John Kerry

Sunday, 28 October 2012

John Kerry

Sen. John Kerry Speaks at 2012 Democratic National Convention

John Kerry DNC Speech Democratic National Convention

Mass. Sen. John Kerry: 'This Is Not the Time to Outsource the Job of Commander in Chief'

George W Bush vs John Kerry (Part-1) In the first of three debates 2004

Senator John Kerry: People Who Know Mitt Romney the Best Trust Him the Least

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Abbottabad
Abbottabad () is a city located in Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa province of Pakistan . The city is situated in the Orash Valley, 150 km north of Islamabad and 200 km east of Peshawar at an altitude of . The city is well-known throughout Pakistan for its pleasant weather, high standard educational institutions and military establishments. It remains a major hub for tourism of the Northern Areas in the summer.
http://wn.com/Abbottabad
Alabama
Alabama () is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States of America. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama ranks 30th in total land area and ranks second in the size of its inland waterways. The state ranks 23rd in population with almost 4.6 million residents in 2006.
http://wn.com/Alabama
Alaska
Alaska () is the largest state of the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Approximately half of Alaska's 698,473 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. As of 2009, Alaska remains the least densely populated state of the U.S.
http://wn.com/Alaska
Andre Marrou
Andre Verne Marrou (born December 4, 1938) is an American political figure, affiliated with the Libertarian Party.
http://wn.com/Andre_Marrou
Aurora, Colorado
Aurora is a Home Rule Municipality spanning Arapahoe, Adams, and Douglas counties in Colorado. The city is the third most populous city in the state of Colorado and the 59th most populous city in the United States. The city had an estimated population of 324,655 in 2009-07-01. Denver and Aurora are the principal cities of the Denver-Aurora-Broomfield, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area, which in 2007 had an estimated population of 2,464,866. (22nd most populous MSA) However, Denver and Aurora combined make up less than half of the Denver-Aurora-Broomfield Metropolitan Statistical Area's population and Aurora has approximately half the population of Denver. The estimated population of the Denver-Aurora-Boulder Combined Statistical Area was 2,998,878 in 2007(15th most populous CSA).
http://wn.com/Aurora_Colorado
Bali
Bali is an Indonesian island located in the westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. It is one of the country's 33 provinces with the provincial capital at Denpasar towards the south of the island.
http://wn.com/Bali
Boston
Boston (pronounced ) is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. Boston city proper had a 2009 estimated population of 645,169, making it the twentieth largest in the country. Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region includes six Massachusetts counties, Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Plymouth, and Worcester, all of Rhode Island and parts of New Hampshire; it is home to 7.5 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.
http://wn.com/Boston
Bozeman, Montana
Bozeman is a city in and the county seat of Gallatin County, Montana, United States, in the southwestern part of the state. With a population of 27,509 at the 2000 census, Bozeman is the fifth largest city in the state. It is the principal city of the Bozeman micropolitan area, which consists of all of Gallatin County.
http://wn.com/Bozeman_Montana
Bradley Jones, Jr.
Bradley H. Jones, Jr. is a Republican member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives since January 1994. He has also been the minority leader of the House since 2003. Jones represents the 20th Middlesex district, he represents parts of Lynnfield, Middleton, North Reading, and Reading.
http://wn.com/Bradley_Jones_Jr
Brooklyn, New York
http://wn.com/Brooklyn_New_York
Brown University
http://wn.com/Brown_University
Bruce E. Tarr
http://wn.com/Bruce_E_Tarr
California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
http://wn.com/California
Cam Ranh Bay
http://wn.com/Cam_Ranh_Bay
Chicago
Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
http://wn.com/Chicago
Colorado
Colorado (pronounced or, chiefly by outsiders, ) is a U.S. state that encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Mountain States, and the Southwestern United States.
http://wn.com/Colorado
Connecticut
Connecticut () (state code CT) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, and New York to the west and south (because various islands of New York span Connecticut's entire coast).
http://wn.com/Connecticut
Copley Plaza
http://wn.com/Copley_Plaza
Coronado, California
Coronado, also known as Coronado Island, is an affluent city located in San Diego County, California, 5.2 miles from downtown San Diego. Its population was 24,100 at the 2000 census. U.S. News and World Report lists Coronado as one of the most expensive places to reside in the United States. Coronado lies on a peninsula connected to the mainland by a 10-mile isthmus called the Silver Strand (locally, The Strand.) Locals sometimes call Coronado The Island or Coronado Island, and they denote the core living and business area as The Village.
http://wn.com/Coronado_California
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
http://wn.com/Cuba
Delaware
Delaware ( ) is a U.S. state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor, after whom (what is now called) Cape Henlopen was originally named.
http://wn.com/Delaware
Denver
The City and County of Denver (pronounced ) is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Colorado. Denver is a consolidated city-county, located in the South Platte River Valley on the High Plains, just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is located immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the "Mile-High City" because its elevation is one mile, or above sea level. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich passes through Union Station and is the temporal reference for the Mountain Time Zone.
http://wn.com/Denver
Fessenden School
The Fessenden School is a private day and boarding school for boys, founded in 1903 by Frederick J. Fessenden, and located at 250 Waltham Street, West Newton, Massachusetts, United States, on a campus.
http://wn.com/Fessenden_School
Florida
Florida () is a state of the United States. It is located in the Southeastern United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the north. Much of the state's land mass is a large peninsula with the Gulf of Mexico to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Caribbean to the south. Florida was admitted as the 27th U.S. state in 1845, after a three hundred year period of European colonization.
http://wn.com/Florida
Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia () is a state located in the southeastern United States. Georgia was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 21, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate states. It was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870 and the only among the 13 that is explicitly named after a monarch; King George II of England.
http://wn.com/Georgia_(US_state)
Gulf of Thailand
The Gulf of Thailand (, , ), also known as the Gulf of Siam, is a shallow arm of the South China Sea.
http://wn.com/Gulf_of_Thailand
Gulf of Tonkin
The Gulf of Tonkin (, , both meaning "Northern Bay") is an arm of the South China Sea.
http://wn.com/Gulf_of_Tonkin
Hammersmith Farm
Hammersmith Farm is a Victorian mansion and surrounding property located in Newport, Rhode Island, United States and was the childhood home to Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis. The property hosted the wedding reception of Jacqueline and John F. Kennedy. During his presidency, Kennedy spent enough time at Hammersmith Farm that it was referred to as the "Summer White House." Notably the Peace Corps Act of 1961 (Public Law 87-293) was signed into law by Kennedy in late September 1961 during one of his stays.
http://wn.com/Hammersmith_Farm
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country.
http://wn.com/Harvard_University
Hawaii
: For geographic details see Geography and environment or Hawaiian Islands.
http://wn.com/Hawaii
Iowa
Iowa () is a state located in the Midwestern United States, an area often referred to as the "American Heartland." It derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many American Indian tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa was a part of the French colony of New France. After the Louisiana Purchase, settlers laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is often known as the "Food Capital of the World", however Iowa's economy, culture, and landscape are diverse. In the mid and late 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, biotechnology, and green energy production. Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live. Des Moines is Iowa's capital and largest city.
http://wn.com/Iowa
Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
http://wn.com/Ireland
Kabul
http://wn.com/Kabul
Kansas
http://wn.com/Kansas
Kuwait
The State of Kuwait (, Dawlat al-Kuwayt) is a sovereign Arab nation situated in the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, and Iraq to the north. It lies on the northwestern shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic "akwat", the plural of "kout", meaning fortress built near water. The emirate covers an area of 17,820 square kilometres (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 2.7 million.
http://wn.com/Kuwait
Libya
http://wn.com/Libya
Louisiana
http://wn.com/Louisiana
Lynn, Massachusetts
Lynn is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 89,050 at the 2000 census. An old industrial center, Lynn is home to Lynn Beach and Lynn Heritage State Park and is about 12 miles north of downtown Boston.
http://wn.com/Lynn_Massachusetts
Maine
http://wn.com/Maine
Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Most of its population of 6.6 million lives in the Boston metropolitan area. The eastern half of the state consists of urban, suburban, and rural areas, while Western Massachusetts is mostly rural. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and ranks third among U.S. states in GDP per capita.
http://wn.com/Massachusetts
Michigan
Michigan () is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is a French corruption of the Ojibwe word mishigama, meaning "large water" or "large lake".
http://wn.com/Michigan
Mississippi
Mississippi () is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, which namesake is from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi ("Great River"). The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, and its catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States. The state symbol is the magnolia grandiflora tree.
http://wn.com/Mississippi
Missouri
Missouri () (abbreviated MO) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. With a 2009 estimated population of 5,987,580, Missouri is the 18th most populous state in the nation and the fifth most populous in the Midwest. It comprises 114 counties and one independent city. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri was originally acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became defined as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Missouri Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.
http://wn.com/Missouri
Montana
http://wn.com/Montana
Narragansett Bay
Narragansett Bay is a bay and estuary on the north side of Rhode Island Sound. Covering 147 mi2 (380 km2), the Bay forms New England's largest estuary, which functions as an expansive natural harbor, and includes a small archipelago. This bay is mostly within the state of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, but small parts of it extend into Massachusetts.
http://wn.com/Narragansett_Bay
New Hampshire
New Hampshire () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It borders Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire ranks 44th in land area, 46th in total area of the 50 states, and 41st in population.
http://wn.com/New_Hampshire
New Mexico
New Mexico() is a state located in the southwest and western regions of the United States. New Mexico is also part of the Mountain States. With a population density of 16 per square mile, New Mexico is the sixth- most sparsely inhabited U.S. state.
http://wn.com/New_Mexico
New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
http://wn.com/New_York
Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
http://wn.com/Nicaragua
North Carolina
North Carolina () is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the Southern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north. North Carolina contains 100 counties. Its capital is Raleigh, and its largest city is Charlotte. North Carolina is now ranked as one of the top 3 leading States for Green Technology, Bio-Chemical Engineering, Medical Sciences, and Computer Engineering through the long-range research and development programs of Research Triangle Park (RTP), UNC Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State .
http://wn.com/North_Carolina
North Dakota
North Dakota () is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America, along the Canadian border, about halfway between the Pacific Ocean and the Great Lakes. North Dakota is the 19th largest state by area in the U.S. It is also the third least populous, with only about 646,850 residents as of 2009. North Dakota was carved out of the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with South Dakota.
http://wn.com/North_Dakota
North Vietnam
North Vietnam, also called the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) (), was a communist state that ruled the northern half of Vietnam from 1954 until 1976 following the Geneva Conference and laid claim to all of Vietnam from 1945 to 1954 during the First Indochina War, during which they controlled pockets of territory throughout the country.
http://wn.com/North_Vietnam
Oklahoma
http://wn.com/Oklahoma
Oslo, Norway
http://wn.com/Oslo_Norway
Pakistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Pakistan
Pasadena, California
Pasadena () is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Famous for hosting the annual Rose Bowl football game and Tournament of Roses Parade, Pasadena is the home of many leading scientific and cultural institutions, including the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena City College (PCC), NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Art Center College of Design, the Pasadena Playhouse, California School of Culinary Arts Pasadena, the Norton Simon Museum of Art and the Pacific Asia Museum. As of 2009, the estimated population of Pasadena is 143,667, making it the 168th largest city in the United States. Pasadena is the seventh largest city in Los Angeles County, and the first to be incorporated in Los Angeles CountyIt is one of the main cultural centers of the San Gabriel Valley and is the setting of many TV shows including Brothers & Sisters and The Big Bang Theory.
http://wn.com/Pasadena_California
Pennsylvania
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania () is a U.S. state and Commonwealth located in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to the east. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg.
http://wn.com/Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, more commonly referred to as Rhode Island ( or ), is a state in the New England region of the United States. It is the smallest U.S. state by area. Rhode Island borders Connecticut to the west and Massachusetts to the north and east, and it shares a water boundary with New York's Long Island to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Rhode_Island
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ("River of January", ; ), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, 6th largest in the Americas and 26th in the world.
http://wn.com/Rio_de_Janeiro
Rochester, Minnesota
Rochester is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and is the county seat of Olmsted County. Located on both banks of the Zumbro River, it is perhaps best known as the home of Mayo Clinic (giving rise to the city's nickname, "Med City") and is also home to an IBM facility. The city was estimated to have a population of 103,486 according to the US Census' 2009 estimates, making it Minnesota's third-largest city and the largest outside of the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city had long been a fixture on Money magazine's "Best Places to Live" index, and was ranked number 67 on the 2006 list.
http://wn.com/Rochester_Minnesota
Saigon
http://wn.com/Saigon
Salem, Massachusetts
Salem is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 40,407 at the 2000 census. It and Lawrence are the county seats of Essex County. Home to Salem State University, the Salem Willows Park and the Peabody Essex Museum, Salem is a residential and tourist area which includes the neighborhoods of Salem Neck, The Point, South Salem and North Salem, Witchcraft Heights, Pickering Wharf, and the McIntire Historic District (named after Salem's famous architect and carver, Samuel McIntire).
http://wn.com/Salem_Massachusetts
South Dakota
South Dakota () is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes. Once a part of Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. The state has an area of and an estimated population of just over 800,000. Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of nearly 160,000, is South Dakota's largest city.
http://wn.com/South_Dakota
Tennessee
Tennessee () is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. It has a population of 6,214,888, making it the nation's 17th-largest state by population, and covers , making it the 36th-largest by total land area. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 626,144. Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 670,902. Nashville has the state's largest metropolitan area, at 1,521,437 people.
http://wn.com/Tennessee
Texas
Texas () is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.
http://wn.com/Texas
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States
USSR
http://wn.com/USSR
Utah
Utah ( or ) is a western state of the United States. It was the 45th state admitted to the Union, on January 4, 1896. Approximately 80% of Utah's 2,784,572 people live along the Wasatch Front, centering on Salt Lake City. This leaves vast expanses of the state nearly uninhabited, making the population the sixth most urbanized in the U.S. The name "Utah" is derived from the name of the Ute tribe and means "people of the mountains" in the Ute language. Utah is bordered by Arizona on the south, Colorado on the east, Wyoming on the northeast, Idaho on the north and Nevada on the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico.
http://wn.com/Utah
Vermont
http://wn.com/Vermont
Vienna
Vienna (; ; ) is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 10th largest city by population in the European Union. Vienna is host to many major international organizations such as the United Nations and OPEC.
http://wn.com/Vienna
Washington (state)
http://wn.com/Washington_(state)
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
http://wn.com/Washington_DC
West Virginia
West Virginia () is a state in the Appalachian and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, and Pennsylvania and Maryland to the northeast. The capital and largest city is Charleston.
http://wn.com/West_Virginia
White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. President since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
http://wn.com/White_House
Wisconsin
Wisconsin () is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States and is considered part of the Midwest. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Upper Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin's capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee. As of 2009 the state has an estimated 5.6 million residents. The state contains 72 counties.
http://wn.com/Wisconsin
Wyoming
Wyoming is a state in the Western United States. The western two thirds of the state is mostly covered by the mountain ranges and rangelands in the foothills of the Eastern Rocky Mountains, while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie known as the High Plains. While the tenth largest U.S. state by area, Wyoming is the least populous, with a U.S. Census estimated population of 544,270 in 2009. This is a 5.9% increase since 2000. The capital and the most populous city of Wyoming is Cheyenne.
http://wn.com/Wyoming
Yale University
Yale University is a private Ivy League university located in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.
http://wn.com/Yale_University

Abram Hewitt
http://wn.com/Abram_Hewitt
Abu Nidal
http://wn.com/Abu_Nidal
Adam Nagourney
Adam Nagourney (born October 10, 1954 in New York City) is an American journalist covering U.S. politics for The New York Times.
http://wn.com/Adam_Nagourney
Adlai E. Stevenson I
Adlai Ewing Stevenson I (October 23, 1835 – June 14, 1914) was a Congressman from Illinois. He was Assistant Postmaster General of the United States during Grover Cleveland's first administration and 23rd Vice President of the United States during Cleveland's second administration. In 1900, he was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Vice President on a ticket with William Jennings Bryan.
http://wn.com/Adlai_E_Stevenson_I
Adlai Stevenson II
http://wn.com/Adlai_Stevenson_II
Al Franken
Alan Stuart "Al" Franken (born May 21, 1951) is the junior United States Senator from Minnesota. He is a member of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, which affiliates with the national Democratic Party.
http://wn.com/Al_Franken
Al Gore
Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr. (born March 31, 1948) served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was the Democratic Party nominee for President in the 2000 U.S. presidential election.
http://wn.com/Al_Gore
Alan Bible
http://wn.com/Alan_Bible
Alben W. Barkley
Alben William Barkley (November 24, 1877 – April 30, 1956) was an American politician who served as the 35th Vice President of the United States from 1949 to 1953 under President Harry S. Truman.
http://wn.com/Alben_W_Barkley
Albion Knight, Jr.
Albion Knight, Jr was the vice-presidential candidate of the US Taxpayers Party in the U.S. presidential election, 1992, as the running-mate of Howard Phillips. Knight has the additional distinction of being an Anglican bishop and the son of another. Formerly the presiding bishop of the United Episcopal Church of North America, he left that church to join the Church of England (Continuing) (CofEC), a conservative church in England that opposes both the growth of Anglo-Catholic practices and doctrines within the Church of England and the more moderate religious and social stance of the Church of England.
http://wn.com/Albion_Knight_Jr
Alexandra Kerry
Alexandra Forbes Kerry (born September 5, 1973) is a film producer and director.
http://wn.com/Alexandra_Kerry
Allen G. Thurman
Allen Granberry Thurman (November 13, 1813 – December 12, 1895) was a Democratic Representative and Senator from Ohio, as well as the nominee of the Democratic Party for Vice President of the United States in 1888.
http://wn.com/Allen_G_Thurman
Alton B. Parker
http://wn.com/Alton_B_Parker
Alvan T. Fuller
http://wn.com/Alvan_T_Fuller
Amy Klobuchar
Amy Jean Klobuchar (, born May 25, 1960) is the senior United States Senator from Minnesota. She is a member of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, an affiliate of the Democratic Party. She is the first elected female senator from Minnesota and is one of seventeen female senators serving in the 111th United States Congress.
http://wn.com/Amy_Klobuchar
Andre Heinz
http://wn.com/Andre_Heinz
Andre Marrou
Andre Verne Marrou (born December 4, 1938) is an American political figure, affiliated with the Libertarian Party.
http://wn.com/Andre_Marrou
Andrew Jackson
http://wn.com/Andrew_Jackson
Andrew Oliver
http://wn.com/Andrew_Oliver
André Heinz
http://wn.com/André_Heinz
Anne Bradstreet
http://wn.com/Anne_Bradstreet
Arthur Sewall
Arthur Sewall (November 25, 1835 – September 5, 1900) was a U.S. Democratic politician from Maine most notable as William Jennings Bryan's first running mate in 1896. As the Populist Party nominee, Bryan had another running mate as well, Thomas E. Watson. Sewall never held elective office, although he was a member of the Democratic National Committee from 1888 to 1896.
http://wn.com/Arthur_Sewall
Arthur W. Coolidge
Arthur William Coolidge (October 13, 1881 - January 23, 1952 ) was a Massachusetts politician who served multiple positions within the state government.
http://wn.com/Arthur_W_Coolidge
Asiba Tupahache
Asiba Tupahache is a Matinecoc Nation Native American activist from New York and was a vice presidential candidate in the 1992 election on Peace and Freedom Party ticket, accompanying Ronald Daniels. Born in Long Island, New York, she is a former public school teacher, an advocate of homeschooling, and a mother of two. She authored the book Taking Another Look and its accompanying audiocassette, and is the editor and publisher of The Spirit of January Reflection, formerly titled The Spirit of January Monthly.
http://wn.com/Asiba_Tupahache
August Belmont
http://wn.com/August_Belmont
Augustus O. Bacon
http://wn.com/Augustus_O_Bacon
Augustus Schell
http://wn.com/Augustus_Schell
Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
http://wn.com/Barack_Obama
Barbara Boxer
Barbara Levy Boxer (born November 11, 1940) is the junior United States Senator from California and a member of the Democratic Party.
http://wn.com/Barbara_Boxer
Barbara Garson
Barbara Garson (born July 7, 1941 in Brooklyn, New York City) is an American playwright, author and social activist.
http://wn.com/Barbara_Garson
Barbara Lenk
http://wn.com/Barbara_Lenk
Barbara Mikulski
Barbara Ann Mikulski (born July 20, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from Maryland and a member of the Democratic Party. First elected to the Senate in 1986, she is the first woman elected to the Senate from Maryland. She currently ranks 16th in seniority in the Senate, and is the most senior female Senator. She received 1,504,691 votes in her 2004 reelection campaign, the largest number of votes to date for a Senate candidate in Maryland. Mikulski is the second longest-serving female senator and the second longest-serving female member in the history of the United States Congress (only after Margaret Chase Smith and Edith Nourse Rogers, respectively). If Mikulski gets reelected in the 2010 United States Senate election in Maryland, she will become the longest-serving female United States Senator. If she stays in office until March 14 2012, she will become the longest-serving female member in the history of the United States Congress.
http://wn.com/Barbara_Mikulski
Barney Frank
Barney Frank (born March 31, 1940) is the United States House Representative for since 1981. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He won his first full term in 1980 and has been re-elected ever since by wide margins. In 1987, he became the second openly gay member of the House of Representatives (the first being Gerry Studds) and is one of the most prominent gay politicians in the United States.
http://wn.com/Barney_Frank
Beekman Winthrop
http://wn.com/Beekman_Winthrop
Ben Cardin
Benjamin Louis "Ben" Cardin (born October 5, 1943) is the junior United States Senator from Maryland and a member of the Democratic Party. Before his election to the Senate, Cardin was a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing from 1987 to 2007.
http://wn.com/Ben_Cardin
Ben Nelson
Earl Benjamin "Ben" Nelson (born May 17, 1941) is the Senior U.S. Senator from Nebraska, where he was born and has lived for most of his life. A Democrat, he was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2000.
http://wn.com/Ben_Nelson
Benjamin F. Hallett
Benjamin Franklin Hallett (December 2, 1797 – September 30, 1861) was a Massachusetts lawyer and Democratic Party activist, most notable as the first chairman of the Democratic National Committee.
http://wn.com/Benjamin_F_Hallett
Benjamin Goodhue
Benjamin Goodhue (September 20, 1748 – July 28, 1814) was a Representative and a Senator from Massachusetts.
http://wn.com/Benjamin_Goodhue
Benjamin Gratz Brown
http://wn.com/Benjamin_Gratz_Brown
Benjamin Lincoln
Benjamin Lincoln (January 24, 1733 – May 9, 1810) was an American army officer. He served as a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He is notable for overseeing the largest US surrender of the war at Siege of Charleston and for being the officer who formally accepted the British surrender at Yorktown.
http://wn.com/Benjamin_Lincoln
Bernie Sanders
Bernard "Bernie" Sanders (born September 8, 1941) is the junior United States Senator from Vermont, elected on November 7, 2006. Before becoming Senator, Sanders represented Vermont's at-large district in the United States House of Representatives for 16 years. Sanders also served as mayor of Burlington, Vermont from 1981 through 1989.
http://wn.com/Bernie_Sanders
Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) is the former 42nd President of the United States and served from 1993 to 2001. At 46 he was the third-youngest president. He became president at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby boomer president. His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the United States Secretary of State. Each received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Yale Law School.
http://wn.com/Bill_Clinton
Bill Nelson
:For other people named Bill Nelson, see Bill Nelson (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Bill_Nelson
Bo Gritz
James Gordon "Bo" Gritz (born January 18, 1939, in Enid, Oklahoma; surname "Gritz" rhymes with "rights") is a highly decorated former United States Army Special Forces officer who served in the Vietnam War. His post-war activities notably attempted POW rescues in conjunction with the Vietnam War POW/MIA issue have proven controversial. He remained a Special Forces officer until he resigned his commission in 1979. He lives near Sandy Valley, Nevada with his wife Judy.
http://wn.com/Bo_Gritz
Bob Casey, Jr.
Robert Patrick "Bob" Casey, Jr. (born April 13, 1960) is the junior United States Senator from Pennsylvania and a member of the Democratic Party. When Arlen Specter's term expires in January 2011, Casey will become the senior senator from Pennsylvania. He defeated two-term Republican incumbent Rick Santorum in the 2006 U.S. Senate election. He is the first Democrat elected to a full term in the U.S. Senate from Pennsylvania since 1962.
http://wn.com/Bob_Casey_Jr
Bob Corker
Robert Phillips "Bob" Corker, Jr. (born August 24, 1952), is the junior United States Senator from Tennessee. Before his election to the Senate in 2006, he served as mayor of Chattanooga, Tennessee from 2001 to 2005. Corker was a successful businessman prior to holding public office.
http://wn.com/Bob_Corker
Bob Graham
Daniel Robert "Bob" Graham (born November 9, 1936) is an American politician. He was the 38th Governor of Florida from 1979 to 1987 and a United States Senator from that state from 1987 to 2005. Following a failed bid for the Democratic Party nomination in the 2004 presidential race, Graham was considered a possible running mate for John Kerry.
http://wn.com/Bob_Graham
Bob Kerrey
http://wn.com/Bob_Kerrey
Bob Menendez
Robert "Bob" Menendez (born January 1, 1954) is the junior United States Senator from New Jersey and a member of the Democratic Party. In December 2005, he was appointed by Jon Corzine to fill the U.S. Senate seat vacated by Corzine, who resigned upon being elected Governor of New Jersey, and was sworn into office in January 2006. Menendez was elected to his own full six-year term in the 2006 U.S. Senate election, defeating Republican Thomas Kean, Jr. He is the first person of Latino ethnicity to represent New Jersey in the U.S. Senate.
http://wn.com/Bob_Menendez
Bob Shrum
Robert M. "Bob" Shrum (born 1943) is an American political consultant, who has worked on numerous Democratic campaigns. Although he has been part of many non-presidential Democratic campaign victories, he has never advised a winning presidential campaign.
http://wn.com/Bob_Shrum
Bradley Jones, Jr.
Bradley H. Jones, Jr. is a Republican member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives since January 1994. He has also been the minority leader of the House since 2003. Jones represents the 20th Middlesex district, he represents parts of Lynnfield, Middleton, North Reading, and Reading.
http://wn.com/Bradley_Jones_Jr
Brian Williams
Brian Douglas Williams (born May 5, 1959) is the American anchor and managing editor of NBC Nightly News, the evening news program of the NBC television network, a position he assumed in 2004. Williams was listed among ''Time Magazine's'' 100 Most Influential People in The World in 2007, and in 2010, a prominent media observer dubbed him "the Walter Cronkite of the 21st century." He lives in New Canaan, Connecticut, with his wife, Jane Stoddard Williams, one of their two children (Doug Williams), and two dogs.
http://wn.com/Brian_Williams
Bruce E. Tarr
http://wn.com/Bruce_E_Tarr
Bruce Springsteen
Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen (born September 23, 1949), nicknamed "The Boss", is an American singer-songwriter who records and tours with the E Street Band. Springsteen is widely known for his brand of Heartland rock infused with pop hooks, poetic lyrics, and Americana sentiments centered on his native New Jersey.
http://wn.com/Bruce_Springsteen
Byron Weston
Captain Byron Curtis Weston was a native of Massachusetts who founded the Weston Paper Company in 1863 (which still exists today) and served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts from 1880 to 1883. He came from an old New England Congregationalist family of extraordinary wealth. In 1865, he married Julia Clark Mitchell, with whom he had ten children, including Julia Carolyn Weston, mother to the well known chef Julia Child. They lived in a mansion known as Westonholme, in Dalton, Massachusetts. Weston was known for his gifts to the community, including the Grace Episcopal Church in his hometown and funds towards the debt incurred for the grading and draining of an athletic field and monies toward upkeep and a grandstand at Williams College. Weston received an honorary M.A. from Williams College in 1886 and the field, still used today, was named Weston Field in his honor.
http://wn.com/Byron_Weston
Caleb Strong
Caleb Strong (January 9, 1745 - November 7, 1819) was Massachusetts lawyer and politician who served as the sixth and tenth Governor of Massachusetts between 1800 and 1807, and again from 1812 until 1816.
http://wn.com/Caleb_Strong
Calvin Coolidge
John Calvin Coolidge, Jr., (July 4, 1872 January 5, 1933) was the 30th President of the United States (1923–1929). A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state. His actions during the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight. Soon after, he was elected as the 29th Vice President in 1920 and succeeded to the Presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative.
http://wn.com/Calvin_Coolidge
Calvin S. Brice
Calvin Stewart Brice (September 17, 1845 – December 15, 1898) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. Born in Denmark, Morrow County, Ohio, Brice dropped out of Miami University in 1861 to join the Union Army. After a short stint in the army he returned to Miami and earned his undergraduate degree in 1863. After the Civil War, Brice studied law at the University of Michigan and then started a business career where he amassed a fortune, largely in railroads. In 1879, he became president of the Lake Erie and Western Railroad and built the Nickel Plate Road in 1882. A Democrat, Brice was the chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1889 until 1892 and won elected to the Senate in 1890, serving a single term in office.
http://wn.com/Calvin_S_Brice
Cameron Kerry
Cameron Forbes Kerry (born September 6, 1950) is the younger brother and political confidant of John F. Kerry.
http://wn.com/Cameron_Kerry
Carl Levin
Carl Milton Levin (born June 28, 1934) is a Democratic United States Senator from Michigan and is the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Armed Services. In the Senate since 1979, he has been Michigan's senior senator since 1995. He has served as a U.S. Senator longer than any Senator in Michigan history. He was elected to a sixth term in 2008, which will end in January 2015. He is the younger brother of U.S. Representative Sander M. Levin.
http://wn.com/Carl_Levin
Carpetbagger
In United States history, "carpetbaggers" was a negative term Southerners gave to Northerners (also referred to as Yankees) who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era, between 1865 and 1877. It was a derogatory term, suggesting opportunism and exploitation by the outsiders. The relocated northerners often formed alliances with freed slaves and southern whites who were Republicans, who were nicknamed scalawags. Together they are said to have politically manipulated and controlled former Confederate states for varying periods for their own financial and power gains. In sum, carpetbaggers were seen as insidious Northern outsiders with questionable objectives meddling in local politics, buying up plantations at fire-sale prices and taking advantage of Southerners. Carpetbagger is not to be confused with copperhead, which is a term given to a person from the North who sympathized with the Southern claim of right to Secession.
http://wn.com/Carpetbagger
Channing H. Cox
Channing Harris Cox (October 28, 1879 August 20, 1968) was a Massachusetts Republican politician and the 49th Governor of Massachusetts born in Manchester, New Hampshire.
http://wn.com/Channing_H_Cox
Charles F. Sullivan
http://wn.com/Charles_F_Sullivan
Charles H. Percy
Charles Harting "Chuck" Percy (born September 27, 1919) was chairman of the Bell & Howell Corporation from 1949 to 1964 and United States Senator from Illinois from 1967 to 1985. He is a member of the Republican Party.
http://wn.com/Charles_H_Percy
Charles Sumner
Charles Sumner(January 6, 1811 – March 11, 1874) was an American politician and statesman from Massachusetts. An academic lawyer and a powerful orator, Sumner was the leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the United States Senate during the American Civil War and Reconstruction, and the counterpart to Thaddeus Stevens in the United States House of Representatives. He jumped from party to party, gaining fame as a Republican. One of the most learned statesmen of the era, he specialized in foreign affairs, working closely with Abraham Lincoln. He devoted his enormous energies to the destruction of what he considered the Slave Power, that is the scheme of slave owners to take control of the federal government and block the progress of liberty. His severe beating in 1856 by South Carolina Representative Preston Brooks on the floor of the United States Senate helped escalate the tensions that led to war. After years of therapy Sumner returned to the Senate to help lead the Civil War. Sumner was a leading proponent of abolishing slavery to weaken the Confederacy. Although he kept on good terms with Abraham Lincoln, he was a leader of the hard-line Radical Republicans.
http://wn.com/Charles_Sumner
Charles W. Bryan
http://wn.com/Charles_W_Bryan
Charles Woods
Charles Woods (August 31, 1921 - October 17, 2004) was an Alabama businessman and broadcaster, and aspiring politician. Woods was raised in an orphanage. He enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force before joining the U.S. Army Air Corps in World War II. He was a decorated pilot with the Air Corps.
http://wn.com/Charles_Woods
Chris Coons
http://wn.com/Chris_Coons
Chris Dodd
Christopher John "Chris" Dodd (born May 27, 1944) is an American lawyer and Democratic Party politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Connecticut.
http://wn.com/Chris_Dodd
Christopher Dodd
http://wn.com/Christopher_Dodd
Christopher Gore
http://wn.com/Christopher_Gore
Christopher Heinz
Christopher Drake Heinz (born 20 March 1973) is an American businessman.
http://wn.com/Christopher_Heinz
Chuck Grassley
Charles Ernest "Chuck" Grassley (born September 17, 1933) is the senior United States Senator from Iowa. A Republican, he has served in the Senate since 1981. From 1958 to 1974, he was an Iowa state legislator. Thereafter he served three terms as a member of the United States House of Representatives. He has twice held the chairmanship of the Finance Committee, from January to June 2001 and from January 2003 to December 2006; since January 2007, he has served as the committee's ranking minority member.
http://wn.com/Chuck_Grassley
Chuck Robb
Charles Spittal "Chuck" Robb (born June 26, 1939) is an American politician. He served as the 64th Governor of Virginia from 1982 to 1986, and as a United States senator from 1989 until 2001. In 2004, he chaired the Iraq Intelligence Commission.
http://wn.com/Chuck_Robb
Chuck Schumer
http://wn.com/Chuck_Schumer
Claiborne Pell
Claiborne de Borda Pell (November 22, 1918 – January 1, 2009) was a United States Senator from Rhode Island, serving six terms from 1961 to 1997, and was best known as the sponsor of the Pell Grant, which provides financial aid funding to U.S. college students. A Democrat, he was that state's longest serving senator.
http://wn.com/Claiborne_Pell
Claire McCaskill
Claire Conner McCaskill (; born July 24, 1953) is the junior United States Senator from Missouri and a member of the Democratic Party. She defeated Republican incumbent Jim Talent in the 2006 U.S. Senate election, by a margin of 49.6% to 47.3%. She is the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate from Missouri in her own right. She will become the state's senior U.S. Senator upon the retirement of Kit Bond in 2011.
http://wn.com/Claire_McCaskill
Clark Clifford
http://wn.com/Clark_Clifford
Clem L. Shaver
Clement Lawrence Shaver (known as Clem L. Shaver) was a West Virginia politician who was the Democratic National Committee Chairman from 1924 to 1928. He was born in Marion County, West Virginia on January 22, 1867.
http://wn.com/Clem_L_Shaver
Cordell Hull
http://wn.com/Cordell_Hull
Creighton Abrams
http://wn.com/Creighton_Abrams
Curtis Guild, Jr.
Curtis Guild, Jr. (February 2, 1860 - April 6, 1915) was the 43rd Governor of Massachusetts in the United States. He served from 1906 to 1909.
http://wn.com/Curtis_Guild_Jr
Cushman Davis
http://wn.com/Cushman_Davis
Dale Bumpers
Dale Leon Bumpers (born August 12, 1925) is an American politician who served as the 38th Governor of Arkansas from 1971 to 1975; and then in the United States Senate from 1975 until his retirement in January 1999. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Senator Bumpers is currently counsel at the Washington, D.C. office of law firm Arent Fox LLP, where his clients include Riceland Foods and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences.
http://wn.com/Dale_Bumpers
Dan Ackman
Dan Ackman is a journalist and civil rights lawyer, who graduated from Wesleyan University and Columbia Law School. He has written on law, policy, business, and sports for such publications as The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, New York Daily News, Newsday, New York Post, The American Lawyer, The New York Observer, Slate, Inc., Pink Magazine, Salon and Forbes. He has also been a columnist for Forbes.com, BreakingViews and the Wall Street Journal's Law Page. At Forbes.com, writing about everything from the Enron scandal to the pornography industry he was named a finalist for the Online Journalism Award. [http://www.writenews.com/2001/110201_oja_winners.htm]. He has appeared as a commentator on CNN, NPR, PBS, CNBC, CBS, the BBC, CSPAN, Fox News, ESPN Radio and Fox Business.
http://wn.com/Dan_Ackman
Dan Coats
Daniel Ray "Dan" Coats (born May 16, 1943) is an American lawyer, politician, lobbyist, and diplomat. A member of the Republican Party, he served as a United States Senator from Indiana from 1989 to 1999. Coats was appointed to fill the seat vacated by Dan Quayle following his election as Vice President of the United States in 1988. He won the 1990 special election to serve the remainder of Quayle's unexpired term, as well as the 1992 election for his own full six-year term. He did not seek re-election in 1998.
http://wn.com/Dan_Coats
Dan Quayle
http://wn.com/Dan_Quayle
Daniel Akaka
Daniel Kahikina Akaka (; born September 11, 1924) is the junior U.S. Senator from Hawaii and a member of the Democratic Party. He is the first U.S. Senator of Native Hawaiian ancestry and is currently the only member of the Senate who has Chinese ancestry. With the departure of Senator Ted Stevens of Alaska, and death of Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, he became the third oldest member of the United States Senate after Frank Lautenberg and Daniel Inouye.
http://wn.com/Daniel_Akaka
Daniel Inouye
Daniel Ken "Dan" Inouye (;, Inoue Ken; born September 7, 1924) is an American politician who is the senior United States Senator from Hawaii and the President pro tempore of the United States Senate making him the highest-ranking Asian American politician in American history. A Democrat, Inouye is the chairman of the influential United States Senate Committee on Appropriations.
http://wn.com/Daniel_Inouye
Daniel Ortega
http://wn.com/Daniel_Ortega
Daniel Webster
http://wn.com/Daniel_Webster
David Allen Smalley
http://wn.com/David_Allen_Smalley
David Cobb
David Keith Cobb (born December 24, 1962 in San Leon, Texas) is an American activist and was the 2004 presidential candidate of the Green Party of the United States (GPUS).
http://wn.com/David_Cobb
David Corn
David Corn is an American political journalist and author and the chief of the Washington bureau for Mother Jones. He has been Washington editor for The Nation and appeared regularly on FOX News, MSNBC, National Public Radio, and BloggingHeads.tv opposite James Pinkerton or other media personalities.
http://wn.com/David_Corn
David Duke
David Ernest Duke (born July 1, 1950) is an American white nationalist, former Grand Wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, former Louisiana State Representative for a partial term, and a candidate in the Democratic presidential primaries in 1988 and in the Republican presidential primaries in 1992. Duke has also unsuccessfully run for the Louisiana State Senate, United States Senate, United States House of Representatives, and Governor of Louisiana.
http://wn.com/David_Duke
David I. Walsh
http://wn.com/David_I_Walsh
David Vitter
David Bruce Vitter (born May 3, 1961) is the junior United States Senator from Louisiana and a member of the Republican Party. Formerly a member of the United States House of Representatives, first elected in 1999, representing the suburban Louisiana's 1st congressional district, Vitter was elected to the Senate in 2004.
http://wn.com/David_Vitter
Dean Heller
Dean Heller (born May 10, 1960) is an American politician who represents Nevada's 2nd congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives. He had previously served as Nevada's Secretary of State.
http://wn.com/Dean_Heller
Debbie Stabenow
http://wn.com/Debbie_Stabenow
Dennis Hastert
John Dennis "Denny" Hastert (; born January 2, 1942) is an American politician. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1987 to 2007, representing , and served as Speaker of the House from 1999 to 2007.
http://wn.com/Dennis_Hastert
Dianne Feinstein
Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein (; born June 22, 1933) is the senior U.S. Senator from California and a member of the Democratic Party. Feinstein was first elected to the U.S. Senate in 1992, was re-elected in 1994, 2000 and in 2006 for a term ending in January 2013. She also served as Mayor of San Francisco from 1978 to 1988.
http://wn.com/Dianne_Feinstein
Dick Cavett
Richard Alva "Dick" Cavett (born November 19, 1936) is a former American television talk show host known for his conversational style and in-depth discussion of issues. Cavett appeared regularly on nationally broadcast television in the United States in five consecutive decades, the 1960s through the 2000s.
http://wn.com/Dick_Cavett
Dick Cheney
Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30, 1941) served as the 46th Vice President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 under George W. Bush. He briefly served as Acting President of the United States on two occasions during which Bush underwent medical procedures.
http://wn.com/Dick_Cheney
Dick Durbin
Richard Joseph "Dick" Durbin (born November 21, 1944) is the senior United States Senator from the U.S. state of Illinois and Democratic Party Whip, the second highest position in the Democratic Party leadership in the Senate, and became Majority Whip when Democrats took control of the Senate on January 3, 2007. In April 2006, Time magazine identified Durbin as one of "America's 10 Best Senators." He was the first United States Senator to support the presidential candidacy of Barack Obama, then the other senator from Illinois. He was reelected in November 2008 for a term ending in January 2015.
http://wn.com/Dick_Durbin
Donald Fowler
Donald L. Fowler (born 1935) served as National Chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1995 to 1997. (Christopher J. Dodd served as "General Chairman" during this same period.) Fowler is a political science professor and businessman from South Carolina who has spent most of his adult life in various Democratic Party roles, including state party executive director, state party chair, and CEO of the 1988 Democratic National Convention in Atlanta.
http://wn.com/Donald_Fowler
Donald R. Dwight
Donald Rathburn Dwight was an American politician who served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts from 1971 to 1975.
http://wn.com/Donald_R_Dwight
Douglas Brinkley
Douglas Brinkley (born December 14, 1960) is an American author and a professor of history at Rice University. He previously was a professor of history at Tulane University, where he also served as director of the Theodore Roosevelt Center for American Civilization. Brinkley is the history commentator for CBS News and a contributing editor to the magazine Vanity Fair. He joined Rice and the James Baker Institute for Public Policy on July 1, 2007.
http://wn.com/Douglas_Brinkley
Earl Dodge
http://wn.com/Earl_Dodge
Ed Markey
Edward John "Ed" Markey (born July 11, 1946) has been a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 1976, representing the 7th District of Massachusetts. The district includes most of Boston's northern and western suburbs, such as Medford and Framingham. Markey is the Dean of both the Massachusetts and New England House delegations. He is the second-longest serving member of Congress from New England, behind Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont.
http://wn.com/Ed_Markey
Ed Rendell
Edward Gene "Fast Eddy" Rendell (; born January 5, 1944) is the 45th and current Governor of Pennsylvania. Rendell, a member of the Democratic Party, was elected Governor of Pennsylvania in 2002, and his term of office began January 21, 2003. He is currently a Member of the Democratic Governors Association Executive Committee, and also served as General Chairman of the Democratic National Committee during the 2000 presidential election. From 2008 to 2009, Governor Rendell was the Chairman of the National Governors Association. He is married to Marjorie Rendell, a Federal judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Rendell is also a faculty member of the Fels Institute of Government, and chair of Team Pennsylvania Foundation.
http://wn.com/Ed_Rendell
Edmund Muskie
Edmund Sixtus "Ed" Muskie (March 28, 1914 – March 26, 1996) was an American Democratic politician from Rumford, Maine. He served as the 64th Governor of Maine, as U.S. Senator, and as U.S. Secretary of State. He was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in 1968, and was a candidate for the 1972 Democratic presidential nomination.
http://wn.com/Edmund_Muskie
Edward A. Hannegan
http://wn.com/Edward_A_Hannegan
Edward Brooke
http://wn.com/Edward_Brooke
Edward Everett
Edward Everett (April 11, 1794 January 15, 1865) was an American politician and educator from Massachusetts. Everett, a Whig, served as U.S. Representative, and U.S. Senator, the 15th Governor of Massachusetts, Minister to Great Britain, and United States Secretary of State. He also taught at Harvard University and served as president of Harvard.
http://wn.com/Edward_Everett
Edward J. Flynn
Edward Joseph Flynn (September 22, 1891 The Bronx, then New York County, now Bronx County, New York City - August 18, 1953 Dublin, Republic of Ireland) was an American lawyer and politician. Flynn was a leading Democratic politician of the mid-1900s
http://wn.com/Edward_J_Flynn
Edward John Thye
Edward John Thye (April 26, 1896 August 28, 1969) was an American politician. He was the 26th Governor of Minnesota and a United States Senator from Minnesota.
http://wn.com/Edward_John_Thye
Edward P. Barry
Edward P. Barry was an American politician who served as Lieutenant Governor for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts from 1914 to 1915.
http://wn.com/Edward_P_Barry
Edward Robbins
Edward Hutchinson Robbins (February 9, 1758 - December 17, 1837) served as the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts from 1802 to 1806. He is the great-great-grandfather of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, on the side of Roosevelt's mother, Sarah Delano:
http://wn.com/Edward_Robbins
Eli P. Ashmun
http://wn.com/Eli_P_Ashmun
Elijah H. Mills
Elijah Hunt Mills (1776-1829) was an American politician from Massachusetts.
http://wn.com/Elijah_H_Mills
Eliphalet Trask
Eliphalet Trask (January 8, 1806-December 9, 1890) was an American politician who served as the third Mayor of Springfield, Massachusetts and as the Lieutenant Governor for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts from 1858 to 1861.
http://wn.com/Eliphalet_Trask
Elisha Huntington
Elisha Huntington (April 9, 1796-December 11, 1865) was an American physician and politician who served as the Mayor of Lowell, Massachusetts and as the Lieutenant Governor for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts from 1853 to 1854.
http://wn.com/Elisha_Huntington
Elliot Richardson
Elliot Lee Richardson (July 20, 1920 December 31, 1999) was an American lawyer and politician who was a member of the cabinet of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. As U.S. Attorney General, he was a prominent figure in the Watergate Scandal, and resigned rather than refuse President Nixon's order to fire special prosecutor Archibald Cox.
http://wn.com/Elliot_Richardson
Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr.
http://wn.com/Elmo_R_Zumwalt_Jr
Estes Kefauver
Carey Estes Kefauver (July 26, 1903 – August 10, 1963; ) was an American politician from Tennessee. A member of the Democratic Party, he served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1939 to 1949 and in the U.S. Senate from 1949 to his death in 1963.
http://wn.com/Estes_Kefauver
Evan Bayh
Birch Evans "Evan" Bayh III (, respell|; born December 26, 1955) is an American Democratic politician who has served as the junior U.S. Senator from Indiana since 1999. He earlier served as the 46th Governor of Indiana.
http://wn.com/Evan_Bayh
Evelyn Murphy
Evelyn Murphy (born May 14, 1940) is an American politician. She was the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts from 1987 to 1991, and was the first woman in the history of Massachusetts to hold a state-wide office.
http://wn.com/Evelyn_Murphy
F. Bradford Morse
http://wn.com/F_Bradford_Morse
Fernande R.V. Duffly
http://wn.com/Fernande_RV_Duffly
Fitz-John Winthrop
Fitz-John Winthrop (14 March 1637, Ipswich, Massachusetts, – 27 November 1707, Boston) was the governor of the Colony of Connecticut from 1698 to 1707.
http://wn.com/Fitz-John_Winthrop
Forbes 400
The Forbes 400 or 400 Richest Americans (first published in 1982) is a list published by Forbes Magazine magazine of the wealthiest 400 Americans, ranked by net worth. The list is published annually in September. In 2010, the combined wealth of the 400 was $1.37 trillion, up from $1.27 trillion in 2009 but still below the total in 2008 ($1.57 trillion) and 2007 ($1.54 trillion). The minimum to make the list in 2010 was once again back to $1 billion. It had fallen below $1 billion in 2009 for the first time since 2006.
http://wn.com/Forbes_400
Francis E. Kelly
Francis E. Kelly (March 26, 1903-January 1982) was an American politician who served as a member of the Boston City Council from 1930-1933, Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts from 1937 to 1939 and Massachusetts Attorney General from 1949-1953.
http://wn.com/Francis_E_Kelly
Francis Nicholson
Sir Francis Nicholson, 7th Royal Governor of Maryland (12 November 1655 5 March 1727 or 1728) was a British military officer and was colonial governor or acting governor of New York, Virginia, Maryland, Nova Scotia, Placentia and South Carolina.
http://wn.com/Francis_Nicholson
Francis X. Bellotti
Francis X. Bellotti (born 1923) is an American lawyer and politician who served as Lieutenant Governor for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts from 1963 to 1965. In 1964 he had challenged the sitting governor of his own party, Endicott Peabody, and defeated him in the Democratic Primary; but lost in the general election to John Volpe who thus regained the chair he had lost in 1962. From 1975 to 1987 he served three terms as Massachusetts Attorney General. In that capacity he instilled professionalism among his staff, was a leader for civil rights and served as President of the National Association of Attorneys General. He also sought the nomination of the Democratic party for governor in 1970 and in 1990, but was defeated in the Democratic primary election in both elections.
http://wn.com/Francis_X_Bellotti
Frank Church
http://wn.com/Frank_Church
Frank G. Allen
Frank G. Allen (October 6, 1874 October 9, 1950) was a Governor of Massachusetts.
http://wn.com/Frank_G_Allen
Frank Lautenberg
Frank Raleigh Lautenberg (; born January 23, 1924) is the senior United States Senator from New Jersey and a member of the Democratic Party. He is serving his fifth non-consecutive term in the Senate, first serving from 1982 to 2001 and again since 2003; he is the only current Senator to have returned to office after having retired from the Senate. He is also the oldest member of the Senate.
http://wn.com/Frank_Lautenberg
Franklin Pierce
http://wn.com/Franklin_Pierce
Fred R. Harris
Fred Roy Harris (born November 13, 1930) was a Democratic United States Senator from the state of Oklahoma from 1964 until 1973.
http://wn.com/Fred_R_Harris
Frederick Berry
Frederick E. Berry is a Democratic politician from Massachusetts, currently serving as Massachusetts Senate Majority Leader.
http://wn.com/Frederick_Berry
Frederick H. Gillett
http://wn.com/Frederick_H_Gillett
Gaspar G. Bacon
http://wn.com/Gaspar_G_Bacon
Gaylord Nelson
Gaylord Anton Nelson (June 4, 1916 July 3, 2005) was an American Democratic politician from Wisconsin. He was the principal founder of Earth Day. In 1970, he called for Congressional hearings on the safety of combined oral contraceptive pills, which were famously called "The Nelson Pill Hearings." As a result of the hearings, side-effect disclosure was required for the pill in patient inserts the first such disclosure for a pharmaceutical drug.
http://wn.com/Gaylord_Nelson
George B. McClellan
George Brinton McClellan (December 3, 1826 October 29, 1885) was a major general during the American Civil War. He organized the famous Army of the Potomac and served briefly (November 1861 to March 1862) as the general-in-chief of the Union Army. Early in the war, McClellan played an important role in raising a well-trained and organized army for the Union. Although McClellan was meticulous in his planning and preparations, these characteristics may have hampered his ability to challenge aggressive opponents in a fast-moving battlefield environment. He chronically overestimated the strength of enemy units and was reluctant to apply principles of mass, frequently leaving large portions of his army unengaged at decisive points.
http://wn.com/George_B_McClellan
George Cabot
http://wn.com/George_Cabot
George F. Edmunds
George Franklin Edmunds (February 1, 1828 – February 27, 1919) was a Republican U.S. Senator from Vermont from 1866 to 1891.
http://wn.com/George_F_Edmunds
George Frisbie Hoar
George Frisbie Hoar (August 29, 1826 – September 30, 1904) was a prominent United States politician and United States Senator from Massachusetts. Hoar was born in Concord, Massachusetts. He was a member of an extended family that was politically prominent in 18th and 19th century New England.
http://wn.com/George_Frisbie_Hoar
George H. W. Bush
http://wn.com/George_H_W_Bush
George H.W. Bush
http://wn.com/George_HW_Bush
George J. Mitchell
:For other persons with a similar name, see George Mitchell.
http://wn.com/George_J_Mitchell
George M. Dallas
George Mifflin Dallas (July 10, 1792 – December 31, 1864) was a U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania and the 11th Vice President of the United States, serving under James K. Polk.
http://wn.com/George_M_Dallas
George McGovern
George Stanley McGovern (born July 19, 1922) is a historian, former United States Representative, Senator, and Democratic presidential nominee. McGovern lost the 1972 presidential election in a landslide to Richard Nixon. As a decorated World War II combat veteran, McGovern was known for his opposition to the Vietnam War.
http://wn.com/George_McGovern
George Pataki
George Elmer Pataki (; born June 24, 1945) is an American politician who was the 53rd Governor of New York. A member of the Republican Party, Pataki served three consecutive four-year terms from January 1, 1995 until December 31, 2006.
http://wn.com/George_Pataki
George Smathers
http://wn.com/George_Smathers
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
http://wn.com/George_W_Bush
Geraldine Ferraro
Geraldine Anne Ferraro (born August 26, 1935) is an American attorney, a Democratic Party politician and a former member of the United States House of Representatives. She was the first female Vice Presidential candidate representing a major American political party.
http://wn.com/Geraldine_Ferraro
Gilbert M. Hitchcock
http://wn.com/Gilbert_M_Hitchcock
Gloria La Riva
Gloria Estela La Riva (born August 13, 1954, in Albuquerque, New Mexico) is an American politician associated with the Party for Socialism and Liberation. She was the party's 2008 presidential candidate, and was also vying for the nomination of the Peace and Freedom Party in California, but lost the bid to Ralph Nader. La Riva launched her presidential campaign in January 2008, with Eugene Puryear running for vice president.
http://wn.com/Gloria_La_Riva
Grafton D. Cushing
Grafton Dulany Cushing was an American politician who served as Lieutenant Governor for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts from 1915 to 1916.
http://wn.com/Grafton_D_Cushing
Grover Cleveland
http://wn.com/Grover_Cleveland
H. John Heinz III
http://wn.com/H_John_Heinz_III
Hamilton Fish Kean
Hamilton Fish Kean (February 27, 1862 – December 27, 1941) was a U.S. senator from New Jersey.
http://wn.com/Hamilton_Fish_Kean
Hank Brown
George Hanks "Hank" Brown (born February 12, 1940) is a former Republican politician and U.S. Senator from Colorado who served as president of the University of Colorado system from April 2005 - January 2008.
http://wn.com/Hank_Brown
Hannibal Hamlin
http://wn.com/Hannibal_Hamlin
Harold D. Donohue
http://wn.com/Harold_D_Donohue
Harold Ford, Jr.
:"Harold Ford" redirects here. For his father, the congressman from Tennessee from 1975 to 1997, see Harold Ford, Sr.
http://wn.com/Harold_Ford_Jr
Harold Stassen
Harold Edward Stassen (April 13, 1907March 4, 2001) was the 25th Governor of Minnesota from 1939 to 1943. After service in World War II, from 1948 to 1953 he was president of the University of Pennsylvania. In popular culture his name has become most identified with his fame as a perennial candidate for other offices, most notably and frequently President of the United States.
http://wn.com/Harold_Stassen
Harry Reid
Harry Mason Reid (born December 2, 1939) is the senior United States Senator from Nevada and a member of the Democratic Party. First elected to the Senate in 1986, he was re-elected in 1992, 1998, and 2004, and is currently seeking a fifth term in 2010.
http://wn.com/Harry_Reid
Harry S. Truman
http://wn.com/Harry_S_Truman
Henry A. Wallace
Henry Agard Wallace (October 7, 1888 – November 18, 1965) was the 33rd Vice President of the United States (1941–1945), the Secretary of Agriculture (1933–1940), and the Secretary of Commerce (1945–1946). In the 1948 presidential election, Wallace was the nominee of the Progressive Party.
http://wn.com/Henry_A_Wallace
Henry Cabot Lodge
http://wn.com/Henry_Cabot_Lodge
Henry G. Davis
http://wn.com/Henry_G_Davis
Henry H. Childs
Henry H. Childs was an American politician who served as Lieutenant Governor for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1843.
http://wn.com/Henry_H_Childs
Henry L. Dawes
http://wn.com/Henry_L_Dawes
Henry M. Jackson
http://wn.com/Henry_M_Jackson
Henry S. Foote
Henry Stuart Foote (February 28, 1804 May 20, 1880) was a United States Senator from Mississippi from 1847 to 1852 and Governor of Mississippi from 1852 to 1854. His emotional leadership on the Senate floor helped secure passage of the Compromise of 1850, which for a time averted a civil war in the United States.
http://wn.com/Henry_S_Foote
Henry W. Cushman
Henry W. Cushman was an American politician who served as Lieutenant Governor for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts from 1851 to 1853.
http://wn.com/Henry_W_Cushman
Henry Wilson
Henry Wilson (February 16, 1812 – November 22, 1875) was the 18th Vice President of the United States and a Senator from Massachusetts. During the American Civil War, he was a leading Republican who devoted his enormous energies to the destruction of what he called the Slave Power, which he defined as a conspiracy of slave owners to seize control of the federal government and block the progress of liberty.
http://wn.com/Henry_Wilson
Herb Kohl
Herbert H. "Herb" Kohl (born February 7, 1935) is an American politician, business leader and philanthropist. A Democrat, he currently serves as the senior U.S. Senator from Wisconsin and is the owner of the Milwaukee Bucks National Basketball Association (NBA) team.
http://wn.com/Herb_Kohl
Hillary Clinton
http://wn.com/Hillary_Clinton
Horace T. Cahill
Horace Tracy Cahill was an American politician who served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts from 1939 to 1945. A Republican, he ran unsuccessfully for Governor in 1944.
http://wn.com/Horace_T_Cahill
Horatio G. Knight
Horatio Gates Knight was an American politician who served as Lieutenant Governor for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts from 1875 to 1879.
http://wn.com/Horatio_G_Knight
Horatio Seymour
Horatio Seymour (May 31, 1810 February 12, 1886) was an American politician. He was the 18th Governor of New York from 1853 to 1854 and from 1863 to 1864. He was the Democratic Party nominee for president of the United States in the presidential election of 1868, but lost the election to Republican and former Union General of the Army Ulysses S. Grant.
http://wn.com/Horatio_Seymour
Howard Dean
Howard Brush Dean III (born November 17, 1948) is an American politician and physician from the U.S. state of Vermont. He served six terms as the 79th Governor of Vermont and ran unsuccessfully for the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination. He was chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 2005 to 2009.
http://wn.com/Howard_Dean
Hubert Humphrey
http://wn.com/Hubert_Humphrey
Isaac C. Bates
Isaac Chapman Bates (1779-1845) was an American politician from Massachusetts.
http://wn.com/Isaac_C_Bates
Isabell Masters
Isabell Masters, Ph.D (born January 9, 1918) of Topeka, Kansas was a perennial third-party candidate (Looking Back Party) for President of the United States in the United States presidential election, 1984, the United States presidential election, 1992 (339 votes), the United States presidential election, 1996 in which she was only on the ballot in Arkansas (but also received a few votes in California and Maryland) (752 votes total), 2000 and in the United States presidential election, 2004. Her 1992 running mate was Walter Ray Masters; her 1996 running mate was Shirley Jean Masters, both of them children of hers.
http://wn.com/Isabell_Masters
J. Howard McGrath
http://wn.com/J_Howard_McGrath
J. Quinn Brisben
John Quinn Brisben (born 1934) was the Socialist Party USA candidate for President of the United States in the 1992 U.S. presidential election. His running mate was initially Bill Edwards, but after Edwards died during the campaign he was replaced by Barbara Garson.
http://wn.com/J_Quinn_Brisben
Jacqueline Kennedy
http://wn.com/Jacqueline_Kennedy
James Buchanan
http://wn.com/James_Buchanan
James Farley
http://wn.com/James_Farley
James Grant Forbes
http://wn.com/James_Grant_Forbes
James K. Polk
http://wn.com/James_K_Polk
James M. Cox
James Middleton Cox (March 31, 1870 July 15, 1957) was the 46th and 48th Governor of Ohio, U.S. Representative from Ohio and Democratic candidate for President of the United States in the election of 1920.
http://wn.com/James_M_Cox
James Rassmann
http://wn.com/James_Rassmann
James Shannon
James Michael Shannon (born April 4, 1952), also known as Jim Shannon, is a Democratic politician from Massachusetts. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1979 to 1985, and later as the Massachusetts Attorney General.
http://wn.com/James_Shannon
James Stockdale
Vice Admiral James Bond Stockdale (December 23, 1923 – July 5, 2005) was one of the most highly decorated officers in the history of the United States Navy.
http://wn.com/James_Stockdale
Jann Wenner
Jann Simon Wenner (born January 7, 1946) is the co-founder and publisher of the music and politics biweekly Rolling Stone, as well as the owner of ''Men's Journal and Us Weekly'' magazines.
http://wn.com/Jann_Wenner
Jay Rockefeller
John Davison "Jay" Rockefeller IV (born June 18, 1937) is the senior United States Senator from West Virginia, which he was first elected to in 1985. He was the 29th Governor of West Virginia, from 1977 to 1985. As a great-grandson of oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller, he is the only current politician of the prominent six-generation Rockefeller family and the only Democrat in what has been a traditionally progressive Republican dynasty.
http://wn.com/Jay_Rockefeller
Jeanne Shaheen
Jeanne Shaheen (born January 28, 1947), an American politician and member of the Democratic Party, is the junior United States Senator from New Hampshire. The first woman in U.S. history to be elected as both a Governor and U.S. Senator, she was the first woman to be elected Governor of New Hampshire, serving from 1997 to 2003. Shaheen ran for the United States Senate in 2002, but was narrowly defeated by Republican challenger John E. Sununu. She then served as Director of the Harvard Institute of Politics, before resigning to run again for the U.S. Senate in the 2008 election, defeating Sununu in a rematch. Shaheen is the first Democratic Senator from NH since John A. Durkin, who retired in 1980.
http://wn.com/Jeanne_Shaheen
Jeff Bingaman
Jesse Francis "Jeff" Bingaman, Jr. (born October 3, 1943), is the senior U.S. Senator from New Mexico. He has been in the Senate since 1983 and is a member of the Democratic Party, serving as Chairman of Committee Outreach for the Senate Democratic Caucus. Bingaman was Attorney General of New Mexico from 1978 until his election to the U.S. Senate in 1982, when he defeated Republican incumbent and former astronaut Harrison Schmitt. He was re-elected in 1988, 1994, 2000, and 2006.
http://wn.com/Jeff_Bingaman
Jeff Merkley
Jeffrey Alan "Jeff" Merkley (born October 24, 1956) is the junior United States Senator from Oregon. A member of the Democratic Party, Merkley was a five-term member of the Oregon Legislative Assembly representing House District 47, located in eastern Multnomah County within the Portland city limits. He also served as Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives.
http://wn.com/Jeff_Merkley
Jeff Sessions
Jefferson Beauregard "Jeff" Sessions III (born December 24, 1946) is the junior United States Senator from Alabama. First elected in 1996, Sessions is a member of the Republican Party. He serves as the ranking minority member on the Senate Judiciary Committee.
http://wn.com/Jeff_Sessions
Jerry Moran
http://wn.com/Jerry_Moran
Jesse Helms
Jesse Alexander Helms, Jr. (October 18, 1921 – July 4, 2008) was a five-term Republican United States Senator from North Carolina who served as chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee from 1995 to 2001. A leading conservative, he helped organize and fund the conservative resurgence in the 1970s, aiding Ronald Reagan quest for the White House and helping many local and regional candidates.
http://wn.com/Jesse_Helms
Jim Inhofe
James Mountain "Jim" Inhofe (; born November 17, 1934) is an American politician from Oklahoma. He is a member of the Republican Party and currently serves as the senior Senator from Oklahoma. A former the State Representative and Senator, Inhofe served eight years in the United States Congress before election to the Senate in 1994.
http://wn.com/Jim_Inhofe
Jim McGovern
James Patrick "Jim" McGovern (born November 20, 1959), an American politician, has been a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since January 3, 1997, representing .
http://wn.com/Jim_McGovern
Jim Risch
James Elroy "Jim" Risch (born May 3, 1943) is the Republican junior United States Senator from Idaho and served as the 31st Governor of Idaho. Risch was elected to the Senate in 2008, defeating former Democratic Congressman Larry LaRocco and several independents.
http://wn.com/Jim_Risch
Jim Webb
James Henry "Jim" Webb, Jr. (born February 9, 1946), is the senior United States Senator from Virginia. He is also an author and a former Secretary of the Navy. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
http://wn.com/Jim_Webb
Jimi Hendrix
http://wn.com/Jimi_Hendrix
Jimmy Carter
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975, and was a peanut farmer and naval officer.
http://wn.com/Jimmy_Carter
Joe Andrew
Joseph J. Andrew (born March 1, 1960) was National Chairman of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) from 1999–2001. He served with DNC General Chairman Ed Rendell. Asked to serve by President Bill Clinton, Andrew became, at the age of 39, one of the youngest chairpersons in the history of the DNC. He later served as Chairman of the New Democratic Network, and in 2006 helped to found The Blue Fund, a mutual fund which invests in companies that contribute to Democratic campaigns.
http://wn.com/Joe_Andrew
Joe Biden
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http://wn.com/Joe_Biden
Joe Klein
http://wn.com/Joe_Klein
Joe Lieberman
Joseph Isadore "Joe" Lieberman (born February 24, 1942) is the junior United States Senator from Connecticut. First elected to the Senate in 1988, Lieberman was elected to a fourth term on November 7, 2006. In the 2000 United States presidential election, Lieberman was the Democratic nominee for Vice President, running with presidential nominee Al Gore, becoming the first Jewish candidate on a major American political party presidential ticket. The Gore–Lieberman ticket won the popular vote but ultimately failed to gain the electoral votes needed to win the controversial election. Lieberman ran for re-election to the U.S. Senate while he was also Gore's running mate, and he was re-elected by the voters of Connecticut. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 2004 presidential election.
http://wn.com/Joe_Lieberman
Joe Manchin
Joseph "Joe" Manchin III (born August 24, 1947) is an American politician from the State of West Virginia. Manchin is the 34th and current Governor of West Virginia, having taken office on January 17, 2005. He is also a candidate in the 2010 U.S. Senate election in West Virginia. He is a member of the Democratic Party and the of a Democratic political family in his home state.
http://wn.com/Joe_Manchin
Joel Hayden
Joel Hayden (April 8, 1798 – November 10, 1873) was an American politician who served as Lieutenant Governor for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts from 1863 to 1866.
http://wn.com/Joel_Hayden
John Barrasso
John Anthony Barrasso (; born July 21, 1952) is the junior U.S. Senator from Wyoming. A Republican, he was appointed by Democratic Governor Dave Freudenthal to succeed the late Craig L. Thomas, taking office on June 25, 2007. He won a special election in 2008 to fill the remaining four years of Thomas's term.
http://wn.com/John_Barrasso
John Boozman
John Nichols Boozman, O.D. (born December 10, 1950) is an American politician who has been a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives since 2001, representing ([http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/ar03_109.gif map]). The district is located in the northwestern part of the state and includes Fort Smith, Fayetteville, Rogers, Russellville and Bentonville. He is currently the sole Republican member of Congress (in either House) from Arkansas. The seat has been in continuous Republican hands since 1967, when John Paul Hammerschmidt upset James William Trimble in the 1966 general election.
http://wn.com/John_Boozman
John Breaux
John Berlinger Breaux (; born March 1, 1944) is a former United States senator from Louisiana who served from 1987 until 2005. He was also a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1972 to 1987. He was considered one of the more conservative national legislators from the Democratic Party. Breaux was a member of the New Democrat Coalition.
http://wn.com/John_Breaux
John C. Breckinridge
John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821 – May 17, 1875) was an American lawyer and politician. He served as a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from Kentucky and was the 14th Vice President of the United States, to date the youngest vice president in U.S. history, inaugurated at age 36.
http://wn.com/John_C_Breckinridge
John C. Calhoun
http://wn.com/John_C_Calhoun
John C. White
http://wn.com/John_C_White
John Cornyn
John Cornyn III (born February 2, 1952) is the junior United States Senator from Texas. He is a Republican and was elected to his first term in November 2002, having defeated Democrat Ron Kirk, the former mayor of Dallas, Texas. In the general election of November 4, 2008, he defeated the Democratic State Representative Rick Noriega of Houston for his second term. He was elected Chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee for the 111th U.S. Congress.
http://wn.com/John_Cornyn
John Davis Long
John Davis Long (October 27, 1838 August 28, 1915) was a U.S. political figure. He served as the 32nd Governor of Massachusetts between 1880 and 1883. He later served as the Secretary of the Navy from 1897 to 1902.
http://wn.com/John_Davis_Long
John Endecott
http://wn.com/John_Endecott
John F. Kennedy
http://wn.com/John_F_Kennedy
John F. Tierney
John F. Tierney (born September 18, 1951), an American politician, is the Democratic United States Representative from Massachusetts's 6th congressional district. A former attorney, he has served in the House of Representatives since 1997.
http://wn.com/John_F_Tierney
John Hagelin
John Hagelin (born June 9, 1954) is an American particle physicist, three-time candidate of the Natural Law Party for President of the United States (1992, 1996, and 2000), and the director of the Transcendental Meditation movement for the US.
http://wn.com/John_Hagelin
John Hoeven
John Henry Hoeven III (born March 13, 1957) is the 31st
http://wn.com/John_Hoeven
John J. Pershing
http://wn.com/John_J_Pershing
John J. Raskob
John Jakob Raskob, KCSG (19 March 1879 - 15 October 1950) was a financial executive and businessman for DuPont and General Motors, and the builder of the Empire State Building. He was chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1928 to 1932 and a key supporter of Alfred E. Smith's candidacy for President of the United States.
http://wn.com/John_J_Raskob
John Kerry
John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts, and is chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
http://wn.com/John_Kerry
John L. Bates
http://wn.com/John_L_Bates
John Leverett
John Leverett (1616 – March 16, 1679) was a colonial magistrate, merchant, soldier and governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
http://wn.com/John_Leverett
John McCain
John Sidney McCain III (born August 29, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican nominee for president in the 2008 United States election.
http://wn.com/John_McCain
John Moran Bailey
http://wn.com/John_Moran_Bailey
John Nance Garner
http://wn.com/John_Nance_Garner
John Nesmith
John Nesmith (August 3, 1793, Windham, New Hampshire - October 15, 1869) was an American politician who served as Lieutenant Governor for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1862.
http://wn.com/John_Nesmith
John Olver
John Walter Olver (born September 3, 1936), American politician, has been a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 1991, representing , a primarily rural district that makes up most of Western Massachusetts.
http://wn.com/John_Olver
John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the sixth President of the United States from 1825 to 1829. He was also an American diplomat and served in both the Senate and House of Representatives. He was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties. Adams was the son of President John Adams and Abigail Adams. The name "Quincy" came from Abigail's maternal grandfather, Colonel John Quincy, after whom Quincy, Massachusetts, is named.
http://wn.com/John_Quincy_Adams
John Reed, Jr.
http://wn.com/John_Reed_Jr
John Sparkman
http://wn.com/John_Sparkman
John Thune
John Randolph Thune (born January 7, 1961) is the Republican junior U.S. Senator from the state of South Dakota.
http://wn.com/John_Thune
John W. Davis
John William Davis (April 13, 1873 – March 24, 1955) was an American politician, diplomat and lawyer. He served as a United States Representative from West Virginia (1911–1913), then as Solicitor General of the United States and U.S. Ambassador to the UK under President Woodrow Wilson. Over a 60-year legal career, he argued 140 cases before the U.S. Supreme Court.
http://wn.com/John_W_Davis
John W. Kern
http://wn.com/John_W_Kern
John W. Weeks
John Wingate Weeks (April 11, 1860 – July 12, 1926) was an American politician in the Republican Party. He served as a United States Representative for Massachusetts from 1905 to 1913, as a United States Senator from 1913 to 1919, and as Secretary of War from 1921 to 1925.
http://wn.com/John_W_Weeks
John Winant
http://wn.com/John_Winant
John Z. Goodrich
John Z. Goodrich was an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives and Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts. He was born in Sheffield, Massachusetts on September 27, 1804. He attended the common schools and Lenox Academy. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and engaged in manufacturing.
http://wn.com/John_Z_Goodrich
Johnny Isakson
John Hardy "Johnny" Isakson (born December 28, 1944), is an American politician, who has been the Republican junior United States Senator from Georgia since 2005. Previously, he represented in the House from 1999 to 2005.
http://wn.com/Johnny_Isakson
Jon Corzine
Jon Stevens Corzine (born January 1, 1947) is a financial executive and a former American politician, who served as the 54th Governor of New Jersey from 2006 to 2010. A Democrat, Corzine served five years of a six-year U.S. Senate term representing New Jersey before being elected Governor in 2005. He was defeated for re-election in 2009 by Republican Chris Christie. In March 2010, Corzine was named chairman and CEO of MF Global Inc., a financial services firm specializing in futures brokerage.
http://wn.com/Jon_Corzine
Jon Kyl
:This page is about the current Arizona Senator; for his father, a U.S. Representative from Iowa, see John Kyl; for a U.S. Representative from Mississippi with a similar name, see John Kyle.
http://wn.com/Jon_Kyl
Joseph L. Hurley
Joseph Leo Hurley (April 20, 1898-April 29, 1956) was an American Democratic politician who served as Lieutenant Governor for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts from 1935 to 1937. Hurley was from Fall River, Massachusetts. He was of Irish descent.
http://wn.com/Joseph_L_Hurley
Joseph Lane
Joseph Lane (December 14, 1801 – April 19, 1881) was an American general during the Mexican-American War and a United States Senator from Oregon.
http://wn.com/Joseph_Lane
Joseph Tucker
Joseph Tucker was an American politician who served as Lieutenant Governor for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts from 1869 to 1873.
http://wn.com/Joseph_Tucker
Julia Thorne
Julia Stimson Thorne (September 16, 1944 – April 27, 2006) was a writer and the first wife of U.S. Senator John Kerry.
http://wn.com/Julia_Thorne
Julius Rockwell
http://wn.com/Julius_Rockwell
Kay Bailey Hutchison
Kathryn Ann Bailey Hutchison, known as Kay Bailey Hutchison (born July 22, 1943), is the senior United States Senator from Texas.
http://wn.com/Kay_Bailey_Hutchison
Kay Hagan
Kay Ruthven Hagan (; born May 26, 1953) is the junior United States Senator from North Carolina and a member of the Democratic Party. Before her election, she was a five-term member of the North Carolina Senate.
http://wn.com/Kay_Hagan
Kelly Ayotte
Kelly A. Ayotte is a Republican New Hampshire politician and lawyer. Ayotte served as the Attorney General of New Hampshire from 2004 to 2009. Ayotte is currently the Republican nominee in the 2010 election for the Senate seat currently being held by Judd Gregg, who is not seeking re-election. Ayotte leads in aggregate general election polling to date against Paul Hodes.
http://wn.com/Kelly_Ayotte
Kenneth M. Curtis
Kenneth Merwin Curtis (born February 8, 1931) is an American lawyer and former politician. He is currently a principal in the law firm of Curtis Thaxter Stevens Broder & Micoleau Limited Liability Company, P.A.
http://wn.com/Kenneth_M_Curtis
Kent Conrad
Kent Conrad (born Gaylord Kent Conrad on March 12, 1948) is the senior United States Senator from North Dakota. He is a member of the North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party, the North Dakota affiliate of the Democratic Party. First elected to the Senate in 1986, he is currently chairman of the Senate Budget Committee.
http://wn.com/Kent_Conrad
Kerry Healey
Kerry Murphy Healey (born April 30, 1960) was the 70th Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts. She served from 2003 to 2007 with Governor Mitt Romney. She was the 2006 Republican nominee for Governor of Massachusetts, losing to Democrat Deval Patrick in November 2006. She currently serves as a TV Host on New England Sports Network.
http://wn.com/Kerry_Healey
Key Pittman
http://wn.com/Key_Pittman
Kirsten Gillibrand
Kirsten Elizabeth Rutnik Gillibrand (; born December 9, 1966) is the junior United States Senator from New York and a member of the Democratic Party. On January 23, 2009, Gillibrand was appointed by Governor David Paterson to fill the U.S. Senate seat vacated by Hillary Rodham Clinton, who assumed the office of United States Secretary of State in the Obama administration. She is the second woman to serve as a U.S. Senator from New York.
http://wn.com/Kirsten_Gillibrand
Kit Bond
Christopher Samuel "Kit" Bond (born March 6, 1939) is the senior United States Senator from Missouri and a member of the Republican Party. First elected to the U.S. Senate in 1986, he defeated Democrat Harriett Woods by a margin of 53%-47%. He was re-elected in 1992, 1998, and 2004. On January 8, 2009, he announced that he will not seek re-election to a fifth term in 2010.
http://wn.com/Kit_Bond
Lamar Alexander
Andrew Lamar Alexander (born July 3, 1940) is the senior United States Senator from Tennessee and Conference Chair of the Republican Party. He was previously the 45th Governor of Tennessee from 1979 to 1987, U.S. Secretary of Education from 1991 to 1993 under President George H. W. Bush and candidate for the Republican Presidential nomination in 1996 and 2000.
http://wn.com/Lamar_Alexander
Larry Agran
Larry Agran (born 2 February 1945 in Chicago) is a former mayor of Irvine, California, Orange County's noted planned city. Agran currently serves as Mayor Pro Tem on the City Council.
http://wn.com/Larry_Agran
Larry O'Brien
'''Lawrence Francis "Larry" O'Brien, Jr.''' (July 7, 1917 – September 28, 1990) was one of the United States Democratic Party's leading electoral strategists when, for more than two decades, he helped reshape American politics. He served as Postmaster General in the cabinet of President Lyndon Johnson.
http://wn.com/Larry_O'Brien
Leverett Saltonstall
http://wn.com/Leverett_Saltonstall
Levi Lincoln, Jr.
http://wn.com/Levi_Lincoln_Jr
Lewis Cass
http://wn.com/Lewis_Cass
Lindsey Graham
Lindsey Olin Graham (born July 9, 1955) is an American politician from South Carolina. A member of the Republican Party, he is currently the senior United States Senator from that state. He serves on the Armed Services and Judiciary Committees.
http://wn.com/Lindsey_Graham
Lisa Murkowski
Lisa Ann Murkowski (; born May 22, 1957) is the senior U.S. Senator from the State of Alaska. A Republican, she was first appointed to the Senate by her father, the Governor Frank Murkowski, in 2002. She is the only woman ever elected to Congress from her state, in addition to being the first senator born in Alaska. After her narrow unexpected defeat in the 2010 Republican primary election, she decided to mount a write-in campaign.
http://wn.com/Lisa_Murkowski
Lloyd Bentsen
http://wn.com/Lloyd_Bentsen
Louis A. Frothingham
Louis Adams Frothingham (July 13, 1871 – August 23, 1928) was a United States Representative from Massachusetts. He was born in Jamaica Plain on July 13, 1871. He attended the public schools and Adams Academy. He graduated from Harvard University in 1893 (where he was a member of the Porcellian) and from Harvard Law School in 1896. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Boston. He served as second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps in the Spanish-American War.
http://wn.com/Louis_A_Frothingham
Lyndon B. Johnson
http://wn.com/Lyndon_B_Johnson
Lyndon LaRouche
Lyndon Hermyle LaRouche, Jr. (; born September 8, 1922) is an American self-styled economist, political activist, and the founder of several political organizations known collectively as the LaRouche movement. He has been a perennial candidate for President of the United States, having run in eight elections since 1976, once as a U.S. Labor Party candidate and seven times as a candidate for the Democratic Party nomination. He is the founder and contributing editor of the Executive Intelligence Review, and has written prolifically on economic, scientific, and political topics, as well as on history, philosophy, and psychoanalysis.
http://wn.com/Lyndon_LaRouche
Marco Rubio
Marco Antonio Rubio (born May 28, 1971) is an American politician and lawyer. Rubio was the Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives during the 2007 and 2008 legislative sessions. He was first elected to the Florida House as a Republican on January 25, 2000, from the 111th district. He is the GOP nominee for the U.S. Senate seat currently held by George LeMieux.
http://wn.com/Marco_Rubio
Marcus A. Coolidge
http://wn.com/Marcus_A_Coolidge
Marcus Morton
Marcus Morton (February 19, 1784 February 6, 1864) was a lawyer, jurist, and politician from Taunton, Massachusetts. He represented Massachusetts in the United States House of Representatives and served two terms as 16th and 18th Governor of Massachusetts, as well as a portion of an unexpired term in 1825, as Acting Governor.
http://wn.com/Marcus_Morton
Margot Botsford
Margot Botsford (born March 16, 1947 in New York, New York) is an American lawyer and jurist from Massachusetts. She was appointed by Governor Deval Patrick in 2007 to serve as an Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court.
http://wn.com/Margot_Botsford
Maria Cantwell
:Not to be confused with Mary Cantwell.
http://wn.com/Maria_Cantwell
Mark Begich
Mark Peter Begich (; born March 30, 1962) is the junior United States Senator from Alaska and a member of the Democratic Party. A former mayor of Anchorage, he served on the Anchorage Assembly for almost ten years prior to being elected mayor in 2003. In the highly competitive 2008 Alaska Senate election, Begich defeated incumbent Ted Stevens, the longest serving Republican member of the Senate of all time.
http://wn.com/Mark_Begich
Mark Kirk
Mark Steven Kirk (born September 15, 1959) is an American politician who is currently a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing the Illinois's 10th congressional district. He is a member of the House Appropriations Committee. Kirk is the Republican nominee for the 2010 Senate election in Illinois. The other ballot qualified candidates are Alexi Giannoulias, Democratic Party; LeAlan Jones, Green Party; and Michael Labno, Libertarian Party.
http://wn.com/Mark_Kirk
Mark Pryor
Mark Lunsford Pryor (born January 10, 1963) is an American politician and the junior United States Senator from Arkansas, serving since 2003. A member of the Democratic Party, he holds the same seat in the U.S. Senate once held by his father, David Pryor, from 1979 to 1997.
http://wn.com/Mark_Pryor
Mark Udall
Mark Emery Udall (born July 18, 1950) is the senior United States Senator from Colorado and a member of the Democratic Party. From 1999 to 2009, Udall served as a five-term member of the United States House of Representatives, representing . He also served a term in the Colorado House of Representatives.
http://wn.com/Mark_Udall
Mark Warner
Mark Robert Warner (born December 15, 1954) is an American politician and businessman, currently serving in the United States Senate as the junior senator from the Commonwealth of Virginia. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Warner was the 69th governor of Virginia from 2002 to 2006 and is the honorary chairman of the Forward Together PAC. Warner delivered the keynote address before the nation at the 2008 Democratic National Convention.
http://wn.com/Mark_Warner
Martha Coakley
Martha Mary Coakley (born July 14, 1953) is the Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Prior to serving as Attorney General, she was District Attorney of Middlesex County, Massachusetts from 1999 to 2007.
http://wn.com/Martha_Coakley
Martin Van Buren
http://wn.com/Martin_Van_Buren
Mary Landrieu
Mary Loretta Landrieu (, ; born November 23, 1955) is the senior United States Senator from the State of Louisiana, and is the second woman elected to the U.S. Senate from Louisiana. Landrieu is the daughter of former New Orleans mayor and Secretary of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, Moon Landrieu and the sister of the current Mayor of New Orleans and former Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana Mitch Landrieu. By national standards, Landrieu is among the most conservative Democrats in the U.S. Senate, and is a member of the New Democrat Coalition.
http://wn.com/Mary_Landrieu
Max Baucus
Max Sieben Baucus (born December 11, 1941) is the senior United States Senator from Montana and a member of the Democratic Party. First elected to the Senate in 1978, and as of 2010 he is the longest-serving Senator from Montana, and the fifth longest-serving U.S. Senator currently in office.
http://wn.com/Max_Baucus
Michael Badnarik
Michael J. Badnarik (born August 1, 1954) is an American software engineer, political figure, and former radio talk show host. He was the Libertarian Party nominee for President of the United States in the 2004 elections, and placed fourth in the race, behind independent candidate Ralph Nader. Two years later he ran as a Libertarian Party candidate in the 2006 congressional elections for Texas's 10th congressional district seat near Austin. In a three candidate field, Badnarik came in third receiving 7,603 votes for 4.3% of the vote.
http://wn.com/Michael_Badnarik
Michael Dukakis
http://wn.com/Michael_Dukakis
Michael Peroutka
Michael Anthony Peroutka (born 1952) is a Maryland lawyer, the founder of the Institute on the Constitution. He once held a position in the United States Department of Health and Human Services and was the Constitution Party candidate for president in 2004. He is co-host of The American View radio program.
http://wn.com/Michael_Peroutka
Mike Capuano
Michael Everett "Mike" Capuano (born January 9, 1952) is a Democratic
http://wn.com/Mike_Capuano
Mike Crapo
Michael Dean "Mike" Crapo ( "Cray-poe"; born May 20, 1951) is the senior United States Senator from Idaho. He is a member of the Republican Party. He became Idaho's Senior Senator in January 2009, as Larry Craig did not seek reelection in 2008.
http://wn.com/Mike_Crapo
Mike Enzi
Michael Bradley "Mike" Enzi (; born February 1, 1944) is the senior U.S. Senator from Wyoming. Before his election to the U.S. Senate in 1996, Enzi was a businessman who at one time owned family shoe stores. He later became a politician on the state level, having served in the Wyoming Legislature for more than a decade. He was reelected to the U.S. Senate in 2002 and again in 2008. Enzi is a Republican.
http://wn.com/Mike_Enzi
Mike Johanns
Michael Owen "Mike" Johanns (born June 18, 1950) is an American Republican politician who has been the junior United States Senator from Nebraska since 2009. Previously he was the 38th Governor of Nebraska from 1999 to 2005 and was U.S. Secretary of Agriculture from 2005 to 2007, becoming the fourth Nebraskan to hold the position. On November 4, 2008, Johanns was elected to the United States Senate for the state of Nebraska, becoming one of only two new Republican senators (with Jim Risch of Idaho) heading into the 111th United States Congress.
http://wn.com/Mike_Johanns
Mike Tompkins
Mike Tompkins (born November 29, 1948) is a U.S. politician who was the Natural Law Party vice presidential candidate during the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections.
http://wn.com/Mike_Tompkins
Mitch McConnell
Addison Mitchell "Mitch" McConnell, Jr. (born February 20, 1942) is the senior United States Senator from Kentucky. He was chosen by his Republican colleagues as the Minority Leader in November 2006, making him the top-ranking Republican in the 110th Congress, which convened January 3, 2007. He is a conservative, receiving a perfect score from the American Conservative Union in 2006. McConnell won re-election in 2008 against Democratic challenger Bruce Lunsford.
http://wn.com/Mitch_McConnell
Moses Gill
http://wn.com/Moses_Gill
Moses Taylor
Moses Taylor (January 11, 1806 - May 23, 1882) was a 19th century New York merchant and banker and one of the wealthiest men of that century. At his death, his estate was reported to be worth $70 million, or about $1.7 billion in 2006 dollars. He controlled the National City Bank of New York (later to become Citibank), the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western railroad, the Moses Taylor & Co. import business, and he held numerous other investments in railroads and industry.
http://wn.com/Moses_Taylor
Nancy Lord
Nancy Lord was the vice-presidential candidate of the United States Libertarian Party in the U.S. presidential election, 1992, as the running-mate of Andre Marrou. Marrou and Lord placed fourth in the popular vote with 291,627 votes (0.28%).
http://wn.com/Nancy_Lord
Nancy Pelosi
'''Nancy Patricia D'Alesandro Pelosi''' (; born March 26, 1940) is the 60th and current Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. Before being elected Speaker in the 110th Congress, she was the House Minority Leader from 2003 to 2007, holding the post during the 108th and 109th Congresses.
http://wn.com/Nancy_Pelosi
Nathaniel Silsbee
Nathanial Silsbee (January 14, 1773-July 14, 1850) was an American politician from Massachusetts.
http://wn.com/Nathaniel_Silsbee
Niki Tsongas
Nicola Dickson "Niki" Sauvage Tsongas (; born April 26, 1946) is the U.S. Representative for Massachusetts's 5th congressional district and the widow of U.S. Senator Paul Tsongas, who had also been the Representative for the 5th district in the 1970s. When she was first elected to Congress in a special election in 2007, she was the first woman elected to Congress from Massachusetts in 25 years.
http://wn.com/Niki_Tsongas
Norman Edward Mack
Norman Edward Mack (July 24, 1858 - December 26, 1932) was editor and publisher of the Buffalo Daily Times. He was also chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1908 through 1912.
http://wn.com/Norman_Edward_Mack
Oliver North
Oliver Laurence North (born October 7, 1943) was a US Marine Corps officer. Currently, he is a political commentator, host of War Stories with Oliver North on Fox News Channel, a military historian, and a New York Times best-selling author.
http://wn.com/Oliver_North
Olympia Snowe
http://wn.com/Olympia_Snowe
Pat Paulsen
http://wn.com/Pat_Paulsen
Pat Roberts
Charles Patrick "Pat" Roberts (born April 20, 1936) is the junior United States Senator from Kansas. A member of the Republican Party, he was formerly the Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee. He holds conservative positions on most issues.
http://wn.com/Pat_Roberts
Patrick Leahy
Patrick Joseph Leahy (; born March 31, 1940) is the senior United States Senator from Vermont. He is a member of the Democratic Party, the first and only elected Democratic United States Senator in Vermont's history and the chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee. Leahy is the second most senior U.S. Senator.
http://wn.com/Patrick_Leahy
Paul Butler (lawyer)
http://wn.com/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)
Paul Cellucci
Argeo Paul Cellucci (born April 24, 1948) is an American politician and diplomat who served as the 69th Governor of Massachusetts and US Ambassador to Canada.
http://wn.com/Paul_Cellucci
Paul Dudley (jurist)
http://wn.com/Paul_Dudley_(jurist)
Paul G. Kirk
Paul Grattan Kirk, Jr. (born January 18, 1938) is an American politician and lawyer who served as a United States Senator from Massachusetts from 2009 to 2010, having been appointed to fill the vacancy created by the death of Ted Kennedy. From 1985 to 1989, he served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee (DNC). He has also served as the co-chairman of the Commission on Presidential Debates, the chairman of the board of directors of the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation,
http://wn.com/Paul_G_Kirk
Paul Revere
Paul Revere (May 10, 1818) was an American silversmith and a patriot in the American Revolution.
http://wn.com/Paul_Revere
Paul Tsongas
Paul Efthemios Tsongas (; February 14, 1941 – January 18, 1997) was a United States Senator from Massachusetts and a one-time candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination. Previously, he also served as a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts and held local political office as well.
http://wn.com/Paul_Tsongas
Paul W. Cronin
Paul William Cronin (March 14, 1938 - April 5, 1997) was a one-term congressman of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts.
http://wn.com/Paul_W_Cronin
Peter T. King
Peter T. King (born April 5, 1944) is a Republican politician from the U.S. state of New York, currently the United States Congressman for the state's 3rd Congressional District. Along with Chris Lee, who represents New York's 26th congressional district, King is one of only two Republicans to represent the state of New York at the federal level. King was considered a possible candidate for United States Senate in 2010, but has decided to run again for his congressional seat. However, in January 2010, King said he was reconsidering a Senate run.
http://wn.com/Peter_T_King
Phil Angelides
Philip Nicholas "Phil" Angelides ( ), born June 12, 1953 in Sacramento, California), is an American politician who was California State Treasurer and the unsuccessful Democratic nominee for Governor of California in the 2006 elections. Angelides currently serves as the Chair of the Apollo Alliance and of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission.
http://wn.com/Phil_Angelides
Prentiss Mellen
Prentiss Mellen (October 11, 1764 – December 31, 1840) was a Senator from Massachusetts; born in Sterling, Massachusetts on October 11, 1764 to Rev. John and Rebecca (Prentiss) Mellen. Mellen graduated from Harvard University in 1784; studied law; admitted to the bar in 1788 and commenced practice in Sterling and Bridgewater, Massachusetts, and in Dover, New Hampshire; moved to Biddeford, Massachusetts (later a part of the State of Maine in 1820), around 1791 and practiced law; settled in Portland, Maine, around 1806; member of the Massachusetts Executive Council 1808-1809, 1817; presidential elector in 1817; trustee of Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine from 1817 to 1836; elected to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Eli P. Ashmun and served from June 5, 1818, to May 15, 1820, when he resigned; upon the admission of the State of Maine into the Union in 1820 became chief justice of the supreme court of that State and served until his resignation in 1834; member and chairman of the commission to revise and codify the public statutes of Maine in 1838; died in Portland, Maine, December 31, 1840; interment in Western Cemetery.
http://wn.com/Prentiss_Mellen
Ralph Nader
Ralph Nader (; born February 27, 1934) is an American attorney, author, lecturer, political activist, and four-time candidate for President of the United States, having run as a Green Party candidate in 1996 and 2000, and as an independent candidate in 2004 and 2008.
http://wn.com/Ralph_Nader
Rand Paul
Randal Howard "Rand" Paul (born January 7, 1963) is an American ophthalmologist and politician who describes himself as a "constitutional conservative". Rand Paul is the chairman and founder of Kentucky Taxpayers United. He is also the son of Republican Congressman Ron Paul of Texas.
http://wn.com/Rand_Paul
Richard Bellingham
Richard Bellingham (1592 – December 7, 1672) was a colonial magistrate, lawyer, and several-time governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
http://wn.com/Richard_Bellingham
Richard Blumenthal
Richard M. Blumenthal (born February 13, 1946) is an American lawyer and politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he has been Attorney General of Connecticut since 1991. He is a candidate in the 2010 U.S. Senate election for the seat currently held by Christopher Dodd.
http://wn.com/Richard_Blumenthal
Richard Burr
Richard Mauze Burr (born November 30, 1955) is the senior United States Senator from North Carolina. A Republican, Burr represented North Carolina's 5th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives for five terms, and was elected to represent North Carolina as a U.S. Senator in the 2004 election. He defeated the Democratic Party nominee, former White House Chief of Staff Erskine Bowles, in the open seat contest. With the 2008 election of Kay Hagan (D), Burr became North Carolina's senior senator.
http://wn.com/Richard_Burr
Richard J. Kerry
Richard John Kerry (1915-2000) was an American Foreign Service officer and lawyer, and was the father of U.S. Senator and 2004 Democratic Presidential candidate, John Kerry.
http://wn.com/Richard_J_Kerry
Richard Lugar
Richard Green "Dick" Lugar (born April 4, 1932) is the senior United States Senator from Indiana. He is a member of the Republican Party and served as the mayor of Indianapolis from 1968 to 1976 and was elected to the United States Senate in 1976 where he has been the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations from 1985 to 1987 and 2003 to 2007. Much of Lugar's work in the Senate is toward the dismantling of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons around the world.
http://wn.com/Richard_Lugar
Richard Neal
Richard Edmund Neal (born February 14, 1949), an American politician, is the Democratic United States Representative from . He is a former city councillor and mayor of Springfield, Massachusetts, and has served in the House of Representatives since 1989.
http://wn.com/Richard_Neal
Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 to 1974, having formerly been the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. A member of the Republican Party, he was the only President to resign the office as well as the only person to be elected twice to both the Presidency and the Vice Presidency.
http://wn.com/Richard_Nixon
Richard Shelby
Richard Craig Shelby (born May 6, 1934) is the senior U.S. Senator from Alabama. Originally elected to the Senate as a Democrat, Shelby switched to the Republican Party in 1994 when it gained the majority in Congress.
http://wn.com/Richard_Shelby
Rob Portman
Robert Jones "Rob" Portman (born December 19, 1955) is an American politician from the state of Ohio. A member of the Republican Party, an attorney, and a former public official who has held both elected and appointed positions, Portman is running for Ohio's open Senate seat being vacated by retiring Senator George Voinovich.
http://wn.com/Rob_Portman
Robert E. Hannegan
Robert Emmet Hannegan (June 30, 1903–October 6, 1949) was a St. Louis, Missouri politician who served as Commissioner of Internal Revenue from October 1943 to January 1944. He also served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1944 to 1947 and United States Postmaster General from 1945 to 1947. After his political career, in 1947, Hannegan and partner Fred Saigh purchased the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball. But Hannegan, ill with heart disease, sold his share in the team to Saigh a few months before his death.
http://wn.com/Robert_E_Hannegan
Robert F. Bradford
Robert Fiske Bradford (December 15, 1902 – March 18, 1983) was an American politician who served one term as the 57th Governor of Massachusetts, from 1947 to 1949.
http://wn.com/Robert_F_Bradford
Robert F. Murphy
Robert F. Murphy was an American politician who as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. In 1949 Murphy became the first Democrat to serve as the Majority Leader of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Murphy also served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts from January 1957 to January 1961.
http://wn.com/Robert_F_Murphy
Robert Kean
Robert Winthrop Kean (September 28, 1893; Elberon, New Jersey – September 21, 1980; Livingston, New Jersey) was a Republican politician who represented New Jersey in the U.S. House of Representatives for twenty years.
http://wn.com/Robert_Kean
Robert Luce
Robert Luce (December 2, 1862-April 7, 1946) was a United States Representative from Massachusetts. Born in Auburn, Maine, Luce attended the public schools of Auburn and Lewiston, Maine, and Somerville, Massachusetts. He graduated from Harvard University in 1882, then taught at Waltham High School for a year.
http://wn.com/Robert_Luce
Robert Mueller
Robert Swan Mueller III (born August 7, 1944) is the current Director of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
http://wn.com/Robert_Mueller
Robert Rantoul, Jr.
Robert Rantoul, Jr. (August 13, 1805 – August 7, 1852) was an American politician from Massachusetts.
http://wn.com/Robert_Rantoul_Jr
Robert Torricelli
Robert Guy Torricelli (born August 27, 1951), nicknamed "the Torch," is an American politician from the U.S. state of New Jersey. Torricelli, a Democrat, served 14 years in the U.S. House of Representatives before being elected to the U.S. Senate. He served a single term in the Senate and decided not to run for reelection after a campaign finance scandal involving contributions by David Chang, an imprisoned Korean businessman.
http://wn.com/Robert_Torricelli
Roderick L. Ireland
http://wn.com/Roderick_L_Ireland
Roger Ludlow
Roger Ludlow (1590-1664) was one of the founders of the Colony of Connecticut. He was born in March 1590 in Dinton, Wiltshire, England. Roger was the second son of Sir Thomas Ludlow of Maiden Bradley, WiltshireSir Thomas was the great uncle of Edmund Ludlow the soldier, parliamentarian, and author. [Taylor, John M. (1900); page 25] and Jane Pyle, sister of Sir Gabriel Pyle. He matriculated at Balliol College, Oxford in 1609 or 1610, and was admitted to the Honourable Society of the Inner Temple in 1612.
http://wn.com/Roger_Ludlow
Roger Wicker
Roger Frederick Wicker (born July 5, 1951) is an American politician and member of the Republican Party. He has been the junior U.S. Senator from Mississippi since December 2007, when he was appointed by Governor Haley Barbour to fill the seat vacated by Trent Lott. He subsequently won the 2008 special election for the remainder of Lott's term. Prior to his career in the U.S. Senate, Wicker served in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing from 1995 to 2007.
http://wn.com/Roger_Wicker
Ronald Mariano
http://wn.com/Ronald_Mariano
Ronald Reagan
http://wn.com/Ronald_Reagan
Ross Perot
Henry Ross Perot (; born June 27, 1930) is an American businessman from Texas best known for running for President of the United States in 1992 and 1996. Perot founded Electronic Data Systems (EDS) in 1962, sold the company to General Motors in 1984, and founded Perot Systems in 1988. Perot Systems was bought by Dell for $3.9 billion in 2009. He was born in Texarkana, Texas.
http://wn.com/Ross_Perot
Roy Blunt
Roy D. Blunt (born January 10, 1950) is an American member of Congress from Missouri. He represents in the U.S. House of Representatives, which takes in most of Southwest Missouri, the most conservative part of the state, anchored in the city of Springfield and also includes other cities such as Joplin, Carthage, and Neosho. The district also contains the popular tourist destination of Branson. Blunt was the House Minority Whip during the 110th Congress but announced that he would step down from the position following the results of the 2008 general elections. Blunt is a member of the Republican Party.
http://wn.com/Roy_Blunt
Roy Romer
Roy R. Romer (born October 31, 1928 in Garden City, Kansas, United States) was the 39th Governor of Colorado and served as the superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District from 2001 to 2006.
http://wn.com/Roy_Romer
Rudy Giuliani
Rudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani, KBE (; born May 28, 1944) is an American lawyer, businessman, and politician from New York. He served as Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001.
http://wn.com/Rudy_Giuliani
Rufus Choate
http://wn.com/Rufus_Choate
Samuel Adams
http://wn.com/Samuel_Adams
Samuel Dexter
http://wn.com/Samuel_Dexter
Samuel J. Tilden
http://wn.com/Samuel_J_Tilden
Samuel Phillips, Jr.
Samuel Phillips, Jr. (February 5, 1752 – 1802). Merchant, manufacturer and patriot, Phillips is considered a pioneer in American education.
http://wn.com/Samuel_Phillips_Jr
Sargent Shriver
http://wn.com/Sargent_Shriver
Saxby Chambliss
http://wn.com/Saxby_Chambliss
Scott Brown
http://wn.com/Scott_Brown
Shelby M. Cullom
http://wn.com/Shelby_M_Cullom
Sheldon Whitehouse
http://wn.com/Sheldon_Whitehouse
Sherrod Brown
http://wn.com/Sherrod_Brown
Simon Bradstreet
Simon Bradstreet (March 18, 1603 – March 27, 1697) was a colonial magistrate, businessman and governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
http://wn.com/Simon_Bradstreet
Simon Cameron
Simon Cameron (March 8, 1799 – June 26, 1889) was an American politician who served as United States Secretary of War for Abraham Lincoln at the start of the American Civil War. After making his fortune in railways and banking, he turned to a life of politics. He became a U.S. senator in 1845 for the state of Pennsylvania, succeeding James Buchanan. Originally a Democrat, he failed to secure a nomination for senator from the Know-Nothing party, and joined the People's Party, the Pennsylvania branch of what became the Republican Party. He won the Senate seat in 1857, and became one of the candidates for the Republican nomination in the presidential election of 1860.
http://wn.com/Simon_Cameron
Sinclair Weeks
:For the American architect Charles Peter Weeks (1870-1928), see Weeks and Day.
http://wn.com/Sinclair_Weeks
Spencer Phips
http://wn.com/Spencer_Phips
St. Christopher
http://wn.com/St_Christopher
Stephen A. Douglas
http://wn.com/Stephen_A_Douglas
Sumner G. Whittier
Sumner Gage Whittier (July 4, 1911 – January 8, 2010) was an American politician who served two two-year terms as Lieutenant Governor for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts from 1953 to 1957. He was the Republican candidate for Governor in 1956, but lost to Democrat Foster Furcolo. He was then appointed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to head the U.S. Veterans Administration, a position he held until 1964. Thereafter he worked at various agencies in Washington, D.C..
http://wn.com/Sumner_G_Whittier
Susan Collins
Susan Margaret Collins (born December 7, 1952) is the junior United States Senator from Maine and a member of the Republican Party. First elected to the Senate in 1996, she is the ranking member of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Collins and her fellow Senator from Maine, Olympia Snowe, are regarded as leading moderates within the Republican Party.
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Suzanne Bump
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Tennie Rogers
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Teresa Heinz
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Teresa Heinz Kerry
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Terry McAuliffe
Terence Richard "Terry" McAuliffe (; born February 9, 1957) is a longtime leader and political advisor for the United States Democratic Party. He served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 2001 to 2005. He served as Co-Chairman of President William Jefferson Clinton's 1996 re-election campaign and also served as chairman of the 2008 Hillary Clinton presidential campaign. He unsuccessfully ran for the 2009 Virginia Democratic gubernatorial nomination.
http://wn.com/Terry_McAuliffe
Thad Cochran
William Thad Cochran (born December 7, 1937) is the senior United States Senator from Mississippi, and is a member of the Republican Party.
http://wn.com/Thad_Cochran
Theodore F. Green
Theodore Francis Green (October 2, 1867–May 19, 1966) was an American politician from the U.S. state of Rhode Island. A Democrat, Green served as governor of Rhode Island (1933-1937) and in the United States Senate (1937-1961). He was the grandnephew of Samuel G. Arnold, another Rhode Island Senator.
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Theodore Sedgwick
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Theodore Winthrop
Theodore Winthrop (September 22, 1828 – June 10, 1861) was a writer, lawyer, and world traveler. He was one of the first Union officers killed in the American Civil War.
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Therese Murray
Therese Murray is an American politician from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. As of March 21, 2007 she is the President of the Massachusetts Senate, becoming the first woman to lead a legislative body in the state.
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Thomas A. Hendricks
Thomas Andrews Hendricks (September 7, 1819 November 25, 1885) was an American politician who served as a Representative and a Senator from Indiana, the 16th Governor of Indiana, and the 21st Vice President of the United States. The first Democratic governor to be elected in the Northern United States following the American Civil War, and having defended the Democratic position in the Senate during the war, Hendricks quickly grew in popularity among the national party. After two previous failed attempts to win election to the governor's office, his term was marked by the Panic of 1873, which consumed most of his energies. He was opposed by a strong Republican majority in the Indiana General Assembly, and was unable to enact any significant legislation. Hendricks was the unsuccessful candidate for Vice President on the Democratic ticket with Samuel Tilden in the controversial presidential election of 1876. Despite his poor health, he accepted his party's second nomination to run for Vice President in the election of 1884 as Grover Cleveland's running mate, and served in that office until his death only eight months later.
http://wn.com/Thomas_A_Hendricks
Thomas Danforth
http://wn.com/Thomas_Danforth
Thomas Dudley
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Thomas Eagleton
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http://wn.com/Thomas_Eagleton
Thomas Kean
Thomas Howard Kean (; born April 21, 1935) is an American Republican Party politician, who served as the 48th Governor of New Jersey, from 1982 to 1990. Kean is best known globally, however, for his 2002 appointment as Chairman of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, widely known as the 9/11 Commission, which was responsible for investigating the causes of the September 11, 2001 attacks and providing recommendations to prevent future terrorist attacks. He was appointed to this post by U.S. President George W. Bush. Upon the completion of his second term as Governor, he served as the president of Drew University for 15 years, until his retirement in 2005.
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Thomas Kean, Jr.
Thomas Howard "Tom" Kean Jr. (born September 5, 1968) is an American Republican politician, serving in the New Jersey State Senate since 2003. He represents the 21st Legislative District, which covers parts of Union, Morris, Somerset and Essex Counties. On November 8, 2007 he was elected to serve as Minority Leader of the Senate.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Kean_Jr
Thomas L. Winthrop
http://wn.com/Thomas_L_Winthrop
Thomas R. Marshall
http://wn.com/Thomas_R_Marshall
Thomas Taggart
Thomas Taggart (November 17, 1856 March 6, 1929) was a U.S. political figure, serving as mayor of Indianapolis and influential in state and national politics.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Taggart
Tim Kaine
Timothy Michael "Tim" Kaine (born February 26, 1958) was the 70th Governor of Virginia from 2006 to 2010, and is the current chairman of the Democratic National Committee. He was elected governor in 2005, after serving as Lieutenant Governor of Virginia and Mayor of Richmond, Virginia.
http://wn.com/Tim_Kaine
Tim Murray
Timothy P. "Tim" Murray (born June 7, 1968) is the current Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts, U.S.. Prior to his service as Lieutenant Governor, Murray served as Mayor of Worcester, Massachusetts. He is a Democrat and incumbent Lieutenant Governor in the 2010 Massachusetts gubernatorial election.
http://wn.com/Tim_Murray
Timothy Pickering
Timothy Pickering (July 17, 1745 – January 29, 1829) was a politician from Massachusetts who served in a variety of roles, most notably as the third United States Secretary of State, serving in that office from 1795 to 1800 under Presidents George Washington and John Adams.
http://wn.com/Timothy_Pickering
Tip O'Neill
'''Thomas Phillip "Tip" O'Neill, Jr. '''(December 9, 1912–January 5, 1994) was an American politician. O'Neill was an outspoken liberal Democrat and influential member of the U.S. Congress, serving in the House of Representatives for 34 years and representing two congressional districts of Massachusetts. He was the Speaker of the House from 1977 until his retirement in 1987, making him the second longest-serving Speaker in U.S. history after Sam Rayburn, and the longest consecutive serving Speaker.
http://wn.com/Tip_O'Neill
Todd Purdum
Todd Stanley Purdum is a national editor and political correspondent for Vanity Fair magazine.
http://wn.com/Todd_Purdum
Tom Carper
Thomas Richard "Tom" Carper (born January 23, 1947) is an American politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He is a veteran of the Vietnam War and a member of the Democratic Party, who served five terms as United States Representative from Delaware, two terms as Governor of Delaware and currently is the senior United States Senator from Delaware.
http://wn.com/Tom_Carper
Tom Coburn
Thomas Allen "Tom" Coburn, M.D. (born March 14, 1948), is an American politician, medical doctor, and ordained Southern Baptist deacon. A member of the Republican Party, he currently serves as the junior U.S. Senator from Oklahoma.
http://wn.com/Tom_Coburn
Tom Harkin
Thomas Richard "Tom" Harkin (born November 19, 1939) is the junior United States Senator from Iowa and a member of the Democratic Party. Harkin is currently the most senior junior senator. First elected to the Senate in 1984,
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Tom Laughlin
Tom Laughlin (born August 10, 1931) is an American actor, director, screenwriter, author, educator and political activist. Laughlin is best known for his series of Billy Jack films. He has been married to Delores Taylor since 1954. Taylor has also co-produced and acted in all four of the Billy Jack films. His unique promotion of The Trial of Billy Jack was a major influence on the way films are marketed.
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Tom Oliphant
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Tom Ridge
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Tom Udall
Thomas Stewart "Tom" Udall (born May 18, 1948) is the junior United States Senator from New Mexico and a member of the Democratic Party. He had represented as a member of the United States House of Representatives since 1999. Udall was elected as the junior United States senator from New Mexico on November 4, 2008, defeating Congressman Steve Pearce.
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Tom Vilsack
Thomas James "Tom" Vilsack (; born December 13, 1950) is an American politician, a member of the Democratic Party, and presently the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture. He served as the 40th Governor of the state of Iowa. He was first elected in 1998 and re-elected to a second four-year term in 2002. On November 30, 2006, he formally launched his candidacy for the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States in the 2008 election, but ended his bid on February 23, 2007.
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Tristram Dalton
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Vance C. McCormick
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Vanessa Kerry
Vanessa Bradford Kerry (born December 31, 1976 in Boston, Massachusetts) is the younger daughter of John Kerry and his first wife, Julia Thorne. She gained national recognition while campaigning for her father during the 2004 presidential election.
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Vietnam War
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Walter F. George
Walter Franklin George (January 29, 1878 – August 4, 1957) was an American politician from the state of Georgia. He was a long-time United States Senator and was President pro tempore. He was a Democrat.
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Walter Mondale
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Wesley Clark
Wesley Kanne Clark, Sr., KBE (born December 23, 1944) is a retired general of the United States Army. Graduating as valedictorian of his class at West Point, he was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to the University of Oxford where he obtained a degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, and later graduated from the Command and General Staff College with a master's degree in military science. He spent 34 years in the Army and the Department of Defense, receiving many military decorations, several honorary knighthoods, and a Presidential Medal of Freedom.
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William C. Plunkett
William Caudwell Plunkett was an American politician who served as Lieutenant Governor for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts from 1854 to 1855. In 1853 he was a delegate to the state Constitutional Convention. He lived in Adams for over 50 years and held many of the local offices.
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William C. Rives
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William Calley
William Laws Calley (born June 8, 1943) is a convicted American war criminal. He was the U.S. Army officer found guilty of ordering the My Lai Massacre on March 16, 1968, during the Vietnam War.
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William Dummer
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William Edgar Borah
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William F. Galvin
William Francis Galvin (born on ) is the current Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth (Massachusetts' Secretary of State).
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William F. Harrity
William Francis Harrity (b. 19 October 1850, Wilmington, Delaware - d. April 1912) was an American politician and lawyer. Harrity is most well known as chairperson of the Democratic National Committee from 1892 to 1896. He also served as Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania between 1891 through 1895.
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William H. Haile
William Henry Haile (September 23, 1833-February 13, 1901) was an American businessman and politician who served as the Mayor of Springfield, Massachusetts in 1881, and as Lieutenant Governor for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts from 1890 to 1893.
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William Henry Barnum
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William J. Stone
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William M. Boyle
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William M. Butler
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William P. Frye
William Pierce Frye (September 2, 1830 – August 8, 1911) was an American politician from the U.S. state of Maine. Frye spent most of his political career as a legislator, serving in the Maine House of Representatives and U.S. House of Representatives before being elected to the U.S. Senate, where he served for 30 years and died in office. Frye was a member of the Frye political family, and was the grandfather of Wallace H. White, Jr. and the son of John March Frye. He was also a prominent member of the Peucinian Society tradition.
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William R. Keating
William R. "Bill" Keating (born September 6, 1952) is an American politician from the state of Massachusetts, and currently the District Attorney of Norfolk County, having filled that office since 1999. Keating ran for the Democratic nomination for United States Congress in Massachusetts's 10th congressional district, as Bill Delahunt's seat will become vacant. On September 14, he won his party's nomination during the Democratic primary.
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William R. King
William Rufus DeVane King (April 7, 1786 – April 18, 1853) was the 13th Vice President of the United States, and earlier a U.S. Representative from North Carolina, Minister to France, and a Senator from Alabama. King died of tuberculosis after 45 days in office. With the exceptions of John Tyler and Andrew Johnson—both of whom succeeded to the Presidency—he remains the shortest-serving Vice President.
http://wn.com/William_R_King
William S. Archer
William Segar Archer (March 5, 1789 – March 28, 1855) was a politician and lawyer from Virginia who served in the United States Senate from 1841 to 1847. He was the nephew of Joseph Eggleston.
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William S. Youngman
William Sterling Youngman (February 2, 1872 - April 25, 1934) was an American politician who served as a Massachusetts State Senator, the Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts and as Lieutenant Governor for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts from 1929 to 1933.
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William Tailer
http://wn.com/William_Tailer
William W. Eaton
William Wallace Eaton (October 11, 1816 - September 21, 1898) was a United States Representative and United States Senator from Connecticut.
http://wn.com/William_W_Eaton
William Weld
William Floyd Weld (born July 31, 1945, in Smithtown, New York) was the 68th Governor of Massachusetts from 1991 to 1997. From 1981 to 1988, he was a federal prosecutor in the United States Justice Department. In November 2006, he rejoined the international law firm of McDermott Will & Emery as a partner in its New York office.
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William Windom
This page is about the former United States politician.
http://wn.com/William_Windom
Willie Mae Reid
Willie Mae Reid is an African-American politician who ran as the Socialist Workers Party candidate for Mayor of Chicago in 1975, winning 16,693 votes but coming in third place against Richard Daley. The number had fallen from the number of signatures she'd acquired to get on the ballot, 66,000 She also ran as their vice presidential candidate in 1976 (Presidential candidate: Peter Camejo) and 1992 (Presidential candidate: James "Mac" Warren), winning 91,314 votes.
http://wn.com/Willie_Mae_Reid
Winthrop M. Crane
Winthrop Murray Crane (April 23, 1853 October 2, 1920) was a U.S. political figure. He served as the 40th Governor of Massachusetts between 1900 and 1903. He also served as a United States Senator from Massachusetts from 1904 until 1913. He was a Republican.
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Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States. A leader of the Progressive Era, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. With Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft dividing the Republican Party vote, Wilson was elected President as a Democrat in 1912.
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World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
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John Kerry DNC Speech Complete: Slams Romney on Foreign Policy at Democratic National Convention

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published: 07 Sep 2012

John Kerry's DNC Full Speech - Elections 2102

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published: 07 Sep 2012

John Kerry: 'This is a dangerous world'

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published: 22 Oct 2012

John Kerry: Romney politicized Libya

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published: 22 Oct 2012

John Kerry Speaks at the DNC

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John Kerry Loses His Cool

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published: 06 Nov 2011

Sen. John Kerry Speaks at 2012 Democratic National Convention

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John Kerry DNC Speech Democratic National Convention

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Mass. Sen. John Kerry: 'This Is Not the Time to Outsource the Job of Commander in Chief'

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published: 07 Sep 2012

George W Bush vs John Kerry (Part-1) In the first of three debates 2004

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published: 16 Feb 2012

Senator John Kerry: People Who Know Mitt Romney the Best Trust Him the Least

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published: 19 Oct 2012

UF Student tasered at John Kerry Speech

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published: 17 Sep 2007

John Kerry says Obama won debate

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Sen. John Kerry addresses the audience at the DNC

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published: 07 Sep 2012

Star Wars the Musical: Act 1, Part 1

Recorded on May 25th, 1996 at Palos Verdes Peninsula High School. Written by: Kevin Bayuk...

published: 06 Apr 2011

Author: Funny Farm Films

WHAT GOES AROUND (HD Trailer)

Written and Directed by Steve “Tehut-Nine” McAlpin, WHAT GOES AROUND is a twisted tale abo...

published: 19 Apr 2008

Author: sunrasonfilms

Time Bomb - Interactive Graffiti (StupidKrap & Holler)

TimeBomb is the brainchild of digital artist Lukasz Karluk (Holler) and Sydney sculptor/pa...

published: 20 May 2009

Author: Mike Hill

"A Token of the Wreckage" - Megan Slankard (Official Video)

Official music video for "A Token of the Wreckage" by Megan Slankard from the album "A Tok...

published: 26 Nov 2010

Author: Matthew Ward

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Virgin for sale: Website auctions off virginity of college student for $780,000 (Video)

The Examiner

26 Oct 2012

Related topics virgin auctionvirginity auction Advertisement A 20 year-old Brazilian student has sold her virginity for the sum of $780,000 through an online auction on a website simply called Virgins...

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Photo: US Navy / MCS2 Justin Ailes

Hurricane Sandy makes landfall at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, October 24, 2012.

Slow-moving Hurricane Sandy marches toward East Coast

CNBC

27 Oct 2012

MIAMI (Reuters) - Hurricane Sandy pulled away from the Bahamas on Saturday after killing at least 41 people in the Caribbean, beginning a slow march toward the U.S. East Coast where it threatens to...

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Photo: AP / Robert F. Bukaty

In this May 6, 2012 file photo, Gov. Paul LePage speaks at the Maine Republican Convention in Augusta, Maine. LePage met with representatives from two Jewish groups on Friday, July 13, 2012, following comments he has made comparing the Internal Revenue Service to the Gestapo

The New Gestapo Politics

WorldNews.com

28 Oct 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Even though Maine's Governor, Paul LePage, apologized for making comments for comparing the Affordable Health Care Act and Internal Revenue Service (IRS)...

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Photo: AP / Khin Maung Win

A Rakhine refugee lies on a bed under medical treatment at Sittwe hospital in Sittwe, Rakhine State, western Myanmar, Friday, Oct. 26, 2012.

Burma: HRW satellite images 'show Rakhine destruction'

BBC News

27 Oct 2012

A human rights group has released pictures showing what appears to be the destruction of a western Burmese district riven by ethnic unrest. Human Rights Watch says more than 800 buildings and...

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Photo: AP / Charles Dharapak

Sen. Marco Rubio, R-Fla., who is traveling with Republican presidential candidate and former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney, uses a phone as he stands alongside Interstate 4 in Lakewood Crest, Fla., Saturday, Oct. 27, 2012 after the motorcade was stopped.

Marco Rubio Daughter Hospitalized After Accident

Yahoo Daily News

28 Oct 2012

The 12-year-old daughter of Florida Sen. Marco Rubio has been airlifted to Miami Children's Hospital after a Saturday motor vehicle accident. The Republican senator was notified of the accident while...

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Icebreaker to perform at Science Museum IMAX Theatre 29 Oct 2012

Music News Contemporary classical 12 piece band Icebreaker, in partnership with pedal steel guitar musician BJ Cole, return to the Science Museum on Monday 12th November for the UK launch of the band's 2012 album, Apollo. This one-off performance will feature works by Michael Nyman, Conlon Nancarrow and...(size: 2.0Kb)

Hurricane Sandy Forces Cancellation of Hawaiian Airlines' JFK Flights Additional Flight Added to Accommodate Passengers 29 Oct 2012

MSNBC HONOLULU, Oct. 28, 2012 /PRNewswire via COMTEX/ -- At the request of the Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, Hawaiian Airlines has cancelled scheduled service between Honolulu and New York City for today, October 28, and Monday, October 29. (Logo: ) To accommodate affected passengers...(size: 16.8Kb)

'Paperman': Disney's newest short premieres ahead of 'Wreck It Ralph' 29 Oct 2012

The Examiner Related topics Disney Animation Studioswreck it ralphMoviesAnimation Advertisement Walt Disney Pictures have released the first official screen shots for their highly anticipated short film "Paperman." The short film which runs ahead of "Wreck-It Ralph" premiering on November 2, is a romantic...(size: 7.3Kb)

2012-13 Fantasy Basketball Rankings 29 Oct 2012

The Examiner Advertisement As the NBA season gets ready to tip off Tuesday, fantasy basketball drafts are well underway. Here are the top 150 players going into the season for leagues with head to head scoring with standard categories. 1. LeBron James- MIA 2. Kevin Durant- OKC 3. Kevin Love- MIN 4. Chris Paul-...(size: 9.5Kb)

New Report Confirms UK is on the Brink of a Stroke Crisis Critical Action Steps Outlined to Reduce Strokes Caused by Atrial Fibrillation 29 Oct 2012

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41 Million Reasons to Enjoy Halloween 29 Oct 2012

The Examiner Related topics trick or treatingHalloween 2012 Advertisement October is nearly gone and when it goes, it will take with it the nippy, sweater-feel of Fall, the crisp smell of burning leaves, the wearing of short sleeves and the month's swan song, Halloween. Halloween is celebrated annually on...(size: 10.3Kb)

Halloween trip to Oregon's own Vortex and nearby camping and Lane County haunts (Video) 29 Oct 2012

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Teen Financial Summit encourages local youth 29 Oct 2012

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Obama has failed as president. It's time to try someone else. 29 Oct 2012

The Examiner Related topics Electioin 2012RomneyObama failure Advertisement Ruminations, October 28, 2012 -- Romney for president The main question is not so much, should we vote for Romney because we know he can do the job? It is, why should we vote for Obama when we know that he can’t do the job. For the past...(size: 12.9Kb)

Wall Street to open Monday as storm hobbles New York 29 Oct 2012

Reuters NEW YORK (Reuters) - Wall Street firms prepared to open for business on Monday at least with skeletal staff, booking hotel rooms for key employees and leaning on offices in other cities as Hurricane Sandy forced the New York mass transit system to shut down, leaving tens of thousands of employees...(size: 7.6Kb)

Cowboys lose 29-24 in comeback attempt vs. Giants 29 Oct 2012

Newsvine ARLINGTON — Dez Bryant went up between two defenders, grabbed the ball and came down hard in the end zone for what might have been his biggest play with the Dallas Cowboys. The faithful fans remaining at Cowboys Stadium erupted after what appeared to be a go-ahead touchdown with 10 seconds...(size: 5.7Kb)

U.S. regulator needs new authority over compounding pharmacies: report 29 Oct 2012

Yahoo Daily News WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's power to regulate compounded drugs similar to those linked to a deadly meningitis outbreak is legally nonbinding and lacks the authority of stringent standards imposed on drug manufacturers, according to a congressional report released...(size: 11.0Kb)

Assemblywoman Mary Hayashi Promotes Health and Safety on Halloween 29 Oct 2012

Yahoo Daily News Assemblywoman Mary Hayashi (D-Hayward) is encouraging the public to remember important safety tips during Halloween. Hayward, CA (PRWEB) October 28, 2012 Assemblywoman Mary Hayashi (D-Hayward) is encouraging the public to remember important safety tips during Halloween. “Halloween is a fun and...(size: 8.2Kb)

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John Kerry

United States Senator from Massachusetts
Incumbent
Assumed office January 2, 1985 Serving with Scott Brown
Preceded by	Paul Tsongas
Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
Incumbent
Assumed office January 6, 2009
Preceded by	Joe Biden
Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship
In office January 4, 2007 – January 3, 2009
Preceded by	Olympia Snowe
Succeeded by	Mary Landrieu
In office June 6, 2001 – January 3, 2003
Preceded by	Kit Bond
Succeeded by	Olympia Snowe
In office January 3, 2001 – January 20, 2001
Preceded by	Kit Bond
Succeeded by	Kit Bond
Chairman of the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs
In office August 2, 1991 – January 2, 1993
66th Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts
In office March 6, 1983 – January 2, 1985
Governor	Michael Dukakis
Preceded by	Thomas P. O'Neill III
Succeeded by	Evelyn Murphy (1987)
Personal details
Born	John Forbes Kerry (1943-12-11) December 11, 1943 (age 68) Aurora, Colorado
Nationality	U.S. Citizen
Spouse(s)	Julia Thorne (1970–88, divorced) Teresa Heinz (1995–present)
Children	Alexandra Kerry Vanessa Kerry H. John Heinz IV (stepson) Andre Heinz (stepson) Christopher Heinz (stepson)
Residence	Boston, Massachusetts
Alma mater	Yale University (B.A.) Boston College (J.D.)
Occupation	Attorney
Religion	Roman Catholic
Signature
Website	kerry.senate.gov
Military service
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Navy
Years of service	1966–1978
Rank	Lieutenant
Unit	USS Gridley Coastal Squadron 1
Commands	PCF-44, PCF-94
Battles/wars	Vietnam War
Awards	Silver Star Bronze Star Purple Heart (3)

John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts, the 10th most senior United States Senator and chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He was the presidential nominee of the Democratic Party in the 2004 presidential election, but lost to then President George W. Bush.

The son of an Army Air Corps serviceman, Kerry was born in Aurora, Colorado. He attended boarding school in Massachusetts and New Hampshire and went on to graduate from Yale University class of 1966, where he majored in political science. He enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966 and, during 1968-1969, served a four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge (OIC) of a Swift Boat. For that service he was awarded several combat medals that include the Silver Star, Bronze Star, and three Purple Hearts. After returning to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War in which he served as a nationally recognized spokesperson and as an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam war. During that period, he appeared before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he deemed United States war policy in Vietnam to be the cause of "war crimes".

After graduating from Boston College Law School, Kerry worked as an Assistant District Attorney and co-founded a private firm. He served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985, where he worked on an early forerunner to the national Clean Air Act. He won a tight Democratic primary in 1984 for the U.S. Senate and was sworn in the following January. On the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he led a series of hearings from 1987 to 1989 which were a precursor to the Iran–Contra affair. He was an early backer of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, but became a strong opponent of the subsequent war.

Kerry based his 2004 presidential campaign on opposition to the Iraq War. He and his running mate Senator John Edwards lost by 34 electoral votes. Since then, he has established the Keeping America's Promise PAC. He became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 2009, and in 2011 he was appointed to the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction.

1 Personal life and background
- 1.1 Family
- 1.2 Religious beliefs
2 Early years (1943–1966)
- 2.1 Childhood
- 2.2 Yale University
3 Military service (1966–1970)
4 Anti-war activism (1970–1971)
- 4.1 Media appearances
- 4.2 Operation POW
5 Early political career (1972–1985)
6 U.S. Senate tenure (1985–present)
7 2004 presidential campaign
8 Post-presidential election activities
9 Electoral history
10 See also
11 Further reading
12 References
13 External links

Personal life and background [link]

Kerry is the child of Richard Kerry (1915–2000), a Foreign Service Officer and an attorney for the Bureau of United Nations Affairs, and Rosemary Forbes Kerry (1913–2002), a World War II nurse and member of the wealthy Forbes family. He has three siblings: two sisters, Diana (born in 1947) and Margerie (aka Peggy; born in 1941), and a brother, Cameron (born in 1950), Cameron Kerry was picked to be President Barack Obama's general counsel of the Commerce Department.^[1] One of Kerry's maternal great-great-grandfathers was Robert Charles Winthrop, the 22nd Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.^[2]

Kerry was raised as a Roman Catholic by his Catholic father and Episcopalian mother.^[3] As a child, Kerry served as an altar boy. Although the extended family enjoyed a great fortune, Kerry's parents themselves were upper-middle class; a wealthy great aunt paid for Kerry to attend elite schools in Europe and New England. Kerry spent his summers at the Forbes family estate in Brittany, and there, he enjoyed a more opulent lifestyle than he had previously known in Massachusetts.

It was discovered in 2003 by genealogist Felix Gundacker,^[4] working with The Boston Globe, that Kerry's paternal grandparents, who had been born "Fritz Kohn" and "Ida Löwe" in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, changed their names to "Frederick and Ida Kerry" in 1900 and converted from Judaism to Roman Catholicism in 1901^[5]^[6] or 1902.^[7] Fritz' elder brother Otto had earlier, in 1887^[6] or 1896,^[4] also embraced Catholicism. The "Kerry" name, widely misinterpreted as indicative of Irish heritage, was reputedly selected arbitrarily: "According to family legend, Fritz and another family member opened an atlas at random and dropped a pencil on a map. It fell on County Kerry in Ireland, and thus a name was chosen."^[5]^[7] Leaving their hometown Mödling, a suburb of Vienna where they had lived since 1896, Fred and Ida, together with their son Eric, emigrated to the United States in 1905, living at first in Chicago and eventually moving to Brookline, Massachusetts, by 1915.^[5]

The village where Fritz Kohn was born in 1873 was at that time known as Bennisch and was a part of Silesia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, but is today known as Horní Benešov in the Czech Republic.^[6] After learning of his ancestral connection with their village, the mayor and citizens sent congratulatory correspondence to John Kerry with regard to his political pursuits.^[6]

For a time, Fred Kerry was a prosperous and successful shoe merchant, and Ida and two of the children — Richard (who would become the father of John Kerry) and Mildred — were able to afford to travel to Europe in the autumn of 1921, returning on October 21.^[5] A few weeks later, on November 15, Fred Kerry filed a will leaving everything to Ida and then, on November 23, walked into a washroom of the Copley Plaza Hotel in Boston and committed suicide by shooting himself in the head with a handgun.^[5] The suicide was front-page news in all of the Boston newspapers, reporting at the time that the motive was severe asthma and related health problems, but modern reports cite family sources saying that the motive was financial trouble: "He had made three fortunes and when he had lost the third fortune, he couldn't face it anymore", according to granddaughter Nancy Stockslager.^[5]

John Kerry has said that although he knew his paternal grandfather had come from Austria, he did not know until informed by The Boston Globe on the basis of their genealogical research that Fred Kerry had changed his name from "Fritz Kohn" and had been born Jewish,^[7] nor that his great-uncle and great-aunt, Ida Kerry's brother Otto and sister Jenni, died in Nazi concentration camps.^[4]

On his mother's side, the Forbes name can be traced back to Thomas Dudley of the Dudley-Winthrop family who landed in Salem, Massachusetts, on June 14, 1630, with his daughter, poet Anne Dudley Bradstreet, and others aboard the Arbella.

Kerry is 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) tall,^[8] enjoys surfing and windsurfing, as well as ice hockey, hunting and playing bass guitar. According to an interview he gave to Rolling Stone magazine in 2004, Kerry's favorite album is Abbey Road and he is a fan of The Beatles and The Rolling Stones, as well as of Jimi Hendrix and Jimmy Buffett. He never liked heavy metal.^[9] During his 2004 presidential campaign, Kerry used Bruce Springsteen's "No Surrender" as one of his campaign songs. Later he would adopt U2's "Beautiful Day" as his official campaign song.

Kerry is described by Sports Illustrated, among others, as an "avid cyclist",^[10]^[11] primarily riding on a road bike. Prior to his Presidential bid, Kerry was known to have participated in several long-distance rides (centuries). Even during his many campaigns, he was reported to have visited bicycle stores in both his home state and elsewhere. His staff requested recumbent stationary bikes for his hotel rooms.^[12]

Kerry appeared in a cameo as himself on the April 30, 1992, episode of the hit television sitcom Cheers, in the episode, "Bar Wars VI: This Time It's For Real."

In 2003, Kerry was diagnosed with and successfully treated for prostate cancer.^[13]

Family [link]

Kerry was married to Julia Thorne in 1970, and they had two daughters together: Alexandra and Vanessa. Alexandra was born on September 5, 1973, days before Kerry began law school. A graduate of Milton Academy and Brown University, she received her M.F.A. in June 2004 from the AFI Conservatory. She is a documentary filmmaker. Vanessa was born on December 31, 1976. She is a graduate of Phillips Academy and Yale University, and attended Harvard Medical School and a master's program in health policy at the London School of Economics. Both daughters were active in their father's 2004 Presidential campaign.

In 1982 Thorne, who was suffering from severe depression, asked Kerry for a separation.^[14] They were divorced on July 25, 1988, and the marriage was formally annulled in 1997. "After 14 years as a political wife, I associated politics only with anger, fear and loneliness" she wrote in A Change of Heart, her book about depression. Thorne later married Richard Charlesworth, an architect, and moved to Bozeman, Montana, where she became active in local environmental groups such as the Greater Yellowstone Coalition. Thorne supported Kerry's 2004 presidential run. She died of cancer on April 27, 2006.

Kerry and his second wife, Teresa Simões-Ferreira Heinz, the widow of Pennsylvania Senator H. John Heinz III, a Republican, and former United Nations interpreter, were introduced to each other by John Heinz at an Earth Day rally in 1990. They did not meet again until after John Heinz's death, at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. They married on May 26, 1995, in Nantucket. John Kerry's stepsons – Teresa's three sons from her previous marriage – are H. John Heinz IV, André Heinz and Christopher Heinz, who married Alexandra DeRuyter Lewis on February 10, 2007.

The Forbes 400 survey estimated in 2004 that Teresa Heinz Kerry had a net worth of $750 million. However, estimates have frequently varied, ranging from around $165 million to as high as $3.2 billion, according to a study in the Los Angeles Times. Regardless of which figure is correct, Kerry is the wealthiest U.S. Senator. Kerry is wealthy in his own name, and is the beneficiary of at least four trusts inherited from Forbes family members, including his mother, who died in 2002. Forbes magazine (a major business magazine named for an unrelated Forbes family) estimated that if elected, Kerry would have been the third-richest U.S. President in history when adjusted for inflation.^[15] This assessment was based on the couple's combined assets, but Kerry and Heinz signed a prenuptial agreement that keeps their assets separate.^[16] Kerry's financial disclosure form for 2002 put his personal assets in the range of $409,000 to $1.8 million, with additional assets held jointly by Kerry and his wife in the range of $300,000 to $600,000.^[17]

Religious beliefs [link]

Congressional portrait with U.S. flag in the background

A Roman Catholic, Kerry was said to carry a rosary, a prayer book, and a St. Christopher medal (the patron saint of travelers) when he campaigned. However, while Kerry is personally against abortion, he supports a woman's legal right to have one, which puts him at odds with the Catholic Church. Similar tension exists between the Church and several other Catholic national political figures, including Rudy Giuliani, George Pataki, Nancy Pelosi, Tom Ridge, Tom Vilsack (one of his possible vice-presidential choices in the 2004 election), Joe Biden, and Arnold Schwarzenegger. Discussing his faith, Kerry said, "I thought of being a priest. I was very religious while at school in Switzerland. I was an altar boy and prayed all the time. I was very centered around the Mass and the church." He also said that the Letters of Paul moved him the most, stating that they taught him to "not feel sorry for myself."^[18]

According to Christianity Today, Kerry remarks about his faith:

I'm a Catholic and I practice, but at the same time I have an open-mindedness to many other expressions of spirituality that come through different religions. ... I've spent some time reading and thinking about [religion] and trying to study it, and I've arrived at not so much a sense of the differences, but a sense of the similarities in so many ways; the value-system roots and linkages between the Torah, the Qur'an, and the Bible and the fundamental story that runs through all of this, that ... really connects all of us.^[19]

Early years (1943–1966)[link]

Childhood [link]

Kerry was born in Aurora, Colorado, at Fitzsimmons Army Hospital on December 11, 1943; his father was a member of the Army Air Corps at the time.^[20]

Kerry has said that his first memory is from when he was three years old, of holding his crying mother's hand while they walked through the broken glass and rubble of her childhood home in Saint-Briac, France. This visit came two and a half years after the United States had liberated Saint-Briac from the Nazis on August 14, 1944. The family estate, known as Les Essarts, had been occupied and used as a Nazi headquarters during the war. When the Germans abandoned it, they bombed Les Essarts and burned it down.

The sprawling estate was rebuilt in 1954. Kerry and his parents would often spend the summer holidays there. During these summers, he became good friends with his first cousin Brice Lalonde, a future Socialist and Green Party leader in France, who ran for president of France in 1981.

While his father was stationed at the U.S. Embassy in Oslo, Norway, Kerry was sent to Massachusetts to attend boarding school. In 1957, he attended the Fessenden School in West Newton, a village in Newton, Massachusetts. The Fessenden School is the oldest all-boys independent junior boarding school in the country. There he met and became friends with Richard Pershing, grandson of First World War U.S. Gen. John Joseph Pershing. Former Massachusetts senator Ted Kennedy also attended the Fessenden School, although several years prior to Kerry.

The following year, he enrolled at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire, and graduated from there in 1962. Kerry learned skills in public speaking and began developing an interest in politics. In his free time, he enjoyed ice hockey and lacrosse, which he played on teams captained by classmate Robert S. Mueller III, the current director of the FBI. Kerry also played bass guitar for the prep school's band The Electras, which produced an album in 1961. Only five hundred copies were made, one of which was auctioned on eBay in 2004 for $2,551.

In 1959, Kerry founded the John Winant Society at St. Paul's to debate the issues of the day; the Society still exists there.^[21]^[22] In November 1960, Kerry gave his first political speech, in favor of John F. Kennedy's election to the White House.

In 1962, Kerry was a volunteer for Ted Kennedy's first Senatorial campaign. The summer after his graduation from St. Paul's, he dated Janet Jennings Auchincloss, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy's half-sister. Auchincloss invited Kerry to visit her family's estate, Hammersmith Farm, in Rhode Island, where Kerry met President John F. Kennedy for the first time.

According to Kerry, when he told the president he was about to enter Yale University, Kennedy grimaced, because he had gone to rival Harvard University. Kerry later recalled, "He smiled at me, laughed and said: 'Oh, don't worry about it. You know I'm a Yale man too now.'" According to Kerry "The President uttered that famous comment about how he had the best of two worlds now: a Harvard education and Yale degree", in reference to the honorary degree he had received from Yale a few months earlier. Later that day, a White House photographer snapped a photo of Kerry sailing with Kennedy and his family in Narragansett Bay.

Yale University [link]

In 1962, Kerry entered Yale University, majoring in political science. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1966. Kerry played on the soccer, hockey, lacrosse and fencing teams; in addition, he took flying lessons.^[22]

In his sophomore year, Kerry became the Chairman of the Liberal Party of the Yale Political Union, and a year later he served as President of the Union. Amongst his influential teachers in this period was Professor H. Bradford Westerfield, who was himself a former President of the Political Union.^[23] His involvement with the Political Union gave him an opportunity to be involved with important issues of the day, such as the civil rights movement and Kennedy's New Frontier program. He was also a member of the secretive Skull and Bones Society. He also traveled to Switzerland^[24] through AIESEC Yale.^[25]^[26]

Under the guidance of the speaking coach and history professor Rollin Osterweis, Kerry won many debates against other college students from across the nation.^[27] In March 1965, as the Vietnam War escalated, he won the Ten Eyck prize as the best orator in the junior class for a speech that was critical of U.S. foreign policy. In the speech he said, "It is the spectre of Western imperialism that causes more fear among Africans and Asians than communism and thus, it is self-defeating."^[28]

Kerry, viewed as a capable speaker, was chosen to give the class oration at graduation. His speech was a broad criticism of American foreign policy, including the Vietnam War, in which he would soon participate.

Military service (1966–1970)[link]

Main article: John Kerry's military service

Duty on the USS Gridley [link]

On February 18, 1966, Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve.^[29] He began his active duty military service on August 19, 1966. After completing sixteen weeks of Officer Candidate School at the U.S. Naval Training Center in Newport, Rhode Island, Kerry received his officer's commission on December 16, 1966. During the 2004 election, Kerry posted his military records at his website, and permitted reporters to inspect his medical records. In 2005, Kerry released his military and medical records to the representatives of three news organizations, but has not authorized full public access to those records.^[30]^[31]

Kerry's first tour of duty was as an ensign on the guided missile frigate USS Gridley in 1968. The executive officer of the Gridley described the deployment: "We deployed from San Diego to the Vietnam theatre in early 1968 after only a six-month turnaround, and spent most of a four month deployment on rescue station in the Gulf of Tonkin, standing by to pick up downed aviators."

During his tour on the Gridley, Kerry requested duty in Vietnam, listing as his first preference a position as the commander of a Fast Patrol Craft (PCF), also known as a "Swift boat."^[32] These 50-foot (15 m) boats have aluminum hulls and have little or no armor, but are heavily armed and rely on speed. "I didn't really want to get involved in the war", Kerry said in a book of Vietnam reminiscences published in 1986. "When I signed up for the swift boats, they had very little to do with the war. They were engaged in coastal patrolling and that's what I thought I was going to be doing."^[33] However, his second choice of billet was on a river patrol boat, or "PBR", which at the time was serving a more dangerous duty on the rivers of Vietnam.^[32]

On June 16, 1968, Kerry was promoted to the rank of lieutenant, junior grade. On June 20, 1968, he left the Gridley for Swift boat training at the Naval Amphibious Base in Coronado.

Swift boat duty [link]

On November 17, 1968, Kerry reported for duty at Coastal Squadron 1 in Cam Ranh Bay in South Vietnam. In his role as an officer in charge of Swift boats, Kerry led five-man crews on a number of patrols into enemy-controlled areas. His first command was Swift boat PCF-44, from December 6, 1968 to January 21, 1969, when the crew was disbanded. They were based at Coastal Division 13 at Cat Lo from December 13, 1968, to January 6, 1969. Otherwise, they were stationed at Coastal Division 11 at An Thoi. On January 30, 1969, Kerry took charge of PCF-94 and its crew, which he led until he departed An Thoi on March 26, 1969, and subsequently the crew was disbanded.^[34]

On January 22, 1969, Kerry and several other officers had a meeting in Saigon with Admiral Elmo Zumwalt, the commander of U.S. Naval forces in Vietnam, and U.S. Army General Creighton Abrams, the overall commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam. Kerry and the other officers reported that the "free-fire zone" policy was alienating the Vietnamese and that the Swift boats' actions were not accomplishing their ostensible goal of interdicting Viet Cong supply lines. According to his biographer, Douglas Brinkley, Kerry and the other visiting officers felt their concerns were dismissed with what amounted to a pep talk (Tour of Duty, pp. 254–261).

Military honors [link]

During the night of December 2, 1968 and early morning of December 3, 1968, Kerry was in charge of a small boat operating near a peninsula north of Cam Ranh Bay together with a Swift boat (PCF-60). According to Kerry and the two crewmen who accompanied him that night, Patrick Runyon and William Zaladonis, they surprised a group of men unloading sampans at a river crossing, who began running and failed to obey an order to stop. As the men fled, Kerry and his crew opened fire on the sampans and destroyed them, then rapidly left. During this encounter, Kerry received a shrapnel wound in the left arm above the elbow. It was for this injury that Kerry received his first Purple Heart.^[35]

Kerry received his second Purple Heart for a wound received in action on the Bo De River on February 20, 1969. The plan had been for the Swift boats to be accompanied by support helicopters. On the way up the Bo De, however, the helicopters were attacked. They returned to their base to refuel and were unable to return to the mission for several hours.

As the Swift boats reached the Cua Lon River, Kerry's boat was hit by a RPG round, and a piece of shrapnel hit Kerry's left leg, wounding him. Thereafter, they had no more trouble, and reached the Gulf of Thailand safely. Kerry still has shrapnel in his left thigh because the doctors tending to him decided to remove the damaged tissue and close the wound with sutures rather than make a wide opening to remove the shrapnel.^[36] Kerry received his second Purple Heart for this injury, but like several others wounded earlier that day, he did not lose any time off from duty.^[37]^[38]

Eight days later, on February 28, 1969, came the events for which Kerry was awarded his Silver Star. On this occasion, Kerry was in tactical command of his Swift boat and two others in an eight boat formation. Their mission on the Duong Keo river included bringing a demolition team and dozens of South Vietnamese Marines to destroy enemy sampans, structures and bunkers as described in the story The Death Of PCF 43.^[39] Running into an ambush, Kerry "directed the boats to turn to the beach and charge the Viet Cong positions" and he "expertly directed" his boat's fire and coordinated the deployment of the South Vietnamese troops, according to the original medal citation (signed by Admiral Zumwalt). Going a short distance farther, Kerry's boat was the target of an RPG round; as the boat beached at the site, a VC with a rocket launcher jumped and ran from a spider hole. While the boat's gunner opened fire, wounding the VC on the leg, and while the other boats approached and offered cover fire, Kerry jumped from the boat and chased the VC and killed him, capturing a loaded rocket launcher.^[40]^[41]^[41]

Kerry's commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander George Elliott, joked to Douglas Brinkley in 2003 that he didn't know whether to court-martial Kerry for beaching the boat without orders or give him a medal for saving the crew. Elliott recommended Kerry for the Silver Star, and Zumwalt flew into An Thoi to personally award medals to Kerry and the rest of the sailors involved in the mission. The Navy's account of Kerry's actions is presented in the original medal citation signed by Zumwalt. The engagement was documented in an after-action report, a press release written on March 1, 1969, and a historical summary dated March 17, 1969.^[42]

On March 13, 1969, five Swift boats were returning to base together on the Bay Hap river from their missions that day, after a firefight earlier in the day (during which time Kerry received a slight shrapnel wound in the buttocks from blowing up a rice bunker), and debarking some but not all of the passengers at a small village. They approached a fishing weir (a series of poles across the river for hanging nets), so that one group of boats went around left, hugging the shore, and a group with Kerry's 94 boat went around right along the shoreline. A mine was detonated directly beneath the lead boat, PCF-3, as it crossed the weir to the left, lifting PCF-3 completely into the air.^[43]

James Rassmann, a Green Beret advisor who was aboard PCF-94, was knocked overboard when, according to witnesses and the documentation of the event, a mine or rocket exploded close to the boat. According to the documentation for the event, Kerry's arm was injured when he was thrown against a bulkhead during the explosion. PCF 94 returned to the scene and Kerry rescued Rassmann from the water. Kerry received the Bronze Star for his actions during this incident; he also received his third Purple Heart.^[44]

After the crew of PCF-3 had been rescued, and the most seriously wounded sailors evacuated by two of the PCFs, PCF 94 and another boat remained behind and helped salvage the stricken boat together with a damage-control party that had been immediately dispatched to the scene.

Controversy [link]

Main article: John Kerry military service controversy

As the presidential campaign of 2004 developed, approximately 200 Vietnam veterans formed the group Swift Boat Veterans for Truth (SBVT), subsequently renamed Swift Vets and POWs for Truth, which held press conferences, ran ads and endorsed a book questioning Kerry's service record and his military awards. The group included several members of Kerry's unit, such as Larry Thurlow, who commanded a swift boat alongside of Kerry's,^[45] and Stephen Gardner, who served on Kerry's boat.^[46]

Return from Vietnam [link]

After Kerry's third qualifying wound, he was entitled per Navy regulations to re-assignment away from combat duties. Navy records show that Kerry's preferred choice for re-assignment was as an aide in Boston, New York or Washington, D.C.^[47]

On March 26, 1969, after a final patrol the night before, Kerry was transferred to Cam Ranh Bay to await his orders. He was there for five or six days and left Vietnam in early April. On April 11, 1969, he reported to the Brooklyn-based Atlantic Military Sea Transportation Service, where he would remain on active duty for the following year as a personal aide to an officer, Rear Admiral Walter Schlech. On January 1, 1970 Kerry was temporarily promoted to full Lieutenant.^[48] Kerry had agreed to an extension of his active duty obligation from December 1969 to August 1970 in order to perform Swift Boat duty,^[49]^[50] but in January, 1970, he requested early discharge in order to run for Congress the following fall. He was discharged from active duty on March 1, 1970.

John Kerry was on active duty in the United States Navy from August 1966 until January 1970. He continued to serve in the Naval Reserve until February 1978. Kerry lost at least five friends in the war including Yale classmate Richard Pershing, who was killed in action on February 17, 1968.

Anti-war activism (1970–1971)[link]

Main article: Vietnam Veterans Against the War

After returning to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW). Then numbering about 20,000,^[51] VVAW was considered by some (including the administration of President Richard Nixon) to be an effective, if controversial, component of the antiwar movement.^[52]

Kerry at the Fulbright Hearings

On April 22, 1971, Kerry became the first Vietnam veteran to testify before Congress about the war, when he appeared before a Senate committee hearing on proposals relating to ending the war. He was still a member of the United States Navy Reserve, holding the rank of Lieutenant Junior Grade. Wearing green fatigues and service ribbons, he spoke for nearly two hours with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in what has been named the Fulbright Hearings, after the Chairman of the proceedings, Senator J.W. Fulbright. Kerry began with a prepared speech, in which he presented the conclusions of the Winter Soldier Investigation, and then went on to address larger policy issues.

The day after this testimony, Kerry participated in a demonstration with thousands of other veterans in which he and other veterans threw their medals and ribbons over a fence erected at the front steps of the United States Capitol building to dramatize their opposition to the war. Jack Smith, a Marine, read a statement explaining why the veterans were returning their military awards to the government. For more than two hours, almost 1000 angry veterans tossed their medals, ribbons, hats, jackets, and military papers over the fence. Each veteran gave his or her name, hometown, branch of service and a statement. Kerry threw some of his decorations as well as some given to him by other veterans to throw. As Kerry threw his decorations over the fence, his statement was: "I'm not doing this for any violent reasons, but for peace and justice, and to try and make this country wake up once and for all."^[53] The documentary film Sir! No Sir! includes archival footage of Kerry at the demonstration: he is one of several young men seen throwing things over the fence.

Media appearances [link]

Because Kerry was a decorated veteran who took a stand against the government's official position, he was frequently interviewed by broadcast and print media. He was able to use these occasions to bring the themes of his Senate testimony to a wider audience.

For example, Kerry appeared more than once on The Dick Cavett Show on ABC television. On one Cavett program (June 30, 1971), in debating John O'Neill, Kerry argued that some of the policies instituted by the U.S. military leaders in Vietnam, such as free-fire zones and burning noncombatants' houses, were contrary to the laws of war. In the Washington Star newspaper (June 6, 1971), he recounted how he and other Swift boat officers had become disillusioned by the contrast between what the leaders told them and what they saw: "That's when I realized I could never remain silent about the realities of the war in Vietnam."

On NBC's Meet The Press in 1971, Kerry was asked whether he had personally committed atrocities in Vietnam. He responded:

“

There are all kinds of atrocities, and I would have to say that, yes, yes, I committed the same kind of atrocities as thousands of other soldiers have committed in that I took part in shootings in free fire zones. I conducted harassment and interdiction fire. I used 50 calibre machine guns, which we were granted and ordered to use, which were our only weapon against people. I took part in search and destroy missions, in the burning of villages. All of this is contrary to the laws of warfare, all of this is contrary to the Geneva Conventions and all of this is ordered as a matter of written established policy by the government of the United States from the top down. And I believe that the men who designed these, the men who designed the free fire zone, the men who ordered us, the men who signed off the air raid strike areas, I think these men, by the letter of the law, the same letter of the law that tried Lieutenant Calley, are war criminals.

”

Operation POW [link]

Kerry's prominence also made him a frequent leader and spokesman at antiwar events around the country in 1971. One of particular note was Operation POW, organized by the VVAW in Massachusetts. The protest got its name from the group's concern that Americans were prisoners of the Vietnam War, as well as to honor American POWs held captive by North Vietnam.

The event sought to tie antiwar activism to patriotic themes. Over the Memorial Day weekend, veterans and other participants marched from Concord to a rally on Boston Common. The plan was to invoke the spirit of the American Revolution and Paul Revere by spending successive nights at the sites of the Battle of Lexington and Concord and the Battle of Bunker Hill, culminating in a Memorial Day rally with a public reading of the Declaration of Independence.

The second night of the march, May 29, 1971, was the occasion for Kerry's only arrest, when the participants tried to camp on the village green in Lexington. At 2:30 a.m. on May 30, 1971, local and state police awoke and arrested 441 demonstrators, including Kerry, for trespassing. All were given the Miranda Warning and were hauled away on school buses to spend the night at the Lexington Public Works Garage. Kerry and the other protesters later paid a $5 fine, and were released. The mass arrests caused a community backlash and ended up giving positive coverage to the VVAW.^[54]^[55]^[56]

Kerry eventually quit the organization over differences with its more radical leaders and members. Kerry has been criticized during his political campaigns about his antiwar activities with VVAW, inspiring the widely-used political pejorative "swiftboating."

Early political career (1972–1985)[link]

1972 campaign [link]

In February 1972, after Kerry previously passed on an opportunity to run in another district, his wife, Julia bought a house in Worcester. Residence there would have required Kerry to run for Congress against an incumbent Democrat, Harold D. Donohue. Instead however, the couple rented an apartment in Lowell. The incumbent in that district, F. Bradford Morse, was a Republican who was thought to be retiring.

Counting Kerry, the Democratic primary race in 1972 had 10 candidates. One of these was State Representative Anthony R. DiFruscia of Lawrence. Both Kerry's and DiFuscia's campaign HQs were in the same building. On the eve of the September primary, Kerry's younger brother Cameron and campaign field director Thomas J. Vallely, both then 22 years old, were found by police in the basement of this building, where the telephone lines were located. They were arrested and charged with "breaking and entering with the intent to commit grand larceny", but the case was dismissed about a year later. At the time of the incident, DiFruscia alleged that they were trying to disrupt his get-out-the vote efforts. Vallely and Cameron Kerry maintained that they were only checking their own telephone lines because they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut.^[57]

Although Kerry's campaign was hurt by the election-day report of the arrest, he still won the primary, narrowly beating state Representative Paul J. Sheehy. DiFruscia placed third. Kerry lost in Lawrence and Lowell, his chief opponents' bases, but placed first in 18 of the district's 22 towns.

In the general election, Kerry was initially favored to defeat the Republican candidate, former state Representative Paul W. Cronin, and an independent, Roger P. Durkin. A major obstacle, however, was the district's leading newspaper, the conservative leaning Sun. The paper editorialized against him. It also ran critical news stories about his out-of-state contributions and his "carpetbagging", because he had moved into the district only in April. Subsequently released "Watergate" Oval Office tape recordings of the Nixon White House showed that defeating Kerry's candidacy had attracted the personal attention of President Nixon.^[58]

The final blow came when, four days before the election, Durkin withdrew in favor of Cronin. Cronin won the election, becoming the only Republican to be elected to Congress that November in a district carried by Democratic Presidential nominee George McGovern.

District Attorney tenure [link]

After Kerry's 1972 defeat, he and his wife bought a house in Lowell. He spent some time working as a fundraiser for the Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE), an international humanitarian organization. In September 1973, he entered Boston College Law School. In July 1974, while attending law school, Kerry was named executive director of Mass Action, a Massachusetts advocacy association.

He received his Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Boston College in 1976. While in law school he had been a student prosecutor in the office of the District Attorney of Middlesex County, John J. Droney. After passing the bar exam and being admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1976, he went to work in that office as a full-time prosecutor.

In January 1977, Droney promoted him to First Assistant District Attorney. In that position, Kerry had dual roles. First, he tried cases, winning convictions in a high-profile rape case and a murder. Second, he played a role in administering the office of the district attorney by initiating the creation of special white-collar and organized crime units, creating programs to address the problems of rape and other crime victims and of witnesses, and managing trial calendars to reflect case priorities. It was in this role in 1978 that Kerry announced an investigation into possible criminal charges against then Senator Edward Brooke, regarding "misstatements" in his first divorce trial.^[59]

Lieutenant Governor tenure [link]

In 1979, Kerry resigned from the District Attorney's office to set up a private law firm with another former prosecutor. And, although his private law practice was a success, Kerry was still interested in public office. He re-entered electoral politics by running for Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts and won a narrow victory in the 1982 Democratic primary. The ticket, with Michael Dukakis as the gubernatorial candidate, won the general election without difficulty.

The position of Lieutenant Governor carried few inherent responsibilities. Dukakis, however, delegated additional matters to Kerry. In particular, Kerry's interest in environmental protection led him to become heavily involved in the issue of acid rain. His work contributed to a National Governors Association resolution in 1984 that was a precursor to the 1990 amendments to the federal Clean Air Act.

During his campaign, Kerry had argued that nuclear evacuation planning was "a sham intended to deceive Americans into believing they could survive a nuclear war".

Election for U.S. Senate [link]

The junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, Paul Tsongas, announced in 1984 that he would be stepping down for health reasons. Kerry decided to run for the seat. As in his 1982 race for Lieutenant Governor, he did not receive the endorsement of the party regulars at the state Democratic convention. Congressman James Shannon (a favorite of House Speaker Tip O'Neill) was the early favorite to win the nomination, and he "won broad establishment support and led in early polling."^[60] Again as in 1982, however, Kerry prevailed in a close primary. In his campaign, he promised to mix liberalism with tight budget controls. As the Democratic candidate, he was elected to the Senate despite a nationwide landslide for the re-election of Republican president Ronald Reagan, for whom Massachusetts voted by a narrow margin. In his acceptance speech, Kerry asserted that his win meant that the people of Massachusetts "emphatically reject the politics of selfishness and the notion that women must be treated as second-class citizens." Kerry was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in January 1985.

U.S. Senate tenure (1985–present)[link]

A Senate portrait of Kerry

Iran-Contra hearings [link]

Main article: Kerry Committee report

On April 18, 1985, a few months after taking his Senate seat, Kerry and Senator Tom Harkin of Iowa traveled to Nicaragua and met the country's president, Daniel Ortega. Though Ortega was democratically elected, the trip was criticized because Ortega and his leftist Sandinista government had strong ties to Cuba and the USSR. The Sandinista government was opposed by the right-wing CIA-backed rebels known as the Contras. While in Nicaragua, Kerry and Harkin talked to people on both sides of the conflict. Through the senators, Ortega offered a cease-fire agreement in exchange for the US dropping support of the Contras. The offer was denounced by the Reagan administration as a "propaganda initiative" designed to influence a House vote on a $14 million Contra aid package, but Kerry said "I am willing ... to take the risk in the effort to put to test the good faith of the Sandinistas." The House voted down the Contra aid, but Ortega flew to Moscow to accept a $200 million loan the next day, which in part prompted the House to pass a larger $27 million aid package six weeks later.^[61]

In April 1986, Kerry and Senator Christopher Dodd, a Democrat from Connecticut, proposed that hearings be conducted by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee regarding charges of Contra involvement in cocaine and marijuana trafficking. Senator Richard Lugar of Indiana, the Republican chairman of the committee, agreed to conduct the hearings.

Meanwhile, Kerry's staff began their own investigations and, on October 14, issued a report that exposed illegal activities on the part of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, who had set up a private network involving the National Security Council and the CIA to deliver military equipment to right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (Contras). In effect, North and certain members of the President's administration were accused by Kerry's report of illegally funding and supplying armed militants without the authorization of Congress. Kerry's staff investigation, based on a year-long inquiry and interviews with fifty unnamed sources, is said to raise "serious questions about whether the United States has abided by the law in its handling of the contras over the past three years."^[62]

The Kerry Committee report found that "the Contra drug links included ... payments to drug traffickers by the U.S. State Department of funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras, in some cases after the traffickers had been indicted by federal law enforcement agencies on drug charges, in others while traffickers were under active investigation by these same agencies."^[63] The US State Department paid over $806,000 to known drug traffickers to carry humanitarian assistance to the Contras.^[64] Kerry's findings provoked little reaction in the media and official Washington.^[65]

The Kerry report was a precursor to the Iran-Contra affair. On May 4, 1989, North was convicted of charges relating to the Iran/Contra controversy, including three felonies. On September 16, 1991, however, North's convictions were overturned on appeal.^[66]

George H.W. Bush administration [link]

On November 15, 1988, at a businessmen's breakfast in East Lynn, Massachusetts, Kerry made a joke about then-President-elect George H.W. Bush and his running mate, saying "if Bush is shot, the Secret Service has orders to shoot Dan Quayle." He apologized the following day.^[67]

During their investigation of Noriega, Kerry's staff found reason to believe that the Pakistan-based Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) had facilitated Noriega's drug trafficking and money laundering. This led to a separate inquiry into BCCI, and as a result, banking regulators shut down BCCI in 1991. In December 1992, Kerry and Senator Hank Brown, a Republican from Colorado, released The BCCI Affair, a report on the BCCI scandal. The report showed that the bank was crooked and was working with terrorists, including Abu Nidal. It blasted the Department of Justice, the Department of the Treasury, the Customs Service, the Federal Reserve Bank, as well as influential lobbyists and the CIA.^[68]

Kerry was criticized by some Democrats for having pursued his own party members, including former Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford, although Republicans said he should have pressed against some Democrats even harder. The BCCI scandal was later turned over to the Manhattan District Attorney's office.^[69]

Precursors to presidential bid [link]

In 1996, Kerry faced a difficult re-election fight against Governor William Weld, a popular Republican incumbent who had been re-elected in 1994 with 71% of the vote. The race was covered nationwide as one of the most closely watched Senate races that year. Kerry and Weld held several debates and negotiated a campaign spending cap of $6.9 million at Kerry's Beacon Hill mansion. Both candidates spent more than the cap, with each camp accusing the other of being first to break the agreement.^[70] There is no evidence that this led to Kerry's win in a very close race but it is more than possible that this contributed to his victory.^[71] During the campaign, Kerry spoke briefly at the 1996 Democratic National Convention. Senator Kerry won re-election with 53 percent to Weld's 45 percent.

In the 2000 presidential election, Kerry found himself close to being chosen as the vice presidential running mate.^[72]

A release from the presidential campaign of presumptive Democratic nominee Al Gore listed Kerry on the short list to be selected as the vice-presidential nominee, along with North Carolina Senator John Edwards, Indiana Senator Evan Bayh, Missouri Congressman Richard Gephardt, New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen and Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman. Gore eventually selected Lieberman as the nominee, but Kerry continued to campaign on behalf of the Gore-Lieberman campaign through Election Day.

Voting record [link]

Overall [link]

Most analyses place Kerry's voting record on the left within the Senate Democratic caucus.^[73] During the 2004 presidential election he was portrayed as a staunch liberal by conservative special interest groups and the Bush campaign, who often noted that in 2003 Kerry was rated the National Journal's top Senate liberal. However, that rating was based only upon voting on legislation within that past year. In fact, in terms of career voting records, the National Journal found that Kerry is the 11th most liberal member of the Senate. Most analyses find that Kerry is at least slightly more liberal than the typical Democratic Senator. Kerry has stated that he opposes privatizing Social Security, supports abortion rights for adult women and minors, supports same-sex marriage, opposes capital punishment except for terrorists, supports most gun control laws, and is generally a supporter of trade agreements. Kerry supported the North American Free Trade Agreement and Most Favored Nation status for China, but opposed the Central American Free Trade Agreement.

In July 1997 Kerry joined his Senate colleagues in voting against ratification of the Kyoto Treaty on global warming without greenhouse gas emissions limits on nations deemed developing, including India and China.^[74] Since then, Kerry has attacked President Bush, charging him with opposition to international efforts to combat global warming.^[75]

On October 1, 2008, Kerry voted for S. Amdt. 5685 to H.R. 1424, also known as the "bailout bill."^[76]

Iraq [link]

In 1991, during the debate before the Gulf War, Kerry initially opposed the immediate use of military force to expel Iraqi soldiers from Kuwait. The United Nations had imposed sanctions on Iraq, and Kerry argued that the sanctions then in place should be given more time to work.

On December 14, 2001, 3 months after the attacks of 9/11, Kerry said on Larry King Live that "I think we clearly have to keep the pressure on terrorism globally. This doesn't end with Afghanistan by any imagination. And I think the president has made that clear. I think we have made that clear. Terrorism is a global menace. It's a scourge. And it is absolutely vital that we continue against, for instance, Saddam Hussein."

More recently, Kerry said on October 9, 2002; "I will be voting to give the President of the United States the authority to use force, if necessary, to disarm Saddam Hussein because I believe that a deadly arsenal of weapons of mass destruction in his hands is a real and grave threat to our security." Bush relied on that resolution in ordering the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Kerry also gave a January 23, 2003 speech to Georgetown University saying "Without question, we need to disarm Saddam Hussein. He is a brutal, murderous dictator; leading an oppressive regime he presents a particularly grievous threat because he is so consistently prone to miscalculation. So the threat of Saddam Hussein with weapons of mass destruction is real." Kerry did, however, warn that the administration should exhaust its diplomatic avenues before launching war: "Mr. President, do not rush to war, take the time to build the coalition, because it's not winning the war that's hard, it's winning the peace that's hard."^[77]

After the invasion of Iraq, when no weapons of mass destruction were found, Kerry strongly criticized Bush, contending that he had misled the country: "When the President of the United States looks at you and tells you something, there should be some trust."^[78]

Kerry had spoken before the war about the sorts of weapons many believed Saddam Hussein had. On the Senate floor on October 9, 2002, he said that "According to the CIA's report, all U.S. intelligence experts agree that Iraq is seeking nuclear weapons. There is little question that Saddam Hussein wants to develop nuclear weapons."

Leadership [link]

During his Senate career, Kerry has sponsored or cosponsored dozens of bills. Some of his notable bills have addressed small business concerns, education, terrorism, veterans' and Vietnam War POW/MIA issues, marine resource protection and other topics. Of those bills with his sponsorship, as of December 2004, 11 have been signed into law.

Kerry chaired the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs from 1991 to 1993. The committee's report, which Kerry endorsed, stated there was "no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia."^[79] In 1994 the Senate passed a resolution, sponsored by Kerry and fellow Vietnam veteran John McCain, that called for an end to the existing trade embargo against Vietnam; it was intended to pave the way for normalization.^[80] In 1995, President Bill Clinton normalized diplomatic relations with the country of Vietnam.^[81] His long-time senior Senate staff includes Chief of Staff David "Mac" McKean and Legislative Director George Abar.

Kerry was the chairman of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee from 1987 to 1989. He was reelected to the Senate in 1990, 1996 (after winning re-election against the then-Governor of Massachusetts Republican William Weld), 2002, and 2008. In January 2009, Kerry replaced Joe Biden as the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.^[82]

Committee assignments [link]

As of 2009, Kerry serves on four Senate committees and nine subcommittees:

Caucus memberships [link]

Congressional Bicameral High-Speed and Intercity Rail Caucus
Congressional Internet Caucus
Congressional Vietnam-Era Veterans Caucus (Co-Chair)
International Conservation Caucus
Senate Prosecutors Caucus (Co-Chair)
Senate Oceans Caucus

Seniority [link]

Main article: Seniority in the United States Senate

As of 2011, Kerry ranked as the 10th most senior US Senator. Due to the longevity of Ted Kennedy's service, Kerry was the most senior junior Senator. On Tuesday, August 25, 2009, Kerry became the senior senator from Massachusetts following Ted Kennedy's death.

2004 presidential campaign [link]

Main articles: United States presidential election, 2004 and John Kerry presidential campaign, 2004

Kerry and Teresa Heinz crossing Lake Michigan on the Lake Express during the 2004 campaign

File:Kerryedwards.JPG

Kerry/Edwards campaign logo

File:Kerry, baby, horizontal.jpg

Kerry on the campaign trail in Rochester, Minnesota

In the 2004 Democratic Presidential primaries, John Kerry defeated several Democratic rivals, including Sen. John Edwards (D-North Carolina.), former Vermont Governor Howard Dean and retired Army General Wesley Clark. His victory in the Iowa caucuses is widely believed to be the tipping point where Kerry revived his sagging campaign in New Hampshire and the February 3, 2004, primary states like Arizona, South Carolina and New Mexico. Kerry then went on to win landslide victories in Nevada and Wisconsin. Kerry thus won the Democratic nomination to run for President of the United States against incumbent George W. Bush. On July 6, 2004, he announced his selection of John Edwards as his running mate. Democratic strategist Bob Shrum, who was Kerry's 2004 campaign adviser, wrote an article in Time magazine claiming that after the election, Kerry had said that he wished he'd never picked Edwards, and that the two have since stopped speaking to each other.^[83] In a subsequent appearance on ABC's This Week, Kerry refused to respond to Shrum's allegation, calling it a "ridiculous waste of time."^[84]

On November 3, 2004, Kerry conceded the race. Kerry won 59.03 million votes, or 48.3 percent of the popular vote; Bush won 62.04 million votes, or 50.7 percent of the popular vote. Kerry carried states with a total of 252 electoral votes. One Kerry elector voted for Kerry's running mate, Edwards, so in the final tally Kerry had 251 electoral votes to Bush's 286. Although, as in the previous election, there were disputes about the voting, no state was as close as Florida had been in 2000 (see 2004 United States presidential election controversy and irregularities).

Post-presidential election activities [link]

2008 presidential election [link]

Immediately after the 2004 election, some Democrats mentioned Kerry as a possible contender for the 2008 Democratic nomination. His brother had said such a campaign was "conceivable", and Kerry himself reportedly said at a farewell party for his 2004 campaign staff, "There's always another four years."^[85]

Kerry established a separate political action committee, Keeping America's Promise,^[86] that raised money and channeled contributions to Democratic candidates in state and federal races.^[87] Through Keeping America's Promise in 2005, Kerry raised over $5.5 million for other Democrats up and down the ballot. Through his campaign account and his political action committee, the Kerry campaign operation generated more than $10 million for various party committees and 179 candidates for the US House, Senate, state and local offices in 42 states focusing on the midterm elections during the 2006 election cycle.^[88] "Cumulatively, John Kerry has done as much if not more than any other individual senator", Hassan Nemazee, the national finance chairman of the DSCC said.^[89]

Kerry speaks during the third night of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado.

On January 10, 2008, Kerry endorsed Illinois Senator Barack Obama for President.^[90] He was mentioned as a possible Vice Presidential candidate for Senator Obama, although fellow Senator Joe Biden was eventually chosen. After Biden's acceptance of the vice presidential nomination, speculation arose that John Kerry would be a candidate for Secretary of State in the Obama administration.^[91] However, Senator Hillary Clinton was offered the position.^[92] Kerry has been mentioned as a possible replacement for Clinton should she decide to retire in 2012.^[60]

Controversial comments [link]

On October 30, 2006, Kerry was a headline speaker at a campaign rally being held for Democratic California gubernatorial candidate Phil Angelides at Pasadena City College in Pasadena, California. Speaking to an audience composed mainly of college students, Kerry said, "You know, education, if you make the most of it, you study hard, you do your homework and you make an effort to be smart, you can do well. If you don't, you get stuck in Iraq."^[93]

The day after the remarks were made public, leaders from both sides of the political spectrum, including Republicans President George W. Bush, Senator John McCain and then-Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert, said that Kerry's comments were insulting to American military forces fighting in Iraq. Democratic Representative Harold Ford, Jr. called on Kerry to apologize^{[citation needed]} and Pennsylvania Senate candidate Bob Casey, Jr. canceled an appearance with Kerry.

Kerry initially stated: "Let me make it crystal clear, as crystal clear as I know how. I apologize to no one for my criticism of the president and of his broken policy."^[94] Kerry also responded to criticism from George W. Bush and Dick Cheney.^[95]

Kerry said that he had intended the remark as a jab at President Bush, and described the remarks as a "botched joke",^[96] having inadvertently left out the key word "us" (which would have been, "If you don't, you get us stuck in Iraq"), as well as leaving the phrase "just ask President Bush" off of the end of the sentence. In Kerry's prepared remarks, which he released during the ensuing media frenzy, the corresponding line was "... you end up getting us stuck in a war in Iraq. Just ask President Bush." He also claimed that from the context of the speech which, prior to the "stuck in Iraq" line, made several specific references to Bush and elements of his biography, that Kerry was referring to President Bush and not American troops in general.^[97]

After two days of media coverage, citing a desire not to be a diversion, Kerry apologized to those who took offense at what he called the misinterpretation of his comment.^[98]

Climate change [link]

Kerry said in Bali an administration run by the Democrats would mean the difference between night and day on policies to fight global warming and the Democrats would, unlike Bush, back mandatory emissions targets and pass a bill to create a cap-and-trade system for carbon dioxide emissions.^[99]

GI Bill support [link]

Kerry has teamed up with Congressman Peter T. King to help sponsor a new GI Bill to help give incentives for military personnel.^[100]

Ted Kennedy funeral [link]

Kerry served as an honorary pallbearer for the late Senator Ted Kennedy.^[101]

Yacht moored in Rhode Island [link]

According to the Boston Herald, dated July 23, 2010, Kerry commissioned construction on a new $7 million dollar yacht (A Friendship 75) in New Zealand and moored it in Portsmouth, Rhode Island where the Friendship yacht company is based.^[102] The article claimed this allowed him to avoid paying Massachusetts taxes on the property including approximately $437,500 in sales tax and an annual excise tax of about $500.^[103] ^[104] However, on July 27, 2010, Kerry stated he had yet to take legal possession of the boat, had not intended to avoid the taxes, and that when he took possession, he would pay the taxes whether he owed them or not.^[105]

Libya [link]

During the 2011 Libyan civil war, "Kerry was one of the earliest lawmakers calling for the U.S. to impose a no-fly zone in Libya."^[106]

Afghanistan/Pakistan [link]

Kerry "has emerged in the past few years as an important envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan during times of crisis," a Washington Post report stated in May, 2011, as Kerry undertook another trip to the two countries. The killing of Osama bin Laden "has generated perhaps the most important crossroads yet," the report continued, as the senator spoke at a press conference and prepared to fly from Kabul to Pakistan.^[107] Among matters discussed during the May visit to Pakistan, under the general rubric of "recalibrating" the bilateral relationship, Kerry sought and retrieved from the Pakistanis the tail-section of the U.S. helicopter which had had to be abandoned at Abbottabad during the bin Laden strike.^[108]

Electoral history [link]

Main article: Electoral history of John Kerry

References [link]

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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Kranish, Michael; Mooney, Brian C.; Easton, Nina J. (2004-04-27). "John Kerry: The Complete Biography by The Boston Globe Reporters Who Know Him Best". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/president/kerry/book/excerpt/. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
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^ ^a ^b Kornacki, Steve (2011-02-07) Will things finally, really work out for John Kerry?, Salon.com
^ Farrell, John Aloysius (2003-06-20). "With probes, making his mark". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/globe/nation/packages/kerry/062003.shtml. Retrieved 2006-06-21.
^ "White House Official Linked To Arms Deliveries to Contras". The New York Times: p. 6. 1986-10-15. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE3D71339F936A25753C1A960948260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fK%2fKerry%2c%20John.
^ "Selections from the Senate Committee Report on Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy chaired by Senator John F. Kerry". http://www.pinknoiz.com/covert/contracoke.html. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
^ Cockburn, Alexander; Jeffrey St Clair (1999-10-01). Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press. Verso. ISBN 1-85984-258-5.
^ Corn, David (2001-07-16). "Defining John Kerry" (subscription required). The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/doc/20010716/dcorn/2.
^ Johnston, David (1992-12-24). "Bush Pardons 6 In Iran Affair, Aborting A Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up' Bush Diary at Issue 6-Year Inquiry Into Deal of Arms for Hostages All but Swept Away". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/991224onthisday_big.html.
^ "STLtoday - St. Louis Post-Dispatch Archives". Nl.newsbank.com. 1988-11-17. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB32978E9020931&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
^ Sirota, David; Baskin, Jonathan (September 2004). "Follow the Money". http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0409.sirota.html.
^ "The BCCI Affair - 19 Ed Rogers and Kamal Adham". Fas.org. http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/19rogers.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
^ Rimer, Sara (1996-10-25). "POLITICS - THE SENATE - Promises Yield to Old-Fashioned Politics - NYTimes.com". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E5D91130F936A15753C1A960958260. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
^ Zernike, Kate (February 7, 2004). "Facing '96 Loss, Brawling Kerry Fought to Win". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/07/politics/campaign/07KERR.html?ex=1391490000&en=d9f9da7327646acd&ei=5007. Retrieved 2008-03-31. ^{[dead link]}
^ Battenfeld, Joe (2000-07-14). "Kerry's stock rises in VP sweepstakes". CNN. http://archives.cnn.com/2000/LOCAL/northeast/07/14/boh.kerry.veep/index.html.
^ FactCheck.org^{[dead link]}
^ "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote". Senate.gov. http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=105&session=1&vote=00205. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
^ "Kerry says U.S. 'a sort of international pariah'". USA TODAY. 2007-01-27. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-01-27-kerry-us-policy_x.htm?csp=34.
^ "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote". Senate.gov. http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=110&session=2&vote=00212. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
^ "Kerry Makes It Official". CBS. 2003-09-02. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/09/02/politics/main571162.shtml.
^ "Bush defends Iraq war in face of WMD findings". CNN. 2004-01-28. http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/01/27/sprj.nirq.bush/.
^ "Report of the Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs". U.S. Senate. 1993-01-13. http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/1993_rpt/pow-exec.html. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
^ Greenhouse, Steven (1994-01-28). "Senate Urges End to U.S. Embargo Against Vietnam". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A02E3DC1639F93BA15752C0A962958260. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
^ Walsh, James (1995-07-24). "Good Morning, Vietnam". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983202,00.html. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
^ Bryan Bender (November 20, 2008). "Kerry poised to cap long journey". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/11/20/kerry_poised_to_cap_long_journey/.
^ Shrum, Robert (2007-05-30). "Kerry's Regrets About John Edwards". Time.com. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1626498-2,00.html. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
^ Pitney, Nico (January 13, 2008). "Kerry Disregards Bob Shrum Book: "Ridiculous Waste Of Time"". Huffingtonpost.com. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/01/13/kerry-disregards-bob-shru_n_81260.html. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
^ Johnson, Glen (2004-11-09). "Kerry run in '08 called conceivable". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2004/11/09/kerry_run_in_08_called_conceivable/.
^ "Keeping America's Promise". Keepingamericaspromise.com. 2007-07-05. http://www.keepingamericaspromise.com/. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
^ Johnson, Glen (2004-12-05). "Kerry creates PAC to back candidates". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2004/12/05/kerry_creates_pac_to_back_candidates/.
^ Mooney, Brain C. (2006-10-09). "Kerry's barnstorming sparks talk of a run". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2006/10/09/kerrys_barnstorming_sparks_talk_of_a_run/.
^ Klein, Rick; Kranish, Michael (2006-10-21). "Kerry is pressured to share campaign wealth". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2006/10/21/kerry_is_pressured_to_share_campaign_wealth/?page=2.
^ "Kerry endorses Obama over '04 running mate". CNN.com. 2008-01-10. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/01/10/kerry.obama/index.html. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
^ Hosenball, Mark (2008-06-23). "A Bid for an Obama Cabinet". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/141512.
^ November 21, 2008 (2008-11-21). "Hillary Clinton reportedly accepts Barack Obama's Cabinet offer | Top of the Ticket | Los Angeles Times". Latimesblogs.latimes.com. p. m. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2008/11/hillary-clint-3.html. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
^ Ryan, Andrew (October 31, 2006). "Kerry says he "botched joke" and lashes out at GOP". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/city_region/breaking_news/2006/10/kerry_says_he_b.html. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
^ Loven, Jennifer (November 1, 2006). "Some Democrats join Republicans in pressing Kerry for apology". Houston Chronicle. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/headline/nation/4302629.html. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
^ "Statement of John Kerry Responding to Republican Distortions, Pathetic Tony Snow Diversions and Distractions". Friends of John Kerry. October 31, 2006. http://www.johnkerry.com/news/releases/release.html?id=33. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
^ Sandalow, Marc (November 2, 2006). "'Botched joke' feeds a frenzy among Dems, GOP and media". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/02/KERRY.TMP. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
^ Zernike, Kate (November 1, 2006). "Flubbed Joke Makes Kerry a Political Punching Bag, Again". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/02/us/politics/02kerry.html?ex=1320123600&en=963d1c71e86f271f&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
^ Stout, David (November 1, 2006). "Kerry Apologizes for Iraq Remark". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/01/washington/01cnd-kerry.html?ex=1320037200&en=d68aa8623d11759b&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
^ "UN Climate Talks Under Pressure to Drop 2020 Goals". Planet Ark. 2007-12-11. http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/45906/story.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
^ Bill O'Reilly. "Helping our veterans with a new G.I. Bill". http://billoreilly.com/show;jsessionid=3ED799094806583805B8631AAD355689?action=viewRadioShow&showID=1729.
^ Honorary pall bearers to greet Kennedy family outside Basilica, retrieved on 2009-11-04.
^ "Friendship Yacht Company". Friendship Yacht Company. http://www.friendshipyachtcompany.com/contacts.html. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
^ Sen. John Kerry skips town on sails tax, Boston Herald, July 23, 2010
^ [2], Massachusets Boat Excise Rate
^ Sen. Kerry To Pay Mass. Tax On Yacht Docked In RI, Associated Press/NPR, July 27, 2010
^ Carney, Timothy (2011-03-16) Libya interventionists trust government, not people, Washington Examiner
^ Partlow, Joshua, "Kerry: U.S. relationship with Pakistan at ‘critical moment’", Washington Post, May 15, 2011 11:26 AM EDT. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
^ Brulliard, Karin, "Pakistan to return U.S. helicopter tail, Kerry says", Washington Post, May 17, 2011 2:25 AM EDT. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
^ Kerry, John. "Diaries". Daily Kos. http://www.dailykos.com/user/John%20Kerry/diary. Retrieved 2010-03-12.

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Official [link]

JohnKerry.com—John Kerry's political web site
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John Kerry for Senate-Official 2008 senatorial re-election campaign website
John Kerry's Online Office—Official senatorial site
Campaign for Our Country—PAC led by Kerry

United States Senate
Preceded by Paul Tsongas	United States Senator (Class 2) from Massachusetts January 2, 1985 – present Served alongside: Ted Kennedy, Paul G. Kirk, Scott Brown	Incumbent
Political offices
Preceded by Thomas P. O'Neill III	Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts Served under: Michael Dukakis January 6, 1983 – January 2, 1985	'Vacant Title next held by Evelyn Murphy Elected in the 1986 Massachusetts Gubernatorial Election '
Preceded by Kit Bond R–Missouri	Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship January 3–20, 2001	Succeeded by Kit Bond R–Missouri
Preceded by Kit Bond R–Missouri	Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship June 6, 2001 – January 3, 2003	Succeeded by Olympia Snowe R–Maine
Preceded by Olympia Snowe R–Maine	Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship January 4, 2007 – January 5, 2009	Succeeded by Mary Landrieu D–Louisiana
Preceded by Joe Biden D–Delaware	Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations January 6, 2009 – present	Succeeded by Incumbent
Party political offices
Preceded by Paul Tsongas	Democratic Party nominee for United States Senator from Massachusetts (Class 2) 1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, 2008	Succeeded by Most Recent Nominee
Preceded by George Mitchell Maine	Chairman of Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee 1987-1989	Succeeded by John Breaux Louisiana
Preceded by Al Gore	Democratic Party presidential candidate 2004	Succeeded by Barack Obama
United States order of precedence
Preceded by Jeff Bingaman D–New Mexico	*United States Senators by seniority* 10th	Succeeded by Tom Harkin D–Iowa

John Kerry

v t e John Kerry

Career	Military career · 2004 campaign · VP selection process · Iraq policy · Kerry-Feingold Amendment · Sponsored legislation

Elections	Senate election, 1984 · Senate election, 1990 · Senate election, 1996 · Senate election, 2002 · United States presidential election, 2004 · Senate election, 2008

Family	Forbes family · Dudley–Winthrop family · Teresa Heinz · Julia Thorne · Alexandra Kerry · Vanessa Kerry · Rosemary Forbes Kerry · Cameron Kerry

v t e Massachusetts's current delegation to the United States Congress

Senators	John Kerry (D) Scott Brown (R)

Representatives	John Olver (D) Richard Neal (D) Jim McGovern (D) Barney Frank (D) Niki Tsongas (D) John Tierney (D) Ed Markey (D) Mike Capuano (D) Stephen Lynch (D) William Keating (D)

Other states' delegations	Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Non‑voting: American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Current members of the United States Senate

AL
AK
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL

   Shelby (R)
   Murkowski (R)
   McCain (R)
   Pryor (D)
   Feinstein (D)
   M. Udall (D)
   Lieberman (I)
   Carper (D)
   C.W. Nelson (D)
   Chambliss (R)
   Inouye (D)
   Crapo (R)
   Durbin (D)

   Sessions (R)
   Begich (D)
   Kyl (R)
   Boozman (R)
   Boxer (D)
   Bennet (D)
   Blumenthal (D)
   Coons (D)
   Rubio (R)
   Isakson (R)
   Akaka (D)
   Risch (R)
   Kirk (R)

IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO

   Lugar (R)
   Grassley (R)
   Roberts (R)
   McConnell (R)
   Landrieu (D)
   Snowe (R)
   Mikulski (D)
   Kerry (D)
   Levin (D)
   Klobuchar (D)
   Cochran (R)
   McCaskill (D)

   Coats (R)
   Harkin (D)
   Moran (R)
   Paul (R)
   Vitter (R)
   Collins (R)
   Cardin (D)
   S.P. Brown (R)
   Stabenow (D)
   Franken (D)
   Wicker (R)
   Blunt (R)

MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR

   Baucus (D)
   E.B. Nelson (D)
   Reid (D)
   Shaheen (D)
   Lautenberg (D)
   Bingaman (D)
   Schumer (D)
   Burr (R)
   Conrad (D)
   S.C. Brown (D)
   Inhofe (R)
   Wyden (D)

   Tester (D)
   Johanns (R)
   Heller (R)
   Ayotte (R)
   Menendez (D)
   T. Udall (D)
   Gillibrand (D)
   Hagan (D)
   Hoeven (R)
   Portman (R)
   Coburn (R)
   Merkley (D)

PA
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY

   Casey (D)
   Reed (D)
   Graham (R)
   T. Johnson (D)
   Alexander (R)
   Hutchison (R)
   Hatch (R)
   Leahy (D)
   Webb (D)
   Murray (D)
   Rockefeller (D)
   Kohl (D)
   Enzi (R)

   Toomey (R)
   Whitehouse (D)
   DeMint (R)
   Thune (R)
   Corker (R)
   Cornyn (R)
   Lee (R)
   Sanders (I)
   Warner (D)
   Cantwell (D)
   Manchin (D)
   R. Johnson (R)
   Barrasso (R)

Democratic (51) • Republican (47) • Independent (2)

v t e United States Senators from Massachusetts

Class 1	Dalton Cabot Goodhue Mason Adams Lloyd Gore Ashmun Mellen Mills Webster Choate Webster Winthrop Rantoul Sumner Washburn Dawes Lodge, Sr. Butler Walsh Lodge, Jr. J. Kennedy Smith E. Kennedy Kirk Brown

Class 2	Strong Sedgwick Dexter Foster Pickering Varnum Otis Lloyd Silsbee Davis Bates Davis Everett Rockwell Wilson Boutwell Hoar Crane J. Weeks Walsh Gillett Coolidge Lodge, Jr. S. Weeks Saltonstall Brooke Tsongas Kerry

Chairpersons and Ranking Members of United States Senate committees

Chairpersons (Democratic)	Ranking Members (Republican)

Debbie Stabenow (Michigan) – Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Daniel Inouye (Hawaii) – Appropriations Carl Levin (Michigan) – Armed Services Tim Johnson (South Dakota) – Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Kent Conrad (North Dakota) – Budget Jay Rockefeller (West Virginia) – Commerce, Science and Transportation Jeff Bingaman (New Mexico) – Energy and Natural Resources Barbara Boxer (California) – Environment and Public Works Max Baucus (Montana) – Finance John Kerry (Massachusetts) – Foreign Relations Tom Harkin (Iowa) – Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Joe Lieberman (Connecticut) – Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Daniel Akaka (Hawaii) – Indian Affairs Patrick Leahy (Vermont) – Judiciary Chuck Schumer (New York) – Rules and Administration Mary Landrieu (Louisiana) – Small Business and Entrepreneurship Patty Murray (Washington) – Veterans' Affairs Barbara Boxer (California) – Ethics (Select) Dianne Feinstein (California) – Intelligence (Select) Herb Kohl (Wisconsin) – Aging (Special)	Pat Roberts (Kansas) – Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Thad Cochran (Mississippi) – Appropriations John McCain (Arizona) – Armed Services Richard Shelby (Alabama) – Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Jeff Sessions (Alabama) – Budget Kay Bailey Hutchison (Texas) – Commerce, Science and Transportation Lisa Murkowski (Alaska) – Energy and Natural Resources Jim Inhofe (Oklahoma) – Environment and Public Works Orrin Hatch (Utah) – Finance Richard Lugar (Indiana) – Foreign Relations Mike Enzi (Wyoming) – Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Susan Collins (Maine) – Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs John Barrasso (Wyoming) – Indian Affairs Chuck Grassley (Iowa) – Judiciary Lamar Alexander (Tennessee) – Rules and Administration Olympia Snowe (Maine) – Small Business and Entrepreneurship Richard Burr (North Carolina) – Veterans' Affairs Johnny Isakson (Georgia) – Ethics (Select) Saxby Chambliss (Georgia) – Intelligence (Select) Bob Corker (Tennessee) – Aging (Special)

v t e Current statewide government officials of Massachusetts

U.S. Senators	John Kerry Scott Brown

U.S. House	List of Representatives from Massachusetts Massachusetts's congressional districts

State constitutional officers	Deval Patrick (Governor) Tim Murray (Lieutenant Governor) William Galvin (Secretary of State) Martha Coakley (Attorney General) Steve Grossman (Treasurer) Suzanne Bump (Auditor)

State Senate leaders	Therese Murray (President) Frederick Berry (Majority Leader) Bruce E. Tarr (Minority Leader)

State House leaders	Robert DeLeo (Speaker) Ronald Mariano (Majority Leader) Bradley Jones (Minority Leader)

Supreme Judicial Court	Roderick L. Ireland (Chief) Francis X. Spina Robert J. Cordy Margot Botsford Ralph Gants Fernande R.V. Duffly Barbara Lenk

AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY

Democratic Party

Chairpersons
of the DNC

Presidential tickets

Jackson/Calhoun
Jackson/Van Buren
Van Buren/R. M. Johnson (twice)
Polk/Dallas
Cass/Butler
Pierce/King
Buchanan/Breckinridge
Douglas/H. V. Johnson (Breckinridge/Lane, SD)
McClellan/Pendleton
Seymour/Blair
Greeley/Brown
Tilden/Hendricks
Hancock/English
Cleveland/Hendricks
Cleveland/Thurman
Cleveland/Stevenson I
W. J. Bryan/Sewall
W. J. Bryan/Stevenson I
Parker/H. G. Davis
W. J. Bryan/Kern
Wilson/Marshall (twice)
Cox/Roosevelt
J. W. Davis/C. W. Bryan
Smith/Robinson
Roosevelt/Garner (twice)
Roosevelt/Wallace
Roosevelt/Truman
Truman/Barkley
Stevenson II/Sparkman
Stevenson II/Kefauver
Kennedy/Johnson
Johnson/Humphrey
Humphrey/Muskie
McGovern/(Eagleton, Shriver)
Carter/Mondale (twice)
Mondale/Ferraro
Dukakis/Bentsen
Clinton/Gore (twice)
Gore/Lieberman
Kerry/Edwards
Obama/Biden (twice)

Parties by state
and territory

State	Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Territory	District of Columbia Puerto Rico

Conventions
(List)

Affiliated
organizations

v t e Lieutenant Governors of Massachusetts

Colony (1629–1686)	Goffe Humphrey T. Dudley Ludlow Bellingham Winthrop T. Dudley Bellingham Endecott Winthrop T. Dudley Endecott T. Dudley Endecott Bellingham Willoughby Leverett Symonds Bradstreet Danforth

Dominion (1686–1689)	Stoughton Nicholson

Province (1692–1776)	Stoughton Povey Tailer Dummer Tailer S. Phips Hutchinson A. Oliver T. Oliver

Commonwealth (since 1776)	T. Cushing B. Lincoln Adams Gill S. Phillips Robbins L. Lincoln Cobb Gray W. Phillips L. Lincoln, Jr. Morton Winthrop Armstrong Hull Childs Reed Cushman Huntington Plunkett Brown Benchley Trask Goodrich Nesmith Hayden Caflin Tucker Talbot Knight Long Weston Ames Halie Wolcott Crane Bates Guild Draper Frothingham Luce Walsh Barry G. Cushing C. Coolidge Cox Fuller Allen Youngman Bacon Hurley Kelly Cahill Bradford A. Coolidge Sullivan Whittier R. Murphy McLaughin Bellotti Richardson Sargent Dwight O'Neill Kerry E. Murphy Cellucci Swift Healey Murray

v t e Chairmen of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

Buchanan • Rives • Archer • Allen • Sevier • Hannegan • Benton • King • Foote • Mason • Sumner • Cameron • Hamlin • Eaton • Burnside • Edmunds • Windom • Miller • Sherman • Frye • Davis • Cullom • Bacon • Stone • Hitchcock • Lodge • Borah • Pittman • George • Green • Fulbright • Sparkman • Church • Percy • Lugar • Pell • Helms • Biden • Helms • Biden • Lugar • Biden • Kerry

v t e Chairmen of the United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship

Sparkman • Thye • Sparkman • Smathers • Bible • Nelson • Weicker • Bumpers • Bond • Kerry • Bond • Kerry • Snowe • Kerry • Landrieu

v t e Chairs of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee

Johnston • Ford • Bentsen • Mitchell • Kerry • Breaux • Robb • Graham • Kerrey • Torricelli • Murray • Corzine • Schumer • Menendez • Murray

United States presidential election, 1992

Democratic Party

Convention

Primaries

Nominee: Bill Clinton (campaign)

VP Nominee: Al Gore

Candidates: Larry Agran; Jerry Brown; Tom Harkin; Bob Kerrey; Lyndon LaRouche; Tom Laughlin; Eugene McCarthy; Paul Tsongas; Douglas Wilder; Charles Woods

Republican Party

Convention

Primaries

Nominee: George H.W. Bush

VP Nominee: Dan Quayle

Candidates: Pat Buchanan; David Duke; Jack Fellure; Isabell Masters; Pat Paulsen; Tennie Rogers; Harold Stassen

Independent

Candidate: Ross Perot (campaign)

VP Candidate: James Stockdale

Other independent and third party candidates

Libertarian Party	Nominee Andre Marrou VP Nominee Nancy Lord

Natural Law Party	Nominee John Hagelin VP Nominee Mike Tompkins

New Alliance Party	Nominee Lenora Fulani VP Nominee Maria Elizabeth Muñoz

Prohibition Party	Nominee Earl Dodge

Socialist Party USA	Nominee J. Quinn Brisben VP Nominee Barbara Garson

Socialist Workers Party	Nominee James Warren VP Nominee Willie Mae Reid

U.S. Taxpayers Party	Nominee Howard Phillips VP Nominee Albion Knight, Jr.

Workers World Party	Nominee Gloria La Riva VP Nominee Larry Holmes

Independents and other candidates	Ronald Daniels (Running mate: Asiba Tupahache) Bo Gritz Isabell Masters

Other 1992 elections: House; Senate; Gubernatorial

**Summary of the 2 November 2004 United States presidential election results**
Candidates		Party	Votes	%	Electoral votes
	George W. Bush	Republican Party	62,040,610	50.73%	286
	John Kerry	Democratic Party	59,028,444	48.27%	251
	John Edwards ¹	Democratic Party	59,028,444	48.27%	1
	Ralph Nader	Independent, Reform Party	465,650	0.38%	-
	Michael Badnarik	Libertarian Party	397,265	0.32%	-
	Michael Peroutka	Constitution Party	143,630	0.12%	-
	David Cobb	Green Party	119,859	0.10%	-
	Other		99,887	0.08%	-
Total			122,295,345	100.0%	538
Voter turnout: 56.70 %
Source: FEC 2004 Election Results

The Dudley–Winthrop family tree

John Winthrop
(1588-1649)

Thomas Dudley
(1576-1653)

John Winthrop the Younger
(1606-1676)

Simon Bradstreet
(1603-1697)

Anne Dudley

Joseph Dudley
(1647-1720)

Wait Still Winthrop
(1642-1717)

Fitz-John Winthrop
(1638-1707)

Paul Dudley
(1675-1751)

Ann Dudley

John Winthrop, F.R.S.
(1681-1776)

John Still Winthrop
(1720-1776)

Thomas Lindall Winthrop
(1760-1841)

Francis Bayard Winthrop
(1754-1817)

Robert Charles Winthrop
(1809-1894)

Thomas Charles Winthrop
(1797-1873)

Francis B. Winthrop, Jr
(1787-1841)

Robert C. Winthrop, Jr.
(1834-1905)

Robert Winthrop
(1833-1892)

Katherine Wilson Taylor
(1839-1925)

Theodore Winthrop
(1828-1861)

James Grant Forbes
(1879-1955)

Margaret Tyndal Winthrop

Beekman Winthrop
(1874-1940)

Katherine Taylor Winthrop
(1866-1943)

Hamilton Fish Kean
(1862-1941)

Richard John Kerry

Rosemary Forbes
(1913-2002)

Robert Winthrop Kean
(1893-1980)

John Forbes Kerry
(1943-)

Thomas Howard Kean
(1935-)

Thomas Kean, Jr.
(1968-)

Persondata
Name	Kerry, John Forbes
Alternative names
Short description	Junior United States Senator from Massachusetts, 2004 Presidential candidate for the Democratic Party
Date of birth	11 December 1943
Place of birth	Aurora, Colorado
Date of death
Place of death

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This article is about the 43rd U.S. president. For his father, the 41st U.S. president, see George H. W. Bush. For other persons of the same name, see George Bush.

George W. Bush

43rd President of the United States
In office January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
Vice President	Dick Cheney
Preceded by	Bill Clinton
Succeeded by	Barack Obama
46th Governor of Texas
In office January 17, 1995 – December 21, 2000
Lieutenant	Bob Bullock Rick Perry
Preceded by	Ann Richards
Succeeded by	Rick Perry
Personal details
Born	George Walker Bush (1946-07-06) July 6, 1946 (age 65) New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Laura Welch (1977–present)
Children	Barbara Jenna
Alma mater	Yale University Harvard Business School
Profession	Businessman (Oil, baseball)
Religion	Episcopal (Before 1977)^[1] United Methodism (1977–present)^[2]^[3]
Signature
Website	Bush Presidential Library Bush Presidential Center The White House Archived
Military service
Service/branch	Texas Air National Guard Alabama Air National Guard
Years of service	1968–1974
Rank	First Lieutenant
Unit	147th Reconnaissance Wing 187th Fighter Wing

George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who was the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 and the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. The eldest son of Barbara Bush and George H. W. Bush, he was born in New Haven, Connecticut. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush worked in oil businesses. He married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. In a close and controversial election, Bush was elected President in 2000 as the Republican candidate, defeating Vice President Al Gore in the Electoral College. Bush is the second American president to have been the son of a former president.^[4] He is also the brother of Jeb Bush, former Governor of Florida.

Terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bush's first term as president on September 11, 2001. In response, Bush announced the War on Terror, an international military campaign which included the war in Afghanistan launched in 2001 and the war in Iraq launched in 2003. In addition to national security issues, Bush promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, and social security reform. He signed into law broad tax cuts, the PATRIOT Act, the No Child Left Behind Act, the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, and Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors. His tenure saw national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and enhanced interrogation techniques. His administration also withdrew the U.S. from a some international treaty processes, including the Kyoto Protocol on global warming.^[5]

Bush successfully ran for re-election against Democratic Senator John Kerry in 2004, in another relatively close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the political spectrum.^[6]^[7]^[8] In 2005, the Bush Administration dealt with widespread criticism over its handling of Hurricane Katrina.^[9]^[10]^[11] Following this and other controversies, as well as the growing unpopularity of the Iraq War, Democrats won control of Congress in the 2006 elections. In December 2007, the United States entered its longest post–World War II recession, prompting the Bush Administration to enact multiple economic programs intended to preserve the country's financial system. Though Bush was popular in the U.S. for much of his first term,^[12] his popularity declined sharply during his second. He was a highly controversial figure internationally, with public protests occurring even during visits to close allies, such as the United Kingdom.^[13]

After leaving office, Bush returned to Texas and purchased a home in a suburban area of Dallas. He is currently a public speaker and has written a book about his life entitled Decision Points.^[14]

1 Childhood to mid-life
- 1.1 Education
- 1.2 Texas Air National Guard
2 Marriage, family, and personal life
3 Early career
4 Governor of Texas
5 Presidential campaigns
- 5.1 2000 Presidential candidacy
  - 5.1.1 Primary
  - 5.1.2 General election
- 5.2 2004 Presidential candidacy
6 Presidency
7 Post-presidency
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links

Childhood to mid-life [link]

Main article: Early life of George W. Bush

George Walker Bush was born in New Haven, Connecticut at Grace-New Haven Hospital (now Yale – New Haven Hospital), on July 6, 1946,^[15] the first child of George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush (née Pierce). He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin and Dorothy. Another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953.^[16] Bush's grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U.S. Senator from Connecticut.^[17] Bush's father, George H. W. Bush, was Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and President from 1989 to 1993. Bush is of primarily English descent and also more distant German, Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, and Scottish ancestry.^[18]

Education [link]

Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas until the family moved to Houston after he completed seventh grade. He then went to The Kinkaid School, a prep school in Houston, for two years.^[19]

Bush finished high school at Phillips Academy, a boarding school (then all-male) in Andover, Massachusetts, where he played baseball and during his senior year was the head cheerleader.^[20]^[21] Bush attended Yale University from 1964 to 1968, graduating with an A.B. in history.^[22] During this time, he was a cheerleader and a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon, being elected the fraternity's president during his senior year.^[23]^[24]^[25] Bush also became a member of the Skull and Bones society as a senior.^[26] Bush was a keen rugby union player and was on Yale's 1st XV.^[27] He characterized himself as an average student.^[28] His average during his first three years at Yale was 77 and he had a similar average under a nonnumeric rating system in his final year.^[29]

Beginning in the fall of 1973, Bush attended the Harvard Business School, where he earned a Master of Business Administration. He is the only U.S. President to have earned an M.B.A.^[30]

Texas Air National Guard [link]

Lt. George W. Bush while in the Texas Air National Guard

In May 1968, Bush was commissioned into the Texas Air National Guard.^[31] After two years of active-duty service while training,^[32] he was assigned to Houston, flying Convair F-102s with the 147th Reconnaissance Wing out of Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base.^[31]^[33] Critics, including former Democratic National Committee Chairman Terry McAuliffe, have alleged that Bush was favorably treated due to his father's political standing, citing his selection as a pilot despite his low pilot aptitude test scores and his irregular attendance.^[34] In June 2005, the United States Department of Defense released all the records of Bush's Texas Air National Guard service, which remain in its official archives.^[35]

In late 1972 and early 1973, he drilled with the 187th Fighter Wing of the Alabama Air National Guard, having moved to Montgomery, Alabama to work on the unsuccessful U.S. Senate campaign of Republican Winton M. Blount.^[36]^[37] In 1972, Bush was suspended from flying for failure to take a scheduled physical exam.^[38] He was honorably discharged from the Air Force Reserve on November 21, 1974.^[39]

Marriage, family, and personal life [link]

Early career [link]

George W. Bush with his father outside the White House on April 29, 1992

Main article: Professional life of George W. Bush

In 1978, Bush ran for the House of Representatives from Texas's 19th congressional district. His opponent, Kent Hance, portrayed him as out of touch with rural Texans; Bush lost by 6,000 votes (6%) of the 103,000 votes cast.^[48] He returned to the oil industry and began a series of small, independent oil exploration companies.^[49] He created Arbusto Energy,^[50] and later changed the name to Bush Exploration. In 1984, his company merged with the larger Spectrum 7, and Bush became chairman.^[49] The company was hurt by decreased oil prices, and it folded into HKN, Inc.^[49]^[51] Bush served on the board of directors for HKN.^[49] Questions of possible insider trading involving HKN arose, but the Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) investigation concluded that the information Bush had at the time of his stock sale was not sufficient to constitute insider trading.^[49]^[52]

Bush moved his family to Washington, D.C. in 1988 to work on his father's campaign for the U.S. presidency.^[53]^[54] He served as a campaign adviser and liaison to the media;^[49] he assisted his father by campaigning across the country.^[49] Returning to Texas after the successful campaign, he purchased a share in the Texas Rangers baseball franchise in April 1989, where he served as managing general partner for five years.^[55] He actively led the team's projects and regularly attended its games, often choosing to sit in the open stands with fans.^[56] Bush's sale of his shares in the Rangers in 1998 brought him over $15 million from his initial $800,000 investment.^[57]

In December 1991, Bush was one of seven people named by his father to run his father's 1992 Presidential re-election campaign as "campaign advisor".^[58] The prior month, his father asked him to tell White House chief of staff John H. Sununu that he should resign.^[59]

Governor of Texas [link]

Main article: Governorship of George W. Bush

Governor Bush with wife, Laura, and father, George H. W. Bush

As Bush's brother, Jeb, sought the governorship of Florida, Bush declared his candidacy for the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. His campaign focused on four themes: welfare reform, tort reform, crime reduction, and education improvement.^[49] Bush's campaign advisers were Karen Hughes, Joe Allbaugh, and Karl Rove.^[60]

After easily winning the Republican primary, Bush faced popular Democratic incumbent Governor Ann Richards.^[49]^[61] In the course of the campaign, Bush pledged to sign a bill allowing Texans to obtain permits to carry concealed weapons. Richards had vetoed the bill, but Bush signed it after he became governor.^[62] According to The Atlantic Monthly, the race "featured a rumor that she was a lesbian, along with a rare instance of such a tactic's making it into the public record – when a regional chairman of the Bush campaign allowed himself, perhaps inadvertently, to be quoted criticizing Richards for 'appointing avowed homosexual activists' to state jobs".^[63] The Atlantic, and others, connected the lesbian rumor to Karl Rove,^[64] but Rove denied being involved.^[65] Bush won the general election with 53.5% against Richards' 45.9%.^[66]

Bush used a budget surplus to push through Texas's largest tax-cut, $2 billion.^[60] He extended government funding for organizations providing education of the dangers of alcohol and drug use and abuse, and helping to reduce domestic violence.^[67] Critics contended that during his tenure, Texas ranked near the bottom in environmental evaluations, but supporters pointed to his efforts to raise the salaries of teachers and improved educational test scores.^[49]

In 1999, Bush also helped make Texas eventually the leading producer of wind powered electricity in the U.S.^[68]^[69]^[70] by signing a state law obliging electric retailers to buy a certain amount of energy from renewable sources (RPS).^[71]^[72]^[73]

In 1998, Bush won re-election with a record^[49] 69% of the vote.^[74] He became the first governor in Texas history to be elected to two consecutive four-year terms.^[49] For most of Texas history, governors served two-year terms; a constitutional amendment extended those terms to four years starting in 1975.^[75] In his second term, Bush promoted faith-based organizations and enjoyed high approval ratings.^[49] He proclaimed June 10, 2000 to be Jesus Day in Texas, a day on which he "urge[d] all Texans to answer the call to serve those in need".^[76]

Throughout Bush's first term, national attention focused on him as a potential future presidential candidate. Following his re-election, speculation soared.^[49] Within a year, he decided to seek the 2000 Republican presidential nomination.

Presidential campaigns [link]

2000 Presidential candidacy [link]

Main article: United States presidential election, 2000

Bush in Concord, New Hampshire signing to be a candidate for president

Primary [link]

In June 1999, while Governor of Texas, Bush announced his candidacy for President of the United States. With no incumbent running, Bush entered a large field of candidates for the Republican Party presidential nomination consisting of John McCain, Alan Keyes, Steve Forbes, Gary Bauer, Orrin Hatch, Elizabeth Dole, Dan Quayle, Pat Buchanan, Lamar Alexander, John Kasich, and Robert C. Smith.

Bush portrayed himself as a compassionate conservative, implying he was more centrist than other Republicans. He campaigned on a platform that included increasing the size of the United States Armed Forces, cutting taxes, improving education, and aiding minorities.^[49] By early 2000, the race had centered on Bush and McCain.^[49]

Bush won the Iowa caucuses, but, although he was heavily favored to win the New Hampshire primary, he trailed McCain by 19% and lost that primary. Despite this, Bush regained momentum and, according to political observers, effectively became the front runner after the South Carolina primary, which according to The Boston Globe made history for his campaign's negativity; The New York Times described it as a smear campaign.^[77]^[78]^[79]

General election [link]

On July 25, 2000, Bush surprised some observers by asking Dick Cheney, a former White House Chief of Staff, U.S. Representative, and Secretary of Defense, to be his running mate. Cheney was then serving as head of Bush's Vice-Presidential search committee. Soon after, Cheney was officially nominated by the Republican Party at the 2000 Republican National Convention.

Bush continued to campaign across the country and touted his record as Governor of Texas.^[49] Bush's campaign criticized his Democratic opponent, incumbent Vice President Al Gore, over gun control and taxation.^[80]

When the election returns came in on November 7, Bush won 29 states, including Florida. The closeness of the Florida outcome led to a recount.^[49] The initial recount also went to Bush, but the outcome was tied up in courts for a month until reaching the U.S. Supreme Court.^[81] On December 9, in a controversial ruling^[82] the Bush v. Gore case the Court reversed a Florida Supreme Court decision ordering a third count, and stopped an ordered statewide hand recount based on the argument that the use of different standards among Florida's counties violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.^[49] The machine recount showed that Bush had won the Florida vote by a margin of 537 votes out of six million cast.^[83] Although he received 543,895 fewer individual votes than Gore nationwide, Bush won the election, receiving 271 electoral votes to Gore's 266.^[83]

2004 Presidential candidacy [link]

Main article: United States presidential election, 2004

George W. Bush speaks at a campaign rally in 2004.

In 2004, Bush commanded broad support in the Republican Party and did not encounter a primary challenge. He appointed Ken Mehlman as campaign manager, with a political strategy devised by Karl Rove.^[84] Bush and the Republican platform included a strong commitment to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan,^[85] support for the USA PATRIOT Act,^[86] a renewed shift in policy for constitutional amendments banning abortion and same-sex marriage,^[85]^[87] reforming Social Security to create private investment accounts,^[85] creation of an ownership society,^[85] and opposing mandatory carbon emissions controls.^[88] Bush also called for the implementation of a guest worker program for immigrants,^[85] which was criticized by conservatives.^[89]

The Bush campaign advertised across the U.S. against Democratic candidates, including Bush's emerging opponent, Massachusetts Senator John Kerry. Kerry and other Democrats attacked Bush on the Iraq War, and accused him of failing to stimulate the economy and job growth. The Bush campaign portrayed Kerry as a staunch liberal who would raise taxes and increase the size of government. The Bush campaign continuously criticized Kerry's seemingly contradictory statements on the war in Iraq,^[49] and argued that Kerry lacked the decisiveness and vision necessary for success in the War on Terror.

In the election, Bush carried 31 of 50 states, receiving a total of 286 electoral votes. He won an outright majority of the popular vote (50.7% to his opponent's 48.3%).^[90] The previous President to win an outright majority of the popular vote was Bush's father in the 1988 election. Additionally, it was the first time since Herbert Hoover's election in 1928 that a Republican president was elected alongside re-elected Republican majorities in both Houses of Congress. Bush's 2.5% margin of victory was the narrowest ever for a victorious incumbent President, breaking Woodrow Wilson's 3.1% margin of victory against Charles Evans Hughes in the election of 1916.^[91]^[92]

Presidency [link]

Main articles: Presidency of George W. Bush, George W. Bush's first term as President of the United States, and George W. Bush's second term as President of the United States

Though Bush originally outlined an ambitious domestic agenda, his priorities were significantly altered following the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001.^[93] Wars were waged in Afghanistan and Iraq with significant domestic debates regarding immigration, healthcare, Social Security, economic policy, and treatment of terrorist detainees. Over an eight year period, Bush's once-high approval ratings^[94] steadily declined, while his disapproval numbers increased significantly.^[95] In 2007, the administration prioritized dealing with the United States having entered into the longest post-World War II recession.^[96]

Domestic policy [link]

Main article: Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration

Economic policy [link]

Main article: Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration

During the George W. Bush administration, federal government spending was increased from $1789 billion to $2983 billion (70%) but the revenues were only increased from $2025 billion to $2524 billion (from 2000 to 2008). Individual income tax revenues were increased by 14%, corporate tax revenues by 50%, customs and duties by 40%. Discretionary defense spending was increased by 107%, discretionary domestic spending by 62%, Medicare spending by 131%, social security by 51%, and income security spending by 130%. Cyclically adjusted, revenues rose by 35% and spending by 65%.^[97]

Also proportionally Bush increased government spending more than any predecessor since Lyndon B. Johnson.^[98]

The number of economic regulation governmental workers was increased by 91,196, whereas Bill Clinton had cut down the number by 969.^[99]

In a February 28, 2001, message to the Congress, Bush estimated that there would be a $5.6 trillion surplus over the next ten years.^[100] Facing congressional opposition, Bush held town hall-style public meetings across the U.S. in 2001 to increase public support for his plan for a $1.35 trillion tax cut program—one of the largest tax cuts in U.S. history.^[49] Bush argued that unspent government funds should be returned to taxpayers, saying "the surplus is not the government’s money. The surplus is the people’s money."^[49] With reports of the threat of recession from Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, Bush argued that such a tax cut would stimulate the economy and create jobs.^[101] Others, including the Treasury Secretary at the time Paul O'Neill, were opposed to some of the tax cuts on the basis that they would contribute to budget deficits and undermine Social Security.^[102] O'Neill disputes the claim made in Bush's book "Decision Points" that he never openly disagreed with him on planned tax cuts.^[103] By 2003, the economy showed signs of improvement, though job growth remained stagnant.^[49] Another tax cut program was passed that year.

Deficit and debt increases 2001–2009. Gross debt has increased over $500 billion each year since FY2003.

Under the Bush Administration, real GDP grew at an average annual rate of 2.5%,^[104] considerably below the average for business cycles from 1949 to 2000.^[105]^[106] Bush entered office with the Dow Jones Industrial Average at 10,587, and the average peaked in October 2007 at over 14,000. When Bush left office, the average was at 7,949, one of the lowest levels of his presidency.^[107] Unemployment originally rose from 4.2% in January 2001 to 6.3% in June 2003, but subsequently dropped to 4.5% as of July 2007.^[108] Adjusted for inflation, median household income dropped by $1,175 between 2000 and 2007,^[109] while Professor Ken Homa of Georgetown University has noted that "after-tax median household income increased by 2%"^[110] The poverty rate increased from 11.3% in 2000 to 12.3% in 2006 after peaking at 12.7% in 2004.^[111] By October 2008, due to increases in domestic and foreign spending,^[112] the national debt had risen to $11.3 trillion,^[113] an increase of over 100% from the start of the year 2000 when the debt was $5.6 trillion.^[114]^[115] Most debt was accumulated as a result of what became known as the "Bush tax cuts" and increased national security spending.^[116] By the end of Bush's presidency, unemployment climbed to 7.2%.^[117] The perception of Bush's effect on the economy is significantly affected by partisanship, which makes it difficult to determine who or what caused which problems.^[118]

President Bush signing a $1.35 trillion tax cut into law. June 7, 2001

In December 2007, the United States entered the longest post–World War II recession,^[119] which included a housing market correction, a subprime mortgage crisis, soaring oil prices, and a declining dollar value.^[120] In February, 63,000 jobs were lost, a five-year record.^[121]^[122] To aid with the situation, Bush signed a $170 billion economic stimulus package which was intended to improve the economic situation by sending tax rebate checks to many Americans and providing tax breaks for struggling businesses. The Bush administration pushed for significantly increased regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in 2003,^[123] and after two years, the regulations passed the House but died in the Senate. Many Republican senators, as well as influential members of the Bush Administration, feared that the agency created by these regulations would merely be mimicking the private sector’s risky practices.^[124]^[125] In September 2008, the crisis became much more serious beginning with the government takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac followed by the collapse of Lehman Brothers and a federal bailout of American International Group for $85 billion.^[126]

Many economists and world governments determined that the situation became the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression.^[127]^[128] Additional regulation over the housing market would have been beneficial, according to former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan.^[129] Bush, meanwhile, proposed a financial rescue plan to buy back a large portion of the U.S. mortgage market.^[130] Vince Reinhardt, a former Federal Reserve economist now at the American Enterprise Institute, said "it would have helped for the Bush administration to empower the folks at Treasury and the Federal Reserve and the comptroller of the currency and the FDIC to look at these issues more closely", and additionally, that it would have helped "for Congress to have held hearings".^[125]

In November 2008, over 500,000 jobs were lost, which marked the largest loss of jobs in the United States in 34 years.^[131] The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that in the last four months of 2008, 1.9 million jobs were lost.^[132] By the end of 2008, the U.S. had lost a total of 2.6 million jobs.^[133]

Education and health [link]

Bush undertook a number of educational priorities, such as increasing the funding for the National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health in his first years of office, and creating education programs to strengthen the grounding in science and mathematics for American high school students. Funding for the NIH was cut in 2006, the first such cut in 36 years, due to rising inflation.^[134]

Bush signs the No Child Left Behind Act into law, January 2002.

One of the administration's early major initiatives was the No Child Left Behind Act, which aimed to measure and close the gap between rich and poor student performance, provide options to parents with students in low-performing schools, and target more federal funding to low-income schools. This landmark education initiative passed with broad bipartisan support, including that of Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts.^[135] It was signed into law by Bush in early 2002.^[136] Many contend that the initiative has been successful, as cited by the fact that students in the U.S. have performed significantly better on state reading and math tests since Bush signed "No Child Left Behind" into law.^[137] Critics argue that it is underfunded^[138] and that NCLBA's focus on "high stakes testing" and quantitative outcomes is counterproductive.^[139]

After being re-elected, Bush signed into law a Medicare drug benefit program that, according to Jan Crawford Greenburg, resulted in "the greatest expansion in America's welfare state in forty years;" the bill's costs approached $7 trillion.^[140] In 2007, Bush opposed and vetoed State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) legislation, which was added by the Democrats onto a war funding bill and passed by Congress. The SCHIP legislation would have significantly expanded federally funded health care benefits and plans to children of some low-income families from about six million to ten million children. It was to be funded by an increase in the cigarette tax.^[141] Bush viewed the legislation as a move toward socialized health care, and asserted that the program could benefit families making as much as $83,000 per year who did not need the help.^[142]

Social services and Social Security [link]

Following Republican efforts to pass the Medicare Act of 2003, Bush signed the bill, which included major changes to the Medicare program by providing beneficiaries with some assistance in paying for prescription drugs, while relying on private insurance for the delivery of benefits.^[143] The retired persons lobby group AARP worked with the Bush Administration on the program and gave their endorsement. Bush said the law, estimated to cost $400 billion over the first ten years, would give the elderly "better choices and more control over their health care".^[144]

Bush speaks at the United States Coast Guard Academy commencement, May 2007.

Bush began his second term by outlining a major initiative to reform Social Security,^[145] which was facing record deficit projections beginning in 2005. Bush made it the centerpiece of his domestic agenda despite opposition from some in the U.S. Congress.^[145] In his 2005 State of the Union Address, Bush discussed the potential impending bankruptcy of the program and outlined his new program, which included partial privatization of the system, personal Social Security accounts, and options to permit Americans to divert a portion of their Social Security tax (FICA) into secured investments.^[145] Democrats opposed the proposal to partially privatize the system.^[145]

Bush embarked on a 60-day national tour, campaigning vigorously for his initiative in media events, known as the "Conversations on Social Security", in an attempt to gain support from the general public.^[146] Despite the energetic campaign, public support for the proposal declined^[147] and the House Republican leadership decided not to put Social Security reform on the priority list for the remainder of their 2005 legislative agenda.^[148] The proposal's legislative prospects were further diminished by the political fallout from the Hurricane Katrina in the fall of 2005.^[149] After the Democrats gained control of both houses of the Congress as a result of the 2006 midterm elections, the prospects of any further congressional action on the Bush proposal were dead for the remainder of his term in office.

Environmental and energy policies [link]

Main article: Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration#Environment

Upon taking office in 2001, Bush stated his opposition to the Kyoto Protocol, an amendment to the UN Convention on Climate Change which seeks to impose mandatory targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, citing that the treaty exempted 80% of the world's population^[150] and would have cost tens of billions of dollars per year.^[151] He also cited that the Senate had voted 95–0 in 1997 on a resolution expressing its disapproval of the protocol.

Bush delivers a statement on energy, urging Congress to end offshore oil drill ban, June 18, 2008.

In May 2001, Bush signed an executive order to create an inter-agency task force to streamline energy projects,^[152] and later signed two other executive orders to tackle environmental issues.^[153]

In 2002, Bush announced the Clear Skies Act of 2003,^[154] aimed at amending the Clean Air Act to reduce air pollution through the use of emissions trading programs. Many experts argued that this legislation would have weakened the original legislation by allowing higher emission rates of pollutants than were previously legal.^[155] The initiative was introduced to Congress, but failed to make it out of committee.

Bush has said that he believes that global warming is real^[156] and has noted that it is a serious problem, but he asserted there is a "debate over whether it's man-made or naturally caused".^[157] The Bush Administration's stance on global warming remained controversial in the scientific and environmental communities. Critics have alleged that the administration^[158] misinformed the public and did not do enough to reduce carbon emissions and deter global warming.^[159]

In his 2006 State of the Union Address, Bush declared, "America is addicted to oil" and announced his Advanced Energy Initiative to increase energy development research.^[160]

That same year, Bush declared the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands a national monument, creating the largest marine reserve to date. The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument comprises 84 million acres (340,000 km²) and is home to 7,000 species of fish, birds, and other marine animals, many of which are specific to only those islands.^[161] The move was hailed by conservationists for "its foresight and leadership in protecting this incredible area".^[162]

In his 2007 State of the Union Address, Bush renewed his pledge to work toward diminished reliance on foreign oil by reducing fossil fuel consumption and increasing alternative fuel production.^[163] Amid high gasoline prices in 2008, Bush lifted a ban on offshore drilling.^[164] However, the move was largely symbolic as there is still a federal law banning offshore drilling. Bush said, "This means that the only thing standing between the American people and these vast oil reserves is action from the U.S. Congress."^[164] Bush had said in June 2008, "In the long run, the solution is to reduce demand for oil by promoting alternative energy technologies. My administration has worked with Congress to invest in gas-saving technologies like advanced batteries and hydrogen fuel cells.... In the short run, the American economy will continue to rely largely on oil. And that means we need to increase supply, especially here at home. So my administration has repeatedly called on Congress to expand domestic oil production."^[165]

President Bush signing the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act, September 26, 2006

In his 2008 State of the Union Address, Bush announced that the U.S. would commit $2 billion over the next three years to a new international fund to promote clean energy technologies and fight climate change, saying, "Along with contributions from other countries, this fund will increase and accelerate the deployment of all forms of cleaner, more efficient technologies in developing nations like India and China, and help leverage substantial private-sector capital by making clean energy projects more financially attractive." He also announced plans to reaffirm the United States' commitment to work with major economies, and, through the UN, to complete an international agreement that will slow, stop, and eventually reverse the growth of greenhouse gases; he stated, "This agreement will be effective only if it includes commitments by every major economy and gives none a free ride."^[166]

Stem cell research and first use of veto power [link]

Federal funding for medical research involving the creation or destruction of human embryos through the Department of Health and Human Services and the National Institutes of Health has been forbidden by law since the passage in 1995 of the Dickey-Wicker Amendment by Congress and the signature of President Bill Clinton.^[167] Bush has said that he supports adult stem cell research and has supported federal legislation that finances adult stem cell research. However, Bush did not support embryonic stem cell research.^[168] On August 9, 2001, Bush signed an executive order lifting the ban on federal funding for the 71 existing "lines" of stem cells,^[169] but the ability of these existing lines to provide an adequate medium for testing has been questioned. Testing can only be done on 12 of the original lines, and all of the approved lines have been cultured in contact with mouse cells, which creates safety issues that complicate development and approval of therapies from these lines.^[170] On July 19, 2006, Bush used his veto power for the first time in his presidency to veto the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act. The bill would have repealed the Dickey-Wicker Amendment, thereby permitting federal money to be used for research where stem cells are derived from the destruction of an embryo.^[171]

Immigration [link]

Bush discusses border security with Homeland Security Director Michael Chertoff near El Paso, November 2005.

In 2006, Bush urged Congress to allow more than 12 million illegal immigrants to work in the United States with the creation of a "temporary guest-worker program". Bush did not support amnesty for illegal immigrants,^[172] but argued that the lack of legal status denies the protections of U.S. laws to millions of people who face dangers of poverty and exploitation, and penalizes employers despite a demand for immigrant labor.^[173] Nearly 8 million immigrants came to the United States from 2000 to 2005, more than in any other five-year period in the nation's history.^[174] Almost half entered illegally.^[175]

Bush also urged Congress to provide additional funds for border security and committed to deploying 6,000 National Guard troops to the Mexico–United States border.^[176] In May–June 2007, Bush strongly supported the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007, which was written by a bipartisan group of Senators with the active participation of the Bush administration.^[177] The bill envisioned a legalization program for illegal immigrants, with an eventual path to citizenship; establishing a guest worker program; a series of border and work site enforcement measures; a reform of the green card application process and the introduction of a point-based "merit" system for green cards; elimination of "chain migration" and of the Diversity Immigrant Visa; and other measures. Bush contended that the proposed bill did not amount to amnesty.^[178]

A heated public debate followed, which resulted in a substantial rift within the Republican Party, most conservatives opposed it because of its legalization or amnesty provisions.^[179] The bill was eventually defeated in the Senate on June 28, 2007, when a cloture motion failed on a 46–53 vote.^[180] Bush expressed disappointment upon the defeat of one of his signature domestic initiatives.^[181] The Bush administration later proposed a series of immigration enforcement measures that do not require a change in law.^[182]

On September 19, 2010, former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said that Bush offered to accept 100,000 Palestinian refugees as American citizens if a permanent settlement had been reached between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.^[183]

Hurricane Katrina [link]

Main article: Political effects of Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Katrina, which was one of the worst natural disasters in U.S. history, struck early in Bush’s second term. Katrina formed in late August during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and devastated much of the north-central Gulf Coast of the United States, particularly New Orleans.^[184]

Bush shakes hands with New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin on September 2, 2005, after viewing the devastation of Hurricane Katrina.

Bush declared a state of emergency in Louisiana on August 27,^[185] and in Mississippi and Alabama the following day;^[186] he authorized the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to manage the disaster, but his announcement failed to spur these agencies to action.^[187] The eye of the hurricane made landfall on August 29, and New Orleans began to flood due to levee breaches; later that day, Bush declared that a major disaster existed in Louisiana,^[188] officially authorizing FEMA to start using federal funds to assist in the recovery effort. On August 30, DHS Secretary Michael Chertoff declared it "an incident of national significance",^[189] triggering the first use of the newly created National Response Plan. Three days later, on September 2, National Guard troops first entered the city of New Orleans.^[190] The same day, Bush toured parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama and declared that the success of the recovery effort up to that point was "not enough".^[191]

As the disaster in New Orleans intensified, critics charged that Bush was misrepresenting his administration's role in what they saw as a flawed response. Leaders attacked Bush for having appointed apparently incompetent leaders to positions of power at FEMA, notably Michael D. Brown;^[192] it was also argued that the federal response was limited as a result of the Iraq War^[193] and Bush himself did not act upon warnings of floods.^[194]^[195]^[196] Bush responded to mounting criticism by accepting full responsibility for the federal government's failures in its handling of the emergency.^[190] It has been argued that with Katrina, Bush passed a political tipping point from which he would not recover.^[197]

Midterm dismissal of U.S. attorneys [link]

Main article: Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy

During Bush's second term, a controversy arose over the Justice Department's midterm dismissal of seven United States Attorneys.^[198] The White House maintained that the U.S. attorneys were fired for poor performance.^[199] Attorney General Alberto Gonzales would later resign over the issue, along with other senior members of the Justice Department.^[200]^[201] The House Judiciary Committee issued subpoenas for advisers Harriet Miers and Josh Bolten to testify regarding this matter, but Bush directed Miers and Bolten to not comply with those subpoenas, invoking his right of executive privilege. Bush has maintained that all of his advisers are protected under a broad executive privilege protection to receive candid advice. The Justice Department has determined that the President's order was legal.^[202]

Although Congressional investigations have focused on whether the Justice Department and the White House were using the U.S. Attorney positions for political advantage, no official findings have been released. On March 10, 2008, the Congress filed a federal lawsuit to enforce their issued subpoenas.^[203] On July 31, 2008, a United States district court judge ruled that Bush's top advisers were not immune from Congressional subpoenas.^[204]

In August 2009, Karl Rove and Harriet Miers testified before the House Judiciary Committee. A Justice Department inquiry into the firing of U.S. attorneys concluded that political considerations played a part in as many as four of the dismissals.^[205] In July 2010, the Justice Department prosecutors closed the two-year investigation without filing charges after determining that the firings were inappropriately political, but not criminal. According to the prosecutors, "Evidence did not demonstrate that any prosecutable criminal offense was committed with regard to the removal of David Iglesias. The investigative team also determined that the evidence did not warrant expanding the scope of the investigation beyond the removal of Iglesias."^[206]

Foreign policy [link]

Main article: Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration

Bush presents the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Pope John Paul II during a visit to the Vatican, June 2004.

In July 2001 Bush visited the pope at Castel Gandolfo.^[207] During his Presidential campaign, Bush's foreign policy platform included support for a stronger economic and political relationship with Latin America, especially Mexico, and a reduction of involvement in "nation-building" and other small-scale military engagements. The administration pursued a national missile defense.^[208] Bush was an advocate of China's entry into the World Trade Organization.^[209] He said free trade was a force for democratization in China.^[210]

After the September 11 attacks, Bush launched the War on Terror, in which the United States military and an international coalition invaded Afghanistan. In 2003, Bush launched the invasion of Iraq, which he described as being part of the War on Terrorism.^[211]

Those invasions led to the toppling of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the removal of Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq as well as the deaths of many Iraqis, with surveys indicating between four hundred thousand to over one million dead, excluding the tens of thousands of civilians in Afghanistan.^[212]^[213]^[214]

Countries visited by President George W. Bush during his terms in office

Bush began his second term with an emphasis on improving strained relations with European nations. He appointed long-time adviser Karen Hughes to oversee a global public relations campaign. Bush lauded the pro-democracy struggles in Georgia and Ukraine.

In March 2006, a visit to India led to renewed ties between the two countries, reversing decades of U.S. policy.^[215] The visit focused particularly on areas of nuclear energy and counter-terrorism cooperation, discussions that would lead eventually to the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement.^[216]^[217] This is in stark contrast to the stance taken by his predecessor, Clinton, whose approach and response to India after the 1998 nuclear tests was that of sanctions and hectoring. The relationship between India and the United States was one that dramatically improved during Bush's tenure.^[218]

Midway through Bush's second term, it was questioned whether Bush was retreating from his freedom and democracy agenda, highlighted in policy changes toward some oil-rich former Soviet republics in central Asia.^[219]

In an address before both Houses of Congress on September 20, 2001, Bush thanked the nations of the world for their support following the September 11 attacks. He specifically thanked British Prime Minister Tony Blair for traveling to the Washington to show "unity of purpose with America", and said "America has no truer friend than Great Britain."^[220]

September 11, 2001 [link]

Main article: September 11 attacks

Bush, standing with firefighter Bob Beckwith, addresses rescue workers at Ground Zero in New York, September 14, 2001.

The September 11 terrorist attacks were a major turning point in Bush's presidency. That evening, he addressed the nation from the Oval Office, promising a strong response to the attacks. He also emphasized the need for the nation to come together and comfort the families of the victims. On September 14, he visited Ground Zero, meeting with Mayor Rudy Giuliani, firefighters, police officers, and volunteers. Bush addressed the gathering via a megaphone while standing on a heap of rubble, to much applause: "I can hear you. The rest of the world hears you. And the people who knocked these buildings down will hear all of us soon."^[221]

	President Bush Declares "Freedom at War with Fear", September 20, 2001
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

In a September 20 speech, Bush condemned Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda, and issued an ultimatum to the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, where bin Laden was operating, to "hand over the terrorists, or ... share in their fate".^[222]

War on Terrorism [link]

Main article: War on Terror

Bush presents then UK Prime Minister Tony Blair with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

After September 11, Bush announced a global War on Terror. The Afghan Taliban regime was not forthcoming with Osama bin Laden, so Bush ordered the invasion of Afghanistan to overthrow the Taliban regime.^[223] In his January 29, 2002 State of the Union Address, he asserted that an "axis of evil" consisting of North Korea, Iran, and Iraq was "arming to threaten the peace of the world" and "pose[d] a grave and growing danger".^[224] The Bush Administration proceeded to assert a right and intention to engage in preemptive war, also called preventive war, in response to perceived threats.^[225] This would form a basis for what became known as the Bush Doctrine. The broader "War on Terror", allegations of an "axis of evil", and, in particular, the doctrine of preemptive war, began to weaken the unprecedented levels of international and domestic support for Bush and United States action against al-Qaeda following the September 11 attacks.^[226]

Some national leaders alleged abuse by U.S. troops and called for the U.S. to shut down the Guantanamo Bay detention camp and other such facilities. Dissent from, and criticism of, Bush's leadership in the War on Terror increased as the war in Iraq expanded.^[227]^[228]^[229] In 2006, a National Intelligence Estimate expressed the combined opinion of the United States' own intelligence agencies, concluding that the Iraq War had become the "cause célèbre for jihadists" and that the jihad movement was growing.^[230]^[231]

Afghanistan [link]

Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001–present)

Bush and President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan appear together in 2006 at a joint news conference in Kabul.

On October 7, 2001, U.S. and British forces initiated bombing campaigns that led to the arrival of Northern Alliance troops in Kabul on November 13. The main goals of the war were to defeat the Taliban, drive al-Qaeda out of Afghanistan, and capture key al-Qaeda leaders. In December 2001, the Pentagon reported that the Taliban had been defeated,^[232] but cautioned that the war would go on to continue weakening Taliban and al-Qaeda leaders.^[232] Later that month the UN had installed the Afghan Transitional Administration chaired by Hamid Karzai.^[233]^[234]

Efforts to kill or capture al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden failed as he escaped a battle in December 2001 in the mountainous region of Tora Bora, which the Bush Administration later acknowledged to have resulted from a failure to commit enough U.S. ground troops.^[235] On March 13, 2002, Bush stated that "I truly am not that concerned about him" when asked about bin Laden, brushing him off as "a person who has now been marginalized", despite declaring that he was wanted "Dead or Alive" shortly after 9/11, and statements from U.S. commanders that bin Laden was "still a threat in the new Afghanistan".^[236] It was not until May 2011, two years after Bush left office, that bin Laden was killed by U.S. forces. Bin Laden's successor, Ayman al-Zawahiri, as well as the leader of the Taliban, Mohammed Omar, remain at large.

Despite the initial success in driving the Taliban from power in Kabul, by early 2003 the Taliban was regrouping, amassing new funds and recruits.^[237] In 2006, the Taliban insurgency appeared larger, fiercer and better organized than expected, with large-scale allied offensives such as Operation Mountain Thrust attaining limited success.^[238]^[239]^[240] As a result, Bush commissioned 3,500 additional troops to the country in March 2007.^[241]

Iraq [link]

Main article: Iraq War

Bush, with Naval Flight Officer Lieutenant Ryan Philips, in the flight suit he wore for his televised arrival and speech in 2003

Beginning with his January 29, 2002 State of the Union address, Bush began publicly focusing attention on Iraq, which he labeled as part of an "axis of evil" allied with terrorists and posing "a grave and growing danger" to U.S. interests through possession of weapons of mass destruction.^[224]^[242]

In the latter half of 2002, CIA reports contained assertions of Saddam Hussein's intent of reconstituting nuclear weapons programs, not properly accounting for Iraqi biological and chemical weapons, and that some Iraqi missiles had a range greater than allowed by the UN sanctions.^[243]^[244] Contentions that the Bush Administration manipulated or exaggerated the threat and evidence of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction capabilities would eventually become a major point of criticism for the president.^[245]^[246]

In late 2002 and early 2003, Bush urged the United Nations to enforce Iraqi disarmament mandates, precipitating a diplomatic crisis. In November 2002, Hans Blix and Mohamed ElBaradei led UN weapons inspectors in Iraq, but were advised by the U.S. to depart the country four days prior to the U.S. invasion, despite their requests for more time to complete their tasks.^[247] The U.S. initially sought a UN Security Council resolution authorizing the use of military force but dropped the bid for UN approval due to vigorous opposition from several countries.^[248]

More than 20 nations (most notably the United Kingdom), designated the "coalition of the willing" joined the United States^[249] in invading Iraq. They launched the invasion on March 20, 2003. The Iraqi military was quickly defeated. The capital, Baghdad, fell on April 9, 2003. On May 1, Bush declared the end of major combat operations in Iraq. The initial success of U.S. operations increased his popularity, but the U.S. and allied forces faced a growing insurgency led by sectarian groups; Bush's "Mission Accomplished" speech was later criticized as premature.^[250] From 2004 until 2007, the situation in Iraq deteriorated further, with some observers arguing that there was a full scale civil war in Iraq.^[251] Bush's policies met with criticism, including demands domestically to set a timetable to withdraw troops from Iraq. The 2006 report of the bipartisan Iraq Study Group, led by James Baker, concluded that the situation in Iraq was "grave and deteriorating". While Bush admitted that there were strategic mistakes made in regards to the stability of Iraq,^[252] he maintained he would not change the overall Iraq strategy.^[253]^[254]

Bush shakes hands with Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki.

In January 2005, free, democratic elections were held in Iraq for the first time in 50 years.^[255] According to Iraqi National Security Advisor Mowaffak al-Rubaie, "This is the greatest day in the history of this country."^[255] Bush praised the event as well, saying that the Iraqis "have taken rightful control of their country's destiny".^[255] This led to the election of Jalal Talabani as President and Nouri al-Maliki as Prime Minister of Iraq. A referendum to approve a constitution in Iraq was held in October 2005, supported by most Shiites and many Kurds.^[256]

On January 10, 2007, Bush addressed the nation regarding the situation in Iraq. In this speech, he announced a surge of 21,500 more troops for Iraq, as well as a job program for Iraqis, more reconstruction proposals, and $1.2 billion for these programs.^[257] On May 1, 2007, Bush used his veto for only the second time in his presidency, rejecting a congressional bill setting a deadline for the withdrawal of U.S. troops.^[258] Five years after the invasion, Bush called the debate over the conflict "understandable" but insisted that a continued U.S. presence there was crucial.^[259]

In March 2008, Bush praised the Iraqi government's "bold decision" to launch the Battle of Basra against the Mahdi Army, calling it "a defining moment in the history of a free Iraq".^[260] He said he would carefully weigh recommendations from his commanding General David Petraeus and Ambassador Ryan Crocker about how to proceed after the end of the military buildup in the summer of 2008. He also praised the Iraqis' legislative achievements, including a pension law, a revised de-Baathification law, a new budget, an amnesty law, and a provincial powers measure that, he said, set the stage for the Iraqi elections.^[261]

On July 31, 2008, Bush announced that with the end of July, American troop deaths had reached their lowest number—thirteen—since the war began in 2003.^[262] Due to increased stability in Iraq, Bush announced the withdrawal of additional American forces.^[262] This reflected an emerging consensus between the White House and the Pentagon that the war has "turned a corner".^[262] He also described what he saw as the success of the 2007 troop surge.^[262]

Surveillance [link]

Following the events of September 11, Bush issued an executive order authorizing the President's Surveillance Program which included allowing the NSA to monitor communications between suspected terrorists outside the U.S and parties within the U.S. without obtaining a warrant as required by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.^[263] As of 2009, the other provisions of program remained highly classified.^[264]) Once the Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel questioned its original legal opinion that FISA did not apply in a time of war, the program was subsequently re-authorized by the President on the basis that the warrant requirements of FISA were implicitly superseded by the subsequent passage of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists.^[265] The program proved to be controversial, as critics of the administration, as well as organizations such as the American Bar Association, argued that it was illegal.^[266] In August 2006, a U.S. district court judge ruled that the NSA electronic surveillance program was unconstitutional,^[267] but on July 6, 2007, that ruling was vacated by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit on the grounds that the plaintiffs lacked standing.^[268] On January 17, 2007, Attorney General Alberto Gonzales informed U.S. Senate leaders that the program would not be reauthorized by the President, but would be subjected to judicial oversight.^[269]

At the military parade celebrating the sixtieth anniversary of victory in World War II, Red Square, Moscow

Interrogation policies [link]

Bush authorized the CIA to use waterboarding as one of several enhanced interrogation techniques.^[270]^[271]^[272] Between 2002 and 2003 the CIA considered certain enhanced interrogation techniques, such as waterboarding, to be legal based on a secret Justice Department legal opinion arguing that terror detainees were not protected by the Geneva Conventions' ban on torture.^[273] The CIA had exercised the technique on certain key terrorist suspects under authority given to it in the Bybee Memo from the Attorney General, though that memo was later withdrawn.^[274] While not permitted by the U.S. Army Field Manuals which assert "that harsh interrogation tactics elicit unreliable information",^[273] the Bush administration believed these enhanced interrogations "provided critical information" to preserve American lives.^[275] Critics, such as former CIA officer Bob Baer, have stated that information was suspect, "you can get anyone to confess to anything if the torture's bad enough."^[276]

On October 17, 2006, Bush signed into law the Military Commissions Act of 2006,^[277] a law enacted in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision on Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557 (2006),^[278] which allows the U.S. government to prosecute unlawful enemy combatants by military commission rather than a standard trial. The law also denies them access to habeas corpus and bars the torture of detainees, but allows the president to determine what constitutes torture.^[277]

On March 8, 2008, Bush vetoed H.R. 2082,^[279] a bill that would have expanded congressional oversight over the intelligence community and banned the use of waterboarding as well as other forms of interrogation not permitted under the United States Army Field Manual on Human Intelligence Collector Operations, saying that "the bill Congress sent me would take away one of the most valuable tools in the war on terror".^[280] In April 2009, the ACLU sued and won release of the secret memos that had authorized the Bush administration's interrogation tactics.^[281] One memo detailed specific interrogation tactics including a footnote that described waterboarding as torture as well as that the form of waterboarding used by the CIA was far more intense than authorized by the Justice Department.^[282]

Bush with China's President and Communist party leader Hu Jintao in 2006

North Korea [link]

Main article: North Korea – United States relations

Bush publicly condemned Kim Jong-il of North Korea, naming North Korea one of three states in an "axis of evil", and saying that "the United States of America will not permit the world's most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world's most destructive weapons."^[224] Within months, "both countries had walked away from their respective commitments under the U.S.-DPRK Agreed Framework of October 1994."^[283] North Korea's October 9, 2006, detonation of a nuclear device further complicated Bush's foreign policy, which centered for both terms of his presidency on "[preventing] the terrorists and regimes who seek chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons from threatening the United States and the world".^[224] Bush condemned North Korea's position, reaffirmed his commitment to "a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula", and stated that "transfer of nuclear weapons or material by North Korea to states or non-state entities would be considered a grave threat to the United States", for which North Korea would be held accountable.^[284] On May 7, 2007, North Korea agreed to shut down its nuclear reactors immediately pending the release of frozen funds held in a foreign bank account. This was a result of a series of three-way talks initiated by the United States and including China.^[285] On September 2, 2007, North Korea agreed to disclose and dismantle all of its nuclear programs by the end of 2007.^[286] By May 2009, North Korea had restarted its nuclear program and threatened to attack South Korea.^[287]

Syria [link]

Bush with Russian president Vladimir Putin, Shanghai, October 21, 2001

Bush expanded economic sanctions on Syria.^[288] In early 2007, the Treasury Department, acting on a June 2005 executive order, froze American bank accounts of Syria's Higher Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Electronics Institute, and National Standards and Calibration Laboratory. Bush's order prohibits Americans from doing business with these institutions suspected of helping spread weapons of mass destruction^[289] and being supportive of terrorism.^[290] Under separate executive orders signed by Bush in 2004 and later 2007, the Treasury Department froze the assets of two Lebanese and two Syrians, accusing them of activities to "undermine the legitimate political process in Lebanon" in November 2007. Those designated included: Assaad Halim Hardan, a member of Lebanon's parliament and current leader of the Syrian Socialist National Party; Wi'am Wahhab, a former member of Lebanon's government (Minister of the Environment) under Prime Minister Omar Karami (2004–2005); Hafiz Makhluf, a colonel and senior official in the Syrian General Intelligence Directorate and a cousin of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad; and Muhammad Nasif Khayrbik, identified as a close adviser to Assad.^[291]

Assassination attempt [link]

On May 10, 2005, Vladimir Arutyunian, a native Georgian who was born to a family of ethnic Armenians, threw a live hand grenade toward a podium where Bush was speaking at Freedom Square in Tbilisi, Georgia. Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili was seated nearby. It landed in the crowd about 65 feet (20 m) from the podium after hitting a girl, but it did not detonate. Arutyunian was arrested in July 2005, confessed, was convicted and was given a life sentence in January 2006.^[292]

Other issues [link]

Bush, Mahmoud Abbas, and Ariel Sharon meet at the Red Sea Summit in Aqaba, Jordan, June 4, 2003.

Bush withdrew U.S. support for several international agreements, including the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) with Russia. Bush emphasized a careful approach to the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians; he denounced Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat for his support of violence, but sponsored dialogues between Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and Palestinian National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas. Bush supported Sharon's unilateral disengagement plan, and lauded the democratic elections held in Palestine after Arafat's death.

Bush also expressed U.S. support for the defense of Taiwan following the stand-off in April 2001 with the People's Republic of China over the Hainan Island incident, when an EP-3E Aries II surveillance aircraft collided with a People's Liberation Army Air Force jet, leading to the detention of U.S. personnel. In 2003–2004, Bush authorized U.S. military intervention in Haiti and Liberia to protect U.S. interests. Bush condemned the militia attacks Darfur and denounced the killings in Sudan as genocide.^[293] Bush said that an international peacekeeping presence was critical in Darfur, but opposed referring the situation to the International Criminal Court.

Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko meeting with Bush on April 1, 2008

In his State of the Union address in January 2003, Bush outlined a five-year strategy for global emergency AIDS relief, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Bush announced $15 billion for this effort^[294] which directly supported life-saving antiretroviral treatment for more than 3.2 million men, women and children worldwide.^[295]

On June 10, 2007, he met with Albanian Prime Minister Sali Berisha and became the first president to visit Albania.^[296] Bush has voiced his support for the independence of Kosovo.^[297]

Bush opened the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. Departing from previous practice, he stood among a group of U.S. athletes rather than from a ceremonial stand or box, saying: "On behalf of a proud, determined, and grateful nation, I declare open the Games of Salt Lake City, celebrating the Olympic Winter Games."^[298] In 2008, in the course of a good-will trip to Asia, he attended the Summer Olympics in Beijing.^[299]

Judicial appointments [link]

Supreme Court [link]

Main article: George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates

Following the announcement of Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor's retirement on July 1, 2005, Bush nominated John Roberts to succeed her. On September 5, following the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist, this nomination was withdrawn and Bush instead nominated Roberts for Chief Justice to succeed Rehnquist. Roberts was confirmed by the Senate as the 17th Chief Justice on September 29, 2005.

On October 3, 2005, Bush nominated White House Counsel Harriet Miers for O'Connor's position; after facing significant opposition, she asked that her name be withdrawn on October 27. Four days later, on October 31, Bush nominated federal appellate judge Samuel Alito for the position and he was confirmed as the 110th Supreme Court Justice on January 31, 2006.

Other courts [link]

Main article: List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush

In addition to his two Supreme Court appointments, Bush appointed 61 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals and 261 judges to the United States district courts. Each of these numbers, along with his total of 324 judicial appointments, is third in American history, behind both Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton. Bush experienced a number of judicial appointment controversies, as 39 people nominated to 27 federal appellate judgeships were blocked by the Senate Democrats either in the Senate Judiciary Committee or on the Senate floor using a filibuster.^[300]

Public image and perception [link]

Domestic [link]

Main article: Public image of George W. Bush

approve

disapprove

unsure

Gallup/USA Today Bush public opinion polling from February 2001 to January 2009. Blue denotes approve, red disapprove and green unsure.

Image [link]

Bush's upbringing in West Texas, his accent, his vacations on his Texas ranch, and his penchant for country metaphors contribute to his folksy, American cowboy image.^[301]^[302] "I think people look at him and think John Wayne", says Piers Morgan, editor of the British Daily Mirror.^[303] It has been suggested that Bush's accent was an active choice, as a way of distinguishing himself from Northeastern intellectuals and anchoring himself to his Texas roots.^[304] Both supporters and detractors have pointed to his country persona as reasons for their support or criticism.^[302]

Bush's intelligence has been satirized by the media,^[305] comedians, and other politicians.^[306]^[307] Detractors tended to cite linguistic errors made by Bush during his public speeches, which are colloquially termed as Bushisms.^[308] Editorials in Harper's Magazine, Rolling Stone, The Washington Post, Common Dreams NewsCenter, and The Nation have referred to Bush as "the worst president ever".^[309]^[310]^[311]^[312]^[313] In contrast to his father, who was perceived as having troubles with an overarching unifying theme, Bush embraced larger visions and was seen as a man of larger ideas and associated huge risks.^[314] Tony Blair wrote in 2010 that the caricature of Bush as being dumb is "ludicrous" and that Bush is "very smart".^[315]

Approval [link]

Bush's popularity was highly variable during his two terms. He began his presidency with approval ratings near 50%.^[316] After the September 11 attacks, Bush gained an approval rating of 90%,^[317] maintaining 80–90% approval for four months after the attacks. It remained over 50% during most of his first term.^[12]

In 2000 and again in 2004, Time magazine named George W. Bush as its Person of the Year, a title awarded to someone who the editors believe "has done the most to influence the events of the year".^[318] In May 2004, Gallup reported that 89% of the Republican electorate approved of Bush.^[319] However, the support waned due mostly to a minority of Republicans' frustration with him on issues of spending, illegal immigration, and Middle Eastern affairs.^[320]

Bush pays a surprise visit to Baghdad International Airport, November 27, 2003. Bush's popularity was still relatively high at that time.

Within the United States armed forces, according to an unscientific survey, the president was strongly supported in the 2004 presidential elections.^[321] While 73% of military personnel said that they would vote for Bush, 18% preferred his Democratic rival, John Kerry.^[321] According to Peter Feaver, a Duke University political scientist who has studied the political leanings of the U.S. military, members of the armed services supported Bush because they found him more likely than Kerry to complete the War in Iraq.^[321]

Bush's approval rating went below the 50% mark in AP-Ipsos polling in December 2004.^[322] Thereafter, his approval ratings and approval of his handling of domestic and foreign policy issues steadily dropped. Bush received heavy criticism for his handling of the Iraq War, his response to Hurricane Katrina and to the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse, NSA warrantless surveillance, the Plame affair, and Guantanamo Bay detention camp controversies.^[323]

Polls conducted in 2006 showed an average of 37% approval ratings for Bush,^[324] the lowest for any second-term president at that point of his term since Harry S. Truman in March 1951, when Truman's approval rating was 28%,^[322]^[325] which contributed to what Bush called the "thumping" of the Republican Party in the 2006 mid-term elections.^[326] Throughout 2007, Bush's approval rating hovered in the mid-thirties,^[327] although in an October 17, 2007, Reuters poll, Bush received a lower approval rating of 24%,^[328] the lowest point of his presidency.^[329]

Bush approval rating with key events marked 2001–2006

By April 2008, Bush's disapproval ratings were the highest ever recorded in the 70-year history of the Gallup poll for any president, with 69% of those polled disapproving of the job Bush was doing as president and 28% approving.^[330] In September 2008, in polls performed by various agencies, Bush's approval rating ranged from 19%—the lowest ever^[331]—to 34%.^[332]^[333] and his disapproval rating stood at 69%.^[94]^[95]^[332]^[334]^[335] Bush left the White House as one of the most unpopular American presidents, second in unpopularity only to Richard Nixon.^[336]^[337]

In response to his poll numbers and "worst president" accusations,^[338]^[339] Bush said, "I frankly don't give a damn about the polls.... To assume that historians can figure out the effect of the Bush administration before the Bush administration has ended is ... in my mind ... not an accurate reflection upon how history works."^[340]

In 2006, 744 professional historians surveyed by Siena College regarded Bush's presidency as follows: Great: 2%; Near Great: 5%; Average: 11%; Below Average: 24%; Failure: 58%.^[341] Thomas Kelly, professor emeritus of American studies at Siena College, said that "In this case, current public opinion polls actually seem to cut the President more slack than the experts do."^[341] Similar outcomes were retrieved by two informal surveys done by the History News Network in 2004^[342] and 2008.^[343]

A March 13, 2008, poll by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press reported that 53% of Americans believe that "the U.S. will ultimately succeed in achieving its goals" in Iraq.^[344] That figure was up from 42% in September 2007 and the highest since 2006.^[344]

A 2010 Siena College poll of 238 Presidential scholars found that Bush was ranked 39th out of 43, with poor ratings in handling of the economy, communication, ability to compromise, foreign policy accomplishments and intelligence.^[345]

Calls for Bush's impeachment were made, though most polls showed a plurality of Americans did not support the president's impeachment.^[346] The reasoning behind impeachment usually centered on the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy,^[347] the Bush administration's justification for the war in Iraq,^[348] and alleged violations of the Geneva Conventions.^[349] Representative Dennis Kucinich, a Democrat from Ohio, introduced 35 articles of impeachment on the floor of the House of Representatives against Bush on June 9, 2008, but Speaker Nancy Pelosi declared that impeachment was "off the table".^[350]

Foreign perceptions [link]

Bush with President Pervez Musharraf of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in late 2006

Bush has been criticized internationally and targeted by the global anti-war and anti-globalization campaigns, particularly for his administration's foreign policy.^[351]^[352] Views of him within the international community are more negative than previous American Presidents, with France largely opposed to what he advocated.^[353]

Bush was described as having especially close personal relationships with Tony Blair and Vicente Fox, although formal relations were sometimes strained.^[354]^[355]^[356] Other leaders, such as Afghan president Hamid Karzai,^[357] Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni,^[358] Spanish prime minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero,^[359] and Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez,^[360] have openly criticized the president. Later in Bush's presidency, tensions arose between himself and Vladimir Putin, which has led to a cooling of their relationship.^[361]

Anti-war demonstration against a visit by George W. Bush to London in 2008

In 2006, most respondents in 18 of 21 countries surveyed around the world were found to hold an unfavorable opinion of Bush. Respondents indicated that they judged his administration as negative for world security.^[362]^[363] In 2007, the Pew Global Attitudes Project reported that during the Bush presidency, attitudes towards the United States and the American people became less favorable around the world.^[364]

A March 2007 survey of Arab opinion conducted by Zogby International and the University of Maryland found that Bush was the most disliked leader in the Arab world.^[365]

The Pew Research Center's 2007 Global Attitudes poll found that out of 47 countries, in only nine countries did most respondents express "a lot of confidence" or "some confidence" in Bush: Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Israel, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, and Uganda.^[366]

During a June 2007 visit to the predominantly Muslim^[367] Eastern European nation of Albania, Bush was greeted enthusiastically. Albania has a population of 3.6 million, has troops in both Iraq and Afghanistan, and the country's government is highly supportive of American foreign policy.^[368] A huge image of the President was hung in the middle of the capital city of Tirana flanked by Albanian and American flags while a local street was named after him.^[369]^[370] A shirt-sleeved statue of Bush was unveiled in Fushe-Kruje, a few kilometers northwest of Tirana.^[371] The Bush administration's support for the independence of Albanian-majority Kosovo, while endearing him to the Albanians, has troubled U.S. relations with Serbia, leading to the February 2008 torching of the U.S. embassy in Belgrade.^[372]

Acknowledgements [link]

On May 7, 2005 at an official state visit in Latvia, George W. Bush was awarded the Order of the Three Stars presented to him by president Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga.^[373]

Post-presidency [link]

Official White House portrait of George W. Bush.

George and Laura Bush wave to a crowd of 1000 at Andrews Air Force Base before their final departure to Texas, January 20, 2009.

Following the inauguration of Barack Obama, Bush and his family flew from Andrews Air Force Base to a homecoming celebration in Midland, Texas, following which they returned to their ranch in Crawford, Texas.^[374] They bought a home in the Preston Hollow neighborhood of Dallas, Texas, where they settled down.^[375]

Since leaving office, Bush has kept a relatively low profile^[376] though he has made public appearances, most notably after the release of his memoirs in 2010 and for the 10th anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2011. He makes regular appearances at various events throughout the Dallas/Fort Worth area, most notably when he conducted the opening coin toss at the Dallas Cowboys first game in the team's new stadium in Arlington^[377] and an April 2009 visit to a Texas Rangers game, where he thanked the people of Dallas for helping him settle in and was met with a standing ovation.^[378]

In 2009, he delivered a speech in Calgary, Alberta,^[379]^[380] appeared via video on The Colbert Report during which he praised U.S. troops for earning a "special place in American history,"^[381] and attended the funeral of Senator Ted Kennedy.^[382] Bush made his debut as a motivational speaker on October 26 at the "Get Motivated" seminar in Dallas.^[383] In the aftermath of the Fort Hood shooting that took place on November 5, 2009 in Texas, the Bushes paid an undisclosed visit to the survivors and victims' families the day following the shooting, having contacted the base commander requesting that the visit be private and not involve press coverage.^[384] They spent one to two hours at the base.

Bush, Obama, and Clinton, January 2010

Bush released his memoirs, Decision Points, on November 9, 2010. During a pre-release appearance promoting the book, Bush said he considered his biggest accomplishment to be keeping "the country safe amid a real danger," and his greatest failure to be his inability to secure the passage of Social Security reform.^[385] At President Obama's request, Bush and Bill Clinton established the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund to raise contributions for relief and recovery efforts following the 2010 Haiti earthquake earlier in January.^[386] He also made news defending his administration's enhanced interrogation techniques, specifically the waterboarding of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, saying, "I'd do it again to save lives."^[387] He also attended every home playoff game for the Texas Rangers 2010 season and, accompanied by his father, threw out the ceremonial first pitch at Rangers Ballpark in Arlington for Game 4 of the 2010 World Series on October 31, 2010.^[388]

In February 2011, Bush scrapped a planned visit to Switzerland amid threats of protest at a speech he intended to give at a dinner in Geneva; human rights groups have claimed the cancellation was due to fears of arrest by Swiss authorities based on his acknowledgement that he ordered the waterboarding of detainees.^[389]^[390] Human rights groups, including the Center for Constitutional Rights, filed papers with Swiss authorities demanding his criminal prosecution pursuant to the Convention on Torture, an international treaty that requires authorities of all countries that have ratified the treaty to open an investigation of people suspected to torturing.^[390]^[391] On May 2, 2011, President Obama called Bush, who was at a restaurant with his wife, to inform him that Osama bin Laden had been killed.^[392] The Bushes joined the Obamas in New York City to mark the tenth anniversary of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. At the Ground Zero memorial, Bush read a letter that President Abraham Lincoln wrote to a widow who lost five sons during the Civil War.^[393]

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^ "State President awards the Three Star Order to the U.S.President". Latvian President's Chancery. May 7, 2005. http://www.president.lv/pk/content/?cat_id=603&art_id=117. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
^ "Ex-President Bush and Wife Leave Washington for Texas". Associated Press. Fox News. January 20, 2009. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/01/20/ex-president-bush-wife-leave-washington-texas/. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
^ Brown, Angela K. (January 21, 2009). "Enthusiastic Crowds Welcome Bush Back to Texas". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2009Jan21/0,4670,BushTexasWelcome,00.html. Retrieved March 4, 2011.
^ Swami, Prerana (July 28, 2009). "Laura Bush Discusses Her Husband's Low Profile". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/06/08/politics/politicalhotsheet/entry5072127.shtml. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
^ "Coin toss from George and Laura Bush was a brief taste of luck for Cowboys fans". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. September 21, 2009. http://startelegram.typepad.com/politex/2009/09/coin-toss-from-george-and-laura-bush-was-a-brief-taste-of-luck-for-cowboys-fans.html. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
^ Zaleski, Katharine (April 7, 2009). "Bush throws first pitch at Rangers game (Slideshow)". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/07/bush-throws-pitch-at-texa_n_184037.html. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
^ "Bush says Obama 'deserves my silence'". Associated Press. msnbc.com. March 17, 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29743567/. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
^ Allen, Mike (March 18, 2009). "Bush promises not to attack Obama". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0309/20160.html. Retrieved March 18, 2009.
^ "Troops in Iraq hailed by Bush on 'Colbert Report'". Associated Press. Google News. June 12, 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hL_Z4p4xMek1-baeGd_QsoBHMkBwD98P6CV80. Retrieved June 23, 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ Weir, Richard (August 30, 2009). "Funeral mass unites pols". Boston Herald. http://www.bostonherald.com/news/us_politics/view/20090830funeral_mass_unites_pols/. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
^ Jordan, Mary (October 26, 2009). "Bush's first stand on a new podium". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/26/AR2009102603185_pf.html. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
^ Sammon, Bill (November 7, 2009). "George W. Bush Secretly Visits Fort Hood Victims". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/11/07/george-w-bush-secretly-visits-fort-hood-victims/. Retrieved November 18, 2009.
^ Schlikerman, Becky (October 21, 2010). "Bush promotes book in Chicago". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-10-21/news/ct-met-bush-visit-20101021_1_decision-points-book-plastic-bag. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
^ "Hillary Clinton meets with Haiti leader after arrival". CNN. January 17, 2010. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/16/haiti.earthquake/. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
^ Roelofs, Ted (June 2, 2010). "'I'd do it again' former President Bush tells Grand Rapids crowd about waterboarding terrorists". The Grand Rapids Press. http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2010/06/id_do_it_again_former_presiden.html. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
^ Jaynes, Ethan (October 31, 2010). "Video: George W. Bush Throws Out First Pitch Game 4 World Series, Let’s Discuss It". NESW Sports. http://sports.neswblogs.com/2010/10/31/video-george-w-bush-throws-out-first-pitch-game-4-world-series-lets-discuss-it/. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
^ MacAskill, Ewen; Hirsch, Afua (February 6, 2011). "George Bush calls off trip to Switzerland". The Guardian (London).
^ ^a ^b "George W. Bush Cancels Visit to Swiss Charity Gala over Fears He Could Be Arrested on Torture Charges". The Daily Mail (London). February 6, 2011.
^ Jordans, Frank. (February 6, 2011). "Bush visit to Switzerland Cancelled Over Security Fears". The Independent (London).
^ Franke-Ruta, Garance (May 13, 2011). "When Bush Got the Bin Laden Call (While Eating a Souffle)". The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/05/when-bush-got-the-bin-laden-call-while-eating-a-souffle/238862/. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
^ "Presidents Obama and Bush commemorate 9/11 anniversary". CNN. September 11, 2011. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/11/presidents-obama-and-bush-commemorate-911-anniversary/.

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"Republican National Committee biography". Archived from the original on April 14, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070414215908/http://www.gop.com/About/Bio.aspx?id=1.
Photographing the President – video slideshow by Time Magazine
George W. Bush at the Internet Movie Database
Essays on Bush, each member of his cabinet and First Lady the Miller Center of Public Affairs

Titles and succession

Party political offices
Preceded by Clayton Williams	Republican nominee for Governor of Texas 1994, 1998	Succeeded by Rick Perry
Preceded by Bob Dole	Republican nominee for President of the United States 2000, 2004	Succeeded by John McCain
Political offices
Preceded by Ann Richards	Governor of Texas 1995–2000	Succeeded by Rick Perry
Preceded by Bill Clinton	President of the United States 2001–2009	Succeeded by Barack Obama
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Jacques Chirac	Chairperson of the Group of 8 2004	Succeeded by Tony Blair
United States order of precedence
Preceded by Bill Clinton as Former President of the United States	Order of Precedence of the United States Former President of the United States	Succeeded by Ambassadors from the United States (while at their posts)
		Succeeded by Otherwise Hillary Rodham Clinton as Secretary of State

v t e George W. Bush

Life	Early life Professional life Governorship of Texas

Presidency	First term Second term Cabinet Domestic policy Legislation and programs Economic policy Foreign policy Bush Doctrine Iraq War Judicial appointments Pardons Presidential library

Elections	1994 Texas gubernatorial election 1998 Texas gubernatorial election 2000 presidential campaign 2004 presidential campaign

Public image	Bushisms Nicknames As the subject of books and films Bush Derangement Syndrome Fictionalized portrayals Miss Me Yet?

Books	A Charge to Keep Decision Points

Family	Laura Bush (wife) Barbara Pierce Bush (daughter) Jenna Bush Hager (daughter) George H. W. Bush (father) Barbara Bush (mother) Barney (dog) Miss Beazley (dog) India (cat)

Book · Category

v t e Bush family

Prescott Bush ancestors Dorothy Walker Bush ancestors	Samuel Prescott Bush (1863–1948) James Smith Bush (1825–1889) Obadiah Newcomb Bush (1797–1851) George Herbert Walker (1875–1953) David Davis Walker (1840–1918) George E. Walker (1797–1864) Thomas Walker (1758–1799)

Samuel P. Bush & Flora Sheldon	Prescott Sheldon Bush (1895–1972) (m.) Dorothy Wear Walker (1901–1992) Robert Bush Mary House Bush Margaret Clement Bush James Bush

Prescott Bush (1895–1972)	Prescott Bush Jr. (1922–2010) George Herbert Walker Bush (m.) Barbara Pierce Nancy Walker Bush Ellis (m.) Alexander B. Ellis II (1922–1989) Jonathan James Bush (m.) Josephine Bradley William Henry Trotter Bush

George H. W. Bush (1924–) Jonathan Bush (1931–)	George Walker Bush (m.) Laura Lane Welch Pauline Robinson Bush (1949–1953) Jeb Bush (m.) Columba Garnica Gallo Neil Mallon Bush (m.) Sharon Smith Marvin Pierce Bush (m.) Margaret Molster Dorothy Walker Bush (m./div. 1st) William LeBlond ; (m. 2nd) Robert P. Koch Billy Bush (m.) Sydney Davis Jonathan S. Bush

George W. Bush (1946–) Jeb Bush (1953–) Neil Bush (1955–) Marvin Bush (1956–) Dorothy Koch (1959–)	Barbara Pierce Bush Jenna Welch Bush (m.) Henry Hager George Prescott Bush (m.) Amanda Williams Noelle Bush John Ellis Bush, Jr. Lauren Bush (m.) David Lauren Ashley Bush Pierce Bush Marshall Bush Walker Bush Sam LeBlond Ellie LeBlond Robert Koch Gigi Koch

See also	David Davis

The Bush Compound Buckeye Steel Castings G. H. Walker & Co. The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty Political line

v t e Governors and Lieutenant Governors of Texas

Governors	J. P. Henderson Wood Bell J. W. Henderson Pease Runnels Houston Clark Lubbock Murrah Hamilton Throckmorton Pease Davis Coke Hubbard Roberts Ireland Ross Hogg Culberson Sayers Lanham Campbell Colquitt J. Ferguson Hobby Neff M. Ferguson Moody Sterling M. Ferguson Allred O'Daniel Stevenson Jester Shivers Daniel Connally Smith Briscoe Clements White Clements Richards Bush Perry

Lieutenant Governors	Horton Greer Henderson Dickson Runnels Lubbock Clark Crockett Stockdale Jones J. W. Flanagan Campbell D. W. Flanagan Fountain Pickett Hubbard Sayers Storey Martin Gibbs Wheeler Pendleton Crane Jester Browning Neal A. B. Davidson Mayes Hobby, Sr. Johnson L. Davidson T. W. Davidson Miller Witt Woodul Stevenson J. L. Smith Shivers Ramsey P. Smith Barnes Hobby, Jr. Bullock Perry Ratliff Dewhurst

Cabinet of President George W. Bush (2001–2009)

Cabinet

Secretary of State	Colin Powell (2001–2005) Condoleezza Rice (2005–2009)

Secretary of the Treasury	Paul O'Neill (2001–2002) John W. Snow (2003–2006) Henry Paulson (2006–2009)

Secretary of Defense	Donald Rumsfeld (2001–2006) Robert Gates (2006–2009)

Attorney General	John Ashcroft (2001–2005) Alberto Gonzales (2005–2007) Michael Mukasey (2007–2009)

Secretary of the Interior	Gale Norton (2001–2006) Dirk Kempthorne (2006–2009)

Secretary of Agriculture	Ann Veneman (2001–2005) Mike Johanns (2005–2007) Ed Schafer (2008–2009)

Secretary of Commerce	Donald Evans (2001–2005) Carlos Gutierrez (2005–2009)

Secretary of Labor	Elaine Chao (2001–2009)

Secretary of Health and Human Services	Tommy Thompson (2001–2005) Mike Leavitt (2005–2009)

Secretary of Education	Rod Paige (2001–2005) Margaret Spellings (2005–2009)

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development	Mel Martinez (2001–2003) Alphonso Jackson (2003–2008) Steve Preston (2008–2009)

Secretary of Transportation	Norman Mineta (2001–2006) Mary Peters (2006–2009)

Secretary of Energy	Spencer Abraham (2001–2005) Samuel Bodman (2005–2009)

Secretary of Veterans Affairs	Anthony Principi (2001–2005) Jim Nicholson (2005–2007) James Peake (2007–2009)

Secretary of Homeland Security	Tom Ridge (2003–2005) Michael Chertoff (2005–2009)

Cabinet-level

Vice President	Dick Cheney (2001–2009)

White House Chief of Staff	Andrew Card (2001–2006) Joshua Bolten (2006–2009)

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency	Christine Todd Whitman (2001–2003) Mike Leavitt (2003–2005) Stephen L. Johnson (2005–2009)

Director of the Office of Management and Budget	Mitch Daniels (2001–2003) Joshua Bolten (2003–2006) Rob Portman (2006–2007) Jim Nussle (2007–2009)

Director of National Drug Control Policy	John P. Walters (2001–2009)

Trade Representative	Robert Zoellick (2001–2005) Rob Portman (2005–2006) Susan Schwab (2006–2009)

v t e Principal owners of the Texas Rangers franchise

Washington Senators (1961–1971)	Elwood Richard Quesada James Johnson & James Lemon James Lemon Bob Short

Texas Rangers (1972–present)	Bob Short Brad Corbett Eddie Chiles George W. Bush Tom Hicks Chuck Greenberg & Nolan Ryan

v t e Time Persons of the Year (1976-2000)

Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Michal Jordan Bill Clinton (1992) “The Peacemakers”: Yitzhak Rabin / Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk / Yasser Arafat (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeffrey P. Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000)

Complete roster 1927–1950 1951–1975 1976–2000 2001–present

v t e Time Persons of the Year

Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protestor (2011)

Complete roster 1927–1950 1951–1975 1976–2000 2001–present

v t e Presidents of the United States

	George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren William Henry Harrison John Tyler James K. Polk Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Franklin Pierce James Buchanan Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison Grover Cleveland William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan George H. W. Bush Bill Clinton George W. Bush Barack Obama

Republican Party

Chairpersons
of the RNC

Presidential tickets

Parties by state
and territory

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Territory	District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands

Conventions
(List)

Affiliated
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Conservatism Portal

United States presidential election, 2000

General election results · State results · Florida results

Republican Party
Convention · Primaries

Nominee: George W. Bush (campaign)
VP nominee: Dick Cheney

Candidates: Lamar Alexander · Gary Bauer · Pat Buchanan · Herman Cain · Elizabeth Dole · Jack Fellure · Steve Forbes · Orrin Hatch · John Kasich · Alan Keyes · Andy Martin · John McCain · Dan Quayle · Bob Smith

Democratic Party
Convention · Primaries

Nominee: Al Gore (campaign)
VP nominee: Joe Lieberman

Candidates: Bill Bradley · Lyndon LaRouche · Paul Wellstone

Recount

Key figures	Katherine Harris · Jeb Bush · David Boies · Theodore Olson · James Baker · Ron Klain · Warren Christopher · Michael Whouley · Benjamin Ginsberg · Bob Butterworth · Joe Allbaugh · Mac Stipanovic · Craig Waters · Theresa LePore · Carol Roberts

Election day	Florida Central Voter File (scrub list) · Volusia error · Chad · Butterfly ballot

Aftermath and legal proceedings	Florida election recount · Brooks Brothers riot · Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris (Harris I) · Gore v. Harris (Harris II) · Bush v. Gore

Recount (2008) · Bush Family Fortunes (2004) · Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election (2002)

Third party and independent candidates

Constitution Party Convention	Nominee: Howard Phillips VP nominee: Curtis Frazier Candidates: Herb Titus

Green Party Convention	Nominee: Ralph Nader (campaign) VP nominee: Winona LaDuke Candidates: Jello Biafra · Stephen Gaskin · Joel Kovel

Libertarian Party Convention	Nominee: Harry Browne VP nominee: Art Olivier Candidates: Jacob Hornberger · Barry Hess · L. Neil Smith

Natural Law Party	Nominee: John Hagelin VP nominee: Nat Goldhaber

Prohibition Party	Nominee: Earl Dodge VP nominee: W. Dean Watkins

Reform Party	Nominee: Pat Buchanan VP nominee: Ezola B. Foster Candidates: John Hagelin

Socialist Party USA	Nominee: David McReynolds VP nominee: Mary Cal Hollis

Socialist Workers Party	Nominee: James Harris VP nominee: Margaret Trowe

Workers World Party	Nominee: Monica Moorehead VP nominee: Gloria La Riva

Independent	Cathy Gordon Brown · Charles E. Collins · Isabell Masters · Joe Schriner

Other 2000 elections: House · Senate · Gubernatorial

Authority control: PND: 12145391X | LCCN: no95049848 | VIAF: 71559485 | WorldCat

lez:Джордж Вокер Буш

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush

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"Romney" redirects here. For other uses, see Romney (disambiguation).

Mitt Romney

70th Governor of Massachusetts
In office January 2, 2003 – January 4, 2007
Lieutenant	Kerry Healey
Preceded by	Jane Swift (Acting)
Succeeded by	Deval Patrick
Personal details
Born	Willard Mitt Romney (1947-03-12) March 12, 1947 (age 65) Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Ann Romney (m. 1969)
Children	Taggart (b. 1970) Matthew (b. 1971) Joshua (b. 1975) Benjamin (b. 1978) Craig (b. 1981)
Residence	Belmont, Massachusetts Wolfeboro, New Hampshire San Diego, California
Alma mater	Brigham Young University (BA) Harvard University (MBA, JD)
Religion	The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon)
Positions	Co-founder, Bain Capital (1984–1999) CEO, Bain & Company (1991–1992) CEO, 2002 Winter Olympics Organizing Committee (1999–2002)
Signature
Website	MittRomney.com

	This article is part of a series about Mitt Romney	Mitt Romney
2012 Presidential campaign 2008 Presidential campaign Governor of Massachusetts, 2003–2007 1994 U.S. Senate election Political positions · Electoral history Public image

Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is an American businessman and the presumptive nominee of the Republican Party for President of the United States in the 2012 election. He was the 70th Governor of Massachusetts (2003–07).

The son of Lenore and George W. Romney (Governor of Michigan, 1963–69), he was raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. In 1966, after one year at Stanford University, he left the United States to spend thirty months in France as a Mormon missionary. In 1969, he married Ann Davies, and the couple had five children together. In 1971, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Brigham Young University and, in 1975, a joint Juris Doctor and Master of Business Administration from Harvard University as a Baker Scholar. He entered the management consulting industry, which in 1977, led to a position at Bain & Company. Later serving as Chief Executive Officer, he helped bring the company out of financial crisis. In 1984, he co-founded the spin-off Bain Capital, a private equity investment firm that became highly profitable and one of the largest such firms in the nation. His net worth is estimated at $190–250 million, wealth that has helped fund his political campaigns. Active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, he served as Ward Bishop and later Stake President in his area near Boston. He ran as the Republican candidate in the 1994 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts, losing to long-time incumbent Ted Kennedy. In 1999, he was hired as President and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the 2002 Winter Olympics and Paralympics; and he helped turn the fiscally troubled games into a success.

He was elected Governor of Massachusetts in 2002 but did not seek re-election in 2006. During his term he presided over a series of spending cuts and increases in fees that eliminated a projected $1.5 billion deficit. He also signed into law the Massachusetts health care reform legislation, the first of its kind in the nation, which provided near-universal health insurance access via state-level subsidies and individual mandates.

Romney ran for the Republican nomination in the 2008 U.S. presidential election, winning several primaries and caucuses but losing the nomination to John McCain. In the following years, he gave speeches and raised campaign funds on behalf of his fellow Republicans. In June 2011, he announced that he would seek the 2012 Republican presidential nomination; as of May 2012, he has won enough caucuses and primaries to become the party's presumptive nominee.

Early life and education [link]

Heritage and youth [link]

Willard Mitt Romney^[1] was born at Harper Hospital in Detroit, Michigan,^[2] the youngest child of George W. Romney, a self-made man who by 1948 had become an automobile executive, and Lenore Romney (née LaFount), an aspiring actress turned homemaker.^[3]^[4]^[5] His mother was a native of Logan, Utah, and his father was born in a Mormon colony in Chihuahua, Mexico, to American parents.^[6]^[7] He is of primarily English descent, and also has more distant Scottish and German ancestry.^[8]^[9]^[10] He is a fifth-generation member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).^[11]^[12] A great-great-grandfather, Miles Romney, converted to the faith in its first decade, and another great-great-grandfather, Parley P. Pratt, was an early leader in the church during the same time.^[13]

He was preceded in birth by three siblings: Margo Lynn, Jane LaFount, and G. Scott. Mitt followed after a gap of nearly six years. He was named after family friend, hotel magnate J. Willard Marriott, and his father's cousin Milton "Mitt" Romney, a former quarterback for the Chicago Bears.^[14]^{[nb 1]} In 1953, the family moved from Detroit to the affluent suburb of Bloomfield Hills.^[16] In 1954, his father became the chairmen and CEO of American Motors, a company he helped avoid bankruptcy, and return to profitability.^[16] By the time Mitt was twelve, his father had become a nationally known figure in print and on television,^[17] and Mitt idolized him.^[18]

Several three-story brick buildings surrounding a large courtyard with fountain

Mitt Romney began attending Cranbrook School in the seventh grade.

He attended public elementary schools^[15] until the seventh grade, when he began commuting to Cranbrook School in Bloomfield Hills, a traditional private boys' preparatory school where he was one of only a few Mormons and where many students came from backgrounds even more privileged than he.^[19]^[20] He was not particularly athletic and at first did not excel academically.^[18] During his sophomore year he participated in the 1962 campaign in which his father was elected Governor of Michigan.^{[nb 2]} When his parents moved to the state capitol as part of George Romney taking office, Mitt took up residence at Cranbrook's Stevens Hall.^[19] George Romney was re-elected twice; Mitt worked for him as an intern in the governor's office, and was present at the 1964 Republican National Convention when his moderate father battled conservative party nominee Barry Goldwater over issues of civil rights and ideological extremism.^[18]^[22] During these years, Romney had a steady set of chores and summer jobs, including working as a security guard at a Chrysler plant.^[23]

At Cranbrook he was a manager for the ice hockey team and a member of the pep squad,^[19] and during his final year joined the cross country running team.^[15] He belonged to eleven school organizations and school clubs, and started the Blue Key Club boosters group.^[19] During his final year at Cranbook, Romney improved academically, but was still not a star pupil.^[18]^[20] He won an award for those "whose contributions to school life are often not fully recognized through already existing channels".^[20] Romney was involved in many pranks.^{[nb 3]}

In March of his senior year, he began dating Ann Davies, two years his younger, whom he had first met in elementary school; she attended the private Kingswood School, the sister school to Cranbrook.^[27]^[20] The two informally agreed to marriage around the time of his June 1965 graduation.^[18]

University, France mission, marriage and children: 1965–1975 [link]

Romney attended Stanford University for a year,^[18]^{[nb 4]} where he worked as a night security guard in order to pay for trips home to see Ann.^[28] Although the campus was becoming radicalized with the beginnings of 1960s social and political movements, he kept a well-groomed appearance and participated in pre-Big Game actions designed to protect the Stanford Axe.^[18] In May 1966, he was part of a counter-protest against a group staging a sit-in in the university administration building in opposition to draft status tests.^[18]^[29]

"As you can imagine, it's quite an experience to go to Bordeaux and say, 'Give up your wine! I've got a great religion for you!'"

—Mitt Romney in 2002 reflecting upon his missionary experience.^[30]

In July 1966, he left for a thirty-month stay in France as a Mormon missionary,^[18]^[31] a traditional rite of passage that his father and many other relatives had volunteered for.^{[nb 5]} He arrived in Le Havre with ideas about how to change and promote the French Mission, while facing physical and economic deprivation in their cramped quarters.^[33]^[13] Rules against drinking, smoking, and dating were strictly enforced.^[13] Most individual Mormon missionaries do not gain many converts,^[35] and Romney was no exception:^[33] he later estimated ten to twenty for his entire mission.^[36] The nominally Catholic but secular, wine-loving French people were especially resistant to a religion that prohibits alcohol.^[18]^[13]^[30] He became demoralized, and later recalled it as the only time when "most of what I was trying to do was rejected."^[33] In Nantes, he suffered a bruised jaw while defending two female missionaries who were being bothered by a group of local rugby players.^[13] He continued to work hard; having grown up in Michigan rather than the more insular Utah world, Romney was better able to interact with the French than other missionaries.^[37]^[13] He was promoted to zone leader in Bordeaux in early 1968, then in the spring of that year became assistant to the mission president in Paris, the highest position for a missionary.^[33]^[13]^[38] In the Mission Home in Paris he enjoyed palace-like accommodations.^[38] Romney's support for the U.S. role in the Vietnam War was only reinforced when the French greeted him with hostility over the matter and he debated them in return.^[13]^[33] He witnessed the May 1968 general strike and student uprisings and was upset by the breakdown in social order.^[39]

In June 1968, an automobile he was driving in southern France was hit by another vehicle, seriously injuring him and killing one of his passengers, the wife of the mission president.^{[nb 6]} Romney, who was not at fault in the accident,^{[nb 6]} became co-acting president of a mission demoralized and disorganized by the May civil disturbances and by the car accident.^[37] He rallied and motivated the others and they met an ambitious goal of 200 baptisms for the year, the most for the mission in a decade.^[37] By the end of his stint in December 1968, he was overseeing the work of 175 fellow members.^[33]^[40] Romney developed a lifelong affection for France and its people, and speaks French.^[42] The experience in the country instilled in him a belief that life is fragile and that he needed seriousness of purpose.^[18]^[37]^[13] It also represented a crucible, after having been an indifferent Mormon growing up: "On a mission, your faith in Jesus Christ either evaporates or it becomes much deeper ... For me it became much deeper."^[33]

While he was away, Ann Davies had converted to the Mormon faith, guided by George Romney, and had begun attending Brigham Young University (BYU).^[18] Mitt was nervous that she had been wooed by others while he was away, and she had indeed started dating popular campus figure Kim S. Cameron and had sent Romney in France a "Dear John letter", greatly upsetting him; he wrote to her to in an attempt to win her back.^[43]^[15] At their first meeting following Romney's return they reconnected, and decided to get married immediately but agreed to wait three months to appease their parents.^[44] At Ann's request, Romney began attending Brigham Young too, in February 1969.^[43]^{[nb 4]} The couple were married on March 21, 1969, in a civil ceremony at Ann's family's home in Bloomfield Hills that was presided over by a church elder.^[46]^[47]^[48] The following day, the couple flew to Utah for a wedding ceremony at the Salt Lake Temple.^[46]^[47]

Photograph of Romney and Nixon, both looking at and grinning at something off-frame

While Mitt attended Harvard, his father George W. Romney (pictured here with Richard M. Nixon) served as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.

Romney had missed much of the tumultuous American anti-Vietnam War movement while away, and was surprised to learn that his father had turned against the effort during his unsuccessful 1968 presidential campaign.^[33] Regarding the military draft, Romney had initially received a student deferment, then, like most Mormon missionaries, a ministerial deferment while in France, and then a student deferment.^[33]^[49] When those ran out, his high number in the December 1969 draft lottery (300) ensured he would not be selected.^[33]^[49]^[50]

At culturally conservative BYU, he remained isolated from much of the upheaval of the era, and did not join in protests against the war, or the LDS Church's policy at the time of denying full membership to blacks.^[24]^[33]^[43] He became president of, and an innovative fundraiser for, the all-male Cougar Club booster organization and showed a new-found discipline in his studies.^[33]^[43] In his senior year, he took leave to work as driver and advance man for his mother Lenore Romney's eventually unsuccessful 1970 campaign for U.S. Senator from Michigan.^[24]^[46] He earned a Bachelor of Arts in English with highest honors in 1971,^[43] and gave commencement addresses to both the College of Humanities and to the whole of BYU.^{[nb 7]}

The Romneys' first son, Taggart, was born in 1970^[46] while they were undergraduates at Brigham Young^[52] and living in a basement apartment.^[33]^[43] Ann subsequently gave birth to Matt (1971), Josh (1975), Ben (1978), and Craig (1981).^[46] Her work as a homemaker would enable her husband to pursue his career.^[53]

Romney still wanted to pursue a business path, but his father, by now serving in President Richard Nixon's cabinet as U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, advised him that a law degree would be valuable to his career.^[54]^[55] Thus he became one of only fifteen students to enroll at the recently created joint Juris Doctor/Master of Business Administration four-year program coordinated between Harvard Law School and Harvard Business School.^[56] Fellow students considered him guilelessly optimistic, noting his solid work ethic and buttoned-down demeanor and appearance.^[56]^[57] He readily adapted to the business school's pragmatic, data-driven case study method of teaching, participated in class well, and led a study group whom he pushed to get all A's.^[55] He had a different social experience from most of his classmates, since he lived in a Belmont, Massachusetts, house with Ann and two children.^[46]^[55] He was non-ideological and did not involve himself in the political or social issues of the day.^[46]^[55] He graduated in 1975 cum laude from the law school, in the top third of that class, and was named a Baker Scholar for graduating in the top five percent of his business school class.^[51]^[56]

Business career [link]

Management consulting [link]

Romney was recruited by several firms and chose to remain in Massachusetts to work for Boston Consulting Group (BCG), reasoning that working as a management consultant to a variety of companies would better prepare him for a future position as a chief executive.^[54]^[58]^{[nb 8]} He was part of a 1970s wave of top graduates who chose to go into consulting rather than join a major company directly.^[60] His legal and business education proved useful in his job^[54] while he applied BCG principles such as the growth-share matrix.^[61] He was viewed as having a bright future there.^[54]^[62]

In 1977, he was hired away by Bain & Company, a management consulting firm in Boston that had been formed a few years earlier by Bill Bain and other former BCG employees.^[61]^[54]^[63] Bain would later say of the thirty-year-old Romney, "He had the appearance of confidence of a guy who was maybe ten years older."^[64] With Bain & Company, Romney learned what writers and business analysts have dubbed the "Bain way",^[54]^[63]^[65] which consisted of immersing the firm in each client's business,^[54]^[64] and not just issuing recommendations but staying with the company until changes were put into place.^[61]^[63]^[66] Romney became a vice president of the firm in 1978,^[15] and worked with clients such as the Monsanto Company, Outboard Marine Corporation, Burlington Industries, and Corning Incorporated.^[58] Within a few years, he was one of Bain & Company's best consultants and was sought after by clients over more senior partners.^[54]^[67]

Private equity [link]

File:Bain Capital.png

Logo of Bain Capital, the private equity firm Romney co-founded in 1984

Romney was restless for a company of his own to run, and in 1983, Bill Bain offered him the chance to head a new venture that would buy into companies, have them benefit from Bain techniques, and then reap higher rewards than consulting fees.^[54]^[61] He initially refrained from accepting the offer, and Bain re-arranged the terms in a complicated partnership structure so that there was no financial or professional risk to Romney.^[54]^[64]^[68] Thus, in 1984, Romney left Bain & Company to co-found the spin-off private equity investment firm, Bain Capital.^[66] In the face of skepticism from potential investors, Bain and Romney spent a year raising the $37 million in funds needed to start the new operation, which had fewer than ten employees.^[58]^[64]^[69] As general partner of the new firm, Romney spent little money on costs such as office appearance, and saw weak spots in so many potential deals that by 1986, few had been done.^[54] At first, Bain Capital focused on venture capital opportunities.^[54] Their first big success was a 1986 investment to help start Staples Inc., after founder Thomas G. Stemberg convinced Romney of the market size for office supplies and Romney convinced others; Bain Capital eventually reaped a nearly sevenfold return on its investment, and Romney sat on the Staples board of directors for over a decade.^[54]^[69]^[70]

Romney soon switched Bain Capital's focus from startups to the relatively new business of leveraged buyouts: buying existing firms with money mostly borrowed against their assets, partnering with existing management to apply the "Bain way" to their operations (rather than the hostile takeovers practiced in other leverage buyout scenarios), and selling them off in a few years.^[54]^[64] Existing CEOs were offered large equity stakes in the process, owing to Bain Capital's belief in the emerging agency theory that CEOs should be bound to maximizing shareholder value rather than other goals.^[70] Bain Capital lost most of its money in many of its early leveraged buyouts, but then started finding deals that made large returns.^[54] The firm invested in or acquired Accuride, Brookstone, Domino's Pizza, Sealy Corporation, Sports Authority, and Artisan Entertainment, as well as lesser-known companies in the industrial and medical sectors.^[54]^[64]^[71] He ran Bain Capital for fourteen years, during which time the firm's average annual internal rate of return on realized investments was 113 percent.^[58] Much of this profit was earned from a relatively small number of deals; Bain Capital's overall success–to–failure ratio was about even.^{[nb 9]}

Less an entrepreneur than an executive running an investment operation,^[67]^[72] Romney was skilled at presenting and selling the deals the company made.^[68] The firm initially gave a cut of its profits to Bain & Company, but Romney persuaded Bain to give that up.^[68] Within Bain Capital, Romney spread profits from deals widely within the firm to keep people motivated, often keeping less than ten percent for himself.^[73] Viewed as a fair manager, he received considerable loyalty from the firm's members.^[70] Romney's wary instincts were still in force at times, and he was generally data-driven and averse to risk.^[54]^[70] He wanted to drop a Bain Capital hedge fund that initially lost money, but other partners prevailed and it eventually gained billions.^[54] He also personally opted out of the Artisan Entertainment deal, not wanting to profit from a studio that produced R-rated films.^[54] Romney was on the board of directors of Damon Corporation, a medical testing company later found guilty of defrauding the government; Bain Capital tripled its investment before selling off the company, and the fraud was discovered by the new owners (Romney was never implicated).^[54] In some cases, Romney had little involvement with a company once acquired.^[69]

"Sometimes the medicine is a little bitter but it is necessary to save the life of the patient. My job was to try and make the enterprise successful, and in my view the best security a family can have is that the business they work for is strong."

—Mitt Romney in 2007, commenting on job losses at companies that Bain Capital executed leveraged buyouts of.^[68]

Bain Capital's leveraged buyouts sometimes led to layoffs, either soon after acquisition or later after the firm had left.^[61]^[68]^[69] How jobs added compared to those lost due to these investments and buyouts is unknown, due to a lack of records and Bain Capital's penchant for privacy on behalf of itself and its investors.^[74]^[75]^[76] In any case, maximizing the value of acquired companies and the return to Bain's investors, not job creation, was the firm's fundamental goal, as it was for most private equity operations.^[69]^[77] Bain Capital's acquisition of Ampad exemplified a deal where it profited handsomely from early payments and management fees, even though the subject company itself ended up going into bankruptcy.^[54]^[70]^[77] Dade Behring was another case where Bain Capital received an eightfold return on its investment, but the company itself was saddled with debt and laid off over a thousand employees before Bain Capital exited (the company subsequently went into bankruptcy, with more layoffs, before recovering and prospering).^[74] Bain was among the private equity firms that took the most fees in such cases.^[64]^[70]

In 1990, Romney was asked to return to Bain & Company, which was facing financial collapse.^[66] He was announced as its new CEO in January 1991^[78]^[79] but drew only a symbolic salary of one dollar.^[66] He managed an effort to restructure the firm's employee stock-ownership plan, real-estate deals and bank loans, while rallying the firm's thousand employees, imposing a new governing structure that included Bain and the other founding partners giving up control, and increasing fiscal transparency.^[54]^[58]^[66] Within about a year, he had led Bain & Company through a turnaround and returned the firm to profitability without further layoffs or partner defections.^[58] He turned Bain & Company over to new leadership and returned to Bain Capital in December 1992.^[54]^[79]^[80]

Romney took a leave of absence from Bain Capital in February 1999 to serve as the President and CEO of the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympic Games Organizing Committee.^[54]^[81] By that time, Bain Capital was on its way to being one of the top private equity firms in the nation,^[68] having increased its number of partners from 5 to 18, with 115 employees overall, and $4 billion under its management.^[64]^[69] Bain Capital's approach of applying consulting expertise to the companies it invested in became widely copied within the private equity industry.^[25]^[69] Economist Steven Kaplan would later say, "[Romney] came up with a model that was very successful and very innovative and that now everybody uses."^[70]

Personal wealth [link]

In August 2001, Romney announced that he would not return to Bain Capital.^[81] He transferred his ownership to other partners and negotiated an agreement that allowed him to receive a passive profit share as a retired partner in some Bain Capital entities, including buyout and investment funds.^[73]^[82] Because the private equity business continued to thrive, this deal brought him millions of dollars in annual income.^[73] As a result of his business career, by 2007, Romney and his wife had a net worth of between $190 and $250 million, most of it held in blind trusts since 2003.^[82] In 2012, it was estimated that he had amassed twice the net worth of the last eight presidents combined,^[83] and would rank among the four richest in American history if elected.^[83]^[84]

An additional blind trust existed in the name of the Romneys' children and grandchildren that was valued at between $70 and $100 million as of 2007.^[85] The couple's net worth remained in the same range as of 2011, and was still held in blind trusts.^[86] In 2010, Romney and his wife received $21.7 million in income, almost all of it from investments, of which about $3 million went to federal income taxes (a rate of 13.9 percent, based upon the beneficial rate accorded investment income by the U.S. tax code) and almost $3 million to charity, including $1.5 million to the LDS Church.^[87] Romney has always tithed to the church, including stock from Bain Capital holdings.^[13]^[88]^[89] In 2010, the Romney family's Tyler Charitable Foundation gave out about $650,000, with some of it going to organizations that fight specific diseases such as cystic fibrosis and multiple sclerosis.^[90]

Local LDS Church leadership [link]

During his years in business, Romney also served in the local lay clergy (consisting of all Mormon men over the age of 12).^[13] Around 1977, he became a counselor to the president of the Boston Stake.^[91] He later served as bishop of the ward (leader of the congregation) at Belmont, Massachusetts, from 1981 to 1986, acting as the ecclesiastical and administrative head of his congregation.^[92]^[93] As such, in addition to home teaching, he also formulated Sunday services and classes using LDS scriptures to guide the congregation.^[94] He forged bonds with other religious institutions in the area when the Belmont meetinghouse was destroyed by a fire of suspicious origins in 1984; the congregation rotated its meetings to other houses of worship while it was rebuilt.^[88]^[93]

From 1986 to 1994, he presided over the Boston Stake, which included more than a dozen wards in eastern Massachusetts with about 4,000 church members altogether.^[67]^[94]^[95] He organized a team to handle financial and management issues, sought to counter anti-Mormon sentiments, and tried to solve social problems among poor Southeast Asian converts.^[88]^[93] An unpaid position, his local church leadership often took 30 or more hours a week of his time,^[94] and he became known for his tireless energy in the role.^[67] He generally refrained from overnight business travel owing to his church responsibilities.^[94]

He took a hands-on role in general matters, helping in maintenance efforts in- and outside homes, visiting the sick, and counseling troubled or burdened church members.^[92]^[93]^[94] A number of local church members later credited him with turning their lives around or helping them through difficult times.^[88]^[93]^[94] Some others were rankled by his leadership style and desired a more consensus-based approach.^[93] Romney tried to balance the conservative dogma insisted upon by the church leadership in Utah with the desire of some Massachusetts members to have a more flexible application of doctrine.^[67] He agreed with some modest requests from the liberal women's group Exponent II for changes in the way the church dealt with women, but clashed with women whom he felt were departing too much from doctrine.^[67] In particular, he counseled women not to have abortions except in the rare cases allowed by LDS doctrine, and also in accordance with doctrine, encouraged prospective mothers who were not in successful marriages to give up children for adoption.^[67] Romney later said that the years spent as an LDS minister gave him direct exposure to people struggling in economically difficult circumstances, and empathy for those going through problematic family situations.^[96]

1994 U.S. senatorial campaign [link]

Main article: United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1994

By 1993, Romney had been thinking about entering politics, partly based upon Ann's urging and partly to follow in his father's footsteps.^[46] He decided to challenge incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy, who was seeking re-election for the sixth time. Kennedy was potentially vulnerable that year – in part because of the unpopularity of the Democratic Congress as a whole, and in part because this was Kennedy's first election since the William Kennedy Smith trial in Florida, in which Kennedy had suffered some negative public relations regarding his character.^[97]^[98]^[99] Romney changed his affiliation from Independent to Republican in October 1993 and formally announced his candidacy in February 1994.^[46] He took a leave of absence from Bain Capital in November 1993, and stepped down from his church leadership role during 1994, due to the campaign.^[100]^[94]

Radio personality Janet Jeghelian took an early lead in polls among candidates for the Republican nomination for the Senate seat, but Romney proved the most effective fundraiser.^[101]^[102] He won 68 percent of the vote at the May 1994 Massachusetts Republican Party convention; businessman John Lakian finished a distant second and Jeghelian was eliminated.^[103] Romney defeated Lakian in the September 1994 primary with over 80 percent of the vote.^[15]^[104]

In the general election, Kennedy faced the first serious re-election challenger of his career in the young, telegenic, and well-funded Romney.^[97] Romney ran as a fresh face, as a businessperson who stated he had created ten thousand jobs, and as a Washington outsider with a solid family image and moderate stances on social issues.^[97]^[105] When Kennedy tried to tie Romney's policies to those of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, Romney responded, "Look, I was an independent during the time of Reagan-Bush. I'm not trying to take us back to Reagan-Bush."^[106] Romney stated: "Ultimately, this is a campaign about change."^[107] After two decades out of public view, his father George re-emerged during the campaign.^[108]^[109]

Romney's campaign was effective in portraying Kennedy as soft on crime, but had trouble establishing its own positions in a consistent manner.^[110] By mid-September 1994, polls showed the race to be approximately even.^[97]^[111]^[112] Kennedy responded with a series of attack ads, which focused on Romney's seemingly shifting political views on issues such as abortion and on the treatment of workers at the Ampad plant owned by Romney's Bain Capital.^[97]^[113]^[114] The latter was effective in blunting Romney's momentum.^[70] Kennedy and Romney held a widely watched late October debate without a clear winner, but by then, Kennedy had pulled ahead in polls and stayed ahead afterward.^[115] Romney spent $3 million of his own money in the race and more than $7 million overall.^[116]^{[nb 10]} In the November general election, despite a disastrous showing for Democrats overall, Kennedy won the election with 58 percent of the vote to Romney's 41 percent,^[54] the smallest margin in Kennedy's eight re-election campaigns for the Senate.^[119]

2002 Winter Olympics [link]

Photograph of Romney standing with microphone in middle of curling lanes

Romney, president and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the 2002 Winter Olympics, speaking before a curling match

Romney returned to Bain Capital the day after the election, but the loss had a lasting effect; he told his brother, "I never want to run for something again unless I can win."^[46]^[120] When his father died in 1995, Mitt donated his inheritance to BYU's George W. Romney Institute of Public Management and joined the board and was vice-chair of the Points of Light Foundation (which had incorporated his father's National Volunteer Center).^[45]^[81] His mother died in 1998. Romney felt restless as the decade neared a close; the goal of simply making more money was losing its appeal to him.^[46]^[120] He no longer had a church leadership position, although he still taught Sunday School.^[92] During the long and controversial approval and construction process for the $30 million Mormon temple in Belmont, he feared that as a political figure who had opposed Kennedy, he would become a focal point for opposition to the structure.^[93] He thus kept to a limited, behind-the-scenes role in attempts to ease tensions between the church and local residents, but locals nonetheless sometimes referred to it as "Mitt's Temple".^[88]^[92]^[93]

Ann Romney was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in 1998; Mitt described watching her fail a series of neurological tests as the worst day of his life.^[46] After two years of severe difficulties with the disease, she found while living in Park City, Utah (where the couple had built a vacation home) a mixture of mainstream, alternative, and equestrian therapies that gave her a lifestyle mostly without limitations.^[53] When the offer came for him to take over the troubled 2002 Winter Olympics and Paralympics, to be held in Salt Lake City in Utah, she urged him to take it, and eager for a new challenge, he did.^[120]^[121] On February 11, 1999, Romney was hired as the president and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games of 2002.^[122]

Before Romney came on, the event was running $379 million short of its revenue benchmarks.^[122] Plans were being made to scale back the Games to compensate for the fiscal crisis, and there were fears the Games might be moved away entirely.^[123] The Games had also been damaged by allegations of bribery involving top officials, including prior Salt Lake Olympic Committee president and CEO Frank Joklik. Joklik and committee vice president Dave Johnson were forced to resign.^[124] Romney was chosen by Utah figures looking for someone with expertise in business and law and with connections to the state and the LDS Church.^[125] The appointment faced some initial criticism from non-Mormons, and fears from Mormons, that it represented cronyism or gave the Games too Mormon an image.^[30]

Romney ran the planning for the Games like a business.^[126] He revamped the organization's leadership and policies, reduced budgets, and boosted fundraising, alleviated the concerns corporate sponsors and recruited many new ones.^[120]^[125] He appealed to Utah's citizenry with a message of optimism that helped restore confidence in the effort.^[120]^[126] He worked to ensure the safety of the Games following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks by coordinating a $300 million security budget.^[121] Overall, he oversaw a $1.32 billion budget, 700 employees, and 26,000 volunteers.^[122] The federal government provided between approximately $400 million^[125]^[127]^[128] and $600 million^[126]^[129] of that budget, much of it a result of Romney's having aggressively lobbied Congress and federal agencies.^[129]^[130]^[131] It would prove to be a record level of federal funding for the staging of a U.S. Olympics, a fact Romney would cite as a selling point during his campaign for the Massachusetts governorship.^[128]^[130] An additional federal $1.1 billion was spent on indirect support in the form of highway and transit projects.^[132]

Romney emerged as the public face of the Olympic effort, appearing in photographs, news stories and Olympics pins.^[120] Robert H. Garff, the chair of the organizing committee, later said that "It was obvious that he had an agenda larger than just the Olympics,"^[120] and that Romney wanted to use the Olympics to propel himself into the national spotlight and a political career.^[125]^[133] Garff believed the initial budget shortfall was not as bad as Romney portrayed, given there were still three years to reorganize.^[125] Utah Senator Bob Bennett said that much of the needed federal money was already in place and an analysis by The Boston Globe stated that the committee already had nearly $1 billion in committed revenues.^[125] Olympics critic Steve Pace, who led Utahns for Responsible Public Spending, thought Romney exaggerated the initial fiscal state in order to lay the groundwork for a well-publicized rescue.^[133] Kenneth Bullock, another board member of the organizing committee and also head of the Utah League of Cities and Towns, often clashed with Romney at the time, and later said that Romney deserved some credit for the turnaround but not as much as he claimed:^[120] Bullock said: "He tried very hard to build an image of himself as a savior, the great white hope. He was very good at characterizing and castigating people and putting himself on a pedestal."^[125]

Despite the initial fiscal shortfall, the Games ended up clearing a profit of $100 million.^[134] His performance as Olympics head was rated positively by 87 percent of Utahns.^[135] Romney and his wife contributed $1 million to the Olympics, and he donated to charity the $1.4 million in salary and severance payments he received for his three years as president and CEO.^[136]

Romney was widely praised for his efforts with the 2002 Winter Olympics^[121] including by President George W. Bush,^[25] and it solidified his reputation as a turnaround artist.^[125] Harvard Business School taught a case study based around his actions.^[61] He wrote a book about his experience titled Turnaround: Crisis, Leadership, and the Olympic Games, published in 2004. The role gave Romney experience in dealing with federal, state, and local entities, a public persona he had previously lacked, and the chance to re-launch his political aspirations.^[120] He was mentioned as a possible candidate for statewide office in both Massachusetts and Utah, and also as possibly joining the Bush administration.^[121]^[137]^[138]

Governor of Massachusetts [link]

2002 gubernatorial campaign [link]

Main article: Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 2002

In 2002, Republican Acting Governor Jane Swift's administration was plagued by political missteps and personal scandals.^[135] Many Republicans viewed her as a liability and considered her unable to win a general election.^[139] Prominent party figures – as well as the White House – wanted Romney to run for governor,^[137]^[140] and the opportunity appealed to him for its national visibility.^[141] One poll taken at that time showed Republicans favoring Romney over Swift by more than 50 percentage points.^[142] On March 19, 2002, Swift announced she would not seek her party's nomination, and hours later Romney declared his candidacy,^[142] for which would face no opposition in the primary.^[143] In June 2002, Massachusetts Democratic Party officials contested Romney's eligibility to run for governor, citing residency issues involving his time in Utah for the Olympics.^[144] That same month, the bipartisan Massachusetts State Ballot Law Commission unanimously ruled that he was an eligible candidate.^[145]

He again ran as a political outsider,^[135] saying he was "not a partisan Republican" but rather a "moderate" with "progressive" views.^[146] Supporters of Romney hailed his business success, especially with the Olympics, as the record of someone who would be able to bring a new era of efficiency into Massachusetts politics.^[143] The campaign was the first to use microtargeting techniques, in which fine-grained groups of voters were reached with narrowly tailored messaging.^[147] Nevertheless, Romney initially had difficulty connecting with voters and fell behind his Democratic opponent, Massachusetts State Treasurer Shannon O'Brien, in polls before rebounding.^[148] During the election he contributed over $6 million – a state record at the time – to the nearly $10 million raised for his campaign overall.^[149]^[150] Romney was elected governor on November 5, 2002, with 50 percent of the vote to O'Brien's 45 percent.^[151]

Tenure, 2003–2007 [link]

Main article: Governorship of Mitt Romney

Mitt Romney resting on a wooden desk, flanked by an American flag, a picture of his wife, a lamp, and a painting of mountains

Massachusetts State House portrait of Governor Mitt Romney, by artist Richard Whitney

When Romney was sworn in as the 70th governor of Massachusetts on January 2, 2003, ^[152] both houses of the Massachusetts state legislature held large Democratic majorities.^[153] He picked his cabinet and advisors more on managerial abilities than partisan affiliation.^[23] Upon entering office in the middle of a fiscal year, he faced an immediate $650 million shortfall and a projected $3 billion deficit for the next year.^[138] Unexpected revenue of $1.0–1.3 billion from a previously enacted capital gains tax increase and $500 million in unanticipated federal grants decreased the deficit to $1.2–1.5 billion.^[154]^[155] Through a combination of spending cuts, increased fees, and removal of corporate tax loopholes,^[154] the state ran surpluses of around $600–700 million for the last two full fiscal years Romney was in office, although it began running deficits again after that.^{[nb 11]}

Romney supported raising various fees by more than $300 million, including those for driver's licenses, marriage licenses, and gun licenses.^[138]^[154] He increased a special gasoline retailer fee by two cents per gallon, generating about $60 million per year in additional revenue.^[138]^[154] (Opponents said the reliance on fees sometimes imposed a hardship on those who could least afford them.)^[154] Romney also closed tax loopholes that brought in another $181 million from businesses over the next two years and over $300 million for his term.^[138]^[160] Romney did so in the face of conservative and corporate critics that considered them tax increases.^[160]

The state legislature, with Romney's support, also cut spending by $1.6 billion, including $700 million in reductions in state aid to cities and towns.^[161] The cuts also included a $140 million reduction in state funding for higher education, which led state-run colleges and universities to increase tuition by 63 percent over four years.^[138]^[154] Romney sought additional cuts in his last year as governor by vetoing nearly 250 items in the state budget, but all were overridden by the heavily Democratic legislature.^[162]

The cuts in state spending put added pressure on localities to reduce services or raise property taxes, and the share of town and city revenues coming from property taxes rose from 49 to 53 percent.^[138]^[154] The combined state and local tax burden in Massachusetts increased during Romney's governorship but remained below the national average.^[138]

Romney sought to bring near-universal health insurance coverage to the state. This came after Staples founder Stemberg told him at the start of his term that doing so would be the best way he could help people,^[163]^[164]^[165] and after the federal government, owing to the rules of Medicaid funding, threatened to cut $385 million in those payments to Massachusetts if the state did not reduce the number of uninsured recipients of health care services.^[23]^[163]^[166] Although he had not campaigned on the idea of universal health insurance,^[165] Romney decided that because people without insurance still received expensive health care, the money spent by the state for such care could be better used to subsidize insurance for the poor.^[164]^[165]

After positing that any measure adopted not raise taxes and not resemble the previous decade's failed "Hillarycare" proposal, Romney formed a team of consultants from diverse political backgrounds.^[23]^[163]^[166] Beginning in late 2004, they came up with a set of proposals more ambitious than an incremental one from the Massachusetts Senate and more acceptable to him than one from the Massachusetts House of Representatives that incorporated a new payroll tax.^[23]^[163]^[166] In particular, Romney pushed for incorporating an individual mandate at the state level.^[21] Past rival Ted Kennedy, who had made universal heath coverage his life's work and who, over time, had developed a warm relationship with Romney,^[167] gave the plan a positive reception, which encouraged Democratic legislators to cooperate.^[163]^[166] The effort eventually gained the support of all major stakeholders within the state, and Romney helped break a logjam between rival Democratic leaders in the legislature.^[163]^[166]

"There really wasn't Republican or Democrat in this. People ask me if this is conservative or liberal, and my answer is yes. It's liberal in the sense that we're getting our citizens health insurance. It's conservative in that we're not getting a government takeover."

—Mitt Romney upon passage of the Massachusetts health reform law in 2006.^[163]

On April 12, 2006, Romney signed the resulting Massachusetts health reform law, commonly called "Romneycare", which requires nearly all Massachusetts residents to buy health insurance coverage or face escalating tax penalties, such as the loss of their personal income tax exemption.^[168] The bill also establishes means-tested state subsidies for people who do not have adequate employer insurance and whose income is below a threshold, with funds that were previously used to compensate for the health costs of the uninsured.^[169]^[170]^[171] He vetoed eight sections of the health care legislation, including a controversial $295-per-employee assessment on businesses that do not offer health insurance and provisions guaranteeing dental benefits to Medicaid recipients.^[168]^[172] The legislature overrode all eight vetoes, but the governor's office said the differences were not essential.^[172] The law was the first of its kind in the nation and became the signature achievement of Romney's term in office.^[166]^{[nb 12]}

At the beginning of his governorship, Romney opposed same-sex marriage and civil unions, but advocated tolerance and supported some domestic partnership benefits.^[166]^[174]^[175] Faced with the dilemma of choosing between same-sex marriage or civil unions after the November 2003 Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court decision legalizing same-sex marriages (Goodridge v. Department of Public Health), Romney reluctantly backed a state constitutional amendment in February 2004 that would have banned same-sex marriage but still allow civil unions, viewing it as the only feasible way to ban same-sex marriage in Massachusetts.^[176] In May 2004, Romney instructed town clerks to begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples, but citing a 1913 law that barred out-of-state residents from getting married in Massachusetts if their union would be illegal in their home state, no marriage licenses were to be issued to out-of-state same-sex couples not planning to move to Massachusetts.^[174]^[177] In June 2005, Romney abandoned his support for the compromise amendment, stating that the amendment confused voters who oppose both same-sex marriage and civil unions.^[174] Instead, Romney endorsed a petition effort led by the Coalition for Marriage & Family that would have banned same-sex marriage and made no provisions for civil unions.^[174] In 2004 and 2006, he urged the U.S. Senate to vote in favor of the Federal Marriage Amendment.^[178]^[179]

In 2005, Romney revealed a change of view regarding abortion, moving from the "unequivocal" pro-choice position expressed during his 2002 campaign to a pro-life one in opposition to Roe v. Wade.^[166] He subsequently vetoed a bill on pro-life grounds that would expand access to emergency contraception in hospitals and pharmacies^[180] (the veto was overridden by the legislature).^[181]

Romney generally used the bully pulpit approach towards promoting his agenda, staging well-organized media events to appeal directly to the public rather than pushing his proposals in behind-doors sessions with the state legislature.^[166] Romney dealt with a public crisis of confidence in Boston's Big Dig project – that followed a fatal ceiling collapse in 2006 – by wresting control of the project from the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority.^[166]

During 2004, Romney spent considerable effort trying to bolster the state Republican Party, but it failed to gain any seats in the state legislative elections that year.^[138]^[182] He was given a prime-time appearance at the 2004 Republican National Convention, and was already being discussed as a potential 2008 presidential candidate.^[183] Midway through his term, Romney decided that he wanted to stage a full-time run for president,^[184] and on December 14, 2005, announced that he would not seek re-election for a second term.^[185]^[186] As chair of the Republican Governors Association, Romney traveled around the country, meeting prominent Republicans and building a national political network;^[184] he spent part or all of more than 200 days out of state during 2006, preparing for his run.^[187]

He had a 61 percent job approval rating in public polls after his initial fiscal actions in 2003, but it began to sink after that.^[188] His frequent out-of-state travel contributed to a decline in his approval rating towards the end of his term;^[189]^[188] at 34 percent in November 2006, his rating level ranked 48th of the 50 U.S. governors.^[190] Dissatisfaction with Romney's administration and the weak condition of the Republican state party were among several factors that led to Democrat Deval Patrick's lopsided win over Republican Kerry Healey, Romney's Lieutenant Governor, in the 2006 Massachusetts gubernatorial election.^[191]^[189]

Romney filed to register a presidential campaign committee with the Federal Election Commission on his penultimate day in office as governor.^[192] His term ended January 4, 2007.

2008 presidential campaign [link]

Main article: Mitt Romney presidential campaign, 2008

Mitt Romney addressing an audience from atop a stage

Holding an "Ask Mitt Anything" session in Ames, Iowa, in May 2007

Casual photograph of Mitt and Ann Romney outdoors with wind blowing her hair

Romneys on Mackinac Island at the 2007 Republican Convention

Mitt Romney surrounded by people, holding a microphone and smiling

At a rally in Battle Creek, Michigan, in mid-January 2008

Romney formally announced his candidacy for the 2008 Republican nomination for president on February 13, 2007, at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.^[193] In his speech, he frequently invoked his father and his own family and stressed experiences in the private, public, and voluntary sectors that had brought him to this point.^[193]^[194] He said, "Throughout my life, I have pursued innovation and transformation,"^[194] and casting himself as a political outsider, said, "I do not believe Washington can be transformed from within by a lifelong politician."^[195]

Romney's campaign initially emphasized his résumé of a highly profitable career in the business world and his stewardship of the Olympics.^[184]^[196]^{[nb 13]} He also had political experience as governor, together with a political pedigree courtesy of his father, and had a reputation for a strong work ethic and energy level.^[184]^[196]^[65] Ann Romney, who had become an outspoken advocate for those with multiple sclerosis,^[199] was in remission and would be an active participant in his campaign,^[200] helping to soften his political personality.^[65] Moreover, a number of commentators noted that with his square jaw and ample hair graying at the temples, the 6-foot-2-inch (1.88 m)^[201] Romney – referred to as handsome in scores of media stories^[202] – physically matched one of the common images of what some believed a president should look like.^[66]^[203]^[204]^[205] Romney's liabilities included having run for senator and served as governor in one of the nation's most liberal states, having taken some positions there that were opposed by the party's conservative base, and subsequently shifting those positions.^[184]^[196]^[200] His religion was also viewed with suspicion and skepticism by some in the Evangelical portion of the party.^[206]

Romney assembled for his campaign a veteran group of Republican staffers, consultants, and pollsters.^[196]^[207] He was little-known nationally, though, and stayed around the 10 percent range in Republican preference polls for the first half of 2007.^[184] He proved the most effective fundraiser of any of the Republican candidates;^[208] his Olympics ties helped him with fundraising from Utahns and from sponsors and trustees of the games.^[136] He also partly financed his campaign with his own personal fortune.^[196] These resources, combined with the mid-year near-collapse of nominal front-runner John McCain's campaign, made Romney a threat to win the nomination and the focus of the other candidates' attacks.^[209] Romney's staff suffered from internal strife and the candidate himself was indecisive at times, constantly asking for more data before making a decision.^[196]^[210]

During all of his political campaigns, Romney has generally avoided speaking publicly about specific Mormon doctrines, referring to the U.S. Constitution prohibition of religious tests for public office.^[211] But persistent questions about the role of religion in Romney's life in this race, as well as Southern Baptist minister and former Governor of Arkansas Mike Huckabee's rise in the polls based upon an explicitly Christian-themed campaign, led to the December 6, 2007, "Faith in America" speech.^[212] He said should neither be elected nor rejected based upon his religion,^[213] and echoed Senator John F. Kennedy's famous speech during his 1960 presidential campaign in saying, "I will put no doctrine of any church above the plain duties of the office and the sovereign authority of the law."^[212] Instead of discussing the specific tenets of his faith, he said that he would be informed by it and that, "Freedom requires religion just as religion requires freedom. Freedom and religion endure together, or perish alone."^[212]^[213] Academics would later study the role religion had played in the campaign.^{[nb 14]}

In the January 3, 2008, Iowa Republican caucuses, the first contest of the primary season, Romney received 25 percent of the vote and placed second to the vastly outspent Huckabee, who received 34 percent.^[216]^[217] Of the 60 percent of caucus-goers who were evangelical Christians, Huckabee was supported by about half of them while Romney by only a fifth.^[216] Two days later, Romney won the lightly contested Wyoming Republican caucuses.^[218]

At a Saint Anselm College debate, Huckabee and McCain pounded away at Romney's image as a flip flopper.^[216] Indeed, this label would stick to Romney through the campaign^[196] (but was one that Romney rejected as unfair and inaccurate, except for his acknowledged change of mind on abortion).^[65]^[219] Romney seemed to approach the campaign as a management consulting exercise, and showed a lack of personal warmth and political feel; journalist Evan Thomas wrote that Romney "came off as a phony, even when he was perfectly sincere."^[65]^[220] Romney's staff would conclude that competing as a candidate of social conservatism and ideological purity rather than of pragmatic competence had been a mistake.^[65]

Romney finished in second place by 5 percentage points to the resurgent McCain in the next-door-to-his-home-state New Hampshire primary on January 8.^[216] Romney rebounded to win the January 15 Michigan primary over McCain by a solid margin, capitalizing on his childhood ties to the state and his vow to bring back lost automotive industry jobs which was seen by several commentators as unrealistic.^{[nb 15]} On January 19, Romney won the lightly contested Nevada caucuses, but placed fourth in the intense South Carolina primary, where he had effectively ceded the contest to his rivals.^[225] McCain gained further momentum with his win in South Carolina, leading to a showdown between him and Romney in the Florida primary.^[226]^[227]

For ten days, Romney campaigned intensively on economic issues and the burgeoning subprime mortgage crisis, while McCain repeatedly, and inaccurately, asserted that Romney favored a premature withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq.^{[nb 16]} McCain won key last-minute endorsements from Florida Senator Mel Martinez and Governor Charlie Crist, which helped push him to a 5 percentage point victory on January 29.^[226]^[227] Although many Republican officials were now lining up behind McCain,^[227] Romney persisted through the nationwide Super Tuesday contests on February 5. There he won primaries or caucuses in several states, including Massachusetts, Alaska, Minnesota, Colorado, and Utah, but McCain won more, including large states such as California and New York.^[229] Trailing McCain in delegates by a more than two-to-one margin, Romney announced the end of his campaign on February 7 during a speech before the Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington.^[229]

Altogether, Romney had won 11 primaries and caucuses,^[230] received about 4.7 million total votes,^[231] and garnered about 280 delegates.^[232] He spent $110 million during the campaign, including $45 million of his own money.^[233]

Romney endorsed McCain for president a week later.^[232] He became one of the McCain campaign's most visible surrogates, appearing on behalf of the GOP nominee at fundraisers, state Republican party conventions, and on cable news programs.^[234] His efforts earned McCain's respect and the two developed a warmer relationship; he was on the nominee's short list for the vice presidential running mate slot, where his economic expertise would have balanced one of McCain's weaknesses.^[235] McCain, behind in the polls, opted instead for a high-risk, high-reward "game changer", and selected Alaska Governor Sarah Palin.^[236] McCain lost the election to Democratic Senator Barack Obama.

Activity between presidential campaigns [link]

Photograph of Ann Romney taken in a hall, with large video screen and American flag in background

Both Mitt Romney and his wife Ann (pictured) spoke at the Conservative Political Action Conference in 2011

Following the election, Romney paved the way for a possible 2012 presidential campaign by using his Free and Strong America political action committee (PAC) to raise money for other Republican candidates and to pay his existing political staff's salaries and consulting fees.^[237]^[238] An informal network of former staff and supporters around the nation were eager for him to run again.^[239] He continued to give speeches and raise funds for Republicans,^[240] but turned down many potential media appearances, fearing overexposure.^[219] He also spoke before business, educational, and motivational groups.^[241] He served on the board of directors of Marriott International from 2009 to 2011 (having earlier served on it from 1993 to 2002).^[242]

In 2009, the Romneys sold their primary residence in Belmont and their ski chalet in Utah, leaving them an estate along Lake Winnipesaukee in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, and an oceanfront home in the La Jolla district of San Diego, California, which they had bought the year before.^[219]^[243]^[244] The San Diego home was beneficial in location and climate for Ann Romney's multiple sclerosis therapies and for recovering from her late 2008 diagnosis and lumpectomy for mammary ductal carcinoma in situ.^[243]^[245]^[246] Both it and the New Hampshire location were near some of their grandchildren,^[243] who by 2011 numbered sixteen.^[247] Romney maintained his voting registration in Massachusetts, however, and bought a smaller condominium in Belmont during 2010.^[245]^[248]^{[nb 17]} In February 2010, Romney had a minor altercation with LMFAO member Skyler Gordy, known as Sky Blu, on an airplane flight.^{[nb 18]}

Romney's book, No Apology: The Case for American Greatness, was released in March 2010; an 18-state book tour was undertaken.^[255] The book, which debuted atop The New York Times Best Seller list,^[256] avoided anecdotes about his personal or political life in favor of a presentation of his economic and geopolitical views.^[257]^[258] Earnings from the book were donated to charity.^[86]

In nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Presidential primaries, Romney led or placed in the top three with Palin and Huckabee. A January 2010 National Journal survey of political insiders found that a majority of Republican insiders, and a plurality of Democratic insiders, predicted Romney would be the party's 2012 nominee.^[259] Romney campaigned heavily for Republican candidates in the 2010 midterm elections,^[260] raising more money than the other prospective 2012 Republican presidential candidates.^[261] Beginning in early 2011, Romney presented a more relaxed visual image, including rarely wearing a necktie.^[262]^[263]

2012 presidential campaign [link]

Main article: Mitt Romney presidential campaign, 2012

Photograph of Romney working a lunch counter line, with citizens and press photographers crowding around

Romney making an appearance in Livonia, Michigan, days after his June 2011 formal campaign announcement

On April 11, 2011, Romney announced in a video taped outdoors at the University of New Hampshire that he had formed an exploratory committee for a run for the Republican presidential nomination.^[264]^[265] A Quinnipiac University political science professor stated, "We all knew that he was going to run. He's really been running for president ever since the day after the 2008 election."^[265]

Romney stood to gain from the Republican electorate's tendency to nominate candidates who had previously run for president and appeared to be "next in line" to be chosen.^[239]^[266]^[267] The early stages of the race found him as the apparent front-runner in a weak field, especially in terms of fundraising prowess and organization.^[268]^[269]^[270] Perhaps his greatest hurdle in gaining the Republican nomination was party opposition to the Massachusetts health care reform law that he had shepherded five years earlier.^[263]^[265]^[267] As many potential Republican candidates decided not to run (including Mike Pence, John Thune, Haley Barbour, Mike Huckabee, and Mitch Daniels), Republican party figures searched for plausible alternatives to Romney.^[268]^[270]

On June 2, 2011, he formally announced the start of his campaign. Speaking on a farm in Stratham, New Hampshire, he focused on the economy and criticized President Obama's handling of it.^[271] He said, "In the campaign to come, the American ideals of economic freedom and opportunity need a clear and unapologetic defense, and I intend to make it – because I have lived it."^[267]

Giving an interview at a supporters rally in Paradise Valley, Arizona

Romney raised $56 million during 2011, far more than any of his Republican opponents,^[272] and refrained from spending any of his own money on his campaign.^[273] He initially ran a low-key, low-profile campaign.^[274] Michele Bachmann staged a brief surge in polls, then by September 2011, Romney's chief rival in polls was a recent entrant, Texas Governor Rick Perry.^[275] Perry and Romney exchanged sharp criticisms of each other during a series of debates among the Republican candidates.^[276] The October 2011 decisions of Chris Christie and Sarah Palin not to run finally settled the field.^[277]^[278] Perry faded after poor performances in those debates, while Herman Cain's long-shot bid gained popularity until allegations of sexual misconduct derailed him.^[279]^[280]

Romney continued to seek support from a wary Republican electorate; at this point in the race, his poll numbers were relatively flat and at a historically low level for a Republican frontrunner.^[277]^[281]^[282] After the charges of flip-flopping that marked his 2008 campaign began to accumulate again, Romney declared in November 2011 that "I've been as consistent as human beings can be."^[283]^[284]^[285] In the final month before voting began, Newt Gingrich enjoyed a major surge, taking a solid lead in national polls and in most of the early caucus and primary states,^[286] before settling back into parity or worse with Romney following a barrage of negative ads from Restore Our Future, a pro-Romney Super PAC.^[287]

In the initial 2012 Iowa caucuses of January 3, Romney was announced as the victor on election night with 25 percent of the vote, edging out a late-gaining Rick Santorum by eight votes (with an also-strong Ron Paul finishing third),^[288] but sixteen days later, Santorum was certified as the winner by a 34-vote margin.^[289] Romney decidedly won the New Hampshire primary the following week with a total of 39 percent; Paul finished second and Jon Huntsman third.^[290]

In the run-up to the South Carolina Republican primary, Gingrich launched attack ads criticizing Romney for causing job losses while at Bain Capital, Perry referred to Romney's role there as "vulture capitalism", and Sarah Palin questioned whether Romney could prove his claim that 100,000 jobs were created during that time.^[291]^[292] Many conservatives rallied in defense of Romney, rejecting what they inferred as criticism of free-market capitalism.^[291] However, during two debates, Romney fumbled questions about releasing his income tax returns, while Gingrich gained support with audience-rousing attacks on the debate moderators.^[293]^[294] Romney's double-digit lead in state polls evaporated and he lost to Gingrich by 13 points in the January 21 primary.^[293] Combined with the delayed loss in Iowa, Romney's admitted bad week represented a lost chance to end the race early, and he decided to release his tax returns quickly.^[293]^[295] The race turned to the Florida Republican primary, where in debates, appearances, and advertisements, Romney unleashed a concerted, unrelenting attack on Gingrich's past record and associations and current electability.^[296]^[297] Romney enjoyed a big spending advantage from both his campaign and his aligned Super PAC, and after a record-breaking rate of negative ads from both sides, Romney won Florida on January 31, gaining 46 percent of the vote to Gingrich's 32 percent.^[298]

At local voting station on Super Tuesday 2012

There were several caucuses and primaries during February, and Santorum won three in a single night early in the month, propelling him into the lead in national and some state polls and positioning him as Romney's main rival.^[299] Romney won the other five, including a closely fought contest in his home state of Michigan at the end of the month.^[300]^[301] In the Super Tuesday primaries and caucuses of March 6, Romney won six of ten contests, including a narrow victory in Ohio over a greatly outspent Santorum, and although he failed to win decisively enough to end the race, still held a more than two-to-one edge over Santorum in delegates.^[302] Romney maintained his delegate margin through subsequent contests,^[303] and Santorum stopped his campaign on April 10.^[304] Following a sweep of five more contests on April 24, the Republican National Committee put its resources behind Romney as the party's presumptive nominee.^[305] Romney clinched a majority of the delegates with a win in the Texas primary on May 29.

Political positions and public perceptions [link]

For more details on specific Romney positions on many issues, see Political positions of Mitt Romney.

For much of his business career, Romney did not take public political positions.^[306]^[307] While he had kept abreast of national politics during college,^[33] and the circumstances of his father's presidential campaign loss would irk him for decades,^[24] his early philosophical influences were often non-political, as during his missionary days when he read Napoleon Hill's pioneering self-help tome Think and Grow Rich, and encouraged his colleagues to do the same.^[13]^[61] Until his 1994 U.S. Senate campaign, he was registered as an Independent.^[46] In the 1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries, he voted for the Democratic former senator from Massachusetts, Paul Tsongas.^[306]^[308]

In the 1994 Senate race, Romney aligned himself with Republican Massachusetts Governor William Weld, saying "I think Bill Weld's fiscal conservatism, his focus on creating jobs and employment and his efforts to fight discrimination and assure civil rights for all is a model that I identify with and aspire to."^[309] As a gubernatorial candidate in 2002, and then initially as Governor of Massachusetts, he generally operated in the mold established by Weld and followed by Weld's two other Republican successors, Paul Cellucci and Jane Swift: restrain spending and taxing, be tolerant or permissive on social issues, protect the environment, be tough on crime, try to appear post-partisan.^[308]^[310]

Later during his time as governor, Romney's position on abortion changed in conjunction with a similar change of position on stem cell research.^[166]^{[nb 19]} Also during that time, his position or choice of emphasis on some aspects of gay rights,^{[nb 20]} and some aspects of abstinence-only sex education,^{[nb 21]} moved in a more conservative direction. The change in 2005 on abortion was the result of what he described as an epiphany experienced while investigating stem cell research issues.^[166] He later said, "Changing my position was in line with an ongoing struggle that anyone has that is opposed to abortion personally, vehemently opposed to it, and yet says, 'Well, I'll let other people make that decision.' And you say to yourself, but if you believe that you're taking innocent life, it's hard to justify letting other people make that decision."^[166]

Mitt Romney speaking from a pulpit with both hands raised for emphasis

Romney speaking in October 2007 to the Values Voter Summit in Washington, D.C.

This increased alignment with traditional conservatives on social issues coincided with Romney's becoming a candidate for the 2008 Republican nomination for President.^[317]^[318] He joined the National Rifle Association and portrayed himself as a lifelong hunter.^{[nb 22]} He downplayed the Massachusetts health care law,^[21]^[308]^[318] became a convert on signing an anti-tax pledge,^[61]^[21] and backed away from further closings of corporate tax loopholes.^[160] There was a display of aggressiveness on foreign policy matters, such as wanting to double the number of detainees at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.^[318] Skeptics, including some Republicans, charged Romney with opportunism and having a lack of core principles.^[166]^[196]^[308] The fervor with which Romney adopted his new stances and attitudes contributed to the perception of inauthenticity which hampered that campaign.^[61]^[262]

While there have been many biographical parallels between the lives of George and Mitt Romney,^{[nb 23]} one particular difference is that while George was willing to defy political trends, Mitt has been much more willing to adapt to them.^[21]^[23] Mitt Romney has said that learning from experience and changing views accordingly is a virtue, and that, "If you're looking for someone who's never changed any positions on any policies, then I'm not your guy."^[324] Romney responded to criticisms of ideological pandering with the explanation that "The older I get, the smarter Ronald Reagan gets."^[200]

Journalist Daniel Gross sees Romney as approaching politics in the same terms as a business competing in markets, in that successful executives do not hold firm to public stances over long periods of time, but rather constantly devise new strategies and plans to deal with new geographical regions and ever-changing market conditions.^[308] Political profiler Ryan Lizza notes the same question regarding whether Romney's business skills can be adapted to politics, saying that "while giving customers exactly what they want may be normal in the corporate world, it can be costly in politics".^[61] Writer Robert Draper holds a somewhat similar perspective: "The Romney curse was this: His strength lay in his adaptability. In governance, this was a virtue; in a political race, it was an invitation to be called a phony."^[65] Writer Benjamin Wallace-Wells sees Romney as a detached problem solver rather than one who approaches political issues from a humanistic or philosophical perspective.^[70] Journalist Neil Swidey views Romney as a political and cultural enigma, "the product of two of the most mysterious and least understood subcultures in the country: the Mormon Church and private-equity finance," and believes that has led to the continued interest in a 1983 episode in which Romney kept his family dog on the roof of his car during a long road trip.^{[nb 24]} Political writer Joe Klein views Romney as actually more conservative on social issues than he portrayed himself during his Massachusetts campaigns and less conservative on other issues than his presidential campaigns have represented, and concludes that Romney "has always campaigned as something he probably is not."^[328]

Immediately following the March 2010 passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Romney attacked the landmark legislation as "an unconscionable abuse of power" and said the act should be repealed.^[329] The antipathy Republicans felt for it created a potential problem for the former governor, since the new federal law was in many ways similar to the Massachusetts health care reform passed during Romney's term; as one Associated Press article stated, "Obamacare ... looks a lot like Romneycare."^[329] While acknowledging that his plan was an imperfect work in progress, Romney did not back away from it, and has consistently defended its underpinning state-level health insurance mandate.^[329]^[330] He has focused on its bipartisan support in the state legislature, the absence of Congressional Republican support for Obama's plan,^[329] and has contended that it was the right answer to Massachusetts' specific problems at the time.^[329]^[331] While Romney has not explicitly argued for a federally imposed mandate, and as of 2010 explicitly opposes one, during his 1994 Senate campaign he indicated he would vote for an overall health insurance proposal that contained one.^[332]^[333] He suggested during his time as governor and during his 2008 presidential campaign that the Massachusetts plan was a model for the nation and that, over time, mandate plans might be adopted by most or all of the nation.^[334]^[335]^[336]

Romney's foreign policy views are rooted in a firm belief in American exceptionalism and the need to preserve American supremacy in the world.^[257] This parallels the Mormon belief that the United States Constitution is divinely inspired and that the U.S. was selected by God to play a special part in human history.^[337] Indeed, Romney's political beliefs regarding a limited role for government, a need for self-reliance, and requirements for welfare recipients, often reflect Mormon tenets adapted for the secular world.^[337]^[338]

Throughout his business, Olympics, and political career, Romney's instinct has been to apply the "Bain way" towards problems.^[65]^[318]^[339] Romney has said, "There were two key things I learned at Bain. One was a series of concepts for approaching tough problems and a problem-solving methodology; the other was an enormous respect for data, analysis, and debate."^[339] He has written, "There are answers in numbers – gold in numbers. Pile the budgets on my desk and let me wallow."^[61] Romney believes the Bain approach is not only effective in the business realm but also in running for office and, once there, in solving political conundrums such as proper Pentagon spending levels and the future of Social Security.^[318]^[339] Former Bain and Olympics colleague Fraser Bullock has said of Romney, "He's not an ideologue. He makes decisions based on researching data more deeply than anyone I know."^[25] Romney's technocratic instincts have thus always been with him; in his public appearances during the 2002 gubernatorial campaign he sometimes gave PowerPoint presentations rather than conventional speeches.^[340] Upon taking office he became, in the words of The Boston Globe, "the state's first self-styled CEO governor".^[138] During his 2008 presidential campaign, he constantly asked for data, analysis, and opposing arguments,^[318] and has been decribed by Slate magazine as a potential "CEO president".^[308]

Awards and honors [link]

Photograph of Romney flanked by two other men at a formal awards occasion

Romney receiving the 2006 Secretary of Defense Employer Support Freedom Award on behalf of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts

Romney has received five honorary doctorates, including one in Business from the University of Utah in 1999,^[341] in Law from Bentley College in 2002,^[342] in Public Administration from Suffolk University Law School in 2004,^[343] in Public Service from Hillsdale College in 2007,^[344] and in Humanities from Liberty University in 2012.^[345]

People magazine included him in its 50 Most Beautiful People list for 2002,^[346] and in 2004, he received the inaugural Truce Ideal Award for his role in the 2002 Winter Olympics.^[347] The Cranbrook School gave him their Distinguished Alumni Award in 2005.^[19] In 2008 he shared with his wife Ann, the Canterbury Medal from The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, for "refus[ing] to compromise their principles and faith" during the presidential campaign.^[348] In 2012 Romney was named to the Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world.^[349]

Writings [link]

With Timothy Robinson (2004). Turnaround: Crisis, Leadership, and the Olympic Games. Washington: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89526-084-0.
No Apology: The Case for American Greatness. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-312-60980-1.

Notes [link]

^ He was called "Billy" until kindergarten, when he indicated a preference for "Mitt".^[15]
^ Mitt's campaigning for his father included working the phone banks and appearing at county fairs where he manned a booth and exclaimed over a loudspeaker, "You should vote for my father for Governor. He's a truly great person. You've got to support him. He's going to make things better."^[21]
^ Such pranks included sliding down golf courses on large ice cubes, dressing as a police officer and tapping on the car windows of teenage friends who were making out, and staging an elaborate formal dinner on the median of a busy street.^[18]^[20] The golf course escapade apparently got Romney and Ann Davies arrested, or otherwise detained, by the local police.^[24]^[25] Romney was also arrested in 1981 while at a family outing at Lake Cochituate in Massachusetts. According to Romney, a ranger from Cochituate State Park told him his motorboat had an insufficiently visible license number and he would face a $50 fine if he took the boat onto the lake. Disagreeing about the license and wanting to continue the outing, Romney took it out anyway, saying he would pay the fine. The angry officer then arrested him for disorderly conduct. The charges were dropped several days later after Romney threatened to sue the officer and the state for false arrest.^[26]
^ ^a ^b When initially considering colleges after high school, Romney had not wanted to go to BYU.^[43] He later recounted that he had planned to attend BYU to convince Ann to marry him, then the couple planned to transfer together back to Stanford, but in the end, they enjoyed BYU and decided to stay.^[45]
^ Romney's great-grandfather, grandfather, father, and two uncles had been missionaries,^[32] as had his older brother.^[33] All five of Romney's sons later served as missionaries as well.^[34]
^ ^a ^b On June 16, 1968, Romney was driving fellow missionaries on dangerous roads in southern France.^[18]^[37]^[40] As they drove through the village of Bernos-Beaulac, a Mercedes that was passing a truck missed a curve and swerved into the opposite lane hitting the Citroën DS Romney was driving in a head-on collision.^[18]^[41] Trapped between the steering wheel and door, the unconscious and seriously injured Romney had to be pried from the car; a French police officer mistakenly wrote Il est mort in his passport.^[18]^[24]^[40] The wife of the mission president was killed and other passengers were seriously injured as well.^[40] George Romney relied on his friend Sargent Shriver, the U.S. Ambassador to France, to go to the local hospital and discover that his son had survived.^[24] Romney, who was not at fault in the accident,^[33]^[40] had suffered broken ribs, a fractured arm, a concussion, and facial injuries, but recovered quickly without needing surgery.^[37]^[40] The French police say that they have no records of the incident because such records are routinely destroyed after 10 years.^[40]
^ Some sources incorrectly report that Romney graduated BYU as valedictorian. Romney himself has corrected this notion, saying that he was not. While he believes he did have the highest grade point average for his BYU years in the College of Humanities, he did not if his Stanford year was factored in, and he did not among the graduating class university-wide.^[51]^[45]
^ Romney sat for the bar exam in his home state of Michigan in July 1975, passed it and was admitted to practice law there, but never worked as a lawyer and only considered in case his business career did not work out.^[59]
^ One study of 68 deals that Bain Capital made during Romney's time there found that the firm lost money or broke even on 33 of them.^[67] Another study that looked at the eight-year period following 77 deals during Romney's time found that in 17 cases the company went bankrupt or out of business, and in 6 cases Bain Capital lost all its investment. But 10 deals were very successful and represented 70 percent of the total profits.^[72]
^ Kennedy spent $10.5 million overall, including a $1.5 million loan to himself.^[117] This was the second-most expensive race of the 1994 election cycle, after the Dianne Feinstein–Michael Huffington Senate race in California.^[118]
^ Official state figures for fiscal year 2005 (July 1, 2004 – June 30, 2005) declared a $594.4 million surplus.^[138]^[156] For fiscal 2006, the surplus was $720.9 million.^[156] During fiscal 2007, Romney cut $384 million in spending that the legislature wanted; in January 2007, midway through the fiscal year, incoming Governor Deval Patrick restored that amount,^[157] and also declared that the state faced a "looming budget shortfall" of $1 billion for fiscal 2008.^[158] Patrick consequently proposed a budget for fiscal 2008 that included $515 million in spending cuts and $295 million in new corporate taxes.^[159] As it happened, the state ended fiscal 2007 with a $307.1 million deficit and fiscal 2008 with a $495.2 million deficit.^[156]
^ Within four years, the Massachusetts law had achieved its primary goal of expanding coverage: in 2010, 98% of state residents had coverage, compared to a national average of 83%. Among children and seniors the 2010 coverage rate was even higher, 99.8% and 99.6% respectively. Approximately two-thirds of residents received coverage through employers; one-sixth each received it through Medicare or public plans.^[173]
^ American political opinion periodically looked towards industry for business managers who it was thought could straighten out what was held to be wrong in the nation's capital. The track record of such efforts was at best mixed, with Lee Iacocca declining to run, Romney's father George and Steve Forbes failing to get far in the primaries, and Ross Perot staging one of the more successful third-party runs in American history.^[197]^[198]
^ Regarding the role of Romney's religion in the 2008 campaign, one academic study, based upon research conducted throughout the 2008 primaries, showed that a negative perception of Mormonism was widespread during the election, and that perception was often resistant to factual information that would correct mistaken notions about the religion or Romney's relationship to it.^[214] The authors concluded that, "For Romney ... religion is the central story."^[214] Another study, analyzing a survey conducted during January 2008 (when an African American, a woman, and a Mormon all had realistic chances of becoming the first president from that group), found that voters had internally accepted the notion of black equality, paving the way for Barack Obama's election; had partially established but not fully internalized the notion of gender equality, making Hillary Rodham Clinton's task somewhat more difficult; but had only selectively internalized the notion of religious equality, and in particular not extended it to Mormons, thus making Romney's run significantly more difficult.^[215] Those authors concluded that, "for a Mormon candidate, the road to the presidency remains very rough ... The bias against a Mormon candidate is substantial."^[215]
^ Romney proposed a $20 billion "workout, not a bailout" of the U.S. auto industry. It was termed unrealistic or "pandering" by several news reports.^[221]^[222]^[223]^[224]
^ Previously, Romney had proposed a private timetable for gradually reducing U.S. forces. McCain's statements regarding this were termed dishonest or misleading by several news reports.^[226]^[227]^[228]
^ Following the August 2009 death of his past rival and sometime ally Senator Edward M. Kennedy, Romney declared that he had no interest in running in the special January 2010 election to replace him.^[249] Romney was an early supporter of Scott Brown, the successful Republican candidate in that race. Some of Romney's former aides were used by Brown's campaign and Romney raised funds for Brown.^[250]^[251]
^ After having attended the 2010 Winter Olympics, Romney and wife were on board an Air Canada plane waiting to take off on a flight from Vancouver to Los Angeles when he got into a physical altercation with Sky Blu, sitting in front of him, over Sky Blu's seat not being in the upright position. Romney said that Sky Blu became physically violent and that he did not retaliate, while Sky Blu said that Romney gave him a "Vulcan grip" first and that he responded physically to that. Sky Blu was escorted off the aircraft by Canadian police but Romney did not press charges and Sky Blu was released.^[252]^[253]^[254]
^ During his 2002 campaign, Romney expressed support for embryonic stem cell research, and said he would lobby President Bush (who had banned most federal funding for such research) to support it. In early 2005, Romney announced his position on therapeutic cloning, saying he was against it – and vetoing a funding bill for stem cell research because it allowed it – but still in favor of research on unused embryos from fertility treatments. In early 2007, he said he was now against expanded federal funding for such excess embryo research (but still thought private funding for such research was ethical, to the dismay of some conservative Republicans).^[311]
^ As described. While Romney has consistently rejected same-sex marriage throughout his political career, there was a rhetorical shift in emphasis during his time as governor. The shift culminated in Romney avoiding discussions about the protection of gays from bias and instead characterizing himself as a conservative stalwart in the battle against same-sex marriage and in support of heterosexual families. The shift is even greater if compared to Romney's pledges from his 1994 senatorial campaign.^[312]^[313]
^ During his 2002 campaign, Romney said he backed age-appropriate, comprehensive sex education in public schools. In 2005, he accepted federal funding to a faith-based organization to teach abstinence-only education in public schools. Romney said such programs would supplement rather than replace existing ones, while opponents feared that funding pressure would lead to schools dropping comprehensive programs for the freely available abstinence-only ones.^[314]^[315]^[316]
^ Romney joined the National Rifle Association as a life member in August 2006. In December 2007, he cited a past endorsement from them, which he later said was unofficial support.^[21]^[206]^[319]^[320] In April 2007, he said, "I've been a hunter pretty much all my life," but then said he had only gone hunting twice and did not own guns, and "I'm not a big-game hunter. I've made that very clear. I've always been a rodent and rabbit hunter. Small varmints, if you will. I began when I was 15 or so and I have hunted those kinds of varmints since then. More than two times."^[321]
^ Biographical parallels between George and Mitt Romney include: Both served as Mormon missionaries in Europe and considered the experiences formative. Both pursued high school sweethearts singlemindedly until the women agreed to marry them several years later, then had families with four or five children. Both had very successful careers in business and became known for turning around failing companies or organizations. Both presided over a stake in the LDS Church. Both achieved their first elected position at age 55, as Republican governor of a Democratic-leaning state. The two bear a close physical resemblance at similar ages and both have been said to "look like a president". Both staged their first presidential run in the year they turned 60. Both were considered suspect by ideological conservatives within the Republican Party.^[21]^[322] There are also obvious differences in their paths, including that George had a hardscrabble upbringing while Mitt's was affluent, and that Mitt far exceeded George's accomplishments in formal education. Another is that Mitt's personality is more reserved, private, and controlled than his father's was, traits he got from his mother Lenore.^[323]
^ In summer 1983, Romney and his family embarked on a 12-hour drive from Boston to his parents' cottage on the Canadian side of Lake Huron. Seamus, the family Irish setter, was put up on the station wagon's roof rack, inside a dog carrier with its own attached windshield, but after some hours the dog suffered gastrointestinal distress, evidence of which was readily seen on the rear window. With his five children loudly expressing revulsion, Romney calmly stopped off at a service station, hosed off the dog, carrier, and car, put the dog back in the carrier and completed the journey.^[46]^[325] Since becoming public in 2007, the story has been the source of complaints from animal lovers, a point of psychological study regarding Romney's emotion-free crisis management, an obsession to New York Times columnist Gail Collins, and the occasional target of news stories, talk show hosts and political rivals.^[325]^[206]^[326]^[327]

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^ Hersh, The Shadow President, p. 123.
^ Parker, Ashley (December 13, 2011). "As Rivalry Tightens, Romney Is Reflective". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/us/politics/gingrichs-rise-prompts-romney-to-speak-more-of-mormon-role.html.
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^ Marcus, Ruth (October 21, 1994). "Clinton Gets a Sense of the Real Thing; Kennedy and Massachusetts Democrats Put on a Campaign Rally". The Washington Post.
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^ "DNC calls out Romney's evolving affection for Reagan". PolitiFact.com. November 29, 2011. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2011/nov/29/democratic-national-committee/dnc-calls-out-romneys-evolving-affection-reagan/.
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^ ^a ^b Helderman, Rosalind S. (February 16, 2012). "Romney's work on Olympics, Mass. projects reveals complex history with earmarks". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/romneys-work-on-olympics-mass-projects-reveals-a-complex-history-with-earmarks/2012/02/15/gIQAHJ72HR_story.html.
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^ Romney; Robinson, Turnaround, pp. 228–238.
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^ ^a ^b Shipley, Amy (February 12, 2012). "10 years after Salt Lake City Olympics, questions about Romney’s contributions". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/10-years-after-salt-lake-city-olympics-questions-about-romneys-contributions/2012/02/01/gIQABnCX9Q_story.html.
^ "SLOC plotting how to dole out Olympics profits". Associated Press. ESPN. September 17, 2002. http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/print?id=1433186&type=news.
^ ^a ^b ^c Barone and Cohen, The Almanac of American Politics 2004, p. 772.
^ ^a ^b Hohler, Bob (June 28, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Romney's Olympic ties helped him reap campaign funds". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part5_side/.
^ ^a ^b Berwick Jr., Bob; Roche, Lisa Riley. "Boston GOP beseeching Mitt: But hero of S.L. Games is coy about his future" Deseret News (Salt Lake City), February 22, 2002.
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^ Frank, Mitch."Jane Swift Takes One For the Team" Time, March 21, 2002.
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^ Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 224–225.
^ ^a ^b "Swift exits, Romney joins Mass. governor's race". CNN. March 19, 2002. http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/03/19/massachusetts.governor/index.html.
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^ Cillizza, Chris (July 5, 2007). "Romney's Data Cruncher". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/04/AR2007070401423.html.
^ Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 232–235.
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^ Bunker, Ted (November 11, 2002). "Donor cash still floods campaigns". Boston Herald. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-94133968.html.
^ Barone and Cohen, Almanac of American Politics 2004, p. 773.
^ Buckley, M.R.F. (January 2, 2003). "Romney Sworn In As Bay State's Governor". WCVB-TV. http://www.thebostonchannel.com/r/1865313/detail.html.
^ Barone and Cohen, Almanac of American Politics 2008, p. 789.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Landrigan, Kevin (December 13, 2007). "Taxing Matter". The Telegraph (Nashua, New Hampshire). Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071221092907/http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071213/NEWS08/312130115/-1/news08.
^ "More Mitt Missteps". FactCheck. July 9, 2007. http://www.factcheck.org/more_mitt_missteps.html.
^ ^a ^b ^c "DWS State Tax-Free Trust: Statement of Additional Information". DWS Investments. September 27, 2011. pp. 31–32. https://www.dws-investments.com/EN/docs/fund-literature/sai/DMATF-13.pdf. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
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^ "Patrick says state has $1 billion deficit". Associated Press. WHDH. January 5, 2007. http://www1.whdh.com/news/articles/local/BO39099/.
^ Frank Phillips; Andrea Estes (February 28, 2007). "Patrick says budget 'without gimmicks'". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/02/28/patrick_says_budget_without_gimmicks/.
^ ^a ^b ^c Barbaro, Michael (October 1, 2011). "Seeking Taxes, Romney Went After Business". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/02/us/politics/romneys-strategies-as-governor-bucked-his-ceo-image.html.
^ Viser, Matt (December 18, 2005). "Property taxes still on rise in Mass". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/12/18/property_taxes_still_on_rise_in_mass/.
^ Barrick, Daniel (May 3, 2007). "Romney's vetoes seldom stood". Concord Monitor. http://www.concordmonitor.com/article/romneys-vetoes-seldom-stood.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Belluck, Pam (April 6, 2006). "On Health Care, Massachusetts Leaders Invoke Action, Not Talk". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/06/us/06health.html?fta=y.
^ ^a ^b Knox, Richard (April 8, 2006). "Romney's Mission: Massachusetts Health Care". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5330854.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mooney, Brian C. (May 30, 2011). "Romney and health care: In the thick of history". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/health/articles/2011/05/30/romney_and_health_care_in_the_thick_of_history/?page=full.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Mooney, Brian C.; Ebbert, Stephanie; Helman, Scott (June 30, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 7: Ambitious goals; shifting stances". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/06/29/ambitious_goals_shifting_stances/. Also available in HighBeam.
^ Canellos, The Last Lion, p. 300.
^ ^a ^b LeBlanc, Steve (April 13, 2006). "Mass. governor signs health bill, with vetoes". The Beaufort Gazette. Associated Press: p. 4A. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=F44iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QKoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1040,6024975.
^ Crook, Clive (June 2006). "The Massachusetts Experiment". The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/prem/200606u/nj_crook_2006-06-27.
^ "An Act Providing Access to Affordable, Quality, Accountable Health Care" Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Acts of 2006 (Session Laws), Chapter 58. Retrieved January 2, 2007.
^ Dembner, Alice (January 19, 2007). "Outline for new insurance plan proposed". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/city_region/breaking_news/2007/01/outline_for_new_1.html.
^ ^a ^b LeBlanc, Steve (April 26, 2006). "Mass. House Overrides Gov. Romney Veto of Health Care Fee". Insurance Journal. Associated Press. http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2006/04/26/67613.htm.
^ Geisel, Jerry (December 14, 2010). "Massachusetts' insured rate hits 98.1%: Analysis". Business Insurance. http://www.businessinsurance.com/article/20101214/BENEFITS03/101219966.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Mehren, Elizabeth (June 17, 2005). "Massachusetts ballot initiative could halt same-sex marriages". Los Angeles Times for Sarasota Herald-Tribune. p. 4A. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OPEeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=q4QEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6776,1388597&dq=romney+coalition+for+marriage+%26+family&hl=en.
^ "Mitt Romney on the Issues". Romney for Governor 2002. Archived from the original on December 18, 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20021218005104/www.romneyhealey.com/issues/. Retrieved December 11, 2006.
^ Phillips, Frank (February 23, 2005). "Romney's stance on civil unions draws fire". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/02/23/romneys_stance_on_civil_unions_draws_fire/.
^ Abraham, Yvonne; Phillips, Frank (May 19, 2004). "Romney Eyes Order on Licenses; Seeks to Halt Marriage of Gay Outsiders". The Boston Globe. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7839919.html.
^ Romney, Mitt (June 2, 2006). "Letter to the US Senate" (PDF). Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Archived from the original on November 17, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061117202508/http%3A//www.mass.gov/Agov2/docs/20060602_Marriage_Letter.pdf.
^ "Testimony of Honorable Mitt Romney, Governor, Massachusetts". United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. June 22, 2004. Archived from the original on December 27, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061227213222/http%3A//judiciary.senate.gov/testimony.cfm%3Fid%3D1234%26wit_id%3D3608.
^ "Romney Vetoes Emergency Contraception Bill". WMUR-TV. July 25, 2005. http://www.wmur.com/r/4766618/detail.html.
^ Greenberger, Scott S. (September 16, 2005). "Lawmakers override governor's contraception veto: Move will ease morning-after pill's availability". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/yourlife/health/women/articles/2005/09/16/lawmakers_override_governors_contraception_veto/.
^ Barone and Cohen, The Almanac of American Politics 2006, p. 809.
^ Bradley, Nina (August 29, 2004). "Is Romney ready for the big time?: Mass. Gov. gets plum prime-time speaking spot during convention". msnbc.com. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5831818.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, p. 238.
^ Phillips, Frank (December 14, 2005). "Romney to announce he won't seek re-election". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2005/12/14/romney_to_announce_he_wont_seek_re_election/.
^ Phillips, Frank; Helman, Scott. "It's 1 term for Romney; he says 'future is open'" The Boston Globe, December 15, 2005.
^ "Romney out of state 212 days so far in 2006". Associated Press. EdgeBoston.com. December 26, 2006. http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=nightlife&sc=&sc2=photoalbum&id=30744.
^ ^a ^b Mason, Edward; Mashberg, Tom (December 9, 2011). "Mitt has Always Plummeted in the Polls". Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/2011/12/09/mitt_has_always_plummeted_in_the_polls/.
^ ^a ^b Barone and Cohen, Almanac of American Politics 2008, p. 790.
^ "Approval Ratings for All 50 Governors as of 11/20/06". SurveyUSA. http://www.surveyusa.com/50State2006/Approval50StateGovernor061120.htm. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
^ Phillips, Frank (September 30, 2006). "Patrick has a Big Lead in New Poll". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/politics/candidates/articles/2006/09/30/patrick_has_a_big_lead_in_new_poll/?page=full.
^ "Romney Takes Step Toward an '08 Run". The New York Times. January 4, 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/04/us/politics/04romney.html.
^ ^a ^b Helman, Scott; Ryan, Andrew (February 13, 2007). "Romney formally announces run for president". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/city_region/breaking_news/2007/02/romney_formally_2.html.
^ ^a ^b Struglinski, Suzanne (February 13, 2007). "Romney officially enters presidential race". Deseret Morning News (Salt Lake City). http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,660195186,00.html.
^ Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, p. 239.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Heilemann and Halperin, Game Change, pp. 293–294.
^ Libert, Barry; Faulk, Rick (2009). Barack, Inc.: Winning Business Lessons of the Obama Campaign. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: FT Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-13-702207-6.
^ Webber, Alan M. (February 22, 2012). "Does America need a CEO in the Oval Office?". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2012/0222/Does-America-need-a-CEO-in-the-Oval-Office.
^ Melanson, Mike (September 13, 2003). "Ann Romney tackles multiple sclerosis head-on". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2003/09/13/ann_romney_tackles_multiple_sclerosis_head_on/.
^ ^a ^b ^c Fiore, Fay (November 24, 2007). "Working to break his own storybook spell". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/nov/24/nation/na-perfect24.
^ James, Susan Donaldson (October 18, 2011). "Caveman Politics: Americans Like Their Presidents Tall". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Health/caveman-politics-point-mitt-romney-presidential-winner-study/story?id=14755562#.T5qMIfUZun9.
^ An April 2012 Google News archive search for the period of Romney's 2007–2008 campaign. Among those describing Romney as handsome was another presidential candidate, Senator Barack Obama.
^ "Mr Smooth of Massachusetts". The Economist. July 5, 2007. http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9441455.
^ Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, p. 11.
^ "Politico's Simon: Romney "up close ... is almost overpowering. He radiates vigor"". Media Matters for America. February 13, 2007. http://mediamatters.org/research/200702140001. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c Heilemann and Halperin, Game Change, pp. 294–295.
^ Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, pp. 251–252.
^ Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, p. 247.
^ Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, pp. 261–263.
^ Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, p. 276.
^ Feldmann, Linda (December 11, 2007). "Romney moves to allay Mormon concerns directly". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/1207/p01s03-uspo.html.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Mitt Romney Pledges to Serve No One Religion in Faith Speech". Fox News. December 6, 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,315486,00.html.
^ ^a ^b McPike, Erin (December 6, 2007). "On the Ground at Romney Speech". msnbc.com. http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/12/06/499942.aspx.
^ ^a ^b Campbell, David; Green, John Green; Monson, J. Quin (2009). "Framing Faith: How Voters Responded to Candidates' Religions in the 2008 Presidential Campaign". Annual meeting of the American Political Science Association. Toronto. http://americandemocracy.nd.edu/assets/16823/campbellmonsongreen_apsa2009_final.pdf.
^ ^a ^b Monson, J. Quin; Riding, Scott (2009). "Social Equality Norms for Race, Gender and Religion in the American Public During the 2008 Presidential Primaries". The Transformative Election of 2008. Mershon Center for International Security Studies, Ohio State University. http://polisci.osu.edu/conferences/2008election/papers/Monson.pdf.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, pp. 280–281.
^ "Huckabee, Obama have huge night in Iowa". CNN. January 4, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/01/03/iowa.caucuses/index.html.
^ Clymer, Adam (January 5, 2008). "First G.O.P. Delegate Goes to Romney". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/05/us/politics/05cnd-wyoming.html.
^ ^a ^b ^c Issenberg, Sasha (August 30, 2009). "The Long-Distance Runner". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/magazine/articles/2009/08/30/the_long_distance_runner/.
^ Thomas, "A Long Time Coming", p. 45.
^ Fournier, Ron (January 15, 2008). "Mitt Won, Authenticity Lost". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2004127282_apondeadlinemichigan15.html.
^ Dickerson, John (January 15, 2008). "Mitt's Not Over". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2182157.
^ Thomas, "A Long Time Coming", p. 46
^ Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, pp. 281–282.
^ "Clinton Wins Nevada Democratic Caucuses". CBS News. January 19, 2008. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/19/politics/main3731581.shtml?source=related_story.
^ ^a ^b ^c Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, pp. 283–285.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Heilemann and Halperin, Game Change, pp. 312–313.
^ Dobbs, Michael (January 28, 2008). "McCain attacks Romney on Iraq". The Washington Post. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2008/01/mccain_attacks_romney_on_iraq.html.
^ ^a ^b "Romney suspends presidential campaign". CNN. February 7, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/02/07/romney.campaign/index.html.
^ "Election Center 2008: Delegate Scorecard". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/primaries/results/scorecard/#R. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
^ "2008 Republican Popular Vote". RealClearPolitics. http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/republican_vote_count.html. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Sidoti, Liz (February 14, 2008). "Ex-GOP Candidate Romney Endorses McCain". Associated Press. Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Feb14/0,4670,McCainRomney,00.html.
^ Kranish, Michael (July 17, 2008). "Romney not getting his $45m back: Says he won't seek gifts to repay campaign loans". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/07/17/romney_not_getting_his_45m_back/.
^ Wangsness, Lisa (June 8, 2008). "Once a rival now a Champion: Romney returns to promote McCain". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/06/08/once_a_rival_now_a_champion/.
^ Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, pp. 328, 331.
^ Balz and Johnson, The Battle for America 2008, pp. 334–335.
^ Phillips, Frank (December 8, 2008). "Romney paves way for possible '12 run". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/12/08/romney_paves_way_for_possible_12_run/.
^ Hiar, Corbin (March 5, 2012). "Money for Love? Romney Campaign Gives Over $1.7 Million to Republicans". Center for Public Integrity. The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/corbin-hiar/money-for-love-romney-cam_b_1321624.html.
^ ^a ^b Martin, Jonathan (June 29, 2009). "Mitt Romney's team awaits 2012". The Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0609/24316.html.
^ Cannon, Carl M. (June 2, 2009). "Mitt's Makeover: Channeling Reagan for 2012 Run". Politics Daily. http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/06/02/meet-the-new-mitt-romney-same-as-the-old-mitt/.
^ Confessore, Nicholas (August 12, 2011). "Romney Reports Net Assets Of as Much as $264 Million". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9407E7D61030F930A2575BC0A9679D8B63.
^ "Mitt Romney stepping down from Marriott board, again". Deseret News. Associated Press (Salt Lake City). January 13, 2011. http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700100480/Mitt-Romney-stepping-down-from-Marriott-board-again.html.
^ ^a ^b ^c McPike, Erin; Barnes, James A. (May 6, 2009). "A Granite State Home Base For Romney?". The Hotline. http://hotlineoncall.nationaljournal.com/archives/2009/05/a_granite_state.php.
^ Abel, David (February 17, 2009). "2 Romney estates hit the market". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/02/17/2_romney_estates_hit_the_market/.
^ ^a ^b Johnson, Glen (April 19, 2010). "GOP's Romney takes to life in new California home". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/04/19/gops_romney_takes_to_life_in_new_california_home/.
^ Levenson, Michael (December 6, 2008). "Ann Romney has surgery to remove precancerous lump". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/12/06/ann_romney_has_surgery_to_remove_precancerous_lump/.
^ "Factbox: Romney kicks off White House campaign". Reuters. June 2, 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/02/us-usa-campaign-romney-factbox-idUSTRE7510WM20110602.
^ Issenberg, Sasha (August 24, 2010). "A 25-state midterm swing for Romney". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2010/08/24/romney_road_trip_may_set_stage_for_white_house_bid/.
^ Barr, Andy (August 27, 2009). "Mitt Romney won't run for Ted Kennedy's seat". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0809/26513.html.
^ Hand, Jim (October 31, 2009). "Romney goes to bat for Brown". The Sun Chronicle (Attleboro, Massachusetts). http://www.thesunchronicle.com/articles/2009/10/31/news/6359328.txt.
^ Dumcius, Gintautas (September 14, 2009). "Brown launches Senate bid". The Arlington Advocate. State House News Service. http://www.wickedlocal.com/arlington/news/x1851493018/Brown-launches-Senate-bid. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
^ "Romney Assaulted on Flight Leaving Olympics", Fox News, February 16, 2010
^ "Is 'Vulcan Grip' Rapper Sky Blu, Who Tussled With Mitt Romney, the Nerdiest Hip-Hop Artist Ever?", The Wall Street Journal, February 19, 2010
^ "Sky Blu of LMFAO claims Mitt Romney got physical first on flight from Vancouver", New York Daily News, February 19, 2010.
^ Barr, Andy (January 4, 2010). "Mitt Romney headed to Iowa". The Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0110/31133.html.
^ Zimmermann, Eric (March 13, 2010). "Romney tops bestseller list, but with an asterisk". The Hill. http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/86573-romney-tops-bestseler-list-but-with-an-asterisk.
^ ^a ^b Altman, Alex (March 3, 2010). "The Skimmer: Mitt Romney's 'No Apology'". Time. http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1969266,00.html.
^ Issenberg, Sasha (March 2, 2010). "In book, Romney styles himself wonk, not warrior". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2010/03/02/mitt_romneys_no_apology_is_not_light_reading/.
^ "GOP Insiders Sour On Palin". The Hotline. January 7, 2010. http://hotlineoncall.nationaljournal.com/archives/2010/01/gop_insiders_so.php.
^ Burns, Alexander (October 13, 2010). "Mitt Romney's plan: Go big, go everywhere". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1010/43566.html.
^ Vogel, Kenneth P. (October 14, 2010). "Romney's $1.7 million tops field". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1010/43607.html.
^ ^a ^b Zeleny, Jeff (March 5, 2011). "To Quiet Critics, Romney Puts 2012 Focus on Jobs". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/us/politics/06romney.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all.
^ ^a ^b Martin, Jonathan; Burns, Alexander (April 12, 2011). "5 challenges for front-runner Mitt Romney". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0411/52981.html.
^ "Romney forms presidential exploratory committee". CNN. April 11, 2011. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2011/04/11/romney-forms-presidential-exploratory-committee/.
^ ^a ^b ^c Viser, Matt (April 12, 2011). "Romney takes next big step toward run for president". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2011/04/12/romney_takes_next_big_step_toward_run_for_president/?page=all.
^ Lewis, Matt (October 20, 2009). "Palin or Romney: Republicans Weigh Passion vs. Principle". Politics Daily. http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/10/20/palin-or-romney-republicans-weigh-passion-vs-principle/.
^ ^a ^b ^c Shear, Michael D. (June 2, 2011). "Romney, Opening Race, Presents Himself as the Candidate to Face Obama". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/03/us/politics/03romney.html.
^ ^a ^b Burns, Alexander (May 17, 2011). "X factor: 5 questions for the GOP race". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0511/55095.html.
^ Green, Joshua (May 5, 2011). "The Do-Nothing Frontrunner". The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/05/the-do-nothing-frontrunner/238376/.
^ ^a ^b Martin, Jonathan (May 22, 2011). "With Mitch Daniels out, GOP looking for new 2012 option". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0511/55425.html.
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^ "Accelerating GOP Race Poised to Test Perry’s Staying Power, Romney’s Obama Strategy". Fox News. September 3, 2011. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/09/03/accelerating-gop-race-poised-to-test-perrys-staying-power-romneys-obama/.
^ Kucinich, Jackie (September 25, 2011). "GOP debates signal a race between Romney and Perry". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/story/2011-09-25/GOP-presidential-race-Romney-Perry-debates/50547872/1.
^ ^a ^b Babington, Charles (October 5, 2011). "With GOP Field Set, Romney Woos The Unconvinced". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2016416269_apuscampaign2012reset.html.
^ Tulumello, Jennifer Skalka (November 11, 2011). "Newt Gingrich: Will his mini-surge in the polls last?". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/President/2011/1111/Newt-Gingrich-Will-his-mini-surge-in-the-polls-last.
^ "Cain and Gingrich Benefit from Perry Swoon". Fox News. September 29, 2011. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/09/29/cain-and-gingrich-benefit-from-perry-swoon/.
^ "Cain Suspends Presidential Campaign, Cites 'Hurt' Caused by 'False' Allegations". Fox News. December 3, 2011. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/12/03/cain-prepares-to-discuss-campaigns-future-after-damage-assessment/.
^ "Cain Surges, Nearly Ties Romney for Lead in GOP Preferences". The Gallup Organization. October 10, 2011. http://www.gallup.com/poll/149990/Cain-Surges-Nearly-Ties-Romney-Lead-GOP-Preferences.aspx.
^ Klein, Joe (December 1, 2011). "Why Don't They Like Mitt?". Time. http://swampland.time.com/2011/12/01/mitt-romney-why-dont-they-like-him/.
^ Elliot, Philip (October 9, 2011). "Romney rivals may go after him for flip-flops". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/articles/2011/10/09/romney_rivals_may_go_after_him_for_flip_flops/.
^ Coral Davenport (October 28, 2011). "Mitt Romney's shifting views on climate change". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20127273-503544/mitt-romneys-shifting-views-on-climate-change/.
^ Wallsten, Peter (November 3, 2011). "Romney says he's been consistent". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/election-2012/post/romney-says-hes-been-consistent/2011/11/03/gIQAbfJejM_blog.html.
^ Allen, Mike (December 12, 2011). "Mitt Romney on Newt Gingrich: He's the front-runner". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1211/70298_Page2.html.
^ Montopoli, Brian (December 19, 2011). "Poll: Newt Gingrich's lead over Romney is gone". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57345145-503544/poll-newt-gingrichs-lead-over-romney-is-gone/.
^ "Romney defeats Santorum by 8 votes in Iowa". CNN. January 4, 2012. http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/03/politics/iowa-caucus/index.html.
^ Silver, Nate (January 19, 2012). "The Semantics and Statistics of Santorum's Win in Iowa". The New York Times. http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/19/the-semantics-and-statistics-of-santorums-win-in-iowa/.
^ "Romney secures front-runner status with New Hampshire win, looks to take momentum into South Carolina". Fox News. January 11, 2012. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/01/10/new-hampshire-republican-primary/.
^ ^a ^b "Romney, Gingrich tangle over ads in South Carolina". Fox News. January 13, 2012. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/01/13/conservatives-rally-against-criticism-romneys-bain-record/.
^ Lee, MJ (January 12, 2012). "Sarah Palin: Mitt Romney needs Bain show & tell". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0112/71364.html.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Gingrich wins huge come-from-behind victory in South Carolina". McClatchy Newspapers. January 21, 2012. http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/01/21/136532/gingrich-appears-to-be-headed.html.
^ Dickerson, John (January 20, 2012). "The Brawl". Slate. http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/01/south_carolina_debate_gingrich_nails_open_marriage_question_bests_a_flustered_romney_.html.
^ "Mitt Romney will release tax returns Tuesday; rival Newt Gingrich calls himself most electable GOP candidate". Associated Press. MassLive.com. January 22, 2012. http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2012/01/mitt_romney_will_release_tax_r.html.
^ Burns, Alexander; Bravender, Robin (January 24, 2012). "Florida Republican primary is 'Armageddon'". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0112/71862.html.
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^ "Polls: All tied up between Romney and Santorum". CNN. February 14, 2012. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/02/14/polls-all-tied-up-between-romney-and-santorum/.
^ "Romney wins Michigan and Arizona". CNN. February 28, 2012. http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/28/election/2012/primaries/index.html?hpt=hp_t1.
^ "Mitt Romney wins Wyoming caucuses". The Washington Post. February 29, 2012. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/post/mitt-romney-wins-wyoming-caucuses/2012/02/29/gIQAj2yRjR_blog.html.
^ "Romney builds delegate lead with Super Tuesday wins". Fox News. March 7, 2012. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/03/07/romney-builds-delegate-lead-with-super-tuesday-wins/.
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^ Cohen, Tom (April 10, 2012). "Santorum suspends campaign, clearing Romney's path". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2012/04/10/politics/campaign-wrap/index.html?hpt=hp_t2.
^ "RNC officially names Mitt Romney the party's 'presumptive nominee'". Los Angeles Times. April 25, 2012. http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-rnc-officially-names-mitt-romney-the-partys-presumptive-nominee-20120425,0,790798.story.
^ ^a ^b Hersh, The Shadow President, p. 139.
^ Canellos, The Last Lion, p. 295.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gross, Daniel (February 26, 2007). "The CEO Candidate". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2160642/.
^ Zeller, Shawn (December 11, 2007). "Romney haunted by liberal past". PolitiFact.com. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2007/dec/11/romney-haunted-liberal-past/.
^ Barone and Cohen, Almanac of American Politics 2004, p. 769.
^ Helman, Scott (February 11, 2007). "Romney's stem cell view may upset the right". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/yourlife/health/diseases/articles/2007/02/11/romneys_stem_cell_view_may_upset_the_right/.
^ Nagourney, Adam; Kirkpatrick David D. (December 9, 2006). "Romney's Gay Rights Stance Draws Ire". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/09/us/politics/09romney.html.
^ "Run touts success, dodges shifts". USA Today. June 15, 2007. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/mitt-romney.htm.
^ Martin, Jonathan (July 19, 2007). "Romney also once backed 'age-appropriate' sex ed". Politico. http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0707/Romney_also_once_backed_ageappropriate_sex_ed.html.
^ Donald, Brooke (April 21, 2006). "Romney promotes abstinence classes". Bangor Daily News. Associated Press: p. B8. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mAE1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=Mk8KAAAAIBAJ&pg=3578,1309352&dq=romney+abstinence+only+education&hl=en.
^ "Romney Announces Abstinence Education Program". WCVB-TV. April 20, 2006. http://www.thebostonchannel.com/r/8858946/detail.html.
^ "Profile: Mitt Romney". BBC News. February 15, 2007 (updated February 7, 2008). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6362249.stm.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Luo, Michael (November 24, 2007). "For Romney & Company, Campaign Is All Business". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/24/us/politics/24manage.html.
^ McPike, Erin (December 17, 2007). "Romney's tough day on the trail". msnbc.com. http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2007/12/17/4436604-romneys-tough-day-on-the-trail.
^ Shear, Michael D. (December 16, 2007). "Romney Claims NRA Endorsement He Didn't Receive". The Washington Post. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2007/12/romney-claims-nra-endorsement.html.
^ Udell, Emily (April 5, 2007). "Romney Aims Again to Explain Hunting". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20070405/romney-hunting/.
^ Glass, Andrew (January 13, 2008). "Romney plays nostalgia card in Michigan". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0108/7848.html.
^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (February 23, 2012). "Political Lessons, From a Mother's Losing Run". The New York Times: p. 1. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/24/us/politics/political-lessons-from-a-mothers-losing-run.html?pagewanted=all.
^ "Romney: I'll keep campaign promises". Associated Press. msnbc.com. December 16, 2007. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22287061/ns/politics-decision_08/.
^ ^a ^b Swidey, Neil (January 8, 2012). "What our fascination with Mitt Romney's dog Seamus says about our culture". The Boston Globe. http://articles.boston.com/2012-01-08/news/30605151_1_romney-family-mitt-romney-dog.
^ "Mitt Romney and the dog on the car roof: one columnist's obsession". PolitiFact.com. September 8, 2011. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2011/sep/13/gail-collins/mitt-romney-and-dog-car-roof-one-columnists-obsess/.
^ Moos, Jeanne (January 13, 2012). "Mitt Romney 'dog-on-the-roof' story appears in Newt Gingrich ad". CNN. KSDK. http://www.ksdk.com/news/article/296683/18/Mitt-Romney-dog-on-the-roof-story-appears-in-Newt-Gingrich-ad.
^ Klein, Joe (December 12, 2011). "Where is the Love?". Time: p. 31.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Johnson, Glen (March 26, 2010). "Romneycare may come back to haunt Mitt on health issue". Deseret News. Associated Press (Salt Lake City). http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700019894/Romneycare-may-come-back-to-haunt-Mitt-on-health-issue.html.
^ Johnson, Glen (December 15, 2010). "Health Mandate Cases to Loom Over 2012 Romney Run". Associated Press. ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/m/story?id=12405439.
^ Issenberg, Sasha (March 30, 2010). "Romney defends Mass. health care law". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/03/30/romney_defends_massachusetts_health_care_law/.
^ Smith, Ben (April 19, 2010). "Blogger: Romney wants repeal, but not of mandate". Politico. http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/0410/Blogger_Romney_wants_repeal_but_not_of_mandate.html.
^ Viser, Matt (May 12, 2011). "Romney support for individual mandate complicates health care politics". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2011/05/romney_support.html.
^ Appleby, Julie (July 5, 2005). "Mass. Gov. Romney's health care plan says everyone pays". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/health/2005-07-04-health-insurance-usat_x.htm.
^ Romano, Andrew (April 16, 2010). "If the Mitt Fits". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/2010/04/15/if-the-mitt-fits.html.
^ Sargent, Greg (May 11, 2011). "Flashback: Mitt Romney hoped for 'a nation that's taken a mandate approach'". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/post/flashback-mitt-romney-hoped-for-a-nation-with-a-mandate-approach/2011/03/03/AFPqVUqG_blog.html.
^ ^a ^b Kantor, Jodi (May 19, 2012). "Romney’s Faith, Silent but Deep". The New York Times: p. 1. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/us/politics/how-the-mormon-church-shaped-mitt-romney.html?_r=1&hp&pagewanted=all.
^ Bowman, Matthew (February 8, 2012). "President Romney, Compassionate Conservative? How Mormonism May Shape Mitt's Welfare Policies". The New Republic. http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/100490/mormon-romney-poverty-welfare-poor.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hewitt, A Mormon in the White House?, pp. 56–58.
^ Barone and Cohen, Almanac of American Politics 2004, p. 772.
^ Egan, Dan (April 9, 1999). "SLOC Boss Romney Will Give U. Commencement Address". The Salt Lake Tribune: p. B3.
^ "Mitt Romney Calls for Bentley College Graduates to 'Be American Heroes'" (Press release). Bentley College. May 1, 2002. http://newsroom.bentley.edu/press-release/mitt-romney-calls-bentley-college-graduates-be-american-heroes-0.
^ "Suffolk University to Award Eight Honorary Degrees" (Press release). Suffolk University. May 24, 2004. http://www.suffolk.edu/16089.html.
^ "Commencement 2007". Hillsdale College. http://www.hillsdale.edu/images/userImages/cclawson/Page_4889/PC_News_Summer07.pdf. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
^ Bible, Mitzi (May 12, 2012). "Commencement 2012: Paying tribute to Liberty’s heritage, God's blessings". Liberty University. http://www.liberty.edu/news/index.cfm?PID=18495&MID=55432.
^ "Mitt Romney: Politician". People. May 13, 2002. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20137022,00.html.
^ Pane, Lisa Marie (February 13, 2006). "Romney looks ahead, back in Olympics visit". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. http://www.boston.com/sports/other_sports/olympics/articles/2006/02/13/romney_looks_ahead_back_in_olympics_visit/?page=all.
^ Roche, Lisa Riley (May 10, 2008). "Romney honored for 'Defense of Religious Liberty'". Deseret News (Salt Lake City). http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,700224763,00.html.
^ Mayer, Marissa (April 18, 2012). "The 100 Most Influential People in the World". Time. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2112000,00.html.

Bibliography [link]

Balz, Dan; Johnson, Haynes (2009). The Battle for America, 2008: The Story of an Extraordinary Election. New York: Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-02111-6.
Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2004) (paperback). The Almanac of American Politics 2004. Washington: National Journal Group. ISBN 978-0-89234-106-1.
Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2006). The Almanac of American Politics 2006. Washington: National Journal Group. ISBN 978-0-89234-111-5.
Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2008) (paperback). The Almanac of American Politics 2008. Washington: National Journal Group. ISBN 978-0-89234-116-0.
Canellos, Peter S. (ed.) and The Team at The Boston Globe (2009). The Last Lion: The Fall and Rise of Ted Kennedy. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-3817-5.
Clymer, Adam (1999). Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography. New York: Wm. Morrow & Company. ISBN 978-0-688-14285-8.
Heilemann, John; Halperin, Mark (2010). Game Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-173363-5.
Hersh, Burton (1997). The Shadow President: Ted Kennedy in Opposition. South Royalton, Vermont: Steerforth Press. ISBN 978-1-883642-30-3.
Hewitt, Hugh (2007). A Mormon in the White House?: 10 Things Every American Should Know About Mitt Romney. Washington: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59698-502-5.
Kranish, Michael; Helman, Scott (2012). The Real Romney. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-212327-5.
Mahoney, Tom (1960). The Story of George Romney: Builder, Salesman, Crusader. New York: Harper & Brothers. OCLC 236830.
Thomas, Evan (2009). "A Long Time Coming": The Inspiring, Combative 2008 Campaign and the Historic Election of Barack Obama. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-607-5.

External links [link]

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Official

MittRomney.com

Other

Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
Appearances on C-SPAN programs
Appearances on Charlie Rose
Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
Collected news and commentary at The Guardian
Works by or about Mitt Romney in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Biography at the National Governors Association
Campaign contributions at FollowTheMoney.org
Mitt Romney at the Open Directory Project

Business positions
New office	Chief Executive Officer of Bain Capital 1984–1999	Succeeded by Joshua Bekenstein
Preceded by Bill Bain	Chief Executive Officer of Bain & Company Acting 1991–1992	Succeeded by Steve Ellis as Worldwide Managing Director
Preceded by Bill Bain	Chief Executive Officer of Bain & Company Acting 1991–1992	Succeeded by Orit Gadiesh as Chairman of the Board
Sporting positions
Preceded by Makoto Kobayashi	President of Organizing Committee for Winter Olympic Games 2002	Succeeded by Valentino Castellani
Political offices
Preceded by Jane Swift Acting	Governor of Massachusetts 2003–2007	Succeeded by Deval Patrick
Party political offices
Preceded by Joe Malone	Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (Class 3) 1994	Succeeded by Jack Robinson
Preceded by Paul Cellucci	Republican nominee for Governor of Massachusetts 2002	Succeeded by Kerry Healey
Preceded by John McCain	Republican Party presidential candidate Presumptive 2012	Most recent

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Marco Rubio

United States Senator from Florida
Incumbent
Assumed office January 3, 2011 Serving with Bill Nelson
Preceded by	George LeMieux
Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives
In office January 2, 2007 – January 2, 2009
Preceded by	Allan Bense
Succeeded by	Ray Sansom
Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 111th District
In office January 25, 2000 – January 2, 2009
Preceded by	Carlos Valdes
Succeeded by	Erik Fresen
Personal details
Born	Marco Antonio Rubio (1971-05-28) May 28, 1971 (age 41) Miami, Florida
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Jeanette Dousdebes
Children	4
Alma mater	University of Florida (B.A.) University of Miami (J.D.)
Profession	Lawyer
Religion	Roman Catholic^[1]
Website	www.rubio.senate.gov

Marco Antonio Rubio (born May 28, 1971) is the junior United States Senator from Florida, serving since January 2011. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives (2007–2009).

Born to Cuban immigrants, Rubio was raised in Miami, Florida, and Las Vegas, Nevada. He attended Tarkio College and Santa Fe Community College before graduating from the University of Florida. He earned his J.D. from the University of Miami School of Law in 1996 while interning for U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen. In the late 1990s he served as a City Commissioner for West Miami. Rubio was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 2000, representing the 111th House district. He was elected Speaker in November 2006.

Rubio announced a run for U.S. Senate in May 2009 after incumbent Republican Mel Martinez resigned. Initially trailing by double-digits against the incumbent Republican Governor Charlie Crist, Rubio eventually surpassed him in polling for the Republican nomination. Rubio won the Republican nomination after Crist opted instead for an independent run. In a three-way split against Crist and Democratic candidate Kendrick Meek, Rubio won the general election in November 2010 by a 19-point margin.

Rubio has been called the "crown prince" of the Tea Party movement.^[2]^[3] He has been mentioned as a potential choice for the Republican vice presidential nomination in 2012 but has said he is not interested.^[4]

1 Early life, education, and early political career
2 Florida House of Representatives (2000–2009)
3 U.S. Senate (2011–present)
4 Personal life
- 4.1 "Son of exiles" controversy
5 Electoral history
6 References
7 External links

Early life, education, and early political career [link]

Rubio was born in Miami, Florida,^[5] the second son and third child of Mario Rubio and Oria Garcia. His parents were Cubans who had emigrated to the United States in 1956 and were later naturalized as U.S. citizens in 1975.^[6] Rubio's family was Catholic, but from age 8 to age 11, he and his family attended The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while they lived in Las Vegas. He received his first communion as a Catholic in 1984, before moving back to Miami with his family a year later. He was confirmed and married in the Catholic Church.^[7]^[1]^[8]^[9]^[10]

Rubio attended South Miami Senior High School and graduated in 1989. He then attended Tarkio College for one year on a football scholarship from 1989 to 1990, before enrolling at Santa Fe Community College (now Santa Fe College). He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Florida in 1993, and his J.D. degree cum laude from the University of Miami School of Law in 1996.^[11]

While studying law, he interned for U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen.^[12] Marco Rubio served as a City Commissioner for West Miami before being elected to the Florida legislature.^[13]

Florida House of Representatives (2000–2009)[link]

Rubio was elected to the Florida House of Representatives for the 111th district in a special election on January 25, 2000. He won each of his re-election bids.^[14] In November 2006, he was elected Speaker of the Florida House for the 2007–09 term.

He is the author of the book 100 Innovative Ideas for Florida's Future. This book included information that Rubio compiled while traveling around the state and talking with citizens. This was done through what Rubio calls "Idearaisers". Many of the issues that he pushed for in his first year as speaker came from ideas in this book.^[15] During 2007, Marco Rubio championed a major overhaul of the Florida tax system, arguing it would reduce property taxes and decrease the size of government.^[16]

During his tenure serving as Speaker of the Florida House, Rubio shared his residence with another Florida State Representative, David Rivera. The two men co-owned a home together in Tallahassee, which later fell into foreclosure after deferring months of mortgage payments. This issue surfaced in June 2010, during Rubio's run for the US Senate but was considered resolved according to Rubio's spokesman.^[17]

U.S. Senate (2011–present)[link]

2010 election [link]

Rubio speaking at CPAC in February 2010.

On May 5, 2009, Rubio announced on his website that he planned to run for the United States Senate in 2010 for the Republican seat being vacated by Sen. Mel Martinez, who had resigned and been replaced by George LeMieux. Prior to the announcement, he had been meeting with fundraisers and supporters throughout the state.^[18] Initially trailing by double-digits against the incumbent Governor of his own party, Charlie Crist, Rubio eventually surpassed Crist in polling for the Republican nomination.^[19]^[20]

On April 28, 2010, Crist announced he would be running as an independent, effectively ceding the Republican nomination to Rubio.^[21] Several of Crist's top fundraisers, as well as Republican leadership, refused^[22]^[23] to support Crist after Rubio won the Republican nomination for Senate.^[24]

On November 2, 2010, Marco Rubio won the senatorial election with 48.9% of the vote to Crist's 29.7% and Democrat Kendrick Meek's 20.1%.^[25] On May 20, 2011, Marco Rubio visited Puerto Rico's governor, Luis Fortuño, and made a statement of wanting to "represent the Puerto Ricans" since he already felt he owed those who had voted for him in the Florida election.^[26]

Following his victory in the elections, Rubio soon became the subject of speculation as a potential GOP candidate for the presidential election of 2012.^[27]^[28] Rubio stated shortly after taking office that he has no interest in running for president or vice president in 2012.^[29]

Tenure [link]

Upon taking office, Rubio hired Cesar Conda, former lobbyist and "top domestic policy adviser to Vice President Dick Cheney during the first two years of the Bush administration" as his Chief of Staff.^[30]

Rubio is also a member of the Congressional Hispanic Conference.^{[citation needed]}

Rubio cosponsored a resolution, which was passed, to declare September as National Spinal Cord Injury Awareness Month.^[31]

Rubio's amendment, co-sponsored by Joe Manchin (D – WV), to allow employers to be exempted from newly mandated coverage for contraception, based on religious or moral grounds by such employers, did not pass the Senate.^[32] The Obama White House singled out Rubio from the many co-sponsors of the similar Roy Blunt amendment, which also failed to pass the Senate.^[33]

Committee assignments [link]

Personal life [link]

Rubio married Jeanette Dousdebes, a former Miami Dolphins cheerleader, in 1997. She is of Colombian descent, and together they have four children named Amanda, Daniella, Anthony, and Dominic.^[34] Rubio and his family live in West Miami, Florida.^[1]^[35] Rubio attends Catholic Mass as well as a Southern Baptist church in West Kendall, Florida.^[36]^[8]^[37]

"Son of exiles" controversy [link]

In October 2011, the St. Petersburg Times and The Washington Post reported that Rubio's previous statements that his parents were forced to leave Cuba in 1959, after Fidel Castro came to power, were incorrect as they had in fact left Cuba in 1956 during the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. According to The Washington Post, Rubio's "embellishments" resonate with many voters in Florida, who would not be as impressed by his family being economic migrants seeking a better life in the U.S. instead of political refugees from a communist regime.^[6] Rubio responded, "The real essence of my family’s story is not about the date my parents first entered the United States. Or whether they traveled back and forth between the two nations. Or even the date they left Fidel Castro’s Cuba forever and permanently settled here."^[38]^[39]^[40] According to a number of commentators within the Cuban exile community in Miami, Rubio is justified to continue to characterize himself as a son of exiles.^[40]^[41]

Electoral history [link]

Florida U.S. Senate Election 2010
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Marco Rubio	2,645,743	48.9%
	Independent	Charlie Crist	1,607,549	29.7%
	Democratic	Kendrick Meek	1,092,936	20.2%
	Libertarian	Alexander Snitker	24,850	0.5%

References [link]

^ ^a ^b ^c "Representative Marco Rubio". Florida House of Representatives. http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/SEctions/Representatives/details.aspx?MemberId=4180&SessionId=42.
^ "Midterms 2010: Tea Party 'Crown Prince’ Marco Rubio wins". The Daily Telegraph (London). November 3, 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/8106646/Midterms-2010-Tea-Party-Crown-Prince-Marco-Rubio-wins.html. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
^ "Insiders Swoon Over Rubio for VP Nomination". National Journal. October 13, 2011. http://hotlineoncall.nationaljournal.com/archives/2011/10/insiders-swoon.php. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
^ Jake Gibson (October 5, 2011). "Senator Marco Rubio Says He Won’t Be 2012 Vice Presidential Nominee". Fox News. http://foxnewsinsider.com/2011/10/05/senator-marco-rubio-says-he-would-turn-down-2012-vice-presidential-slot/. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
^ Linkins, Jason (October 20, 2011). "Marco Rubio, Bobby Jindal Become Focus Of Bipartisan Birthers". The Huffington Post.
^ ^a ^b Roig-Franzia, Manuel (October 21, 2011). "Marco Rubio's compelling family story embellishes facts, documents show". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/marco-rubios-compelling-family-story-embellishes-facts-documents-show/2011/10/20/gIQAaVHD1L_singlePage.html. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
^ Marrapodi, Erin (February 23, 2012). "Sen. Marco Rubio's religious journey: Catholic to Mormon to Catholic to Baptist and Catholic". CNN. http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/02/23/sen-marco-rubios-religious-journey-catholic-to-mormon-to-catholic-to-baptist-and-catholic/?hpt=hp_t3. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Jason O'Bryan (November 1, 2010). "What Is Marco Rubio's Religion?". Politics Daily. http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/11/01/what-is-marco-rubios-religion/. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
^ Montanaro, Domenico (February 23, 2012), Rubio's Mormon past revealed, NBC News, http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/02/23/10487879-rubios-mormon-past-revealed
^ Munzenrieder, Kyle (February 23, 2012), Tween Marco Rubio Was a Mormon, But Does Anyone Really Care?, Miami New Times, http://blogs.miaminewtimes.com/riptide/2012/02/tween_marco_rubios_was_a_mormo.php
^ "Biography – About Marco"
^ Clark, Lesley (January 5, 2011). "Miami's Marco Rubio becomes new Florida senator". Miami Herald. http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/01/05/2001675/miamis-marco-rubio-becomes-new.html. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
^ [www.republicanbusinesscouncil.com/bios/rubio_bio.pdf "Bio"]. Republican Business Council. www.republicanbusinesscouncil.com/bios/rubio_bio.pdf. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
^ "Sun Sentinel report on Rubio". Sun-sentinel.com. http://www.sun-sentinel.com/topic/politics/government/marco-rubio-PEPLT007456.topic. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
^ "Rubio claims 57 of his 100 ideas were made law by the Florida Legislature". Politifact. http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/feb/26/marco-rubio/rubio-claims-57-his-100-ideas-were-made-law-florid/. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
^ "Marco Rubio's U.S. Senate campaign grew out of his 2007 antitax roots". Tampa Bay Times. 12 July 2010. http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/marco-rubios-us-senate-campaign-grew-out-of-his-2007-antitax-roots/1108354. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
^ Bender, Michael C. (June 17, 2010). "Rubio faces foreclosure on Tally home; his campaign says it's resolved". The Palm Beach Post. http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/state/rubio-faces-foreclosure-on-tally-home-his-campaign-754440.html. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
^ Reinhard, Beth (March 5, 2009). "Marco Rubio quietly registers to run for U.S. Senate". The Miami Herald. http://www.miamiherald.com/news/florida/story/933424.html.
^ "January 26, 2010 – Rubio Edges Crist In Florida Gop Senate Race, Quinnipiac University Poll Finds; President Obama Under Water As Voters Disapprove". Quinnipiac University. http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1297.xml?ReleaseID=1417.
^ "Election 2010: Florida Republican Primary for Senate". Rasmussen Reports. February 1, 2010. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100209003948/http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/elections2/election_2010/election_2010_senate_elections/florida/election_2010_florida_republican_primary_for_senate. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
^ Schwandt, Kimberly (April 28, 2010). "Crist to Run as Independent in FL Sen Race". Fox News. http://liveshots.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/04/28/crist-to-run-as-independent-in-fl-sen-race. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
^ Romm, Tony (April 18, 2010). "McConnell: Crist would lose all GOP support if he ran as independent". The Hill. http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/senate-races/92869-mcconnell-crist-would-lose-all-gop-support-if-he-ran-as-independent. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
^ Martin, Jonathan; Catanese, David (April 17, 2010). "Top Charlie Crist supporters torn over indy bid". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0410/35937.html#ixzz0lOevGjLm. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ Farrington, Brendan; Kay, Jennifer (August 24, 2010). "Marco Rubio Wins Florida GOP Senate Primary". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/24/marco-rubio-wins-florida-_n_693377.html. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
^ Balz, Dan; Branigin, William (November 3, 2010). "2010 election results show Republicans winning the House, not the Senate". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/02/AR2010110207506.html. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
^ Martínez, Andrea (May 20, 2011). "Senador republicano visita a Fortuño [Republican Senator visits Puerto Rico]" (in Spanish). El Nuevo Dia (Guaynabo, PR). http://www.elnuevodia.com/senadorrepublicanovisitaafortuno-971808.html. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
^ Knickerbocker, Brad (November 6, 2010). "President Obama, Marco Rubio face off on tax cuts". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The-Vote/2010/1106/President-Obama-Marco-Rubio-face-off-on-tax-cuts.
^ Goodman, Lee-Anne (November 5, 2010). "Florida's new senator seen as 'Great Right Hope'". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/886650--florida-s-new-senator-seen-as-great-right-hope.
^ Rahn, Will (January 10, 2011). "Marco Rubio: I want to be a senator, not president or vice president". The Daily Caller. http://dailycaller.com/2011/01/10/marco-rubio-i-want-to-be-a-senator-not-president-or-vice-president/. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
^ Hayes, Stephen (January 28, 2011) Marco Rubio Picks a Chief of Staff: Cesar Conda, Weekly Standard
^ Voss, Laura. "Congress Dedicates September as National Spinal Cord Injury Month." Paralyzed Veterans of America. September 12, 2011.
^ "White House Attacks Marco Rubio's Contraception Bill." AP. February 13, 2012.
^ Allen, Greg. "For Marco Rubio, VP Prospects Bring New Scrutiny." New Hampshire Public Radio. March 7, 2012.
^ Rettig, Jessica (May 4, 2010). "10 Things You Didn't Know About Marco Rubio". U.S. News and World Report. http://politics.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2010/05/04/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-marco-rubio.html.
^ "Marco 101". Marco Rubio for US Senate. http://www.marcorubio.com/marco-101/.
^ Thompson, Damian (November 12, 2010). "Marco Rubio Tries to Still Debate Over Religion". The Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/us-politics/8129826/Marco-Rubio-tries-to-still-debate-over-his-religion.html.
^ "Rubio's income grew with his political clout, tax records show". Miami Herald. May 22, 2010. http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/rubios-income-grew-with-his-political-clout-tax-records-show/1096766.
^ "Marco Rubio: My family's flight from Castro". Politico.com. October 21, 2011. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1011/66567.html.
^ "Marco Rubio's story", Los Angeles Times, October 30, 2011, http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-ed-rubio-20111030,0,1142953.story
^ ^a ^b "Marco Rubio's story", Los Angeles Times, October 30, 2011, http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-ed-rubio-20111030,0,1142953.story
^ Mastrapa, Tania (October 29, 2011), "Forget the year of arrival, Cubans are exiles", Miami Herald, http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/10/29/2477153/forget-the-year-of-arrival-cubans.html#ixzz1cZ3ZgQdl

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Marco Rubio

	Biography portal
	Florida portal
	Politics portal

Senator Marco Rubio official U.S. Senate website
Marco Rubio for U.S. Senate official campaign site
Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
Congressional profile at GovTrack
Congressional profile at OpenCongress
Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
Campaign contributions at the National Institute for Money in State Politics
Appearances on C-SPAN programs
Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Collected news and commentary at The Guardian

United States Senate
Preceded by George LeMieux	United States Senator (Class 3) from Florida January 3, 2011 – present Served alongside: Bill Nelson	Succeeded by Incumbent
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Preceded by John Hoeven R-North Dakota	*United States Senators by seniority* 94th	Succeeded by Ron Johnson R-Wisconsin
Florida House of Representatives
Preceded by Carlos Valdes	Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 111th district 2000–2009	Succeeded by Erik Fresen
Preceded by Allan Bense	Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives 2007–2009	Succeeded by Ray Sansom
Party political offices
Preceded by Mel Martinez	Republican Party nominee for United States Senator from Florida (Class 3) 2010	Succeeded by Current

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   Leahy (D)
   Webb (D)
   Murray (D)
   Rockefeller (D)
   Kohl (D)
   Enzi (R)

   Toomey (R)
   Whitehouse (D)
   DeMint (R)
   Thune (R)
   Corker (R)
   Cornyn (R)
   Lee (R)
   Sanders (I)
   Warner (D)
   Cantwell (D)
   Manchin (D)
   R. Johnson (R)
   Barrasso (R)

Democratic (51) • Republican (47) • Independent (2)

v t e Florida's current delegation to the United States Congress

Senators	Bill Nelson (D) Marco Rubio (R)

Representatives	Jeff Miller (R) Steve Southerland (R) Corrine Brown (D) Ander Crenshaw (R) Rich Nugent (R) Cliff Stearns (R) John Mica (R) Daniel Webster (R) Gus Bilirakis (R) Bill Young (R) Kathy Castor (D) Dennis Ross (R) Vern Buchanan (R) Connie Mack (R) Bill Posey (R) Tom Rooney (R) Frederica Wilson (D) Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R) Ted Deutch (D) Debbie Wasserman Schultz (D) Mario Diaz-Balart (R) Allen West (R) Alcee Hastings (D) Sandy Adams (R) David Rivera (R)

Other states' delegations	Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Non‑voting: American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

v t e United States Senators from Florida

Class 1	Yulee Mallory, Sr. Welch Gilbert Jones Pasco Taliaferro N. Bryan Trammell Loftin Andrews Holland Chiles Mack Nelson

Class 3	Westcott Morton Yulee Osborn Conover Call Mallory, Jr. W. Bryan Milton Fletcher Hill Pepper Smathers Gurney Stone Hawkins Graham Martinez LeMieux Rubio

v t e Current statewide political officials of Florida

U.S. Senators	Bill Nelson Marco Rubio

State government	Rick Scott, Governor Jennifer Carroll, Lieutenant Governor Jeff Atwater, Chief Financial Officer Pam Bondi, Attorney General Adam Putnam, Commissioner of Agriculture

Senate	Mike Haridopolos, President Andy Gardiner, Majority Leader Nan Rich, Minority Leader

House	Dean Cannon, Speaker Carlos Lopez-Cantera, Majority Leader Ronald Saunders, Minority Leader

Supreme Court (appointed)	Charles T. Canady, Chief Justice Barbara Pariente R. Fred Lewis Peggy Quince Ricky Polston Jorge Labarga James E.C. Perry

AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY

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Teresa Heinz Kerry

Born	Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões-Ferreira (1938-10-05) October 5, 1938 (age 73) Lourenço Marques, Portuguese Mozambique
Residence	Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania
Nationality	American
Other names	Teresa Heinz Kerry
Citizenship	American
Education	University of the Witwatersrand (B.A.), School of Translation and Interpretation (M.A.)
Political party	Republican (1966–2003) Democratic (2003 – present)
Religion	Roman Catholic
Spouse	H. John Heinz III (m. 1966-1991, his death) John Kerry (m. 1995)
Children	H. John Heinz IV Andre Heinz Christopher Drake Heinz

Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões-Ferreira Heinz (born October 5, 1938), known as Teresa Heinz, is an American businesswoman and philanthropist, the widow of former U.S. Senator H. John Heinz III (R-Pennsylvania), and the wife of U.S. Senator John Kerry (D-Massachusetts).

1 Early life
2 Marriages and children
3 Philanthropy
- 3.1 Environmental programs and advocacy
- 3.2 Women's economic security programs and advocacy
4 Wealth
5 Politics
6 Health
7 Public relations
- 7.1 Laura Bush incident
8 References
9 External links

Early life [link]

Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões Ferreira was born to Portuguese parents in Mozambique, at the time a colony of the Portuguese Empire.^[1] Her father was José Simões Ferreira Júnior (1910–1989; born in Albergaria-a-Velha, and died in Porto, Portugal),^[2] and her mother was Irene Thierstein (1912–1997), born a Portuguese and British^[3] national in Lourenço Marques.^[4] Irene was of Swiss-German, Italian, and French descent.^[5] She was the daughter of Alberto Thierstein,^[6] a British national from Valletta, Malta (at the time a British-ruled territory), and Maria Burló,^[7] born in Alexandria, Egypt, who both migrated to Portuguese East Africa.

Heinz grew up in Portuguese East Africa's capital, Lourenço Marques (now Maputo). Her father was a physician and often brought her on calls into the African bush.^{[citation needed]}

In 1960, Heinz earned a Bachelor of Arts in Romance Languages and Literature from the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. In 1963, she graduated from the School of Translation and Interpretation at the University of Geneva and moved to the United States to be an interpreter at the United Nations.^{[citation needed]}

She is fluent in English, Spanish, French, Italian, and her native Portuguese.^{[citation needed]}

Marriages and children [link]

On February 5, 1966, at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania's gothic Heinz Chapel on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh, Simões-Ferreira married Henry John Heinz III, an heir to the H. J. Heinz Company. In 1971, she became a naturalized citizen. The couple had three sons: H. John IV (born November 4, 1966), Andre (born December 12, 1969), and Christopher (born March 20, 1973).

In 1990, she met Senator Kerry at an Earth Day rally. This was the only reported time they met before Senator Heinz died in an airplane crash on April 4, 1991. In 1992, they met again, at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. She was a member of a State Department delegation appointed by then-President George H. W. Bush. Their courtship began in 1993, and they were married May 26, 1995, on Nantucket, Massachusetts. Choosing to remain registered as a Republican until John Kerry's presidential bid in 2004, she kept her name Teresa Heinz. In May 2004, she said:

"My legal name is still Teresa Heinz. Teresa Heinz Kerry is my name...for politics. Just so people don't ask me questions about so and so is so and so's wife or this and that. Teresa Heinz is what I've been all my growing-up life, adult life, more than any other name. And it's the name of my boys, you know?...So, that's my legal name and that's my office name, my Pittsburgh name."^[8]

Philanthropy [link]

Teresa Heinz is the chair of The Heinz Endowments and the Heinz Family Philanthropies, disbursing money to various social and environmental causes. She assists the City of Pittsburgh, where the Heinz family has many financial and family connections. In recognition of her philanthropy and activism, Heinz has received 12 honorary doctoral degrees:

In 2003, Heinz was awarded the Albert Schweitzer Gold Medal for Humanitarianism. She has been elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She has been a Trustee of the St. Paul's School (Concord, New Hampshire), which Kerry attended.

Environmental programs and advocacy [link]

Heinz has contributed to the environmental movement through many programs and outreach efforts. In 1990, she co-founded the Alliance To End Childhood Lead Poisoning (now the Alliance for Healthy Homes), through the first environmental grant of the Vira I. Heinz Endowment.^[9] The website of the Alliance for Healthy Homes lists her as an "Honorary Board Member" and praises her as "One of the foremost advocates on children's health and environmental issues."^[10] In 1992, she was a Delegate to the Earth Summit, representing Non-Governmental Organizations.^[11]^[12] In 1993, with Kerry and environmentalist academic Dr. Anthony Cortese, she co-founded Second Nature, which brings "Education for Sustainability" to college campuses.^[13] In 1993, she founded the Heinz Awards, including a category for Outstanding Contributions to the Environment.^[14] In 1995, with a $20 million grant, the Heinz Endowments provided initial funding for The Heinz Center,^[9] "a nonprofit institution dedicated to improving the scientific and economic foundation for environmental policy through multisectoral collaboration among industry, government, academia, and environmental organizations."^[15] Since 1996, Heinz has hosted an annual "Women's Health and the Environment" conference series.^[16] She founded Teresa Heinz Scholars for Environmental Research, which annually awards eight $10,000 awards for doctoral dissertation support and eight $5,000 awards for Masters' thesis support for research having "public policy relevance that increases society's understanding of environmental concerns and proposed solutions."^[17] Heinz is a board member of the Environmental Defense Fund.^[18]

Women's economic security programs and advocacy [link]

In 1995, the book Pensions in Crisis: Why the system is failing America and how you can protect your future (later republished as The Pension Book) was published, with support from the Teresa and H. John Heinz III Foundation, and a foreword by Heinz.^[19]^[20]

Spurred by the issues uncovered by Pensions in Crisis, Heinz and her foundation created the Women's Retirement Initiative to "extend that investigation and examine how the dynamics of our pension and retirement system contribute to the disproportionate rate of poverty among older women."^[19]

In 1996, the Heinz Foundations created WISER, the Women's Institute for a Secure Retirement.^[21]

Wealth [link]

Heinz is the life estate beneficiary or outright beneficiary of her husband's trusts, making her either extremely wealthy in her own name or powerful as a trustee of Heinz family wealth.^{[citation needed]} Kerry is wealthy in his own right, though not to the same degree, since he became a trust fund beneficiary of his mother's and Forbes family trusts. Kerry and Heinz signed a prenuptial agreement and have kept their premarital assets separate.

Heinz has declined to disclose her personal tax returns, citing family trusts and privacy. She is estimated to be worth between $750 million and $1.2 billion. According to her most recently released income tax of 2003, Kerry and Heinz paid an effective federal income tax rate of 12%.

Heinz and Kerry live an affluent life. They own a six-floor, $7 million townhome in Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood, a $9 million ocean-front home on Nantucket, a $5 million ski retreat in Idaho, a $4 million estate in Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania, near the Heinz family's home base of Pittsburgh, and a $5 million home in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C.^{[citation needed]}

Politics [link]

Heinz was a registered Republican for most of her voting career, the same as her first husband, and she remained a registered Republican despite being married to Kerry. In January 2003, she changed her registration to the Democratic Party. Later in 2004, she reportedly changed her name from Teresa Heinz to Teresa Heinz Kerry during her husband's presidential run. After her husband's defeat, and shortly before she gave a speech to the National Council for Research on Women in January 2005, she changed back to Teresa Heinz.[4]

In 2003, she was named to the PoliticsPA list of "Pennsylvania's Most Politically Powerful Women".^[22]

She is said to have been encouraged to run for her first husband's vacant Senate seat after his death. Heinz declined and refused to endorse Republican Congressman's Rick Santorum's 1994 bid for the seat. She publicly denounced him as the "antithesis" of her late husband, and later called him "Forrest Gump with attitude." It was rumored she would challenge Santorum in 2006 (as a Democrat), but she did not enter the race, and the Democratic nomination went to State Treasurer Bob Casey, Jr., who went on to defeat Santorum.

Health [link]

In December 2009, Heinz revealed that she is being treated for breast cancer.^[23] She revealed she has had several lumpectomies and will be following up with a targeted type of radiation therapy treatment called accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI).^[24] She has not revealed what type of APBI she will be receiving. APBI is a way of delivering radiation to the breast for five days or less, rather than six to eight weeks. Radiation oncologists are still studying this new method to see if it is as effective as the longer regimen.^[25]

Public relations [link]

Heinz has a reputation in the media as a very direct personality.^[26]^[27]

Laura Bush incident [link]

In an interview published in USA Today in July 2004, Heinz was asked about the differences between the First Lady and herself:

"Well, you know, I don't know Laura Bush. But she seems to be calm, and she has a sparkle in her eye, which is good. But I don't know that she's ever had a real job—I mean, since she's been grown up. So her experience and her validation comes from important things, but different things."^[28]

Heinz retracted the statement later, saying she was "sincerely sorry" for the remark. "I had forgotten that Mrs. Bush had worked as a schoolteacher and librarian, and there couldn't be a more important job than teaching our children", Heinz said. "As someone who has been both a full time mom and full time in the workforce, I know we all have valuable experiences that shape who we are. I appreciate and honor Mrs. Bush's service to the country as first lady, and am sincerely sorry I had not remembered her important work in the past."^[29]

Bush brushed it off, saying, "It didn't matter to me. It didn't hurt my feelings. It was perfectly all right that she apologized. She didn't have to apologize. I know how tough it is. And actually I know those trick questions."^[30]

References [link]

^ "Heinz Family Philanthropies – Teresa Heinz Biography.". http://www.hfp.heinz.org/aboutus/teresaheinz_01.html.
^ "Genea Portugal – José Simões Ferreira Júnior (Portuguese genealogical site)". http://www.geneall.net/P/per_page.php?id=241307. – according to The Portuguese Genealogy of Teresa Heinz Kerry. Lisbon: Dislivro, Lda.. 2004. ISBN 972-8876-11-4. http://www.dislivro.pt/detalhes_livros.asp?Cat_Id=1001&offset=15&Product_Id=190.
^ Loughlin, Sean (2004-07-28). "CNN.com – Teresa Heinz Kerry promotes 'women's voices' – Jul 28, 2004". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/07/27/dems.teresa/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-27. )
^ "Genea Portugal – Irene Thierstein (Portuguese genealogical site)". http://www.geneall.net/P/per_page.php?id=241308. – according to "The Portuguese Genealogy of Teresa Heinz Kerry", Lisbon, 2004.
^ [1]
^ "Genea Portugal – Alberto Thierstein (Portuguese genealogical site)". http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=314687. – according to "The Portuguese Genealogy of Teresa Heinz Kerry", Lisbon 2004.
^ "Genea Portugal – Maria Burló (Portuguese genealogical site)". http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=314688. – according to "The Portuguese Genealogy of Teresa Heinz Kerry", Lisbon 2004.
^ Lawrence, Jill (2004-05-26). "With Teresa, expect an unconventional campaign". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-05-23-heinz-kerry-cover_x.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-29.
^ ^a ^b The Title of the Web Page^{[dead link]}
^ "Board of Directors". Afhh.org. http://www.afhh.org/aboutus/aboutus_board_of_dir.htm. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ "John Kerry". John Kerry. http://www.johnkerry.com/about/teresa/. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ [2]^{[dead link]}
^ Second Nature | About SN^{[dead link]}
^ "The Heinz Awards". The Heinz Awards. http://www.heinzawards.net/. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ "The Heinz Center – Home Page". Heinzctr.org. http://www.heinzctr.org/index.shtml. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ "Heinz Family Philanthropies – Women's Conferences". Heinzfamily.org. October 1, 2004. http://www.heinzfamily.org/programs/womensconferences.html. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ Heinz Family Philanthropies – Scholars for Environmental Research
^ Board of Trustees – About Us – Environmental Defense^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b Heinz Family Philanthropies – Women's Retirement Initiative
^ 1559702966 – Pensions in Crisis: Why the System Is Failing America and How You Can Protect Your Future by Ferguson, Karen; Blackwell, Kate – 9781559702966
^ "Heinz Family Philanthropies – WISER". Heinzfamily.org. http://www.heinzfamily.org/issues/womensecosec_02.html. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ "Pennsylvania's Most Politically Powerful Women". PoliticsPA. The Publius Group. 2001. Archived from the original on 2004-02-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20040209095936/politicspa.com/features/mostpoliticallypowerfulwomen.htm.
^ Time. http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1949836,00.html.
^ [3]^{[dead link]}
^ "Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer: Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation". Rtanswers.org. June 16, 2010. http://www.rtanswers.org/treatmentinformation/cancertypes/breast/accelerated.aspx. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ Kurtz, Howard (2004-11-15). "The Making of a Non-President". Washington Post: p. C01. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A49993-2004Nov14.html. Retrieved 2006-07-29.
^ "How Bush Did It". Newsweek. 2004-11-15. Archived from the original on 2006-06-19. http://web.archive.org/web/20060619172718/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6407226/site/newsweek. Retrieved 2006-07-29.
^ "The real running mates". USA Today. 2004-10-20. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/2004-10-19-teresa_x.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-29.
^ "Heinz Kerry apologizes for remark". CNN. 2004-10-21. http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/10/20/theresa.apologizes.laura. Retrieved 2006-07-29.
^ "Laura Bush brushes aside Heinz Kerry's remarks". CNN. 2004-10-21. http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/10/21/laura.teresa/. Retrieved 2006-07-29.

External links [link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Teresa Heinz

The Heinz Awards
JohnKerry.com – About Teresa
Polite society anticipates Teresa's pizazz – from the Washington Times
The Heinz Endowments (the Howard Heinz Endowment and the Vira I. Heinz Endowment)
Visitsunvalley.com – This Moment On Earth

Honorary titles
Preceded by Tipper Gore	Wife of the Democratic Presidential Nominee 2004	Succeeded by Michelle Obama

v t e John Kerry

Career	Military career · 2004 campaign · VP selection process · Iraq policy · Kerry-Feingold Amendment · Sponsored legislation

Elections	Senate election, 1984 · Senate election, 1990 · Senate election, 1996 · Senate election, 2002 · United States presidential election, 2004 · Senate election, 2008

Family	Forbes family · Dudley–Winthrop family · Teresa Heinz · Julia Thorne · Alexandra Kerry · Vanessa Kerry · Rosemary Forbes Kerry · Cameron Kerry

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Heinz

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

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Persondata
Name	Bush, George Walker
Alternative names	Bush, George, Jr.; Bush Jr.
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Date of birth	May 28, 1971
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Persondata
Name	Heinz, Teresa
Alternative names
Short description	American politician
Date of birth	1938-10-05
Place of birth	Lourenço Marques, Mozambique (Portugal)
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