a detective.^{[citation needed]}

From 1971 to 1975, Allen co-wrote, directed, and starred in Bananas, Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask), Sleeper, and Love and Death. Take the Money and Run and Bananas were co-written by his childhood friend, Mickey Rose.^{[citation needed]}

In 1972, he wrote and starred in the film version of Play It Again, Sam, which was directed by Herbert Ross and co-starred Diane Keaton. In 1976, he starred in The Front (directed by Martin Ritt) a humorous and poignant account of Hollywood blacklisting during the 1950s.

Then came two of Allen's finest films. Annie Hall won four Academy Awards in 1977, including Best Picture, Best Actress in a Leading Role for Diane Keaton, Best Original Screenplay and Best Director for Woody Allen. Annie Hall set the standard for modern romantic comedy and also started a minor fashion trend with the clothes worn by Diane Keaton in the film (the masculine clothing, such as ties with cardigans, was actually Keaton's own). While in production, its working title was "Anhedonia," a term that means the inability to feel pleasure and its plot revolved around a murder mystery. Allen re-cut the movie after production ended to focus on the romantic comedy between Allen's character, Alvy Singer, and Keaton's character, Annie Hall. The new version, retitled Annie Hall (named after Keaton, Hall being her original last name and Annie a nickname), still deals with the theme of the inability to feel pleasure. The film is ranked at No. 35 on the American Film Institute's "100 Best Movies" and at No. 4 on the AFI list of "100 Best Comedies."

Manhattan, released in 1979, is a black-and-white film that can be viewed as an homage to New York City. As in many other Allen films, the protagonists are upper-middle class academics. The love-hate opinion of cerebral persons found in Manhattan is characteristic of many of Allen's movies including Crimes and Misdemeanors and Annie Hall. Manhattan focuses on the complicated relationship between a middle-aged Isaac Davis (Allen) and a 17-year-old Tracy (Mariel Hemingway).

Between Annie Hall and Manhattan, Allen wrote and directed the dark drama Interiors (1978), in the style of the late Swedish director Ingmar Bergman, one of Allen's chief influences. Interiors represented a departure from Allen's "early, funny" comedies (a line from 1980s Stardust Memories).

1980s [link]

Woody Allen at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival

Allen's 1980s films, even the comedies, have somber and philosophical undertones. Some are influenced by the works of European directors, notably Ingmar Bergman and Federico Fellini.^[35]^[36] September resembles Bergman's Autumn Sonata, and Allen uses many elements from Bergman's Wild Strawberries^[37] in Another Woman. Similarly, the Federico Fellini classic Amarcord strongly inspired Radio Days.^[38] A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy in 1982 was adapted from Ingmar Bergman's Smiles of a Summer Night. It was the first of 13 movies Allen made starring Mia Farrow, who stepped in to Diane Keaton's role when Keaton was busy shooting Reds.

Stardust Memories features Sandy Bates, a successful filmmaker played by Allen, who expresses resentment and scorn for his fans. Overcome by the recent death of a friend from illness, the character states, "I don't want to make funny movies any more" and a running gag has various people (including a group of visiting space aliens) telling Bates that they appreciate his films, "especially the early, funny ones."^[39] Allen believes this to be one of his best films.^[40]

Allen combined tragic and comic elements in such films as Hannah and Her Sisters and Crimes and Misdemeanors, in which he tells two stories that connect at the end. He also produced a vividly idiosyncratic tragi-comical parody of documentary, Zelig.

He made three films about show business: Broadway Danny Rose, in which he plays a New York show business agent, The Purple Rose of Cairo, a movie that shows the importance of the cinema during the Depression through the character of the naive Cecilia, and Radio Days, which is a film about his childhood in Brooklyn and the importance of the radio. Purple Rose was named by Time as one of the 100 best films of all time and Allen has described it as one of his three best films, along with Stardust Memories and Match Point.^[41] (Allen defines them as "best" not in terms of quality but because they came out the closest to his original vision.)

In 1989, Allen teamed up with directors Francis Ford Coppola and Martin Scorsese to make New York Stories, an anthology film about New Yorkers. Allen's short, Oedipus Wrecks, is about a neurotic lawyer and his critical mother. His short pleased critics, but New York Stories bombed at the box office.

1990s [link]

His 1992 film Shadows and Fog is a black-and-white homage to the German expressionists and features the music of Kurt Weill. Allen then made his critically acclaimed drama Husbands and Wives (1992), which received two Oscar nominations: Best Supporting Actress for Judy Davis and Best Original Screenplay for Allen. His film Manhattan Murder Mystery (1993) combined suspense with dark comedy and marked the return of Diane Keaton, Alan Alda and Anjelica Huston.

He returned to lighter movies like Bullets Over Broadway (1994), which earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Director, followed by a musical, Everyone Says I Love You (1996). The singing and dancing scenes in Everyone Says I Love You are similar to many musicals starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. The comedy Mighty Aphrodite (1995), in which Greek drama plays a large role, won an Academy Award for Mira Sorvino. Allen's 1999 jazz-based comedy-drama Sweet and Lowdown was also nominated for two Academy Awards for Sean Penn (Best Actor) and Samantha Morton (Best Supporting Actress). In contrast to these lighter movies, Allen veered into darker satire towards the end of the decade with Deconstructing Harry (1997) and Celebrity (1998). Allen made his only sitcom "appearance" to date (2009) via telephone on the show Just Shoot Me! in a 1997 episode, "My Dinner with Woody" which paid tribute to several of his films. Allen also provided the lead voice in the 1998 animated film Antz, which featured many actors he had worked with and had Allen play a character that was similar to his earlier neurotic roles.

2000s [link]

Small Time Crooks (2000) (a remake of the 1942 film comedy Larceny, Inc., written by S. J. Perelman and starring Edward G. Robinson) was his first film with the DreamWorks studio and represented a change in direction: Allen began giving more interviews and made an attempt to return to his slapstick roots. Small Time Crooks was a relative financial success, grossing over $17 million domestically but Allen's next four films floundered at the box office, including Allen's most expensive film, The Curse of the Jade Scorpion (with a budget of $26 million). Hollywood Ending, Anything Else, and Melinda and Melinda were given "rotten" ratings from film-review website Rotten Tomatoes and each earned less than $4 million domestically.^[42] Some critics claimed that Allen's films since 1999's Sweet and Lowdown were subpar and expressed concern that Allen's best years were now behind him.^[43] Others have been less harsh; reviewing the little-liked Melinda and Melinda, Roger Ebert wrote, "I cannot escape the suspicion that if Woody had never made a previous film, if each new one was Woody's Sundance debut, it would get a better reception. His reputation is not a dead shark but an albatross, which with admirable economy Allen has arranged for the critics to carry around their own necks."^[44] Woody gave his godson Quincy Rose a small part in Melinda and Melinda. Allen was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2001.^[45]

Woody Allen in concert in New York City, 2006

Match Point (2005) was one of Allen's most successful films of the decade, garnering very positive reviews.^[46] Set in London, it starred Jonathan Rhys-Meyers and Scarlett Johansson. It is also markedly darker than Allen's first four films with DreamWorks SKG. In Match Point, Allen shifts his focus from the intellectual upper class of New York to the moneyed upper class of London. It earned more than $23 million domestically (more than any of his films in nearly 20 years) and over $62 million in international box office sales.^[47] Match Point earned Allen his first Academy Award nomination since 1998, for Best Writing – Original Screenplay and also earned directing and writing nominations at the Golden Globes, his first Globe nominations since 1987. In an interview with Premiere Magazine, Allen stated this was the best film he has ever made.^[48]

Allen returned to London to film Scoop, which also starred Johansson, Hugh Jackman, Ian McShane, Kevin McNally and Allen himself. The film was released on July 28, 2006, and received mixed reviews. He has also filmed Cassandra's Dream in London. Cassandra's Dream was released in November 2007, and stars Colin Farrell, Ewan McGregor and Tom Wilkinson.

After finishing his third London film, Allen headed to Spain. He reached an agreement to film Vicky Cristina Barcelona in Avilés, Barcelona and Oviedo, where shooting started on July 9, 2007. The movie stars Scarlett Johansson, Javier Bardem, Rebecca Hall and Penélope Cruz.^[49]^[50] Speaking of his experience there, Allen said: "I'm delighted at being able to work with Mediapro and make a film in Spain, a country which has become so special to me." Vicky Cristina Barcelona was well received, winning "Best Musical or Comedy" at the Golden Globe awards. Penélope Cruz received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the film.

Allen has said that he "survives" on the European market. Audiences there have tended to be more receptive to Allen's films, particularly in Spain, France and Italy – countries where he has a large audience (something joked about in Hollywood Ending). "In the United States things have changed a lot, and it's hard to make good small films now," Allen said in a 2004 interview. "The avaricious studios couldn't care less about good films – if they get a good film they're twice as happy but money-making films are their goal. They only want these $100 million pictures that make $500 million."^[51]

In April 2008, he began filming for a movie focused more towards older audiences starring Larry David, Patricia Clarkson^[52] and Evan Rachel Wood.^[53] Released in 2009, Whatever Works,^[54]^[55] described as a dark comedy, follows the story of a botched suicide attempt turned messy love triangle. Whatever Works was written by Allen in the 1970s and the character now played by Larry David was originally written for Zero Mostel, who died the year Annie Hall came out.

2010s [link]

You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger, filmed in London, stars Antonio Banderas, Josh Brolin, Anthony Hopkins, Anupam Kher, Freida Pinto and Naomi Watts. Filming started in July 2009. It was released theatrically in the US on September 23, 2010, following a Cannes debut in May 2010, and a screening at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 12, 2010. Allen announced that his next film would be titled Midnight in Paris,^[56] starring Adrien Brody, Owen Wilson, Marion Cotillard, Rachel McAdams, Kathy Bates, Michael Sheen, Gad Elmaleh and French First Lady Carla Bruni. The film followed a young engaged couple in Paris who see their lives transformed. It debuted at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival on May 12, 2011. Allen said he wanted to "show the city emotionally," during the press conference. "I just wanted it to be the way I saw Paris – Paris through my eyes," he added.^[57] Midnight in Paris has overthrown Hannah and Her Sisters as Allen's most successful film at the box office in the United States.^[58] It has also opened to much critical acclaim, and has been considered by many critics to mark his return to form.^[59] His next film, To Rome with Love, is a Rome-set comedy slated for a 2012 release. The film will be structured in four different vignettes featuring dialogue in both Italian and English. The film will mark Allen's return to acting since his last role in Scoop.^[60]

Future projects [link]

For many years, Allen wanted to make a film about the origins of jazz in New Orleans. The film, tentatively titled American Blues, would follow the vastly different careers of Louis Armstrong and Sidney Bechet. Allen has stated that the film would cost between $80 and $100 million and is therefore unlikely to be made.^[61]

It was announced in February 2012 that Allen would adapt Bullets Over Broadway into a Broadway musical scheduled to open in 2013.^[62]

Distinction in the film world [link]

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Woody Allen

Life-size statue of Woody Allen in Oviedo, Spain

Over the course of his career, Allen has received a considerable number of awards and distinctions in film festivals and yearly national film awards ceremonies, saluting his work as a director, screenwriter, and actor.^[19]

Allen's film Annie Hall won four Academy Awards in 1977, including Best Picture.
Allen won the 1978 O. Henry Award for his short story The Kugelmass Episode, published in The New Yorker on May 2, 1977.
Allen twice won the César Award for Best Foreign Film, the first in 1980, for Manhattan and the second in 1986, for The Purple Rose of Cairo. Seven other of his movies were nominated for the prize.
In 1986, Allen won the Golden Globe for Best Screenplay for The Purple Rose of Cairo. In 2009 he won the same award for Best Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical for Vicky Cristina Barcelona. In 2012, he won the Best Screenplay award for Midnight in Paris which was also nominated for Best Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical, Best Director and Best Actor (Comedy/musical) – Owen Wilson. Overall, Allen has been nominated five times as Best Director, five times for Best Screenplay and twice for Best Actor (Comedy/musical).
At the 1995 Venice Film Festival, Allen received a Career Golden Lion for lifetime achievement.
In 1996, Allen received a lifetime achievement award from the Directors Guild of America.
In 2002, Allen won the Prince of Asturias Award. Subsequently, the city of Oviedo, Spain, erected a life-size statue of Allen.^[63]
In 2002, Allen received the Palme des Palmes, a special lifetime achievement award granted by the Cannes Festival.^[64]
In a 2005 UK poll The Comedian's Comedian, Allen was voted the third greatest comedy act ever by fellow comedians and comedy insiders.^[4]
In June 2007, Allen received a PhD Honoris Causa from Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona, Spain.

Academy Awards [link]

Woody Allen has won 4 Academy Awards: three Best Original Screenplays (Annie Hall (1978, shared with Marshall Brickman), Hannah and Her Sisters (1987) and Midnight in Paris (2012)), and one Best Director (Annie Hall (1978)). Mr. Allen has been nominated a total of 23 times: 15 as a screenwriter, seven as a director, and once as an actor.^[65] He has more screenwriting Academy Award nominations than any other writer; all are in the Best Original Screenplay category. He is tied for third all-time with seven Best Director nominations.

Annie Hall won four Academy Awards (Best Picture, Best Original Screenplay, Best Director and Best Actress in a Leading Role – Diane Keaton). The film received a fifth nomination, for Allen as Best Actor in a Leading Role. Hannah and Her Sisters won three, for Best Original Screenplay, Best Actor in a Supporting Role and Best Actress in a Supporting Role categories; it was nominated in four other categories, including Best Picture and Best Director.

His actors have regularly received both nominations and Academy Awards for their work in Allen films, particularly in the Best Supporting categories: In 1987 Michael Caine^[66] and Diane Wiest^[67] won for Hannah and Her Sisters^[68], in 1995 Diane Wiest again won for Bullets Over Broadway^[69], in 1996 Mira Sorvino^[70] won for Mighty Aphrodite ^[71], and in 2009 Penelope Cruz^[72] won for Vicky Cristina Barcelona.^[73]

Despite friendly recognition from the Academy, Allen has consistently refused to attend the ceremony or acknowledge his Oscar wins. He broke this pattern only once. At the Academy Awards ceremony in 2002, Allen made an unannounced appearance, making a plea for producers to continue filming their movies in New York City after the 9-11 attacks, where he stated, "I didn't have to present anything. I didn't have to accept anything. I just had to talk about New York City."^[74] He was given a standing ovation before introducing a montage of movie clips featuring New York.

BAFTA [link]

Allen has won a number of British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) awards and nominations for best picture, best director, best actor, and best screenplay. In 1997, he received the honorary BAFTA Fellowship for his work.

1978 – Won – Best Film – Annie Hall
1978 – Won – Best Screenplay – Annie Hall (with Marshall Brickman)
1978 – Won – Best Direction – Annie Hall
1980 – Won – Best Film – Manhattan
1980 – Won – Best Screenplay – Manhattan (with Marshall Brickman)
1985 – Won – Best Screenplay – Broadway Danny Rose
1986 – Won – Best Film – The Purple Rose of Cairo
1986 – Won – Best Screenplay – The Purple Rose of Cairo
1987 – Won – Best Screenplay – Hannah and Her Sisters
1987 – Won – Best Direction – Hannah and Her Sisters
1993 – Won – Best Screenplay – Husbands and Wives
2012 – Nominated – Best Screenplay – Midnight in Paris
Nominated for best film for Hannah and Her Sisters, Radio Days, Crimes and Misdemeanors.
Nominated for best actor for Annie Hall, Manhattan, Hannah and Her Sisters.
Nominated for best director for Manhattan, Crimes and Misdemeanors.
Nominated for best screenplay for Zelig, Radio Days, Crimes and Misdemeanors, and Bullets Over Broadway (with Douglas McGrath).

Theatre [link]

Although best known for his films, Allen has also enjoyed a very successful career in theater, starting as early as 1960, when Allen wrote sketches for the revue From A to Z. His first great success was Don't Drink the Water, which opened in 1968, and ran for 598 performances for almost two years on Broadway. His success continued with Play it Again, Sam, which opened in 1969, starring Allen and Diane Keaton. The show played for 453 performances and was nominated for three Tony Awards, although none of the nominations were for Allen's writing or acting.^[75]

In the 1970s, Allen wrote a number of one-act plays, most notably God and Death, which were published in his 1975 collection Without Feathers.

In 1981, Allen's play The Floating Light Bulb opened on Broadway. The play was a critical success but a commercial flop. Despite two Tony Award nominations, a Tony win for the acting of Brian Backer (who also won the 1981 Theater World Award and a Drama Desk Award for his work), the play only ran for 62 performances.^[76] As of January 2008^[update], it is the last Allen work that ran on Broadway.

After a long hiatus from the stage, Allen returned to the theater in 1995, with the one-act Central Park West, an installment in an evening of theater known as Death Defying Acts that was also made up of new work by David Mamet and Elaine May.^[77]

For the next couple of years, Allen had no direct involvement with the stage, yet notable productions of his work were being staged. A production of God was staged at The Bank of Brazil Cultural Center in Rio de Janeiro,^[78] and theatrical adaptations of Allen's films Bullets Over Broadway^[79] and September^[80] were produced in Italy and France, respectively, without Allen's involvement. In 1997, rumors of Allen returning to the theater to write a starring role for his wife Soon-Yi Previn turned out to be false.^[81]

In 2003, Allen finally returned to the stage with Writer's Block, an evening of two one-acts – Old Saybrook and Riverside Drive – that played Off-Broadway. The production marked the stage-directing debut for Allen.^[82] The production sold out its entire run.^[83]

Also that year, reports of Allen writing the book for a musical based on Bullets Over Broadway surfaced, but no show ever formulated.^[84] In 2004, Allen's first full-length play since 1981, A Second Hand Memory,^[85] was directed by Allen and enjoyed an extended run Off-Broadway.^[83]

In June 2007, it was announced that Allen would make two more creative debuts in the theater, directing a work that he did not write and directing an opera – a re-interpretation of Puccini's Gianni Schicchi for the Los Angeles Opera^[86] – which debuted at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion on September 6, 2008.^[87] Commenting on his direction of the opera, Allen said, "I have no idea what I'm doing." His production of the opera opened the Festival of Two Worlds in Spoleto, Italy, in June 2009.^[88]

In October 2011, Woody Allen's one-act play called Honeymoon Motel premiered as one in a series of one act plays on Broadway titled Relatively Speaking.^[89] Also contributing to the plays are Elaine May and Ethan Coen with John Turturro directing.^[90]

Marriages and relationships [link]

Harlene Rosen [link]

At age 19, Allen married 16-year-old Harlene Rosen.^[91] The marriage lasted from 1954 to 1959. Time stated that the years were "nettling" and "unsettling."^[91]

Rosen, whom Allen referred to in his standup act as "the Dread Mrs. Allen," later sued Allen for defamation due to comments at a TV appearance shortly after their divorce. Allen tells a different story on his mid-1960s standup album Standup Comic. In his act, Allen said that Rosen sued him because of a joke he made in an interview. Rosen had been sexually assaulted outside her apartment and according to Allen, the newspapers reported that she "had been violated." In the interview, Allen said, "Knowing my ex-wife, it probably wasn't a moving violation." In a later interview on The Dick Cavett Show, Allen brought the incident up again where he repeated his comments and stated that the amount that he was being sued for was "$1 million."

Louise Lasser [link]

Allen married Louise Lasser in 1966. They divorced in 1969, and Allen did not marry again until 1997. Lasser appeared in three Allen films after the divorce – Take the Money and Run, Bananas, and Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask) – and made a brief appearance in Stardust Memories.

Diane Keaton [link]

In 1970, Allen cast Diane Keaton in his Broadway show, Play It Again, Sam. During the run she and Allen became romantically involved and although they broke up after a year, she continued to star in a number of his films, including Sleeper as a futuristic poet and Love and Death as a composite character based on the novels of Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. Annie Hall was very important in Allen and Keaton's careers. It is said that the role was written specifically for her as Diane Keaton's given name is Diane Hall. She then starred in Interiors as a poet, followed by Manhattan. In 1987, she had a cameo as a night-club singer in Radio Days and was chosen to replace Mia Farrow in the co-starring role for Manhattan Murder Mystery after Allen and Farrow began having troubles with their personal and working relationship while making this film. Keaton has not worked with Allen since Manhattan Murder Mystery. Since the end of their romantic relationship, Keaton and Allen have remained close friends.^[92]

Stacey Nelkin [link]

The film Manhattan is said by the Los Angeles Times^[93] to be widely known to have been based on his romantic relationship with the actress Stacey Nelkin. Her bit part in Annie Hall ended up on the cutting room floor, and their relationship, though never publicly acknowledged by Allen, reportedly began when she was 17 years old and a student at New York's Stuyvesant High School.^[94]^[95]^[96]

Mia Farrow [link]

Around 1980, Allen began a relationship with actress Mia Farrow, who had leading roles in several of his movies from 1982 to 1992. Farrow and Allen never married and kept separate homes^[97] but they adopted two children, Dylan Farrow (who changed her name to Eliza and is now known as Malone) and Moshe Farrow (now known as Moses); they also had one biological child, Satchel Farrow (now known as Ronan Seamus Farrow). Allen did not adopt any of Farrow's other family, including Soon-Yi Farrow Previn (the adopted daughter of Farrow and André Previn, now known as Soon-Yi Previn). Allen and Farrow separated in 1992, after Farrow discovered nude photographs that Allen had taken of a then 20-year-old Soon-Yi.^[98] In her autobiography, What Falls Away (New York: Doubleday, 1997), Farrow says that Allen admitted to a relationship with Soon-Yi.^[99]

After Allen and Farrow separated, a long public legal battle for the custody of their three children began. During the proceedings, Farrow alleged that Allen had sexually molested their adopted daughter Dylan, who was then seven years old. The judge eventually concluded that the sex abuse charges were inconclusive^[100] but called Allen's conduct with Soon-Yi "grossly inappropriate." She called the report of the team that investigated the issue "sanitized and therefore, less credible" and added that she had "reservations about the reliability of the report."^[101] Farrow won custody of their children. Allen was denied visitation rights with Malone and could see Ronan only under supervision. Moses, who was then 14, chose not to see Allen.^[101]

In a 2005 Vanity Fair interview,^[102] Allen estimated that, despite the scandal's damage to his reputation, Farrow's discovery of Allen's attraction to Soon-Yi Previn by finding nude photographs of her was "just one of the fortuitous events, one of the great pieces of luck in my life. . . It was a turning point for the better." Of his relationship with Farrow, he said, "I'm sure there are things that I might have done differently. . . Probably in retrospect I should have bowed out of that relationship much earlier than I did." In a report June 22, 2011, Reuters quoted Allen as saying, "What was the scandal? I fell in love with this girl, married her. We have been married for almost 15 years now. There was no scandal, but people refer to it all the time as a scandal and I kind of like that in a way because when I go I would like to say I had one real juicy scandal in my life."^[103]

Soon-Yi Previn [link]

Soon-Yi Previn and Allen at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival

After ending his relationship with Mia Farrow in 1992, Allen continued his relationship with Soon-Yi Previn. Even though Allen never married Mia Farrow^[97]^[104] and was never Previn's legal stepfather, the relationship between Allen and Previn has often been referred to as a father involved romantically with his stepdaughter^[105] since he had been perceived as being in Previn's life in a father-like capacity. For example, in 1991, The New York Times described Allen's family life by reporting, "Few married couples seem more married. They are constantly in touch with each other, and not many fathers spend as much time with their children as Allen does."^[97] Despite assertions from Previn that Allen was never a father figure to her,^[106] the relationship became a scandal. In 1991, when the relationship started, Allen was 56 and Previn was 21. Asked whether their age difference was conducive to "a healthy, equal relationship," Allen said equality is not necessarily a requirement in a relationship and said, "The heart wants what it wants. There's no logic to those things. You meet someone and you fall in love and that's that."^[107]

Allen and Previn married on December 24, 1997, in the Palazzo Cavalli in Venice. The couple have adopted two daughters, naming them Bechet and Manzie Tio^[108] after jazz musicians Sidney Bechet, Manzie Johnson and Lorenzo Tio, Jr.

Allen and Farrow's biological son, Ronan Seamus Farrow, is widely quoted, without source or date, as disparaging Allen and having said he cannot see him.

Clarinetist [link]

Woody Allen with Jerry Zigmont and Simon Wettenhall performing at Vienne Jazz Festival, Vienne, France, September 20, 2003

Allen is a passionate fan of jazz, which is often featured prominently in the soundtracks to his films. He began playing as a child and took his stage name from clarinetist Woody Herman.^[109] He has performed publicly at least since the late 1960s, notably with the Preservation Hall Jazz Band on the soundtrack of Sleeper.^[110] One of his earliest televised performances was on The Dick Cavett Show on October 20, 1971.^[111]

Woody Allen and his New Orleans Jazz Band have been playing each Monday evening at Manhattan's Carlyle Hotel for many years^[112] (as of 2011,^[113] specializing in classic New Orleans jazz from the early twentieth century).^[114] The documentary film Wild Man Blues (directed by Barbara Kopple) documents a 1996 European tour by Allen and his band, as well as his relationship with Previn. The band has released two CDs: The Bunk Project (1993) and the soundtrack of Wild Man Blues (1997).

Allen and his band played the Montreal Jazz Festival on two consecutive nights in June 2008.^[115]

Significant works about Woody Allen [link]

File:Insidewoodyallen.png

A panel from Stuart Hample's Inside Woody Allen comic strip

Apart from Wild Man Blues, directed by Barbara Kopple, there are a number of other documentaries featuring Woody Allen, including the 2002 cable-television documentary Woody Allen: a Life in Film, directed by Time film critic Richard Schickel, which interlaces interviews of Allen with clips of his films, and Meetin' WA, a short interview of Allen by French director Jean-Luc Godard. In 2011 the PBS series American Masters co-produced a comprehensive documentary about him, Woody Allen: a Documentary directed by Robert B. Weide.

From 1976 to 1984, Stuart Hample wrote and drew Inside Woody Allen, a comic strip based on Allen's film persona.

Psychoanalysis [link]

Allen spent over 37 years undergoing psychoanalysis. Many of his films contain references to psychoanalysis. Even the film Antz, an animated feature in which Allen contributes the voice of lead character Z, opens with a classic piece of Allen analysis shtick.

Moment Magazine says, "It drove his self-absorbed work." John Baxter, author of Woody Allen – A Biography, wrote, "Allen obviously found analysis stimulating, even exciting."^[116]

Allen says he ended his psychoanalysis visits around the time he began his relationship with Previn. He says he still is claustrophobic and agoraphobic.^[102]

Filmography [link]

Main article: Woody Allen filmography

Allen's films span six decades, starting with 1965's What's New Pussycat?. He has written, directed, and starred in many of them, including films such as Annie Hall (1977), Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), and Husbands and Wives (1992), all of which earned major awards. Originally known for his comedies, his early successes were followed by his first purely dramatic work, Interiors (1978).

Theatre works [link]

In addition to directing, writing, and acting in films, Allen has written and performed in a number of Broadway theater productions.

Year	Title	Credit	Venue
1960	From A to Z	Writer (book)	Plymouth Theatre
1966	Don't Drink the Water	Writer	Coconut Grove Playhouse, Florida
1969	Play It Again, Sam	Writer, Performer (Allan Felix)	Broadhurst Theatre^[117]
1975	God	Writer	—
1975	Death	Writer	—
1981	The Floating Light Bulb	Writer	Vivian Beaumont Theatre
1995	Central Park West	Writer	Variety Arts Theatre
2003	Old Saybrook	Writer, Director	Atlantic Theatre Company
2003	Riverside Drive	Writer, Director	Atlantic Theatre Company
2004	A Second Hand Memory	Writer, Director	Atlantic Theater Company
2011	Honeymoon Motel	Writer	Brooks Atkinson Theatre

Bibliography [link]

Published plays [link]

Don't Drink the Water: A comedy in two acts (1967), ASIN B0006BSWBW
Play It Again, Sam (1969), ISBN 0-394-40663-X
God: A comedy in one act (1975), ISBN 0-573-62201-9
The Floating Light Bulb (1981)
Three One-Act Plays: Riverside Drive / Old Saybrook / Central Park West (2003), ISBN 0-8129-7244-9
Writer's Block: Two One-Act Plays (2005), ISBN 0-573-62630-8 (includes Riverside Drive and Old Saybrook)
A Second Hand Memory: A drama in two acts (2005)
The one-act plays God and Death are both included in Allen's 1975 collection Without Feathers (see below).

Short stories [link]

Getting Even (1971), ISBN 0-394-47348-5
Without Feathers (1975), ISBN 0-394-49743-0
- "The Whore of Mensa" (1974)^[118]
Side Effects (1980), ISBN 0-394-51104-2
Mere Anarchy (2007), ISBN 978-1-4000-6641-4

Anthologies [link]

Complete Prose of Woody Allen (1992), ISBN 0-517-07229-7. (Collection of Allen's short stories first published in Getting Even, Without Feathers and Side Effects.)
The Insanity Defense: The Complete Prose. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8129-7811-7.

Chapbook [link]

Lunatic's Tale (1986), ISBN 1-55628-001-7 (Short story previously included in Side Effects.)

References [link]

^ Steven Silverman (November 6, 1997). Woody's New Girl People. Accessed 2008-01-19.
^ Gross, Terry (2009/2012). "Woody Allen: Blending Real Life With Fiction." URL accessed 07 April 2012.
^ Comedy Central's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups of all Time. Everything2.com (2004-04-18). Retrieved on 2012-05-04.
^ ^a ^b Thorpe, Vanessa (January 2, 2005). "Cook tops poll of comedy greats". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/jan/02/arts.artsnews.
^ Newton, Michael (January 13, 2012). "Woody Allen: cinema's great experimentalist". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2012/jan/13/woody-allen-michael-newton. Retrieved April 9, 2012. "In the 1970s, Allen looked irreverent, hip, a part of the New Hollywood generation. In an age of 'auteurs', he was the auteur personified, the writer, director and star of his films, active in the editing, choosing the soundtrack, initiating the projects"
^ "Midnight in Paris :: rogerebert.com :: Reviews". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. May 25, 2011. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110524/REVIEWS/110529987. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
^ "Woody Allen Biography (1935–)". Filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/33/Woody-Allen.html. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ ^a ^b "The religion of Woody Allen, director and actor". http://www.adherents.com/people/pa/Woody_Allen.html. Retrieved January 16, 2008.
^ Andy Newman; Corey Kilgannon (June 5, 2002). "Curse of the Jaded Audience: Woody Allen, in Art and Life". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/05/nyregion/curse-of-the-jaded-audience-woody-allen-in-art-and-life.html. Retrieved January 16, 2008. "'I think he's slacked off the last few movies', said Norman Brown, 70, a retired draftsman from Mr. Allen's old neighborhood, Midwood, Brooklyn, who said he had seen nearly all of Mr. Allen's 33 films."
^ "The Unruly Life of Woody Allen". The New York Times. March 5, 2000. http://partners.nytimes.com/books/first/m/meade-woody.html. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ "The Religious Affiliation of Woody Allen, Influential Director and Actor". Adherents.com. http://www.adherents.com/people/pa/Woody_Allen.html. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ Meade, Marion (2000). The unruly life of Woody Allen: a biography. New York: Scribner. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-684-83374-3. OCLC 42291110.
^ The principal of P.S. 99 was Mrs. Eudora Fletcher; Allen has used her name for characters in several of his films.
^ ^a ^b "Woody Allen On Life, Films And Whatever Works". June 15, 2009. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105400872.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Eric Lax (December 26, 2000). Woody Allen: a biography (2nd ed.). Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80985-9. OCLC 45714340.
^ ^a ^b "Woody Allen : Comedian Profile". http://www.comedy-zone.net/standup/comedian/a/allen-woody.htm. Retrieved January 16, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Woody Allen: Rabbit Running". Time. July 3, 1972. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877848-2,00.html. Retrieved June 8, 2007.
^ Woody Allen at Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ ^a ^b "IMDb: Woody Allen". http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000095/+IMDb+profile. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
^ Bernstein, Adam. "TV Comedy Writer Danny Simon Dies". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/27/AR2005072702568_pf.html. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
^ "Woody Allen – The Moose". YouTube. August 21, 2007. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmnLRVWgnXU. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ Scanzi, Andrea (2002) (in Italian). Man on the moon, interview with comedian Daniele Luttazzi. Il Mucchio Selvaggio. "Woody Allen per un monologhista è fondamentale. E' la forma aurea del monologo. Se uno vuole fare il monologhista, che è un genere a parte come il mimo, deve ispirarsi a Woody Allen. Non ci si improvvisa monologhisti. Dalla scelta di argomenti alla loro esposizione, lui è il modello. [...] Woody Allen ha fatto cose molto nuove. Negli anni si è spostato verso la commedia sofisticata alla Lubitsch, o alla Wilder, perdendo però quell'aspetto surreale che era ciò per cui più lo amavo. Il mio film della vita è Ciao Pussycat. C'era il meglio di quella generazione, che proprio allora si affacciava alla vita artistica. Era un film surreale, assurdo. Allen lo ha sconfessato, dicendo che era senza capo né coda. Ma no, Ciao Pussycat era una formless comedy. Una "commedia senza forma", come quella dei fratelli Marx. Un film comico non ha bisogno della trama, quella deve essere esilissima, il resto devono essere tutte intuizioni comiche. All'epoca lui faceva film meravigliosi che erano una sequenza continua di gag. Oggi ha aggiunto la trama, la storia, sottraendo le invenzioni comiche. Volendo essere per forza Lubitsch, ha finito col non essere più Woody Allen. Prendi i soldi e scappa, Il dormiglione, Amore e guerra erano eccezionali."
^ "Woody Allen Candid Camera Must See". YouTube. February 15, 2009. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYpROqeKRMY. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ O'Connor, John J. (February 17, 1987). "TV Reviews; 'Candid Camera' Marks 40 Years With a Special". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/17/arts/tv-reviews-candid-camera-marks-40-years-with-a-special.html?src=pm. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ "Woody Allen = IMDb". http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000095/. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ Daniele Luttazzi, preface to the Italian translation of Allen's trilogy Complete prose, ISBN 978-88-452-3307-4 p. 7 quote: "Uno dei tanti meriti di Allen e' quello di aver reso moderno l'arsenale comico della tradizione cui si ispira, quella dei monumentali umoristi della rivista New Yorker (Perelman, Kaufman, Benchley e Shulman)". [1]. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
^ Allen, W. (October 24, 2004) "I Appreciate George S. Kaufman", The New York Times.
^ Woody Allen: Rabbit Running. Time. July 3, 1972. pp. 5–6 quote: "I never had a teacher who made the least impression on me, if you ask me who are my heroes, the answer is simple and truthful: George S. Kaufman and the Marx Brothers."
^ Michiko Kakutani (1995) "Woody Allen". This interview is part I of the series The Art of Humor, published by Paris Review v37, n136 (Fall, 1995):200 (23 pages). [2]
^ David Galef (February 21, 2003). "Getting Even: Literary Posterity and the Case for Woody Allen". South Atlantic Review (South Atlantic Modern Language Association) 64 (2): 146–160. DOI:10.2307/3201987. JSTOR 3201987.
^ "Amazon.com: The Insanity Defense – The Complete Prose". amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/Insanity-Defense-Complete-Prose/dp/0812978110/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1320523358&sr=1-1. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ "Amazon.com: Woody Allen plays: Books". Amazon. http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&field-keywords=Woody+Allen+plays&x=13&y=12. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ "1969 LIFE Magazine Cover Art". http://www.2neatmagazines.com/life/1969cover.html. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
^ "Official Website". http://www.relativelyspeakingbroadway.com.
^ Corliss, Richard (August 1, 2007). "Woody Allen on Ingmar Bergman". Time. http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1648917,00.html. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
^ Kington, Tom (August 1, 2007). "Guradian—Fellini a Woody Allen influence". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/23/federico-fellini-foundation-legacy. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
^ Roger Ebert (November 18, 1988). "Another Woman". Chicago Sun-Times. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19881118/REVIEWS/811180301/1023. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ Roger Ebert (January 30, 1987). "Radio Days". Chicago Sun-Times. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19870130/REVIEWS/701300302/1023. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ "Stardust Memories review". http://triviana.com/film/sfilm/stmem.htm. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
^ David Kamp (November 18, 2007). "Woody Talks". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/books/review/Kamp-t.html. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ Jason Matloff. "Woody Allen Speaks!". Premiere Magazine. Archived from the original on March 17, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060317120401/http://www.premiere.com/article.asp?section_id=6&article_id=2539&page_number=1&print_page=y. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
^ "Woody Allen – Rotten Tomatoes Celebrity Profile". http://www.rottentomatoes.com/p/woody_allen. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
^ "Melinda and Melinda review (2004) Woody Allen – Qwipster's Movie Reviews". http://www.qwipster.net/melindamelinda.htm. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
^ Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2007. Google Books. November 1, 2006. ISBN 978-0-7407-6157-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=LtJgv-f-nl8C&pg=PA451&lpg=PA451&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
^ "Match Point Reviews". Metacritic. http://www.metacritic.com/movie/match-point. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
^ "Box Office Mojo – People Index". http://www.boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?view=Director&id=woodallen.html. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
^ Matloff, Jason (February 2006). "Woody Allen's European Vacation". Premiere 19 (5): 98–101. http://jasonmatloff.com/selected-articles/woody-allens-european-vacation/. "I think it turned out to be the best film I've ever made."
^ "Woody Allen's Next Star: Penelope Cruz – Celebrity Gossip". FOX News. February 1, 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,249259,00.html. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
^ Hopewell, John (January 2, 2006). "Spain woos Woody". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117935397. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
^ Garfield, Simon (August 8, 2004). "Why I love London". The Guardian (UK). http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,6737,1278451,00.html. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
^ "Watch out for our Emma in Woody Allen's next movie". Daily Mail (London). March 7, 2008. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/showbiz/bazbamigboye.html?in_article_id=528290&in_page_id=1794. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
^ "Larry David, Evan Rachel Wood to star in Woody Allen's next movie". Hollywood Insider. Archived from the original on February 18, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080218035906/http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2008/02/larry-david-to.html?xid=rss-cnn-todayslatest-20080206-Allen+casts+Larry+David,+Evan+Rachel+Wood. Retrieved February 7, 2008.
^ Barnes, Jessica (July 31, 2008). "Woody Allen Reveals Latest Movie Title: 'Whatever Works'". Cinematical. http://www.cinematical.com/2008/07/31/woody-allen-reveals-latest-movie-title-whatever-works. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ Mark Harris (May 24, 2009). "Twilight of the Tummlers". New York. http://nymag.com/movies/features/56930/. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
^ McNary, Dave (April 22, 20010). "Woody Allen reveals details of upcoming pic". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118018163.html. Retrieved April 22, 2010.
^ "Woody Allen's film featuring Carla Bruni opens Cannes Film Festival". Radio France Internationale. http://www.english.rfi.fr/culture/20110512-woody-allens-film-featuring-carla-bruni-opens-cannes-film-festival. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
^ "How Did 'Midnight in Paris' Become Woody Allen's Top-Grossing Movie". Moviefone. http://blog.moviefone.com/2011/08/02/midnight-in-paris-woody-allen-highest-grossing-box-office/. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ Stephanie Zacharek REVIEW: Woody Allen Returns to Form For Real This Time With Midnight in Paris. Movie-Line (2011-05-19). Retrieved November 20, 2011.
^ "Woody Allen adds himself to the cast of his next picture". National Post. http://arts.nationalpost.com/2011/05/09/woody-allen-adds-himself-to-the-cast-of-his-next-picture/. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
^ Lax, Eric. Conversations with Woody Allen. Alfred A. Knopf. 2007. pp. 315–316 ISBN 1-4000-3149-4.
^ Healy, Patrick (February 23, 2012). "'Bullets Over Broadway' Is Heading There". The New York Times. http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/23/allen-taking-bullets-over-broadway-to-broadway/. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
^ "Neatorama". Neatorama. June 9, 2006. http://www.neatorama.com/2006/06/09/woody-allen-visits-woody-allen/. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ Mitchell, Elvis. Critic's Notebook; Embracing The Auteurs At Cannes", The New York Times, May 18, 2002.
^ Awards for Woody Allen. IMDb.com
^ Awards for Michael Caine (I). IMDb.com
^ Awards for Diane Wiest. IMDb.com
^ Awards for Hannah and Her Sisters (1986). IMDb.com
^ Awards for Bullets Over Broadway (1994). IMDb.com
^ Awards for Mira Sorvino. IMDb.com
^ Awards for Mighty Aphrodite (1995). IMDb.com
^ Awards for Penélope Cruz. IMDb.com
^ Awards for Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008). IMDb.com
^ Ty Burr (February 21, 2003). "Deconstructing Woody". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 19, 2007. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,346426__422878,00.html. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
^ The Broadway League (March 14, 1970). "Internet Broadway Database: Play It Again, Sam Production Credits". Ibdb. http://www.ibdb.com/production.asp?ID=2849. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ The Broadway League. "Internet Broadway Database: The Floating Light Bulb Production Credits". Ibdb.com. http://www.ibdb.com/production.asp?ID=4112. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ "Death Defying Acts and No One Shall Be Immune – David Mamet Society". Mamet.eserver.org. http://mamet.eserver.org/review/1995/death.html. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ "Allen's God Shows Up in Rio, Jan. 16". Playbill. January 15, 1998. http://www.playbill.com/news/article/36475.html. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ "Playbill News: Woody Allen Adaptation Debuts at Italian Theater Festival, Aug. 1". Playbill. July 31, 1998. http://www.playbill.com/news/article/40306.html. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ "Playbill News: Stage Version of Woody Allen's September to Bow in France, Sept. 16". Playbill. September 15, 1999. http://www.playbill.com/news/article/47752.html. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ "NY Post: Woody Allen Penning Play for Soon-Yi Previn". Playbill. December 31, 1997. http://www.playbill.com/news/article/36263.html. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ "Playbill News: Woody Allen's Writer's Block, with Neuwirth and Reiser, Opens Off Broadway May 15". Playbill. http://www.playbill.com/news/article/79561.html. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Playbill News: Two Weeks Added to Woody Allen's New Play, Second Hand Memory, at Off-Bway's Atlantic". Playbill. http://www.playbill.com/news/article/89553.html. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ "Playbill News: Work Continues of Musical Version of Bullets Over Broadway". Playbill. July 17, 2003. http://www.playbill.com/news/article/80729.html. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ "Playbill News: Woody Allen Directs His Second Hand Memory, Opening Nov. 22 Off-Broadway". Playbill. http://www.playbill.com/news/article/89716.html. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ "Woody Allen makes debut at opera". BBC News (BBC). September 8, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7603731.stm. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
^ Tommasini, Anthony (September 7, 2008). "Puccini With a Sprinkling of Woody Allen Whimsy". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/08/arts/music/08trit.html. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
^ Itzkoff, Dave (May 7, 2009). "Woody Allen's Puccini Goes to Spoleto". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/08/arts/music/08arts-WOODYALLENSP_BRF.html. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
^ Relatively Speaking relativelyspeakingbroadway.com, accessed January 4, 2012
^ Charles Isherwood (October 20, 2011). "Each Family, Tortured in Its Own Way". The New York Times. http://theater.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/reviews/relatively-speaking-at-brooks-atkinson-theater-review.html.
^ ^a ^b "Woody Allen: Rabbit Running". Time: p. 3. July 3, 1972. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877848-3,00.html. Retrieved August 4, 2009.
^ Q&A: Diane Keaton. CBS News. February 18, 2004. Retrieved February 21, 2006.
^ "Stacey Nelkin". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-hween-teen-nelkin,0,5813645.photo. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
^ Fox, Julian. Woody: Movies from Manhattan. New York: Overlook Press, 1996. pp. 111–112 ISBN 0-87951-692-5.
^ Baxter, John. Woody Allen: A Biography. New York: Caroll & Graf., 1998. pp. 226, 248, 249, 250, 253, 273–4, 385, 416 ISBN 0-7867-0807-7.
^ Bailey, Peter J. [http://books.google.com/books?id=Z5rGWBIW_FgC&printsec=frontcover The Reluctant Film Art of Woody Allen. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2001. p. 61 ISBN 0-8131-9041-X.
^ ^a ^b ^c Eric Lax (February 24, 1991). "Woody and Mia: A New York Story". The New York Times: p. 5 of 12. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/24/magazine/woody-and-mia-a-new-york-story.html?pagewanted=5&src=pm. Retrieved November 21, 2011. "They are not married, neither do they live together; their apartments face each other across Central Park."
^ Kathryn Harrison. "Intimate Strangers". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/02/23/reviews/970223.23harrist.html. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ Tom Gliatto. "A Family Affair". People.com. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20108514,00.html. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ Brozan, Nadine. "Chronicle", The New York Times, May 13, 1994.
^ ^a ^b Peter Marks. "Allen Loses to Farrow in Bitter Custody Battle". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/02/23/reviews/farrow-verdict.html. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Biskind, Peter (December 2005). "Reconstructing Woody". Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2005/12/woodyallen200512. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ Kearney, Christine (June 22, 2011). "Just A Minute With: Woody Allen on nostalgia, scandal". Reuters. http://ca.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idCATRE75L1OV20110622. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
^ Glenn Collins, "Mixed Reviews Greet Woody Allen Marriage", The New York Times, December 25, 1997. Retrieved January 23, 2010.
^ Hornblow, Deborah. "Entertainment", Los Angeles Times, August 30, 2001.
^ Isaacson, Walter; Soon-Yi Farrow Previn. "Soon-Yi: Woody Was Not My Father", Time, August 31, 1992.
^ "The heart wants what it wants" Walter Isaacson; Woody Allen, August 31, 1992, Time..
^ "Woody Allen Ventures Out With Soon-Yi and the Kids". The New York Observer. http://www.observer.com/2008/o2/woody-allen-ventures-out-public-appearance-wife-and-children.
^ Victor Gonzalez (September 19, 2011). "Woody Allen and His New Orleans Jazz Band Announce Miami Beach Haunukkah Show". Miami New Times. http://blogs.miaminewtimes.com/crossfade/2011/09/woody_allen_new_orleans_jazz_band_miami_beach_hanukkah_show.php. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ Jeff Stafford. "Sleeper". Turner Classic Movies. http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/33752%7C0/Sleeper.html. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ Stuart Galbraith IV (February 21, 2006). "The Dick Cavett Show: Comic Legends DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video". dvdtalk.com. http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/20274/dick-cavett-show-comic-legends-the/. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ Erik Olsen (October 19, 2005). "New York City: Catch Woody Allen at the Cafe Carlyle". gadling.com. http://www.gadling.com/2005/10/19/new-york-city-catch-woody-allen-at-the-cafe-carlyle/. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ Krisanne Alcantara (March 3, 2011). "Woody Allen Plays Jazz at the Carlyle Hotel". nearsay.com. http://newyork.nearsay.com/nyc/upper-east-side/nightlife-woody-allen-carlyle-hotel-bemelmans-bar-jazz-clarinet. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ "New Orleans Trombone, Jerry Zigmont – Jazz Trombone, Eddy Davis & His New Orleans Jazz Band featuring Woody Allen, Cafe Carlyle, Woody Allen Band". http://www.woodyallenband.com. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
^ "Concert: Woody Allen And His New Orleans Jazz Band – Festival International de Jazz de Montreal". Montreal Jazz Festival. http://www.montrealjazzfest.com/program/concert.aspx?id=340. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ "Moment Mag". Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070311035947/http://www.momentmag.com/archive/dec99/feat1.html. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
^ "Woody Allen Biography (1935–)". filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/33/Woody-Allen.html. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
^ Remnick, David (ed.). Wonderful Town. New York Stories from The New Yorker. New York: The Modern Library, 2001. 48–53.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Woody Allen

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Woody Allen

The Official Site of Woody Allen
Woody Allen at the Internet Movie Database
Woody Allen at AllRovi
Woody Allen at the TCM Movie Database
Woody Allen at the Internet Broadway Database
Woody Allen on National Public Radio in 2009
Woody Allen at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Appearances on C-SPAN
Works by or about Woody Allen in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Woody Allen collected news and commentary at The Guardian
Woody Allen collected news and commentary at The New York Times

v t e Films directed by Woody Allen

1960s	What's Up, Tiger Lily? (1966) Take the Money and Run (1969)

1970s	Bananas (1971) Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex (But Were Afraid to Ask) (1972) Sleeper (1973) Love and Death (1975) Annie Hall (1977) Interiors (1978) Manhattan (1979)

1980s	Stardust Memories (1980) A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy (1982) Zelig (1983) Broadway Danny Rose (1984) The Purple Rose of Cairo (1985) Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) Radio Days (1987) September (1987) Another Woman (1988) New York Stories (segment "Oedipus Wrecks", 1989) Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989)

1990s	Alice (1990) Shadows and Fog (1991) Husbands and Wives (1992) Manhattan Murder Mystery (1993) Bullets Over Broadway (1994) Don't Drink the Water (1994) Mighty Aphrodite (1995) Everyone Says I Love You (1996) Deconstructing Harry (1997) Celebrity (1998) Sweet and Lowdown (1999)

2000s	Small Time Crooks (2000) The Curse of the Jade Scorpion (2001) Hollywood Ending (2002) Anything Else (2003) Melinda and Melinda (2004) Match Point (2005) Scoop (2006) Cassandra's Dream (2007) Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008) Whatever Works (2009)

2010s	You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger (2010) Midnight in Paris (2011) To Rome with Love (2012)

Short films	Men of Crisis: The Harvey Wallinger Story (1971) Sounds from a Town I Love (2001)

See also	Filmography Awards and nominations

Awards for Woody Allen

v t e Academy Award for Best Director (1961–1980)

Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise (1961) David Lean (1962) Tony Richardson (1963) George Cukor (1964) Robert Wise (1965) Fred Zinnemann (1966) Mike Nichols (1967) Carol Reed (1968) John Schlesinger (1969) Franklin J. Schaffner (1970) William Friedkin (1971) Bob Fosse (1972) George Roy Hill (1973) Francis Ford Coppola (1974) Miloš Forman (1975) John G. Avildsen (1976) Woody Allen (1977) Michael Cimino (1978) Robert Benton (1979) Robert Redford (1980)

Complete list (1927–1940) (1941–1960) (1961–1980) (1981–2000) (2001–2020)

v t e Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay) (1961–1980)

William Inge (1961) Ennio de Concini, Pietro Germi and Alfredo Giannetti (1962) James Webb (1963) Peter Stone and Frank Tarloff (1964) Frederic Raphael (1965) Claude Lelouch and Pierre Uytterhoeven (1966) William Rose (1967) Mel Brooks (1968) William Goldman (1969) Francis Ford Coppola and Edmund H. North (1970) Paddy Chayefsky (1971) Jeremy Larner (1972) David S. Ward (1973) Robert Towne (1974) Frank Pierson (1975) Paddy Chayefsky (1976) Woody Allen and Marshall Brickman (1977) Robert C. Jones, Waldo Salt and Nancy Dowd (1978) Steve Tesich (1979) Bo Goldman (1980)

Complete list (1940–1960) (1961–1980) (1981–2000) (2001–2020)

v t e Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay) (1981–2000)

Colin Welland (1981) John Briley (1982) Horton Foote (1983) Robert Benton (1984) William Kelley, Pamela Wallace and Earl Wallace (1985) Woody Allen (1986) John Patrick Shanley (1987) Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow (1988) Tom Schulman (1989) Bruce Joel Rubin (1990) Callie Khouri (1991) Neil Jordan (1992) Jane Campion (1993) Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary (1994) Christopher McQuarrie (1995) Joel and Ethan Coen (1996) Ben Affleck and Matt Damon (1997) Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard (1998) Alan Ball (1999) Cameron Crowe (2000)

Complete list (1940–1960) (1961–1980) (1981–2000) (2001–2020)

v t e Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay) (2001–2020)

Julian Fellowes (2001) Pedro Almodóvar (2002) Sofia Coppola (2003) Pierre Bismuth, Michel Gondry and Charlie Kaufman (2004) Paul Haggis and Bobby Moresco (2005) Michael Arndt (2006) Diablo Cody (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Mark Boal (2009) David Seidler (2010) Woody Allen (2011)

Complete list (1940–1960) (1961–1980) (1981–2000) (2001–2020)

v t e BAFTA Award for Best Direction (1968–1984)

Mike Nichols (1968) John Schlesinger (1969) George Roy Hill (1970) John Schlesinger (1971) Bob Fosse (1972) François Truffaut (1973) Roman Polanski (1974) Stanley Kubrick (1975) Miloš Forman (1976) Woody Allen (1977) Alan Parker (1978) Francis Ford Coppola (1979) Akira Kurosawa (1980) Louis Malle (1981) Richard Attenborough (1982) Bill Forsyth (1983) Wim Wenders (1984)

Complete list (1968–1984) (1985–2009) (2010–2034)

v t e BAFTA Award for Best Direction (1985–2009)

no award (1985) Woody Allen (1986) Oliver Stone (1987) Louis Malle (1988) Kenneth Branagh (1989) Martin Scorsese (1990) Alan Parker (1991) Robert Altman (1992) Steven Spielberg (1993) Mike Newell (1994) Michael Radford (1995) Joel Coen (1996) Baz Luhrmann (1997) Peter Weir (1998) Pedro Almodóvar (1999) Ang Lee (2000) Peter Jackson (2001) Roman Polanski (2002) Peter Weir (2003) Mike Leigh (2004) Ang Lee (2005) Paul Greengrass (2006) Joel Coen / Ethan Coen (2007) Danny Boyle (2008) Kathryn Bigelow (2009)

Complete list (1968–1984) (1985–2009) (2010–2034)

BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay

Calder Willingham and Buck Henry (1968)
Waldo Salt (1969)
William Goldman (1970)
Harold Pinter (1971)
Paddy Chayefsky / Larry McMurtry and Peter Bogdanovich (1972)
Luis Buñuel and Jean-Claude Carrière (1973)
Robert Towne (1974)
Robert Getchell (1975)
Alan Parker (1976)
Woody Allen and Marshall Brickman (1977)
Alvin Sargent (1978)
Woody Allen and Marshall Brickman (1979)
Jerzy Kosinski (1980)
Bill Forsyth (1981)
Costa Gavras and Donald E. Stewart (1982)

v t e BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay (1983–1999)

Paul D. Zimmerman (1983) Woody Allen (1984) Woody Allen (1985) Woody Allen (1986) David Leland (1987) Shawn Slovo (1988) Nora Ephron (1989) Giuseppe Tornatore (1990) Anthony Minghella (1991) Woody Allen (1992) Harold Ramis and Danny Rubin (1993) Roger Avary and Quentin Tarantino (1994) Christopher McQuarrie (1995) Mike Leigh (1996) Gary Oldman (1997) Andrew Niccol (1998) Charlie Kaufman (1999)

Complete list (1983–1999) (2000–2019)

v t e Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film (1960–1979)

Billy Wilder (1960) Robert Wise (1961) David Lean (1962) Tony Richardson (1963) George Cukor (1964) Robert Wise (1965) Fred Zinnemann (1966) Mike Nichols (1967) Anthony Harvey (1968) John Schlesinger (1969) Franklin J. Schaffner (1970) William Friedkin (1971) Francis Ford Coppola (1972) George Roy Hill (1973) Francis Ford Coppola (1974) Miloš Forman (1975) John G. Avildsen (1976) Woody Allen (1977) Michael Cimino (1978) Robert Benton (1979)

Complete list (1948–1959) (1960–1979) (1980–1999) (2000–2019)

v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay (1981–2000)

Ernest Thompson (1981) John Briley (1982) James L. Brooks (1983) Peter Shaffer (1984) Woody Allen (1985) Robert Bolt (1986) Bernardo Bertolucci, Mark Peploe and Enzon Ungari (1987) Naomi Foner (1988) Oliver Stone and Ron Kovic (1989) Michael Blake (1990) Callie Khouri (1991) Bo Goldman (1992) Steven Zaillian (1993) Quentin Tarantino (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski (1996) Ben Affleck and Matt Damon (1997) Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard (1998) Alan Ball (1999) Stephen Gaghan (2000)

Complete List (1965–1980) (1981–2000) (2001–2020)

v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay (2001–2020)

Akiva Goldsman (2001) Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (2002) Sofia Coppola (2003) Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (2004) Larry McMurty and Diana Ossana (2005) Peter Morgan (2006) Joel and Ethan Coen (2007) Simon Beaufoy (2008) Jason Reitman and Sheldon Turner (2009) Aaron Sorkin (2010) Woody Allen (2011)

Complete List (1965–1980) (1981–2000) (2001–2020)

v t e Nebula Award for Best Script/Bradbury Award (1973–2000)

Nebula Award for Best Script	Soylent Green – Stanley R. Greenberg (1973) Sleeper – Woody Allen (1974) Young Frankenstein – Mel Brooks and Gene Wilder (1975) Star Wars (1977) The Sixth Sense – M. Night Shyamalan (1999) Galaxy Quest – David Howard & Robert Gordon (2000)

Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation	Terminator 2: Judgment Day – James Cameron (1992) Babylon 5 – J. Michael Straczynski (1999)

Complete list (1973–2000) (2001–present)

http://wn.com/Woody_Allen

http://it.wn.com/Woody Allen

http://cs.wn.com/Woody Allen

http://id.wn.com/Woody Allen

http://es.wn.com/Woody Allen

http://ru.wn.com/Аллен, Вуди

http://nl.wn.com/Woody Allen

http://fr.wn.com/Woody Allen

http://de.wn.com/Woody Allen

http://hi.wn.com/वुडी एलन

http://pt.wn.com/Woody Allen

http://pl.wn.com/Woody Allen

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Allen

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

This article is about Walt Disney, the person. For the company he founded, see The Walt Disney Company. For other uses, see Walt Disney (disambiguation).

Walt Disney
Walt Disney on January 1, 1954
Born	Walter Elias Disney (1901-12-05)December 5, 1901^[1] Hermosa, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Died	December 15, 1966(1966-12-15) (aged 65) Burbank, California, U.S.
Cause of death	Lung Cancer
Resting place	Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, U.S.
Residence	Burbank, California
Nationality	American
Education	McKinley High School
Occupation	Film producer, Co-founder of The Walt Disney Company, formerly known as Walt Disney Productions
Years active	1920–1966
Home town	Chicago, Illinois
Political party	Republican
Board member of	The Walt Disney Company
Religion	Christian (Congregationalist)^[2]
Spouse	Lillian Bounds (1925–1966; his death)
Children	Diane Marie Disney Sharon Mae Disney
Parents	Elias Disney Flora Call Disney
Relatives	Ronald William Miller (son-in-law) Robert Borgfeldt Brown (son-in-law) Roy Edward Disney (nephew)
Family	Herbert Arthur Disney (brother) Raymond Arnold Disney (brother) Roy Oliver Disney (brother) Ruth Flora Disney (sister)
Awards	7 Emmy Awards, 22 Academy Awards, Cecil B.DeMille Award
Signature

Walter Elias "Walt" Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon,^[3] and philanthropist, well known for his influence in the field of entertainment during the 20th century. Along with his brother Roy O. Disney, he was co-founder of Walt Disney Productions, which later became one of the best-known motion picture producers in the world. The corporation is now known as The Walt Disney Company and had an annual revenue of approximately US$36 billion in the 2010 financial year.^[4]

Disney is particularly noted as a film producer and a popular showman, as well as an innovator in animation and theme park design. He and his staff created some of the world's most well-known fictional characters including Mickey Mouse, for whom Disney himself provided the original voice. During his lifetime he received four honorary Academy Awards and won 22 Academy Awards from a total of 59 nominations, including a record four in one year,^[5] giving him more awards and nominations than any other individual in history.^[6] Disney also won seven Emmy Awards and gave his name to the Disneyland and Walt Disney World Resort theme parks in the U.S., as well as the international resorts Tokyo Disney Resort, Disneyland Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland.

The year after his December 15, 1966 death from lung cancer in Burbank, California, construction began on Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. His brother Roy Disney inaugurated the Magic Kingdom on October 1, 1971.

1 1901–1937: Beginnings
2 1937–1941: Golden age of animation
- 2.1 "Disney's Folly": Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
- 2.2 Golden age of animation
3 1941–1945: World War II era
4 1945–1955: Post-war period
- 4.1 Disney and the Second Red Scare
5 1955–1966: Theme parks and beyond
6 Legacy: 1967–present
7 Academy Awards
8 Other honors
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links

1901–1937: Beginnings [link]

Childhood [link]

File:Flora and Elias Disney.JPG

Walt’s parents, Elias and Flora (Call) Disney

Disney was born on December 5, 1901, at 2156 N. Tripp Avenue in Chicago's Hermosa community area to Irish-Canadian father Elias Disney and Flora Call Disney, who was of German and English descent.^[7]^[8] His great-grandfather, Arundel Elias Disney, had emigrated from Gowran, County Kilkenny, Ireland where he was born in 1801. Arundel Disney was a descendant of Robert d'Isigny, a Frenchman who had travelled to England with William the Conqueror in 1066.^[9] With the d'Isigny name anglicised as "Disney", the family settled in a village now known as Norton Disney, south of the city of Lincoln, in the county of Lincolnshire.

In 1878, Disney's father Elias had moved from Huron County, Ontario, Canada to the United States at first seeking gold in California before finally settling down to farm with his parents near Ellis, Kansas, until 1884. Elias worked for the Union Pacific Railroad and married Flora Call on January 1, 1888, in Acron, Florida. The family moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1890,^[10] hometown of his brother Robert^[10] who helped Elias financially for most of his early life.^[10] In 1906, when Walt was four, Elias and his family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri,^[11] where his brother Roy had recently purchased farmland.^[11] In Marceline, Disney developed his love for drawing^[12] with one of the family's neighbors, a retired doctor named "Doc" Sherwood, paying him to draw pictures of Sherwood's horse, Rupert.^[12] His interest in trains also developed in Marceline, a town that owed its existence to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway which ran through it. Walt would put his ear to the tracks in anticipation of the coming train^[8] then try and spot his uncle, engineer Michael Martin, conducting the train.

10-year old Walt Disney (center right) at a gathering of Kansas City newsboys in 1912.

The Disneys remained in Marceline for four years,^[13] before moving to Kansas City in 1911^[14] where Walt and his younger sister Ruth attended the Benton Grammar School. At school he met Walter Pfeiffer who came from a family of theatre aficionados, and introduced Walt to the world of vaudeville and motion pictures. Before long Walt was spending more time at the Pfeiffers' than at home.^[15] As well as attending Saturday courses at the Kansas City Art Institute,^[16] Walt often took Ruth to Electric Park, 15 blocks from their home, which Disney would later acknowledge as a major influence of his design of Disneyland.^{[citation needed]}

Teenage years [link]

In 1917, Elias acquired shares in the O-Zell jelly factory in Chicago and moved his family back to the city,^[17] where in the fall Disney began his freshman year at McKinley High School and took night courses at the Chicago Art Institute.^[18] He became the cartoonist for the school newspaper, drawing patriotic topics and focusing on World War I. Despite dropping out of high school at the age of sixteen to join the army, Disney was rejected for being underage.^[19]

After his rejection by the army, Walt and a friend decided to join the Red Cross.^[20] Soon after joining he was sent to France for a year, where he drove an ambulance, but only after the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918.^[21]

Disney as an ambulance driver immediately after World War I

Hoping to find work outside the Chicago O-Zell factory,^[22] in 1919 Walt moved back to Kansas City to begin his artistic career.^[23] After considering whether to become an actor or a newspaper artist, he decided on a career as a newspaper artist, drawing political caricatures or comic strips. But when nobody wanted to hire him as either an artist or even as an ambulance driver, his brother Roy, then working in a local bank, got Walt a temporary job through a bank colleague at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio^[23] where he created advertisements for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters.^[24] At Pesmen-Rubin he met cartoonist Ubbe Iwerks^[25] and when their time at the studio expired, they decided to start their own commercial company together.^[26]

In January 1920, Disney and Iwerks formed a short-lived company called, "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists". However, following a rough start, Disney left temporarily to earn money at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, and was soon joined by Iwerks who was not able to run their business alone.^[27] While working for the Kansas City Film Ad Company, where he made commercials based on cutout animations, Disney became interested in animation, and decided to become an animator.^[28] The owner of the Ad Company, A.V. Cauger, allowed him to borrow a camera from work to experiment with at home. After reading the Edwin G. Lutz book Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development, Disney considered cel animation to be much more promising than the cutout animation he was doing for Cauger. Walt eventually decided to open his own animation business,^[29] and recruited a fellow co-worker at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, Fred Harman, as his first employee.^[29] Walt and Harman then secured a deal with local theater owner Frank L. Newman, arguably the most popular "showman" in the Kansas City area at the time,^[30] to screen their cartoons at his local theater, which they titled Laugh-O-Grams.^[30]

Laugh-O-Gram Studio [link]

Presented as "Newman Laugh-O-Grams",^[30] Disney's cartoons became widely popular in the Kansas City area^[31] and through their success, he was able to acquire his own studio, also called Laugh-O-Gram,^[32] for which he hired a vast number of additional animators, including Fred Harman's brother Hugh Harman, Rudolf Ising, and his close friend Ubbe Iwerks.^[33] Unfortunately, studio profits were insufficient to cover the high salaries paid to employees. Unable to successfully manage money,^[34] Disney's studio became loaded with debt^[34] and wound up bankrupt^[35] whereupon he decided to set up a studio in the movie industry's capital city, Hollywood, California.^[36]

Hollywood [link]

Disney and his brother Roy pooled their money and set up a cartoon studio in Hollywood^[37] where they needed to find a distributor for Walt's new Alice Comedies, which he had started making while in Kansas City^[35] but never got to distribute. Disney sent an unfinished print to New York distributor Margaret Winkler, who promptly wrote back to him that she was keen on a distribution deal for more live-action/animated shorts based upon Alice's Wonderland.^[38]

Alice Comedies [link]

Virginia Davis, the live-action star of Alice’s Wonderland and her family relocated from Kansas City to Hollywood at Disney's request, as did Iwerks and his family. This was the beginning of the Disney Brothers' Studio located on Hyperion Avenue in the Silver Lake district, where it remained until 1939. In 1925, Disney hired a young woman named Lillian Bounds to ink and paint celluloid. After a brief courtship, the pair married that same year.

The new series, Alice Comedies, proved reasonably successful, and featured both Dawn O'Day and Margie Gay as Alice with Lois Hardwick also briefly assuming the role. By the time the series ended in 1927, its focus was more on the animated characters and in particular a cat named Julius who resembled Felix the Cat, rather than the live-action Alice.

Oswald the Lucky Rabbit [link]

Main article: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

By 1927, Charles Mintz had married Margaret Winkler and assumed control of her business. He then ordered a new all-animated series to be put into production for distribution through Universal Pictures. The new series, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, was an almost instant success, and the character, Oswald — drawn and created by Iwerks — became a popular figure. The Disney studio expanded and Walt re-hired Harman, Rudolph Ising, Carman Maxwell, and Friz Freleng from Kansas City.

Disney went to New York in February 1928 to negotiate a higher fee per short and was shocked when Mintz told him that not only did he want to reduce the fee he paid Disney per short but also that he had most of his main animators, including Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng—but not Iwerks, who refused to leave Disney—under contract and would start his own studio if Disney did not accept the reduced production budgets. Universal, not Disney, owned the Oswald trademark, and could make the films without Walt. Disney declined Mintz's offer and as a result lost most of his animation staff whereupon he found himself on his own again.^[39]

It subsequently took his company 78 years to get back the rights to the Oswald character when in 2006 the Walt Disney Company reacquired the rights to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit from NBC Universal, through a trade for longtime ABC sports commentator Al Michaels.^[40]

Mickey Mouse [link]

Main article: Mickey Mouse

After losing the rights to Oswald, Disney felt the need to develop a new character to replace him, which was based on a mouse he had adopted as a pet while working in his Laugh-O-Gram studio in Kansas City.^[41] Ub Iwerks reworked the sketches made by Disney to make the character easier to animate although Mickey's voice and personality were provided by Disney himself until 1947. In the words of one Disney employee, "Ub designed Mickey's physical appearance, but Walt gave him his soul."^[41] Besides Oswald and Mickey, a similar mouse-character is seen in the Alice Comedies, which featured "Ike the Mouse". Moreover, the first Flip the Frog cartoon called Fiddlesticks showed a Mickey Mouse look-alike playing fiddle. The initial films were animated by Iwerks with his name prominently featured on the title cards. Originally named "Mortimer", the mouse was later re-christened "Mickey" by Lillian Disney who thought that the name Mortimer did not fit. Mortimer later became the name of Mickey's rival for Minnie – taller than his renowned adversary and speaking with a Brooklyn accent.

The first animated short to feature Mickey, Plane Crazy was a silent film like all of Disney's previous works. After failing to find a distributor for the short and its follow-up, The Gallopin' Gaucho, Disney created a Mickey cartoon with sound called Steamboat Willie. A businessman named Pat Powers provided Disney with both distribution and Cinephone, a sound-synchronization process. Steamboat Willie became an instant success,^[42] and Plane Crazy, The Galloping Gaucho, and all future Mickey cartoons were released with soundtracks. After the release of Steamboat Willie, Disney successfully used sound in all of his subsequent cartoons, and Cinephone also became the new distributor for Disney's early sound cartoons.^[43] Mickey soon eclipsed Felix the Cat as the world's most popular cartoon character^[41] and by 1930, despite their having sound, cartoons featuring Felix had faded from the screen after failing to gain attention.^[44] Mickey's popularity would subsequently skyrocket in the early 1930s.^[41]

[edit] Silly Symphonies

Following in the footsteps of Mickey Mouse series, a series of musical shorts titled, Silly Symphonies were released in 1929. The first, The Skeleton Dance was entirely drawn and animated by Iwerks, who was also responsible for drawing the majority of cartoons released by Disney in 1928 and 1929. Although both series were successful, the Disney studio thought it was not receiving its rightful share of profits from Pat Powers,^[45] and in 1930, Disney signed a new distribution deal with Columbia Pictures. The original basis of the cartoons was their musical novelty with the first Silly Symphony cartoons featuring scores by Carl Stalling.^[46]

Iwerks was soon lured by Powers into opening his own studio with an exclusive contract, while Stalling would also later leave Disney to join Iwerks.^[47] Iwerks launched his Flip the Frog series with the first voiced color cartoon Fiddlesticks, filmed in two-strip Technicolor. Iwerks also created two other cartoon series, Willie Whopper and the Comicolor. In 1936, Iwerks shut down his studio in order to work on various projects dealing with animation technology. He would return to Disney in 1940 and go on to pioneer a number of film processes and specialized animation technologies in the studio's research and development department.

By 1932, although Mickey Mouse had become a relatively popular cinema character, Silly Symphonies was not as successful. The same year also saw competition increase as Max Fleischer's flapper cartoon character, Betty Boop, gained popularity among theater audiences.^[48] Fleischer, considered Disney's main rival in the 1930s,^[49] was also the father of Richard Fleischer, whom Disney would later hire to direct his 1954 film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. Meanwhile, Columbia Pictures dropped the distribution of Disney cartoons to be replaced by United Artists.^[50] In late 1932, Herbert Kalmus, who had just completed work on the first three-strip technicolor camera,^[51] approached Walt and convinced him to reshoot the black and white Flowers and Trees in three-strip Technicolor.^[52] Flowers and Trees would go on to be a phenomenal success and would also win the first 1932 Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons. After the release of Flowers and Trees, all subsequent Silly Symphony cartoons were in color while Disney was also able to negotiate a two-year deal with Technicolor, giving him the sole right to use their three-strip process,^[53]^[54] a period eventually extended to five years.^[46] Through Silly Symphonies, Disney also created his most successful cartoon short of all time, The Three Little Pigs (1933).^[55] The cartoon ran in theaters for many months, featuring the hit song that became the anthem of the Great Depression, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf".^[56]

One of two stars dedicated to Walt Disney on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

First Academy Award [link]

In 1932, Disney received a special Academy Award for the creation of "Mickey Mouse", a series which switched to color in 1935 and soon launched spin-offs for supporting characters such as Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto. Pluto and Donald became standalone cartoons in 1937,^[57] with Goofy following in 1939.^[58] Of all Mickey's partners, Donald Duck, who first teamed up with Mickey in the 1934 cartoon, Orphan's Benefit, was arguably the most popular, going on to become Disney's second most successful cartoon character of all time.^[59]

Children [link]

The Disneys' first attempt at pregnancy ended in miscarriage. Lillian became pregnant again and gave birth to a daughter, Diane Marie Disney, on December 18, 1933.^[60] Later, the Disneys adopted Sharon Mae Disney (December 31, 1936 – February 16, 1993).^[61]

Diane married Ron Miller at the age of 20 and is known as Diane Disney Miller. The Millers established and own a winery called Silverado Vineyards in California.^[62] Diane and Ron Miller have seven children: Christopher, Joanna, Tamara, Jennifer, Walter, Ronald and Patrick.^[63] Years later, Diane went on to become the cofounder of The Walt Disney Family Museum, with the aid of her children.^[60] The museum was created to preserve her father's image and reach out to millions of Disney fans worldwide.^[64] The museum displays a chronological view of Walt Disney's life through personal artifacts, interactive kiosks and various animations.^[64]

Sharon Mae Disney was born December 31, 1936, in Los Angeles, California and was later adopted by the Disneys, due to Lillian's several birth complications.^[63]^[65] In 1950, Sharon went on to star as herself in the Walt Disney Studios special One Hour in Wonderland.^[66] Sharon married Robert Brown in 1958, with whom she had one child, and they remained married until his death in 1967.^[65] Sharon married William Lund in 1969 and had two children with him, but six years later they divorced.^[65]^[67] Sharon was a philanthropist and had contributed to charities such as the Marianne Frostig Center of Educational Therapy and the Curtis School foundation.^[68] In 1993 at the age of 57, Sharon died from cancer at St. John's Hospital in Santa Monica, California.^[65] After Sharon's death, her estate donated $11 million to the California School of Performing Arts, where she was a member of the board of trustees for almost two decades. Sharon's donation was commemorated by renaming the School of Dance the Sharon D. Lund School of Dance.^[60]^[69]

1937–1941: Golden age of animation [link]

[edit] "Disney's Folly": Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

Walt Disney introduces each of the Seven Dwarfs in a scene from the original 1937 Snow White theatrical trailer.

Following the creation of two cartoon series, in 1934 Disney began planning a full-length feature. The following year, opinion polls showed that another cartoon series, Popeye the Sailor, produced by Max Fleischer, was more popular than Mickey Mouse.^[70] Nevertheless, Disney was able to put Mickey back on top as well as increase his popularity by colorizing and partially redesigning the character to become what was considered his most appealing design to date.^[41] When the film industry learned of Disney's plans to produce an animated feature-length version of Snow White, they were certain that the endeavor would destroy the Disney Studio and dubbed the project "Disney's Folly". Both Lillian and Roy tried to talk Disney out of the project, but he continued plans for the feature, employing Chouinard Art Institute professor Don Graham to start a training operation for the studio staff. Disney then used the Silly Symphonies as a platform for experiments in realistic human animation, distinctive character animation, special effects, and the use of specialized processes and apparatus such as the multiplane camera – a new technique first used by Disney in the 1937 Silly Symphonies short The Old Mill.^[71]

All of this development and training was used to increase quality at the studio and to ensure that the feature film would match Disney's quality expectations. Entitled Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the feature went into full production in 1934 and continued until mid-1937, when the studio ran out of money. To obtain the funding to complete Snow White, Disney had to show a rough cut of the motion picture to loan officers. The film premiered at the Carthay Circle Theater on December 21, 1937 and at its conclusion the audience gave Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs a standing ovation. Snow White, the first animated feature in America made in Technicolor, was released in February 1938 under a new distribution deal with RKO Radio Pictures. RKO had been the distributor for Disney cartoons in 1936, after it closed down the Van Beuren Studios in exchange for distribution.^[72] The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and earned over $8 million on its initial release. These initial release earnings for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs would be the equivalent of $122,487,945 in 2010.^[73]

Golden age of animation [link]

Following the success of Snow White, for which Disney received one full-size, and seven miniature Oscar statuettes, he was able to build a new campus for the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, which opened for business on December 24, 1939. Snow White was not only the peak of Disney's success, but also ushered in a period that would later be known as the Golden Age of Animation for the studio.^[74]^[75] Feature animation staff, having just completed Pinocchio, continued work on Fantasia and Bambi as well as the early production stages of Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan and Wind in the Willows while the shorts staff carried on working on the Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto cartoon series, ending the Silly Symphonies at this time.^{[clarification needed More info needed on end of the Silly Symphonies to make a new and separate sentence.]} Animator Fred Moore had redesigned Mickey Mouse in the late 1930s after Donald Duck overtook him in popularity among theater audiences.^[76]

Pinocchio and Fantasia followed Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs into the movie theaters in 1940, but both proved financial disappointments. The inexpensive Dumbo was then planned as an income generator, but during production most of the animation staff went on strike, permanently straining relations between Disney and his artists.

1941–1945: World War II era [link]

In 1941, the U.S. State Department sent Disney and a group of animators to South America as part of its Good Neighbor policy, at the same time guaranteeing financing for the resultant movie, Saludos Amigos.^[77]

Shortly after the release of Dumbo in October 1941, the US entered World War II. The U.S. Army and Navy Bureau of Aeronautics^[78] contracted most of the Disney studio's facilities where the staff created training and instruction films for the military, home-front morale-boosting shorts such as Der Fuehrer's Face and the 1943 feature film Victory Through Air Power. However, military films did not generate income, and the feature film Bambi underperformed on its release in April 1942. Disney successfully re-issued Snow White in 1944, establishing a seven-year re-release tradition for his features. In 1945, The Three Caballeros was the last animated feature released by the studio during the war.

In 1944, Encyclopædia Britannica publisher William Benton, entered into unsuccessful negotiations with Disney to make six to twelve educational films per annum. Disney was asked by the US Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Office of Inter-American Affairs (OIAA), to make an educational film about the Amazon Basin, which resulted in the 1944 animated short, The Amazon Awakens.^[79]^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83]

1945–1955: Post-war period [link]

Disney studios also created inexpensive package films, containing collections of cartoon shorts, and issued them to theaters during this period. These included Make Mine Music (1946), Melody Time (1948), Fun and Fancy Free (1947) and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949). The latter had only two sections, the first based on The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame, and the second on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving. During this period, Disney also ventured into full-length dramatic films that mixed live action and animated scenes, including Song of the South and So Dear to My Heart. After the war ended, Mickey's popularity would also fade.^[84]

By the late 1940s, the studio had recovered enough to continue production on the full-length features Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan, both of which had been shelved during the war years. Work also began on Cinderella, which became Disney's most successful film since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. In 1948 the studio also initiated a series of live-action nature films, titled True-Life Adventures, with On Seal Island the first. Despite its resounding success with feature films, the studio's animation shorts were no longer as popular as they once were, with people paying more attention to Warner Bros. and their animation star Bugs Bunny. By 1942, Leon Schlesinger Productions, which produced the Warner Bros. cartoons, had become the country's most popular animation studio.^[85] However, while Bugs Bunny's popularity rose in the 1940s, so did Donald Duck's,^[86] a character who would replace Mickey Mouse as Disney's star character by 1949.^[87]

During the mid-1950s, Disney produced a number of educational films on the space program in collaboration with NASA rocket designer Wernher von Braun: Man in Space and Man and the Moon in 1955, and Mars and Beyond in 1957.

Walt Disney meets Wernher von Braun in 1954.

Disney and the Second Red Scare [link]

Disney was a founding member of the anti-communist group Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals. In 1947, during the Second Red Scare,^[88] Disney testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), where he branded Herbert Sorrell, David Hilberman and William Pomerance, former animators and labor union organizers, Communist agitators. All three men denied the allegations and Sorrell went on to testify before the HUAC in 1946 when insufficient evidence was found to link him to the Communist Party.^[89]^[90]

Disney also accused the Screen Cartoonists Guild of being a Communist front, and charged that the 1941 strike was part of an organized Communist effort to gain influence in Hollywood.^[88]

1955–1966: Theme parks and beyond [link]

Planning Disneyland [link]

Disneyland: aerial view, August 1963, looking SE. New Melodyland Theater at top. Santa Ana Freeway (US 101 at the time, now I-5) upper left corner.

On a business trip to Chicago in the late-1940s, Disney drew sketches of his ideas for an amusement park where he envisioned his employees spending time with their children. The idea for a children's theme park came after a visit to Children's Fairyland in Oakland, California. It also said that Disney may have been inspired to create Disneyland in the park Republic of the Children located in Manuel B. Gonnet, La Plata, Argentina, and opened in 1951.^[91] This plan was originally intended to be built on a plot located across the street to the south of the studio. These original ideas developed into a concept for a larger enterprise that would become Disneyland. Disney spent five years developing Disneyland and created a new subsidiary company, WED Enterprises, to carry out planning and production of the park. A small group of Disney studio employees joined the Disneyland development project as engineers and planners, and were dubbed Imagineers.^{[citation needed]}

As Disney explained one of his earliest plans to Herb Ryman, who created the first aerial drawing of Disneyland presented to the Bank of America during fund raising for the project, he said, "Herbie, I just want it to look like nothing else in the world. And it should be surrounded by a train."^[92] Entertaining his daughters and their friends in his backyard and taking them for rides on his Carolwood Pacific Railroad had inspired Disney to include a railroad in the plans for Disneyland.

Disneyland grand opening [link]

File:Waltopening.jpg

Walt Disney giving the dedication day speech July 17, 1955

Disneyland officially opened on July 18, 1955. On Sunday, July 17, 1955, Disneyland hosted a live TV preview, among the thousands of people in attendance were Ronald Reagan, Bob Cummings and Art Linkletter, who shared cohosting duties, as well as the mayor of Anaheim. Walt gave the following dedication day speech:

“

To all who come to this happy place; welcome. Disneyland is your land. Here age relives fond memories of the past .... and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams and the hard facts that have created America ... with the hope that it will be a source of joy and inspiration to all the world.

”

Carolwood Pacific Railroad [link]

The Lilly Belle on display at Disneyland Main Station in 1993. The caboose's woodwork was done entirely by Walt himself.

Main article: Carolwood Pacific Railroad

During 1949, Disney and his family moved to a new home on a large piece of land in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles, California. With the help of his friends Ward and Betty Kimball, who already had their own backyard railroad, Disney developed blueprints and immediately set to work on creating a miniature live steam railroad for his backyard. The name of the railroad, Carolwood Pacific Railroad, came from his home's location on Carolwood Drive. The railroad's half-mile long layout included a 46-foot (14 m) long trestle bridge, loops, overpasses, gradients, an elevated berm, and a 90-foot (27 m) tunnel underneath his wife's flowerbed. He named the miniature working steam locomotive built by Disney Studios engineer Roger E. Broggie Lilly Belle in his wife's honor and had his attorney draw up right-of-way papers giving the railroad a permanent, legal easement through the garden areas, which his wife dutifully signed; however, there is no evidence of the documents ever recorded as a restriction on the property's title.^{[clarification needed]}

Expansion into new areas [link]

As Walt Disney Productions began work on Disneyland, it also began expanding its other entertainment operations. In 1950, Treasure Island became the studio's first all-live-action feature, soon followed by 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (in CinemaScope, 1954), Old Yeller (1957), The Shaggy Dog (1959), Pollyanna (1960), Swiss Family Robinson (1960), The Absent-Minded Professor (1961), and The Parent Trap (1961). The studio produced its first TV special, One Hour in Wonderland, in 1950. Disney began hosting a weekly anthology series on ABC entitled Disneyland, after the park, on which he aired clips of past Disney productions, gave tours of his studio, and familiarized the public with Disneyland as it was being constructed in Anaheim. The show also featured a Davy Crockett miniseries, which started the "Davy Crockett craze" among American youth, during which millions of coonskin caps and other Crockett memorabilia were sold across the country.^[93] In 1955, the studio's first daily television show, Mickey Mouse Club debuted on ABC. It was a groundbreaking comedy/variety show aimed specifically for children. Disney took a strong personal interest in the show and even returned to the animation studio to voice Mickey Mouse in its animated segments during its original 1955-59 production run. The Mickey Mouse Club would continue in various incarnations in syndication and on the Disney Channel into the 1990s.

As the studio expanded and diversified into other media, Disney devoted less of his attention to the animation department, entrusting most of its operations to his key animators, whom he dubbed the Nine Old Men. Although he was spending less time supervising the production of the animated films, he was always present at story meetings.^[94] During Disney's lifetime, the animation department created the successful Lady and the Tramp ( the first animated film in CinemaScope) in 1955, Sleeping Beauty ( the first animated film in Super Technirama 70mm) in 1959, One Hundred and One Dalmatians (the first animated feature film to use Xerox cels) in 1961, and The Sword in the Stone in 1963.

Production of short cartoons kept pace until 1956, when Disney shut down the responsible division although special shorts projects would continue for the remainder of the studio's duration on an irregular basis. These productions were all distributed by Disney's new subsidiary, Buena Vista Distribution, which had taken over all distribution duties for Disney films from RKO by 1955. Disneyland, one of the world's first theme parks, finally opened on July 17, 1955, and was immediately successful. Visitors from around the world came to visit Disneyland, which contained attractions based on a number of successful Disney characters and films.

After 1955, the Disneyland TV show was renamed Walt Disney Presents. It switched from black-and-white to color in 1961 and changed its name to Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color, at the same time moving from ABC to NBC,^[95] and eventually evolving into its current form as The Wonderful World of Disney. The series continued to air on NBC until 1981, when it was picked up by CBS.^[96] Since then, it has aired on ABC, NBC, the Hallmark Channel and the Cartoon Network via separate broadcast rights deals. During its run, the Disney series offered some recurring characters, such as the newspaper reporter and sleuth "Gallegher" played by Roger Mobley with a plot based on the writings of Richard Harding Davis.

Disney had already formed his own music publishing division in 1949 and in 1956, partly inspired by the huge success of the television theme song The Ballad of Davy Crockett, he created a company-owned record production and distribution entity called Disneyland Records.

Early 1960s successes [link]

File:Shermans042.jpg

(Left to right) Robert B. Sherman, Richard M. Sherman and Walt Disney sing "There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow" (1964)

By the early 1960s, the Disney empire had become a major success, and Walt Disney Productions had established itself as the world's leading producer of family entertainment. Walt Disney was the Head of Pageantry for the 1960 Winter Olympics.

After decades of pursuit, Disney finally acquired the rights to P.L. Travers' books about a magical nanny. Mary Poppins, released in 1964, was the most successful Disney film of the 1960s and featured a memorable song score written by Disney favorites, the Sherman Brothers. The same year, Disney debuted a number of exhibits at the 1964 New York World's Fair, including Audio-Animatronic figures, all of which were later integrated into attractions at Disneyland and a new theme park project which was to be established on the East Coast.

Although the studio would probably have proved major competition for Hanna-Barbera, Disney decided not to enter the race and mimic Hanna-Barbera by producing Saturday morning TV cartoon series. With the expansion of Disney's empire and constant production of feature films, the financial burden involved in such a move would have proven too great.

Plans for Disney World and EPCOT [link]

In early 1964, Disney announced plans to develop another theme park to be called Disney World a few miles southwest of Orlando, Florida. Disney World was to include "the Magic Kingdom", a larger, more elaborate version of Disneyland. It would also feature a number of golf courses and resort hotels. The heart of Disney World, however, was to be the Experimental Prototype City (or Community) of Tomorrow, known as EPCOT for short.

Mineral King Ski Resort [link]

During the early-to-mid 1960s, Walt Disney developed plans for a ski resort in Mineral King, a glacial valley in California's Sierra Nevada mountain range. He brought in experts such as the renowned Olympic ski coach and ski-area designer Willy Schaeffler, who helped plan a visitor village, ski runs and ski lifts among the several bowls surrounding the valley. Plans finally moved into action in the mid 1960s, but Walt died before the actual work started. Disney's death and opposition from conservationists ensured that the resort was never built.

Death [link]

Like many people of the time, Walt Disney was a chain smoker his entire adult life, although he made sure he was not seen smoking around children.^[97] In 1966, Disney was scheduled to undergo surgery to repair an old neck injury^[98] caused by many years of playing polo at the Riviera Club in Hollywood.^[99] On November 2, during pre-operative X-rays, doctors at Providence St. Joseph Medical Center, across the street from the Disney Studio, discovered a tumor in his left lung.^[100] Five days later a biopsy showed the tumor to be malignant and to have spread throughout the entire left lung.^[100] After removal of the lung, doctors informed Disney that his life expectancy was six months to two years.^[100] After several chemotherapy sessions, Disney and his wife spent a short amount of time in Palm Springs, California.^[98] On November 30, Disney collapsed at his home. He was revived by fire department personnel and rushed to St. Joseph's where on December 15, 1966, at 9:30 a.m., ten days after his 65th birthday, Disney died of acute circulatory collapse, caused by lung cancer.^[98] The last thing he reportedly wrote before his death was the name of actor Kurt Russell, the significance of which remains a mystery, even to Russell.^[101]

Roy O. Disney continued out with the Florida project, insisting that the name be changed to Walt Disney World in honor of his brother.

The final productions in which Disney played an active role were the animated feature The Jungle Book and the animated short Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day, as well as the live-action musical feature The Happiest Millionaire, all released in 1967. Songwriter Robert B. Sherman recalled of the last time he saw Disney:

“

He was up in the third floor of the animation building after a run-through of The Happiest Millionaire. He usually held court in the hallway afterward for the people involved with the picture. And he started talking to them, telling them what he liked and what they should change, and then, when they were through, he turned to us and with a big smile, he said, 'Keep up the good work, boys.' And he walked to his office. It was the last we ever saw of him.^[102]

”

Hibernation Urban Legend [link]

A long-standing urban legend maintains that Disney was cryogenically frozen, and his frozen corpse stored beneath the Pirates of the Caribbean ride at Disneyland.^[103] In fact, Disney was cremated on December 17, 1966, and his ashes interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. The first known human cryogenic freezing did not occur until January 1967, more than a month after Disney's death.^[103]

According to "at least one Disney publicist", as reported in the French magazine Ici Paris in 1969, the source of the rumor was a group of Disney Studio animators with "a bizarre sense of humor" who were playing a final prank on their late boss.^[104]

Although the rumor is acknowledged as false by most historians, Robert Mosley (in Disney’s World (1986)) and Marc Eliot (in Walt Disney – Hollywood’s Dark Prince (1993)) argue that Disney may have known of cryonics and may have had an interest in the science.^[105] However his daughter Diane wrote in 1972, "There is absolutely no truth to the rumor that my father, Walt Disney, wished to be frozen. I doubt that my father had ever heard of cryonics."^[104]

Legacy: 1967–present [link]

Continuing Disney Productions [link]

Plaque at the entrance that embodies the intended spirit of Disneyland by Walt Disney: to leave reality and enter fantasy

After Walt Disney's death, Roy Disney returned from retirement to take full control of Walt Disney Productions and WED Enterprises. In October 1971, the families of Walt and Roy met in front of Cinderella Castle at the Magic Kingdom to officially open the Walt Disney World Resort.

After giving his dedication for Walt Disney World, Roy asked Lillian Disney to join him. As the orchestra played "When You Wish upon a Star", she stepped up to the podium accompanied by Mickey Mouse. He then said, "Lilly, you knew all of Walt's ideas and hopes as well as anybody; what would Walt think of it [Walt Disney World]?". "I think Walt would have approved," she replied.^[106] Roy died from a cerebral hemorrhage on December 20, 1971, the day he was due to open the Disneyland Christmas parade.

1968 US postage stamp

During the second phase of the "Walt Disney World" theme park, EPCOT was translated by Disney's successors into EPCOT Center, which opened in 1982. As it currently exists, EPCOT is essentially a living world's fair, different from the actual functional city that Disney had envisioned. In 1992, Walt Disney Imagineering took the step closer to Disney's original ideas and dedicated Celebration, Florida, a town built by the Walt Disney Company adjacent to Walt Disney World, that hearkens back to the spirit of EPCOT. EPCOT was also originally intended to be devoid of Disney characters which initially limited the appeal of the park to young children. However, the company later changed this policy and Disney characters can now be found throughout the park, often dressed in costumes reflecting the different pavilions.

The Disney entertainment empire [link]

Today, Walt Disney's animation/motion picture studios and theme parks have developed into a multi-billion dollar television, motion picture, vacation destination and media corporation that carry his name. Among other assets The Walt Disney Company owns five vacation resorts, eleven theme parks, two water parks, thirty-nine hotels, eight motion picture studios, six record labels, eleven cable television networks, and one terrestrial television network. As of 2007, the company had annual revenues of over U.S. $35 billion.^[107]

Disney Animation [link]

Walt Disney was a pioneer in character animation. He was one of the first people to move away from basic cartoons with just "impossible outlandish gags" and crudely drawn characters to an art form with heartwarming stories and characters the audience can connect to on an emotional level. The personality displayed in the characters of his films and the technological advancements remain influential when animating today. He was also considered by many of his colleagues to be a master storyteller and the animation department did not fully recover from his demise until the late 1980s in a period known as the Disney Renaissance. The most financially and critically successful films produced during this time include Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992) and The Lion King (1994). In 1995, Walt Disney Pictures distributed Pixar's Toy Story, the first computer animated feature film. Walt Disney's nephew Roy E. Disney claimed that Walt would have loved Toy Story and that it was "his kind of movie".^[108] With the rise of computer animated films a stream of financially unsuccessful Traditional hand-drawn animated features in the early years of the 2000s (decade) emerged. This led to the company's controversial decision to close the traditional animation department. The two satellite studios in Paris and Orlando were closed, and the main studio in Burbank was converted to a computer animation production facility, firing hundreds of people in the process. In 2004, Disney released what was announced as their final "traditionally animated" feature film, Home on the Range. However, since the 2006 acquisition of Pixar, and the resulting rise of John Lasseter to Chief Creative Officer, that position has changed with the largely successful 2009 film The Princess and the Frog. This marked Disney's return to traditional hand-drawn animation and the studio hired back staff who had been laid-off in the past. Today, Disney produces both traditional and computer animation.

CalArts [link]

In his later years, Disney devoted substantial time to funding The California Institute of the Arts (CalArts). Formed in 1961 through a merger of the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music and the Chouinard Art Institute, which had helped in the training of the animation staff during the 1930s, when Disney died, one-fourth of his estate went to CalArts, which helped in building its campus. In his will, Disney paved the way for the creation of several charitable trusts which included one for the California Institute of the Arts and other for the Disney Foundation.^[109] He also donated 38 acres (0.154 km²) of the Golden Oaks ranch in Valencia for construction of the school. CalArts moved onto the Valencia campus in 1972.

In an early admissions bulletin, Disney explained: "A hundred years ago, Wagner conceived of a perfect and all-embracing art, combining music, drama, painting, and the dance, but in his wildest imagination he had no hint what infinite possibilities were to become commonplace through the invention of recording, radio, cinema and television. There already have been geniuses combining the arts in the mass-communications media, and they have already given us powerful new art forms. The future holds bright promise for those who imaginations are trained to play on the vast orchestra of the art-in-combination. Such supermen will appear most certainly in those environments which provide contact with all the arts, but even those who devote themselves to a single phase of art will benefit from broadened horizons."^[110]

Walt Disney Family Museum [link]

In 2009, The Walt Disney Family Museum opened in the Presidio of San Francisco. Thousands of artifacts from Disney's life and career are on display, including 248 awards that he received.^[111]

Antisemitism accusations [link]

Disney was long rumored to be antisemitic during his lifetime, and such rumors have persisted after his death. Indeed, in the 1930s he welcomed German filmmaker and Nazi propagandist Leni Riefenstahl to Hollywood.^[112] Disney biographer Neal Gabler, the first writer to gain unrestricted access to the Disney archives, concluded in 2006 that available evidence does not support such accusations. In a CBS interview Gabler summarized his findings:

“

That's one of the questions everybody asks me... My answer to that is, not in the conventional sense that we think of someone as being an antisemite. But he got the reputation because, in the 1940s, he got himself allied with a group called the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, which was an anti-Communist and antisemitic organization. And though Walt himself, in my estimation, was not antisemitic, nevertheless, he willingly allied himself with people who were antisemitic, and that reputation stuck. He was never really able to expunge it throughout his life.^[113]

”

Disney eventually distanced himself from the Motion Picture Alliance in the 1950s.^[114]

The Walt Disney Family Museum acknowledges that Disney did have "difficult relationships" with some Jewish individuals, and that ethnic stereotypes common to films of the 1930s were included in some early cartoons, such as Three Little Pigs and The Opry House. However, the museum points out that Disney employed Jews throughout his career, donated to several Jewish charities (The Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Yeshiva College^{[disambiguation needed ]}, Jewish Home for the Aged, The American League for a Free Palestine)^[114] and was named "1955 Man of the Year" by the B'nai B'rith chapter in Beverly Hills.^[114]^[115]

Academy Awards [link]

This display case in the lobby of the Walt Disney Family Museum in San Francisco shows many of the Academy Awards he won, including the distinctive special award at the bottom for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.

Walt Disney holds the record for both the most Academy Award nominations (59) and the number of Oscars awarded (22). He also earned four honorary Oscars. His last competitive Academy Award was posthumous.^[116]

1932: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Flowers and Trees (1932)
1932: Honorary Award for creation of Mickey Mouse.
1934: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Three Little Pigs (1933)
1935: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Tortoise and the Hare (1934)
1936: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Three Orphan Kittens (1935)
1937: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Country Cousin (1936)
1938: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Old Mill (1937)
1939: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Ferdinand the Bull (1938)
1939: Honorary Award for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) The citation read, "For Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, recognized as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field." (The award, unique in the history of the Oscars, is one large statuette and seven miniature statuettes.)^[5]
1940: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Ugly Duckling (1939)
1941: Honorary Award for Fantasia (1940), shared with: William E. Garity and J.N.A. Hawkins. The citation for the certificate of merit read, "For their outstanding contribution to the advancement of the use of sound in motion pictures through the production of Fantasia."^[5]
1942: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Lend a Paw (1941)
1943: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Der Fuehrer's Face (1942)
1949: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Seal Island (1948)
1949: Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (Honorary Award)
1951: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Beaver Valley (1950)
1952: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Nature's Half Acre (1951)
1953: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Water Birds (1952)
1954: Best Documentary, Features: The Living Desert (1953)
1954: Best Documentary, Short Subjects: The Alaskan Eskimo (1953)
1954: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom (1953)
1954: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Bear Country (1953)
1955: Best Documentary, Features: The Vanishing Prairie (1954)
1956: Best Documentary, Short Subjects: Men Against the Arctic
1959: Best Short Subject, Live Action Subjects: Grand Canyon
1969: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day

Other honors [link]

Walt Disney was the inaugural recipient of a star on the Anaheim walk of stars awarded in recognition of his significant contribution to the city of Anaheim and specifically Disneyland, which is now the Disneyland Resort. The star is located at the pedestrian entrance to the Disneyland Resort on Harbor Boulevard. Disney has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures and the other for his television work.

Walt Disney received the Congressional Gold Medal on May 24, 1968 (P.L. 90-316, 82 Stat. 130–131) and the Légion d'Honneur awarded by France in 1935.^[117] In 1935, Walt received a special medal from the League of Nations for creation of Mickey Mouse, held to be Mickey Mouse award.^[118] He also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom on September 14, 1964.^[119] On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Walt Disney into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.

A minor planet, 4017 Disneya, discovered in 1980 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina, is named after him.^[120]

The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, California, opened in 2003, was named in his honor.

Waltograph, a freeware typeface, is based on his signature and handwriting.

In 1993, HBO began development of a Walt Disney biopic, directed by Frank Pierson and produced by Lawrence Turman, but the project never materialized and was soon abandoned.^[121] However, Walt - The Man Behind the Myth, a biographical documentary about Disney, was later made.^[122]

Preceded by None	Voice of Mickey Mouse 1928–1947, 1955-1959	Succeeded by Jimmy MacDonald

Notes [link]

^ "Walt Disney". IMDB. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000370/. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ http://www.disneydreamer.com/Waltfaith.htm
^ Dave Bryan (2002-08-13). "Walt Disney Helped Wernher von Braun Sell Americans on Space". Associated Press. http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/vonbraun_disney_020813.html. Retrieved 2010-09-27. ^{[dead link]}
^ "2010 Form 10-K, Walt Disney Company". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1001039/000119312510268910/d10k.htm.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Walt Disney Academy awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/index.jsp. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Results Page - Academy Awards Database". http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/help/helpMain.jsp?helpContentURL=statistics/indexStats.html. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
^ "Walt Disney, the man behind the mouse". Chicago Sun-Times. 2009-09-27. http://www.suntimes.com/lifestyles/1790811,disney-walt-museum-san-francisco-092709.article. Retrieved 2010-10-21. ^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b "Walt Disney biography". Just Disney. Archived from the original on 2008-06-05. http://web.archive.org/web/20080605151444/http://www.justdisney.com/WaltDisney100/biography01.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ Disneyland Paris. Michelin. 2002-08-07. p. 38. ISBN 2-06-048002-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 7.
^ ^a ^b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 9-10.
^ ^a ^b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 15.
^ "Walt Disney Hometown Museum". Walt Disney Museum. http://www.waltdisneymuseum.org/. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 18.
^ Thomas 1991, pp. 33–41
^ "Biography of Walt Disney, Film Producer – kchistory.org – Retrieved September 14, 2009". Kchistory.org. http://kchistory.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/Biographies&CISOPTR=31&CISOBOX=1&REC=2. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 30.
^ Thomas 1991, pp. 42–43
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 36.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 37.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 38.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 42.
^ ^a ^b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 44.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 45.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 46.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 48.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 51.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 52.
^ ^a ^b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 56.
^ ^a ^b ^c Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 57.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 58.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 64.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 64-71.
^ ^a ^b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 68.
^ ^a ^b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 72.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 75.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 78.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 80.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 109.
^ Stay 'tooned: Disney gets 'Oswald' for Al Michaels, at ESPN web site, retrieved January 4, 2010
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Solomon, Charles. "The Golden Age of Mickey Mouse". Disney. Archived from the original on 2008-07-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20080710052034/http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/mickeymousegoldenage/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 128.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 129.
^ Gordon, Ian (2002). "Felix the Cat". St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419100434. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 142.
^ ^a ^b Merritt, Russell. "THE BIRTH OF THE SILLY SYMPHONIES". Disney. http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/sillysymphonies/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Island Net. http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/disnehis/disn1930.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ Langer, Mark (July 1997) (PDF). Popeye From Strip To Screen. 2. Animation Magazine. pp. 17–19. http://www.awn.com/mag/issue2.4/AWNMag2.4.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Fleischer brothers". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106382/Fleischer-brothers. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Island Net. http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/disnehis/disn1932.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "System 4". Widescreen Museum. http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/oldcolor/technicolor4.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "System 4". Widescreen Museum. http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/oldcolor/technicolor5.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Walt Disney at the Museum?". Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. http://www.mbam.qc.ca/disney/index_en.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Once Upon a Time: Walt Disney: The Sources of Inspiration for the Disney Studios". fps magazine. http://www.fpsmagazine.com/review/070312onceupon.php. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ Danks, Adrian. "Huffing and Puffing about Three Little Pigs". Senses of Cinema. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080422180415/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/03/29/3_little_pigs.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Three Little Pigs". Disney. http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/movies/pigs/pigs.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Island Net. http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/disnehis/disn1937.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "GOOFY BIOGRAPHY". Tripod.com. http://members.tripod.com/~kariv/bio.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Donald Duck". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9096160/Donald-Duck. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The Windows on Main Street: Sharon Lund « WDW Central". Wdwcentral.wordpress.com. 2008-12-01. http://wdwcentral.wordpress.com/2008/12/01/the-windows-on-main-street-sharon-lund/. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
^ "Social Security Death Index". Ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com. 2011-05-26. http://ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
^ "Silverado Vineyards". Silverado Vineyards. http://www.silveradovineyards.com/winery/history. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
^ ^a ^b Diane Disney - Biography
^ ^a ^b "Diane Disney Miller Remembers Dad: Walt's Secret Disneyland Apartment, His Passions & More (PHOTOS)". Huffingtonpost.com. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/07/walt-disneys-secret-disneyland-apartment-diane-disney-miller_n_1259421.html. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sharon Disney - Biography
^ One Hour in Wonderland (TV 1950) - IMDb
^ Barrier, 2008, p.324)
^ "Sharon Disney Lund | Sharon Lund; Daughter of Walt Disney". Los Angeles Times. 1993-10-17. http://articles.latimes.com/1993-02-17/local/me-60_1_walt-disney. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
^ "CalArts Honors Major Donors To Its $125 Million Campaign". Calarts.edu. http://calarts.edu/news/2007-mar-21/calarts-honors-major-donors-its-125-million-campaign. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
^ "Popeye's Popularity – Article from 1935". Golden Age Cartoons. http://forums.goldenagecartoons.com/showthread.php?t=2907. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Walt Disney, Biography". Just Disney. Archived from the original on 2007-07-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20070710012642/http://www.justdisney.com/walt_disney/biography/long_bio.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Cartoons that Time Forgot". Images Journal. http://www.imagesjournal.com/issue08/reviews/vanbeuren/. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "The Inflation Calculator". The Inflation Calculator. http://www.westegg.com/inflation/infl.cgi. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
^ "Walt Disney Studio Biography". Animation USA. http://www.animationusa.com/resources/aboutdisney.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21. ^{[dead link]}
^ "The Golden Age of Animation". Disney. http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/goldenage/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Fantasia Review". The Big Cartoon Database. http://www.bcdb.com/bcdb/cartoon.cgi?film=15&m=r. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ Walt & El Grupo (documentary film, 2008).
^ "U.S. Naval Activities World War II by State". Patrick Clancey. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ref/USN-Act/CA.html. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
^ Gabler, 2006, p.444
^ Cramer, Gisela; Prutsch, Ursula, "Nelson A. Rockefeller's Office of Inter-American Affairs (1940–1946) and Record Group 229", Hispanic American Historical Review 2006 86(4):785–806; doi:10.1215/00182168-2006-050. Cf. p.795 and note 28.
^ Bender, Pennee. "Hollywood Meets South American and Stages a Show" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Studies Association. 2009-05-24 <[1]^{[dead link]}>
^ Niblo, Stephen R., "Mexico in the 1940s: Modernity, Politics, and Corruption", Wilimington, Del. : Scholarly Resources, 1999. ISBN 0-8420-2794-7. Cf. "Nelson Rockefeller and the Office of Inter-American Affairs", p.333
^ Leonard, Thomas M.; Bratzel, John F., Latin America during World War II, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2007. ISBN 978-0-7425-3741-5. Cf. p.47.
^ Solomon, Charles. "Mickey in the Post-War Era". Disney. http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/mickeymousepostwar/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Warner Bros. Studio Biography". Animation USA. http://www.animationusa.com/resources/aboutwb.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Disney's Animated Classics". Sandcastle VI. http://www.sandcastlevi.com/movies/disneyh5.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Donald Duck". Pet Care Tips. http://petcaretips.net/donald-duck.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ ^a ^b "Testimony of Walter E. Disney before HUAC". CNN. 1947-10-24. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080514003423/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/06/documents/huac/disney.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ Cogley, John (1956) Report on Blacklisting, Volume I, Movies Fund for the Republic, New York, p. 34 OCLC 3794664; reprinted in 1972 by Arno Press, New York ISBN 0-405-03915-8
^ "Communist brochure" Screen Actors Guild accessed October 20, 2008
^ "República de los Niños - Historia del Proyecto". Fundacionvalorar.org.ar. http://www.fundacionvalorar.org.ar/republica2008/Historia.asp. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
^ "Walt Disney Quotes". Tripod.com. http://disneyspace.tripod.com/id1.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ Cotter, Bill. "The Television Worlds of Disney – PART II". Disney. http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/tvworldsofdisney/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ John Lasseter-Commentary-Sleeping Beauty-2008 DVD
^ "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Island Net. http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/disnehis/disn1961.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Island Net. http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/disnehis/disn1981.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ Gabler, Neal 2006 Walt Disney: The Triumph of Imagination, Alfed A. Knofph Inc, New York City
^ ^a ^b ^c "The Day Walt Died". Disney. http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/waltspassing/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Horsing Around With Walt and Polo". Mouse Planet. http://www.mouseplanet.com/articles.php?art=ww070711ws. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Island Net. http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/disnehis/disn1966.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Kurt Russell Confirms Disney's Last Words". Star Pulse. http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2007/04/24/kurt_russell_confirms_that_walt_disney_s. Retrieved 2007-04-24.
^ Greene, K&R (2001). Inside The Dream: The Personal Story Of Walt Disney. Disney Editions. p. 180. ISBN 0-7868-5350-6.
^ ^a ^b Mikkelson, B & DP (2007-08-24). "Suspended Animation". Snopes.com. http://www.snopes.com/disney/waltdisn/frozen.asp. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ Griffiths, Bill. "Grand opening of Walt Disney world". http://www.startedbyamouse.com/archives/GrandOpeningWDW01.shtml. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Walt Disney corporate website". Disney. http://corporate.disney.go.com/investors/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ Roy E. Disney-The Legacy of Toy Story-Toy Story-2005, DVD
^ "Walt Disney's will". Do Your Own Will. http://www.doyourownwill.com/disney.asp. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
^ Plagens, Peter (2000). Sunshine Muse: Art on the West Coast, 1945–1970. University of California Press. p. 159. ISBN 0-520-22392-6.
^ Rothstein, Edward (September 30, 2009). "Exploring the Man Behind the Animation". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/01/arts/design/01disney.html?pagewanted=1.
^ Dargis, Manohla (21September 2011). "And Now a Word From the Director". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/movies/conflicting-voices-in-lars-von-triers-words-and-works.html?scp=1&sq=And%20Now%20a%20Word%20from&st=Search. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
^ "Walt Disney: More Than 'Toons, Theme Parks". CBS News. 2006-11-01. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/11/01/earlyshow/leisure/books/main2141735.shtml.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gabler, Neal (2007). Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination. Random House. p. 458. ISBN 978-0-679-75747-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=41e-Ru0wRkEC&pg=PA458.
^ http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/collection/insidestory/inside_1933d.html
^ Walt Disney - Awards
^ "Disney, Walt" (in French). Bedetheque. http://www.bedetheque.com/auteur-6857-BD-Disney-Walt.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Minnie's Cheat Sheet to my Website". AOL. http://hometown.aol.com/seramary/myhomepage/movies.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21. ^{[dead link]}
^ link removed, see edit summary
^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 342. ISBN 3-540-00238-3. http://books.google.com/books?q=4017+Disneya.
^ David Rooney (1994-03-03). "Disney wins Houston and Washington teaming ...". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR119623. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
^ "Walt: The Man Behind the Myth (TV 2001) - IMDb". Internet Movie Database. IMDb.com, Inc.. 2011. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0296273/. Retrieved 2011-07-14.

References [link]

Thomas, Bob (1994). Walt Disney: An American Original. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6027-8.

External links [link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Walt Disney

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Walt Disney

Walt Disney at the Internet Movie Database
Walt Disney at the TCM Movie Database
Works by or about Walt Disney in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Walt Disney Family Museum
Walt Disney Gravesite

The Walt Disney Company

Company officials

Company founders	Walter Elias Disney Roy Oliver Disney

Executive management	Robert Iger Jay Rasulo Alan N. Braverman Ronald L. Iden Brent Woodford Jayne Parker Zenia Mucha Preston Padden Christine M. McCarthy Kevin Mayer

Board of directors	Susan Arnold John S. Chen Judith Estrin Robert Iger (Chairman and CEO) Fred Langhammer Aylwin Lewis Robert Matschullat Sheryl Sandberg Orin C. Smith

Walt Disney Studios

Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group
Disney Music Group
Disney Theatrical Group
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
Disney Studio Services (Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)
Golden Oak Ranch
The Prospect Studios)

Media Networks

Walt Disney
Parks and Resorts

Disney Consumer Products

Disney Interactive Media Group

Miscellaneous assets

Annual revenue USD 63.1 billion (2010)
Employees 150,000 (2008)
Stock symbol NYSE: DIS
Website thewaltdisneycompany.com

v t e Disneyland Resort

Theme parks	Disneyland current attractions past attractions Disney California Adventure current attractions past attractions

Hotels	Disneyland Hotel Paradise Pier Hotel Grand Californian Hotel

Resort area	Downtown Disney World of Disney Disneyland Monorail System

People	Walt Disney Ed Grier Greg Emmer Matt Ouimet Cynthia Harriss Paul Pressler Jack Lindquist Ron Dominguez Paul Frees Thurl Ravenscroft Marc Davis Jack Wagner Corey Burton Art Linkletter

Events	Happiest Homecoming on Earth Grad Nite Magic Music Days Weddings

Other	Incidents E ticket Fastpass attractions PhotoPass Disneyland, Inc. Team Disney Anaheim Partners Federal Credit Union Voluntears

Related articles	Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Walt Disney Imagineering Walt Disney Creative Entertainment Anaheim, California

v t e Disney theatrical animated features

Walt Disney Animation Studios films (literary sources)	Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) Pinocchio (1940) Fantasia (1940) Dumbo (1941) Bambi (1942) Saludos Amigos (1942) The Three Caballeros (1944) Make Mine Music (1946) Fun and Fancy Free (1947) Melody Time (1948) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949) Cinderella (1950) Alice in Wonderland (1951) Peter Pan (1953) Lady and the Tramp (1955) Sleeping Beauty (1959) One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961) The Sword in the Stone (1963) The Jungle Book (1967) The Aristocats (1970) Robin Hood (1973) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977) The Rescuers (1977) The Fox and the Hound (1981) The Black Cauldron (1985) The Great Mouse Detective (1986) Oliver & Company (1988) The Little Mermaid (1989) The Rescuers Down Under (1990) Beauty and the Beast (1991) Aladdin (1992) The Lion King (1994) Pocahontas (1995) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) Hercules (1997) Mulan (1998) Tarzan (1999) Fantasia 2000 (1999) Dinosaur (2000) The Emperor's New Groove (2000) Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001) Lilo & Stitch (2002) Treasure Planet (2002) Brother Bear (2003) Home on the Range (2004) Chicken Little (2005) Meet the Robinsons (2007) Bolt (2008) The Princess and the Frog (2009) Tangled (2010) Winnie the Pooh (2011) Wreck-It Ralph (2012) Frozen (2013)

Walt Disney Pictures films with animation	The Reluctant Dragon (1941) Victory Through Air Power (1943) Song of the South (1946) So Dear to My Heart (1949) Mary Poppins (1964) Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971) Pete's Dragon (1977) Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) Enchanted (2007)

DisneyToon Studios films	DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990) A Goofy Movie (1995) Doug's 1st Movie (1999) The Tigger Movie (2000) Recess: School's Out (2001) Return to Never Land (2002) The Jungle Book 2 (2003) Piglet's Big Movie (2003) Teacher's Pet (2004) Pooh's Heffalump Movie (2005) Bambi II (2006)

Book Category

v t e Disney home entertainment animated features

Sequels/ Midquels/ Prequels	The Return of Jafar (1994) Aladdin and the King of Thieves (1996) Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin (1997) Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (1997) Belle's Magical World (1998) Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (1998) The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea (2000) Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure (2001) Cinderella II: Dreams Come True (2002) The Hunchback of Notre Dame II (2002) Winnie the Pooh: A Very Merry Pooh Year (2002) Atlantis: Milo's Return (2003) 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure (2003) The Lion King 1½ (2004) Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo (2004) Mulan II (2004) Tarzan II (2005) Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch (2005) Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie (2005) Kronk's New Groove (2005) Bambi II (2006) Brother Bear 2 (2006) The Fox and the Hound 2 (2006) Cinderella III: A Twist in Time (2007) The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning (2008)

Films based on TV series	An Extremely Goofy Movie (2000) Recess Christmas: Miracle on Third Street (2001) Kim Possible: A Sitch in Time (2003) Recess: Taking the Fifth Grade (2003) Recess: All Growed Down (2003) Kim Possible Movie: So the Drama (2005) Leroy & Stitch (2006) Phineas and Ferb The Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension (2011)

TV series pilots and compilations	Fluppy Dogs (1986) Gargoyles the Movie: The Heroes Awaken (1995) Mighty Ducks the Movie: The First Face-Off (1997) Hercules: Zero to Hero (1998) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins (2000) Tarzan & Jane (2002) Stitch! The Movie (2003)

Original stories	Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999) Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004) Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004) Once Upon a Halloween (2005) Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams (2007) Tinker Bell (2008) Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure (2009) Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue (2010) Secret of the Wings (2012) Planes (2013)

Adaptations	Winnie the Pooh: Seasons of Giving (1999) Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse (2001) Mickey's House of Villains (2002) Tarzan & Jane (2002) Disney Sing Along Songs series (1986-2006)

Academy Awards Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award

Darryl F. Zanuck (1938)
Hal B. Wallis (1939)
David O. Selznick (1940)
Walt Disney (1942)
Sidney Franklin (1943)
Hal B. Wallis (1944)
Darryl F. Zanuck (1945)
Samuel Goldwyn (1947)
Jerry Wald (1949)
Darryl F. Zanuck (1951)
Arthur Freed (1952)
Cecil B. DeMille (1953)
George Stevens (1954)
Buddy Adler (1957)
Jack Warner (1959)
Stanley Kramer (1962)
Sam Spiegel (1964)
William Wyler (1966)
Robert Wise (1967)
Alfred Hitchcock (1968)
Ingmar Bergman (1971)
Lawrence Weingarten (1974)
Mervyn LeRoy (1976)
Pandro S. Berman (1977)
Walter Mirisch (1978)
Ray Stark (1980)
Albert R. Broccoli (1982)
Steven Spielberg (1986)
Billy Wilder (1988)
David Brown and Richard D. Zanuck (1991)
George Lucas (1992)
Clint Eastwood (1995)
Saul Zaentz (1997)
Norman Jewison (1999)
Warren Beatty (2000)
Dino De Laurentiis (2001)
John Calley (2009)
Francis Ford Coppola (2010)

v t e Silly Symphonies (1929–1939)

Shorts	The Skeleton Dance (1929) El Terrible Toreador (1929) Springtime (1929) Hell's Bells (1929) The Merry Dwarfs (1929) Summer (1930) Autumn (1930) Cannibal Capers (1930) Frolicking Fish (1930) Arctic Antics (1930) Midnight in a Toy Shop (1930) Night (1930) Monkey Melodies (1930) Winter (1930) Playful Pan (1930) Birds of a Feather (1931) Mother Goose Melodies (1931) The China Plate (1931) The Busy Beavers (1931) The Cat's Out (1931) Egyptian Melodies (1931) The Clock Store (1931) The Spider and the Fly (1931) The Fox Hunt (1931) The Ugly Duckling (1931) The Bird Store (1932) The Bears and the Bees (1932) Just Dogs (1932) Flowers and Trees (1932) King Neptune (1932) Bugs in Love (1932) Babes in the Woods (1932) Santa's Workshop (1932) Birds in the Spring (1933) Father Noah's Ark (1933) Three Little Pigs (1933) Old King Cole (1933) Lullaby Land (1933) The Pied Piper (1933) The Night Before Christmas (1933) The China Shop (1934) The Grasshopper and the Ants (1934) Funny Little Bunnies (1934) The Big Bad Wolf (1934) The Wise Little Hen (1934) The Flying Mouse (1934) Peculiar Penguins (1934) The Goddess of Spring (1934) The Tortoise and the Hare (1935) The Golden Touch (1935) The Robber Kitten (1935) Water Babies (1935) The Cookie Carnival (1935) Who Killed Cock Robin? (1935) Music Land (1935) Three Orphan Kittens (1935) Cock 'o the Walk (1935) Broken Toys (1935) Elmer Elephant (1936) Three Little Wolves (1936) Toby Tortoise Returns (1936) Three Blind Mouseketeers (1936) The Country Cousin (1936) Mother Pluto (1936) More Kittens (1936) Woodland Café (1937) Little Hiawatha (1937) The Old Mill (1937) The Moth and the Flame (1938) Wynken, Blynken, and Nod (1938) Farmyard Symphony (1938) Merbabies (1938) Mother Goose Goes Hollywood (1938) The Practical Pig (1939) The Ugly Duckling (1939)

Characters	Donald Duck Peter Pig Big Bad Wolf Bucky Bug

People	Walt Disney Ub Iwerks Carl Stalling Jack Cutting Burt Gillett Wilfred Jackson David Hand Ben Sharpsteen

Studios	Walt Disney Animation Studios Harman and Ising

v t e Cecil B. DeMille Award (1952–1975)

Cecil B. DeMille (1952) Walt Disney (1953) Darryl F. Zanuck (1954) Jean Hersholt (1955) Jack Warner (1956) Mervyn LeRoy (1957) Buddy Adler (1958) Maurice Chevalier (1959) Bing Crosby (1960) Fred Astaire (1961) Judy Garland (1962) Bob Hope (1963) Joseph E. Levine (1964) James Stewart (1965) John Wayne (1966) Charlton Heston (1967) Kirk Douglas (1968) Gregory Peck (1969) Joan Crawford (1970) Frank Sinatra (1971) Alfred Hitchcock (1972) Samuel Goldwyn (1973) Bette Davis (1974) Hal B. Wallis (1975)

Complete list (1952–1975) (1976–2000) (2001–2020)

Authority control: LCCN: n78095660 | WorldCat

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Persondata
Name	Allen, Woody
Alternative names	Konigsberg, Allan Stewart; Allen, Heywood
Short description	Actor, writer, and director
Date of birth	December 1, 1935
Place of birth	New York City, New York, United States
Date of death
Place of death

Persondata
Name	Disney, Walter Elias
Alternative names
Short description	Producer, director and animator
Date of birth	December 5, 1901
Place of birth	Chicago, Illinois, United States
Date of death	December 15, 1966
Place of death	Los Angeles, California, United States

Branches of Mathematics

Pure mathematics

Applied mathematics

Related Topics

Moose Filmography

Moose Filmography

Mooses Filmography

Make changes yourself !

Contents

Related pages:

Contents

Related pages:

Contents

[edit] Silly Symphonies

[edit] "Disney's Folly": Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

Related pages: