Auguste Comte

Sunday, 23 September 2012

História Online - Sociologia - Auguste Comte - Prof Rodolfo.mp4

August Comte: Three Historical Types of Knowledge -- Rey Ty

História Online - Sociologia - Auguste Comte - Prof Rodolfo.mp4.mp4

Open Collage in a new Window

Email the Collage

Loading suggestions ...

Empire of Brazil
The Empire of Brazil was a political entity that comprised present-day Brazil under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II. Founded in 1822 it was replaced by a republic in 1889.
http://wn.com/Empire_of_Brazil
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France
Hérault
http://wn.com/Hérault
Pont des Arts
http://wn.com/Pont_des_Arts
Père Lachaise
http://wn.com/Père_Lachaise
Republic of Brazil
http://wn.com/Republic_of_Brazil

Adam Smith
http://wn.com/Adam_Smith
Albert Einstein
http://wn.com/Albert_Einstein
Aristotle
http://wn.com/Aristotle
Auguste Comte
http://wn.com/Auguste_Comte
Averroes
http://wn.com/Averroes
C. D. Broad
C. D. Broad (full name Charlie Dunbar Broad; 30 December 1887 - 11 March 1971) was an English epistemologist, historian of philosophy, philosopher of science, moral philosopher, and writer on the philosophical aspects of psychical research. He was known for his thorough and dispassionate examinations of arguments in such works as The Mind and Its Place in Nature, published in 1925, Scientific Thought, published in 1930, and ''Examination of McTaggart's Philosophy'', published in 1933.
http://wn.com/C_D_Broad
Carl Gustav Hempel
Carl Gustav "Peter" Hempel (born January 8, 1905 in Oranienburg, Germany died November 9, 1997 in Princeton, New Jersey) was a philosopher of science and a major figure in 20th-century logical empiricism. He is especially well-known for his articulation of the Deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation, which was considered the "standard model" of scientific explanation during the 1950s and 1960's. He is also known for the Raven paradox, which highlights the problem of induction.
http://wn.com/Carl_Gustav_Hempel
Charles Darwin
http://wn.com/Charles_Darwin
Charles Dunoyer
http://wn.com/Charles_Dunoyer
Charles Maurras
__FORCETOC__
http://wn.com/Charles_Maurras
Clotilde de Vaux
http://wn.com/Clotilde_de_Vaux
Daniel Dennett
Daniel Clement Dennett (born March 28, 1942 in Boston) is an American philosopher and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science. He graduated from Harvard with a B.A in philosophy, then after completing his D.Phil at the University of Oxford. He is currently the co-director of the Center for Cognitive Studies, the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, and a University Professor at Tufts University. Dennett is a noted atheist and secularist, a member of the Secular Coalition for America advisory board, as well as a prominent advocate of the Brights movement.
http://wn.com/Daniel_Dennett
David Hume
http://wn.com/David_Hume
Emile Littré
http://wn.com/Emile_Littré
Francis Bacon
http://wn.com/Francis_Bacon
French people
French people can refer to:
http://wn.com/French_people
Galileo Galilei
http://wn.com/Galileo_Galilei
George Eliot
http://wn.com/George_Eliot
George Holyoake
George Jacob Holyoake (13 April 1817 - 22 January 1906), English secularist and co-operator, was born in Birmingham, England. He coined the term "secularism" in 1851 and the term "jingoism" in 1878.
http://wn.com/George_Holyoake
Georges Canguilhem
Georges Canguilhem (Castelnaudary, Aude, 4 June 1904 – 11 September 1995 in Marly-le-Roi) was a French philosopher and physician who specialized in epistemology and the philosophy of science (in particular, biology).
http://wn.com/Georges_Canguilhem
H.S. Jones
http://wn.com/HS_Jones
Harriet Martineau
Harriet Martineau (June 12, 1802 – June 27, 1876) was an English social theorist and Whig writer, often cited as the first woman sociologist.
http://wn.com/Harriet_Martineau
Henri de Saint-Simon
http://wn.com/Henri_de_Saint-Simon
Henri Gouhier
http://wn.com/Henri_Gouhier
Henri Poincaré
http://wn.com/Henri_Poincaré
Henri Saint-Simon
http://wn.com/Henri_Saint-Simon
Herbert Spencer
http://wn.com/Herbert_Spencer
Hugh of Saint Victor
http://wn.com/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor
Ibn Khaldun
http://wn.com/Ibn_Khaldun
Immanuel Kant
http://wn.com/Immanuel_Kant
Imre Lakatos
http://wn.com/Imre_Lakatos
Isaac Newton
http://wn.com/Isaac_Newton
Jean-Baptiste Say
Jean-Baptiste Say (5 January 1767 – 15 November 1832) was a French economist and businessman. He had classically liberal views and argued in favor of competition, free trade, and lifting restraints on business. He is best known due to Say's Law, which is named after him and at times credited to him, but while he discussed and popularized it, he did not originate it.
http://wn.com/Jean-Baptiste_Say
Jeremy Bentham
Jeremy Bentham ( or ; 15 February 1748 – 6 June 1832) was an English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He became a leading theorist in Anglo-American philosophy of law and a political radical whose ideas influenced the development of welfarism. He is best known for his advocacy of utilitarianism and the ethical treatment of animals, and the idea of the panopticon.
http://wn.com/Jeremy_Bentham
John Dewey
http://wn.com/John_Dewey
John Kells Ingram
John Kells Ingram (Prof. Dr. John Kells Ingram, LL.D., D.Litt., SFTCD, MRIA)
http://wn.com/John_Kells_Ingram
John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was a British philosopher and civil servant. An influential contributor to social theory, political theory, and political economy, his conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control. He was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by Jeremy Bentham, although his conception of it was very different from Bentham's. Hoping to remedy the problems found in an inductive approach to science, such as confirmation bias, he clearly set forth the premises of falsification as the key component in the scientific method. Mill was also a Member of Parliament and an important figure in liberal political philosophy.
http://wn.com/John_Stuart_Mill
Jürgen Habermas
http://wn.com/Jürgen_Habermas
Karl Marx
http://wn.com/Karl_Marx
Karl Popper
http://wn.com/Karl_Popper
Larry Laudan
Larry Laudan (b. Austin, Texas 1941) is a contemporary philosopher of science and epistemologist. He has strongly criticized the traditions of positivism, realism, and relativism, and he has defended a view of science as a privileged and progressive institution against popular challenges. Laudan's philosophical view of "research traditions" is seen as an important alternative to Imre Lakatos's "research programs."
http://wn.com/Larry_Laudan
Marquis de Condorcet
http://wn.com/Marquis_de_Condorcet
Marx
http://wn.com/Marx
Napoleon
http://wn.com/Napoleon
Otto Neurath
Otto Neurath (Vienna, December 10, 1882 - Oxford, December 22, 1945) was an Austrian philosopher of science, sociologist, and political economist. Before he was forced to flee his native country for Great Britain in the wake of the Nazi occupation, Neurath was one of the leading figures of the Vienna Circle.
http://wn.com/Otto_Neurath
Paul Feyerabend
http://wn.com/Paul_Feyerabend
Pierre Duhem
http://wn.com/Pierre_Duhem
Pierre Gassendi
Pierre Gassendi (January 22, 1592 – October 24, 1655) was a French philosopher, priest, scientist, astronomer, and mathematician. With a church position in south-east France, he also spent much time in Paris, where he was a leader of a group of free-thinking intellectuals. He was also an active observational scientist, publishing the first data on the transit of Mercury in 1631. The lunar crater Gassendi is named after him.
http://wn.com/Pierre_Gassendi
Pierre Macherey
http://wn.com/Pierre_Macherey
Plato
:For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Plato
R.B. Braithwaite
http://wn.com/RB_Braithwaite
René Descartes
http://wn.com/René_Descartes
Robert Kilwardby
http://wn.com/Robert_Kilwardby
Roger Bacon
http://wn.com/Roger_Bacon
Rudolf Carnap
Rudolf Carnap (May 18, 1891 – September 14, 1970) was an influential German-born philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a leading member of the Vienna Circle and a prominent advocate of logical positivism.
http://wn.com/Rudolf_Carnap
Stephen Toulmin
Stephen Edelston Toulmin (25 March 1922 - 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator. Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning. Throughout his writings, he sought to develop practical arguments which can be used effectively in evaluating the ethics behind moral issues. His works were later found useful in the field of rhetoric for analyzing rhetorical arguments. The Toulmin Model of Argumentation, a diagram containing six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments, was considered his most influential work, particularly in the field of rhetoric and communication, and in computer science.
http://wn.com/Stephen_Toulmin
Thomas Hobbes
http://wn.com/Thomas_Hobbes
Thomas Samuel Kuhn
http://wn.com/Thomas_Samuel_Kuhn
W.V.O. Quine
http://wn.com/WVO_Quine
Wilhelm Windelband
http://wn.com/Wilhelm_Windelband
Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (16 August 1832 - 31 August 1920) was a German medical doctor, psychologist, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology. He is widely regarded as the "father of experimental psychology". In 1879, Wundt founded one of the first formal laboratories for psychological research at the University of Leipzig.
http://wn.com/Wilhelm_Wundt
William of Ockham
http://wn.com/William_of_Ockham
William Robertson
http://wn.com/William_Robertson
William Whewell
William Whewell (24 May 1794 – 6 March 1866) was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science. His surname is .
http://wn.com/William_Whewell
Émile Durkheim
http://wn.com/Émile_Durkheim

Introduction to Sociology Auguste Comte

Part of a First Lecture on Sociology Discussing Auguste Comte and Positivism...

published: 17 Jan 2011

Author: ProfHahn

AUGUSTE COMTE

...

published: 18 May 2010

Author: shrimpishh

The Altruism of Auguste Comte

The term Altruism was coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosoph...

published: 29 May 2011

Author: Heinz Schmitz

História Online - Sociologia - Auguste Comte - Prof Rodolfo.mp4

Segunda parte da introdução à sociologia abordando Auguste Comte. his...

published: 04 Jan 2011

Author: rods32

August Comte: Three Historical Types of Knowledge -- Rey Ty

Auguste Compte Explains the Three Historical Types of Knowledge "Rey Ty"...

published: 15 Jan 2010

Author: Rey Ty

Auguste Comte

For sociology class, Jordan and I got an assignment to make a presentation on a famous soc...

published: 29 Oct 2010

Author: dressedupandinline22

August Comte and Positivism

This is a brief tutorial about August Comte and Positivism created for Sophia Learning....

published: 13 Jul 2012

Author: mathy97701

Auguste Comte - O Pai do Positivismo

Trabalho elaborado por Glauber Magalhães...

published: 24 Mar 2010

Author: Glauber Magalhães

Auguste Comte

...

published: 28 Jun 2010

Author: Bárbara Magalhães

12 Augusto Comte El Positivismo

...

published: 12 Aug 2011

Author: professorluiscarlos

El Positivismo de Augusto Comte parte 1

...

published: 17 Nov 2010

Author: mariselferrero44

História Online - Sociologia - Auguste Comte - Prof Rodolfo.mp4.mp4

...

published: 23 Aug 2011

Author: pcanteze

Auguste Comte

Apresentação do trabalho sobre o filósofo Auguste Comte....

published: 13 Mar 2011

Author: fonsecaleonardo

Sociologia - Auguste Comte

Três temas básicos da Sociologia de Auguste Comte...

published: 18 May 2012

Author: acmforevis

<li class="playlistitemli thumbnail border_color">
        <div class="video_facebook">
                    <a href="http://web.archive.org./web/20120923164836/http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http://wn.com/<%= title %>&t=<%= title %>" title="Share this video" target="_blank" style="target-name: new; target-new: tab;"></a>
        </div>
    
        <a class="playlistitem" id="<%= id %>">
            <div class="thumb border_color bgr_color rounded">  
                <div class="clip">
                    <div class="thumb_play"></div>
                    <img width="110" height="82" alt="<%= title %>" src="/web/20120923164836im_/http://wn.com/<%= thumbnailUrl %>"/>
                    <div class="duration opacity"><%= durationStr %></div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="video-title font_color"><%= title %></div>
        </a>
    <span class="playlistitemremove" title="Click to remove from playlist"></span>
    <span class="description-content" style="display:none;"><%= tooltipContentBody %></span>
</li>

Photo: AP / Marcio Jose Sanchez

Space Shuttle Endeavour mounted on NASA's Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, passes over the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, Friday, Sept. 21, 2012

Space shuttle Endeavour takes to California skies

Tampa Bay Online

21 Sep 2012

LOS ANGELES -- Space shuttle Endeavour took off Friday morning on a sightseeing tour of California, the last aerial hurrah before retiring to a Los Angeles museum. Hitching a ride on top of a jumbo...

Chat

Photo: AP / B.K. Bangash

Pakistani protesters shout anti-U.S. slogans at a rally in Rawalpindi, Pakistan on Friday, Sept. 21, 2012.

Pakistani leaders play religious card as protests boil

Sun Sentinel

21 Sep 2012

Pakistan's government, wary of widespread frustration over its failure to provide basic services, declared Friday a day of protest over the film in an apparent bid to exploit anger which has inspired...

Chat

Photo: AP / Shakh Aivazov

People look through a prison gate to see their family members during a protest rally against prison abuse in Tbilisi, Georgia, Friday, Sept. 21, 2012.

Protests over prison abuse rocks Georgia

Al Jazeera

21 Sep 2012

Thousands have rallied in Georgia to demand the prosecution of high-level officials fired in a prison-abuse scandal that threatens to unseat the governing pro-Western party in next month's...

Chat

Photo: AP / Hadi Mizban

Members of the Mujahedeen-e-Khalq (MEK) organization chant slogans and hold banners during a tour organized by the Iraqi government for foreign diplomats in Baghdad, Iraq, Tuesday, Sept. 11, 2012.

US 'set to remove' Iran group MEK's from terror list

BBC News

22 Sep 2012

The US is set to remove dissident Iranian group Mujahideen-e Khalq from its terror blacklist, officials say. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has sent a classified opinion to Congress and a decision...

Chat

timeline:
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001

Analyse this 05 Sep 2012

The Hindu News is doing the rounds that some young Muslim men, among them a journalist and a DRDO employee, have been picked up on suspicion of alleged involvement in planning unlawful activities. An hour ago I heard the distraught mother of one of these men bemoan that her son could never do such things...(size: 3.9Kb)

Champagne’s Sparkling Pairing With Hot Dogs, James Bond 10 Sep 2012

Bloomberg As I sip the latest release of Krug Grande Cuvee (MC) and chew some salty nuts at Eleven Madison Park, company director Olivier Krug compares making the Champagne to his grandmother’s ratatouille. “Champagne is more complex when you blend many ingredients,” he says. Entering the new label ID code on...(size: 7.0Kb)

Kellye lynn 11 Sep 2012

IMC Kristen bell crotch Jamesmaslowbuldge Obama fake nude Schoolisbeatcom proxy El chulo y la bolaon line Canal 4 en vivo el salvador Mugeres pisando Sixtyforce wii classic controller Ho hoang yen history Code talker joseph bruchac chapter summary Chouzuki maryou weight gain Prom award ideasrom award...(size: 255.7Kb)

free sample neighbor complaint letters 13 Sep 2012

IMC Submitted by Anonymous on Thu, 2012-09-13 15:57 The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Devil's Dictionary, by Ambrose Bierce This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project...(size: 256.0Kb)

The battle of the 'white tribe' 21 Sep 2012

Ha'aretz "The country's full of people who are strange to us, and we to them," admits the American historian Henry Adams in Gore Vidal's 1987 novel "Empire." In 1904, Vidal writes, Adams, a member of a famous political dynasty (one that included two presidents ) meets in a train station with John Hay, a...(size: 6.7Kb)

timeline:
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001

This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (August 2011)

Isidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte

Born	19 January 1798 Montpellier, France
Died	September 5, 1857(1857-09-05) (aged 59) Paris, France
Notable ideas	Positivism, Sociology, Law of three stages, Encyclopedic law
Influenced by Adam Smith, Jean-Baptiste Say, William Robertson, David Hume, Marquis de Condorcet, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Henri de Saintrt Spencer, Émile Durkheim, Charles Maurras^[1]

Isidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte (19 January 1798 – 5 September 1857), better known as Auguste Comte [oɡyst kɔ̃t], was a French philosopher. He was a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism. He may be regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term.

Strongly influenced by the Utopian socialist Henri Saint-Simon, Comte developed the positive philosophy in an attempt to remedy the social malaise of the French revolution, calling for a new social doctrine based on the sciences. Comte was a major influence on 19th century thought, impacting the work of social thinkers such as Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill, and George Eliot.^[2] His concept of sociologie and social evolutionism, though now outdated, set the tone for early social theorists and anthropologists such as Harriet Martineau and Herbert Spencer, evolving into Modern academic sociology presented by Émile Durkheim as practical and objective social research.

Comte's social theories culminated in the "religion of humanity", which was influential to the development of religious humanist and Secular Humanist organizations in the 19th century. Comte likewise coined the word "altruism".^[3]

1 Life
2 Thought
- 2.1 Comte's positivism
3 The religion of humanity
4 Three Stages
5 Bibliography
- 5.1 Works
- 5.2 Secondary
6 Notes
7 External links

Life [link]

Comte's grave at Père Lachaise cemetery

Comte was born in Montpellier, Hérault, in southern France on January 19, 1798. After attending the Lycée Joffre^[4] and then the University of Montpellier, Comte was admitted to the École Polytechnique in Paris. The École Polytechnique was notable for its adherence to the French ideals of republicanism and progress. The École closed in 1816 for reorganization, however, causing Comte to leave and continue his studies at the medical school at Montpellier. When the École Polytechnique reopened, he did not request readmission.

Following his return to Montpellier, Comte soon came to see unbridgeable differences with his Catholic and Monarchist family and set off again for Paris, earning money by small jobs. In August 1817 he became a student and secretary to Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, who brought Comte into contact with intellectual society and greatly influenced his thought thereon. It is during that time that Auguste Comte published his first essays in the various publications headed by Saint-Simon, L'Industrie, Le Politique, and L'Organisateur (Charles Dunoyer and Charles Comte's Le Censeur Européen), although he would not publish under his own name until 1819's "La séparation générale entre les opinions et les désirs" ("The general separation of opinions and desires"). In 1824, Comte left Saint-Simon, again because of unbridgeable differences. Comte published a Plan de travaux scientifiques nécessaires pour réorganiser la société (1822) (Plan of scientific studies necessary for the reorganization of society). But he failed to get an academic post. His day-to-day life depended on sponsors and financial help from friends. Debates rage as to how much Comte appropriated from the work of Saint-Simon.^[5]

Comte married Caroline Massin, but divorced in 1842. In 1826 he was taken to a mental health hospital, but left without being cured – only stabilized by French alienist Esquirol – so that he could work again on his plan (he would later attempt suicide in 1827 by jumping off the Pont des Arts). In the time between this and their divorce, he published the six volumes of his Cours.

Comte developed a close friendship with John Stuart Mill. From 1844, Comte was involved with Clotilde de Vaux, a relationship that remained platonic. After her death in 1846 this love became quasi-religious, and Comte, working closely with Mill (who was refining his own such system) developed a new "religion of humanity". John Kells Ingram, an adherent of Comte, visited him 1855 in Paris.

He published four volumes of Système de politique positive (1851–1854). His final work, the first volume of "La Synthèse Subjective" ("The Subjective Synthesis"), was published in 1856.

Comte died in Paris on 5 September 1857 from stomach cancer and was buried in the famous Cimetière du Père Lachaise, surrounded by cenotaphs in memory of his mother, Rosalie Boyer, and of Caroline de Vaux. His apartment from 1841-1857 is now conserved as the Maison d'Auguste Comte and is located 10 rue Monsieur-le-Prince, in Paris' 6th arrondissement.

Thought [link]

Comte's positivism [link]

Main articles: Positivism and Law of three stages

Sociology

Outline
Theory · History
Positivism · Antipositivism Functionalism · Conflict theory Middle-range · Mathematical Critical theory · Socialization Structure and agency
Research methods
Quantitative · Qualitative Historical · Computational Ethnographic · Network analytic
Topics · Subfields
Cities · Class · Crime · Culture Deviance · Demography · Education Economy · Environment · Family Gender · Health · Industry · Internet Knowledge · Law · Medicine Politics · Mobility · Race and ethnicity Rationalization · Religion · Science Secularization · Social networks Social psychology · Stratification
Browse
Portal Category tree · Lists Journals · Sociologists Article index
v t e

Comte first described the epistemological perspective of positivism in The Course in Positive Philosophy, a series of texts published between 1830 and 1842. These texts were followed by the 1848 work, A General View of Positivism (published in English in 1865). The first three volumes of the Course dealt chiefly with the physical sciences already in existence (mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology), whereas the latter two emphasised the inevitable coming of social science. Observing the circular dependence of theory and observation in science, and classifying the sciences in this way, Comte may be regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term.^[6] Comte was also the first to distinguish natural philosophy from science explicitly. For him, the physical sciences had necessarily to arrive first, before humanity could adequately channel its efforts into the most challenging and complex "Queen science" of human society itself. His View of Positivism would therefore set out to define, in more detail, the empirical goals of sociological method.^{[citation needed]}

Comte offered an account of social evolution, proposing that society undergoes three phases in its quest for the truth according to a general 'law of three stages'. The idea bears some similarity to Marx's view that human society would progress toward a communist peak.^{[citation needed]} This is perhaps unsurprising as both were profoundly influenced by the early Utopian socialist, Henri de Saint-Simon, who was at one time Comte's teacher and mentor. Both Comte and Marx intended to develop, scientifically, a new secular ideology in the wake of European secularisation.^{[citation needed]}

Comte's stages were (1) the theological, (2) the metaphysical, and (3) the positive.^[7] The Theological phase was seen from the perspective of 19th century France as preceding the Enlightenment, in which man's place in society and society's restrictions upon man were referenced to God. Man blindly believed in whatever he was taught by his ancestors. He believed in a supernatural power. Fetishism played a significant role during this time. By the "Metaphysical" phase, he referred not to the Metaphysics of Aristotle or other ancient Greek philosophers. Rather, the idea was rooted in the problems of French society subsequent to the revolution of 1789. This Metaphysical phase involved the justification of universal rights as being on a vauntedly higher plane than the authority of any human ruler to countermand, although said rights were not referenced to the sacred beyond mere metaphor. This stage is known as the stage of investigation, because people started reasoning and questioning although no solid evidence was laid. The stage of investigation was the beginning of a world that questioned authority and religion. In the Scientific phase, which came into being after the failure of the revolution and of Napoleon, people could find solutions to social problems and bring them into force despite the proclamations of human rights or prophecy of the will of God. Science started to answer questions in full stretch. In this regard he was similar to Karl Marx and Jeremy Bentham. For its time, this idea of a Scientific phase was considered up-to-date, although from a later standpoint it is too derivative of classical physics and academic history. Comte's law of three stages was one of the first theories of social evolutionism.

The other universal law he called the "encyclopedic law." By combining these laws, Comte developed a systematic and hierarchical classification of all sciences, including inorganic physics (astronomy, earth science and chemistry) and organic physics (biology and, for the first time, physique sociale, later renamed sociologie). Independently from Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès's introduction of the term in 1780, Comte re-invented "sociologie," and introduced the term as a neologism, in 1838. Comte had earlier used the term "social physics," but that term had been appropriated by others, notably Adolphe Quetelet.

"The most important thing to determine was the natural order in which the sciences stand — not how they can be made to stand, but how they must stand, irrespective of the wishes of any one....This Comte accomplished by taking as the criterion of the position of each the degree of what he called "positivity," which is simply the degree to which the phenomena can be exactly determined. This, as may be readily seen, is also a measure of their relative complexity, since the exactness of a science is in inverse proportion to its complexity. The degree of exactness or positivity is, moreover, that to which it can be subjected to mathematical demonstration, and therefore mathematics, which is not itself a concrete science, is the general gauge by which the position of every science is to be determined. Generalizing thus, Comte found that there were five great groups of phenomena of equal classificatory value but of successively decreasing positivity. To these he gave the names astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, and sociology."

— Lester F. Ward, The Outlines of Sociology (1898), ^[8]

This idea of a special science—not the humanities, not metaphysics—for the social was prominent in the 19th century and not unique to Comte. It has recently been discovered that the term "sociology" - a term considered coined by Comte - had already been introduced in 1780, albeit with a different meaning, by the French essayist Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès(1748–1836).^[9] The ambitious—many would say grandiose—way that Comte conceived of this special science of the social, however, was unique. Comte saw this new science, sociology, as the last and greatest of all sciences, one which would include all other sciences and integrate and relate their findings into a cohesive whole. It has to be pointed out, however, that there was a seventh science, one even greater than sociology. Namely, Comte considered "Anthropology, or true science of Man [to be] the last gradation in the Grand Hierarchy of Abstract Science."^[10]

The motto Ordem e Progresso ("Order and Progress") in the flag of Brazil is inspired by Auguste Comte's motto of positivism: L'amour pour principe et l'ordre pour base; le progrès pour but ("Love as a principle and order as the basis; Progress as the goal"). Several of those involved in the military coup d'état that deposed the monarchy and proclaimed Brazil a republic were followers of the ideas of Comte.^[11]

Comte’s explanation of the Positive philosophy introduced the important relationship between theory, practice and human understanding of the world. On page 27 of the 1855 printing of Harriet Martineau’s translation of The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte, we see his observation that, “If it is true that every theory must be based upon observed facts, it is equally true that facts can not be observed without the guidance of some theories. Without such guidance, our facts would be desultory and fruitless; we could not retain them: for the most part we could not even perceive them."^[12]

Comte is generally regarded as the first Western sociologist (Ibn Khaldun having preceded him in North Africa by nearly four centuries). Comte's emphasis on the interconnectedness of social elements was a forerunner of modern functionalism. Nevertheless, as with many others of Comte's time, certain elements of his work are now viewed as eccentric and unscientific, and his grand vision of sociology as the centerpiece of all the sciences has not come to fruition.

His emphasis on a quantitative, mathematical basis for decision-making remains with us today. It is a foundation of the modern notion of Positivism, modern quantitative statistical analysis, and business decision-making. His description of the continuing cyclical relationship between theory and practice is seen in modern business systems of Total Quality Management and Continuous Quality Improvement where advocates describe a continuous cycle of theory and practice through the four-part cycle of plan, do, check, and act. Despite his advocacy of quantitative analysis, Comte saw a limit in its ability to help explain social phenomena.

The early sociology of Herbert Spencer came about broadly as a reaction to Comte; writing after various developments in evolutionary biology, Spencer attempted (in vain) to reformulate the discipline in what we might now describe as socially Darwinistic terms. (Spencer was in actual fact a proponent of Lamarckism rather than Darwinism).

Comte's fame today owes in part to Emile Littré, who founded The Positivist Review in 1867. Debates continue to rage, however, as to how much Comte appropriated from the work of his mentor, Henri de Saint-Simon.

The religion of humanity [link]

Positivist temple in Porto Alegre

In later a 'religion of humanity' for positivist societies in order to fulfil the cohesive function once held by traditional worship. In 1849, he proposed a calendar reform called the 'positivist calendar'. For close associate John Stuart Mill, it was possible to distinguish between a "good Comte" (the author of the Course in Positive Philosophy) and a "bad Comte" (the author of the secular-religious system).^[6] The system was unsuccessful but met with the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species to influence the proliferation of various Secular Humanist organizations in the 19th century, especially through the work of secularists such as George Holyoake and Richard Congreve. Although Comte's English followers, including George Eliot and Harriet Martineau, for the most part rejected the full gloomy panoply of his system, they liked the idea of a religion of humanity and his injunction to "vivre pour autrui" ("live for others"), from which comes the word "altruism").^[13]

Three Stages [link]

Main article: Law of three stages

"The law is this: -that each of our leading conceptions, -each branch of our knowledge, -passes successively through three different theoretical conditions: the Theological, or fictitious; the Metaphysical, or abstract; and the Scientific, or positive." -Comte^[14]

Theological Stage
1. Fetishism
2. Polytheism
3. Monotheism
Metaphysical or Abstract Stage
Positive Stage

The development that recognised as a three stage is considered as a result of development of thinking and accumulation of philosophical achievements, by M. I. Sanduk.^[15] The enormous accumulations of achievements of Theoretical Physics during the first three decades of the last century were behind Gaston Bachelard's declaration of his new scientific spirit ^[16] or a new a philosophy of science (or a fourth stage). That regarding of a new philosophy of science was owing to the accumulation of new proposals of Quantum mechanics. Accordingly, for Sanduk, the new development in science applications led to philosophy of technology; so philosophy of technology may be the fourth stage of philosophy.

Bibliography [link]

Works [link]

Comte, A.; A general view of positivism [Discours sur l'Esprit positif 1844] London, 1856 Google books
Comte, A.; Bridges, J.H. (tr.); A General View of Positivism; Trubner and Co., 1865 (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00064-2)
Comte, A.; Congrev, R. (tr.); The Catechism of Positive Religion; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co., 1891 (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00087-1)
Comte, A; Martineau, H. (tr.); The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte; 2 volumes; Chapman, 1853 (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00118-2)
Comte, A.; Jones, H.S. (ed.); Comte: Early Political Writings; Cambridge University Press, 1998; ISBN 978-0-521-46923-4

Secondary [link]

Henri Gouhier, La vie d'Auguste Comte, Gallimard, 1931 ;
Jean Delvolvé, Réflexions sur la pensée comtienne, Félix Alcan, 1932 ;
John Stuart Mill, Auguste Comte and Positivism,^[17] Trübner, 1865 ;
Laurent Fedi, Comte, Les Belles Lettres, 2000, réédition 2005 ;
Laurent Fedi, L’organicisme de Comte, in Auguste Comte aujourd’hui, M. Bourdeau, J.-F. Braunstein, A. Petit (dir), Kimé, 2003, pp. 111–132 ;
Laurent Fedi, Auguste Comte, la disjonction de l’idéologie et de l’Etat, Cahiers philosophiques, n°94, 2003, pp. 99–110 ;
Laurent Fedi, Le monde clos contre l’univers infini : Auguste Comte et les enjeux humains de l’astronomie, La Mazarine, n°13, juin 2000, pp. 12–15 ;
Laurent Fedi, La contestation du miracle grec chez Auguste Comte, in L’Antiquité grecque au XIXè siècle : un exemplum contesté ?, C. Avlami (dir.), L’Harmattan, 2000, pp. 157–192 ;
Laurent Fedi, Auguste Comte et la technique, Revue d’histoire des sciences 53/2, 1999, pp. 265–293 ;
Henri Gouhier, La jeunesse d'Auguste Comte et la formation du positivisme, tome 1 : sous le signe de la liberté, Vrin, 1932 ;
Henri Gouhier, La jeunesse d'Auguste Comte et la formation du positivisme, tome 2 : Saint-Simon jusqu'à la restauration, Vrin;
Henri Gouhier, La jeunesse d'Auguste Comte et la formation du positivisme, tome 3 : Auguste Comte et Saint-Simon, Vrin, 1941 ;
Henri Gouhier, Oeuvres choisies avec introduction et notes, Aubier, 1941 ;
Georges Canguilhem, « Histoire des religions et histoire des sciences dans la théorie du fétichisme chez Auguste Comte », Études d'histoire et de philosophie des sciences, Vrin, 1968 ;
H.S. Jones, ed., Comte: Early Political Writings, Cambridge University Press, 1998;
Angèle Kremer-Marietti, Auguste Comte et la théorie sociale du positivisme, Seghers, 1972 ;
Angèle Kremer-Marietti, Auguste Comte, la science sociale, Gallimard, 1972 ;
Angèle Kremer-Marietti, Le projet anthropologique d'Auguste Comte, SEDES, 1980, réédition L'Harmattan, 1999 ;
Angèle Kremer-Marietti, L'anthropologie positiviste d'Auguste Comte, Lib. Honoré Champion, 1980 ;
Angèle Kremer-Marietti, Entre le signe et l'histoire. L'anthropologie positiviste d'Auguste Comte, Klincksieck, 1982, réédition L'Harmattan,1999 ;
Angèle Kremer-Marietti, Le positivisme, Coll."Que sais-je?", PUF, 1982 ;
Angèle Kremer-Marietti, Le concept de science positive. Ses tenants et ses aboutissants dans les structures anthropologiques du positivisme, Méridiens Klincksieck, 1983 ;
Angèle Kremer-Marietti, Le positivisme d'Auguste Comte, L'Harmattan, 2006 ;
Angèle Kremer-Marietti, Auguste Comte et la science politique, in Auguste Comte, Plan des travaux scientifiques nécessaires pour réorganiserla société, L'Harmattan, 2001;
Angèle Kremer-Marietti, Auguste Comte et l'histoire générale, in Auguste Comte, Sommaire appréciation de l'ensemble du passé moderne, L'Harmattan, 2006 ;
Angèle Kremer-Marietti, Auguste Comte et la science politique, L'Harmattan, 2007;
Angèle Kremer-Marietti, Le kaléidoscope épistémologique d'Auguste Comte. Sentiments Images Signes, L'Harmattan, 2007;
Realino Marra, La proprietà in Auguste Comte. Dall’ordine fisico alla circolazione morale della ricchezza, in «Sociologia del diritto», XII-2, 1985, pp. 21–53;
Pierre Macherey, Comte. La philosophie et les sciences, PUF, 1989 ;
Jacques Muglioni, Auguste Comte: un philosophe pour notre temps, Kimé, Paris, 1995
Gertrud Lenzer, Auguste Comte: Essential Writings (1975), New York Harper, Paperback, 1997 ;
Raquel Capurro, Le positivisme est un culte des morts: Auguste Comte, Epel, 1999 (traduit en français en 2001) : l'étude la plus récente sur la vie d'Auguste Comte, la vision sans complaisance d'une psychanalyste de l'école de Lacan ;
Auguste Comte, Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte, Part I (1855), translated by Harriet Martineau, Kessinger Publishing, Paperback, 2003 ; Also available from the McMaster Archive for the History of Economic Thought, Volume One Volume Two Volume Three
Pierre Laffitte (1823-1903): Autour d'un centenaire, in Revue des Sciences et des Techniques en perspective, 2ème série, vol. 8, n°2, 2004, Brepols Publishers, 2005 ;
Zeïneb Ben Saïd Cherni, Auguste Comte, postérité épistémologique et ralliement des nations, L'Harmattan, 2005 ;
Mary Pickering, Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography, Cambridge University Press (1993), Paperback, 2006 ;
Wolf Lepenies, Auguste Comte: die Macht der Zeichen, Carl Hanser, München, 2010;
Oséias Faustino Valentim, O Brasil e o Positivismo, Publit, Rio de Janeiro, 2010. ISBN 978-85-7773-331-6.

Notes [link]

The following footnotes may refer to reference works.

^ Sutton, Michael (1982). Nationalism, Positivism, and Catholicism. The Politics of Charles Maurras and French Catholics 1890-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22868-9. esp. Chapters 1 and 2
^ http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture25a.html#course
^ "Oxford English Dictionary: altruism. 2nd ed. 1989". http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50006618.
^ "Rencontre avec Annie Petit "Auguste Comte"". Montpellier Agglomeration. 2007-10-19. http://mediatheque.montpellier-agglo.com/22887393/0/fiche___document/&RH=1219250799417. Retrieved 2008-10-15. ""Né à Montpellier, brillant élève du Lycée Joffre..." Translation: "Born in Montpellier, shining student of the Lycée Joffre...""
^ Pickering, Mary (1993) Auguste Comte: an intellectual biography Cambridge University Press, pp. 192
^ ^a ^b http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/comte/ Stanford Encyclopaedia: Auguste Comte
^ Giddens, Positivism and Sociology, 1
^ Ward, Lester. 1895. The Outlines of Sociology.
^ Des Manuscrits de Sieyès. 1773-1799, Volumes I and II, published by Christine Fauré, Jacques Guilhaumou, Jacques Vallier et Françoise Weil, Paris, Champion, 1999 and 2007. See also Jacques Guilhaumou, Sieyès et le non-dit de la sociologie: du mot à la chose, in Revue d’histoire des sciences humaines, Numéro 15, novembre 2006 : Naissances de la science sociale.
^ 1874 translation of System of Positive Polity, Vol. II, pages 356-347, cited in Urbanowicz, Charles F. 1992. Four-Field Commentary, Anthropology Newsletter, Volume 33, Number 9, page 3
^ BRAZIL: Order and Progress, Ronald Hilton, World Association of International Studies Forum Q&A, 4/27/03
^ Comte, A. b (1974 reprint). The positive philosophy of Auguste Comte freely translated and condensed by Harriet Martineau. New York, NY: AMS Press. (Original work published in 1855, New York, NY: Calvin Blanchard, p. 27.b)
^ "Comte's secular religion is no vague effusion of humanistic piety, but a complete system of belief and ritual, with liturgy and sacraments, priesthood and pontiff, all organized around the public veneration of Humanity, the Nouveau Grand-Être Suprême (New Supreme Great Being), later to be supplemented in a positivist trinity by the Grand Fétish (the Earth) and the Grand Milieu (Destiny)" According to Davies (p. 28-29), Comte's austere and "slightly dispiriting" philosophy of humanity viewed as alone in an indifferent universe (which can only be explained by "positive" science) and with nowhere to turn but to each other, was even more influential in Victorian England than the theories of Charles Darwin or Karl Marx.
^ From The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte (trans. Harriet Martineau; London, 1853), Vol. I, pp. 1
^ M. I. Sanduk, Is Philosophy of Technology a Fourth Stage of Comte's Philosophy development?, http://philpapers.org/profile/8751
^ Bachelard, G. 1985, " The New Scientific Spirit" Beacon Press, Boston, Translation by A. Goldhammer.
^ John Stuart Mill, Auguste Comte and Positivism at Project Gutenberg

External links [link]

Works by Auguste Comte at Project Gutenberg

Biography portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Auguste Comte

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Auguste Comte

Auguste Comte: Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy
Review materials for studying Auguste Comte
Auguste Comte quotes
Auguste Comte at Find a Grave
Positivist Church of Brazil
Auguste Comte and Positivism
The Three Cs and the Notion of Progress: Copernicus, Condorcet, Comte by Caspar J M Hewett
The positive philosophy, Auguste Comte / freely translated and selected by Harriet Martineau Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection. {Reprinted by} Cornell University Library Digital Collections or downloadable version here
Some selections from first lecture of Course of Positive Philosophy
Auguste Comte – High Priest of Positivism by Caspar Hewett

v t e Philosophy of science

Philosophers	Albert Einstein Alfred North Whitehead Aristotle Auguste Comte Averroes Berlin Circle Carl Gustav Hempel C. D. Broad Charles Sanders Peirce Dominicus Gundissalinus Daniel Dennett Epicurians Francis Bacon Friedrich Schelling Galileo Galilei Henri Poincaré Herbert Spencer Hugh of Saint Victor Immanuel Kant Imre Lakatos Isaac Newton John Dewey John Stuart Mill Jürgen Habermas Karl Pearson Karl Popper Karl Theodor Jaspers Larry Laudan Otto Neurath Paul Häberlin Paul Feyerabend Pierre Duhem Pierre Gassendi Plato R.B. Braithwaite René Descartes Robert Kilwardby Roger Bacon Rudolf Carnap Stephen Toulmin Stoicism Thomas Hobbes Thomas Samuel Kuhn Vienna Circle W.V.O. Quine Wilhelm Windelband Wilhelm Wundt William of Ockham William Whewell more...

Concepts	Analysis Analytic-synthetic distinction A priori and a posteriori Artificial intelligence Causality Commensurability Construct Demarcation problem Explanatory power Fact Falsifiability Ignoramus et ignorabimus Inductive reasoning Ingenuity Inquiry Models of scientific inquiry Nature Objectivity Observation Paradigm Problem of induction Scientific explanation Scientific law Scientific method Scientific revolution Scientific theory Testability Theory choice

Metatheory of science	Confirmation holism Coherentism Contextualism Conventionalism Deductive-nomological model Determinism Empiricism Fallibilism Foundationalism Hypothetico-deductive model Infinitism Instrumentalism Naturalism Positivism Pragmatism Rationalism Received view of theories Reductionism Semantic view of theories Scientific realism Scientism Scientific anti-realism Skepticism Uniformitarianism Vitalism Metaphysics

Related	Epistemology History and philosophy of science History of science History of evolutionary thought Philosophy of biology Philosophy of chemistry Philosophy of physics Philosophy of mind Philosophy of artificial intelligence Philosophy of information Philosophy of perception Philosophy of space and time Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics Philosophy of social science Philosophy of environment Philosophy of psychology Philosophy of technology Philosophy of computer science Pseudoscience Relationship between religion and science Rhetoric of science Sociology of scientific knowledge Criticism of science Alchemy more...

Portal Category Task Force Discussion Changes

Persondata
Name	Comte, Auguste
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	19 January 1798
Place of birth	Montpellier, France
Date of death	5 September 1857
Place of death	Paris, France

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comte

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Branches of Mathematics

Pure mathematics

Applied mathematics

Related Topics

Make changes yourself !

Contents

Life [link]

Thought [link]

Comte's positivism [link]

The religion of humanity [link]

Three Stages [link]

Bibliography [link]

Works [link]

Secondary [link]

Notes [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Auguste_Comte

Related pages:

http://it.wn.com/Auguste Comte

http://cs.wn.com/Auguste Comte

http://id.wn.com/August Comte

http://es.wn.com/Auguste Comte

http://ru.wn.com/Конт, Огюст

http://nl.wn.com/Auguste Comte

http://pt.wn.com/Auguste Comte

http://pl.wn.com/Auguste Comte

http://fr.wn.com/Auguste Comte

http://de.wn.com/Auguste Comte

http://hi.wn.com/आगस्त काँत