Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- A. Baldwin Wood
- Above mean sea level
- Acadiana
- Acme Truck Line
- African American
- Alcohol
- Algiers Ferry
- Algiers, New Orleans
- Allmusic
- American Civil War
- American English
- Americana (music)
- Amtrak
- Andrew Jackson
- Area code 504
- ArenaBowl
- Argentina
- Ark-La-Tex
- Ash Wednesday
- Asian American
- AT&T;
- Atlanta
- Atlantic slave trade
- Audubon Insectarium
- Audubon Zoo
- Audubon, New Orleans
- Austria
- Bayou
- Bayou Classic
- Beignet
- Better Than Ezra
- Bible Belt
- Bicycle
- Bicycle lane
- Big Easy Rollergirls
- Biodiesel
- Birdman (rapper)
- Blues
- BNSF Railway
- Bogalusa, Louisiana
- Bounce music
- Bourbon Street
- BP
- Brass band
- Bus
- Busker
- Bywater, New Orleans
- Café au lait
- Café du Monde
- Cajun
- Cajun cuisine
- Cajun music
- Calliope (music)
- Canal Street Ferry
- Capital One
- Caracas
- Carl L. Bankston
- Carnival
- Cash Money Records
- Catholic Church
- Catholicism
- Causeway
- CBS
- Cedric Glover
- Central Louisiana
- CH2M HILL
- Chalmette, Louisiana
- Chapel of Love
- Charter school
- Chernobyl disaster
- Chevron Corporation
- Chitimacha
- Christmas
- City of New Orleans
- Civil engineering
- Clarion Herald
- Class I railroad
- Coastal erosion
- Congo Square
- Conoco Inc.
- Copeland's
- Covington, Louisiana
- Cowboy Mouth
- Cowpunk
- Crayfish
- Creative industries
- Crescent (Amtrak)
- Crime in Louisiana
- Crowbar (US band)
- CSX Transportation
- Cuba
- Cultural tourism
- Culture of Louisiana
- Dallas
- Dash Rip Rock
- Daylight saving time
- Deep South
- Deja Vu (2006 film)
- Demonym
- Destrehan, Louisiana
- Dillard University
- Doom metal
- Douglas Wilder
- Dow Chemical Company
- Down (band)
- Downtown New Orleans
- Duke of Orléans
- Durban
- Dynegy
- Earl Long
- Eastern New Orleans
- Economy of Louisiana
- Edward Pakenham
- Elegant decay
- Eni
- Entergy
- Epiphany (holiday)
- Estelle, Louisiana
- Exxon
- Eyehategod
- Faubourg Marigny
- Flag of New Orleans
- Fleur-de-lis
- Florida Parishes
- Folgers
- Fortune 500
- France
- Freeport-McMoRan
- French architecture
- French language
- French Quarter
- Funk
- Gambit Weekly
- German American
- Glory Road (film)
- Gretna, Louisiana
- Gulf of Mexico
- Gulf South
- Gumbo
- Haitian Revolution
- Hammond, Louisiana
- Hardcore punk
- Harvey, Louisiana
- Health care industry
- Henry C. Warmouth
- Herzing College
- Highway 61 Revisited
- Hip hop music
- History of Louisiana
- Homer Plessy
- Honduras
- Honey Island Swamp
- Houma, Louisiana
- Houston
- Hurricane Betsy
- Hurricane Flossy
- Hurricane Georges
- Hurricane Gustav
- Hurricane Katrina
- Hurricane Rita
- IBM
- Illegal immigration
- Innsbruck
- Interstate 10
- Interstate 310
- Interstate 49
- Interstate 510
- Invasion of Normandy
- Ion Television
- Irish American
- Isleño
- Italian American
- Jacques Chirac
- Jambalaya
- Janet Murguía
- Japan
- Jazz
- Jazz funeral
- Jean Lafitte
- Jefferson, Louisiana
- Jew
- Jim Crow laws
- Joey Durel
- Juan-les-Pins
- Juvenile (rapper)
- Kenner, Louisiana
- KGLA-DT
- Kip Holden
- Koch Industries
- Krewe
- Lafayette, Louisiana
- Laitram
- Lake Borgne
- Lake Pontchartrain
- Lakefront Arena
- Landsat 7
- LaPlace, Louisiana
- Lent
- LeSEA
- Levee
- Light rail
- Lil Wayne
- Lockheed Martin
- Louis Armstrong
- Louis Armstrong Park
- Louisiana
- Louisiana Highway 47
- Louisiana Purchase
- Louisiana Superdome
- Louisiana Voodoo
- Lower Ninth Ward
- Luling Bridge
- Luling, Louisiana
- Macadam
- Magazine Street
- Major League Soccer
- Maracaibo
- Marc Morial
- Mardi Gras
- Marie Laveau
- Marrero, Louisiana
- Master P
- Matsue, Shimane
- Mayor
- Media market
- Media of New Orleans
- Meraux, Louisiana
- Metairie, Louisiana
- Metropolitan area
- Mexico
- Miami
- Mid-City New Orleans
- Minnesota
- Mississippi Company
- Mississippi River
- Mississippi Suite
- Mitch Landrieu
- Monroe, Louisiana
- Muffuletta
- Music of Louisiana
- Music of New Orleans
- MWH Global
- MyNetworkTV
- Mérida, Yucatán
- Napoleon I of France
- NASA
- Natchez (boat)
- Natural gas
- NBA All-Star Game
- NBC
- New Orleans
- New Orleans Arena
- New Orleans Blaze
- New Orleans Bowl
- New Orleans Hornets
- New Orleans Mint
- New Orleans Saints
- New Orleans VooDoo
- New Orleans Zephyrs
- New York dialect
- No Limit Records
- NOAA
- North Louisiana
- Notre Dame Seminary
- Oil refinery
- Oil reserves
- Oklahoma City
- Old Ursuline Convent
- One Shell Square
- Opelousas, Louisiana
- Orion International
- Orlando, Florida
- Orléans
- Orthodox Judaism
- Outline of Louisiana
- P.B.S. Pinchback
- Pacific Coast League
- Panic of 1873
- Parsons Brinckerhoff
- Pedestrian
- Pedestrian mall
- People watching
- Petrochemical
- Petroleum
- PGA Tour
- Phoenix, Arizona
- Plaza Tower
- Plessy v. Ferguson
- Po' boy
- Pointe-Noire
- Pontchartrain Hotel
- Port of New Orleans
- Portal Louisiana
- Portal New Orleans
- Praline
- Preservation Hall
- Protestantism
- Public library
- Public transport
- Radio broadcasting
- Rampart Street
- Ray (film)
- Ray Nagin
- Redeemers
- Rhythm and blues
- Road running
- Rock and roll
- Rolls-Royce plc
- Royal Dutch Shell
- Ruby Bridges
- Runaway Jury
- Ruston, Louisiana
- Régence
- Saint Louis Cemetery
- Seafood
- Service of process
- Shell Oil Company
- Shotgun house
- Shreveport
- Sidney Barthelemy
- Sister cities
- Slidell, Louisiana
- Sludge metal
- Soilent Green
- South Africa
- Southern Decadence
- Southern hip hop
- Southern rock
- Southwest Louisiana
- St. Charles Avenue
- Steamboat
- Subsidence
- Sugar Bowl
- Sulphur, Louisiana
- Sun Belt
- Sunset Limited
- Super Bowl
- Super Bowl XII
- Super Bowl XLIV
- Super Bowl XLVII
- Super Bowl XV
- Super Bowl XX
- Super Bowl XXIV
- Super Bowl XXXI
- Super Bowl XXXVI
- Syncretism
- Tank ship
- Tegucigalpa
- Telemundo
- Template Louisiana
- Template New Orleans
- Tennessee Williams
- TEPPCO Partners
- Terrytown, Louisiana
- Texaco
- The Beatles
- The Boston Globe
- The Dixie Cups
- The Louisiana Weekly
- The Radiators (US)
- The Times-Picayune
- Time zone
- Tomb
- Touro Infirmary
- Tram
- Travel + Leisure
- Treaty of Ghent
- Tremé
- Tropical cyclone
- Tulane University
- U.S. Route 11
- U.S. Route 61
- U.S. Route 90
- U.S. state
- United States Mint
- Unocal Corporation
- Uptown New Orleans
- Uptown, New Orleans
- Urban park
- USS New Orleans
- UTC-5
- UTC-6
- Venezuela
- Victor H. Schiro
- Voodoo Experience
- War of 1812
- Wards of New Orleans
- WDSU
- Westwego, Louisiana
- WGNO
- White Americans
- White Christmas
- White flight
- WHNO
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wikitravel
- WIST (AM)
- WLAE-TV
- WNOL-TV
- Woodmere, Louisiana
- WP IPA for French
- WPXL
- WUPL
- WVUE-DT
- WWL-TV
- WYES-TV
- Yaka mein
- Yat dialect
- Zatarain's
- Zydeco
- Étouffée
-
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
http://wn.com/Argentina -
Atlanta
Atlanta (, ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia. Atlanta had an estimated population of about 540,900 people. Its metropolitan area is the ninth largest in the country, inhabited by more than 5.4 million people. The Atlanta Combined Statistical Area has a population approaching six million, making it the most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States. Like many areas in the Sun Belt, the Atlanta region has seen explosive growth since about 1976, and it added about 1.1 million residents between 2000 and 2008.
http://wn.com/Atlanta -
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria -
Café du Monde
http://wn.com/Café_du_Monde -
Caracas
http://wn.com/Caracas -
Chernobyl disaster
The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident of catastrophic proportions that occurred on 26 April 1986, at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine (then in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the Soviet Union). It is considered the worst nuclear power plant accident in history and is the only level 7 event on the International Nuclear Event Scale.
http://wn.com/Chernobyl_disaster -
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
http://wn.com/Cuba -
Dallas
Dallas () is the third-largest city in Texas and the ninth-largest in the United States. As of 2009, the population of Dallas was at 1.3 million according to the US Census Bureau. The city is the largest economic center of the 12-county metropolitan area that according to the March 2010 U.S. Census Bureau release, had a population of roughly 6.5 million as of July 2009. The metropolitan area is the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the United States.
http://wn.com/Dallas -
Durban
Durban (, from itheku meaning 'bay') is the largest city in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal and the third largest city in the country, forming part of the eThekwini metropolitan municipality. Durban is famous as the busiest port in South Africa and is also a major centre of tourism because of the city's warm subtropical climate and extensive beaches. The city has a population of almost 3.5 million, making Durban the biggest city on the east coast of the African continent. Its land area of is comparatively larger than other South African cities, resulting in a somewhat lower population density of .
http://wn.com/Durban -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Honduras
Honduras (, , ) is a republic in Central America. It was formerly known as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras (now Belize). The country is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea.
http://wn.com/Honduras -
Honey Island Swamp
The Honey Island Swamp () is a marshland located in the eastern portion of the U.S. state of Louisiana in St. Tammany Parish. Honey Island earned its name because of the honeybees once seen on a nearby isle.
http://wn.com/Honey_Island_Swamp -
Houston
http://wn.com/Houston -
Innsbruck
http://wn.com/Innsbruck -
Invasion of Normandy
The invasion of Normandy was the invasion and establishment of Allied forces in Normandy, France, during Operation Overlord in World War II. The invasion was the largest amphibious operation in history. This article covers from the initial landings on 6 June 1944, until the time of the Allied breakout in late July.
http://wn.com/Invasion_of_Normandy -
Japan
http://wn.com/Japan -
Lafayette, Louisiana
Lafayette is a city in and the parish seat of Lafayette Parish, Louisiana, United States, on the Vermilion River. The population was 110,257 at the 2000 census; a 2007 census estimate put the metropolitan area's population at 256,494. It is the fourth largest city in the state. It is the larger principal city of the Lafayette-Acadiana, LA Combined Statistical Area, which, in 2007, had an estimated total population of 538,470.
http://wn.com/Lafayette_Louisiana -
Lakefront Arena
Senator Nat G. Kiefer University of New Orleans Lakefront Arena (Lakefront Arena) is a 10,000-seat multi-purpose arena in New Orleans, Louisiana and was built in 1983.
http://wn.com/Lakefront_Arena -
Louis Armstrong Park
Louis Armstrong Park is a park located in the Treme neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana, just across Rampart Street from the French Quarter. It was designed by New Orleans architect Robin Riley. The park contains the New Orleans Municipal Auditorium, the Mahalia Jackson Theater of the Performing Arts, Congo Square, and part of the New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park. The park was also home to the first New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festivals. The park is named after jazz musician Louis Armstrong.
http://wn.com/Louis_Armstrong_Park -
Louisiana
http://wn.com/Louisiana -
Maracaibo
Maracaibo () is a city and municipality located in northwestern Venezuela off the western coast of the Lake Maracaibo. It is the second-largest city in the country after the national capital Caracas and the capital of Zulia state. The population of the city is approximately 1,495,199 with the metropolitan area estimated at 2,108,404 as of 2010.
http://wn.com/Maracaibo -
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico -
Miami
Miami ( or ) is a major city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, the most populous county in Florida, and the eighth-most populous county in the United States, with a population of 2,500,625. The 42nd largest city in the United States, with a population of 433,136, it is the principal, central and most populous city of the South Florida metropolitan area. According to United Nations estimates, the Miami Urbanized Area was the fifth most populous urbanized area in the U.S. in 2000 with a population of 4,919,036, but in 2008 that number increased to 5,232,342, making it the fourth-largest urbanized area in the United States, behind New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago.
http://wn.com/Miami -
Minnesota
Minnesota () is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. The twelfth largest state of the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with 5.27 million residents. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state on May 11, 1858. Known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes", the state's name comes from a Dakota word for "sky-tinted water". Those waters, together with forests, parks, and wilderness areas, offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities.
http://wn.com/Minnesota -
Mérida, Yucatán
http://wn.com/Mérida_Yucatán -
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
http://wn.com/NASA -
New Orleans
http://wn.com/New_Orleans -
Oklahoma City
Oklahoma City is the capital and the largest city in the state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 31st among United States cities in population. The city's estimated population, as of 2008, was 551,789, with an estimated metro-area population of 1,206,142. In 2008, the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,275,758 residents. Oklahoma City's city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, though much of those areas are rural or suburban. The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area which includes consolidated city-counties; it is the largest city in the United States by land area whose government is not consolidated with that of a county (or, in the case of Alaska, a borough, or in the case of Louisiana, a parish). The city is the largest city and metro area in population of the traditional 'plains states' as well as the South Central United States outside of Texas.
http://wn.com/Oklahoma_City -
One Shell Square
One Shell Square, located at 701 Poydras Street in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana, is a 51-story, -tall skyscraper designed in the international style by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. It is the tallest building in both the city of New Orleans and the state of Louisiana. The building is primarily used for leaseable office space, with some retail space on the ground level. The design of the building is very similar to Houston's One Shell Plaza, also built by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. Hines Interest is the developer of One Shell Square and Lincoln Property Company. Shell Oil Company is the building's largest tenant. Current occupancy of the building is approximately 90 percent.
http://wn.com/One_Shell_Square -
Orlando, Florida
Orlando () is a major city in the central region of the U.S. state of Florida. It is the county seat of Orange County and the center of the Greater Orlando metropolitan region. The Orlando metropolitan area has a population of 2,082,628 and it is the 27th largest metropolitan area in the United States. The city-proper population is 235,860 making Orlando the 80th largest city in the United States. It is Florida's fifth largest city by population. Orlando was incorporated on July 31, 1875, and became a city in 1885.
http://wn.com/Orlando_Florida -
Phoenix, Arizona
Phoenix ( , O'odham Skikik, Yavapai Wasinka, Western Apache Fiinigis, Navajo Hoozdoh, Mojave ''Hachpa 'Anya Nyava) is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Arizona, as well as the fifth most populated city in the United States. Phoenix is home to 1,601,587 people according to the 2009 estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau, and is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area (also known as the Valley of the Sun''), the 12th largest metro area by population in the United States with more than 4.3 million people. In addition, Phoenix is the county seat of Maricopa County, and is one of the largest cities in the United States by land area.
http://wn.com/Phoenix_Arizona -
Plaza Tower
http://wn.com/Plaza_Tower -
Pointe-Noire
Pointe-Noire is the second largest city in the Republic of the Congo, and an autonomous Department since 2004. Before this date it was the capital of the Kouilou region (now department). It is the main commercial centre of the country and has a population of 663,400 (2005 census). It is situated on a headland between Pointe-Noire Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.
http://wn.com/Pointe-Noire -
Port of New Orleans
The Port of New Orleans is a port located in New Orleans, Louisiana. It is the 5th largest port in the United States based on volume of cargo handled, second-largest in the state after the Port of South Louisiana, and 12th largest in the U.S. based on value of cargo. It also has the longest wharf in the world, which is 2.01 miles (3.4 km) long and can accommodate 15 vessels at one time.
http://wn.com/Port_of_New_Orleans -
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
http://wn.com/South_Africa -
Sun Belt
The Sun Belt or Spanish Belt is a region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the South and Southwest (the geographic southern United States). Another rough boundary of the region is the area south of the 37th or 38th parallels, north latitude. The main defining feature of the Sun Belt is its warm-temperate climate with extended summers and brief, relatively mild winters. The extreme southern part of the Sun Belt (South Florida) has a tropical climate.
http://wn.com/Sun_Belt -
Tegucigalpa
http://wn.com/Tegucigalpa -
Venezuela
http://wn.com/Venezuela
-
A. Baldwin Wood
Albert Baldwin Wood (December 1, 1879 - May 10, 1956) was an inventor and engineer from New Orleans, Louisiana. He graduated from Tulane University with a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering in 1899.
http://wn.com/A_Baldwin_Wood -
African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. In the United States, the terms are generally used for Americans with at least partial Sub-Saharan African ancestry.
http://wn.com/African_American -
Andrew Jackson
http://wn.com/Andrew_Jackson -
Asian American
Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. They comprise the third largest minority group in the United States. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the U.S. Census Bureau definition of Asian, which includes individuals of East Asian, South Asian, and Southeast Asian origin.
http://wn.com/Asian_American -
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria -
Birdman (rapper)
Bryan Williams (born February 15, 1969), better known by his stage name Birdman or Baby, is an American rapper and record executive from New Orleans, Louisiana. He is the co-founder of Cash Money Records and one half of the duo Big Tymers. Along with his releases with Big Tymers and for his solo career, Birdman recorded a collaboration album and numerous tracks with Lil Wayne. He was named one of the top 13 most street artists by XXL.
http://wn.com/Birdman_(rapper) -
Cajun
Cajuns (; or les Acadiens, ) are an ethnic group mainly living in Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles (French-speaking settlers from Acadia in what are now the maritime provinces of Canada - New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, or Prince Edward Island). Today, the Cajuns make up a significant portion of south Louisiana's population, and have exerted an enormous impact on the state's culture.
http://wn.com/Cajun -
Carl L. Bankston
Carl L. Bankston III (born August 8, 1952, New Orleans, Louisiana) is an American sociologist and author. He is best known for his work on immigration to the United States, particularly on the adaptation of Vietnamese American immigrants, and for his work on ethnicity, social capital, sociology of religion and the sociology of education.
http://wn.com/Carl_L_Bankston -
Cedric Glover
Cedric Bradford Glover (born August 9, 1965) is the Democratic mayor of Shreveport, Louisiana -- the first African American to hold the position.
http://wn.com/Cedric_Glover -
Chitimacha
The Chitimacha (also Chitimachan, Chetimacha) are a Native American federally recognized tribe that lives in the U.S. state of Louisiana, mainly in St. Mary Parish. They currently number about 720 people. The Chitimacha language is a language isolate.
http://wn.com/Chitimacha -
Earl Long
http://wn.com/Earl_Long -
Edward Pakenham
:Edward Pakenham was also the name of the sixth earl of Longford
http://wn.com/Edward_Pakenham -
German American
German Americans comprise about 51 million people, or 17% of the U.S. population, the country's largest self-reported ancestral group. California, Texas and Pennsylvania have the largest numbers of German origin, although upper Midwestern states, including Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and The Dakotas, have the highest proportion of German Americans at over one-third.
http://wn.com/German_American -
Hammond, Louisiana
Hammond is the largest city in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 41,000 at the 2009 census. It is home to Southeastern Louisiana University. The city was the home base for production of the first season of the NBC television series In the Heat of the Night.
http://wn.com/Hammond_Louisiana -
Homer Plessy
Homer Plessy (March 17, 1862 – March 1, 1925) was the American plaintiff in the United States Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. Arrested, tried and convicted of a violation of one of Louisiana's racial segregation laws, he appealed to the Supreme Court, and lost. The resulting "separate-but-equal" decision against him had wide consequences for civil rights in the United States. The decision legitimized segregation anywhere in the United States, as long as the facilities provided for both blacks and whites were "equal".
http://wn.com/Homer_Plessy -
Irish American
http://wn.com/Irish_American -
Isleño
http://wn.com/Isleño -
Italian American
An Italian American ( singular, plural) is an American of Italian ancestry. The designation may also refer to someone possessing Italian and American dual citizenship. Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States.
http://wn.com/Italian_American -
Jacques Chirac
http://wn.com/Jacques_Chirac -
Janet Murguía
Janet Murguia is a prominent civil rights leader in the United States. She grew up in Kansas City, Kansas but now lives in Washington, D.C. and works as a renowned advocate for the Latino community.
http://wn.com/Janet_Murguía -
Jean Lafitte
http://wn.com/Jean_Lafitte -
Jew
http://wn.com/Jew -
Joey Durel
Lester Joseph "Joey" Durel, Jr. (born April 3, 1953) is the mayor of Lafayette, Louisiana. Elected in 2003, he became only the second Republican mayor of Lafayette, Louisiana, and the second person elected as "City-Parish president" of the combined City of Lafayette and Lafayette Parish government. A small businessman, Durel had never before sought or held political office.
http://wn.com/Joey_Durel -
Kip Holden
Melvin L. "Kip" Holden (born August 12, 1952) is the Democratic Mayor-President of East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. The parish includes the state capitol of Baton Rouge and smaller suburban cities like Baker, Central City and Zachary. He was elected the city's mayor on November 3, 2004. He unseated the Republican incumbent, Bobby Simpson of Baker, even as President George W. Bush and U.S. Representative Richard Baker were winning again in East Baton Rouge Parish. Holden was inaugurated on January 3, 2005.
http://wn.com/Kip_Holden -
Louis Armstrong
http://wn.com/Louis_Armstrong -
Marc Morial
Marc Haydel Morial (born January 3, 1958) is an American political and civic leader and former mayor of New Orleans. Morial served as mayor from 1994 to 2002. He is married to the award winning CBS News Correspondent, Michelle Miller.
http://wn.com/Marc_Morial -
Marie Laveau
http://wn.com/Marie_Laveau -
Napoleon I of France
http://wn.com/Napoleon_I_of_France -
P.B.S. Pinchback
http://wn.com/PBS_Pinchback -
Ray (film)
Ray is a 2004 biographical film focusing on 30 years of the life of rhythm and blues musician Ray Charles. The independently produced film was directed by Taylor Hackford and starred Jamie Foxx in the title role; Foxx received an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance.
http://wn.com/Ray_(film) -
Ruby Bridges
Ruby Bridges Hall (born Ruby Nell Bridges September 8, 1954, in Tylertown, Mississippi) moved with her parents to New Orleans, Louisiana at the age of 4. In 1960, when she was 6 years old, her parents responded to a call from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and volunteered her to participate in the integration of the New Orleans School system. She is known as the first African-American child to attend an all-white elementary school in the South. She attended William Frantz Elementary School.
http://wn.com/Ruby_Bridges -
Régence
http://wn.com/Régence -
Sidney Barthelemy
Sidney John Barthelemy (born March 17, 1942) was an American political figure. He served as Democratic mayor of New Orleans from 1986 to 1994. The second African American to hold the New Orleans Mayoral chair, he was a member of the Louisiana State Senate from 1974 to 1978 and a member at-large of the New Orleans City Council from 1978 to 1986.
http://wn.com/Sidney_Barthelemy -
Tennessee Williams
Tennessee Williams (March 26, 1911 – February 25, 1983) born Thomas Lanier Williams, was an American playwright who received many of the top theatrical awards for his works of drama. He moved to New Orleans in 1939 and changed his name to "Tennessee", the Southeastern U.S. state, his father's birthplace.
http://wn.com/Tennessee_Williams -
Victor H. Schiro
Victor Hugo "Vic" Schiro (May 6, 1904 - August 29, 1992), was an American New Orleans, Louisiana, politician who served on the City Council and as Mayor from 1961 - 1970.
http://wn.com/Victor_H_Schiro
- Kid Rock
- The Benjy Davis Project
- Portugal. The Man
- Emerson Lake And Palmer
- Joan Jett and The Blackhearts
- J. J. Cale
- Dwarves
- Les Humphries Singers
- William Clark Green
- Neil Diamond
- Emmylou Harris
- J.J. Cale
- Beautiful Creatures
- Benjy Davis Project
- Toby Keith
- One-eyed Doll
- Linda Mccartney
- Ian Gillan
- Anthony Armstrong Jones
- Casey Donahew Band
karaoke
Come on
I'm goin' down to New Orleans to see about a friend of mine
I'm goin' down to New Orleans and leavin' all of this behind
Headin' south from Detroit
I got Cajun cookin' on my mind
When I get to New Orleans someone gonna treat me right
Yeah in a town like New Orleans someone gonna treat me right
I'll be high 10 Rollin' till the early morning break daylight
A jambalaya and a crawfish pie gonna start my day
But when the sun goes down we gonna "bon temps roulez"
I'm goin' down to New Orleans to see about a friend of mine
I'm goin' down to New Orleans where the stars on the sidewalk shine
Burnin' through Mississippi with the Big Easy on my mind
When I get to New Orleans someone gonna treat me right
Yeah in a town like New Orleans someone gonna treat me right
And I'm gonna party like the devil if the Neville brothers play tonight
Jambalaya and a crawfish pie gonna make my day
Down on the Bayou singing Hey Pocky Way
I'm goin' down to New Orleans to see about a friend of mine
Down in New Orleans good peoples they's hard to find
I bet he's making gumbo and drinkin' homemade wine
A jukebox shakin' and breakin' down in New Orleans
I'll be the highest hillbilly that Bourbon Street has ever seen
Oh yeah, yeah
I'm goin' down to New Orleans to see about a friend of mine
I'm goin' down to New Orleans and leavin' all of this behind
If the good Lord's willing and the rivers don't start to rise
And when I get to New Orleans someone's gonna treat me right
Said in a town like New Orleans someone gonna treat me right
All the cats in the cradle gonna rock this kid tonight
Oh hey
A jukebox shakin' and breakin' down in New Orleans
And if you're payin' for fun a french quarters really all you need
I'm going Down to New Orleans
Down to New Orleans
Going down, down
It's trailer parks and swamps, canoes and cypress stumps
About an hour east of Baton Rouge
We all anticipate the taste of "Hand Grenades"
And the sounds of Bourbon Street late afternoons
No one knows what's gonna make this different
Than the last time we decided we should go.
Only one thing seems to be consistent
That would be the fact that we don't know
I've got a pocket full of money and a fake ID
Never met the owner but he looks like me
More dumb bouncers than a basketball team
Oh, I love drinking and I love New Orleans
It smells like 50 years of cigarettes and beer
But no one seems to let that get 'em down
So let it all hang out
Cause that's what it's all about
You're invited to a party all year round
No one knows what makes this city different
Than any other town you'll ever find
Where every problem seems a little distant
So pack a bag but leave your shit behind
I've got a pocket full of money and a fake ID
Never met the owner but he looks like me
More drunk women than a boy's wet dream
Oh, I love women and I love New Orleans
I've got a pocket full of money and a fake ID
Never met the owner but he looks like me
But don't beat around the bush, if you know what I mean
'Cause I trust women, but not on Bourbon Street
I slip back down where we found
A meter milling maze
And the rest that we find sound
Will it find us on the bottom
Will we find our way
Will we fall apart useless
Machining the made
Find that sleep that we've lost
Fair and tired living lives like little lifted leans
Shaking heads under the shade of them bright bright bright sweet pear trees
Mine is gone with the day
Never miss a beat never find a home
Mine is gone with all time
Will we find our loves lost
Will we ever make it back
Will we ever need more than
The fill that we can get
Lets find that sleep that we lost
Mother, father, brother sister, son daughter
We are the rabbit that let the fox lead us
Out in the sun with the cold war fever
Don't need to beg for your money just please don't eat us
Deaf like the big guns foaming at the mouth their gnashing
(David Foster, Greg Charley, John Winston)
You used to tell you loved me
You used to show me you cared
I used to be the one that you adored
But lately I don't feel you love me anymore
See I don't understand
What's come over you
And I don't understand
Why I let you
Treat me so cruel, so tell me
How many times, must I break down and cry
I'm confused my understanding
Was true love should never die
How many times
Will you kill me inside
Any kind of fool should see the light
So why can't I
Time after time,
I have tried and tried
To give you some space, some time
But no matter what I do, it is never enough
You just refuse to try to do by me right
Though I know I should leave
There's something holding me
I can't seem to find the strength
To set myself free
How many times, must I break down and cry
I'm confused my understanding
Was true love should never die
How many times
Will you kill me inside
Any kind of fool should see the light
So why can't I
I gave my heart and soul
I gave my all you know
I deserve better baby, oh so much better baby
You know it's just not fair
For you to act like just don't care
For you to act like I've done something wrong
Boy how could you dare
How many times, must I break down and cry
I'm confused my understanding
Was true love should never die
How many times
Will you kill me inside
Any kind of fool should see the light
So why can't I
(Guida/Rovstar)
I said a hey hey hey yeah
I said a hey hey hey yeah
C'mon everybody take a trip with me
Way down to Mississippi down to New Orleans
Where the honeysuckle's bloomin' on the honeysuckle vine
And love is bloomin' there all the time every southern belle
Is a Mississippi Queen down the Mississippi down in New Orleans oww
I said a hey hey hey yeah
I said a hey hey hey yeah
Well c'mon take a stroll down on Basin street
An' listen to the music with the Dixieland beat
Where the magnolia blossoms they fill the air
And if you ain't been to heaven then you ain't been there
You got french moss hanging from a big oak tree
Down the Mississippi down to New Orleans
I said a hey hey hey yeah I said a look out child yeah yeah yeah
C'mon everybody take a trip with me
Way down to Mississippi down to New Orleans
Where the honeysuckle's bloomin' on the honeysuckle vine
And love is bloomin' there all the time every southern belle
Is a Mississippi Queen down the Mississippi down in New Orleans oww
I said a hey hey hey yeah I said a look out child yeah yeah yeah
C'mon everybody take a trip with me
Have you ever been down to New Orleans
Lord, lord, them crazy queens
Crying the blues is what they do down there
Fortune teller, he knows your name
Fortune teller, he'll tell you your game
Crying the blues, that's what they do down there
Money dripping from a willow tree
He never want me
Lazy bones, I ain't got a dime
Just biding my time
If I find a way to choose
New Orleans, where they're crying the blues
Drinking bourbon from a dixie cup
Hanging out till the sun comes up
Crying the blues is what they do down there
French women, all I need
Up and down old Bourbon Street
Crying the blues is what they do down there
If I find a way to choose
New Orleans, where they're singing the blues
He was a butt boy from New Orleans
They paid him high to keep his motor clean
C'mon for a ride, come on outside
Come on I don't want to set the night alright
Yeah, butt boy from New Orleans
Went down down for the marines
Come out for a bite
Come out for a ride
New Orleans
yip
yip
New Orleans
yip yip
Left my home in Texas bound for New Orleans.
New Orleans
yip
yip
New Orleans
yip
yip.
Left my home in Texas for New Orleans.
Ain't no doubt about it
don't see no way round it
Left my girl in Maybeline and got on board the River Queen.
Should have faced the jury but I was in a hurry
Got on board the River Queen and headed down to New Orleans.
Happened to be on the River Boat Queen
River Boat Queen bound for New Orleans
Happened to be on the River Boat Queen
River Boat Queen
bound for
New Orleans
yip
yip
New Orleans
yip
yip
Left my home in Texas bound for New Orleans
New Orleans
yip
yip
New Orleans
yip
yip.
Left my home in Texas for New Orleans.
I've left friends behind me
although they still remind me
I was feelin' doggone mean
so headed down to New Orleans.
I've lost all my money and I don't think it's funny
I gambled on the River Queen headin' down to New Orleans
Happened to be on the River Boat Queen
. . .
Smokin'
gamblin'
drinkin' but when I started thinkin'
Somethin' that I should have seen never left for New Orlea
I got drunk one night and then she just picked a fight
Now I'm on the River Queen headin' down to New Orleans.
Happened to be on the River Boat Queen
I’m going crazy mama, I’m coming home
Let your voice ring in my ears through the telephone.
I’m eager like a top ready to come unwound
This truck has seen the miles, but your smile is where I’m bound.
And I’m bound for the border, bound for New Orleans
But I only got a quarter for gasoline
I got a half a tank of gas, and I’m burning oil
And I’d rather be from rags because the riches are too damn spoiled
I got a friend in Fort Worth, said he’ll loan me some bills
Then I’ll fill up with gas, and I’m spinning my wheels
And I’m bound for the border, bound for New Orleans
But I only got a quarter for gasoline
And I’m bound for the border, bound for New Orleans
I said, Hey Hey Hey, Hey Ya
I said, Hey, Hey Ya Ya
Well come on everybody
Make a trip with me
Down from Mississippi
Down to New Orleans
They got the honeysuckle
Blooming on a honeysuckle vine
Love is bloomin' there all the time
Down from Mississippi
Down to New Orleans
You know that any Southern Belle
Is a Mississippi Queen
Hey Hey Hey Hey Ya
Hey Hey Ya Ya
Well come on everybody
Take a stroll with me
We gonna listen to the music
With a Dixieland beat.
They got the magnolia blossoms fill the air.
If you ain't been to heaven
You ain't been here
Now all the French moss hangin'
From a big oak tree.
Down from Mississippi
Down to New Orleans.
Hey Hey Hey Hey Ya
Hey Hey Ya Ya
Well let's go everybody
Take a trip with me.
Down from Mississippi
Down to New Orleans.
They got the honeysuckle
Blooming on a honeysuckle vine.
They got love bloomin' there all the time.
You know that any Southern Belle
Is a Mississippi Queen.
Down from Mississippi
Down to New Orleans.
Well ,come on,
You got it
We gonna dance, going to New Orleans.
That's the place
I said, come on
Come on, come on, come on
My Lord how the rains came down
The waters made a mighty sound
When the levees broke that day
Washin' all those souls away
The whole world stood to watch us drown
But we took it to a higher ground
It takes more than a hurricane
To empty out the Pontchartrain
Long ago we broke the chains
In New Orleans New Orleans
When Brother Bill and Sister Nell
Are singing like a ringing bell
Then you'll know all is well
In New Orleans New Orleans
Bring it all, fire and flood
Fill the rivers up with mud
To cut and run ain't in our blood
We are New Orleans
So baby let the life roll on
The blues were made to make us strong
We're walkin' in a brighter day
Nothin' can get in our way
The whole world stood to watch us drown
Have you ever been down to New Orleans
Fa La, them cajun queens
Crying the blues is what they do down there
Fortune teller, he knows your name
Fortune teller, he'll tell you your game
Crying the blues, that's what they do down there
Money dripping from a willow tree
He never want me
Lazy bones, I ain't got a dime
Just biding my time
If I find a way to choose
New Orleans, where they're crying the blues
Drinking bourbon from a dixie cup
Hanging out till the sun comes up
Crying the blues is what they do down there
French women, all I need
Up and down old Bourbon Street
Crying the blues is what they do down there
If I find a way to choose
Stepped off the bus, suitcase in my hands
Headin' down to Espanade
Took no time to find my friends
Laughed and drinkin' in the rain
You got more glitter and a lot more glam
Than Hollywood has it's fame
And holdin' you is the best damn thing
No one's ever takin' that away
I said..
Hey missus, won't you stand by me, now?
Give me a little time?
Hey missus, won't you stand by me, now?
Show me how to turn it upside down?
I said..
I fell in love down in New Orleans and I found myself inside
I fell in love down in New Orleans when you showed me all those lives
Alright
Black on black, I was dressed to thrill
I made my way down the line
Hearts are poundin', and Elvis singin'
You were always on my mind
Well, darlin' now don't forget
I'll always love your style
Well, darlin, now don't forget
I'll always love your smile
I said..
Hey missus, won't you stand by me, now?
Give me a little time?
Hey missus, won't you stand by me, now?
Show me how to turn it upside down?
I said..
I fell in love down in New Orleans and I found myself inside
I fell in love down in New Orleans when you showed me all those lives
I fell in love down in New Orleans and I found myself inside
I fell in love down in New Orleans when you showed me all those lives
I fell in love down in New Orleans and I found myself inside
I fell in love down in New Orleans when you showed me all those lives
I fell in love down in New Orleans and I found myself inside
It's trailer parks and swamps, canoes and cypress stumps
About an hour east of Baton Rouge
We all anticipate the taste of "Hand Grenades"
And the sounds of Bourbon Street late afternoons
No one knows what's gonna make this different
Than the last time we decided we should go.
Only one thing seems to be consistent
That would be the fact that we don't know
I've got a pocket full of money and a fake ID
Never met the owner but he looks like me
More dumb bouncers than a basketball team
Oh, I love drinking and I love New Orleans
It smells like 50 years of cigarettes and beer
But no one seems to let that get 'em down
So let it all hang out
Cause that's what it's all about
You're invited to a party all year round
No one knows what makes this city different
Than any other town you'll ever find
Where every problem seems a little distant
So pack a bag but leave your shit behind
I've got a pocket full of money and a fake ID
Never met the owner but he looks like me
More drunk women than a boy's wet dream
Oh, I love women and I love New Orleans
I've got a pocket full of money and a fake ID
Never met the owner but he looks like me
But don't beat around the bush, if you know what I mean
He was twenty-five, she was twenty-eight
He was home grown country, she'd just pulled off the interstate
She bought a Dr. Pepper, ten dollars worth of gas
She was ovbiously lost but too afraid to ask directions
So he offered her a smile and a stick of Beech Nut gum
He said where you headed to girl, where are you coming from
She said
New Orleans but that's another story
New Orleans that's another time
That's another town, that's another life
First she stayed a day then she stayed a week
Couple of months later they were living on his parent's street
He worked the station and she worked the store
And then they had a baby and
Then they had one more little Jesse
When she dropped the kids off at the mother's day out
All the ladies had their questions
But they knew not to ask about
New Orleans but that's another story
New Orleans that's another time
That's another town, that's another life
Wednesday night supper at the First Baptist Church
Stranger standin' in the doorway
As they're passin' out the dessert
He said go on and pack your bags
Cause I'm here to take you home
I'm goin' back to Louisiana
And woman I ain't gonna go with out you
There's a few defining moments in every person's life
When you know what you've done wrong
And you know what you've done right
And before the congregation and her husband and her kids
She says, "How dare you even speak to me
After everything you did"...in
New Orleans but that's another story
New Orleans that's another time
That's another town, that's another life
I took a walk in a crowded town
Where if you breathe too deeply
You're likely to drown
But the airs not as thick as the sin I found
In New Orleans.
Rainbow necks on drunken girls
Who'd sell their souls for a string of pearls
I hope there's no place in the world
Like New Orleans
New Orleans is a spooky place
You can see the devil smiling in every face
Voodoo babies put their pins in place
In New Orleans
I took a walk in a crowded town
I saw a dark boy get beaten down
I watched him turn to a reddish brown
In New Orleans
I held his hand and I sang my song
I was lying when I told him there was nothing wrong
I won't be back for sometime long
Not in New Orleans
New Orleans is a spooky place
You can see the devil smiling in every face
Voodoo babies put their pins in place
Gumbo and poor boys are all that I've seen in New Orleans
Creole Dish and Crawfish are all that I've seen in New Orleans
Oysters on a half shell, Bourbon Street got it's own smell, yeah
It got it's own smell, oh yeah.
Greased jeans and pralines are all that I've seen in New Orleans
Doom and gloom to fifty tunes are all that I've seen in New Orleans
Oysters on a half shell, Bourbon Street got it's own smell, yeah
It got it's own smell, oh yeah.
Do drop in to the Dew Drop Inn but don't do down to the dungeon
Don't go down, don't go down, don't go down
Don't go down, don't go down, don't go down
Oysters on a half shell, Bourbon Street got it's own smell, yeah
It got it's own smell, oh yeah.
Greased jeans and pralines are all that I've seen in New Orleans
Doom and gloom to fifty tunes are all that I've seen in New Orleans
Oysters on a half shell, Bourbon Street got it's own smell, yeah
It got it's own smell, oh yeah.
Do drop in to the Dew Drop Inn but don't do down to the dungeon
Don't go down, don't go down, don't go down
Don't go down, don't go down, don't go down
Greased jeans and pralines are all that I've seen in New Orleans
Doom and gloom to fifty tunes are all that I've seen in New Orleans
Oysters on a half shell, Bourbon Street got it's own smell, yeah
It got it's own smell, oh yeah.
I said a hey, hey, hey yeah
I said a hey, hey, hey yeah
Well come on everybody take a trip with me
Well down the Mississippi down to New Orleans
The Honey Suckle's bloomin' on the Honey Suckle vine
And love is a blooming there all the time
You know every Southern Bell is a Mississippi Queen
Down the Mississippi down to New Orleans
I said a hey, hey, hey yeah
I said a hey, hey, hey yeah
Well come on everybody take a trip with me
Well down the Mississippi down to New Orleans
Oh well the magnolia blossom fills the air
If you ain't been to heaven then you ain't been there
You got French Moss growing from big oak tree
Down the Mississippi down to New Orleans
I said a hey, hey, hey yeah
I said look out child yeah, yeah, yeah
I said a hey, hey, hey yeah
I said hey hey hey heay yeah
Well c'mon everybody take a trip with me
Way down to Mississippi down to New Orleans
They got a honeysuckle bloomin' on a honeysuckle vine
And oh it's a bloomin' there all the time
You know that every southern belle is a Mississippi queen
Down to Mississippi down to New Orleans
Hey hey hey yeah I said hey hey hey hey yeah
Well c'mon everybody take a stroll with me
We're gonna listen to the music with a country beat
Take out the magnolia blossoms that fill the air
Oh if you ain't been to heaven then you ain't been there
Yeah all the birds are singin' from the big oak trees
Down to Mississippi down to New Orleans
[ steel + guitar ]
I said hey hey hey heay yeah I said hey hey hey heay yeah
Well c'mon everybody take a trip with me...
Well I walked on down to burbon street
I'm lookin for the house of new orleans
And I sold off all my whiskey
I bummbed a cigarette from a man who had no arms
And I asked him for directions
He just turned around and walked on down the road
(Chorus)
Well I remember the night we danced out in the rain
And I remember the night that she held me through my pain
I know there's times I feel like I could go insane
But I remember the night that we danced in the rain
Well I walked on down to the waters edge
And watchin mississippi river boats flyin down that water line
And I watched couples walkin in the sand holdin hands
I got lost that night in the shadows of the damn
(Chorus)
But I remember the night we danced out in the rain
And I remember the night that she held me through my pain
I know there's times I feel like I could go insane
But I remember the night that we danced in the rain
And I remember the night that we danced out in the rain
And I remember the night that she held me through my pain
I know there's times I feel like I could go insane
But I remember the night that we danced in the
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
New Orleans Tourist Attractions, French Quarter and Beyond - Guest Reviews
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Published: 30 Jun 2009
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
bookit.com New Orleans, Louisiana, also known as the Big Easy or the Crescent City, is a premier travel destination with one-of-a-kind attractions, hotels and events. From neon-soaked Bourbon Street during Mardi Gras to the festival grounds at Jazz Fest, this city knows how to host a party. And what's a great party without food? New Orleans knows how to kick it up a notch with Creole and Cajun fare that is world renowned.
http://wn.com/New_Orleans_Tourist_Attractions,_French_Quarter_and_Beyond_Guest_Reviews
New Orleans Exposed
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:50
- Published: 07 Jun 2006
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
the name says it all
http://wn.com/New_Orleans_Exposed
Hurricane Katrina: The Drive: New Orleans Lower 9th Ward
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:57
- Published: 16 Jun 2006
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
A painful irony of post-Katrina New Orleans is how few people throughout the country understand the extent of what has happened to the city. Many people do not realize that, nearly 10 months later, things are not back to normal in New Orleans. As America's attention fades from Hurricane Katrina's impact, a disabled New Orleans continues to struggle for survival. In many respects, New Orleans is alive and kicking. People are moving home, schools are opening, cultural activities have returned and, in some neighborhoods, life has a sense of near normalcy; however, all it takes is a short drive outside of the French Quarter or Uptown to witness extensive loss and devastation. The magnitude of flooding was incomprehensible and New Orleans still has many challenges to overcome. The only way to really get a sense of the magnitude of the post-Katrina destruction is to physically walk or drive through the affected areas. With this in mind, NOVAC presents The Drive. The Drive provides a raw visual and narrated tour through four of the most devastated neighborhoods in New Orleans and is supported with extensive footage, maps, interviews, digital imagery, and an original musical score by Emmy nominated composer, Gil Talmi. Through this community-based documentary project, we present stories from a local point-of-view. We hope this effort will garner continued support for the rebuilding of a great American city.
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Katrina_The_Drive_New_Orleans_Lower_9th_Ward
Gary US Bonds "New Orleans" 1989
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Published: 12 May 2007
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
Gary US Bonds performing "New Orleans"
http://wn.com/Gary_US_Bonds_New_Orleans_1989
Fifty People, One Question: New Orleans
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:58
- Published: 28 Nov 2008
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
When we set out to film, it was another New Orleans day. Once you get past the inevitable grime and heat, you feel a certain energy or atmosphere. Like a kid throwing himself into a mud fight. We didn't know exactly why, I guess we were hoping to expose a slice human emotion (maybe). Its a simple question. And the answers can lead us anywhere. So go ahead, ask yourself Visit fiftypeopleonequestion.com and post your response. We also asked this question in New York, NY. Check it out: vimeo.com/2164626 Thanks to: Sarah Reece, Chris Shultz, Blake Haney, Robby Habans, Will Donaldson, the vimeo community, and all those who provided feedback and encouragement. Music by Fourtet. For questions on workflow, process, and the rig: tinyurl.com/indiefilmmaking
http://wn.com/Fifty_People,_One_Question_New_Orleans
Abandoned Six Flags New Orleans Tour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:39
- Published: 06 Nov 2010
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
Six Flags New Orleans was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. It has been abandoned ever since. This film was made in October 2010 by Teddy Smith. The park is scheduled to be demolished in January 2011. Originally posted by user "aroundlsu"
http://wn.com/Abandoned_Six_Flags_New_Orleans_Tour
A variety of New Orleans accents from YEAH YOU RITE!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:27
- Published: 23 Feb 2008
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
A sampling of the many neighborhood and class-based accents in New Orleans circa 1983 from the documentary YEAH YOU RITE! by Louis Alvarez and Andrew Kolker.
http://wn.com/A_variety_of_New_Orleans_accents_from_YEAH_YOU_RITE!
NEW ORLEANS Louisiana
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:02
- Published: 09 Jan 2010
- Updated: 18 May 2012
A fun-filled metropolis at the mouth of the Mississippi, New Orleans is a cultural melting pot and the birth place of jazz. In 1682, the Frenchman Robert Cavalier, declared this Mississippi region to be French territory and named it 'La Louisiana'. However, Napoleon later accepted $15 million from President Jefferson and in 1840, it was the fourth largest city in the USA The Garden District is a sought-after residential area in which there is an abundance of magnolia trees, palms, shrubs and flowers. The city's largest graveyard, the Metairie Cemetery, has over 7000 graves and an array of spectacular mausoleums which astound the eye. Gumbo Soup, Jambalaya, Hurricane Cocktails and Dixie Beer are just a few of the traditional refreshments on offer in this carefree, non-stop city. Just outside the city, there are the swampy bayous alive with many exotic species. The Oak Valley Plantations, whose great wealth derived from the sugar cane industry prior to the American Civil War, part of which is reminiscent of some of the scenery from Hollywood's Gone With The Wind. In the 19th Century, New Orleans was North American capital of the Voodoo cult and today, it is a city of unique atmospheres, flavors, contrasts and Mardi Gras, an extraordinary city!
http://wn.com/NEW_ORLEANS_Louisiana
New Orleans Funeral
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:30
- Published: 14 Jun 2009
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
Music played by: Bridge Pipers Jazz Band Switzerland
http://wn.com/New_Orleans_Funeral
New Orleans - The Natural History
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:34
- Published: 18 May 2012
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
After Katrina, people ask why would anyone establish a city in a place that is below sea level, floods nearly every year, is as hot and humid as any tropical jungle, subject to outbreaks of deadly disease and faces annihilation as the result of a direct hit from a hurricane? More to the point, why would anyone try to save it? When you mention New Orleans to most people, the images evoked are of a lively port city populated by a sultry mix of people from many different cultures and, of course, jazz, Mardi Gras and world class cuisine. What few people realize is that the very forces that created New Orleans now threaten its very existence. The eco-system is incredibly fragile and volatile, and if no action is taken, the city could be wiped out in the next hurricane or gradually swept into the sea from the current course of things. With the critical issues of global warming and our ongoing struggle to strike a healthy balance between a healty environment and a growing economy, New Orleans serves as a microcosm in which we can examine the critical issues facing our planet. Walter Williams Creator: Walter Williams
http://wn.com/New_Orleans_The_Natural_History
Billie Holiday & Louis Armstrong - New Orleans
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:00
- Published: 13 Nov 2009
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
bjazz.unblog.fr www.datday.com (Do you know what it means to miss) New Orleans. Music by Louis Alter, lyrics by Eddie Delange. New Orleans (1947) by Arthur Lubin, with Louis Armstrong, Billie Holiday, Zutty Singleton, Barney Bigard, Kid Ory, Bud Scott, Red Callender & Charlie Beal. Actors : Dorothy Patrick, Arturo de Córdova, Richard Hageman. bessjazz.blogspot.com www.bzajj.com bessmovie.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/Billie_Holiday_Louis_Armstrong_New_Orleans
Man v. Food - BBQ Shrimp in New Orleans
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Published: 27 Jan 2009
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Adam travels to the Big Easy where he dives into a classic New Orleans Dish - BBQ shrimp. New episodes of Man v. Food air Wednesday nights at 10PM, only on the Travel Channel. travelchannel.com
http://wn.com/Man_v_Food_BBQ_Shrimp_in_New_Orleans
New Orleans - LA - Lonely Planet author Tom Downs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Published: 26 Aug 2009
- Updated: 03 Aug 2012
Lonely Planet author Tom Downs loves New Orleans' soulful, saucy and eccentric nature. Located as far South as geogrpahically possible in the USA, it's only mildly American in flavour, more a gumbo of French, Carribbean and African American. Tourists might flock to Bourbon Street's non-stop carnival but the whole city really knows how to have a great time. Produced byLonely Planet. Did you enjoy this sample My Journey contest entry from Lonely Planet? Upload your own Travel Video and enter to WIN the chance to film for Lonely Planet on location in California thanks to T-Mobile myTouch 3G. Make sure your video is 3 minutes or less enter the My Journey contest at www.youtube.com .
http://wn.com/New_Orleans_LA_Lonely_Planet_author_Tom_Downs
NRA: The Untold Story of Gun Confiscation After Katrina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:49
- Published: 07 Mar 2007
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
The video you will see on this web site is horrifying. The crimes committed against law-abiding gun owners are beyond comprehension. The arrogance of anti-gun politicians and government officials and their hate of freedom will churn your stomach. The law is the law, the Constitution is the Constitution. If ONE local mayor or police chief can decide what the Second Amendment means, it opens the door to tyranny—where ANY mayor or police chief can say what the Second Amendment means. You've seen this brand of abuse of freedom in the history books—in the pages about days of gun confiscations leading to the terror of Stalin, Mao and Hitler. But you'd never in a million years think it could happen in America. Well, it can and it did. And it will happen again unless we take action today. New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin, Police Superintendent P. Eddie Compass unleashed a wave of confiscations with these chilling words: "No one will be able to be armed. We will take all weapons. Only law enforcement will be allowed to have guns." Thousands of firearms were then confiscated from law-abiding gun owners. The police gave no paperwork or receipts for those guns. They just stormed in and seized them. With your help we're going to make the first time in New Orleans the LAST time in America. Thank you! Now, one year later, these crimes against gun owners have snowballed into a far greater threat to our freedoms. Even though NRA secured a court order demanding their immediate and unconditional <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/NRA_The_Untold_Story_of_Gun_Confiscation_After_Katrina
NBA Preseason - New Orleans Hornets Vs Orlando Magic 07 October 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Published: 07 Oct 2012
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
www.nbacircle.com First Game Preseason 2012-2013 New Orleans Hornets 85-80 Orlando Magic in Mexico City Arena, Mexico City, Mexico, 2:30 PM , 07 October 2012
http://wn.com/NBA_Preseason_New_Orleans_Hornets_Vs_Orlando_Magic_07_October_2012
7 Years After Katrina, New Orleans Transformed
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:27
- Published: 28 Aug 2012
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
As another storm bears down on New Orleans, the city is booming seven years after Hurricane Katrina visited, becoming a more racially diverse place with educated young professionals. The change is remaking what the Big Easy once was. (Aug. 28)
http://wn.com/7_Years_After_Katrina,_New_Orleans_Transformed
Hurricane Tropical Storm Isaac Aug 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:42
- Published: 28 Aug 2012
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Isaac poses a serious threat to portions of the northern Gulf Coast Tuesday and Wednesday. Hurricane warnings continue for New Orleans, Biloxi, and Gulf Shores. This slow-moving system could dump 10 inches of rain on some locations www.weather.com www.clarionledger.com Hurricane Isaac 2012 2012-hit-Louisiana-Mississippi-Tropical-Storm-threatens-flooding-high-winds-inland?odyssey=nav|head New Orleans New Orleans
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Tropical_Storm_Isaac_Aug_2012
Celebrating Mardi Gras in New Orleans
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:43
- Published: 04 Mar 2011
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
There's more to Mardi Gras in New Orleans than just one day or just one parade. Visit behind the scenes as preparations begin days, weeks and even months in advance of the big celebrations.
http://wn.com/Celebrating_Mardi_Gras_in_New_Orleans
New Orleans
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:22
- Published: 14 Nov 2006
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
Newsreel documentary from the 1920's with photography and animations illustrating old New Orleans, the Crescent City, at work and at play. Duelling oaks. Influences of colonial France and Spain. Iron grille work. The old townhouses surrounding open courts. New Orleans, the industrial city, where ports and depot junctions distribute throughout, and out from, the heart of America. Culture shipped to & from the world. And, of course, Mardi Gras, Jazz age style. See more at: www.weirdovideo.com
http://wn.com/New_Orleans
Hurricane Isaac hits New Orleans
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:25
- Published: 29 Aug 2012
- Updated: 10 Sep 2012
Hurricane Isaac is bearing down on the US Gulf Coast, hitting New Orleans and Florida.
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Isaac_hits_New_Orleans
This is New Orleans
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Published: 23 Jan 2010
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
This is New Orleans (Super Saints Chant) - TJ n Perales Super mix and slideshow
http://wn.com/This_is_New_Orleans
Walt Disney's The Princess and the Frog - Down in New Orleans.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Published: 05 Feb 2010
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
The Song "Down in New Orleans" from the Walt Disney movie "the Princess and the Frog" All rights to their respected owners
http://wn.com/Walt_Disney's_The_Princess_and_the_Frog_Down_in_New_Orleanswmv
Dr. John - Goin' Back To New Orleans (Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Published: 27 Oct 2009
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
© 2005 WMG Goin' Back To New Orleans (Video)
http://wn.com/Dr_John_Goin'_Back_To_New_Orleans_Video
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Gary US Bonds Live
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:01
- Published: 09 Sep 2007
- Updated: 02 Jul 2012
Four decades of hits ... Grammy-nominated songwriter ... Member of the Rhythm & Blues Foundation ... A favorite son of Bruce Springsteen and the Blues Brothers ... This guy's the real deal ... Are You Ready to Rock and Roll?! ... Gary US Bonds! www.garyusbonds.com
http://wn.com/Gary_US_Bonds_Live
Gary "US" Bonds - "This Little Girl Is Mine" (Live) - ABC TV 'Fridays' (1981)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:04
- Published: 19 Sep 2009
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
A 1981 fantastic, live performance by Gary "US" Bonds, on ABC TV's late night comedy extravaganza, "Fridays"! Introduced by 'Fridays' cast member, Mark Blankfield.
http://wn.com/Gary_US_Bonds_This_Little_Girl_Is_Mine_Live_ABC_TV_'Fridays'_1981
Norva 1 Gary US Bonds Live at The Clarence Clemons Tribute Show
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:47
- Published: 08 Jan 2012
- Updated: 08 Jan 2012
Norva 1 Gary US Bonds Gary US Bonds -- backed by Garry Tallent, Vini "Mad Dog" Lopez, Bobby Bandiera and others
http://wn.com/Norva_1_Gary_US_Bonds_Live_at_The_Clarence_Clemons_Tribute_Show
Gary "US" Bonds - Quarter To Three (live appearance)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:04
- Published: 07 Mar 2009
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
After moving to the Norfolk, VA, area in the mid-'50s, young Gary Anderson began plying his vocal wares, first in church, later with a local group called the Turks. When he was not yet 21, he was approached by local record producer Frank Guida to join his tiny Legrand label. Guida changed Anderson's name to US Bonds, hoping the first release would get extra airplay by disc jockeys mistaking it for a public-service announcement. The result was the classic "New Orleans," combining rock-combo raunch with impassioned, scorched soul-singing that set the stage for all that would follow. Guida double- and triple-tracked Bonds' voice and the resulting murky production gave all the hits (including "Quarter to Three," "School Is Out," and "Dear Lady Twist") a party-in-outer-space quality all their own. Though he kept recording, making a couple of excellent solo albums in the early '80s with the help of Bruce Springsteen, Bonds is best seen today dotting the landscape of oldies shows the world over, singing the songs that made him famous. ~ Cub Koda, All Music GuidePLEASE NOTE: I divided my uploads between multiple channels, Bookmark this link in your browser for instant access to an index with links to all of John1948's oldies classics. LINK: tinyurl.com
http://wn.com/Gary_US_Bonds_Quarter_To_Three_live_appearance
Mazarin w/ Gary US Bonds "Quarter to Three"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:44
- Published: 22 Nov 2006
- Updated: 16 Jun 2012
Recorded live during a sold-out performance at New York's famous Cutting Room Legendary Rock and Roll Hall of Famer Gary US Bonds joins longtime friends and local legends the REAL Mazarin for an unforgettable night of Rock and Roll history.
http://wn.com/Mazarin_w_Gary_US_Bonds_Quarter_to_Three
Gary "US" Bonds - "Jolé Blon" (Live) - ABC TV - 'Fridays' (1981)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Published: 19 Sep 2009
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
Another outstanding live performance by Gary "US" Bonds on the ABC TV late night comedy show, 'Fridays'. Introduced by 'Fridays' cast member, Darrow Igus.
http://wn.com/Gary_US_Bonds_Jolé_Blon_Live_ABC_TV_'Fridays'_1981
Gary US Bonds - Dear Lady Twist
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Published: 25 Jul 2010
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
Gary US Bonds live at Astoria Park, Queens, August 21, 2008.
http://wn.com/Gary_US_Bonds_Dear_Lady_Twist
Bruce Springsteen - Jole Blon (with Garry Bonds) 09/21/12 MetLife Stadium, NJ complete
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:31
- Published: 22 Sep 2012
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
Bruce Springsteen & E Street Band live Metlife Stadium 09/21/12 complete show 3h+ long!!!! email me for more info at: mercado21aa@hotmail.com Setlist was: Living on the Edge of the World Out in the Street Night Hungry Heart No Surrender Lost in the Flood We Take Care of Our Own Wrecking Ball Death to My Hometown My City of Ruins Does This Bus Stop at 82nd Street? Jole Blon (with Gary US Bonds) This Little Girl (with Gary US Bonds) From Small Things (Big Things One Day Come) Talk to Me This Depression Shackled and Drawns Mary's Place Waitin' on a Sunny Day Incident on 57th Street Rosalita (Come Out Tonight) * * * Rocky Ground Born to Run Ramrod Bobby Jean Dancing in the Dark Tenth Avenue Freeze-out (with Gary US Bonds) American Land (with Gary US Bonds)
http://wn.com/Bruce_Springsteen_Jole_Blon_with_Garry_Bonds_09_21_12_MetLife_Stadium,_NJ_complete
Gary "US" Bonds - "Way Back When" (Live) ABC TV 'Fridays' (1981)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Published: 19 Sep 2009
- Updated: 02 Dec 2011
A 1981 live performance by Gary "US" Bonds, on ABC TV's late night comedy show, 'Fridays'. Introduced by 'Fridays' cast member, Brandis Kemp.
http://wn.com/Gary_US_Bonds_Way_Back_When_Live_ABC_TV_'Fridays'_1981
Gary US Bonds & Ben E. King (Live - London 2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Published: 21 Feb 2011
- Updated: 25 Oct 2011
:)
http://wn.com/Gary_US_Bonds_Ben_E_King_Live_London_2011
Obscure rocker by Gary 'US' Bonds - This Little Girl
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Published: 26 Aug 2008
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Good retro sound from 1981. This came out around the time doo wop/50s rock and roll was having a big boom in mainstream music.
http://wn.com/Obscure_rocker_by_Gary_'US'_Bonds_This_Little_Girl
Gary US Bonds and the Roadhouse Rockers.m2t
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Published: 15 Jan 2011
- Updated: 24 Jul 2012
Gary US Bonds and the Road house Rockers at the Iridium Jazz Club. Video by Larry Blumenstein Video Productions 917-817-2112 LarryBlumenstein@aol.com
http://wn.com/Gary_US_Bonds_and_the_Roadhouse_Rockersm2t
Gary US Bonds "This Little Girl is Mine"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Published: 12 May 2007
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Flmed in 1989
http://wn.com/Gary_US_Bonds_This_Little_Girl_is_Mine
Blue Note Jazz Festival: Gary US Bonds, Live at BB King Blues Club
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Published: 08 Jun 2011
- Updated: 08 Jun 2011
Gary US Bonds performs at BB King Blues Club as part of the Blue Note Jazz Festival. For more information on the Blue Note Jazz Festival, please visit: bluenotejazzfestival.com Since its inception in 1981, The Blue Note Jazz Club has been a home for the world's finest jazz musicians and a cultural institution of New York City. In honor of its 30th anniversary, the Blue Note is expanding its doors throughout New York during the month of June 2011 for the inaugural Blue Note Jazz Festival. The Festival will feature numerous high-profile acts such as Dave Brubeck, Chris Botti, Nancy Wilson, Bobby McFerrin, Roberta Flack, Brian Wilson, Medeski Martin & Wood, El Gran Combo, McCoy Tyner, Youssou N'Dour, Bill Frisell, Meshell Ndegeocello, Madeleine Peyroux, Chaka Khan, and many more. In addition to holding a special series of shows at the Blue Note, the club will host an outdoor concert at Central Park's Summerstage and present shows at the Beacon Theatre, Town Hall, BB King Blues Club & Grill, Highline Ballroom, Terminal 5, Frederick P. Rose Hall, home of Jazz at Lincoln Center and the Lehman Center for the Performing Arts, among many other venues.
http://wn.com/Blue_Note_Jazz_Festival_Gary_US_Bonds,_Live_at_BB_King_Blues_Club
Gary US Bonds - Out of Work
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Published: 26 Jul 2010
- Updated: 25 Jun 2012
Gary US Bonds live at Astoria Park, Queens, NY, August 21, 2008.
http://wn.com/Gary_US_Bonds_Out_of_Work
Gary US Bonds at the Iridium with the Roadhouse Rockers Jan 21 & 22
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:28
- Published: 05 Jan 2011
- Updated: 29 Feb 2012
Gary US Bonds joined by Gene Cornish of The Rascals with The Les Paul's Trio and Todd Rundgren joining in with Jan 21 & 22 titles. Video by Larry Blumenstein Video Productions 917-817-2112 LarryBlumenstein@aol.com.
http://wn.com/Gary_US_Bonds_at_the_Iridium_with_the_Roadhouse_Rockers_Jan_21_22
Gary US Bonds - Jole Blon - Marlboro 2005
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Published: 15 Dec 2006
- Updated: 22 Sep 2012
Dedicated to Brian & Allison visit www.stoneponyclub.com
http://wn.com/Gary_US_Bonds_Jole_Blon_Marlboro_2005
Gary US Bonds "New Orleans" 1989
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Published: 12 May 2007
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
Gary US Bonds performing "New Orleans"
http://wn.com/Gary_US_Bonds_New_Orleans_1989
Gary US Bonds - Seven Day Weekend
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:44
- Published: 18 Nov 2006
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
Gary US Bonds - Seven Day Weekend
http://wn.com/Gary_US_Bonds_Seven_Day_Weekend
Gary US Bonds - This Little Girl - 45 RPM - SOAP
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Published: 23 Jun 2010
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Produced and Arranged by Miami Steve & Bruce Springsteen. Backed by The E-Street Band with Clarence Clemmons on sax. Written by Bruce Springsteen. Featuring The Sound of Asbury Park (SOAP)! Original EMI AmericaRecords #8079 Debut 4/25/1981 Peaked at #11 on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart. For more great music like this, tune into REWOUND Radio found here: rewoundradio.com Channel WABCRADIO77 is a proud supporter of the "Oldies Message Board" found at this link: www.oldiesboard.com If you like oldies music, then please check out the message board, for that is where many oldies fans are "hanging out" and posting lots of cool stuff about the music you love!
http://wn.com/Gary_US_Bonds_This_Little_Girl_45_RPM_SOAP
Gary US Bonds - Sitting on the dock of the bay Live (London 2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Published: 21 Feb 2011
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
Loved it!!! :)
http://wn.com/Gary_US_Bonds_Sitting_on_the_dock_of_the_bay_Live_London_2011
Gary US Bonds "Quarter to Three"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Published: 12 May 2007
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
Recorded in 1989 Song: Quarter to Three
http://wn.com/Gary_US_Bonds_Quarter_to_Three
Mazarin w/ Gary US Bonds "New Orleans"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:29
- Published: 22 Nov 2006
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
An incredible performance of this Rock and Roll classic and a reunion over two decades in the making featuring New York's legendary Mazarin and Rock and Roll Hall of Famer Gary US Bonds.
http://wn.com/Mazarin_w_Gary_US_Bonds_New_Orleans
8:01
Gary US Bonds Live
Four decades of hits ... Grammy-nominated songwriter ... Member of the Rhythm & Blues ...
published: 09 Sep 2007
Author: garyusbonds
Gary US Bonds Live
Four decades of hits ... Grammy-nominated songwriter ... Member of the Rhythm & Blues Foundation ... A favorite son of Bruce Springsteen and the Blues Brothers ... This guy's the real deal ... Are You Ready to Rock and Roll?! ... Gary US Bonds! www.garyusbonds.com
4:04
Gary "US" Bonds - "This Little Girl Is Mine" (Live) - ABC TV 'Fridays' (1981)
A 1981 fantastic, live performance by Gary "US" Bonds, on ABC TV's late nigh...
published: 19 Sep 2009
Author: Lottoman17
Gary "US" Bonds - "This Little Girl Is Mine" (Live) - ABC TV 'Fridays' (1981)
A 1981 fantastic, live performance by Gary "US" Bonds, on ABC TV's late night comedy extravaganza, "Fridays"! Introduced by 'Fridays' cast member, Mark Blankfield.
4:47
Norva 1 Gary US Bonds Live at The Clarence Clemons Tribute Show
Norva 1 Gary US Bonds Gary US Bonds -- backed by Garry Tallent, Vini "Mad Dog" L...
published: 08 Jan 2012
Author: mitch26
Norva 1 Gary US Bonds Live at The Clarence Clemons Tribute Show
Norva 1 Gary US Bonds Gary US Bonds -- backed by Garry Tallent, Vini "Mad Dog" Lopez, Bobby Bandiera and others
2:04
Gary "US" Bonds - Quarter To Three (live appearance)
After moving to the Norfolk, VA, area in the mid-'50s, young Gary Anderson began plyin...
published: 07 Mar 2009
Author: John1948Five
Gary "US" Bonds - Quarter To Three (live appearance)
After moving to the Norfolk, VA, area in the mid-'50s, young Gary Anderson began plying his vocal wares, first in church, later with a local group called the Turks. When he was not yet 21, he was approached by local record producer Frank Guida to join his tiny Legrand label. Guida changed Anderson's name to US Bonds, hoping the first release would get extra airplay by disc jockeys mistaking it for a public-service announcement. The result was the classic "New Orleans," combining rock-combo raunch with impassioned, scorched soul-singing that set the stage for all that would follow. Guida double- and triple-tracked Bonds' voice and the resulting murky production gave all the hits (including "Quarter to Three," "School Is Out," and "Dear Lady Twist") a party-in-outer-space quality all their own. Though he kept recording, making a couple of excellent solo albums in the early '80s with the help of Bruce Springsteen, Bonds is best seen today dotting the landscape of oldies shows the world over, singing the songs that made him famous. ~ Cub Koda, All Music GuidePLEASE NOTE: I divided my uploads between multiple channels, Bookmark this link in your browser for instant access to an index with links to all of John1948's oldies classics. LINK: tinyurl.com
5:44
Mazarin w/ Gary US Bonds "Quarter to Three"
Recorded live during a sold-out performance at New York's famous Cutting Room Legendar...
published: 22 Nov 2006
Author: mortmaz
Mazarin w/ Gary US Bonds "Quarter to Three"
Recorded live during a sold-out performance at New York's famous Cutting Room Legendary Rock and Roll Hall of Famer Gary US Bonds joins longtime friends and local legends the REAL Mazarin for an unforgettable night of Rock and Roll history.
3:37
Gary "US" Bonds - "Jolé Blon" (Live) - ABC TV - 'Fridays' (1981)
Another outstanding live performance by Gary "US" Bonds on the ABC TV late night...
published: 19 Sep 2009
Author: Lottoman17
Gary "US" Bonds - "Jolé Blon" (Live) - ABC TV - 'Fridays' (1981)
Another outstanding live performance by Gary "US" Bonds on the ABC TV late night comedy show, 'Fridays'. Introduced by 'Fridays' cast member, Darrow Igus.
3:01
Gary US Bonds - Dear Lady Twist
Gary US Bonds live at Astoria Park, Queens, August 21, 2008....
published: 25 Jul 2010
Author: kinskilee
Gary US Bonds - Dear Lady Twist
Gary US Bonds live at Astoria Park, Queens, August 21, 2008.
4:31
Bruce Springsteen - Jole Blon (with Garry Bonds) 09/21/12 MetLife Stadium, NJ complete
Bruce Springsteen & E Street Band live Metlife Stadium 09/21/12 complete show 3h+ long...
published: 22 Sep 2012
Author: sammy sossa
Bruce Springsteen - Jole Blon (with Garry Bonds) 09/21/12 MetLife Stadium, NJ complete
Bruce Springsteen & E Street Band live Metlife Stadium 09/21/12 complete show 3h+ long!!!! email me for more info at: mercado21aa@hotmail.com Setlist was: Living on the Edge of the World Out in the Street Night Hungry Heart No Surrender Lost in the Flood We Take Care of Our Own Wrecking Ball Death to My Hometown My City of Ruins Does This Bus Stop at 82nd Street? Jole Blon (with Gary US Bonds) This Little Girl (with Gary US Bonds) From Small Things (Big Things One Day Come) Talk to Me This Depression Shackled and Drawns Mary's Place Waitin' on a Sunny Day Incident on 57th Street Rosalita (Come Out Tonight) * * * Rocky Ground Born to Run Ramrod Bobby Jean Dancing in the Dark Tenth Avenue Freeze-out (with Gary US Bonds) American Land (with Gary US Bonds)
4:28
Gary "US" Bonds - "Way Back When" (Live) ABC TV 'Fridays' (1981)
A 1981 live performance by Gary "US" Bonds, on ABC TV's late night comedy sh...
published: 19 Sep 2009
Author: Lottoman17
Gary "US" Bonds - "Way Back When" (Live) ABC TV 'Fridays' (1981)
A 1981 live performance by Gary "US" Bonds, on ABC TV's late night comedy show, 'Fridays'. Introduced by 'Fridays' cast member, Brandis Kemp.
1:56
Gary US Bonds & Ben E. King (Live - London 2011)
:)...
published: 21 Feb 2011
Author: kicsikicsievi
Gary US Bonds & Ben E. King (Live - London 2011)
:)
3:41
Obscure rocker by Gary 'US' Bonds - This Little Girl
Good retro sound from 1981. This came out around the time doo wop/50s rock and roll was ha...
published: 26 Aug 2008
Author: PJDooWop
Obscure rocker by Gary 'US' Bonds - This Little Girl
Good retro sound from 1981. This came out around the time doo wop/50s rock and roll was having a big boom in mainstream music.
4:16
Gary US Bonds and the Roadhouse Rockers.m2t
Gary US Bonds and the Road house Rockers at the Iridium Jazz Club. Video by Larry Blumenst...
published: 15 Jan 2011
Author: IridiumLIVE
Gary US Bonds and the Roadhouse Rockers.m2t
Gary US Bonds and the Road house Rockers at the Iridium Jazz Club. Video by Larry Blumenstein Video Productions 917-817-2112 LarryBlumenstein@aol.com
3:46
Gary US Bonds "This Little Girl is Mine"
Flmed in 1989...
published: 12 May 2007
Author: erikjo6789
Gary US Bonds "This Little Girl is Mine"
Flmed in 1989
4:51
Blue Note Jazz Festival: Gary US Bonds, Live at BB King Blues Club
Gary US Bonds performs at BB King Blues Club as part of the Blue Note Jazz Festival. For m...
published: 08 Jun 2011
Author: BlueNoteJazzFestival
Blue Note Jazz Festival: Gary US Bonds, Live at BB King Blues Club
Gary US Bonds performs at BB King Blues Club as part of the Blue Note Jazz Festival. For more information on the Blue Note Jazz Festival, please visit: bluenotejazzfestival.com Since its inception in 1981, The Blue Note Jazz Club has been a home for the world's finest jazz musicians and a cultural institution of New York City. In honor of its 30th anniversary, the Blue Note is expanding its doors throughout New York during the month of June 2011 for the inaugural Blue Note Jazz Festival. The Festival will feature numerous high-profile acts such as Dave Brubeck, Chris Botti, Nancy Wilson, Bobby McFerrin, Roberta Flack, Brian Wilson, Medeski Martin & Wood, El Gran Combo, McCoy Tyner, Youssou N'Dour, Bill Frisell, Meshell Ndegeocello, Madeleine Peyroux, Chaka Khan, and many more. In addition to holding a special series of shows at the Blue Note, the club will host an outdoor concert at Central Park's Summerstage and present shows at the Beacon Theatre, Town Hall, BB King Blues Club & Grill, Highline Ballroom, Terminal 5, Frederick P. Rose Hall, home of Jazz at Lincoln Center and the Lehman Center for the Performing Arts, among many other venues.
Vimeo results:
7:58
Fifty People, One Question: New Orleans
When we set out to film, it was another New Orleans day. Once you get past the inevitable ...
published: 15 Sep 2008
Author: Benjamin Reece
Fifty People, One Question: New Orleans
When we set out to film, it was another New Orleans day. Once you get past the inevitable grime and heat, you feel a certain energy or “atmosphere”. Like a kid throwing himself into a mud fight.
It’s a simple question. And the answers can lead us anywhere. So go ahead, ask yourself…
Visit http://fiftypeopleonequestion.com and post your response.
We also asked this question in New York, NY. Check it out: http://vimeo.com/2164626
Thanks to:
Sarah Reece, Chris Shultz, Blake Haney, Robby Habans, Will Donaldson, the vimeo community, and all those who provided feedback and encouragement. Music by Fourtet.
For questions on workflow, process, and the rig, check out my blog: http://tomoveyou.org
Update 2/27/09: Our production company Deltree, is hiring. Check out our internship program details @ http://thedeltree.org/internship
5:48
Fifty People, One Question: New York
We asked the same question and it took us somewhere new. Gone were the lazy days of summer...
published: 05 Nov 2008
Author: Fifty People, One Question
Fifty People, One Question: New York
We asked the same question and it took us somewhere new. Gone were the lazy days of summer. A cool breeze swept the streets with leaves under foot and the familiar hustle of the city. Welcome to autumn in New York.
It’s a simple question and the answers can lead us anywhere. So go ahead, ask yourself…
Visit http://fiftypeopleonequestion.com and post your response.
We also asked this question in New Orleans, LA. Check it out: http://vimeo.com/1737450
We asked a new question in Brooklyn: http://vimeo.com/2540216
4:21
Future Islands - Balance
from the new album On the Water, out October 11 and available now for pre-order
www.thrill...
published: 26 Aug 2011
Author: Thrill Jockey Records
Future Islands - Balance
from the new album On the Water, out October 11 and available now for pre-order
www.thrilljockey.com/catalog/index.html?id=105388
Directed by Jay Buim
www.beardwizard.com
Download "Balance"
soundcloud.com/thrilljockey/future-islands-balance/
Future Islands tour dates:
Sat Oct 1 Grand Rapids, MI Pyramid Scheme
Tue Oct 25 Washington, DC Black Cat *@
Wed Oct 26 Millvale, PA Mr. Small's Theatre *@
Thu Oct 27 Cleveland, OH Beachland Tavern *@
Fri Oct 28 Detroit, MI Magic Stick Lounge *@
Sat Oct 29 Kalamazoo, MI The Strutt *@
Sun Oct 30 Chicago, IL Lincoln Hall *@
Tue Nov 1 Minneapolis, MN 7th Street Entry @
Wed Nov 2 Omaha, NE The Waiting Room @
Thu Nov 3 Lawrence, KS Jackpot Saloon @
Fri Nov 4 Norman, OK The Opolis @
Sat Nov 5 Austin, TX Fun Fun Fun Fest
Mon Nov 7 Marfa, TX Padre's @
Tue Nov 8 Santa Fe, NM VFW @
Wed Nov 9 Denver, CO Larimer Lounge @#
Thu Nov 10 Salt Lake City, UT Kilby Court @
Fri Nov 11 Boise, ID Neurolux @
Sat Nov 12 Seattle, WA The Vera Project @
Sun Nov 13 Portland, OR Mississippi Studios @
Tue Nov 15 San Francisco, CA Bottom of the Hill @
Wed Nov 16 Santa Barbara, CA Muddy Waters @
Thu Nov 17 Los Angeles, CA The Echo @
Fri Nov 18 Long Beach, CA Alex's Bar @
Sat Nov 19 San Diego, CA The Casbah @
Sun Nov 20 Phoenix, AZ Rhythm Room @
Wed Nov 23 New Orleans, LA Circle Bar @
Fri Nov 25 Birmingham, AL The Bottletree @
Sat Nov 26 Atlanta, GA The Earl @
Sun Nov 27 Carrboro, NC Cat's Cradle @
Mon Nov 28 Wilmington, NC The Soapbox @
Tue Nov 29 Charlottesville, VA Twisted Branch @
Wed Nov 30 Lancaster, PA The Lizard Lounge @
Thu Dec 1 New York, NY Bowery Ballroom @
Fri Dec 2 Philadelphia, PA Kung Fu Necktie @
Sat Dec 3 Baltimore, MD Ottobar @
* w/Javelin @ w/Ed Schrader's Music Beat #w/Pictureplane
2:57
Big Easy Express Official Trailer
Now available as an exclusive iTunes movie release: http://bit.ly/LJKkIz
Big Easy Express ...
published: 01 Feb 2012
Author: S2BN Films
Big Easy Express Official Trailer
Now available as an exclusive iTunes movie release: http://bit.ly/LJKkIz
Big Easy Express Official Website: http://www.bigeasyexpress.com
Big Easy Express Facebook: http://on.fb.me/xKS5bL
Directed by Emmett Malloy
3 bands, 6 cities, 1 train, and thousands of miles of track…BIG EASY EXPRESS captures an incredible musical journey. Harkening back to the days of jubilant railroad revivals, of steam and steel, three bands set out in April 2011 to tour America by vintage train. L.A.’s Edward Sharpe & The Magnetic Zeros, Nashville boys Old Crow Medicine Show, and Londoners Mumford & Sons climbed aboard amid the massive rail yards of Oakland and set out for New Orleans on a “tour of dreams.” Stopping along the way to play sold-out shows in spots as diverse as San Pedro, California, and Marfa, Texas, BIG EASY EXPRESS documents the bands’ vibrant railway adventures; the high canyons, joyous crowds, blasted skies, late-night laughter, endless music…and a train that was bound for glory.
Youtube results:
4:05
Gary US Bonds - Out of Work
Gary US Bonds live at Astoria Park, Queens, NY, August 21, 2008....
published: 26 Jul 2010
Author: kinskilee
Gary US Bonds - Out of Work
Gary US Bonds live at Astoria Park, Queens, NY, August 21, 2008.
9:28
Gary US Bonds at the Iridium with the Roadhouse Rockers Jan 21 & 22
Gary US Bonds joined by Gene Cornish of The Rascals with The Les Paul's Trio and Todd ...
published: 05 Jan 2011
Author: IridiumLIVE
Gary US Bonds at the Iridium with the Roadhouse Rockers Jan 21 & 22
Gary US Bonds joined by Gene Cornish of The Rascals with The Les Paul's Trio and Todd Rundgren joining in with Jan 21 & 22 titles. Video by Larry Blumenstein Video Productions 917-817-2112 LarryBlumenstein@aol.com.
4:21
Gary US Bonds - Jole Blon - Marlboro 2005
Dedicated to Brian & Allison visit www.stoneponyclub.com...
published: 15 Dec 2006
Author: stoneponyclub
Gary US Bonds - Jole Blon - Marlboro 2005
Dedicated to Brian & Allison visit www.stoneponyclub.com
3:12
Gary US Bonds "New Orleans" 1989
Gary US Bonds performing "New Orleans"...
published: 12 May 2007
Author: erikjo6789
Gary US Bonds "New Orleans" 1989
Gary US Bonds performing "New Orleans"
Creative Commons / Infrogmation
Creative Commons / Gage Skidmore
US DoD / Matthew Schofield
US CDC / Matthew Schofield
US DoD / Matthew Schofield.
US DoD / Matthew Schofield
US DoD / Matthew Schofield
Creative Commons / Infrogmation of New Orleans
Creative Commons / Gage Skidmore
Creative Commons / Originalwana
Creative Commons / Gage Skidmore
Creative Commons / Gage Skidmore
Creative Commons / Paparazzo Presents
Creative Commons / Jan Kronsell
Creative Commons / NawlinWiki
Creative Commons / Walker Evans
Public Domain / Manny Broussard
AP / Gerald Herbert
US Navy / MCC John Lill
Creative Commons / Gage Skidmore
US Army / Signaleer
AP
Creative Commons / Keith Allison
Creative Commons / Keith Allison
Creative Commons / Keith Allison
Creative Commons / Jan-Willem Boot
Creative Commons / Matthew D. Britt
Creative Commons / Matthew D. Britt
Creative Commons / Matthew D. Britt
Creative Commons / Keith Allison
Photo: AP / Carolyn Kaster
19 Oct 2012
Iranian and U.S. negotiators have reached an agreement that calls for Iran to halt part of its nuclear program in exchange for the lifting of many of the U.S. sanctions against the Islamic regime,...
Photo: AP / www.muslm.net
18 Oct 2012
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the self-described mastermind of the September 11 attacks, delivered a scathing anti-American diatribe at a military tribunal in what the judge called a "one-time occurrence"....
Photo: NARA
18 Oct 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Before swallowing a capsule and committing suicide this very same week in 1946, during the Nuremberg Trials Hermann Goering testified how Nazi Germany...
Photo: Creative Commons / Kansir
17 Oct 2012
(Reuters) - IBM posted a quarterly revenue miss and barely beat analyst expectations for earnings per share as customers put off spending on big ticket items and a stronger dollar hit the company's...
Photo: AP / Mohammad Hannon
17 Oct 2012
New evidence implicates Libyan militias in an apparent execution of dozens of detainees in rebel custody following the capture and death of Muammar Gaddafi last year, a watchdog has said. In a report...
Sun Sentinel
20 Oct 2012
The State Board of Education looked prepared to vote — without discussion or debate — when board member John Padget pointed out a passage on page 169 of the board's agenda book. "I just...
Sun Sentinel
20 Oct 2012
(Note: Language in paragraph 14 may be offensive to some readers) NEW YORK (Reuters) - A judge refused to dismiss a $1.07 billion lawsuit against Goldman Sachs Group that accuses it of selling risky...
The Examiner
20 Oct 2012
Related topics paul mccartneyBeatlesEthan JohnsMusic Advertisement Paul McCartney could be experimenting in various directions in recording sessions for his next album after new reports that surfaced...
The Examiner
Related topics save the dateLizzy CaplanAlison BrieGeoffrey ArendSundance Film FestivalMark Webber Advertisement The latest featherweight rom-com to come out of the Sundance film Festival is Save the Date, a comedy about two sisters who couldn’t be more different, or, at least they would like to...(size: 7.1Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics HalloweenDawn of the DeadZack SnyderVing RhameszombiesSarah Polley Advertisement Subgenre: The Undead The film: Despite having to have worked a long shift at the hospital, Milwaukee nurse Ana (Sarah Polley, Splice) returns home for a nice relaxing evening with her husband Luis, so...(size: 9.8Kb)
Frank Castle: The Punisher!
20 Oct 2012
The Examiner
Related topics punisherFrank CastleCaptain AmericaAvengersThunderboltsGreg Rucka Advertisement With the upcoming Punisher: War Zone series just around the corner, what better way to prepare than to look at Frank Castle’s history! When mobsters slew his family, Frank Castle vowed to spend the rest of...(size: 17.3Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics Suzanne DeLaurentiisSuzanne DeLaurentiis Productions Rating for Art 5 Advertisement Los Angeles based artist Ronnie Watson has over 15 years of experience in exotic art and portraits. Is planning to premiere his recent work to benefit various charities. Ronnie was born in Los Angeles...(size: 6.8Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics Events Bay AreamemphisBroadway San JoseA&E Advertisement Broadway musical announcement: Don’t miss Broadway San Jose’s season opener, “Memphis,” the 2010 Tony® Award Winner for Best Musical, and the show that had its pre-Broadway run at the Silicon Valley’s own Theatreworks, as it...(size: 7.5Kb)
San Diego leaders unite to promote arts
20 Oct 2012
The Examiner
Related topics Art Programselection 2012art eventsSan Diego City CouncilBalboa Park centennial celebration Advertisement Art does much more than make a city beautiful. It builds pride in a community. And art produces many benefits that actually reduce city expenditures for public services, according...(size: 8.5Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics Events Bay AreaSunnyvale TheatreTheater & Entertainment Advertisement The very talented Los Angeles-based “Fishtank Ensemble” return for a one-night performance at the Sunnyvale Theatre in Sunnyvale performing hits from their latest CD, “Woman in Sin,” to delight their Bay Area...(size: 12.8Kb)
The Examiner
Advertisement This weekend marks the final days of the New York Botanical Garden exhibit "Monet's Garden." The exhibit is inspired by French painter Claude Monet's actual garden in Giverny, France-- is housed within the Haupt Conservatory. The second part of the exhibition includes 2 Monet paintings...(size: 6.1Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics newsworthy informative Advertisement Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Thrilling news! Many have heard that Toby Keith's "I Love This Bar & Grill." will be opening in the spring of 2013. But the news is that now has a sign up at the West...(size: 12.1Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics classicalsacred musicsymphoniessecular cantatas Advertisement The English conductor, Sir John Eliot Gardiner, one of the pioneering practitioners in the current movement towards historically-informed performance, is currently in the midst of a three-month nine-country tour focusing on...(size: 6.6Kb)
"The Big Easy" and "NOLA" redirect here. For other uses, see The Big Easy (disambiguation) and NOLA (disambiguation).
This article is about the city. For other uses, see New Orleans (disambiguation).
| City of New Orleans Ville de La Nouvelle-Orléans Orleans Parish |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City and Parish — | |||
 |
|||
|
|||
| Nickname(s): "The Crescent City", "The Big Easy", "The City That Care Forgot", "Nawlins" and "NOLA" (acronym for New Orleans, Louisiana). | |||
 |
|||
 City of New Orleans
|
|||
| Coordinates: 29°57′53″N 90°4′14″W / 29.96472°N 90.07056°W / 29.96472; -90.07056 | |||
| Country | United States | ||
| State | Louisiana | ||
| Parish | Orleans | ||
| Founded | 1718 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Mitch Landrieu (D) | ||
| Area | |||
| • City and Parish | 350.2 sq mi (907 km2) | ||
| • Land | 180.6 sq mi (467.6 km2) | ||
| • Water | 169.7 sq mi (439.4 km2) | ||
| • Metro | 3,755.2 sq mi (9,726.6 km2) | ||
| Elevation | -6.5 to 20 ft (-2 to 6 m) | ||
| Population (2010)[1] | |||
| • City and Parish | 343,829 | ||
| • Density | 1,965/sq mi (759/km2) | ||
| • Metro | 1,167,764 | ||
| Demonym | New Orleanian | ||
| Time zone | CST (UTC-6) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CDT (UTC-5) | ||
| Area code(s) | 504 | ||
| Website | nola.gov | ||
New Orleans (
/nuː ˈɔrliənz/ or /ˈnuː ɔrˈliːnz/, locally /nuː ˈɔrlənz/ or /ˈnɔrlənz/; French: La Nouvelle-Orléans [la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃] (
listen)) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city proper was 343,829 as of the 2010 U.S. Census.[2] The New Orleans metropolitan area (New Orleans–Metairie–Kenner Metropolitan Statistical Area) had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States.[3] The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a larger trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,214,932.[4]
The city is named after Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France, and is well known for its distinct French Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage.[5] New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music (particularly as the birthplace of jazz),[6][7] and its annual celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is often referred to as the "most unique"[8] in America.[9][10][11][12][13]
New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River. The boundaries of the city and Orleans Parish (French: paroisse d'Orléans) are coterminous.[14] The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south and Jefferson to the south and west.[14][15][16] Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north and Lake Borgne lies to the east.[16]
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of New Orleans
Beginnings through the 19th century[link]
See also: New Orleans in the American Civil War
La Nouvelle-Orléans (New Orleans) was founded May 7, 1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of France at the time. His title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris (1763). During the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port to smuggle aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched the southern campaign against the British from the city in 1779.[17] New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1801, when it reverted to French control. Nearly all of the surviving 18th century architecture of the Vieux Carré (French Quarter) dates from this Spanish period. (The most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent.)[18] Napoleon sold the territory to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, Irish, Germans and Africans. Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city.
The Haitian Revolution of 1804 in what was then the French colony of St. Domingue established the second republic in the Western Hemisphere and the first led by blacks. Haitian refugees, both white and free people of color (affranchis or gens de couleur libres), arrived in New Orleans, often bringing African slaves with them. While Governor Claiborne and other officials wanted to keep out more free black men, French Creoles wanted to increase the French-speaking population. As more refugees were allowed in Louisiana, Haitian émigrés who had gone to Cuba also arrived. Nearly 90 percent of the new immigrants settled in New Orleans. The 1809 migration brought 2,731 whites; 3,102 free persons of African descent; and 3,226 enslaved persons of African descent, doubling the city's French-speaking population. The city became 63 percent black in population, a greater proportion than Charleston, South Carolina's 53 percent.[19] Many of these white francophones were deported by officials in Cuba in response to Bonapartist schemes in Spain.[20]
During the last campaign of the War of 1812, the British sent a force of 11,000 soldiers in an attempt to capture New Orleans. Despite great challenges, the young Andrew Jackson successfully cobbled together a motley crew of local militia, free blacks, US Army regulars, Kentucky riflemen, and local privateers to decisively defeat the British troops, led by Sir Edward Pakenham, in the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815. The armies were unaware that the Treaty of Ghent had already ended the war on December 24, 1814.
As a principal port, New Orleans played a major role during the antebellum era in the Atlantic slave trade. Its port handled huge quantities of commodities for export from the interior and imported goods from other countries, which were warehoused and then transferred in New Orleans to smaller vessels and distributed the length and breadth of the vast Mississippi River watershed. The river in front of the city was filled with steamboats, flatboats, and sailing ships. Despite its dealings with the slave trade, New Orleans at the same time had the largest and most prosperous community of free persons of color in the nation, who were often educated and middle-class property owners.[6][21]
Dwarfing in population the other cities in the antebellum South, New Orleans had, consequently, the largest slave market. Two-thirds of the more than one million slaves brought to the Deep South arrived via the forced migration of the internal slave trade. The money generated by sales of slaves in the Upper South has been estimated at fifteen percent of the value of the staple crop economy. The slaves represented half a billion dollars in property, and an ancillary economy grew up around the trade in slaves—for transportation, housing and clothing, fees, etc., estimated at 13.5 percent of the price per person. All of this amounted to tens of billions of dollars (2005 dollars, adjusted for inflation) during the antebellum period, with New Orleans as a prime beneficiary.[22]
According to historian Paul Lachance, "the addition of white immigrants to the white creole population enabled French-speakers to remain a majority of the white population until almost 1830. If a substantial proportion of free persons of color and slaves had not also spoken French, however, the Gallic community would have become a minority of the total population as early as 1820."[23] Large numbers of German and Irish immigrants began arriving at this time. The population of the city doubled in the 1830s and by 1840 New Orleans had become the wealthiest and third-most populous city in the nation.[24]
The Union captured New Orleans early in the American Civil War, sparing the city the destruction suffered by many other cities of the American South.[25]
In the 1850s white Francophones remained an intact and vibrant community, maintaining instruction in French in two of the city's four school districts.[26] As the Creole elite feared, however, this changed with the Civil War; in 1862 French instruction in schools was abolished by Union general Ben Butler, and teaching of the language was forbidden in schools in 1868.[26] By the end of the 19th century French usage in the city had faded significantly,[27] although as late as 1945 one still encountered elderly Creole women who spoke no English.[28]
During Reconstruction New Orleans was within the Fifth Military District of the United States. Louisiana was readmitted to the Union in 1868, and its Constitution of 1868 granted universal manhood suffrage. Due to the state's large African American population, many blacks held public office. In 1872, then-lieutenant governor P.B.S. Pinchback succeeded Henry Clay Warmouth as governor of Louisiana, becoming the first non-white governor of a U.S. state, and the last African American to lead a U.S. state until Douglas Wilder's election in Virginia, 117 years later. In New Orleans, Reconstruction was marked by the horrible Mechanics Institute race riot (1866) but also by the successful operation of a fully racially-integrated public school system. Meanwhile, the city's economy struggled to right itself after practically grinding to a halt upon the declaration of war in 1861, the nationwide Panic of 1873 conspiring to severely retard economic recovery.
Reconstruction ended in Louisiana in 1877, and white southern Democrats, the so-called Redeemers, succeeded in stripping power from the Republican Party and gradually circumscribing the only recently acquired civil rights of African Americans. In New Orleans, the public schools were resegregated and remained so until 1960.
New Orleans' large community of well-educated, often French-speaking free persons of color (gens de couleur libres), who had not been enslaved prior to the Civil War, sought to fight back against the incipient forces of Jim Crow. As part of their ongoing campaign, they recruited one of their own, Homer Plessy, to test whether Louisiana's newly enacted Separate Car Act was constitutional. Plessy duly boarded a commuter train departing New Orleans for Covington, Louisiana, sat in the car reserved for whites only and was arrested. The case spawned by this incident, Plessy v. Ferguson, was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1896. The court, in finding that "separate but equal" accommodations were constitutional, strengthened by effectively consecrating the already-underway Jim Crow movement. The ruling was a key development in the nadir of race relations reached during this period.
20th century[link]
New Orleans reached its most consequential position as an economic and population center in relation to other American cities in the decades prior to 1860; as late as that year it was the nation's fifth-largest city and by far the largest in the American South.[29] Though New Orleans continued to grow in size, from the mid-19th century onwards, first the emerging industrial and railroad hubs of the Midwest overtook the city in population, then the rapidly growing metropolises of the Pacific Coast in the decades before and after the turn of the 20th century, then other Sun Belt cities in the South and West in the post–World War II period surpassed New Orleans in population.[29] From the late 1800s, most decennial censuses depicted New Orleans sliding down the list of largest American cities. Thus reminded every ten years of its declining relative importance, New Orleans would periodically mount attempts to regain its economic vigor and pre-eminence, with varying degrees of success. In 1950, the Census Bureau reported New Orleans' population as 68% white and 31.9% black.[30]
By the mid-20th century, New Orleanians were observing with concern that the city was even ceding its traditional ranking as the leading urban area in the South. By 1950, Houston, Dallas and Atlanta had surpassed New Orleans in size, and 1960 witnessed Miami's eclipse of New Orleans, even as New Orleans' population was recorded as reaching its historic peak by the 1960 Census.[29] Like most older American cities in this period, New Orleans' center city commenced losing inhabitants, though the New Orleans metropolitan area continued expanding in population – just never as rapidly as its metropolitan peers in the Sun Belt. While the port remained one of the largest in the nation, automation and containerization resulted in significant job losses. The city's relative fall in stature meant that its former role as banker to the South was inexorably supplanted by competing companies in its now-larger peer cities. New Orleans' economy had always been more based on trade and financial services than on manufacturing, but the city's smallish manufacturing sector also shrank in the post–World War II period. Despite some economic development successes under the administrations of DeLesseps "Chep" Morrison (1946–1961) and Vic Schiro (1961–1970), metropolitan New Orleans' growth rate consistently lagged behind the more vigorous Sun Belt cities.
During the later years of Morrison's administration, and for the entirety of Schiro's, the city struggled to digest the ramifications of the legal enfranchisement of its sizable African-American population. New Orleans was very much at the center of the Civil Rights struggle. The SCLC was founded in the city, lunch counter sit-ins were held in Canal Street stores, and a very prominent and ugly series of confrontations occurred when the city attempted school desegregation, in 1960. That episode witnessed the first occasion of a black child attending an all-white elementary school in the South, when six-year-old Ruby Bridges integrated William Frantz Elementary School in the city's Ninth Ward. The Civil Rights movement's success in realizing the desegregation of public facilities and schools, and the enfranchisement of the black voter, constituted the most significant event in New Orleans' 20th century history.[31] Though legal equality was established by the end of the 1960s, a yawning gap in income levels and educational attainment persisted between the city's white and black communities.[32] The effects of this gap were amplified by accelerating white flight, as the city's population grew poorer and blacker. New Orleans' political leadership, from 1980 onwards firmly in the hands of its African-American majority, struggled to narrow this gap by creating conditions conducive to the economic uplift of the black community.
New Orleans became increasingly dependent on tourism as an economic mainstay, arguably fatally so by the administrations of Sidney Barthelemy (1986–1994) and Marc Morial (1994–2002). Unimpressive levels of educational attainment, high rates of household poverty and rising crime became increasingly problematic in the later decades of the century,[32] with the negative effects of these socioeconomic conditions newly amplified as the United States economy increasingly rested upon a post-industrial, knowledge-based paradigm where brains were far more important than brawn.
The turn of the 20th century witnessed one of the earlier episodes in the ongoing series of energetic recommitments to jump-starting economic growth on the part of New Orleans' government and business leaders. The most portentous development during this period was a drainage plan devised by engineer and inventor A. Baldwin Wood and designed to break the surrounding swamp's stranglehold on the city's geographic expansion. Until then, urban development in New Orleans was largely limited to higher ground along the natural river levees and bayous. Wood's pump system allowed the city to drain huge tracts of swamp and marshland and expand into low-lying areas. Over the 20th century, rapid subsidence, both natural and human-induced, left these newly populated areas several feet below sea level.[33][34]
New Orleans was vulnerable to flooding even before the city's footprint departed from the natural high ground near the Mississippi River. In the late 20th century, however, scientists and New Orleans residents gradually became aware of the city's increased vulnerability. In 1965, Hurricane Betsy killed dozens of residents, even though the majority of the city remained dry. The rain-induced flood of May 8, 1995 demonstrated the weakness of the pumping system. After that event, measures were undertaken to dramatically upgrade pumping capacity. By the 1980s and 90s, it was worrisomely clear that extensive, rapid and ongoing erosion of the marshlands and swamp surrounding New Orleans especially that related to the Mississippi River – Gulf Outlet Canal had left the city far more exposed to hurricane-induced catastrophic storm surges than it had ever before been in its history.
21st century[link]
Hurricane Katrina[link]
See also: Hurricane Katrina, Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans, and Drainage in New Orleans
New Orleans was catastrophically impacted by what the University of California Berkeley's Dr. Raymond B. Seed called "the worst engineering disaster in the world since Chernobyl" when the Federal levee system failed during Hurricane Katrina in 2005.[35] By the time the hurricane approached the city at the end of August 2005, most residents had evacuated. As the hurricane passed through the Gulf Coast region, the city's federal flood protection system failed, resulting in the worst civil engineering disaster in American history.[36] Floodwalls and levees constructed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers failed below design specifications and 80% of the city flooded. Tens of thousands of residents who had remained in the city were rescued or otherwise made their way to shelters of last resort at the Louisiana Superdome or the New Orleans Morial Convention Center. Over 1,500 people died in Louisiana and some are still unaccounted for.[37] Hurricane Katrina called for the first mandatory evacuation in the city's history, the second of which came 3 years later with Hurricane Gustav.
Hurricane Rita[link]
Main article: Hurricane Rita
The city was declared off-limits to residents while efforts to clean up after Hurricane Katrina began. The approach of Hurricane Rita in September 2005 caused repopulation efforts to be postponed,[38] and the Lower Ninth Ward was reflooded by Rita's storm surge.
Post-disaster recovery[link]
Main article: Reconstruction of New Orleans
The Census Bureau in July 2006 estimated the population of New Orleans to be 223,000; a subsequent study estimated that 32,000 additional residents had moved to the city as of March 2007, bringing the estimated population to 255,000, approximately 56% of the pre-Katrina population level. Another estimate, based on data on utility usage from July 2007, estimated the population to be approximately 274,000 or 60% of the pre-Katrina population. These estimates are somewhat smaller than a third estimate, based on mail delivery records, from the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center in June 2007, which indicated that the city had regained approximately two-thirds of its pre-Katrina population.[39] In 2008, the Census Bureau revised upward its population estimate for the city, to 336,644.[40] Most recently, 2010 estimates show that neighborhoods that did not flood are near 100% of their pre-Katrina populations, and in some cases, exceed 100% of their pre-Katrina populations.[41]
Several major tourist events and other forms of revenue for the city have returned. Large conventions are being held again, such as those held by the American Library Association and American College of Cardiology.[42][43] College football events such as the Bayou Classic, New Orleans Bowl, and Sugar Bowl returned for the 2006–2007 season. The New Orleans Saints returned that season as well, following speculation of a move. The New Orleans Hornets returned to the city fully for the 2007–2008 season, having partially spent the 2006–2007 season in Oklahoma City. New Orleans successfully hosted the 2008 NBA All-Star Game and the 2008 BCS National Championship Game. The city hosted the first and second rounds of the 2007 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. New Orleans and Tulane University will be hosting the Final Four Championship in 2012. Additionally, the city will host Super Bowl XLVII on February 3, 2013 at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome.
Major annual events such as Mardi Gras and the Jazz & Heritage Festival were never displaced or cancelled. Also, an entirely new annual festival, "The Running of the Bulls New Orleans", was created in 2007.[44]
Geography[link]
File:Msyelevst.jpg
Elevation of New Orleans
New Orleans is located at 29°57′53″N 90°4′14″W / 29.96472°N 90.07056°W / 29.96472; -90.07056 (29.964722, −90.070556)[45] on the banks of the Mississippi River, approximately 105 miles (169 km) upriver from the Gulf of Mexico. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 350.2 square miles (907 km2), of which 180.56 square miles (467.6 km2), or 51.55%, is land.[46]
The city is located in the Mississippi River Delta on the east and west banks of the Mississippi River and south of Lake Pontchartrain. The area along the river is characterized by ridges and hollows.
New Orleans was originally settled on the natural levees or high ground, along the Mississippi River. After the Flood Control Act of 1965, the United States Army Corps of Engineers built floodwalls and man-made levees around a much larger geographic footprint that included previous marshland and swamp. Whether or not this human interference has caused subsidence is a topic of debate. A study by an associate professor at Tulane University claims:
| “ | While erosion and wetland loss are huge problems along Louisiana's coast, the basement 30 to 50 feet (15 m) beneath much of the Mississippi Delta has been highly stable for the past 8,000 years with negligible subsidence rates.[47] | ” |
On the other hand, a report by the American Society of Civil Engineers claims that "New Orleans is subsiding (sinking)":[48]
| “ | Large portions of Orleans, St. Bernard, and Jefferson parishes are currently below sea level—and continue to sink. New Orleans is built on thousands of feet of soft sand, silt, and clay. Subsidence, or settling of the ground surface, occurs naturally due to the consolidation and oxidation of organic soils (called "marsh" in New Orleans) and local groundwater pumping. In the past, flooding and deposition of sediments from the Mississippi River counterbalanced the natural subsidence, leaving southeast Louisiana at or above sea level. However, due to major flood control structures being built upstream on the Mississippi River and levees being built around New Orleans, fresh layers of sediment are not replenishing the ground lost by subsidence.[48] | ” |
A recent study by Tulane and Xavier University notes that 51% of New Orleans is at or above sea level, with the more densely populated areas generally on higher ground. The average elevation of the city is currently between one and two feet (0.5 m) below sea level, with some portions of the city as high as 20 feet (6 m) at the base of the river levee in Uptown and others as low as 7 feet (2 m) below sea level in the farthest reaches of Eastern New Orleans.[49]
In 2005, storm surge from Hurricane Katrina caused catastrophic failure of the federally designed and built levees, flooding 80% of the city.[50][51] A report by the American Society of Civil Engineers says that "had the levees and floodwalls not failed and had the pump stations operated, nearly two-thirds of the deaths would not have occurred".[48]
New Orleans has always had to consider the risk of hurricanes, but the risks are dramatically greater today due to coastal erosion from human interference.[52] Since the beginning of the 20th century, it has been estimated that Louisiana has lost 2,000 square miles (5,000 km2) of coast (including many of its barrier islands), which once protected New Orleans against storm surge. Following Hurricane Katrina, the United States Army Corps of Engineers has instituted massive levee repair and hurricane protection measures to protect the city.
In 2006, Louisiana voters overwhelmingly adopted an amendment to the state's constitution to dedicate all revenues from off-shore drilling to restore Louisiana's eroding coast line.[53] Congress has allocated $7 billion to bolster New Orleans' flood protection.[54]
According to a study by the National Academy of Engineering and the National Research Council, Levees and floodwalls surrounding New Orleans—no matter how large or sturdy—cannot provide absolute protection against overtopping or failure in extreme events. Levees and floodwalls should be viewed as a way to reduce risks from hurricanes and storm surges, not as measures that completely eliminate risk. For structures in hazardous areas and residents who do not relocate, the committee recommended major floodproofing measures—such as elevating the first floor of buildings to at least the 100-year flood level.[55]
National protected areas[link]
- Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge
- Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve (part)
- New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park
Climate[link]
| Climate data for New Orleans | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °F (°C) | 61.8 (16.6) |
65.3 (18.5) |
72.1 (22.3) |
78.0 (25.6) |
84.8 (29.3) |
89.4 (31.9) |
91.1 (32.8) |
91.0 (32.8) |
87.1 (30.6) |
79.7 (26.5) |
71.0 (21.7) |
64.5 (18.1) |
78.0 (25.6) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 43.4 (6.3) |
46.1 (7.8) |
52.7 (11.5) |
58.4 (14.7) |
66.4 (19.1) |
72.0 (22.2) |
74.2 (23.4) |
73.9 (23.3) |
70.6 (21.4) |
60.2 (15.7) |
51.8 (11.0) |
45.6 (7.6) |
59.6 (15.3) |
| Precipitation inches (mm) | 5.87 (149.1) |
5.47 (138.9) |
5.24 (133.1) |
5.02 (127.5) |
4.62 (117.3) |
6.83 (173.5) |
6.20 (157.5) |
6.15 (156.2) |
5.55 (141) |
3.05 (77.5) |
5.09 (129.3) |
5.07 (128.8) |
64.16 (1,629.7) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.5 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 7.2 | 8.0 | 11.8 | 13.9 | 13.2 | 10.2 | 5.9 | 8.6 | 9.4 | 115.7 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 151.9 | 163.9 | 220.1 | 252.0 | 279.0 | 273.0 | 257.3 | 251.1 | 228.0 | 241.8 | 171.0 | 158.1 | 2,647.2 |
| Source no. 1: NOAA [56] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: HKO [57] | |||||||||||||
The climate of New Orleans is humid subtropical (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with short, generally mild winters and hot, humid summers. In January, morning lows average around 43 °F (6 °C), and daily highs around 62 °F (17 °C). In July, lows average 74 °F (23 °C), and highs average 91 °F (33 °C). The lowest recorded temperature was 7 °F (−14 °C) on February 13, 1899. The highest recorded temperature was 102 °F (39 °C) on August 22, 1980. The average precipitation is 64.2 inches (1,630 mm) annually; the summer months are the wettest, while October is the driest month.[58] Precipitation in winter usually accompanies the passing of a cold front.
See also: Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans
Hurricanes pose a severe threat to the area, and the city is particularly at risk because of its low elevation, and because it is surrounded by water from the north, east, and south, and Louisiana's sinking coast.[59] According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, New Orleans is the nation's most vulnerable city to hurricanes.[60] Indeed, portions of Greater New Orleans have been flooded by: the Grand Isle Hurricane of 1909,[61] the New Orleans Hurricane of 1915,[61] 1947 Fort Lauderdale Hurricane,[61] Hurricane Flossy[62] in 1956, Hurricane Betsy in 1965, Hurricane Georges in 1998, Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Hurricane Rita in 2005, and Hurricane Gustav in 2008, with the flooding in Betsy being significant and in a few neighborhoods severe, and that in Katrina being disastrous in the majority of the city.[63][64][65]
New Orleans experiences snowfall only on rare occasions. A small amount of snow fell during the 2004 Christmas Eve Snowstorm and again on Christmas (December 25) when a combination of rain, sleet, and snow fell on the city, leaving some bridges icy. Before that, the last white Christmas was in 1964 and brought 4.5 inches (11 cm). Snow fell again on December 22, 1989, when most of the city received 1–2 inches (2.5–5.1 cm).
The last significant snow fall in New Orleans was on the morning of December 11, 2008.
Cityscape[link]
See also: Wards of New Orleans and New Orleans neighborhoods
The Central Business District of New Orleans is located immediately north and west of the Mississippi River, and was historically called the "American Quarter" or "American Sector", and it includes Lafayette Square. Most streets in this area fan out from a central point in the city. Major streets of the area include Canal Street, Poydras Street, Tulane Avenue and Loyola Avenue. Canal Street functions as the street which divides the traditional "downtown" area from the "uptown" area.
Every street crossing Canal Street between the Mississippi River and Rampart Street, which is the northern edge of the French Quarter, has a different name for the "uptown" and "downtown" portions. For example, St. Charles Avenue, known for its street car line, is called Royal Street below Canal Street, though where it traverses the Central Business District between Canal and Lee Circle, it is properly called St. Charles Street.[66] Elsewhere in the city, Canal Street serves as the dividing point between the "South" and "North" portions of various streets. In the local parlance downtown means "downriver from Canal Street", while uptown means "upriver from Canal Street". Downtown neighborhoods include the French Quarter, Tremé, the 7th Ward, Faubourg Marigny, Bywater (the Upper Ninth Ward), and the Lower Ninth Ward. Uptown neighborhoods include the Warehouse District, the Lower Garden District, the Garden District, the Irish Channel, the University District, Carrollton, Gert Town, Fontainebleau, and Broadmoor. However, the Warehouse and the Central Business District, despite being above Canal Street, are frequently called "Downtown" as a specific region, as in the Downtown Development District.
Other major districts within the city include Bayou St. John, Mid-City, Gentilly, Lakeview, Lakefront, New Orleans East, and Algiers.
Architecture[link]
New Orleans is world-famous for its abundance of unique architectural styles which reflect the city's historical roots and multicultural heritage. Though New Orleans possesses numerous structures of national architectural significance, it is equally, if not more, revered for its enormous, largely intact (even post-Katrina) historic built environment. Twenty National Register Historic Districts have been established, and fourteen local historic districts aid in the preservation of this tout ensemble. Thirteen of the local historic districts are administered by the New Orleans Historic District Landmarks Commission (HDLC), while one—the French Quarter—is administered by the Vieux Carre Commission (VCC). Additionally, both the National Park Service, via the National Register of Historic Places, and the HDLC have landmarked individual buildings, many of which lie outside the boundaries of existing historic districts.[67]
Many styles of housing exist in the city, including the shotgun house (originating from New Orleans) and the bungalow style. Creole townhouses, notable for their large courtyards and intricate iron balconies, line the streets of the French Quarter. Throughout the city, there are many other historic housing styles: Creole cottages, American townhouses, double-gallery houses, and Raised Center-Hall Cottages. St. Charles Avenue is famed for its large antebellum homes. Its mansions are in various styles, such as Greek Revival, American Colonial and the Victorian styles of Queen Anne and Italianate architecture. New Orleans is also noted for its large, European-style Catholic cemeteries, which can be found throughout the city.
For much of its history, New Orleans' skyline consisted of only low- and mid-rise structures. The soft soils of New Orleans are susceptible to subsidence, and there was doubt about the feasibility of constructing large high rises in such an environment. The 1960s brought the World Trade Center New Orleans and Plaza Tower, which demonstrated that high rises could stand firm on New Orleans' soil. One Shell Square took its place as the city's tallest building in 1972. The oil boom of the early 1980s redefined New Orleans' skyline again with the development of the Poydras Street corridor. Today, New Orleans' high rises are clustered along Canal Street and Poydras Street in the Central Business District.
Culture and contemporary life[link]
Tourism[link]
New Orleans has many major attractions, from the world-renowned French Quarter and Bourbon Street's notorious nightlife to St. Charles Avenue (home of Tulane and Loyola Universities, the historic Pontchartrain Hotel, and many 19th century mansions), to Magazine Street, with its many boutique stores and antique shops.
According to current travel guides, New Orleans is one of the top ten most visited cities in the United States; 10.1 million visitors came to New Orleans in 2004, and the city was on pace to break that level of visitation in 2005.[68][69] Prior to Katrina, there were 265 hotels with 38,338 rooms in the Greater New Orleans Area. In May 2007, there were over 140 hotels and motels in operation with over 31,000 rooms.[70]
A 2009 Travel + Leisure poll of "America's Favorite Cities" ranked New Orleans first in ten categories, the most first-place rankings of the 30 cities included. According to the poll, New Orleans is the best U.S. city as a spring break destination and for "wild weekends", stylish boutique hotels, cocktail hours, singles/bar scenes, live music/conerts and bands, antique and vintage shops, cafés/coffee bars, neighborhood restaurants, and people watching. The city also ranked second for gay friendliness (behind San Francisco, California), friendliness (behind Charleston, South Carolina), bed and bath hotels and inns, and ethnic food. However the city was voted last in terms of active residents and near the bottom in cleanliness, safety, and as a family destination.[71][72]
The French Quarter (known locally as "the Quarter" or Vieux Carré), which dates from the French and Spanish eras and is bounded by the Mississippi River, Rampart Street, Canal Street, and Esplanade Avenue, contains many popular hotels, bars, and nightclubs. Notable tourist attractions in the Quarter include Bourbon Street, Jackson Square, St. Louis Cathedral, the French Market (including Café du Monde, famous for café au lait and beignets) and Preservation Hall. To tour the port, one can ride the Natchez, an authentic steamboat with a calliope, which cruises the Mississippi the length of the city twice daily. Unlike most other places in The United States, and the world, New Orleans has become widely known for its element of elegant decay. The city's many beautiful cemeteries and their distinct above-ground tombs are often attractions in themselves, the oldest and most famous of which, Saint Louis Cemetery, greatly resembles Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
Also located in the French Quarter is the old New Orleans Mint, a former branch of the United States Mint, which now operates as a museum, and The Historic New Orleans Collection, a museum and research center housing art and artifacts relating to the history of New Orleans and the Gulf South. The National World War II Museum, opened in the Warehouse District in 2000 as the "National D-Day Museum", is dedicated to providing information and materials related to the Invasion of Normandy. Nearby, Confederate Memorial Hall, the oldest continually operating museum in Louisiana (although under renovation since Katrina), contains the second-largest collection of Confederate memorabilia in the world. Art museums in the city include the Contemporary Arts Center, the New Orleans Museum of Art (NOMA) in City Park, and the Ogden Museum of Southern Art.
New Orleans also boasts a decidedly natural side. It is home to the Audubon Nature Institute (which consists of Audubon Park, the Audubon Zoo, the Aquarium of the Americas, and the Audubon Insectarium), as well as gardens that include Longue Vue House and Gardens and the New Orleans Botanical Garden. City Park, one of the country's most expansive and visited urban parks, has one of the largest (if not the largest) stands of oak trees in the world.
There are also various points of interest in the surrounding areas. Many wetlands are in close proximity to the city, including Honey Island Swamp. Chalmette Battlefield and National Cemetery, located just south of the city, is the site of the 1815 Battle of New Orleans.
Entertainment and performing arts[link]
Main article: Music of New Orleans
The New Orleans area is home to numerous celebrations, the most popular of which is Carnival, often referred to as Mardi Gras. Carnival officially begins on the Feast of the Epiphany, also known as the "Twelfth Night". Mardi Gras (French for "Fat Tuesday"), the final and grandest day of festivities, is the last Tuesday before the Catholic liturgical season of Lent, which commences on Ash Wednesday.
The largest of the city's many music festivals is the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival. Commonly referred to simply as "Jazz Fest", it is one of the largest music festivals in the nation, featuring crowds of people from all over the world, coming to experience music, food, arts, and crafts. Despite the name, it features not only jazz but a large variety of music, including both native Louisiana music and international artists. Along with Jazz Fest, New Orleans' Voodoo Experience ("Voodoo Fest") and the Essence Music Festival are both large music festivals featuring local and international artists.
Other major festivals held in the city include Southern Decadence, the French Quarter Festival, and the Tennessee Williams/ New Orleans Literary Festival.
In 2002, Louisiana began offering tax incentives for film and television production. This led to a substantial increase in the number of films shot in the New Orleans area and brought the nickname "Hollywood South." Films which have been filmed or produced in and around New Orleans include: Ray, Runaway Jury, The Pelican Brief, Glory Road, All the King's Men, Déjà Vu, Last Holiday, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, and numerous others. In 2006, work began on the Louisiana Film & Television studio complex, based in the Tremé neighborhood.[73] Louisiana began to offer similar tax incentives for music and theater productions in 2007, leading many to begin referring to New Orleans as "Broadway South."[74]
New Orleans has always been a significant center for music, showcasing its intertwined European, Latin American, and African cultures. New Orleans' unique musical heritage was born in its pre-American and early American days from a unique blending of European instruments with African rhythms. As the only North American city to allow slaves to gather in public and play their native music (largely in Congo Square, now located within Louis Armstrong Park), New Orleans gave birth to an indigenous music: jazz. Soon, brass bands formed, gaining popular attraction that still holds today. The city's music was later significantly influenced by Acadiana, home of Cajun and Zydeco music, and Delta blues.
New Orleans' unique musical culture is further evident in its funerals. A spin on the tradition of military brass band funerals, traditional New Orleans funerals feature sad music (mostly dirges and hymns) on the way to the cemetery and happier music (hot jazz) on the way back. Such traditional musical funerals still take place when a local musician, a member of a club, krewe, or benevolent society, or a noted dignitary has passed. Until the 1990s, most locals preferred to call these "funerals with music", but visitors to the city have long dubbed them "jazz funerals".
Much later in its musical development, New Orleans was home to a distinctive brand of rhythm and blues that contributed greatly to the growth of rock and roll. An example of the New Orleans' sound in the 1960s is the #1 US hit "Chapel of Love" by the Dixie Cups, a song which knocked The Beatles out of the top spot on the Billboard Hot 100. New Orleans became a hotbed for funk music in the 1960s and 1970s, and by the late 1980s, it had developed its own localized variant of hip hop, called bounce music. While never commercially successful outside of the Deep South, it remained immensely popular in the poorer neighborhoods of the city throughout the 1990s.
A cousin of bounce, New Orleans hip hop has seen commercial success locally and internationally, producing Lil Wayne, Master P, Birdman, Juvenile, Cash Money Records, and No Limit Records. Additionally, the wave of popularity of cowpunk, a fast form of southern rock, originated with the help of several local bands, such as The Radiators, Better Than Ezra, Cowboy Mouth, and Dash Rip Rock. Throughout the 1990s, many sludge metal bands started in the area. New Orleans' heavy metal bands like Eyehategod,[75] Soilent Green,[76] Crowbar,[77] and Down[78] have incorporated styles such as hardcore punk, doom metal, and southern rock to create an original and heady brew of swampy and aggravated metal that has largely avoided standardization.[75][76][77][78]
New Orleans is the southern terminus of the famed Highway 61.
Media[link]
Main article: Media of New Orleans
The major daily newspaper is The Times-Picayune, publishing since 1837. Weekly publications include The Louisiana Weekly and Gambit Weekly.[79] Also in wide circulation is the Clarion Herald, the newspaper of the Archdiocese of New Orleans.
Greater New Orleans is the 54th largest Designated Market Area (DMA) in the U.S., serving 566,960 homes.[80] Major television network affiliates serving the area include:
Two radio stations that were influential in promoting New Orleans-based bands and singers were 50,000-watt WNOE-AM (1060) and 10,000-watt WTIX-AM (690). These two stations competed head-to-head from the late 1950s to the late 1970s.
WWOZ,[81] the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Station, broadcasts,[82] 24 hours per day, modern and traditional jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, brass band, gospel, cajun, zydeco, Caribbean, Latin, Brazilian, African, bluegrass, and Irish at 90.7 FM and at www.wwoz.org.
WTUL,[83] a local college radio station (Tulane University), broadcasts a wide array of programming, including[84][85] 20th century classical, reggae, jazz, showtunes, indie rock, electronic music, soul/funk, goth, punk, hip hop, New Orleans music, opera, folk, hardcore, Americana, country, blues, Latin, cheese, techno, local, world, ska, swing and big band, kids shows, and even news programming from DemocracyNow. WTUL is listener supported and non-commercial. The disc jockeys are volunteers, many of them college students.
Louisiana's film and television tax credits have spurred some growth in the television industry, although to a lesser degree than in the film industry. Many films and advertisements have in part or whole been filmed in the city, as have television programs such as The Real World: New Orleans in 2000,[86] The Real World: Back to New Orleans in 2009 and 2010[87][88] and Bad Girls Club: New Orleans in 2011.[89]
Food[link]
.jpg)
Main articles: Louisiana Creole cuisine and Cajun cuisine
New Orleans is world-famous for its food. The indigenous cuisine is distinctive and influential. From centuries of amalgamation of the local Creole, haute Creole, and New Orleans French cuisines, New Orleans food has developed. Local ingredients, French, Spanish, Italian, African, Native American, Cajun, Chinese, and a hint of Cuban traditions combine to produce a truly unique and easily recognizable Louisiana flavor.
New Orleans is known for specialties like beignets (locally pronounced like "ben-yays"), square-shaped fried pastries that could be called "French doughnuts" (served with café au lait made with a blend of coffee and chicory rather than only coffee); and Po' boy and Italian Muffuletta sandwiches; Gulf oysters on the half-shell, fried oysters, boiled crawfish, and other seafood; étouffée, jambalaya, gumbo, and other Creole dishes; and the Monday favorite of red beans and rice. (Louis Armstrong often signed his letters, "Red beans and ricely yours".) Another New Orleans specialty is the Praline local /ˈprɑːliːn/, a candy made with brown sugar, granulated sugar, cream, butter, and pecans. The city also has notable street food[90] including the Asian inspired beef Yaka mein
Dialect[link]
New Orleans has developed a distinctive local dialect of American English over the years that is neither Cajun nor the stereotypical Southern accent, so often misportrayed by film and television actors. It does, like earlier Southern Englishes, feature frequent deletion of the post-vocalic "r". This dialect is quite similar to New York City area accents such as "Brooklynese", to people unfamiliar with either.[91][92] There are many theories regarding how it came to be, but it likely resulted from New Orleans' geographic isolation by water and the fact that the city was a major immigration port throughout the 19th century. As a result, many of the ethnic groups who reside in Brooklyn also reside in New Orleans, such as the Irish, Italians (especially Sicilians), and Germans, among others, as well as a very sizable Jewish community.[93]
One of the strongest varieties of the New Orleans accent is sometimes identified as the Yat dialect, from the greeting "Where y'at?" This distinctive accent is dying out generation by generation in the city itself, but remains very strong in the surrounding parishes.
Less visibly, various ethnic groups throughout the area have retained their distinctive language traditions to this day. Although rare, Kreyol Lwiziyen is still spoken by the Creoles. Also rare, an archaic Louisiana-Canarian Spanish dialect is spoken by the Isleño people, but it can usually only be heard by older members of the population.
Sports[link]
.svg)
Main article: Sports in New Orleans
New Orleans' professional sports teams include the 2009 Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints (NFL), the New Orleans Hornets (NBA), the New Orleans Zephyrs (PCL), and returning for the 2011 season, the New Orleans VooDoo (AFL).[94] It is also home to the Big Easy Rollergirls, an all-female flat track roller derby team, and the New Orleans Blaze, a women's football team.[95][96] A local group of investors began conducting a study in 2007 to see if the city could support a Major League Soccer team.[97]
The Louisiana Superdome is the home of the Saints, the Sugar Bowl, and other prominent events. It has hosted the Super Bowl a record six times (1978, 1981, 1986, 1990, 1997, 2002) and will host again in 2013. The New Orleans Arena is the home of the Hornets, VooDoo, and many events that are not large enough to need the Superdome. New Orleans is also home to the Fair Grounds Race Course, the nation's third-oldest thoroughbred track. The city's Lakefront Arena has also been home to sporting events.
Each year New Orleans plays host to the Sugar Bowl, the New Orleans Bowl and the Zurich Classic, a golf tournament on the PGA Tour. In addition, it has often hosted major sporting events that have no permanent home, such as the Super Bowl, ArenaBowl, NBA All-Star Game, BCS National Championship Game, and the NCAA Final Four. The Rock ‘n’ Roll Mardi Gras Marathon and the Crescent City Classic are two road running events held annually in the city.
Economy[link]
New Orleans is home to one of the largest and busiest ports in the world, and metropolitan New Orleans is a center of maritime industry. The New Orleans region also accounts for a significant portion of the nation's oil refining and petrochemical production, and serves as a white collar corporate base for onshore and offshore petroleum and natural gas production. New Orleans is a center for higher learning, with over 50,000 students enrolled in the region's eleven two- and four-year degree granting institutions. A top 50 research university, Tulane University, is located in New Orleans' Uptown neighborhood. Metropolitan New Orleans is a major regional hub for the health care industry and boasts a small, globally competitive manufacturing sector. The center city possesses a rapidly growing, entrepreneurial creative industries sector, and is, of course, renowned for its cultural tourism. Greater New Orleans, Inc. (GNO, Inc.)[2] acts as the first point-of-contact for regional economic development and is slotted between Louisiana's Department of Economic Development and the various parochial business development agencies.
New Orleans came into being to act as a strategically located trading entrepot, and it remains, above all, a crucial transportation hub and distribution center for waterborne commerce. The Port of New Orleans is the 5th-largest port in the United States based on volume of cargo handled, second-largest in the state after the Port of South Louisiana, and 12th-largest in the U.S., based on value of cargo. The Port of South Louisiana, also based in the New Orleans area, is the world's busiest in terms of bulk tonnage and, when combined with the Port of New Orleans, it forms the 4th-largest port system in volume handled. Many shipbuilding, shipping, logistics, freight forwarding and commodity brokerage firms either call metropolitan New Orleans home or maintain a large local presence. Examples include Intermarine, Bisso Towboat, Northrop Grumman Ship Systems, Trinity Yachts, Expeditors International, Bollinger Shipyards, IMTT, International Coffee Corp, Boasso America, Transoceanic Shipping, Transportation Consultants Inc., Dupuy Storage & Forwarding and Silocaf. The largest coffee-roasting plant in the world, operated by Folgers, is located in New Orleans East.
Like Houston, New Orleans is located in proximity to the Gulf of Mexico and the many oil rigs that lie just offshore. Louisiana ranks fifth in oil production and eighth in reserves in the United States. It is also home to two of the four Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) storage facilities: West Hackberry in Cameron Parish and Bayou Choctaw in Iberville Parish. Other infrastructure includes 17 petroleum refineries with a combined crude oil distillation capacity of nearly 2.8 million barrels per day (450,000 m3/d), the second highest in the nation after Texas. Louisiana's numerous ports include the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP), which is capable of receiving ultra large oil tankers. Given the quantity of oil importing, Louisiana is home to many major pipelines supplying the nation: Crude Oil (Exxon, Chevron, BP, Texaco, Shell, Scurloch-Permian, Mid-Valley, Calumet, Conoco, Koch Industries, Unocal, U.S. Dept. of Energy, Locap); Product (TEPPCO Partners, Colonial, Plantation, Explorer, Texaco, Collins); and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Dixie, TEPPCO, Black Lake, Koch, Chevron, Dynegy, Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, Dow Chemical Company, Bridgeline, FMP, Tejas, Texaco, UTP).[98] Several major energy companies have regional headquarters in the city or its suburbs, including Royal Dutch Shell, Eni and Chevron. Numerous other energy producers and oilfield services companies are also headquartered in the city or region, and the sector supports a large professional services base of specialized engineering and design firms, as well as an office for the federal government's Minerals Management Service.
The city is the home to a single Fortune 500 company: Entergy, a power generation utility and nuclear powerplant operations specialist. In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, the city lost its other Fortune 500 company, Freeport-McMoRan, when it merged its copper and gold exploration unit with an Arizona company and relocated that division to Phoenix, Arizona. Its McMoRan Exploration affiliate remains headquartered in New Orleans. Other companies either headquartered or with significant operations in New Orleans include: Pan American Life Insurance, Pool Corp, Rolls-Royce, Newpark Resources, AT&T, TurboSquid, iSeatz, IBM, Navtech, Superior Energy Services, Textron Marine & Land Systems, McDermott International, Pellerin Milnor, Lockheed Martin, Imperial Trading, Laitram, Harrah's Entertainment, Stewart Enterprises, Edison Chouest Offshore, Zatarain's, Waldemar S. Nelson & Co., Whitney National Bank, Capital One, Tidewater Marine, Popeyes Chicken & Biscuits, Parsons Brinckerhoff, MWH Global, CH2M HILL, Energy Partners Ltd. and The Receivables Exchange.
Tourism is another staple of the city's economy. Perhaps more visible than any other sector, New Orleans' tourist and convention industry is a $5.5 billion juggernaut that accounts for 40 percent of New Orleans' tax revenues. In 2004, the hospitality industry employed 85,000 people, making it New Orleans' top economic sector as measured by employment totals.[69] The city also hosts the World Cultural Economic Forum (WCEF). The forum, held annually at the New Orleans Morial Convention Center, is directed toward promoting cultural and economic development opportunities through the strategic convening of cultural ambassadors and leaders from around the world. The first WCEF took place in October 2008.[99]
The federal government has a significant presence in the area. NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility is located in New Orleans East and is operated by Lockheed Martin. It is a large manufacturing facility where the external fuel tanks for the space shuttles are produced. The Michoud facility lies within the enormous New Orleans Regional Business Park, also home to the National Finance Center, operated by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Crescent Crown distribution center. Other large governmental installations include the U.S. Navy's Space and Naval Warfare (SPAWAR) Systems Command, located within the University of New Orleans Research and Technology Park in Gentilly, NAS New Orleans, the future headquarters for the Marine Force Reserves, slated for Federal City in Algiers and the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals.
Top employers[link]
According to the City's 2008 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[100] the top employers in the city are:
| # | Employer | # of employees |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ochsner Health System | 10,000 |
| 2 | Tulane University | 3,700 |
| 3 | Acme Truck Line | 2,100 |
| 4 | Al Copeland Investments | 2,071 |
| 5 | Vinson Guard Services | 1,700 |
| 6 | Touro Infirmary | 1,514 |
| 7 | American Nursing Services | 1,500 |
| 7 | Boh Bros. Construction | 1,500 |
| 9 | Laitram | 1,166 |
| 10 | United States Services Group | 1,004 |
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1769* | 3,190 | — |
| 1785* | 4,980 | +56.1% |
| 1788* | 5,331 | +7.0% |
| 1797* | 8,056 | +51.1% |
| 1810 | 17,242 | +114.0% |
| 1820 | 27,176 | +57.6% |
| 1830 | 46,082 | +69.6% |
| 1840 | 102,193 | +121.8% |
| 1850 | 116,375 | +13.9% |
| 1860 | 168,675 | +44.9% |
| 1870 | 191,418 | +13.5% |
| 1880 | 216,090 | +12.9% |
| 1890 | 242,039 | +12.0% |
| 1900 | 287,104 | +18.6% |
| 1910 | 339,075 | +18.1% |
| 1920 | 387,219 | +14.2% |
| 1930 | 458,762 | +18.5% |
| 1940 | 494,537 | +7.8% |
| 1950 | 570,445 | +15.3% |
| 1960 | 627,525 | +10.0% |
| 1970 | 593,471 | −5.4% |
| 1980 | 557,515 | −6.1% |
| 1990 | 496,938 | −10.9% |
| 2000 | 484,674 | −2.5% |
| 2010 | 343,829 | −29.1% |
| Population given for the City of New Orleans, not for Orleans Parish, before New Orleans absorbed the remaining suburbs and rural areas in Orleans Parish in 1874. Population for Orleans Parish was 41,351 in 1820; 49,826 in 1830; 102,193 in 1840; 119,460 in 1850; 174,491 in 1860; and 191,418 in 1870.
Historical Population Figures[40] [101][102][103][104] |
||
According to the 2010 Census, 343,829 people and 189,896 households were in New Orleans. The racial and ethnic makeup of the city was 60.2% African American, 33.0% White, 2.9% Asian (1.7% Vietnamese, 0.3% Indian, 0.3% Chinese, 0.1% Filipino, 0.1% Korean), 0.0% Pacific Islander, and 1.7% were people of two or more races. People of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 5.3% of the population; 1.3% of New Orleans is Mexican, 1.3% Honduran, 0.4% Cuban, 0.3% Puerto Rican, and 0.3% Nicaraguan.[105]
The last population estimate before Hurricane Katrina was 454,865, as of July 1, 2005.[106] A population analysis released in August 2007 estimated the population to be 273,000, 60% of the pre-Katrina population and an increase of about 50,000 since July 2006.[107] A September 2007 report by The Greater New Orleans Community Data Center, which tracks population based on U.S. Postal Service figures, found that in August 2007, just over 137,000 households received mail. That compares with about 198,000 households in July 2005, representing about 70% of pre-Katrina population.[108] More recently, the Census Bureau revised upward its 2008 population estimate for the city, to 336,644 inhabitants.[40] In 2010, estimates showed that neighborhoods that did not flood were near 100% of their pre-Katrina populations, and in some cases, exceeded 100% of their pre-Katrina populations.[41]
A 2006 study by researchers at Tulane University and the University of California, Berkeley determined that there are as many as 10,000 to 14,000 illegal immigrants, many from Mexico, currently residing in New Orleans.[109] Janet Murguía, president and chief executive officer of the National Council of La Raza, stated that there could be up to 120,000 Hispanic workers in New Orleans. In June 2007, one study stated that the Hispanic population had risen from 15,000, pre-Katrina, to over 50,000.[110]
A recent article released by The Times-Picayune indicated that the metropolitan area had undergone a recent influx of 5,300 households in the later half of 2008, bringing the population to around 469,605 households or 88.1% of its pre-Katrina levels. While the area's population has been on an upward trajectory since the storm, much of that growth was attributed to residents returning after Katrina. Many observers predicted that growth would taper off, but the data center's analysis suggests that New Orleans and the surrounding parishes are benefiting from an economic migration resulting from the global financial crisis of 2008–2009.[111][112]
Religion[link]
File:Stlouiscathedralnight.jpg
Saint Louis Catholic Cathedral is a symbol of New Orleans.
New Orleans is notably absent from the Protestant Bible Belt that dominates religion in the Southern United States. In New Orleans and the surrounding Louisiana Gulf Coast area, the predominant religion is Catholicism. Within the Archdiocese of New Orleans (which includes not only the city but the surrounding Parishes as well), 35.9% percent of the population is Roman Catholic.[113] The influence of Catholicism is reflected in many of the city's French and Spanish cultural traditions, including its many parochial schools, street names, architecture, and festivals, including Mardi Gras.
New Orleans also famously has a presence of its distinctive variety of Louisiana Voodoo, due in part to syncretism with Roman Catholic beliefs, the fame of voodoo practitioner Marie Laveau, and New Orleans' distinctly Caribbean cultural influences.[114][115][116] Although the exotic image of Voodoo within the city has been highly promoted by the tourism industry, there are only a small number of serious adherents to the religion.
New Orleans' pre-Katrina population of 10,000 Jews has now dropped to 7,000. In the wake of Katrina, all New Orleans synagogues lost members, but were able to re-open in their original locations, except for Congregation Beth Israel, the oldest and most prominent Orthodox synagogue in the New Orleans region. Beth Israel's building in Lakeview was destroyed by flooding, and it is currently in temporary quarters in Metairie.[117]
Government[link]
See also: List of mayors of New Orleans
 |
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009) |
New Orleans has a mayor-council government. The city council consists of seven council members, who are elected by district and two at-large councilmembers. The current mayor, Mitch Landrieu, was elected on February 6, 2010 and assumed office on May 3, 2010.[118][119] The Orleans Parish Civil Sheriff's Office serves papers involving lawsuits and provides security for the Civil District Court and Juvenile Courts. The Criminal Sheriff, Marlin Gusman, maintains the parish prison system, provides security for the Criminal District Court, and provides backup for the New Orleans Police Department on an as-needed basis.
The city of New Orleans and the parish of Orleans operate as a merged city-parish government.[120] Before the city of New Orleans became co-extensive with Orleans Parish, Orleans Parish was home to numerous smaller communities. The original city of New Orleans was composed of what are now the 1st through 9th wards. The city of Lafayette (including the Garden District) was added in 1852 as the 10th and 11th wards. In 1870, Jefferson City, including Faubourg Bouligny and much of the Audubon and University areas, was annexed as the 12th, 13th, and 14th wards. Algiers, on the west bank of the Mississippi, was also annexed in 1870, becoming the 15th ward.
New Orleans' government is now largely centralized in the city council and mayor's office, but it maintains a number of relics from earlier systems when various sections of the city ran much of their affairs separately. For example, New Orleans has seven elected tax assessors, each with their own staff, representing various districts of the city, rather than one centralized office. A constitutional amendment passed on November 7, 2006, will consolidate the seven assessors into one by 2010. On February 18, 2010, Errol Williams was elected as the first city-wide assessor.[121] The New Orleans government operates both a fire department and the New Orleans Emergency Medical Services.
Federal representation[link]
The United States Postal Service operates post offices in New Orleans. The New Orleans Main Post Office is at 701 Loyola Avenue in the Central Business District.[122]
Crime and safety[link]
See also: New Orleans Police Department
Crime has been recognized as an ongoing problem for New Orleans, although the issue is outside the view of most visitors to the city: as in other cities in the United States of comparable size, the incidence of homicide and other violent crimes is highly concentrated in certain impoverished neighborhoods, such as housing projects.[123]
Across New Orleans, homicides peaked in 1994 at 86 murders per 100,000 residents.[124] By 2009, despite a 17% decrease in violent crime in the city, the homicide rate remained among the highest[125] in the United States, at between 55 and 64 per 100,000 residents.[126] In 2010, New Orleans was 49 per 100,000.
The violent crime rate was also a key issue in the city's 2010 mayoral race. In January 2007, several thousand New Orleans residents marched through city streets and gathered at City Hall for a rally demanding police and city leaders tackle the crime problem. Mayor Ray Nagin said he was "totally and solely focused" on addressing the problem. Later, the city implemented checkpoints during late night hours in problem areas.[127]
Education[link]
Schools[link]
New Orleans Public Schools (NOPS) is the name given to the city's public school system. Pre-Katrina, NOPS was one of the area's largest systems (along with the Jefferson Parish public school system). In the years leading up to Hurricane Katrina, the New Orleans public school system was widely recognized as the lowest performing school district in Louisiana. According to researchers Carl L. Bankston and Stephen J. Caldas, only 12 of the 103 public schools within the city limits of New Orleans showed reasonably good performance at the beginning of the 21st century.[128]
Following Hurricane Katrina, the state of Louisiana took over most of the schools within the system (all schools that fell into a nominal "worst-performing" metric); many of these schools, in addition to others that were not subject to state takeover, were subsequently granted operating charters giving them administrative independence from the Orleans Parish School Board, the Recovery School District and/or the Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education (BESE). Presently, the majority of public school students in the NOPS system attend these independent public charter schools, the highest percentage in the nation.[129]
The last few years have witnessed significant and sustained gains in student achievement, as outside operators like KIPP, the Algiers Charter School Network, and the Capital One – University of New Orleans Charter School Network have assumed control of dozens of schools. The most recent release of annual school performance scores (October 2009) demonstrated continued growth in the academic performance of New Orleans' public schools. If the scores of all public schools in New Orleans (Orleans Parish School Board-chartered, Recovery School District-chartered, Recovery School District-operated, etc.) are considered, an overall school district performance score of 70.6 results. This score represents a 6% increase over an equivalent 2008 metric, and a 24% improvement when measured against an equivalent pre-Katrina (2004) metric, when a district score of 56.9 was posted.[130] Notably, this score of 70.6 approaches the score (78.4) posted in 2009 by the adjacent, suburban Jefferson Parish public school system, though that system's performance score is itself below the state average of 91.[131]
This longstanding pattern is changing, however, as the NOPS system is engaged in the most promising and far-reaching public school reforms in the nation, reforms aimed at decentralizing power away from the pre-Katrina school board central bureaucracy to individual school principals and independent public charter school boards, monitoring charter school performance by granting renewable, five-year operating contracts permitting the closure of those not succeeding, and vesting choice in parents of public schools students, allowing them to enroll their children in almost any school in the district.[132]
Colleges and universities[link]
A large number of institutions of higher education exist within the city, including Tulane University and Loyola University New Orleans, the city's major private universities. These universities also administer the city's three professional schools, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University Law School and Loyola University New Orleans College of Law. The University of New Orleans is a large public research university in the city. Dillard University, Southern University at New Orleans and Xavier University of Louisiana are among some of the leading historically black colleges and universities in the United States (Xavier being the only predominantly black Catholic university in the U.S.) Louisiana State University School of Medicine is the state's flagship public university medical school, which also conducts research. Our Lady of Holy Cross College, Notre Dame Seminary and the New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary are several smaller religiously affiliated universities. Other notable schools include Delgado Community College, the William Carey College School of Nursing, the Culinary Institute of New Orleans, Herzing College, and Commonwealth University.
Libraries[link]
There are numerous academic and public libraries and archives in New Orleans, including Monroe Library at Loyola University, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library at Tulane University,[133] the Law Library of Louisiana,[134] and the Earl K. Long Library at the University of New Orleans.[135]
The New Orleans Public Library includes 13 locations, most of which were damaged by Hurricane Katrina. However, only four libraries remained closed in 2007.[136] The main library includes a Louisiana Division housing city archives and special collections.[137]
Other research archives are located at the Historic New Orleans Collection[138] and the Old U.S. Mint.[139]
An independently operated lending library called Iron Rail Book Collective specializes in radical and hard-to-find books. The library contains over 8,000 titles and is open to the public. It was the first library in the city to re-open after Hurricane Katrina.
The Louisiana Historical Association was founded in New Orleans in 1889. It operated first at Howard Memorial Library. Then its own Memorial Hall was added to Howard Library. The design for the new building was undertaken by the New Orleans architect Thomas Sully.[140]
Transportation[link]
Streetcars[link]
Main article: Streetcars in New Orleans
New Orleans has three active streetcar lines. The St. Charles line is the oldest continuously operating streetcar line in America and each car is a historic landmark. The Riverfront line runs parallel to the river from Esplanade Street through the French Quarter to Canal Street to the Convention Center above Julia Street in the Arts District. The Canal Street line uses the Riverfront line tracks from the intersection of Canal Street and Poydras Street, down Canal Street, then branches off and ends at the cemeteries at City Park Avenue, with a spur running from the intersection of Canal and Carrollton Avenue to the entrance of City Park at Esplanade, near the entrance to the New Orleans Museum of Art.
The city's streetcars were also featured in the Tennessee Williams play, A Streetcar Named Desire. The streetcar line to Desire Street became a bus line in 1948. There are proposals to revive a Desire streetcar line, running along the neutral grounds of North Rampart and St. Claude, as far downriver as Poland Avenue, near the Industrial Canal.
Hurricane Katrina destroyed the power lines supplying the St. Charles Avenue line. The associated levee failures flooded the Mid-City facility storing the red streetcars which normally run on the Riverfront and Canal Street lines. Restoration of service has been gradual, with vintage St. Charles line cars running on the Riverfront and Canal lines until the more modern Czech-built red cars are back in service; they are being individually restored at the RTA's facility in the Carrollton neighborhood. On December 23, 2007, streetcars were restored to running on the St. Charles line up to Carrolton Avenue. The much-anticipated re-opening of the second portion of the historic route, which continues until the intersection of Carrolton Avenue and Claiborne Avenue, was commemorated on June 28, 2008.[141]
Bicycling[link]
The city's flat landscape, simple street grid, and mild winters, facilitate bicycle ridership, helping to make New Orleans 8th among U.S. cities in its rate of bicycle and pedestrian transportation,[142] and 6th in terms of the percentage of bicycling commuters.[143] Also, the City's bicyclists benefit from being located at the start of the Mississippi River Trail, a 3,000-mile (4,800 km) bicycle path that stretches from the City's Audubon Park to Minnesota.[144] The first 25 miles (40 km) of the path, through Destrehan, Louisiana, is paved with a smooth macadam surface. Bicyclists looking to cross the River have free access to the City's ferries.[145] Since the 2005 levee-breach, the City has actively sought to promote bicycling by constructing a $1.5 million bike trail from Mid-City to Lake Pontchartrain,[146] and by adding over 37 miles (60 km) of bicycle lanes to various streets, including St. Charles Avenue.[142] In 2009, Tulane University contributed to these efforts by converting the main street through its Uptown campus, McAlister Place, into a pedestrian mall opened to bicycle traffic.[147] In 2010, work began to add a 3.1-mile (5 km) bicycle corridor from the French Quarter to Lakeview, and 14 miles (23 km) of additional bike lanes on existing streets.[143] New Orleans has also been recognized as a place with an abundance of uniquely decorated and uniquely designed bicycles.[148][149]
Buses[link]
Public transportation in the city is operated by the New Orleans Regional Transit Authority ("RTA"). There are many bus routes connecting the city and suburban areas. The RTA lost 200+ buses due to Hurricane Katrina, this would mean that there would be a 30–60 minute waiting period for the next bus to come to the bus stop, and the streetcars took until 2008 to return, so the RTA placed an order for 38 Orion VII Next Generation clean diesel buses, which arrived in July 2008. The RTA has these new buses running on biodiesel. The Jefferson Parish Department of Transit Administration[150] operates Jefferson Transit, which provides service between the city and its suburbs.[151]
Roads[link]
See also: Famous streets of New Orleans
New Orleans proper is served by Interstate 10, Interstate 610 and Interstate 510. I-10 travels east-west through the city as the Pontchartrain Expressway. In the far eastern part of the city, New Orleans East, it is known as the Eastern Expressway. I-610 provides a direct shortcut for traffic passing through New Orleans via I-10, allowing that traffic to bypass I-10's southward curve. In the future, New Orleans will have another interstate highway, Interstate 49, which will be extended from its current terminus in Lafayette to the city.
In addition to the interstate highways, U.S. 90 travels through the city, while U.S. 61 terminates in the city's downtown center. In addition, U.S. 11 terminates in the eastern portion of the city.
New Orleans is home to many bridges, the tolled Crescent City Connection is perhaps the most notable. It serves as New Orleans' major bridge across the Mississippi River, providing a connection between the city's downtown on the eastbank and its westbank suburbs. Other bridges that cross the Mississippi River in the New Orleans area are the Huey P. Long Bridge, over which U.S. 90 travels, and the Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge, which carries Interstate 310.
The Twin Span Bridge, a five-mile (8 km) causeway in eastern New Orleans, carries I-10 across Lake Pontchartrain. Also in eastern New Orleans, Interstate 510/LA 47 travels across the Intracoastal Waterway/Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal via the Paris Road Bridge, connecting New Orleans East and suburban Chalmette.
The tolled Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, consisting of two parallel bridges are, at 24 miles (39 km) long, the longest bridges in the world. Built in the 1950s (southbound span) and 1960s (northbound span), the bridges connect New Orleans with its suburbs on the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain via Metairie.
Airports[link]
The metropolitan area is served by the Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport, located in the suburb of Kenner. New Orleans also has several regional airports located throughout the metropolitan area. These include the Lakefront Airport, Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans (locally known as Callendar Field) in the suburb of Belle Chasse and "Southern Seaplane", also located in Belle Chasse. Southern Seaplane has a 3,200-foot (980 m) runway for wheeled planes and a 5,000-foot (1,500 m) water runway for seaplanes. New Orleans International suffered some damage as a result of Hurricane Katrina, but as of April 2007, it contained the most traffic and is the busiest airport in the state of Louisiana and the sixth busiest in the Southeast.
Rail[link]
The city is served by rail via Amtrak. The New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal is the central rail depot, and is served by three trains: the Crescent, operating between New Orleans and New York City; the City of New Orleans, operating between New Orleans and Chicago; and the Sunset Limited, operating through New Orleans between Orlando and Los Angeles. From late August 2005 to the present, the Sunset Limited has remained officially a Orlando-to-Los Angeles train, being considered temporarily truncated due to the lingering effects of Hurricane Katrina. At first (until late October 2005) it was truncated to a San Antonio-to-Los Angeles service; since then (from late October 2005 on) it has been truncated to a New Orleans-to-Los Angeles service. As time has passed, particularly since the January 2006 completion of the rebuilding of damaged tracks east of New Orleans by their owner, CSX Transportation, the obstacles to restoration of the Sunset Limited's full route have been more managerial and political than physical.
With the strategic benefits of both a major international port and one of the few double-track Mississippi River crossings, the city is served by six of the seven Class I railroads in North America: Union Pacific Railroad, BNSF Railway, Norfolk Southern Railway, Kansas City Southern Railway, CSX Transportation and Canadian National Railway. The New Orleans Public Belt Railroad provides interchange services between the railroads.
Recently, many have proposed extending New Orleans' public transit system by adding light rail routes from downtown, along Airline Highway through the airport to Baton Rouge and from downtown to Slidell and the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Proponents of this idea claim that these new routes would boost the region's economy, which has been badly damaged by Hurricane Katrina, and serve as an evacuation option for hospital patients out of the city.[152]
Algiers Ferry[link]
Main article: Algiers Ferry
The Canal Street Ferry connects the heart of New Orleans with the neighborhood of Algiers Point on the other side of the Mississippi River. The Canal Street/Gretna Ferry services Gretna, Louisiana through a separate route.[145] This service has been in continuous operation since 1827 and runs from 6 am until midnight. The Gretna Ferry is free in both directions, although it serves pedestrians and bicyclists only.
The Algiers Ferry services passenger vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians; cyclists and pedestrians ride the for free in both directions. Vehicles are free from Canal Street to Algiers, but there is a $1 fee when traveling from Algiers to Canal Street.
Sister cities[link]
New Orleans has ten sister cities:[153]
Caracas, Venezuela
Durban, South Africa[154]
Innsbruck, Austria
Juan-les-Pins, France- Maracaibo, Venezuela
Matsue, Shimane, Japan
Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
Pointe-Noire, Republic of the Congo
San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Nicknames[link]
The city's several nicknames are illustrative:
- Crescent City alludes to the course of the Lower Mississippi River around and through the city.[155]
- The Big Easy was possibly a reference by musicians in the early 20th century to the relative ease of finding work there. It also may have originated in the Prohibition era, when the city was considered one big speak-easy due to the inability of the federal government to control alcohol sales in open violation of the 18th Amendment. The term was used by local columnist Betty Gillaud in the 1970s to contrast life in the city to that of New York City.[156] The name also refers to New Orleans' status as a major city, at one time "one of the cheapest places in America to live."
- The City that Care Forgot has been used since at least 1938,[157] and refers to the outwardly easy-going, carefree nature of many of the residents.
- America's Most Interesting City appears on welcome signs at the city limits.
- Hollywood South is a reference to the large number of films, big and small, shot in the city since 2002. Since 2005 the nickname has also frequently been applied to Shreveport, in northwestern Louisiana, which became an important location for movie and television production after Hurricane Katrina displaced shooting in New Orleans.[158]
- The Northernmost Caribbean City is a reference from The Boston Globe, as well as other travel guides due in part to the similarities of culture with the Caribbean islands.[116]
See also[link]
- Hurricane on the Bayou (film)
- Île d'Orléans, Louisiana
- List of National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana
- List of people from New Orleans, Louisiana
- Mississippi Suite, the fourth movement is an orchestral portrayal of Mardi Gras of the streets of the French Quarter
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Orleans Parish, Louisiana
- New Orleans in fiction
- Orléans, France
- The development of the port of New-Orleans, thesis by Jacques Chirac (1954)
- USS New Orleans
- USS Orleans Parish
References[link]
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Louisiana's 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting". Census 2010 News. http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn13.html.
- ^ "Largest U.S. Cities by Population, 1850-2010", U.S Census Bureau, in World Almanac and Book of Facts 2012, p. 613.
- ^ "Largest U.S. Metropolitan Areas by Population, 1990-2010", U.S. Census Bureau, in World Almanac and Book of Facts 2012, p. 612.
- ^ U.S. Combined Statistical Areas 2010,[1]
- ^ Cultures well represented in New Orleans' history include African American, Creole, Cajun, French, German, Irish, Italian, Jewish, Latino, Spanish, and Vietnamese. "The Founding French Fathers". http://www.neworleansonline.com/neworleans/multicultural/multiculturalhistory/index.html. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
- ^ a b "New Orleans: The Birthplace of Jazz" (primarily excerpted from Jazz: A History of America's Music). PBS – JAZZ A Film By Ken Burns. http://www.pbs.org/jazz/places/places_new_orleans.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
- ^ "America Savors Its Music During Jazz Appreciation Month". U.S. Dept. of State – USINFO. http://usinfo.state.gov/scv/Archive/2006/Apr/03-859354.html. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
- ^ The term "most unique" is grammatically incorrect, as the word "unique" is a superlative. See for example:
Merriam-Webster Dictionary of American Usage, Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1994.
Fowler, Henry, A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA, 2003.
Nicholson, Margaret, A Dictionary of American English Usage, New York: Oxford University Press, 1957. - ^ Institute of New Orleans History and Culture at Gwynedd-Mercy College
- ^ Behind the Scenes: Hurricane on the Bayou
- ^ David Billings, "New Orleans: A Choice Between Destruction and Reparations", The Fellowship of Reconciliation, November/December 2005
- ^ Bring New Orleans Back
- ^ Spike Lee offers his take on Hurricane Katrina, by Damian Dovarganes, Associated Press, July 14, 2006
- ^ a b "Orleans Parish History and Information". http://www.mylouisianagenealogy.com/la_county/or.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
- ^ "Louisiana Parish Map with Administrative Cities". http://geology.com/county-map/louisiana.shtml. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
- ^ a b "Home Rule Charter of the City of New Orleans as amended through January 1, 1996". 1996-01-01. http://www.nola.gov/en/City-Information/City-Charter.aspx. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
- ^ * Mitchell, Barbara (Autumn 2010). "America's Spanish Savior: Bernardo de Gálvez marches to rescue the colonies". MHQ (Military History Quarterly): pp. 98–104. http://www.historynet.com/mhq.
- ^ "National Park Service. Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings. Ursuline Convent.". http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/explorers/sitec23.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- ^ "Haitian Immigration: 18th & 19th Centuries", In Motion: African American Migration Experience, New York Public Library], accessed 7 May 2008
- ^ The Bourgeois Frontier : French towns, French traders, and American expansion by Jay Gitlin. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10118-8 pg 54
- ^ "History of Les Gens De Couleur Libres". http://www.creolehistory.com/. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
- ^ Walter Johnson, Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999, p.2 and 6
- ^ Quoted in The Bourgeois Frontier : French towns, French traders, and American expansion by Jay Gitlin. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10118-8 pg 159
- ^ Lewis, Peirce F., New Orleans: The Making of an Urban Landscape, Santa Fe, 2003, p.175
- ^ "The Ustica Connection". http://www.ustica.org/san_bartolomeo/catalog/civilwar.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
- ^ a b The Bourgeois Frontier: French towns, French traders, and American expansion by Jay Gitlin. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10118-8 pg 166
- ^ The Bourgeois Frontier : French towns, French traders, and American expansion by Jay Gitlin. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10118-8 pg 180
- ^ Gumbo Ya-Ya: Folk Tales of Louisiana by Robert Tallant & Lyle Saxon. Louisiana Library Commission: 1945 pg 178
- ^ a b c Lewis, Peirce F., New Orleans: The Making of an Urban Landscape, Santa Fe, 2003, p. 175.
- ^ "Louisiana - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ Germany, Kent B., New Orleans After the Promises: Poverty, Citizenship and the Search for the Great Society, Athens, 2007, pp. 3–5
- ^ a b Glassman, James K., "New Orleans: I have Seen the Future, and It's Houston", The Atlantic Monthly, July 1978
- ^ Kusky, Timothy M. (2005-12-29) (PDF). Why is New Orleans Sinking?. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , Saint Louis University. Archived from the original on 2006-06-23. http://web.archive.org/web/20060623092455/http://www.eas.slu.edu/People/TMKusky/original+files/Why+is+New+Orleans+Sinking.pdf. Retrieved 2006-06-17.
- ^ O'Hanlon, Larry (2006-03-31). "New Orleans Sits Atop Giant Landslide". Discovery Channel. Archived from the original on 2006-06-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20060614211349/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/20060327/neworleans_pla.html. Retrieved 2006-06-17.
- ^ Kevin Baker "The Future of New Orleans", American Heritage, April/May 2006.
- ^ Marshall, Bob (2005-11-30). "17th Street Canal levee was doomed". The Times-Picayune. http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?/base/news-4/1133336859287360.xml. Retrieved 2006-03-12.
- ^ "Deaths of evacuees push toll to 1,577". nola.com. http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?/base/news-5/1148020620117480.xml&coll=1. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
- ^ "Mayor: Parts of New Orleans to reopen". CNN.com. September 15, 2005. http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/09/15/katrina.impact/index.html. Retrieved 2006-05-02.
- ^ "N.O. head count gains steam", The Times-Picayune, August 9, 2007. Retrieved August 14, 2007.
- ^ a b c "New Orleans' population estimate was low by 25,000, Census says", The Times-Picayune, January 8, 2010.
- ^ a b Nola.com
- ^ "New Orleans Braces for Convention Comeback". Archived from the original on 2008-05-20. http://web.archive.org/web/20080520104030/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/06/21/ap/business/mainD8ICG2NG0.shtml. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
- ^ "New Orleans Convention and Visitors Bureau". http://www.neworleanscvb.com/articles/index.cfm/action/articles/typeID/1. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
- ^ Nola.com
- ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
- ^ "United States Summary: 2000" (pdf). United States Census Bureau. 2004-04-01. pp. 165. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc3-us-pt1.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
- ^ Strecker, M. (2006-07-24). "A New Look at Subsidence Issues". http://www2.tulane.edu/article_news_details.cfm?ArticleID=6662.
- ^ a b c The New Orleans Hurricane Protection System: What Went Wrong and Why. Report by the American Society of Civil Engineers.
- ^ Williams, L. Higher Ground – A study finds that New Orleans has plenty of real estate above sea level that is being underutilized. The Times Picayune, April 21, 2007.
- ^ "New Orleans People, Pets Flee Flood (photographs)" National Geographic, August 30, 2005.
- ^ Floodwaters, tensions rise in New Orleans. CNN, August 31, 2005.
- ^ Barry, J.M.. "What You Need to Know About Katrina-- and Don't-- Why It Makes Economic Sense to Protect and Rebuild New Orleans.". http://johnmbarry.com/bio.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
- ^ President Bush signs OCS revenue sharing bill; Statement by Governor Kathleen Babineaux Blanco. From: gov.louisiana.gov, December 20, 2006.
- ^ Walsh, B. Blanco, Nagin lobby for Louisiana aid. The Times Picayune, October 17, 2007.
- ^ "Levees Cannot Fully Eliminate Risk of Flooding to New Orleans" National Academy of Sciences, April 24, 2009
- ^ "NCDC: U.S. Climate Normals". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/la/166660.pdf.
- ^ "Climatological Normals of New Orleans". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/n_america/us/new_orleans_e.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
- ^ "Monthly Averages for New Orleans, LA". http://www.weather.com/outlook/recreation/outdoors/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USLA0338?from=search. Retrieved 2006-08-06.
- ^ Tidwell, Mike (2006). The Ravaging Tide: Strange Weather, Future Katrinas, and the Coming Death of America's Coastal Cities. Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-9470-X.
- ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency
- ^ a b c See Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans#Early 20th century hurricanes
- ^ See Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans#Late 20th century hurricanes
- ^ Ike's effects on New Orleans
- ^ Rita's impact, city by city. Flooding and power outages plague Texas and Louisiana. CNN, September 24, 2005.
- ^ "The Weather Channel's Special Report: Vulnerable Cities – New Orleans, LA". Archived from the original on 2006-04-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20060427160836/http://www.weather.com/newscenter/specialreports/hurricanes/vulnerablecities/neworleans.html. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
- ^ Brock, Eric J. New Orleans, Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina (1999), pp 108–109.
- ^ Part 2-The Plan; Section 1-How We Live; Map-Local and National Register Historic Districts
- ^ U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Travel and Tourism Industries. "Overseas visitors to select U.S. cities/Hawaiian Islands 2001–2000". http://tinet.ita.doc.gov/view/f-2001-45-561/index.html?. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
- ^ a b Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation, and Tourism. "2006–07 Marketing Plan" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2008-04-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20080409095933/http://www.crt.state.la.us/downloads/Appendix_E.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
- ^ "New Orleans Tourism Marketing Corporation" (PDF). http://www.neworleansonline.com/pr/releases/releases/May2007%20Update.pdf.
- ^ "America's Favorite Cities". Travel + Leisure. 2010-06-10. http://www.travelandleisure.com/afc/2009.
- ^ Nola.com
- ^ "Treme film studio work begins". http://lafilm.org/media/index.cfm?id=835. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
- ^ "Blanco okays Broadway South tax credit program". http://www.wwltv.com/topstories/stories/wwl072007.html. Retrieved 2007-03-23. [dead link]
- ^ a b Huey, Steve. "Eyehategod". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p38682/biography. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
- ^ a b York, William. "Soilent Green". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p206627/biography. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
- ^ a b Huey, Steve. "Crowbar". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p12635/biography. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
- ^ a b Prato, Greg. "Down". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p168208/biography. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
- ^ Gambit Weekly
- ^ Nielsen Reports 1.1% increase in U.S. Television Households for the 2006–2007 Season. Nielson Media Research, August 23, 2006.
- ^ WWOZ official website
- ^ Facts about WWOZ
- ^ WTUL official website
- ^ WTUL New Orleans
- ^ WTUL NEW ORLEANS Schedule
- ^ Thompson, Richard. "Real World New Orleans: Toothbrush-as-toilet scrubber sickens housemate, triggers police action" Nola.com; March 21, 2010
- ^ Martin, Michael. "MTV Real World Back to New Orleans Filming Ends" Michael Martin Agency; May 12, 2010
- ^ Real World: Back to New Orleans Trailer; Vevmo
- ^ http://www.nola.com/tv/index.ssf/2011/08/bad_girls_club_launches_new_or.html |
- ^ "New York Food Journal Guide to New Orleans Street Food". http://www.nyfoodjournal.blogspot.com/2012/03/new-orleans-street-foods-snacks.html.
- ^ Liebling, A. J. (1970). The Earl of Louisiana. Baton Rouge: LSU.
- ^ http://aschmann.net/AmEng/
- ^ "Newcomers' Incentive Extension". Jewish Federation of Greater New Orleans. http://www.jewishnola.com/page.html?ArticleID=165388. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
- ^ Nola.com
- ^ "History of the New Orleans Blaze" (PDF). New Orleans Blaze. 2008-04-03. http://www.neworleansblaze.com/PRpdfs/HistoryoftheNewOrleansBlaze.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-27. [dead link]
- ^ Vargas, Ramon (2007-05-04). "Big Easy Rollergirls deliver bruising derby action". New Orleans CityBusiness. http://www.neworleanscitybusiness.com/viewStory.cfm?recID=18963. Retrieved 2008-09-27. [dead link]
- ^ "New Orleans and Major League Soccer?". ABC26 News. Archived from the original on 2007-05-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20070529061647/http://abc26.trb.com/news/wgno-soccer032007,0,6289823.story?coll=wgno-news-1. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
- ^ Louisiana Quick Facts. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. Retrieved November 12, 2007.
- ^ "World Cultural Economic Forumn". http://www.wcefculture.com. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ City of New Orleans, Louisiana Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, for the year ended December 31, 2008 Retrieved 2011-02-03
- ^ "Population Estimates – 1 July 2008". census.gov. 2010-12-22. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=Search&_name=New+Orleans&_state=&_county=New+Orleans&_cityTown=New+Orleans&_zip=&_sse=on&_lang=en&pctxt=fph. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). "Population Of The 100 Largest Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States: 1790 To 1990". Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html. Retrieved 2006-05-02.
- ^ "Census". United States Census. http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1850a-02.pdf. page 36
- ^ "Historical, demographic, economic, and social data: the United States, 1790–1970". Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan. http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/.
- ^ Factfinder2census.gov
- ^ "Population estimates by parish". US Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/tables/CO-EST2005-01-22.xls. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
- ^ "Expert: N.O. population at 273,000.". wwltv.com. 2007-08-07. Archived from the original on 2008-02-26. http://web.archive.org/web/20080226220005/http://www.wwltv.com/local/stories/wwl080707jbpopulation.104a120f.html. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
- ^ "Mail survey shows N.O. population at 69 percent of Pre-Katrina.". wwltv.com. 2007-09-27. Archived from the original on 2008-03-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20080327040440/http://www.wwltv.com/local/stories/wwl092707tppop.116cbaa40.html. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
- ^ Eaton, Leslie (2006-06-08). "Study Sees Increase in Illegal Hispanic Workers in New Orleans". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/08/us/nationalspecial/08workers.html. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
- ^ Moreno Gonzales, J. Katrina Brought a Wave of Hispanics. Guardian Unlimited, July 2, 2007.
- ^ "Recovery jobs spur metro migration". The Times-Picayne. 2009. http://www.nola.com/timespic/stories/index.ssf?/base/news-32/123087724211250.xml&coll=1. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ^ "Still Waiting for the Recession in New Orleans". Time. 2009-01-02. http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1869398,00.html. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ^ "New Orleans Archdiocese (Catholic-Hierarchy)". http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dnewo.html#stats. Retrieved 2007-01-04.
- ^ New Orleans, "now under the flag of the United States, is still very much a Caribbean city...." "The Pearl of the Antilles and the Crescent City: Historic Maps of the Caribbean in the Latin American Library Map Collections". Latin American Library, Tulane University. Archived from the original on 2006-12-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20061208220708/http://lal.tulane.edu/mapsexib2.html. Retrieved 2007-01-04.
- ^ New Orleans is described as "a Caribbean city, an exuberant, semi-tropical city, perhaps the most hedonistic city in the United States". R.W. Apple, Jr.. "Apple's America" (quoted on ePodunk.com). http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/allProp.php?localID=3502&tpropID=quote&sec=0. Retrieved 2007-01-04.
- ^ a b New Orleans "is often called the northernmost Caribbean city". Kemp, John R. (1997-11-30). "When the painter met the Creoles". The Boston Globe: p. G3. http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/books/books97/christopher_benfey.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-04.
- ^ Smason, Alan. "Hurricane Katrina: 2nd anniversary no homecoming", Cleveland Jewish News, August 24, 2007.
- ^ Nola.com The Times-Picayune. Retrieved on July 6, 2010.
- ^ Nola.com The Times-Picayune. Retrieved on July 6, 2010.
- ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ^ Nola.com The Times-Picayune. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
- ^ "Post Office Location – N O MAIN OFC WINDOW SVE." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on May 5, 2009.
- ^ Ritea S. and T. Young. "Violence thrives on lack of jobs, wealth of drugs" The Times-Picayune, February 8, 2004 .pdf version
- ^ "New Orleans murder rate on the rise again". MSNBC. 2005-08-18. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8999837. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
- ^ "Police chief calls New Orleans top murder rank misleading". The Times-Picayune. 2009-06-03. http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2009/06/police_chief_calls_new_orleans.html. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
- ^ "Despite drop in crime, New Orleans' murder rate continues to lead nation". The Times-Picayune. 2009-06-01. http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2009/06/despite_drop_in_crime_new_orle.html. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
- ^ "New Orleans mayoral candidates can agree: Crime is critical issue". The Times-Picayune. 2009-01-29. http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2010/01/new_orleans_mayoral_candidates_10.html. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
- ^ Bankston III, Carl L. (2002). "A Troubled Dream: The Promise and Failure of School Desegregation in Louisiana". Vanderbilt University. http://www.vanderbiltuniversitypress.com/bookdetail.asp?book_id=3850.
- ^ "RSD looks at making charters pay rent", The Times-Picayune, December 18, 2009.
- ^ "Orleans Parish school performance scores continue to improve", The Times-Picayune, October 14, 2009.
- ^ "Jefferson Parish schools make progress, but still have long way to go: an editorial", The Times-Picayune, October 15, 2009.
- ^ "Vallas wants no return to old ways", The Times-Picayune, July 25, 2009.
- ^ "Howard-Tilton Memorial Library". http://library.tulane.edu/. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
- ^ "Law Library of Louisiana". Louisiana Supreme Court. http://www.lasc.org/law_library/library_information.asp. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
- ^ "Earl K. Long Library". University of New Orleans. http://library.uno.edu/. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
- ^ "NOPL Branches". Hubbell Library. http://www.hubbelllibrary.org/nopl/branches.mgi. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
- ^ "Louisiana Division, City Archives and Special Collections". New Orleans Public Library. http://nutrias.org/~nopl/spec/speclist.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
- ^ "Williams Research Center". Historic New Orleans Collection. http://www.hnoc.org/willcent.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
- ^ "Old US Mint". Louisiana State Museum. http://lsm.crt.state.la.us/mintex.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
- ^ "Kenneth Trist Urquhart, "Seventy Years of the Louisiana Historical Association", March 21, 1959, Alexandria, Louisiana". lahistory.org. http://www.lahistory.org/uploads/UrquhartLHAHistoryFinal.pdf. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
- ^ New Orleans Regional Transit Authority.
- ^ a b Nola.com
- ^ a b Nola.com
- ^ Mississippirivertrail.org
- ^ a b Friendsoftheferry.org
- ^ Nola.com
- ^ Tulane.edu
- ^ Markbattypublisher.com
- ^ See, e.g., Flickr.com
- ^ Department of Transit Administration. The Parish of Jefferson. Retrieved November 12, 2007.
- ^ Jefferson Transit.
- ^ "Consultant Studies New Orleans Rail Project—Moves Back into Area Office After Hurricane". http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-136743390.html. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
- ^ Sister Cities designated by Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI). Retrieved March 22, 2008.
- ^ Hammer, David (2007-09-16). "Marconi Meadows is fertile ground to replant a festival that celebrates diversity". The Times-Picayune. http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/metro/index.ssf?/base/news-24/1189923023135210.xml&coll=1. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
- ^ "New Orleans Nicknames". New Orleans Convention & Visitors Bureau. http://www.neworleanscvb.com/static/index.cfm/contentID/555/sectionID/1/subsectionID/0. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
- ^ Origins of New Orleans Words and Traditions. New Orleans Public Library, Louisiana Division. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
- ^ Ingersoll, Steve (March 2004). "New Orleans—"The City That Care Forgot" and Other Nicknames A Preliminary Investigation". New Orleans Public Library. http://nutrias.org/facts/careforgot.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-09.
- ^ Kamenetz, Anya (September 2007). "The Short, Shady History of Hollywood South". Fast Company (Mansueto Ventures LLC) (118). http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/118/the-short-shady-history-of-hollywood-south.html. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
External links[link]
| Find more about New Orleans on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
 |
Images and media from Commons |
 |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
 |
News stories from Wikinews |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
 |
Source texts from Wikisource |
 |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Official Website of the City of New Orleans
- Official Tourism Website of the City of New Orleans
- New Orleans travel guide by Wikitravel
- History of New Orleans
- New Orleans Collection, 1770–1904 from the New-York Historical Society
- New Orleans PodCasting – Listen to the voices that are rebuilding New Orleans
- A sampling of New Orleans music including jazz, R&B, rock and roll, funk, and brass band
- New Orleans Cemeteries aka "The Cities of the Dead"
- Army Corps of Engineers' New Orleans Risk and Reliability Report – Interactive map showing flood risk
- Geology and Hurricane-Protection Strategies in the Greater New Orleans Area Louisiana Geological Survey publication on geology of New Orleans
- Live Emergency Scanner Feeds Online
- Who's Killing New Orleans? – City Journal
- New Orleans Jazz And Heritage Festival
Coordinates: 29°58′N 90°03′W / 29.967°N 90.05°W / 29.967; -90.05
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/New_Orleans
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/New Orleans
http://es.wn.com/Nueva Orleans
http://ru.wn.com/Новый Орлеан
http://cs.wn.com/New Orleans
http://pt.wn.com/Nova Orleães
http://pl.wn.com/Nowy Orlean
http://hi.wn.com/न्यू ओर्लियंस
http://it.wn.com/New Orleans
http://id.wn.com/New Orleans
http://nl.wn.com/New Orleans (stad)
http://fr.wn.com/La Nouvelle-Orléans
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Gary U.S. Bonds | |
|---|---|
 Gary U.S. Bonds in 1981 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Gary Levone Anderson |
| Born | (1939-06-06) June 6, 1939 (age 73) Jacksonville, Florida |
| Instruments | Vocals |
Gary U.S. Bonds (born Gary Levone Anderson, June 6, 1939, Jacksonville, Florida)[1] is an American rhythm and blues and rock and roll singer. He is also a prolific songwriter.
Contents |
Career[link]
Born in Jacksonville, Florida Bonds was living in Norfolk, Virginia, in the 1950s when he began singing publicly in church, and with a group called The Turks.[1] He joined record producer Frank Guida's small Legrand Records label, and Guida changed Anderson's name to U.S. Bonds in hope that it would be confused with a Public Service Announcement advertising the sale of government bonds and thus get more radio airplay.[2] His first three singles and first album Dance 'Til Quarter to Three were released under the "U.S. Bonds" name, but people mistook it for the name of a group, so to avoid the confusion subsequent releases, including his second album Twist Up Calypso, were released under the name Gary (U.S.) Bonds; the parentheses were discarded in the 1980s.[3]
Bonds's first hit was the song "New Orleans" (reached #6), which was followed by "Not Me", a flop for Bonds but later a hit for The Orlons, and then by his only number one hit, "Quarter to Three" in June 1961. "Quarter To Three" sold one million records, earning a gold disc.[1] Subsequent hits, under his modified name, included "School Is Out" (#5), "Dear Lady Twist" (#9), "School Is In" (#28) and "Twist, Twist, Señora" (#10) in the early 1960s. In a 1963 tour of Europe, he headlined above The Beatles. His hits often featured solos by the saxophonist Gene Barge.[3]
"Quarter to Three" appears on The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll list.
In the early 1980s, Bonds had a career resurgence with two albums Dedication and On the Line, working off collaborations with Bruce Springsteen, Steven Van Zandt, and the E Street Band. Later hits included "This Little Girl" (his comeback hit in 1981, which reached #11 on the pop chart and #5 on the mainstream rock chart), "Jolé Blon" and "Out of Work".[3] Bonds continues to release albums sporadically, and today is a mainstay of the nostalgia concert circuit.
While Bonds is mostly known for achievements within rhythm and blues and rock and roll, he often transcends these genres, e.g. his song "She's All I Got", co-written by Jerry Williams, Jr. (better known as Swamp Dogg), was nominated for the Country Music Association's "Song of the Year" in 1972 when it was a big hit for Johnny Paycheck. He is also an honoree of the Rhythm & Blues Foundation. Bonds is an accomplished golfer and often plays celebrity PGA Tour events.
Bonds released an album in 2004 called Back in 20, the title referencing his repeated sporadic pop-ups of popularity (his first hits were in the 1960s, then again in the 1980s, and now another significant album in the early 2000s, each 20-odd years apart). The album features guest appearances by Bruce Springsteen and Southside Johnny.[3] Bonds was also inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame on October 15, 2006.
In 2009 he released a new album Let Them Talk and toured the UK as a special guest of Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings.[4] Most recently, in 2010, Bonds contributed duet vocals on the song "Umbrella In My Drink" on Southside Johnny's album Pills and Ammo.[5]
[edit] Discography[6]
Studio albums:
- Dance 'til Quarter to Three (1961)
- Twist Up Calypso (1962)
- Dedication (1981)
- On the Line (1982)
- Standing in the Line of Fire (1984)
- Nothing Left to Lose (1996)
- Back in 20 (2004)
- Let Them Talk (2009)
Live albums:
- King Biscuit Flower Hour (Live) (2001)
- Live! (2002)
- From the Front Row... Live! (2003)
- In Concert (2005)
Compilations:
- The Best of Gary U.S. Bonds (60's Material) (1990)
- Take Me Back to New Orleans (60's Singles Compilation) (1994)
- The Best of Gary U.S. Bonds (80's Material) (1996)
- The Very Best of Gary U.S. Bonds: The Original Legrand Masters (60's Material) (1998)
- Certified Soul (Singles from 1968–1970) (2008)
Billboard's Hot 100[link]
| Title | Position | Year |
|---|---|---|
| "New Orleans" | #6 | 1960* |
| "Quarter to Three" | #1 | 1961* |
| "School Is Out" | #5 | 1961* |
| "School Is In" | #28 | 1961* |
| "Dear Lady Twist" | #9 | 1961* |
| "Twist Twist Señora" | #10 | 1962* |
| "Seven Day Weekend" | #27 | 1962* |
| "Copy Cat" | #92 | 1962* |
| "This Little Girl" | #11 | 1981 |
| "Jolé Blon" | #65 | 1981 |
| "Out of Work" | #21 | 1982 |
- * Produced by Frank Guida. over the past 15 years
Philanthropy and humanitarianism[link]
Gary is a member of Global Village Champions Foundation. Global Village Champions has provided over 417 million meals over the past 17 years. Gary's was presented with the Global Village Champion of the Decade award in 2009.
References[link]
- ^ a b c Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 132. ISBN 0-214-20512-6.
- ^ Back in 20. Gary US Bonds - 2004 - MC
- ^ a b c d www.garyusbonds.com
- ^ Bill Wyman website news page
- ^ asburyjukes.net Pills and Ammo Review
- ^ Discography
External links[link]
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bonds, Gary U.S. |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | June 6, 1939 |
| Place of birth | Jacksonville, Florida |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Gary_U.S._Bonds
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Gary U.S. Bonds
http://de.wn.com/Gary U. S. Bonds
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_U.S._Bonds
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
- For the Canadian radio personality with the same name, see Billie Holiday (broadcaster)
| Billie Holiday | |
|---|---|
 Portrait from Down Beat magazine, ca. February 1947 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Eleanora Harris [1] |
| Also known as | Lady Day |
| Born | (1915-04-07)April 7, 1915 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Origin | Harlem, New York, United States |
| Died | July 17, 1959(1959-07-17) (aged 44) New York City, New York, United States |
| Genres | Vocal jazz, jazz blues, torch songs, swing, blues |
| Occupations | Singer, songwriter, actress |
| Instruments | Vocals |
| Years active | 1933–1959 |
| Labels | Brunswick, Vocalion, Okeh, Bluebird, Commodore, Capitol, Decca, Aladdin, Verve, Columbia, MGM |
| Associated acts | Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan, Lena Horne, Carmen McRae |
| Website | Billie Holiday Official Site |
Billie Holiday (born Eleanora Harris[1][2] April 7, 1915 – July 17, 1959) was an American jazz singer and songwriter. Nicknamed "Lady Day" by her friend and musical partner Lester Young, Holiday had a seminal influence on jazz and pop singing. Her vocal style, strongly inspired by jazz instrumentalists, pioneered a new way of manipulating phrasing and tempo.
Critic John Bush wrote that Holiday "changed the art of American pop vocals forever."[3] She co-wrote only a few songs, but several of them have become jazz standards, notably "God Bless the Child", "Don't Explain", "Fine and Mellow", and "Lady Sings the Blues". She also became famous for singing "Easy Living", "Good Morning Heartache", and "Strange Fruit", a protest song which became one of her standards and was made famous with her 1939 recording.
Contents
|
Early life and education[link]
Billie Holiday was born Eleanora Fagan on April 7, 1915, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Sarah Julia "Sadie" Fagan (née Harris). Her father, Clarence Halliday (Holiday), a musician, did not marry or live with her mother. Her mother had moved to Philadelphia when thirteen, after being ejected from her parents' home in Sandtown-Winchester, Baltimore for becoming pregnant. With no support from her own parents, Holiday's mother arranged for the young Holiday to stay with her older married half sister, Eva Miller, who lived in Baltimore.[4]
Billie Holiday had a difficult childhood, her mother often took what were then known as "transportation jobs", serving on the passenger railroads. Holiday was left to be raised largely by Eva Miller's mother-in-law, Martha Miller, and suffered from her mother's absences and leaving her in others' care for much of the first ten years of her life.[5] (Holiday's autobiography, Lady Sings the Blues, first published in 1956, was sketchy about details of her early life, but much was confirmed by Stuart Nicholson in his 1995 biography of the singer.)[citation needed]
Some historians have disputed Holiday's paternity, as a copy of her birth certificate in the Baltimore archives lists the father as "Frank DeViese". Other historians consider this an anomaly, probably inserted by a hospital or government worker.[6] Frank DeViese lived in Philadelphia and Sadie Harris may have known him through her work.
Sadie Harris, then known as Sadie Fagan, married Philip Gough, but the marriage was over in two years. Holiday was left with Martha Miller again while her mother took further transportation jobs.[7] Holiday frequently skipped school and her truancy resulted in her being brought before the juvenile court on January 5, 1925 when she was not yet 10. She was sent to The House of the Good Shepherd, a Catholic reform school. She was baptized there on March 19, 1925 and after nine months in care, was "paroled" on October 3, 1925 to her mother, who had opened a restaurant called the East Side Grill, where she and Holiday worked long hours. By the age of 11, the girl had dropped out of school.[8]
Holiday's mother returned to their home on December 24, 1926, to discover a neighbor, Wilbur Rich, raping Holiday. Rich was arrested. Officials placed the girl at the House of the Good Shepherd in protective custody as a state witness in the rape case.[9] Holiday was released in February 1927, nearly twelve. Holiday and her mother later lived with and worked for a madam. Shortly after working as prostitutes, both Holiday and her mother were arrested. They were released after a short stint in prison.[10] During this time, Holiday first heard the records of Louis Armstrong and Bessie Smith. By the end of 1928, Holiday's mother decided to try her luck in Harlem, New York and left Holiday again with Martha Miller.[11]
Early singing career[link]
During her final period of separation from her mother, Holiday began to perform the songs she learned while working in the brothel. By early 1929, Holiday joined her mother in Harlem. Their landlady was a sharply dressed woman named Florence Williams, who ran a whorehouse at 151 West 140th Street. Holiday's mother became a prostitute and, within a matter of days of arriving in New York, Holiday, who had not yet turned fourteen, also became a prostitute for $5 a time.[12] On May 2, 1929, the house was raided, and Holiday and her mother were sent to prison. After spending some time in a workhouse, her mother was released in July, followed by Holiday in October, at the age of 14.
Holiday took her professional pseudonym from Billie Dove, an actress she admired, and the musician Clarence Holiday, her probable father.[13] At the outset of her career, she spelled her last name Halliday, the birth-surname of her father, but eventually changed it to Holiday, his performing name. The young singer teamed up with a neighbor, tenor sax player Kenneth Hollan. From 1929 to 1931, they were a team, performing at clubs such as the Grey Dawn, Pod's and Jerry's, and the Brooklyn Elks' Club.[14][15] Benny Goodman recalled hearing Holiday in 1931 at The Bright Spot. As her reputation grew, Holiday played at many clubs, including Mexico's and The Alhambra Bar and Grill where Charles Linton, a vocalist who later worked with Chick Webb, first met her. It was also during this period that she connected with her father, who was playing with Fletcher Henderson's band.[16]
By the end of 1932 at the age of 17, Billie Holiday replaced the singer Monette Moore at a club called Covan's on West 132nd Street. The producer John Hammond, who loved Monette Moore's singing and had come to hear her, first heard Holiday in early 1933.[17] Hammond arranged for Holiday to make her recording debut, at age 18, in November 1933 with Benny Goodman, singing two songs: "Your Mother's Son-In-Law" and "Riffin' the Scotch", the latter being her first hit. "Son-in-Law" sold 300 copies,[18] but "Riffin' the Scotch," released on November 11, sold 5,000 copies. Hammond was quite impressed by Holiday's singing style. He said of her, "Her singing almost changed my music tastes and my musical life, because she was the first girl singer I'd come across who actually sang like an improvising jazz genius." Hammond compared Holiday favorably to Armstrong and said she had a good sense of lyric content at her young age.[19]
In 1935, Billie Holiday had a small role as a woman being abused by her lover in Duke Ellington's short Symphony in Black: A Rhapsody of Negro Life. In her scene, she sang the song "Saddest Tale."[20]
Recordings with Teddy Wilson (1935–1938)[link]
Holiday was signed to Brunswick Records by John Hammond to record current pop tunes with Teddy Wilson in the new "swing" style for the growing jukebox trade. They were given free rein to improvise the material. Holiday's improvisation of the melody line to fit the emotion was revolutionary. Their first collaboration included "What a Little Moonlight Can Do," and "Miss Brown To You." The record label did not favor the recording session, because producers wanted Holiday to sound more like Cleo Brown. After "What a Little Moonlight Can Do" garnered success, however, the company began considering Holiday an artist in her own right.[21] She began recording under her own name a year later (on the 35 cent Vocalion label), producing a series of extraordinary performances with groups comprising the swing era's finest musicians.[22]
With their arrangements, Wilson and Holiday took pedestrian pop tunes, such as "Twenty-Four Hours a Day" (#6 Pop) or "Yankee Doodle Never Went To Town", and turned them into jazz classics. Most of Holiday's recordings with Wilson or under her own name during the 1930s and early 1940s are regarded as important parts of the jazz vocal library. She was then in her early to late 20s.
Another frequent accompanist was the tenor saxophonist Lester Young, who had been a boarder at her mother's house in 1934 and with whom Holiday had a special rapport. He said,
"Well, I think you can hear that on some of the old records, you know. Some time I'd sit down and listen to 'em myself, and it sound like two of the same voices, if you don't be careful, you know, or the same mind, or something like that."[23]
Young nicknamed her "Lady Day", and she, in turn, dubbed him "Prez".
Hammond spoke about the commercial impact of the Teddy Wilson-Billie Holiday sides from 1935 to 1938, calling them a great asset to Brunswick. The record label, according to Hammond, was broke and unable to record many jazz tunes. Because Wilson, Holiday, Lester Young, and other musicians came into the studio without any arrangements, which cost money, and improvised the material as they went along, the records they produced were very cheap. Holiday was never given any royalties for her work, instead being paid a flat fee, which saved the record label money. Some of the records produced were largely successful, such as the single "I Cried for You" which sold 15,000 copies. Hammond said of the record, "15,000 ... was a giant hit for Brunswick in those days. I mean a giant hit. Most records that made money sold around three to four thousand." [24]
Working for Count Basie and Artie Shaw (1937–1938)[link]
In late 1937, Holiday had a brief stint as a big band vocalist with Count Basie.[25] The traveling conditions of the band were often poor and included one-nighters in clubs, moving from city to city with little stability. Holiday chose the songs she sang and had a hand in the arrangements, choosing to portray her then developing persona of a woman unlucky in love. Her tunes included "I Must Have That Man", "Travelin' All Alone", "I Can't Get Started", and "Summertime", a hit for Holiday in 1936, originating in the opera Porgy and Bess a few years earlier. Count Basie had gotten use to Holiday's heavy involvement in the band. He said, "When she rehearsed with the band, it was really just a matter of getting her tunes like she wanted them, because she knew how she wanted to sound and you couldn't tell her what to do." [26]
Holiday found herself in direct competition with popular singer Ella Fitzgerald, with whom Holiday would later become friends.[27] Fitzgerald was the vocalist for the Chick Webb Band, who were in competition with Count Basie. On Jan 16, 1938, in the same day Benny Goodman performed his legendary Carnegie Hall jazz concert, the Count Basie and Chick Webb bands had a battle at the Savoy Ballroom. Chick Webb and Fitzgerald were declared winners by Metronome magazine. Downbeat magazine declared Holiday and Basie the winners. A straw poll of the audience saw Fitzgerald win by a three-to-one margin.
Some of the tunes Holiday performed with Basie were recorded. "I Can't Get Started", "They Can't Take That Away from Me," and "Swing It Brother Swing," are all commercially available.[28] Although Holiday was unable to record in the studio with Count Basie, she did include many of his musicians in her recording dates with Teddy Wilson.
By February of that year, Holiday was no longer singing for Basie. The reason given for her firing varies from person to person. Jimmy Rushing, Basie's male vocalist, called her unprofessional. According to All Music Guide, Holiday was officially fired for being "temperamental and unreliable". Holiday complained of low pay and working conditions and may have refused to sing the tunes requested of her or change her style.[29]
Holiday was hired by Artie Shaw a month after being fired from the Count Basie Band. This association placed her among the first black women to work with a white orchestra, an unusual arrangement for the times. In situations where there was a lot of racial tension, Shaw was known to stick up for his vocalist. Holiday describes one incident in her autobiography where she could not sit on the bandstand with other vocalists because she was black. Shaw said to her, "I want you on the band stand like Helen Forrest, Tony Pastor and everyone else." [30] When touring the American South, Holiday would sometimes be heckled by members of the audience. In Louisville, Kentucky a man called her a "nigger wench" and requested she sing another song. Holiday lost her temper and needed to be escorted off the stage.[31]
By March 1938, Shaw and Holiday managed to be broadcasted on Radio WABC. Because of their success, they were given an extra time slot to broadcast in April, which increased their exposure. The New York Amsterdam News reported an improvement in Holiday's performance ability while reviewing the broadcasts. Metronome reported that the addition of Holiday to Shaw's band put it in the "top brackets". Holiday could not sing as often during Artie Shaw's shows as she could Basie's. The songs were more instrumental with fewer vocals. Shaw was also pressured to hire a white singer, Nita Bradley, who Holiday did not get along with but had to share a bandstand. In May 1938, Shaw won band battles against Tommy Dorsey and Red Norvo with the audience favoring Holiday. Although Shaw admired Holiday's singing in his band, saying she had a "remarkable ear" and an "remarkable sense of time", her time in the band was nearing an end.[32]
In November 1938 Holiday was asked to use the service elevator at the Lincoln Hotel, instead of the passage elevator, because white patrons of the hotels complained. This may have been the last straw for her. She left the band shortly after. Holiday spoke about the incident weeks later, saying "I was never allowed to visit the bar or the dining room as did other members of the band ... [and] I was made to leave and enter through the kitchen."
There are no surviving live recordings of Holiday with Artie Shaw's band. Because she was under a separate recording label and possibly because of her race, Holiday was only able to record one record with Shaw, "Any Old Time".
By the late 1930s, Billie Holiday had toured with Count Basie and Artie Shaw, scored a string of radio and retail hits with Teddy Wilson, and became an established artist in the recording industry. Her songs "What A Little Moonlight Can Do" and "Easy Living" were being imitated by singers across America and were quickly becoming jazz standards.[33] In 1938, Holiday's single "I'm Gonna Lock My Heart" ranked 6th as the most-played song for September of that year. Her record label Vocalion listed the single as its fourth best seller for the same month. "I'm Gonna Lock My Heart" peaked at number 2 on the pop charts according to Joel Whitburn's "Pop Memories: 1890–1954" book.[34]
Commodore recordings and mainstream success (1939)[link]
Holiday was recording for Columbia in the late 1930s when she was introduced to "Strange Fruit", a song based on a poem about lynching written by Abel Meeropol, a Jewish schoolteacher from the Bronx. Meeropol used the pseudonym "Lewis Allan" for the poem, which was set to music and performed at teachers' union meetings.[35] It was eventually heard by Barney Josephson, proprietor of Café Society, an integrated nightclub in Greenwich Village, who introduced it to Holiday. She performed it at the club in 1939, with some trepidation, fearing possible retaliation. Holiday later said that the imagery in "Strange Fruit" reminded her of her father's death and that this played a role in her resistance to performing it.[36]
When Holiday's producers at Columbia found the subject matter too sensitive, Milt Gabler agreed to record it for his Commodore Records. That was done on April 20, 1939, and "Strange Fruit" remained in her repertoire for twenty years. She later recorded it again for Verve. While the Commodore release did not get any airplay, the controversial song sold well, though Gabler attributed that mostly to the record's other side, "Fine and Mellow", which was a jukebox hit.[37] "The version I did for Commodore," Holiday said of "Strange Fruit", "became my biggest selling record."[citation needed] "Strange Fruit" was the equivalent of a top twenty hit in the 1930s.
For her performance of "Strange Fruit" at the Café Society, she had waiters silence the crowd when the song began. During the song's long introduction, the lights dimmed and all movement had to cease. As Holiday began singing, only a small spotlight of light illuminated her face. On the final note, all lights in the club went out and when they came back on, Holiday was gone.[38]
Holiday said her father Clarence Holiday was denied treatment for a fatal lung disorder because of prejudice and that singing "Strange Fruit" reminded her of the incident. "It reminds me of how Pop died, but I have to keep singing it, not only because people ask for it, but because twenty years after Pop died the things that killed him are still happening in the South," she said in her autobiography.[39]
Holiday's popularity increased after recording "Strange Fruit". She received a mention in Time magazine.[40] "I open Café Society as an unknown," Holiday said. "I left two years later as a star. I needed the prestige and publicity all right, but you can't pay rent with it." Holiday demanded her manager Joe Glaser give her a raise shortly after.[41]
Holiday soon returned to Commodore in 1944, recording songs she made with Teddy Wilson in the 1930s like "I Cover The Waterfront", "I'll Get By", and "He's Funny That Way". She also recorded new songs that were popular at the time, including, "My Old Flame", "How Am I To Know?", "I'm Yours", and "I'll Be Seeing You", a Bing Crosby number one hit. She also recorded her version of "Embraceable You", which would later be inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2005.
During her time at Commodore, Billie Holiday also babysat the young Billy Crystal; his father being Jack Crystal and uncle being Milt Gabler, the co-founders of Commodore Records.[42]
Successes (1940–1947)[link]
Holiday's mother Sadie Fagan, nicknamed "The Duchess," started her own restaurant called Mom Holiday's. Fagan used the money her daughter earned while shooting dice with members of the Count Basie band, whom she was on tour with in the late 1930s. "It kept mom busy and happy and stopped her from worrying and watching over me," Holiday said. Soon, Fagan began borrowing large amounts of money from Holiday because the restaurant wasn't turning a profit. Holiday obliged, but soon fell upon hard times herself. "I needed some money one night and I knew Mom was sure to have some," Holiday said. "So I walked in the restaurant like a stockholder and asked. Mom turned me down flat. She wouldn't give me a cent." The two argued and then, Holiday, in a rage, hollered "God bless the child that's got his own," and stormed out of the restaurant. With help from Arthur Herzog, Jr., a pianist, the two wrote a song based on the line "God Bless the Child" and added music.[43]
"God Bless the Child" became Holiday's most popular and covered record. It reached number 25 on the record charts in 1941 and ranked third in Billboard's top songs of the year, selling over a million records.[44][45] In 1976, the song was added to the Grammy Hall of Fame.[46] Herzog later claimed that Holiday contributed little to the lyrics of her music, adding only a few lines. He also stated that Holiday came up with the line "God Bless the Child" from a dinner conversation the two had.[47]
On June 24, 1942, Holiday recorded "Trav'lin Light" with Paul Whiteman. Because she was still under contract with Columbia records, she couldn't release the song under her own name and instead used the pseudonym "Lady Day."[48] The song was a minor success on the pop charts, reaching number 23, but hit number one on the R&B charts, which were called the Harlem Hit Parade at the time.[49]
In September 1943, Life magazine complimented Holiday on her work. They wrote, "she has the most distinct style of any popular vocalist and is imitated by other vocalists."[50]
Milt Gabler eventually became an A&R man for Decca Records, in addition to owning Commodore Records, and he signed Holiday to the label on August 7, 1944, when Holiday was 29.[51] Her first recording for Decca was "Lover Man" (#16 Pop, #5 R&B), one of her biggest hits. The success and wide distribution of the song made Holiday a staple in the pop community, allowing her to have her own solo concerts, a rarity for jazz singers in the late 40s. Gabler commented on the song's success, saying, "I made Billie a real pop singer. That was right in her. Billie loved those songs."[52] Jimmy Davis and Roger "Ram" Ramirez, "Lover Man"'s songwriters, tried to get Holiday interested in recording the song in 1941, but she didn't take interest.[53] In 1943, a flamboyant male torch singer by the name of Willie Dukes began singing "Lover Man" on 52nd Street.[54] Because of Duke's success with the song, Holiday decided to add it to her live shows. The song's B-side is "No More", a song Holiday considered one of her favorites.[51]
When it came time to record the song, Holiday begged Gabler for strings, which were associated with big name acts like Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgerald, to accompany her in the background. "I went on my knees to him," Holiday said. "I didn't want to do it with the ordinary six pieces. I begged Milt and told him I had to have strings behind me."[55] On October 4, 1944, Holiday walked into the recording studio to record "Lover Man" and saw the string ensemble and walked out. The musical director for the session, Toots Camarata said she was overwhelmed with joy.[55] Another reason for Holiday wanting to use strings may have been to dodge the comparisons made between her commercially successful early work with Teddy Wilson and everything produced afterward. Her 1930s sides with Wilson used a small jazz combo. Her recordings with Decca often involved string ensembles and presented her voice in a new light.[56]
A month later, in November, Billie Holiday returned to the Decca studio to record three songs, "That Ole Devil Called Love", "Big Stuff", and "Don't Explain". Holiday wrote "Don't Explain" after she caught her husband, Jimmy Monroe, with lipstick on his collar.[57]
After the recording session, Holiday did not return to the studio until August 1945. She recorded "Don't Explain", "Big Stuff", "What Is This Thing Called Love?", and "You Better Go Now". Ella Fitzgerald declared "You Better Go Now" as her favorite Billie Holiday recording.[58] "Big Stuff" and "Don't Explain" were recorded again but with additional strings and a viola.
.jpg)
In 1946, Holiday recorded "Good Morning Heartache". Although the song failed to chart, it remained a staple in her live shows with three known live recordings of the song.[59]
In September 1946, Holiday began work on what would be her only major film New Orleans. She starred opposite Louis Armstrong and Woody Herman. Plagued by racism and McCarthyism, producer Jules Levey and script writer Herbert Biberman were pressured to lessen Holiday and Armstrong's role in the film as to not give the impression that black people created jazz. Their attempts failed because in 1947 Biberman was listed as one of the Hollywood Ten and sent to jail.[60]
Holiday was not pleased that her role was reduced to that of a maid: "I thought I was going to play myself in it," she said. "I thought I was going to be Billie Holiday doing a couple of songs in a nightclub setting and that would be that. I should have known better. When I saw the script, I did."[citation needed] Before filming, Holiday was assigned a dramatic coach who coached her on how to properly say "Miss Marylee", the lead character's name. "So this coach was trying to get the right kind of tom feeling into this thing," Holiday said.[citation needed] At one point, after feeling cornered and unable to walk off the set, she burst out into tears. Louis Armstrong tried comforting her. "Better look out," he said. "I know Lady, and when she starts crying, the next thing she's going to do is start fighting."[citation needed] Several scenes were deleted from the film. "They had taken miles of footage of music and scenes," Holiday said, "[and] none of it was left in the picture. And very damn little of me. I know I wore a white dress for a number I did... and that was cut out of the picture."[61] She recorded the track "The Blues Are Brewin'", for the film's soundtrack. Other songs included in the movie are "Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?" and "Farewell to Storyville".
Holiday's drug addictions were a growing problem on the set. She earned more than a thousand dollars a week from her club ventures at the time, but spent most of it on heroin. Her lover Joe Guy traveled to Hollywood while Holiday was filming and supplied her with drugs. When discovered by Joe Glaser, Holiday's manager, Guy was banned from the set.[62]
By the late 1940s, Holiday had begun recording a number of slow, sentimental ballads. The magazine Metronome expressed its concerns in 1946 about "Good Morning Heartache," saying "there's a danger that Billie's present formula will wear thin, but up to now it's wearing well."[38] The New York Herald Tribune reported on a Holiday concert in 1946 that her performance had little variation in the melody of her songs, with no change in tempo.[63]
Legal troubles, Carnegie Hall Concert (1947–1952)[link]
.jpg)
On May 16, 1947, Holiday was arrested for the possession of narcotics in her New York apartment. On May 27, 1947, she was in court. "It was called 'The United States of America versus Billie Holiday'. And that's just the way it felt," Holiday recalled.[64] During the trial, Holiday received notice that her lawyer was not interested in coming down to the trial and representing her. "In plain English that meant no one in the world was interested in looking out for me," Holiday said. Dehydrated and unable to hold down any food, she pled guilty and asked to be sent to the hospital. The D.A. spoke up in her defense, saying, "If your honor please, this is a case of a drug addict, but more serious, however, than most of our cases, Miss Holiday is a professional entertainer and among the higher rank as far as income was concerned." By 1947, Holiday was at her commercial peak, having made a quarter of a million dollars in the three years prior.[65] Holiday placed second in the Down Beat poll for 1946 and 1947, her highest ranking in the poll.[66] In Billboard's July 6 issue on 1947, Holiday ranked 5 on its annual college poll of "girl singers". Jo Stafford topped the poll.[67] In 1946, Holiday won the Metronome Magazine popularity poll.[68]
At the end of the trial, Holiday was sentenced to Alderson Federal Prison Camp in West Virginia, more popularly known as "Camp Cupcake". Other notable celebrities to serve time at Alderson are Martha Stewart, Sara Jane Moore (who tried to assassinate President Ford), and Lynette (Squeaky) Fromme of the Charles Manson family of murderers.[69]
Luckily for Holiday, she was released early (March 16, 1948) because of good behavior. When she arrived at Newark, her pianist Bobby Tucker and her dog Mister were waiting for her. The dog leaped at Holiday, knocking off her hat, and tackled her to the ground. "He began lapping me and loving me like crazy," she said. A woman overheard the commotion and thought the dog was attacking Holiday. She started screaming and soon a crowd gathered and then the press showed up. "I might just as well have wheeled into Penn Station and had a quiet little get-together with the Associated Press, United Press, and International News Service," Holiday said.[citation needed]
Ed Fishman (who fought with Joe Glaser to be Holiday's manager) thought of the idea to throw a comeback concert at Carnegie Hall. Holiday hesitated, unsure whether audiences were ready to accept her after the arrest. She eventually gave in, and agreed to the concert.
On March 27, 1948, Holiday played Carnegie Hall to a sold-out crowd. There were 2,700 tickets sold in advance, a record at the time for the venue. Her popularity at the time was unusual in that she didn't have a current hit record.[70] Holiday's last song to chart was "Lover Man" in 1945, which would be her final placement on the record charts during her lifetime. Holiday did 32 songs at the Carnegie concert by her count, some of which included Cole Porter's "Night and Day" and her 30s hit "Strange Fruit". During the show, someone sent Holiday a box of gardenias. "My old trademark," Holiday said. "I took them out of box and fastened them smack to the side of my head without even looking twice." There was a hatpin in the gardenias and Holiday, unknowingly, stuck the needle deep into the side of her head. "I didn't feel anything until the blood started rushing down in my eyes and ears," she said. After the third curtain call, Holiday passed out.[71]
On April 27, 1948, Bob Sylvester and her promoter Al Wilde arranged for Billie Holiday to do a Broadway show. Titled Holiday on Broadway, it sold out and was a success for a while. "The regular music critics and drama critics came and treated us like we were legit," Holiday said. Despite the success, the show closed after three weeks.[72]
Holiday was arrested again on January 22, 1949, inside her room at San Francisco's Hotel Mark Twain.
Holiday stated that she began using hard drugs in the early 1940s. She married trombonist Jimmy Monroe on August 25, 1941. While still married to Monroe, she became romantically involved with trumpeter Joe Guy, who was also her drug dealer, and she eventually became his common-law wife. She finally divorced Monroe in 1947 and also split with Guy.
In October 1949, Holiday recorded "Crazy He Calls Me", which was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2010. Gabler said the song was a hit, likely making it her most successful recording for Decca after "Lover Man". The record charts of the 1940s did not list songs outside the top 30, making it impossible to recognize minor pop hits. Also, by the late 1940s, despite her popularity and concert drawing power, Holiday's singles received little radio airplay. This may have been because of the bad reputation she had up to that point.[73]
Because of her 1947 conviction, Holiday's New York City Cabaret Card was revoked, which kept her from working anywhere that sold alcohol for the remaining 12 years of her life.
The Cabaret system started in 1940 and was designed to prevent people of "bad character" from working on licensed premises. A performer had to renew his or her license every two years. This system lasted until 1967.[74] Clubs that sold alcohol in New York were among the highest paying venues in the country. Club owners knew blacklisted performers had limited work options, so they would offer them a smaller salary. This greatly reduced Holiday's earning power. She hadn't been receiving proper royalties for her work until she signed with Decca, so her main source of revenue were her club concerts. The problem worsened when Holiday's records went out of print in the 1950s. She seldom received any money from royalties in her latter years. For instance, in 1958 Holiday received a royalty check of only 11 dollars.[75][76] Also, Holiday's lawyer during the late 1950s, Earle Warren Zaidins, failed to register with BMI on all but two songs she had written or co-written, costing her potential revenue.[77]
In 1948, Holiday played at the Ebony Club, which, because she lost her cabaret card, was against the law. Her manager at the time, John Levy, was convinced he could get her card back and allowed her to open without one. "I opened scared," Holiday said, "[I was] expecting the cops to come in any chorus and carry me off. But nothing happened. I was a huge success."[78]
Also in 1948, Holiday recorded Gershwin's "I Loves You Porgy". The single was heard by up and coming act Nina Simone. Simone covered the tune 1958, and it ended up becoming her sole top 40 hit in America.[79]
In 1950, Holiday appeared in the Universal-International short film 'Sugar Chile' Robinson, Billie Holiday, Count Basie and His Sextet, where she sang "God Bless the Child" and "Now, Baby or Never".[80]
[edit] Lady Sings The Blues (1952–1959)
By the 1950s, Holiday's drug abuse, drinking, and relationships with abusive men caused her health to deteriorate. She appeared on the ABC reality series The Comeback Story to discuss attempts to overcome her misfortunes. Her later recordings showed the effects of declining health on her voice, as it grew coarse and no longer projected its former vibrancy.
On March 28, 1957, Holiday married Louis McKay, a Mafia enforcer, who like most of the men in her life was abusive,[81] but he did try to get her off drugs. They were separated at the time of her death, but McKay had plans to start a chain of Billie Holiday vocal studios, à la Arthur Murray dance schools.
Holiday's late recordings on Verve constitute about a third of her commercial recorded legacy and are as popular as her earlier work for the Columbia, Commodore and Decca labels. In later years, her voice became more fragile, but it never lost the edge that had always made it so distinctive.
Holiday's autobiography, Lady Sings the Blues, was ghostwritten by William Dufty and published in 1956. Dufty, a New York Post writer and editor then married to Holiday's close friend Maely Dufty, wrote the book quickly from a series of conversations with the singer in the Duftys' 93rd Street apartment. He drew on the work of earlier interviewers as well and intended to let Holiday tell her story in her own way.[82]
To accompany her autobiography, Holiday released an LP in June 1956 titled Lady Sings the Blues. The album did not have any new material other than the title track, "Too Marvelous For Words", "Willow Weep for Me", and "I Thought About You", but had new recordings of Holiday's biggest hits. These included "Trav'lin' Light" "Strange Fruit" and "God Bless the Child".[83] On December 22, 1956, Billboard magazine reviewed Lady Sings the Blues, calling it a worthy musical complement to her autobiography. "Holiday is in good voice now," said the reviewer, "and these new readings will be much appreciated by her following." "Strange Fruit" and "God Bless the Child" were called classics, and "Good Morning Heartache", another reissued track in the LP, was also noted positively.[84]
On November 10, 1956, Holiday performed two concerts before packed audiences at Carnegie Hall, a major accomplishment for any artist, especially a black artist of the segregated period of American history. Live recordings of the second Carnegie Hall concert were released on a Verve/HMV album in the UK in late 1961 called The Essential Billie Holiday. The thirteen tracks included on this album featured her own songs, "I Love My Man", "Don't Explain" and "Fine And Mellow", together with other songs closely associated with her, including "Body and Soul", "My Man", and "Lady Sings the Blues" (her lyrics accompanied a tune by pianist Herbie Nichols).[85]
The liner notes on this album were written partly by Gilbert Millstein of The New York Times, who, according to these notes, served as narrator in the Carnegie Hall concerts. Interspersed among Holiday's songs, Millstein read aloud four lengthy passages from her autobiography Lady Sings The Blues. He later wrote:
The narration began with the ironic account of her birth in Baltimore – 'Mom and Pop were just a couple of kids when they got married. He was eighteen, she was sixteen, and I was three' – and ended, very nearly shyly, with her hope for love and a long life with 'my man' at her side.
Millstein continued:
It was evident, even then, that Miss Holiday was ill. I had known her casually over the years and I was shocked at her physical weakness. Her rehearsal had been desultory; her voice sounded tinny and trailed off; her body sagged tiredly. But I will not forget the metamorphosis that night. The lights went down, the musicians began to play and the narration began. Miss Holiday stepped from between the curtains, into the white spotlight awaiting her, wearing a white evening gown and white gardenias in her black hair. She was erect and beautiful; poised and smiling. And when the first section of narration was ended, she sang – with strength undiminished – with all of the art that was hers. I was very much moved. In the darkness, my face burned and my eyes. I recall only one thing. I smiled."[86]
The critic Nat Hentoff of Down Beat magazine, who attended the Carnegie Hall concert, wrote the remainder of the sleeve notes on the 1961 album. He wrote of Holiday's performance:
Throughout the night, Billie was in superior form to what had sometimes been the case in the last years of her life. Not only was there assurance of phrasing and intonation; but there was also an outgoing warmth, a palpable eagerness to reach and touch the audience. And there was mocking wit. A smile was often lightly evident on her lips and her eyes as if, for once, she could accept the fact that there were people who did dig her.
Hentoff continued:
The beat flowed in her uniquely sinuous, supple way of moving the story along; the words became her own experiences; and coursing through it all was Lady's sound – a texture simultaneously steel-edged and yet soft inside; a voice that was almost unbearably wise in disillusion and yet still childlike, again at the centre. The audience was hers from before she sang, greeting her and saying good-bye with heavy, loving applause. And at one time, the musicians too applauded. It was a night when Billie was on top, undeniably the best and most honest jazz singer alive.
Her performance of "Fine and Mellow" on CBS's The Sound of Jazz program is memorable for her interplay with her long-time friend Lester Young. Both were less than two years from death.
Holiday first toured Europe in 1954 as part of a Leonard Feather package that also included Buddy DeFranco and Red Norvo. When she returned almost five years later, she made one of her last television appearances for Granada's Chelsea at Nine in London. Her final studio recordings were made for MGM in 1959, with lush backing from Ray Ellis and his Orchestra, who had also accompanied her on Columbia's Lady in Satin album the previous year—see below. The MGM sessions were released posthumously on a self-titled album, later re-titled and re-released as Last Recordings.
Although childless, Billie Holiday had two godchildren: singer Billie Lorraine Feather, daughter of Leonard Feather, and Bevan Dufty, son of William Dufty.[82]
Death[link]
In early 1959 she found out that she had cirrhosis of the liver. The doctor told her to stop drinking, which she did for a short time, but soon returned to heavy drinking.[87] By May she had lost twenty pounds. Friends Leonard Feather, Joe Glaser, and Allan Morrison tried to get her to check into a hospital, but she put them off.[88]
On May 31, 1959, Holiday was taken to Metropolitan Hospital in New York suffering from liver and heart disease. She was arrested for drug possession as she lay dying, and her hospital room was raided by authorities.[82] Police officers were stationed at the door to her room. Holiday remained under police guard at the hospital until she died from pulmonary edema and heart failure caused by cirrhosis of the liver on July 17, 1959. In the final years of her life, she had been progressively swindled out of her earnings, and she died with $0.70 in the bank and $750 (a tabloid fee) on her person. Her funeral mass was held at Church of St. Paul the Apostle in New York City.
Gilbert Millstein of The New York Times, who had been the narrator at Billie Holiday's 1956 Carnegie Hall concerts and had partly written the sleeve notes for the album The Essential Billie Holiday (see above), described her death in these same 1961-dated sleeve notes:
Billie Holiday died in the Metropolitan Hospital, New York, on Friday, July 17, 1959, in the bed in which she had been arrested for illegal possession of narcotics a little more than a month before, as she lay mortally ill; in the room from which a police guard had been removed – by court order – only a few hours before her death, which, like her life, was disorderly and pitiful. She had been strikingly beautiful, but she was wasted physically to a small, grotesque caricature of herself. The worms of every kind of excess – drugs were only one – had eaten her ... The likelihood exists that among the last thoughts of this cynical, sentimental, profane, generous and greatly talented woman of 44 was the belief that she was to be arraigned the following morning. She would have been, eventually, although possibly not that quickly. In any case, she removed herself finally from the jurisdiction of any court here below.
Voice[link]
Her distinctive delivery made Billie Holiday's performances instantly recognizable throughout her career. A master of improvisation, Billie's well-trained ear more than compensated for her lack of music education. Her voice lacked range and was somewhat thin, plus years of excessive drug use eventually altered its texture and gave it a prepossessing fragility. The emotion with which she imbued each song remained not only intact but also profound.[89][Full citation needed] Her last major recording, a 1958 album entitled Lady in Satin, features the backing of a 40-piece orchestra conducted and arranged by Ray Ellis, who said of the album in 1997:
I would say that the most emotional moment was her listening to the playback of "I'm a Fool to Want You." There were tears in her eyes ... After we finished the album I went into the control room and listened to all the takes. I must admit I was unhappy with her performance, but I was just listening musically instead of emotionally. It wasn't until I heard the final mix a few weeks later that I realized how great her performance really was.
Frank Sinatra admired Holiday, having been influenced by her performances on 52nd Street as a young man. He told Ebony in 1958 about her impact:
With few exceptions, every major pop singer in the US during her generation has been touched in some way by her genius. It is Billie Holiday who was, and still remains, the greatest single musical influence on me. Lady Day is unquestionably the most important influence on American popular singing in the last twenty years.[91]
Hit records[link]
In 1986, Joel Whitburn's Record Research, Inc. company compiled information on the popularity of record releases from the pre-rock and roll era and created pop charts dating all the way back to the beginning of the commercial recording industry. The company's findings were published in the book Pop Memories 1890–1954. Several of Holiday's records are listed on the pop charts Whitburn created.[92]
Billie Holiday began her recording career on a high note with her first major release "Riffin' the Scotch" selling 5,000 copies. The song was released under the band name "Benny Goodman & his Orchestra."[92]
Most of Holiday's early successes were released under the band name "Teddy Wilson & his Orchestra." During her stay in Wilson's band, Holiday would sing a few bars and then other musicians would have a solo. Teddy Wilson, one of the most influential jazz pianists from the swing era,[93] accompanied Holiday more than any other musician. He and Holiday have 95 recordings together.[94]
In July 1936, Holiday began releasing sides under her own name. These songs were released under the band name "Billie Holiday & Her Orchestra."[95] Most noteworthy, the popular jazz standard "Summertime," sold well and was listed on the available pop charts at the time at number 12, the first time the jazz standard charted under any artist. Only Billy Stewart's R&B version of "Summertime" reached a higher chart placement than Holiday's, charting at number 10 thirty years later in 1966.[96]
Holiday had 16 best selling songs in 1937, making the year her most commercially successful. It was in this year that Holiday scored her sole number one hit as a featured vocalist on the available pop charts of the 1930s, "Carelessly". The hit "I've Got My Love To Keep Me Warm", was also recorded by Ray Noble, Glen Gray and Fred Astaire whose rendering was a best seller for weeks.[97] Holiday's version ranked 6 on the year-end single chart available for 1937.[44]
In 1939, Holiday recorded her biggest selling record, "Strange Fruit" for Commodore, charting at number 16 on the available pop charts for the 1930s.[98]
In 1940, Billboard began publishing its modern pop charts, which included the Best Selling Retail Records chart, the precursor to the Hot 100. None of Holiday's songs placed on the modern pop charts, partly because Billboard only published the first ten slots of the charts in some issues. Minor hits and independent releases had no way of being spotlighted.
"God Bless the Child", which went on to sell over a million copies, ranked number 3 on Billboard's year-end top songs of 1941.[45]
On October 24, 1942, Billboard began issuing its R&B charts. Two of Holiday's songs placed on the chart, "Trav'lin' Light" with Paul Whiteman, which topped the chart, and "Lover Man", which reached number 5.
"Trav'lin' Light" also reached 18 on Billboard's year-end chart.
Discography[link]
Main article: Billie Holiday discography
Billie Holiday recorded extensively for four labels: Columbia Records, issued on its subsidiary labels Brunswick Records, Vocalion Records, and OKeh Records, from 1933 through 1942; Commodore Records in 1939 and 1944; Decca Records from 1944 through 1950; briefly for Aladdin Records in 1951; Verve Records and on its earlier imprint Clef Records; from 1952 through 1957, then again for Columbia Records from 1957 to 1958 and finally for MGM Records in 1959. Many of Holiday's recordings appeared on 78 rpm records prior to the long-playing vinyl record era, and only Clef, Verve, and Columbia issued Holiday albums during her lifetime that were not compilations of previously released material. Many compilations have been issued since her death; as well as comprehensive box sets and live recordings.[99][100]
Studio LPs[link]
- Billie Holiday Sings (1952)
- An Evening with Billie Holiday (1952)
- Billie Holiday (1954)
- Stay with Me (1955)
- Music for Torching (1955)
- Velvet Mood (1956)
- Lady Sings the Blues (1956)
- Body and Soul (1957)
- Songs for Distingué Lovers (1957)
- All or Nothing at All (1958)
- Lady in Satin (1958)
- Last Recordings (1959)
Awards and honors[link]
Grammy Hall of Fame[link]
Billie Holiday was posthumously inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least 25 years old and that have "qualitative or historical significance."
| Billie Holiday: Grammy Hall of Fame Awards[101] | |||||
| Year Recorded | Title | Genre | Label | Year Inducted | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1949 | "Crazy He Calls Me" | Jazz (single) | Decca | 2010 | |
| 1944 | "Embraceable You" | Jazz (single) | Commodore | 2005 | |
| 1958 | Lady in Satin | Jazz (album) | Columbia | 2000 | |
| 1945 | "Lover Man (Oh, Where Can You Be?)" | Jazz (single) | Decca | 1989 | |
| 1939 | "Strange Fruit" | Jazz (single) | Commodore | 1978 | Listed also in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress in 2002 |
| 1941 | "God Bless the Child" | Jazz (single) | Okeh | 1976 | |
Grammy Best Historical Album[link]
The Grammy Award for Best Historical Album has been presented since 1979.
| Year | Title | Label | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | Lady Day: The Complete Billie Holiday | Columbia 1933–1944 | Winner |
| 1994 | The Complete Billie Holiday | Verve 1945–1959 | Winner |
| 1992 | Billie Holiday — The Complete Decca Recordings | Verve 1944–1950 | Winner |
| 1980 | Billie Holiday — Giants of Jazz | Time-Life | Winner |
Other honors[link]
| Year | Award | Honors | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | Ertegun Jazz Hall of Fame[102] | Inducted | Jazz at Lincoln Center, New York |
| 2000 | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | Inducted | Category: "Early Influence" |
| 1997 | ASCAP Jazz Wall of Fame[103] | Inducted | |
| 1947 | Esquire Magazine Gold Award | Best Leading Female Vocalist | Jazz award |
| 1946 | Esquire Magazine Silver Award | Best Leading Female Vocalist | Jazz award |
| 1945 | Esquire Magazine Silver Award | Best Leading Female Vocalist | Jazz award |
| 1944 | Esquire Magazine Gold Award | Best Leading Female Vocalist | Jazz award |
Tributes[link]
- 1972, Diana Ross portrayed Holiday in the film Lady Sings the Blues, which is loosely based on the 1956 autobiography of the same name. The film earned Ross a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress.
- She was portrayed by Ernestine Jackson in the play Lady Day at Emerson's Bar and Grill by Lanie Robertson.
- Singer Miki Howard released the Holiday tribute album, Miki Sings Billie: A Tribute to Billie Holiday in 1993.
- Paula Jai Parker portrayed Holiday in a Season 7 episode of the TV series Touched by an Angel, entitled "God Bless the Child," the title derived from a song which Holiday had written and performed.[104]
- Jazz pianist Mal Waldron performed as Holiday's accompanist and released several tribute albums including:
- Left Alone (Bethlehem, 1959)
- Blues for Lady Day (Black Lion, 1972)
- Left Alone '86 with Jackie McLean (Paddle Wheel, 1986)
- No More Tears (For Lady Day) (Timeless, 1989)
- Billie Hollidy, Croatian National Theatre in Split by A.Ostojić & Ksenia Prohaska (2006)[105]
Honors[link]
- 1987, Billie Holiday was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
- 1993, R&B singer Miki Howard released an album dedicated to Holiday titled Miki Sings Billie.
- 1994, the United States Postal Service introduced a Billie Holiday postage stamp.
- 1999, Holiday ranked #6 on VH1's 100 Greatest Women in Rock n' Roll.
- 2000, she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Over the years, there have been many tributes to Billie Holiday, including "The Day Lady Died," a 1959 poem by Frank O'Hara.
- In 1988 the group U2 released "Angel of Harlem" in her honor.
- Arthur Phillips features Holiday's 1953 concert in New York in his novel The Song is You (2009).
- "My Only Friend" by The Magnetic Fields is a tribute to Billie Holiday.
Filmography[link]
- 1959: Chelsea at Nine
- 1957: The Sound of Jazz, CBS Television, December 8, 1957
- 1950: 'Sugar Chile' Robinson, Billie Holiday, Count Basie and His Sextet
- 1947: New Orleans
- 1935: "Symphony in Black", short (with Duke Ellington)
- 1933: The Emperor Jones, appeared as an extra
Television appearances[link]
| Year | Program | Host | Songs |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Adventures in Jazz |
|
Unknown Songs |
|
|
Arlene Francis Show, NY (1) |
|
The Man I Love, All of Me, Lover Man |
|
|
Eddie Condon's Floor Show, NY (1) |
|
I Love My Man, Keeps on Rainin', Lover Man |
|
|
Eddie Condon's Floor Show, NY (1) |
|
Fine & Mellow, Porgy, Them There Eyes, I Love My Man |
|
|
Art Ford Show, NY (1) |
|
Lover Man, I Cover the Waterfront, Two Minute Interview, All of Me |
|
|
Art Ford Show, NY (1) |
|
Them There Eyes, Detour Ahead, Now or Never |
|
|
Eddie Condon's Floor Show, NY |
|
Unknown |
|
|
Apollo Theatre Show, NY (1) |
|
You're My Thrill |
|
|
Apollo Theatre Show, NY (1) |
|
My Man |
|
|
Apollo Theatre Show, NY (1) |
|
Tenderly |
|
|
The Comeback Story, NY (1) |
|
Twenty Minute Interview, God Bless the Child |
|
|
The Tonight Show, NY (1) |
|
My Man, Them There Eyes, Lover Man |
|
|
The Tonight Show, NY (1) |
|
Please Don't Talk About Me, Two Minute Interview, Ghost of a Chance |
|
|
Star's of Jazz, LA, CA (2) |
|
Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone, Billie's Blues, My Man |
|
|
Bandstand USA, NY (1) |
|
Willow Weep for Me, I Only Have Eyes for You, My Man, Please Don't Talk About Me |
|
|
Night Beat, NY (1) |
|
Fifteen Minute Interview |
|
|
Peacock Alley, NY (1) |
|
Twenty Minute Interview |
|
|
The Tonight Show, NY (1) |
|
Porgy |
|
|
Live Broadcast from Mr. Kelly's, Chicago (1) |
|
Good Morning Heartache, You Better Go Now |
|
|
The Seven Lively Arts: The Sound of Jazz, LA (2) |
|
Fine & Mellow |
|
|
Club Oasis, NY (1) |
|
You've Changed, My Man |
|
|
Telethon, NY |
|
Unknown Songs |
|
|
Art Ford's Jazz Party, NY (2) |
|
You've Changed, I Love My Man, When Your Lover Has Gone |
|
|
Art Ford's Jazz Party, NY |
|
All of Me, Good Morning Heartache, Travelin’ Light |
|
|
Art Ford's Jazz Party, NY (2) |
|
What a Little Moonlight Can Do, Foolin' Myself, It's Easy to Remember |
|
|
Art Ford's Jazz Party, NY (2) |
|
Moanin' Low, Don't Explain, When Your Lover Has Gone |
|
|
Today Show |
|
My Funny Valentine |
|
|
Mars Club, Music Hall Parade Voyons Un Peu, Paris France (2) |
|
I Only Have Eyes for You, Travelin’ Light |
|
|
Gilles Margaritis Programme, Paris France |
|
I Only Have Eyes For You, Trav'lin' Light |
|
|
Timex All-Star Jazz Show IV, NY |
|
Unknown |
|
|
Chelsea at Nine, London, England (2) |
|
Porgy, Please Don't Talk About Me, Strange Fruit |
(1) = Available on Audio (2) = Available on DVD
Notes[link]
- ^ a b History "Billie Holiday wishing on the Moon" p. 9.
- ^ Autobiography "Lady Sings the Blues" p. 14.
- ^ Bush, John. "Billie Holiday: Biography". Allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p56716/biography. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ Nicholson, pp. 17—19.
- ^ Nicholson, pp. 18—23.
- ^ Clarke, p. xiii.
- ^ Nicholson, pp. 21—22.
- ^ Nicholson, pp. 22–24.
- ^ Nicholson, p. 25.
- ^ Nicholson, p. 27.
- ^ Nicholson, p. 31.
- ^ Nicholson, p. 32.
- ^ "Billie Holiday Biography". Biography.com. http://www.biography.com/articles/Billie-Holiday-9341902. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
- ^ Nicholson, pp. 35—37.
- ^ Vail, Ken (1997). Lady Day's Diary. London, England: Sanctuary Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 1-86074-131-2.
- ^ Nicholson, pp. 35—39.
- ^ Nicholson, p. 39.
- ^ What are some popular songs/albums during Prohibition? – Yahoo! Answers. Answers.yahoo.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Gourse p. 73
- ^ Nicholson, p. 56.
- ^ Nicholson, p. 65.
- ^ Billie Holiday Discography – The Composers. Billieholidaysongs.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Network Offline. Jazznbossa.ning.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Gourse p. 73 – 74
- ^ Billie Holiday Page, Soulwalking.co.uk. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Nicholson p.93-94
- ^ Gourse p.40
- ^ "Billie Holiday Live Songs". Billieholidaysongs.com. http://www.billieholidaysongs.com/live_songs.htm#1937. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
- ^ Nicholson p.96-97
- ^ Holiday p. 80
- ^ Gourse p. 103-104
- ^ Nicholson p.100-107
- ^ Nicholson, p. 70.
- ^ Nicholson, p. 102.
- ^ David Margolick, Strange Fruit: Billie Holiday, Café Society, and an Early Cry for Civil Rights (Philadelphia: Running Press, 2000), pp. 25–27.
- ^ Margolick, Strange Fruit, pp. 40–46.
- ^ Clarke, p. 169.
- ^ a b Nicholson, p. 113.
- ^ Lady Sings the Blues p. 95.
- ^ Nicholson, p. 115.
- ^ Autobiography "Lady Sings the Blues" pp. 104–105.
- ^ "Billy Crystal: Biography". IMDB. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000345/bio. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
- ^ Autobiography "Lady Sings the Blues" pp. 100–101.
- ^ a b Song artist 250 – Billie Holiday. Tsort.info. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ a b Jazz History: The Standards (1940s). Jazzstandards.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ GRAMMY.com. GRAMMY.com (2009-02-08). Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Ghosts of Yesterday: Billie Holiday and the Two Irenes (March 4, 2006) http://indianapublicmedia.org/nightlights/ghosts-of-yesterday-billie-holiday-and-the-two-irenes-a-jazz-mystery/#program-article
- ^ Nicholson, p. 130.
- ^ Harlem Hit Parade – The eMusic Dozen. Emusic.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Nicholson, p. 133.
- ^ a b Billie Holiday Studio Songs. Billieholidaysongs.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Nicholson, p. 150.
- ^ Nicholson, p. 122.
- ^ 52nd Street, the street of jazz – Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ a b Lover Man (Oh, Where Can You Be?) (1942) JazzStandards.com
- ^ Jazz Standards Songs and Instrumentals (Lover Man (Oh, Where Can You Be?)). Jazzstandards.com (1944-10-04). Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Alagna, Magdalena. Billie Holiday, The Rosen Publishing Group (2003), p. 61 – ISBN 0-8239-3640-6.
- ^ Billie Holiday Studio Songs. Billieholidaysongs.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Billie Holiday Live Songs. Billieholidaysongs.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Nicholson, pp. 152–155.
- ^ Autobiography "Lady Sings the Blues" pp. 136–140.
- ^ Nicholson, pp. 152–157.
- ^ Nicholson, p. 151.
- ^ Autobiography "Lady Sings the Blues" p. 146.
- ^ Autobiography "Lady Sings the Blues" pp. 147–149.
- ^ Nicholson, p. 155.
- ^ Search the Billboard Magazine Archives. Billboard.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Billie's blues: the Billie Holiday story, 1933–1959, Volume 1975, Part 3 By John Chilton.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Nicholson, pp. 165–167.
- ^ Lady Sings the Blues pp. 168–169.
- ^ Lady Sings the Blues pp. 172–173.
- ^ Clarke p. 327.
- ^ New York City Cabaret Card. En.academic.ru. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Nicholson, p. 229.
- ^ Nicholson, p. 167.
- ^ Nicholson, p. 215.
- ^ Autobiography "Lady Sings the Blues" p. 175.
- ^ Simone, Nina; Stephen Cleary (2003) [1992]. I Put a Spell on You. introduction by Dave Marsh (2nd ed.). New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80525-1. p. 60.
- ^ Nicholson, p. 181.
- ^ Robert Fulford, "Trying to find the real Lady Day: Those who try to tell Billie Holiday's story often discover an unknowable life".
- ^ a b c Hamlin, Jesse (September 18, 2006). "Billie Holiday's Bio, 'Lady Sings the Blues,' May be Full of lies, But It Gets at Jazz Great's Core". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/09/18/DDG2VL68691.DTL. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
- ^ Billie Holiday Vinyl Discography. Billieholidaysongs.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Billboard – Google Books. Books.google.com (1956-12-22). Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Billie Holiday – 1956 At The Carnegie Hall. The Essential Billie Holiday.
- ^ The Essential Billie Holiday, liner notes.
- ^ Feather, Leonard (1987). From Satchmo to Miles. Da Capo Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-306-80302-4.
- ^ Feather. – p.83.
- ^ Billie Holiday — a booklet published by New York Jazz Museum in 1970.
- ^ Interview on KCSM
- ^ Clarke, p. 96.
- ^ a b Donald , p. 74.
- ^ : JazzNotes : JazzNotes for Educators – Teddy Wilson. Riverwalkjazz.org. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Billie Holiday Discography – Her Musicians. Billieholidaysongs.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Billie Holiday Studio Songs. Billieholidaysongs.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Song title 70 – Summertime. Tsort.info. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ #1 Songs – 1930–1989. Ntl.matrix.com.br. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Billie Holiday Studio Songs. Billieholidaysongs.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Billie Holiday Long Play Discography. Billieholidaysongs.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Billie Holiday. AllMusic. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ Grammy Hall of Fame Database.
- ^ Ertegun Jazz Hall of Fame 2004.
- ^ The ASCP Jazz Wall of Fame list.
- ^ Touched by an Angel: God Bless the Child Episode Summary on. Tv.com (2008-06-25). Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^ "Anton Arsen Ostojić / Ksenija Prohaska: LADY SINGS THE BLUES / HNK Split, 11. 02. 2006". Arhiva.hnk-split.hr. http://arhiva.hnk-split.hr/2005_2006/drama/billie_holiday/index.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
References[link]
- Clarke, Donald (2000). Billie Holiday: Wishing on the Moon. Cambridge: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81136-7.
- Millar, Jack (1994). Fine and Mellow: A Discography of Billie Holiday. London: Billie Holiday Circle. ISBN 1-899161-00-7.
- Holiday, Billie; Dufty, William (1957). Lady Sings the Blues. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-14-006762-0.
- James, Burnett (1984). Billie Holiday. Gloucestershire, England: Spellmount Publishers. ISBN 0-946771-05-7.
- Chilton, John (1989). Billie's Blues: The Billie Holiday Story 1933–1959. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80363-1.
- O'Meally, Robert (1991). Lady Day: The Many Faces of Billie Holiday. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/15597014591|15597014591]].
- Nicholson, Stuart (1995). Billie Holiday. Boston: Northeastern University Press. ISBN 1-55553-303-5.
- Davis, Angela Y. (1998). Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-77126-3.
- Clarke, Donald (2000). Billie Holiday: Wishing on the Moon. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81136-7.
- Gourse, Leslie (2000). The Billie Holiday Companion: Seven Decades of Commentary. New York: Schirmer Trade Books. ISBN 0-02-864613-4.
- Ingham, Chris (2000). Billie Holiday. Darby, Pennsylvania: Diane Publishing. ISBN 1-56649-170-3.
- Griffin, Farah Jasmine (2001). If You Can't Be Free, Be A Mystery: In Search of Billie Holiday. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-684-86808-3.
- Blackburn, Julia (2006). With Billie: A New Look at the Unforgettable Lady Day. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-375-40610-7.
External links[link]
 |
Book: Billie Holiday |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Billie Holiday |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Billie Holiday |
- Official Billie Holiday at Sony BMG
- Billie Holiday discography
- Biography and song samples at PBS
- "Twelve Essential Billie Holiday Recordings" by Stuart Nicholson, Jazz.com
- Photograph of Holiday's gravestone
- Billie Holiday at the Internet Movie Database
|
|||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Holiday, Billie |
| Alternative names | Fagan, Eleanora; Lady Day |
| Short description | Jazz singer, composer |
| Date of birth | April 7, 1915 |
| Place of birth | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Date of death | July 17, 1959 |
| Place of death | New York City, New York, U.S. |
http://wn.com/Billie_Holiday
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Billie Holiday
http://cs.wn.com/Billie Holiday
http://id.wn.com/Billie Holiday
http://es.wn.com/Billie Holiday
http://ru.wn.com/Билли Холидей
http://nl.wn.com/Billie Holiday
http://pt.wn.com/Billie Holiday
http://pl.wn.com/Billie Holiday
http://fr.wn.com/Billie Holiday
http://de.wn.com/Billie Holiday
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Holiday
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Louis Armstrong | |
|---|---|
Louis Armstrong's stage personality matched his flashy cornet and trumpet playing. Armstrong is also known for his raspy singing voice. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Louis Armstrong |
| Born | August 4, 1901 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Died | July 6, 1971(1971-07-06) (aged 69) Corona, Queens, New York City, U.S. |
| Genres | Dixieland, jazz, swing, traditional pop |
| Occupations | Musician |
| Years active | c. 1914–71 |
| Associated acts | Joe "King" Oliver, Ella Fitzgerald, Kid Ory, Bobby Hackett |
Louis Armstrong[1] (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971),[2] nicknamed Satchmo[3] or Pops, was an American jazz trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, Louisiana.
Coming to prominence in the 1920s as an "inventive" cornet and trumpet player, Armstrong was a foundational influence in jazz, shifting the music's focus from collective improvisation to solo performance. With his instantly recognizable deep and distinctive gravelly voice, Armstrong was also an influential singer, demonstrating great dexterity as an improviser, bending the lyrics and melody of a song for expressive purposes. He was also greatly skilled at scat singing (vocalizing using sounds and syllables instead of actual lyrics).
Renowned for his charismatic stage presence and voice almost as much as for his trumpet-playing, Armstrong's influence extends well beyond jazz music, and by the end of his career in the 1960s, he was widely regarded as a profound influence on popular music in general. Armstrong was one of the first truly popular African-American entertainers to "cross over," whose skin-color was secondary to his music in an America that was severely racially divided. It allowed him socially acceptable access to the upper echelons of American society that were highly restricted for a black man. While he rarely publicly politicized his race, often to the dismay of fellow African-Americans, he was privately a strong supporter of the Civil Rights movement in America.[citation needed]
Contents |
Early life[link]
.jpg)
Armstrong often stated that he was born on July 4, 1900,[4] a date that has been noted in many biographies. Although he died in 1971, it was not until the mid-1980s that his true birth date of August 4, 1901 was discovered through the examination of baptismal records.[5]
Armstrong was born into a very poor family in New Orleans, Louisiana, the grandson of slaves. He spent his youth in poverty, in a rough neighborhood of Uptown New Orleans, known as “Back of the Town”, as his father, William Armstrong (1881–1922), abandoned the family when Louis was an infant and took up with another woman. His mother, Mary "Mayann" Albert (1886–1942), then left Louis and his younger sister Beatrice Armstrong Collins (1903–1987) in the care of his grandmother, Josephine Armstrong, and at times, his Uncle Isaac. At five, he moved back to live with his mother and her relatives, and saw his father only in parades.
He attended the Fisk School for Boys, where he likely had early exposure to music. He brought in some money as a paperboy and also by finding discarded food and selling it to restaurants, but it was not enough to keep his mother from prostitution. He hung out in dance halls close to home, where he observed everything from licentious dancing to the quadrille. For extra money he also hauled coal to Storyville, the famed red-light district, and listened to the bands playing in the brothels and dance halls, especially Pete Lala's where Joe "King" Oliver performed and other famous musicians would drop in to jam.
After dropping out of the Fisk School at age eleven, Armstrong joined a quartet of boys who sang in the streets for money. But he also started to get into trouble. Cornet player Bunk Johnson said he taught Armstrong (then 11) to play by ear at Dago Tony's Tonk in New Orleans,[6] although in his later years Armstrong gave the credit to Oliver. Armstrong hardly looked back at his youth as the worst of times but instead drew inspiration from it, “Every time I close my eyes blowing that trumpet of mine—I look right in the heart of good old New Orleans...It has given me something to live for.”[7]
He also worked for a Lithuanian-Jewish immigrant family, the Karnofskys, who had a junk hauling business and gave him odd jobs. They took him in and treated him as almost a family member, knowing he lived without a father, and would feed and nurture him.[8] He later wrote a memoir of his relationship with the Karnofskys titled, Louis Armstrong + the Jewish Family in New Orleans, La., the Year of 1907. In it he describes his discovery that this family was also subject to discrimination by "other white folks' nationalities who felt that they were better than the Jewish race. I was only seven years old but I could easily see the ungodly treatment that the White Folks were handing the poor Jewish family whom I worked for." Armstrong wore a Star of David pendant for the rest of his life and wrote about what he learned from them: "how to live—real life and determination."[9] The influence of Karnofsky is remembered in New Orleans by the Karnofsky Project, a non-profit organization dedicated to accepting donated musical instruments to "put them into the hands of an eager child who could not otherwise take part in a wonderful learning experience."[10]
File:LouisArmstrong PeterDavis1.jpg
Armstrong with his first trumpet instructor, Peter Davis, in 1965.
Armstrong developed his cornet playing seriously in the band of the New Orleans Home for Colored Waifs, where he had been sent multiple times for general delinquency, most notably for a long term after firing his stepfather's pistol into the air at a New Year's Eve celebration, as police records confirm. Professor Peter Davis (who frequently appeared at the Home at the request of its administrator, Captain Joseph Jones)[11] instilled discipline in and provided musical training to the otherwise self-taught Armstrong. Eventually, Davis made Armstrong the band leader. The Home band played around New Orleans and the thirteen year old Louis began to draw attention by his cornet playing, starting him on a musical career.[12] At fourteen he was released from the Home, living again with his father and new stepmother and then back with his mother and also back to the streets and their temptations. Armstrong got his first dance hall job at Henry Ponce’s where Black Benny became his protector and guide. He hauled coal by day and played his cornet at night.
He played in the city's frequent brass band parades and listened to older musicians every chance he got, learning from Bunk Johnson, Buddy Petit, Kid Ory, and above all, Joe "King" Oliver, who acted as a mentor and father figure to the young musician. Later, he played in the brass bands and riverboats of New Orleans, and began traveling with the well-regarded band of Fate Marable, which toured on a steamboat up and down the Mississippi River. He described his time with Marable as, "going to the University," since it gave him a much wider experience working with written arrangements.
In 1919, Joe Oliver decided to go north and resigned his position in Kid Ory's band; Armstrong replaced him. He also became second trumpet for the Tuxedo Brass Band, a society band.[13]
Career[link]
File:Heebie Jeebies.jpg
“Heebie Jeebies” by Louis Armstrong and his Hot Five
On March 19, 1918, Louis married Daisy Parker from Gretna, Louisiana. They adopted a 3-year-old boy, Clarence Armstrong, whose mother, Louis' cousin Flora, died soon after giving birth. Clarence Armstrong was mentally disabled (the result of a head injury at an early age) and Louis would spend the rest of his life taking care of him.[14] Louis' marriage to Parker failed quickly and they separated. She died shortly after the divorce.
Through all his riverboat experience Armstrong’s musicianship began to mature and expand. At twenty, he could read music and he started to be featured in extended trumpet solos, one of the first jazzmen to do this, injecting his own personality and style into his solo turns. He had learned how to create a unique sound and also started using singing and patter in his performances.[15] In 1922, Armstrong joined the exodus to Chicago, where he had been invited by his mentor, Joe "King" Oliver, to join his Creole Jazz Band and where he could make a sufficient income so that he no longer needed to supplement his music with day labor jobs. It was a boom time in Chicago and though race relations were poor, the “Windy City” was teeming with jobs for black people, who were making good wages in factories and had plenty to spend on entertainment.
Oliver's band was the best and most influential hot jazz band in Chicago in the early 1920s, at a time when Chicago was the center of the jazz universe. Armstrong lived like a king in Chicago, in his own apartment with his own private bath (his first). Excited as he was to be in Chicago, he began his career-long pastime of writing nostalgic letters to friends in New Orleans. As Armstrong’s reputation grew, he was challenged to “cutting contests” by hornmen trying to displace the new phenom, who could blow two hundred high C’s in a row.[16] Armstrong made his first recordings on the Gennett and Okeh labels (jazz records were starting to boom across the country), including taking some solos and breaks, while playing second cornet in Oliver's band in 1923. At this time, he met Hoagy Carmichael (with whom he would collaborate later) who was introduced by friend Bix Beiderbecke, who now had his own Chicago band.
Armstrong enjoyed working with Oliver, but Louis' second wife, pianist Lil Hardin Armstrong, urged him to seek more prominent billing and develop his newer style away from the influence of Oliver. Armstrong took the advice of his wife and left Oliver's band. For a year Armstrong played in Fletcher Henderson's band in New York on many recordings. After playing in New York, Armstrong returned to Chicago, playing in large orchestras; there he created his most important early recordings.[17] Lil had her husband play classical music in church concerts to broaden his skill and improve his solo play and she prodded him into wearing more stylish attire to make him look sharp and to better offset his growing girth. Lil’s influence eventually undermined Armstrong’s relationship with his mentor, especially concerning his salary and additional moneys that Oliver held back from Armstrong and other band members. Armstrong and Oliver parted amicably in 1924. Shortly afterward, Armstrong received an invitation to go to New York City to play with the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra, the top African-American band of the day. Armstrong switched to the trumpet to blend in better with the other musicians in his section. His influence upon Henderson's tenor sax soloist, Coleman Hawkins, can be judged by listening to the records made by the band during this period.
Armstrong quickly adapted to the more tightly controlled style of Henderson, playing trumpet and even experimenting with the trombone and the other members quickly took up Armstrong’s emotional, expressive pulse. Soon his act included singing and telling tales of New Orleans characters, especially preachers.[18] The Henderson Orchestra was playing in the best venues for white-only patrons, including the famed Roseland Ballroom, featuring the classy arrangements of Don Redman. Duke Ellington’s orchestra would go to Roseland to catch Armstrong’s performances and young hornmen around town tried in vain to outplay him, splitting their lips in their attempts.
During this time, Armstrong made many recordings on the side, arranged by an old friend from New Orleans, pianist Clarence Williams; these included small jazz band sides with the Williams Blue Five (some of the best pairing Armstrong with one of Armstrong's few rivals in fiery technique and ideas, Sidney Bechet) and a series of accompaniments with blues singers, including Bessie Smith, Ma Rainey, and Alberta Hunter.
Armstrong returned to Chicago in 1925 due mostly to the urging of his wife, who wanted to pump up Armstrong’s career and income. He was content in New York but later would concede that she was right and that the Henderson Orchestra was limiting his artistic growth. In publicity, much to his chagrin, she billed him as “the World’s Greatest Trumpet Player”. At first he was actually a member of the Lil Hardin Armstrong Band and working for his wife.[19] He began recording under his own name for Okeh with his famous Hot Five and Hot Seven groups, producing hits such as "Potato Head Blues", "Muggles", (a reference to marijuana, for which Armstrong had a lifelong fondness), and "West End Blues", the music of which set the standard and the agenda for jazz for many years to come.
The group included Kid Ory (trombone), Johnny Dodds (clarinet), Johnny St. Cyr (banjo), wife Lil on piano, and usually no drummer. Armstrong’s bandleading style was easygoing, as St. Cyr noted, "One felt so relaxed working with him and he was very broad-minded ... always did his best to feature each individual."[20] His recordings soon after with pianist Earl "Fatha" Hines (most famously their 1928 Weatherbird duet) and Armstrong's trumpet introduction to "West End Blues" remain some of the most famous and influential improvisations in jazz history. Armstrong was now free to develop his personal style as he wished, which included a heavy dose of effervescent jive, such as "whip that thing, Miss Lil" and "Mr. Johnny Dodds, Aw, do that clarinet, boy!"[21]
Armstrong also played with Erskine Tate’s Little Symphony, actually a quintet, which played mostly at the Vendome Theatre. They furnished music for silent movies and live shows, including jazz versions of classical music, such as “Madame Butterfly,” which gave Armstrong experience with longer forms of music and with hosting before a large audience. He began to scat sing (improvised vocal jazz using non-sensical words) and was among the first to record it, on "Heebie Jeebies" in 1926. So popular was the recording the group became the most famous jazz band in the USA even though they as yet had not performed live to any great degree. Young musicians across the country, black or white, were turned on by Armstrong’s new type of jazz.[22]
After separating from Lil, Armstrong started to play at the Sunset Café for Al Capone's associate Joe Glaser in the Carroll Dickerson Orchestra, with Earl Hines on piano, which was soon renamed Louis Armstrong and his Stompers,[23] though Hines was the music director and Glaser managed the orchestra. Hines and Armstrong became fast friends as well as successful collaborators.
Armstrong returned to New York, in 1929, where he played in the pit orchestra of the successful musical Hot Chocolate, an all-black revue written by Andy Razaf and pianist/composer Fats Waller. He also made a cameo appearance as a vocalist, regularly stealing the show with his rendition of "Ain't Misbehavin'", his version of the song becoming his biggest selling record to date.[24]
Armstrong started to work at Connie's Inn in Harlem, chief rival to the Cotton Club, a venue for elaborately staged floor shows,[25] and a front for gangster Dutch Schultz. Armstrong also had considerable success with vocal recordings, including versions of famous songs composed by his old friend Hoagy Carmichael. His 1930s recordings took full advantage of the new RCA ribbon microphone, introduced in 1931, which imparted a characteristic warmth to vocals and immediately became an intrinsic part of the 'crooning' sound of artists like Bing Crosby. Armstrong's famous interpretation of Hoagy Carmichael's "Stardust" became one of the most successful versions of this song ever recorded, showcasing Armstrong's unique vocal sound and style and his innovative approach to singing songs that had already become standards.
Armstrong's radical re-working of Sidney Arodin and Carmichael's "Lazy River" (recorded in 1931) encapsulated many features of his groundbreaking approach to melody and phrasing. The song begins with a brief trumpet solo, then the main melody is stated by sobbing horns, memorably punctuated by Armstrong's growling interjections at the end of each bar: "Yeah! ..."Uh-huh" ..."Sure" ... "Way down, way down." In the first verse, he ignores the notated melody entirely and sings as if playing a trumpet solo, pitching most of the first line on a single note and using strongly syncopated phrasing. In the second stanza he breaks into an almost fully improvised melody, which then evolves into a classic passage of Armstrong "scat singing".
As with his trumpet playing, Armstrong's vocal innovations served as a foundation stone for the art of jazz vocal interpretation. The uniquely gritty coloration of his voice became a musical archetype that was much imitated and endlessly impersonated. His scat singing style was enriched by his matchless experience as a trumpet soloist. His resonant, velvety lower-register tone and bubbling cadences on sides such as "Lazy River" exerted a huge influence on younger white singers such as Bing Crosby.
The Depression of the early Thirties was especially hard on the jazz scene. The Cotton Club closed in 1936 after a long downward spiral and many musicians stopped playing altogether as club dates evaporated. Bix Beiderbecke died and Fletcher Henderson’s band broke up. King Oliver made a few records but otherwise struggled. Sidney Bechet became a tailor and Kid Ory returned to New Orleans and raised chickens.[26] Armstrong moved to Los Angeles in 1930 to seek new opportunities. He played at the New Cotton Club in LA with Lionel Hampton on drums. The band drew the Hollywood crowd, which could still afford a lavish night life, while radio broadcasts from the club connected with younger audiences at home. Bing Crosby and many other celebrities were regulars at the club. In 1931, Armstrong appeared in his first movie, Ex-Flame. Armstrong was convicted of marijuana possession but received a suspended sentence.[27] He returned to Chicago in late 1931 and played in bands more in the Guy Lombardo vein and he recorded more standards. When the mob insisted that he get out of town, Armstrong visited New Orleans, got a hero’s welcome and saw old friends. He sponsored a local baseball team known as “Armstrong’s Secret Nine” and got a cigar named after himself.[28] But soon he was on the road again and after a tour across the country shadowed by the mob, Armstrong decided to go to Europe to escape.
After returning to the States, he undertook several exhausting tours. His agent Johnny Collins’ erratic behavior and his own spending ways left Armstrong short of cash. Breach of contract violations plagued him. Finally, he hired Joe Glaser as his new manager, a tough mob-connected wheeler-dealer, who began to straighten out his legal mess, his mob troubles, and his debts. Armstrong also began to experience problems with his fingers and lips, which were aggravated by his unorthodox playing style. As a result he branched out, developing his vocal style and making his first theatrical appearances. He appeared in movies again, including Crosby's 1936 hit Pennies from Heaven. In 1937, Armstrong substituted for Rudy Vallee on the CBS radio network and became the first African American to host a sponsored, national broadcast.[29] He finally divorced Lil in 1938 and married longtime girlfriend Alpha.
After spending many years on the road, Armstrong settled permanently in Queens, New York in 1943 in contentment with his fourth wife, Lucille. Although subject to the vicissitudes of Tin Pan Alley and the gangster-ridden music business, as well as anti-black prejudice, he continued to develop his playing. He recorded Hoagy Carmichael's Rockin' Chair for Okeh Records.
During the subsequent thirty years, Armstrong played more than three hundred gigs a year. Bookings for big bands tapered off during the 1940s due to changes in public tastes: ballrooms closed, and there was competition from television and from other types of music becoming more popular than big band music. It became impossible under such circumstances to support and finance a 16-piece touring band.
The All Stars[link]
Following a highly successful small-group jazz concert at New York Town Hall on May 17, 1947, featuring Armstrong with trombonist/singer Jack Teagarden, Armstrong's manager Joe Glaser dissolved the Armstrong big band on August 13, 1947 and established a six-piece small group featuring Armstrong with (initially) Teagarden, Earl Hines and other top swing and dixieland musicians, most of them ex-big band leaders. The new group was announced at the opening of Billy Berg's Supper Club.
This group was called Louis Armstrong and his All Stars and included at various times Earl "Fatha" Hines, Barney Bigard, Edmond Hall, Jack Teagarden, Trummy Young, Arvell Shaw, Billy Kyle, Marty Napoleon, Big Sid Catlett, Cozy Cole, Tyree Glenn, Barrett Deems, Joe Darensbourg and the Filipino-American percussionist, Danny Barcelona. During this period, Armstrong made many recordings and appeared in over thirty films. He was the first jazz musician to appear on the cover of Time Magazine on February 21, 1949.
In 1964, he recorded his biggest-selling record, "Hello, Dolly!" The song went to #1 on the pop chart, making Armstrong (age 63) the oldest person to ever accomplish that feat. In the process, Armstrong dislodged The Beatles from the #1 position they had occupied for 14 consecutive weeks with three different songs.[30]
Armstrong kept up his busy tour schedule until a few years before his death in 1971. In his later years he would sometimes play some of his numerous gigs by rote, but other times would enliven the most mundane gig with his vigorous playing, often to the astonishment of his band. He also toured Africa, Europe, and Asia under sponsorship of the US State Department with great success, earning the nickname "Ambassador Satch." While failing health restricted his schedule in his last years, within those limitations he continued playing until the day he died.
Death[link]
Armstrong died of a heart attack in his sleep on July 6, 1971, a month before his 70th birthday,[31] and 11 months after playing a famous show at the Waldorf-Astoria's Empire Room.[32] He was residing in Corona, Queens, New York City, at the time of his death.[33] He was interred in Flushing Cemetery, Flushing, in Queens, New York City.[34]
His honorary pallbearers included Bing Crosby, Ella Fitzgerald, Dizzy Gillespie, Pearl Bailey, Count Basie, Harry James, Frank Sinatra, Ed Sullivan, Earl Wilson, Alan King, Johnny Carson and David Frost.[35] Peggy Lee sang The Lord's Prayer at the services while Al Hibbler sang "Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen" and Fred Robbins, a long-time friend, gave the eulogy.[36]
Personal life[link]
Personality[link]
 |
This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (November 2011) |
Armstrong was a colorful character. His own biography vexes biographers and historians, because he had a habit of telling tales, particularly of his early childhood, when he was less scrutinized, and his embellishments of his history often lack consistency.
He was not only an entertainer. Armstrong was a leading personality of the day who was so beloved by America that gave even the greatest African American performers little access beyond their public celebrity, that he was able to live privately a life of access and privilege accorded to few other African Americans.
He tried to remain politically neutral, which gave him a large part of that access, but often alienated him from members of the black community who looked to him to use his prominence with white America to become more of an outspoken figure during the Civil Rights Era of U.S. history.
Nicknames[link]
The nicknames Satchmo and Satch are short for Satchelmouth. Like many things in Armstrong's life, which was filled with colorful stories both real and imagined, many of his own telling, the nickname has many possible origins.
The most common tale that biographers tell is the story of Armstrong as a young boy dancing for pennies in the streets of New Orleans, who would scoop up the coins off of the streets and stick them into his mouth to avoid having the bigger children steal them from him. Someone dubbed him "satchel mouth" for his mouth acting as a satchel. Another tale is that because of his large mouth, he was nicknamed "satchel mouth" which became shortened to Satchmo.
Early on he was also known as Dipper, short for Dippermouth, a reference to the piece Dippermouth Blues.[37] and something of a riff on his unusual embouchure.
The nickname Pops came from Armstrong's own tendency to forget people's names and simply call them "pops" instead. The nickname was soon turned on Armstrong himself. It was used as the title of a 2010 biography of Armstrong by Terry Teachout.
File:Louis Armstrong Autograph.jpg
Armstrong's autograph from the 1960s
Armstrong and race[link]
Armstrong was largely accepted into white society, both on stage and off, a privilege reserved for very few African-American public figures, and usually those of either exceptional talent and fair skin-tone. As his fame grew, so did his access to the finer things in life usually denied to a black man, even a famous one. His renown was such that he dined in the best restaurants and stayed in hotels usually exclusively for whites.[38]
It was a power and privilege that he enjoyed, although he was very careful not to flaunt it with fellow performers of color, and privately, he shared what access that he could with friends and fellow musicians.
That still did not prevent members of the African-American community, particularly in the late 1950s to the early 1970s, from calling him an Uncle Tom, a black-on-black racial epithet for someone who kowtowed to white society at the expense of their own racial identity.
He was criticized for accepting the title of "King of The Zulus" for Mardi Gras in 1949. In the New Orleans African-American community it is an honored role as the head of leading black Carnival Krewe, but bewildering or offensive to outsiders with their traditional costume of grass-skirts and blackface makeup satirizing southern white attitudes.
Some musicians criticized Armstrong for playing in front of segregated audiences, and for not taking a strong enough stand in the civil rights movement.[39]
Billie Holiday countered, however, "Of course Pops toms, but he toms from the heart."[40]
The few exceptions made it more effective when he did speak out. Armstrong's criticism of President Eisenhower, calling him "two-faced" and "gutless" because of his inaction during the conflict over school desegregation in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957 made national news.
As a protest, Armstrong canceled a planned tour of the Soviet Union on behalf of the State Department saying "The way they're treating my people in the South, the government can go to hell" and that he could not represent his government abroad when it was in conflict with its own people.[41] Six days after Armstrong's comments, Eisenhower ordered Federal troops to Little Rock to escort students into the school.[42]
The FBI kept a file on Armstrong, for his outspokenness about integration.[43]
Religion[link]
When asked about his religion, Armstrong would answer that he was raised a Baptist, always wore a Star of David, and was friends with the Pope.[44] Armstrong wore the Star of David in honor of the Karnofsky family, who took him in as a child and lent him the money to buy his first cornet. Louis Armstrong was, in fact, baptized as a Catholic at the Sacred Heart of Jesus Church in New Orleans,[44] and he met popes Pius XII and Paul VI, though there is no evidence that he considered himself Catholic. Armstrong seems to have been tolerant towards various religions, but also found humor in them.
Personal habits[link]
Purging[link]
Armstrong was also greatly concerned with his health and bodily functions. He made frequent use of laxatives as a means of controlling his weight, a practice he advocated both to personal acquaintances and in the diet plans he published under the title Lose Weight the Satchmo Way. Armstrong's laxative of preference in his younger days was Pluto Water, but he then became an enthusiastic convert when he discovered the herbal remedy Swiss Kriss. He would extol its virtues to anyone who would listen and pass out packets to everyone he encountered, including members of the British Royal Family. (Armstrong also appeared in humorous, albeit risqué, cards that he had printed to send out to friends; the cards bore a picture of him sitting on a toilet—as viewed through a keyhole—with the slogan "Satch says, 'Leave it all behind ya!'")[45] The cards have sometimes been incorrectly described as ads for Swiss Kriss.[46]
In a live recording of "Baby, It's Cold Outside" with Velma Middleton, he changes the lyric from "Put another record on while I pour" to "Take some Swiss Kriss while I pour." The line, slightly garbled in the live recording, could just as likely be "Take some Swiss Miss while I pour"—Swiss Miss is a hot chocolate mix that would have been fairly new on the market in 1951. (The line comes at 1:04 in the song.)[47]
Love of food[link]
The concern with his health and weight was balanced by his love of food, reflected in such songs as "Cheesecake", "Cornet Chop Suey,"[48] though "Struttin’ with Some Barbecue" was written about a fine-looking companion, not about food.[49] He kept a strong connection throughout his life to the cooking of New Orleans, always signing his letters, "Red beans and ricely yours..."[50]
Writings[link]
Armstrong’s gregariousness extended to writing. On the road, he wrote constantly, sharing favorite themes of his life with correspondents around the world. He avidly typed or wrote on whatever stationery was at hand, recording instant takes on music, sex, food, childhood memories, his heavy "medicinal" marijuana use—and even his bowel movements, which he gleefully described.[51] He had a fondness for lewd jokes and dirty limericks as well.
Social organizations[link]
Louis Armstrong was not, as is often claimed, a Freemason. Although he is usually listed as being a member of Montgomery Lodge No. 18 (Prince Hall) in New York, no such lodge has ever existed. Armstrong states in his autobiography, however, that he was a member of the Knights of Pythias, which is not a Masonic group.[52]
Music[link]
Horn playing and early jazz[link]
In his early years, Armstrong was best known for his virtuosity with the cornet and trumpet. The greatest trumpet playing of his early years can be heard on his Hot Five and Hot Seven records, as well as the Red Onion Jazz Babies. The improvisations he made on these records of New Orleans jazz standards and popular songs of the day are unsurpassed by later jazz performers. The older generation of New Orleans jazz musicians often referred to their improvisations as "variating the melody." Armstrong's improvisations were daring and sophisticated for the time, while often subtle and melodic.
He often essentially re-composed pop-tunes he played, making them more interesting. Armstrong's playing is filled with joyous, inspired original melodies, creative leaps, and subtle relaxed or driving rhythms. The genius of these creative passages is matched by Armstrong's playing technique, honed by constant practice, which extended the range, tone and capabilities of the trumpet. In these records, Armstrong almost single-handedly created the role of the jazz soloist, taking what was essentially a collective folk music and turning it into an art form with tremendous possibilities for individual expression.
Armstrong's work in the 1920s shows him playing at the outer limits of his abilities. The Hot Five records, especially, often have minor flubs and missed notes, which do little to detract from listening enjoyment since the energy of the spontaneous performance comes through. By the mid 1930s, Armstrong achieved a smooth assurance, knowing exactly what he could do and carrying out his ideas to perfection.
He was one of the first artists to use recordings of his performances to improve himself. Armstrong was an avid audiophile. He had a large collection of recordings, including reel-to-reel tapes, which he took on the road with him in a trunk during his later career. He enjoyed listening to his own recordings, and comparing his performances musically. In the den of his home, he had the latest audio equipment and would sometimes rehearse and record along with his older recordings or the radio.[53]
Vocal popularity[link]
As his music progressed and popularity grew, his singing also became very important. Armstrong was not the first to record scat singing, but he was masterful at it and helped popularize it. He had a hit with his playing and scat singing on "Heebie Jeebies" when, according to some legends, the sheet music fell on the floor and he simply started singing nonsense syllables. Armstrong stated in his memoirs that this actually occurred. He also sang out "I done forgot the words" in the middle of recording "I'm A Ding Dong Daddy From Dumas."
Such records were hits and scat singing became a major part of his performances. Long before this, however, Armstrong was playing around with his vocals, shortening and lengthening phrases, interjecting improvisations, using his voice as creatively as his trumpet.
Colleagues and followers[link]
During his long career he played and sang with some of the most important instrumentalists and vocalists of the time; among them were Bing Crosby, Duke Ellington, Fletcher Henderson, Earl Hines, the singing brakeman Jimmie Rodgers, Bessie Smith and perhaps most famously Ella Fitzgerald.
His influence upon Bing Crosby is particularly important with regard to the subsequent development of popular music: Crosby admired and copied Armstrong, as is evident on many of his early recordings, notably "Just One More Chance" (1931). The New Grove Dictionary Of Jazz describes Crosby's debt to Armstrong in precise detail, although it does not acknowledge Armstrong by name:
Crosby... was important in introducing into the mainstream of popular singing an Afro-American concept of song as a lyrical extension of speech... His techniques - easing the weight of the breath on the vocal cords, passing into a head voice at a low register, using forward production to aid distinct enunciation, singing on consonants (a practice of black singers), and making discreet use of appoggiaturas, mordents, and slurs to emphasize the text - were emulated by nearly all later popular singers.
Armstrong recorded three albums with Ella Fitzgerald: Ella and Louis, Ella and Louis Again, and Porgy and Bess for Verve Records, with the sessions featuring the backing musicianship of the Oscar Peterson Trio and drummer Buddy Rich. His recordings Satch Plays Fats, all Fats Waller tunes, and Louis Armstrong Plays W.C. Handy in the 1950s were perhaps among the last of his great creative recordings, but even oddities like Disney Songs the Satchmo Way are seen to have their musical moments. And, his participation in Dave Brubeck's high-concept jazz musical The Real Ambassadors was critically acclaimed. For the most part, however, his later output was criticized as being overly simplistic or repetitive.
Hits and later career[link]
Armstrong had many hit records including "Stardust", "What a Wonderful World", "When The Saints Go Marching In", "Dream a Little Dream of Me", "Ain't Misbehavin'", "You Rascal You,"and "Stompin' at the Savoy." "We Have All the Time in the World" was featured on the soundtrack of the James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service, and enjoyed renewed popularity in the UK in 1994 when it featured on a Guinness advert. It reached number 3 in the charts on being re-released.
In 1964, Armstrong knocked the Beatles off the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart with "Hello, Dolly!", which gave the 63-year-old performer a U.S. record as the oldest artist to have a number one song. His 1964 song, "Bout Time" was later featured in the film "Bewitched" (2005).
Armstrong performed in Italy at the 1968 Sanremo Music Festival where he sang "Mi Va di Cantare"[54] alongside his friend, the Eritrean-born Italian singer Lara Saint Paul.[55] In February 1968, he also appeared with Lara Saint Paul on the Italian RAI television channel where he performed "Grassa e Bella," a track he sang in Italian for the Italian market and C.D.I. label.[56]
In 1968, Armstrong scored one last popular hit in the United Kingdom with the highly sentimental pop song "What a Wonderful World", which topped the British charts for a month; however, the single did not chart at all in America. The song gained greater currency in the popular consciousness when it was used in the 1987 movie Good Morning, Vietnam, its subsequent rerelease topping many charts around the world. Armstrong even appeared on the October 28, 1970 Johnny Cash Show, where he sang Nat "King" Cole's hit "Rambling Rose" and joined Cash to re-create his performance backing Jimmie Rodgers on "Blue Yodel #9".
Stylistic range[link]
Armstrong enjoyed many types of music, from blues to the arrangements of Guy Lombardo, to Latin American folksongs, to classical symphonies and opera. Armstrong incorporated influences from all these sources into his performances, sometimes to the bewilderment of fans who wanted him to stay in convenient narrow categories. Armstrong was inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as an early influence. Some of his solos from the 1950s, such as the hard rocking version of "St. Louis Blues" from the WC Handy album, show that the influence went in both directions.
Literature, radio, films and TV[link]
Armstrong appeared in more than a dozen Hollywood films, usually playing a band leader or musician. His most familiar role was as the bandleader cum narrator in the 1956 musical, High Society, in which he sang the title song and performed a duet with Bing Crosby on "Now You Has Jazz". In 1947, he played himself in the movie New Orleans opposite Billie Holiday, which chronicled the demise of the Storyville district and the ensuing exodus of musicians from New Orleans to Chicago.[57] In the 1959 film, The Five Pennies (the story of the cornetist Red Nichols), Armstrong played himself as well as singing and playing several classic numbers. With Danny Kaye Armstrong performed a duet of "When the Saints Go Marching In" during which Kaye impersonated Armstrong. Armstrong also had a part in the film alongside James Stewart in The Glenn Miller Story in which Glenn (played by Stewart) jammed with Armstrong and a few other noted musicians of the time.
He was the first African American to host a nationally broadcast radio show in the 1930s. In 1969, Armstrong had a cameo role in the film version of Hello, Dolly! as the bandleader, Louis, to which he sang the title song with actress Barbra Streisand. His solo recording of "Hello, Dolly!" is one of his most recognizable performances.
He was heard on such radio programs as The Story of Swing (1937) and This Is Jazz (1947), and he also made countless television appearances, especially in the 1950s and 1960s, including appearances on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.
Many of Armstrong's recordings remain popular. Almost four decades since his passing, a larger number of his recordings from all periods of his career are more widely available than at any time during his lifetime. His songs are broadcast and listened to every day throughout the world, and are honored in various movies, TV series, commercials, and even anime and video games. "A Kiss to Build a Dream On" was included in the video game Fallout 2, accompanying the intro cinematic. It was also used in the 1993 film Sleepless in Seattle and the 2005 film Lord of War. His 1923 recordings, with Joe Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band, continue to be listened to as documents of ensemble style New Orleans jazz, but more particularly as ripper[jargon] jazz records in their own right. All too often, however, Armstrong recorded with stiff, standard orchestras leaving only his sublime trumpet playing as of interest. "Melancholy Blues," performed by Armstrong and his Hot Seven was included on the Voyager Golden Record sent into outer space to represent one of the greatest achievements of humanity. Most familiar to modern listeners is his ubiquitous rendition of "What a Wonderful World". In 2008, Armstrong's recording of Edith Piaf's famous "La Vie En Rose" was used in a scene of the popular Disney/Pixar film WALL-E. The song was also used in parts, especially the opening trumpets, in the French film Jeux d'enfants (Love Me If You Dare.)
Argentine writer Julio Cortázar, a self-described Armstrong admirer, asserted that a 1952 Louis Armstrong concert at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris played a significant role in inspiring him to create the fictional creatures called Cronopios that are the subject of a number of Cortázar's short stories. Cortázar once called Armstrong himself "Grandísimo Cronopio" (The Great Cronopio).
Armstrong appears as a minor fictionalized character in Harry Turtledove's Southern Victory Series. When he and his band escape from a Nazi-like Confederacy, they enhance the insipid mainstream music of the North. A young Armstrong also appears as a minor fictionalized character in Patrick Neate's 2001 novel Twelve Bar Blues, part of which is set in New Orleans, and which was a winner at that year's Whitbread Book Awards.
There is a pivotal scene in 1980s Stardust Memories in which Woody Allen is overwhelmed by a recording of Armstrong's Stardust and experiences a nostalgic epiphany.[58] The combination of the music and the perfect moment is the catalyst for much of the film's action, prompting the protagonist to fall in love with an ill-advised woman.[59]
Awards and honors[link]
Grammy Awards[link]
Armstrong was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1972 by the Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. This Special Merit Award is presented by vote of the Recording Academy's National Trustees to performers who, during their lifetimes, have made creative contributions of outstanding artistic significance to the field of recording.[60]
| Grammy Award | |||||
| Year | Category | Title | Genre | Label | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1964 | Male Vocal Performance | "Hello, Dolly!" | Pop | Kapp | Winner |
Grammy Hall of Fame[link]
Recordings of Armstrong were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least twenty-five years old, and that have "qualitative or historical significance."[61][62]
| Grammy Hall of Fame | |||||
| Year recorded | Title | Genre | Label | Year inducted | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1929 | "St. Louis Blues" | Jazz (Single) | OKeh | 2008 | with Bessie Smith |
| 1928 | "Weather Bird" | Jazz (Single) | OKeh | 2008 | with Earl Hines |
| 1930 | "Blue Yodel #9 (Standing on the Corner)" |
Country (Single) | Victor | 2007 | Jimmie Rodgers (Featuring Louis Armstrong) |
| 1932 | "All of Me" | Jazz (Single) | Columbia | 2005 | |
| 1958 | Porgy and Bess | Jazz (Album) | Verve | 2001 | with Ella Fitzgerald |
| 1964 | "Hello Dolly!" | Pop (Single) | Kapp | 2001 | |
| 1926 | "Heebie Jeebies" | Jazz (Single) | OKeh | 1999 | |
| 1968 | "What a Wonderful World" | Jazz (Single) | ABC | 1999 | |
| 1955 | "Mack the Knife" | Jazz (Single) | Columbia | 1997 | |
| 1925 | "St. Louis Blues" | Jazz (Single) | Columbia | 1993 | Bessie Smith with Louis Armstrong, cornet |
| 1928 | "West End Blues" | Jazz (Single) | OKeh | 1974 | |
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame[link]
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame listed Armstrong's West End Blues on the list of 500 songs that shaped Rock and Roll.[63]
| Year recorded | Title | Label | Group |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1928 | West End Blues | Okeh | Louis Armstrong and his Hot Five |
Inductions and honors[link]
In 1995, the U.S. Post Office issued a Louis Armstrong 32 cents commemorative postage stamp.
| Year inducted | Title | Results | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | Louisiana Music Hall of Fame | ||
| 2007 | Gennett Records Walk of Fame, Richmond, Indiana | ||
| 2007 | Long Island Music Hall of Fame | ||
| 2004 | Nesuhi Ertegün Jazz Hall of Fame at Jazz at Lincoln Center |
||
| 1990 | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | Early influence | |
| 1978 | Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame | ||
| 1952 | Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame | ||
| 1960[64] | Hollywood Walk of Fame | Star | at 7601 Hollywood Blvd. |
Legacy[link]
The influence of Armstrong on the development of jazz is virtually immeasurable. Yet, his irrepressible personality both as a performer, and as a public figure later in his career, was so strong that to some it sometimes overshadowed his contributions as a musician and singer.
As a virtuoso trumpet player, Armstrong had a unique tone and an extraordinary talent for melodic improvisation. Through his playing, the trumpet emerged as a solo instrument in jazz and is used widely today. He was a masterful accompanist and ensemble player in addition to his extraordinary skills as a soloist. With his innovations, he raised the bar musically for all who came after him.
Though Armstrong is widely recognized as a pioneer of scat singing, Ethel Waters precedes his scatting on record in the 1930s according to Gary Giddins and others.[65] Billie Holiday and Frank Sinatra are just two singers who were greatly indebted to him. Holiday said that she always wanted Bessie Smith's 'big' sound and Armstrong's feeling in her singing. Even special musicians like Duke Ellington have praised Armstrong through strong testimonials. Duke Ellington said, "If anybody was a master, it was Louis Armstrong." In 1950, Bing Crosby, the most successful vocalist of the first half of the 20th century, said, "He is the beginning and the end of music in America."
On August 4, 2001, the centennial of Armstrong's birth, New Orleans's airport was renamed Louis Armstrong International Airport in his honor.
In 2002, the Louis Armstrong's Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings (1925–1928) are preserved in the United States National Recording Registry, a registry of recordings selected yearly by the National Recording Preservation Board for preservation in the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress.[66]
The US Open tennis tournament's former main stadium was named Louis Armstrong Stadium in honor of Armstrong who had lived a few blocks from the site.[67]
Today, there are many bands worldwide dedicated to preserving and honoring the music and style of Satchmo, including the Louis Armstrong Society located in New Orleans, LA.
House[link]
The house where Louis Armstrong lived for close to 28 years was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977 and is now a museum. The Louis Armstrong House Museum, at 34-56 107th Street (between 34th and 37th Avenues) in Corona, Queens, presents concerts and educational programs, operates as a historic house museum and makes materials in its archives of writings, books, recordings and memorabilia available to the public for research. The museum is operated by the City University of New York's Queens College, following the dictates of Lucille Armstrong'swill.
The museum opened to the public on October 15, 2003. A new visitors center is planned.[68]
Discography[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ He preferred that his name be pronounced Louie. "It's like Louis Armstrong - he spelled his name Louis, but he liked it to be said as Louie," recalls Louie Bellson [1]. Armstrong was registered as "Lewie" for the 1920 U.S. Census. On various live records he's called "Louie" on stage, such as on the 1952 "Can Anyone Explain?" from the live album In Scandinavia vol.1. It should also be noted that "Lewie" is the French pronunciation of "Louis" and is commonly used in Louisiana. However, when referring to himself in "Hello Dolly!," he pronounces his name as "Lewis" ("Hello, Dolly. This is Lewis, Dolly"), pronouncing the 's'.
- ^ Armstrong said he was not sure exactly when he was born, but celebrated his birthday on July 4. He usually gave the year as 1900 when speaking in public (although he used 1901 on his Social Security and other papers filed with the government). Using Roman Catholic Church documents from when his grandmother took him to be baptized, New Orleans music researcher Tad Jones established Armstrong's actual date of birth as August 4, 1901. With various other collaborative evidence, this date is now accepted by Armstrong scholars. See also age fabrication Armstrong had no middle name, but a 1949 Time magazine profile gave him the middle name of Daniel. The census and baptismal records confirm he had no middle name.
- ^ For "satchel-mouth."
- ^ The TIME 100. Louis Armstrong. TIME, Stanley Crouch, June 8, 1998. "For many years it was thought that Armstrong was born in New Orleans on July 4, 1900, a perfect day for the man who wrote the musical Declaration of Independence for Americans of this century. But the estimable writer Gary Giddins discovered the birth certificate that proves Armstrong was born Aug. 4, 1901." Retrieved January 8, 2009.
- ^ When is Louis Armstrong's birthday? The Official Site of the Louis Armstrong House & Archives.
- ^ Current Biography 1944, pp. 15–17.
- ^ Bergreen, Laurence (1997). Louis Armstrong: An Extravagant Life. New York: Broadway Books. p. 6. ISBN 0-553-06768-0.
- ^ Karnow, Stanley (February 21, 2001). "My Debt to Cousin Louis's Cornet". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C02E1D91639F932A15751C0A9679C8B63. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
- ^ Teachout, Terry. "Satchmo and the Jews" Commentary magazine, Nov. 2009.
- ^ "The Karnofsky Project".
- ^ Current Biography 1944 p. 16.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 78.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 142.
- ^ "Satchuated" Gary Giddins, Village Voice April 16–22, 2003. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 170.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 199.
- ^ www.britannica.com
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 247.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 260.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 274.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 264.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 267.
- ^ Collier, James Lincoln (1985). Louis Armstrong. Pan Books. pp. 160–162. ISBN 0-330-28607-2.
- ^ "Louis Armstrong & his Orchestra". Redhotjazz.com. http://www.redhotjazz.com/lao.html. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ Morgenstern, Dan. “Louis Armstrong and the development & diffusion of Jazz”, Louis Armstrong a Cultural Legacy, Marc H Miller e.d., Queens Museum of Art in association with University of Washington Press, 1994 pg110
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 320.
- ^ Collier (1985), p221-2
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 344.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 385.
- ^ Hale, James (editor of Jazzhouse.org), Danny Barcelona (1929–2007), Drums, Armstrong All-Star, The Last Post, 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
- ^ Meckna, Michael; Satchmo, The Louis Armstrong Encyclopedia, Greenwood Press, Connecticut & London, 2004.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 491.
- ^ Krebs, Albin. "Louis Armstrong, Jazz Trumpeter and Singer, Dies", The New York Times, July 7, 1971. Accessed October 1, 2009. "Louis Armstrong, the celebrated jazz trumpeter and singer, died in his sleep yesterday morning at his home in the Corona section of Queens."
- ^ Louis Armstrong at Find a Grave
- ^ Collier, James Lincoln (1985). Louis Armstrong. Pan. p. 333. ISBN 0-330-28607-2.
- ^ "Louis Armstrong Dies: 1971 Year in Review". Upi.com. December 28, 1971. http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/#title. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ Armstrong, 1954, pp. 27-28
- ^ The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones, Vol. 3, Disk 7, Mystery of the Blues Special Features, Louis Armstrong: Ambassador of Jazz (DVD). Lucasfilm, Ltd.. Event occurs at 17:30.
- ^ Collier (1985), p. 317-320
- ^ 100 Most Influential People of All Times. Books.google.com. 2007-01-01. ISBN 978-1-60501-124-0. http://books.google.com/?id=WcLJ3aK-ZSkC&pg=PT698&dq=from+the+heart+%22pops+toms%22#v=onepage&q=from%20the%20heart%20%22pops%20toms%22&f=false. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
- ^ "Louis Armstrong, Barring Soviet Tour, Denounces Eisenhower and Gov. Faubus". New York Times. September 19, 1957. http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/reviews/armstrong-eisenhower.html. Retrieved August 30, 2007. See also, from September 23, 2007, *David Margolick, The Day Louis Armstrong Made Noise.
- ^ The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones, Vol. 3, Disk 7, Mystery of the Blues Special Features, Louis Armstrong: Ambassador of Jazz (DVD). Lucasfilm, Ltd.. Event occurs at 24:28.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 472.
- ^ a b Gabbard, Krin (2001). Louis and The Good Book (CD booklet). New York City: Verve Records. p.1.
- ^ Gilstrap, Peter (February 29, 1996). "Leave It All Behind Ya". Phoenix New Times. http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1996-02-29/news/leave-it-all-behind-ya/. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
- ^ Teachout, Terry (2009) Pops: A Life of Louis Armstrong pp. 293–294.
- ^ Louis Armstrong, "Christmas Through the Years," Laserlight 12744
- ^ Satchmo.net. 'Red Beans and Ricely yours, Louis Armstrong.'
- ^ Jive Dictionary, by Cab Calloway: "Barbecue (n.) -- the girl friend, a beauty." Retrieved February 10, 2009.
- ^ Elie p. 327.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 4.
- ^ "Non-masons - Louis Armstrong". Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/armstrong_l/armstrong_l.html. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Michael Cogswell, Louis Armstrong: The Offstage Story of Satchmo (Collector's Press, Portland, Oregon, 2003) ISBN 1-888054-81-6 pp. 66–68.
- ^ "Hit Parade Italia" Hit Parade Italia - Festival di Sanremo 1968.
- ^ "Mi va di cantare" Lara Saint Paul - lavocedelledonne.it.
- ^ Louis Armstrong: "Grassa e bella" Louis Armstrong Discography.
- ^ IMDb.com
- ^ "Stardust Memories :: rogerebert.com :: Reviews". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. January 1, 1980. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19800101/REVIEWS/1010330/1023. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ IMDb.com
- ^ "Lifetime Achievement Award". Grammy.com. February 8, 2009. http://www.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Lifetime_Awards/. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ "Grammy Hall of Fame Database". Grammy.com. February 8, 2009. http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ "The Recording Academy" (PDF). http://www.grammy.com/PressReleases/443_466_Hall%20of%20Fame%20release%20FINAL.pdf. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ "Experience The Music: One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". Rockhall.com. http://rockhall.com/exhibits/one-hit-wonders-songs-that-shaped-rock-and-roll/. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
- ^ "Hollywood Walk of Fame". Walkoffame.com. 1960-02-08. http://www.walkoffame.com/louis-armstrong. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
- ^ See Ken Burns' Jazz CD Set liner notes.
- ^ "Library of Congress archive". Loc.gov. February 18, 2009. http://www.loc.gov/rr/record/nrpb/registry/nrpb-2002reg.html. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ "Ashe & Armstrong Stadiums". Usta.com. May 25, 2008. http://www.usta.com/Active/News/National-Tennis-Center-News/National-Tennis-Center/14185_Ashe__Armstrong_Stadiums/. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
- ^ "New visitor center at Armstrong museum". Queens Chronicle. November 10, 2011. http://www.qchron.com/editions/western/new-visitor-center-at-armstrong-museum/article_0968722c-bb92-57e9-8de4-e749c6801c24.html. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
References[link]
- Armstrong, Louis. Satchmo: My Life in New Orleans. ISBN 0-306-80276-7
- Armstrong, Louis and Thomas Brothers. Armstrong, in His Own Words: Selected Writings. ISBN 0-19-514046-X
- Bergreen, Laurence "Louis Armstrong: An Extravagant Life" ISBN 0-553-06768-0
- Brothers, Thomas "Louis Armstrong's New Orleans" ISBN 0-393-06109-4
- Cogswell, Michael. Armstrong: The Offstage Story. ISBN 1-888054-81-6
- Elie, Lolis Eric. A Letter from New Orleans. Originally printed in Gourmet. Reprinted in Best Food Writing 2006, Edited by Holly Hughes, ISBN 1-56924-287-9
- Jones Max and John Chilton. Louis Armstrong Story. ISBN 0-306-80324-0
- Meckna, Michael. Satchmo: The Louis Armstrong Encyclopedia. ISBN 0-313-30137-9
- Storb, Ilse. "Louis Armstrong: The Definitive Biography". ISBN 0-8204-3103-6
Video clips[link]
- "Now You Has Jazz"
- "Blueberry Hill"
- "Stompin' At The Savoy" Germany, 1959
- "Tiger Rag"
- "C'est si bon 1962
- "Dream a Little Dream" photo slide show
- "Louis Armstrong and Frank Sinatra - The Birth of The Blues" - The Edsel Show
External links[link]
|
Book: Louis Armstrong |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Louis Armstrong |
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Louis Armstrong |
- louis-armstrong.net - Sony BMG Music Entertainment
- Louis Armstrong by Nat Hentoff
- Obituary, NY Times
- Quotes and tributes
- Discography
- Filmography @ imdb.com
- The Louis Armstrong Society Jazz Band
- Louis Armstrong: A Life in Music - slideshow by Life magazine
- Seeing Black jazz critic on the Uncle Tom question
- the official website of the Louis Armstrong House & Archives
- "Louis Armstrong Transcription Project - john p birchall"
- Louis Armstrong at pbskids.org
- David Margolick, The Day Louis Armstrong Made Noise
- Smithsonian Louis Armstrong: A Cultural Legacy
- Louis Armstrong at NPR Music
- Louis Armstrong in Athens, Blog of the Digital Library of Georgia
- Louis Armstrong: discography and early recordings (Real Player format) on the Red Hot Jazz website.
- Milestone Louis Armstrong recordings at Three Perfect Minutes
- Louis Armstrong's autobiography online book
- Louis Armstrong collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Works by or about Louis Armstrong in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Louis Armstrong discography at Discogs
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Armstrong, Louis |
| Alternative names | Satchmo |
| Short description | American Jazz trumpeter and singer |
| Date of birth | (1900-07-04)July 4, 1900 |
| Place of birth | New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Date of death | July 6, 1971(1971-07-06) |
| Place of death | New York City, New York, U.S. |
http://wn.com/Louis_Armstrong
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Louis Armstrong
http://cs.wn.com/Louis Armstrong
http://es.wn.com/Louis Armstrong
http://ru.wn.com/Армстронг, Луи
http://id.wn.com/Louis Armstrong
http://pl.wn.com/Louis Armstrong
http://fr.wn.com/Louis Armstrong
http://de.wn.com/Louis Armstrong
http://hi.wn.com/लुईस आर्मस्ट्रांग
http://pt.wn.com/Louis Armstrong
http://nl.wn.com/Louis Armstrong
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about Walt Disney, the person. For the company he founded, see The Walt Disney Company. For other uses, see Walt Disney (disambiguation).
| Walt Disney | |
|---|---|
 Walt Disney on January 1, 1954 |
|
| Born | Walter Elias Disney (1901-12-05)December 5, 1901[1] Hermosa, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | December 15, 1966(1966-12-15) (aged 65) Burbank, California, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Lung Cancer |
| Resting place | Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, U.S. |
| Residence | Burbank, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | McKinley High School |
| Occupation | Film producer, Co-founder of The Walt Disney Company, formerly known as Walt Disney Productions |
| Years active | 1920–1966 |
| Home town | Chicago, Illinois |
| Political party | Republican |
| Board member of | The Walt Disney Company |
| Religion | Christian (Congregationalist)[2] |
| Spouse | Lillian Bounds (1925–1966; his death) |
| Children | Diane Marie Disney Sharon Mae Disney |
| Parents | Elias Disney Flora Call Disney |
| Relatives | Ronald William Miller (son-in-law) Robert Borgfeldt Brown (son-in-law) Roy Edward Disney (nephew) |
| Family | Herbert Arthur Disney (brother) Raymond Arnold Disney (brother) Roy Oliver Disney (brother) Ruth Flora Disney (sister) |
| Awards | 7 Emmy Awards, 22 Academy Awards, Cecil B.DeMille Award |
| Signature |  |
Walter Elias "Walt" Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon,[3] and philanthropist, well known for his influence in the field of entertainment during the 20th century. Along with his brother Roy O. Disney, he was co-founder of Walt Disney Productions, which later became one of the best-known motion picture producers in the world. The corporation is now known as The Walt Disney Company and had an annual revenue of approximately US$36 billion in the 2010 financial year.[4]
Disney is particularly noted as a film producer and a popular showman, as well as an innovator in animation and theme park design. He and his staff created some of the world's most well-known fictional characters including Mickey Mouse, for whom Disney himself provided the original voice. During his lifetime he received four honorary Academy Awards and won 22 Academy Awards from a total of 59 nominations, including a record four in one year,[5] giving him more awards and nominations than any other individual in history.[6] Disney also won seven Emmy Awards and gave his name to the Disneyland and Walt Disney World Resort theme parks in the U.S., as well as the international resorts Tokyo Disney Resort, Disneyland Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland.
The year after his December 15, 1966 death from lung cancer in Burbank, California, construction began on Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. His brother Roy Disney inaugurated the Magic Kingdom on October 1, 1971.
Contents |
1901–1937: Beginnings[link]
Childhood[link]
File:Flora and Elias Disney.JPG
Walt’s parents, Elias and Flora (Call) Disney
Disney was born on December 5, 1901, at 2156 N. Tripp Avenue in Chicago's Hermosa community area to Irish-Canadian father Elias Disney and Flora Call Disney, who was of German and English descent.[7][8] His great-grandfather, Arundel Elias Disney, had emigrated from Gowran, County Kilkenny, Ireland where he was born in 1801. Arundel Disney was a descendant of Robert d'Isigny, a Frenchman who had travelled to England with William the Conqueror in 1066.[9] With the d'Isigny name anglicised as "Disney", the family settled in a village now known as Norton Disney, south of the city of Lincoln, in the county of Lincolnshire.
In 1878, Disney's father Elias had moved from Huron County, Ontario, Canada to the United States at first seeking gold in California before finally settling down to farm with his parents near Ellis, Kansas, until 1884. Elias worked for the Union Pacific Railroad and married Flora Call on January 1, 1888, in Acron, Florida. The family moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1890,[10] hometown of his brother Robert[10] who helped Elias financially for most of his early life.[10] In 1906, when Walt was four, Elias and his family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri,[11] where his brother Roy had recently purchased farmland.[11] In Marceline, Disney developed his love for drawing[12] with one of the family's neighbors, a retired doctor named "Doc" Sherwood, paying him to draw pictures of Sherwood's horse, Rupert.[12] His interest in trains also developed in Marceline, a town that owed its existence to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway which ran through it. Walt would put his ear to the tracks in anticipation of the coming train[8] then try and spot his uncle, engineer Michael Martin, conducting the train.
The Disneys remained in Marceline for four years,[13] before moving to Kansas City in 1911[14] where Walt and his younger sister Ruth attended the Benton Grammar School. At school he met Walter Pfeiffer who came from a family of theatre aficionados, and introduced Walt to the world of vaudeville and motion pictures. Before long Walt was spending more time at the Pfeiffers' than at home.[15] As well as attending Saturday courses at the Kansas City Art Institute,[16] Walt often took Ruth to Electric Park, 15 blocks from their home, which Disney would later acknowledge as a major influence of his design of Disneyland.[citation needed]
Teenage years[link]
In 1917, Elias acquired shares in the O-Zell jelly factory in Chicago and moved his family back to the city,[17] where in the fall Disney began his freshman year at McKinley High School and took night courses at the Chicago Art Institute.[18] He became the cartoonist for the school newspaper, drawing patriotic topics and focusing on World War I. Despite dropping out of high school at the age of sixteen to join the army, Disney was rejected for being underage.[19]
After his rejection by the army, Walt and a friend decided to join the Red Cross.[20] Soon after joining he was sent to France for a year, where he drove an ambulance, but only after the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918.[21]
Hoping to find work outside the Chicago O-Zell factory,[22] in 1919 Walt moved back to Kansas City to begin his artistic career.[23] After considering whether to become an actor or a newspaper artist, he decided on a career as a newspaper artist, drawing political caricatures or comic strips. But when nobody wanted to hire him as either an artist or even as an ambulance driver, his brother Roy, then working in a local bank, got Walt a temporary job through a bank colleague at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio[23] where he created advertisements for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters.[24] At Pesmen-Rubin he met cartoonist Ubbe Iwerks[25] and when their time at the studio expired, they decided to start their own commercial company together.[26]
In January 1920, Disney and Iwerks formed a short-lived company called, "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists". However, following a rough start, Disney left temporarily to earn money at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, and was soon joined by Iwerks who was not able to run their business alone.[27] While working for the Kansas City Film Ad Company, where he made commercials based on cutout animations, Disney became interested in animation, and decided to become an animator.[28] The owner of the Ad Company, A.V. Cauger, allowed him to borrow a camera from work to experiment with at home. After reading the Edwin G. Lutz book Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development, Disney considered cel animation to be much more promising than the cutout animation he was doing for Cauger. Walt eventually decided to open his own animation business,[29] and recruited a fellow co-worker at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, Fred Harman, as his first employee.[29] Walt and Harman then secured a deal with local theater owner Frank L. Newman, arguably the most popular "showman" in the Kansas City area at the time,[30] to screen their cartoons at his local theater, which they titled Laugh-O-Grams.[30]
Laugh-O-Gram Studio[link]
Presented as "Newman Laugh-O-Grams",[30] Disney's cartoons became widely popular in the Kansas City area[31] and through their success, he was able to acquire his own studio, also called Laugh-O-Gram,[32] for which he hired a vast number of additional animators, including Fred Harman's brother Hugh Harman, Rudolf Ising, and his close friend Ubbe Iwerks.[33] Unfortunately, studio profits were insufficient to cover the high salaries paid to employees. Unable to successfully manage money,[34] Disney's studio became loaded with debt[34] and wound up bankrupt[35] whereupon he decided to set up a studio in the movie industry's capital city, Hollywood, California.[36]
Hollywood[link]
Disney and his brother Roy pooled their money and set up a cartoon studio in Hollywood[37] where they needed to find a distributor for Walt's new Alice Comedies, which he had started making while in Kansas City[35] but never got to distribute. Disney sent an unfinished print to New York distributor Margaret Winkler, who promptly wrote back to him that she was keen on a distribution deal for more live-action/animated shorts based upon Alice's Wonderland.[38]
Alice Comedies[link]
Virginia Davis, the live-action star of Alice’s Wonderland and her family relocated from Kansas City to Hollywood at Disney's request, as did Iwerks and his family. This was the beginning of the Disney Brothers' Studio located on Hyperion Avenue in the Silver Lake district, where it remained until 1939. In 1925, Disney hired a young woman named Lillian Bounds to ink and paint celluloid. After a brief courtship, the pair married that same year.
The new series, Alice Comedies, proved reasonably successful, and featured both Dawn O'Day and Margie Gay as Alice with Lois Hardwick also briefly assuming the role. By the time the series ended in 1927, its focus was more on the animated characters and in particular a cat named Julius who resembled Felix the Cat, rather than the live-action Alice.
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit[link]
Main article: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
By 1927, Charles Mintz had married Margaret Winkler and assumed control of her business. He then ordered a new all-animated series to be put into production for distribution through Universal Pictures. The new series, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, was an almost instant success, and the character, Oswald — drawn and created by Iwerks — became a popular figure. The Disney studio expanded and Walt re-hired Harman, Rudolph Ising, Carman Maxwell, and Friz Freleng from Kansas City.
Disney went to New York in February 1928 to negotiate a higher fee per short and was shocked when Mintz told him that not only did he want to reduce the fee he paid Disney per short but also that he had most of his main animators, including Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng—but not Iwerks, who refused to leave Disney—under contract and would start his own studio if Disney did not accept the reduced production budgets. Universal, not Disney, owned the Oswald trademark, and could make the films without Walt. Disney declined Mintz's offer and as a result lost most of his animation staff whereupon he found himself on his own again.[39]
It subsequently took his company 78 years to get back the rights to the Oswald character when in 2006 the Walt Disney Company reacquired the rights to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit from NBC Universal, through a trade for longtime ABC sports commentator Al Michaels.[40]
Mickey Mouse[link]
Main article: Mickey Mouse
After losing the rights to Oswald, Disney felt the need to develop a new character to replace him, which was based on a mouse he had adopted as a pet while working in his Laugh-O-Gram studio in Kansas City.[41] Ub Iwerks reworked the sketches made by Disney to make the character easier to animate although Mickey's voice and personality were provided by Disney himself until 1947. In the words of one Disney employee, "Ub designed Mickey's physical appearance, but Walt gave him his soul."[41] Besides Oswald and Mickey, a similar mouse-character is seen in the Alice Comedies, which featured "Ike the Mouse". Moreover, the first Flip the Frog cartoon called Fiddlesticks showed a Mickey Mouse look-alike playing fiddle. The initial films were animated by Iwerks with his name prominently featured on the title cards. Originally named "Mortimer", the mouse was later re-christened "Mickey" by Lillian Disney who thought that the name Mortimer did not fit. Mortimer later became the name of Mickey's rival for Minnie – taller than his renowned adversary and speaking with a Brooklyn accent.
The first animated short to feature Mickey, Plane Crazy was a silent film like all of Disney's previous works. After failing to find a distributor for the short and its follow-up, The Gallopin' Gaucho, Disney created a Mickey cartoon with sound called Steamboat Willie. A businessman named Pat Powers provided Disney with both distribution and Cinephone, a sound-synchronization process. Steamboat Willie became an instant success,[42] and Plane Crazy, The Galloping Gaucho, and all future Mickey cartoons were released with soundtracks. After the release of Steamboat Willie, Disney successfully used sound in all of his subsequent cartoons, and Cinephone also became the new distributor for Disney's early sound cartoons.[43] Mickey soon eclipsed Felix the Cat as the world's most popular cartoon character[41] and by 1930, despite their having sound, cartoons featuring Felix had faded from the screen after failing to gain attention.[44] Mickey's popularity would subsequently skyrocket in the early 1930s.[41]
[edit] Silly Symphonies
Following in the footsteps of Mickey Mouse series, a series of musical shorts titled, Silly Symphonies were released in 1929. The first, The Skeleton Dance was entirely drawn and animated by Iwerks, who was also responsible for drawing the majority of cartoons released by Disney in 1928 and 1929. Although both series were successful, the Disney studio thought it was not receiving its rightful share of profits from Pat Powers,[45] and in 1930, Disney signed a new distribution deal with Columbia Pictures. The original basis of the cartoons was their musical novelty with the first Silly Symphony cartoons featuring scores by Carl Stalling.[46]
Iwerks was soon lured by Powers into opening his own studio with an exclusive contract, while Stalling would also later leave Disney to join Iwerks.[47] Iwerks launched his Flip the Frog series with the first voiced color cartoon Fiddlesticks, filmed in two-strip Technicolor. Iwerks also created two other cartoon series, Willie Whopper and the Comicolor. In 1936, Iwerks shut down his studio in order to work on various projects dealing with animation technology. He would return to Disney in 1940 and go on to pioneer a number of film processes and specialized animation technologies in the studio's research and development department.
By 1932, although Mickey Mouse had become a relatively popular cinema character, Silly Symphonies was not as successful. The same year also saw competition increase as Max Fleischer's flapper cartoon character, Betty Boop, gained popularity among theater audiences.[48] Fleischer, considered Disney's main rival in the 1930s,[49] was also the father of Richard Fleischer, whom Disney would later hire to direct his 1954 film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. Meanwhile, Columbia Pictures dropped the distribution of Disney cartoons to be replaced by United Artists.[50] In late 1932, Herbert Kalmus, who had just completed work on the first three-strip technicolor camera,[51] approached Walt and convinced him to reshoot the black and white Flowers and Trees in three-strip Technicolor.[52] Flowers and Trees would go on to be a phenomenal success and would also win the first 1932 Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons. After the release of Flowers and Trees, all subsequent Silly Symphony cartoons were in color while Disney was also able to negotiate a two-year deal with Technicolor, giving him the sole right to use their three-strip process,[53][54] a period eventually extended to five years.[46] Through Silly Symphonies, Disney also created his most successful cartoon short of all time, The Three Little Pigs (1933).[55] The cartoon ran in theaters for many months, featuring the hit song that became the anthem of the Great Depression, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf".[56]
First Academy Award[link]
In 1932, Disney received a special Academy Award for the creation of "Mickey Mouse", a series which switched to color in 1935 and soon launched spin-offs for supporting characters such as Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto. Pluto and Donald became standalone cartoons in 1937,[57] with Goofy following in 1939.[58] Of all Mickey's partners, Donald Duck, who first teamed up with Mickey in the 1934 cartoon, Orphan's Benefit, was arguably the most popular, going on to become Disney's second most successful cartoon character of all time.[59]
Children[link]
The Disneys' first attempt at pregnancy ended in miscarriage. Lillian became pregnant again and gave birth to a daughter, Diane Marie Disney, on December 18, 1933.[60] Later, the Disneys adopted Sharon Mae Disney (December 31, 1936 – February 16, 1993).[61]
Diane married Ron Miller at the age of 20 and is known as Diane Disney Miller. The Millers established and own a winery called Silverado Vineyards in California.[62] Diane and Ron Miller have seven children: Christopher, Joanna, Tamara, Jennifer, Walter, Ronald and Patrick.[63] Years later, Diane went on to become the cofounder of The Walt Disney Family Museum, with the aid of her children.[60] The museum was created to preserve her father's image and reach out to millions of Disney fans worldwide.[64] The museum displays a chronological view of Walt Disney's life through personal artifacts, interactive kiosks and various animations.[64]
Sharon Mae Disney was born December 31, 1936, in Los Angeles, California and was later adopted by the Disneys, due to Lillian's several birth complications.[63][65] In 1950, Sharon went on to star as herself in the Walt Disney Studios special One Hour in Wonderland.[66] Sharon married Robert Brown in 1958, with whom she had one child, and they remained married until his death in 1967.[65] Sharon married William Lund in 1969 and had two children with him, but six years later they divorced.[65][67] Sharon was a philanthropist and had contributed to charities such as the Marianne Frostig Center of Educational Therapy and the Curtis School foundation.[68] In 1993 at the age of 57, Sharon died from cancer at St. John's Hospital in Santa Monica, California.[65] After Sharon's death, her estate donated $11 million to the California School of Performing Arts, where she was a member of the board of trustees for almost two decades. Sharon's donation was commemorated by renaming the School of Dance the Sharon D. Lund School of Dance.[60][69]
1937–1941: Golden age of animation[link]
[edit] "Disney's Folly": Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
.jpg)
Following the creation of two cartoon series, in 1934 Disney began planning a full-length feature. The following year, opinion polls showed that another cartoon series, Popeye the Sailor, produced by Max Fleischer, was more popular than Mickey Mouse.[70] Nevertheless, Disney was able to put Mickey back on top as well as increase his popularity by colorizing and partially redesigning the character to become what was considered his most appealing design to date.[41] When the film industry learned of Disney's plans to produce an animated feature-length version of Snow White, they were certain that the endeavor would destroy the Disney Studio and dubbed the project "Disney's Folly". Both Lillian and Roy tried to talk Disney out of the project, but he continued plans for the feature, employing Chouinard Art Institute professor Don Graham to start a training operation for the studio staff. Disney then used the Silly Symphonies as a platform for experiments in realistic human animation, distinctive character animation, special effects, and the use of specialized processes and apparatus such as the multiplane camera – a new technique first used by Disney in the 1937 Silly Symphonies short The Old Mill.[71]
All of this development and training was used to increase quality at the studio and to ensure that the feature film would match Disney's quality expectations. Entitled Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the feature went into full production in 1934 and continued until mid-1937, when the studio ran out of money. To obtain the funding to complete Snow White, Disney had to show a rough cut of the motion picture to loan officers. The film premiered at the Carthay Circle Theater on December 21, 1937 and at its conclusion the audience gave Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs a standing ovation. Snow White, the first animated feature in America made in Technicolor, was released in February 1938 under a new distribution deal with RKO Radio Pictures. RKO had been the distributor for Disney cartoons in 1936, after it closed down the Van Beuren Studios in exchange for distribution.[72] The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and earned over $8 million on its initial release. These initial release earnings for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs would be the equivalent of $122,487,945 in 2010.[73]
Golden age of animation[link]
Following the success of Snow White, for which Disney received one full-size, and seven miniature Oscar statuettes, he was able to build a new campus for the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, which opened for business on December 24, 1939. Snow White was not only the peak of Disney's success, but also ushered in a period that would later be known as the Golden Age of Animation for the studio.[74][75] Feature animation staff, having just completed Pinocchio, continued work on Fantasia and Bambi as well as the early production stages of Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan and Wind in the Willows while the shorts staff carried on working on the Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto cartoon series, ending the Silly Symphonies at this time.[clarification needed More info needed on end of the Silly Symphonies to make a new and separate sentence.] Animator Fred Moore had redesigned Mickey Mouse in the late 1930s after Donald Duck overtook him in popularity among theater audiences.[76]
Pinocchio and Fantasia followed Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs into the movie theaters in 1940, but both proved financial disappointments. The inexpensive Dumbo was then planned as an income generator, but during production most of the animation staff went on strike, permanently straining relations between Disney and his artists.
1941–1945: World War II era[link]
In 1941, the U.S. State Department sent Disney and a group of animators to South America as part of its Good Neighbor policy, at the same time guaranteeing financing for the resultant movie, Saludos Amigos.[77]
Shortly after the release of Dumbo in October 1941, the US entered World War II. The U.S. Army and Navy Bureau of Aeronautics[78] contracted most of the Disney studio's facilities where the staff created training and instruction films for the military, home-front morale-boosting shorts such as Der Fuehrer's Face and the 1943 feature film Victory Through Air Power. However, military films did not generate income, and the feature film Bambi underperformed on its release in April 1942. Disney successfully re-issued Snow White in 1944, establishing a seven-year re-release tradition for his features. In 1945, The Three Caballeros was the last animated feature released by the studio during the war.
In 1944, Encyclopædia Britannica publisher William Benton, entered into unsuccessful negotiations with Disney to make six to twelve educational films per annum. Disney was asked by the US Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Office of Inter-American Affairs (OIAA), to make an educational film about the Amazon Basin, which resulted in the 1944 animated short, The Amazon Awakens.[79][80][81][82][83]
1945–1955: Post-war period[link]
Disney studios also created inexpensive package films, containing collections of cartoon shorts, and issued them to theaters during this period. These included Make Mine Music (1946), Melody Time (1948), Fun and Fancy Free (1947) and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949). The latter had only two sections, the first based on The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame, and the second on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving. During this period, Disney also ventured into full-length dramatic films that mixed live action and animated scenes, including Song of the South and So Dear to My Heart. After the war ended, Mickey's popularity would also fade.[84]
By the late 1940s, the studio had recovered enough to continue production on the full-length features Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan, both of which had been shelved during the war years. Work also began on Cinderella, which became Disney's most successful film since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. In 1948 the studio also initiated a series of live-action nature films, titled True-Life Adventures, with On Seal Island the first. Despite its resounding success with feature films, the studio's animation shorts were no longer as popular as they once were, with people paying more attention to Warner Bros. and their animation star Bugs Bunny. By 1942, Leon Schlesinger Productions, which produced the Warner Bros. cartoons, had become the country's most popular animation studio.[85] However, while Bugs Bunny's popularity rose in the 1940s, so did Donald Duck's,[86] a character who would replace Mickey Mouse as Disney's star character by 1949.[87]
During the mid-1950s, Disney produced a number of educational films on the space program in collaboration with NASA rocket designer Wernher von Braun: Man in Space and Man and the Moon in 1955, and Mars and Beyond in 1957.
Disney and the Second Red Scare[link]
Disney was a founding member of the anti-communist group Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals. In 1947, during the Second Red Scare,[88] Disney testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), where he branded Herbert Sorrell, David Hilberman and William Pomerance, former animators and labor union organizers, Communist agitators. All three men denied the allegations and Sorrell went on to testify before the HUAC in 1946 when insufficient evidence was found to link him to the Communist Party.[89][90]
Disney also accused the Screen Cartoonists Guild of being a Communist front, and charged that the 1941 strike was part of an organized Communist effort to gain influence in Hollywood.[88]
1955–1966: Theme parks and beyond[link]
Planning Disneyland[link]
On a business trip to Chicago in the late-1940s, Disney drew sketches of his ideas for an amusement park where he envisioned his employees spending time with their children. The idea for a children's theme park came after a visit to Children's Fairyland in Oakland, California. It also said that Disney may have been inspired to create Disneyland in the park Republic of the Children located in Manuel B. Gonnet, La Plata, Argentina, and opened in 1951.[91] This plan was originally intended to be built on a plot located across the street to the south of the studio. These original ideas developed into a concept for a larger enterprise that would become Disneyland. Disney spent five years developing Disneyland and created a new subsidiary company, WED Enterprises, to carry out planning and production of the park. A small group of Disney studio employees joined the Disneyland development project as engineers and planners, and were dubbed Imagineers.[citation needed]
As Disney explained one of his earliest plans to Herb Ryman, who created the first aerial drawing of Disneyland presented to the Bank of America during fund raising for the project, he said, "Herbie, I just want it to look like nothing else in the world. And it should be surrounded by a train."[92] Entertaining his daughters and their friends in his backyard and taking them for rides on his Carolwood Pacific Railroad had inspired Disney to include a railroad in the plans for Disneyland.
Disneyland grand opening[link]
File:Waltopening.jpg
Walt Disney giving the dedication day speech July 17, 1955
Disneyland officially opened on July 18, 1955. On Sunday, July 17, 1955, Disneyland hosted a live TV preview, among the thousands of people in attendance were Ronald Reagan, Bob Cummings and Art Linkletter, who shared cohosting duties, as well as the mayor of Anaheim. Walt gave the following dedication day speech:
| “ | To all who come to this happy place; welcome. Disneyland is your land. Here age relives fond memories of the past .... and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams and the hard facts that have created America ... with the hope that it will be a source of joy and inspiration to all the world. | ” |
Carolwood Pacific Railroad[link]
Main article: Carolwood Pacific Railroad
During 1949, Disney and his family moved to a new home on a large piece of land in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles, California. With the help of his friends Ward and Betty Kimball, who already had their own backyard railroad, Disney developed blueprints and immediately set to work on creating a miniature live steam railroad for his backyard. The name of the railroad, Carolwood Pacific Railroad, came from his home's location on Carolwood Drive. The railroad's half-mile long layout included a 46-foot (14 m) long trestle bridge, loops, overpasses, gradients, an elevated berm, and a 90-foot (27 m) tunnel underneath his wife's flowerbed. He named the miniature working steam locomotive built by Disney Studios engineer Roger E. Broggie Lilly Belle in his wife's honor and had his attorney draw up right-of-way papers giving the railroad a permanent, legal easement through the garden areas, which his wife dutifully signed; however, there is no evidence of the documents ever recorded as a restriction on the property's title.[clarification needed]
Expansion into new areas[link]
As Walt Disney Productions began work on Disneyland, it also began expanding its other entertainment operations. In 1950, Treasure Island became the studio's first all-live-action feature, soon followed by 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (in CinemaScope, 1954), Old Yeller (1957), The Shaggy Dog (1959), Pollyanna (1960), Swiss Family Robinson (1960), The Absent-Minded Professor (1961), and The Parent Trap (1961). The studio produced its first TV special, One Hour in Wonderland, in 1950. Disney began hosting a weekly anthology series on ABC entitled Disneyland, after the park, on which he aired clips of past Disney productions, gave tours of his studio, and familiarized the public with Disneyland as it was being constructed in Anaheim. The show also featured a Davy Crockett miniseries, which started the "Davy Crockett craze" among American youth, during which millions of coonskin caps and other Crockett memorabilia were sold across the country.[93] In 1955, the studio's first daily television show, Mickey Mouse Club debuted on ABC. It was a groundbreaking comedy/variety show aimed specifically for children. Disney took a strong personal interest in the show and even returned to the animation studio to voice Mickey Mouse in its animated segments during its original 1955-59 production run. The Mickey Mouse Club would continue in various incarnations in syndication and on the Disney Channel into the 1990s.
As the studio expanded and diversified into other media, Disney devoted less of his attention to the animation department, entrusting most of its operations to his key animators, whom he dubbed the Nine Old Men. Although he was spending less time supervising the production of the animated films, he was always present at story meetings.[94] During Disney's lifetime, the animation department created the successful Lady and the Tramp ( the first animated film in CinemaScope) in 1955, Sleeping Beauty ( the first animated film in Super Technirama 70mm) in 1959, One Hundred and One Dalmatians (the first animated feature film to use Xerox cels) in 1961, and The Sword in the Stone in 1963.
Production of short cartoons kept pace until 1956, when Disney shut down the responsible division although special shorts projects would continue for the remainder of the studio's duration on an irregular basis. These productions were all distributed by Disney's new subsidiary, Buena Vista Distribution, which had taken over all distribution duties for Disney films from RKO by 1955. Disneyland, one of the world's first theme parks, finally opened on July 17, 1955, and was immediately successful. Visitors from around the world came to visit Disneyland, which contained attractions based on a number of successful Disney characters and films.
After 1955, the Disneyland TV show was renamed Walt Disney Presents. It switched from black-and-white to color in 1961 and changed its name to Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color, at the same time moving from ABC to NBC,[95] and eventually evolving into its current form as The Wonderful World of Disney. The series continued to air on NBC until 1981, when it was picked up by CBS.[96] Since then, it has aired on ABC, NBC, the Hallmark Channel and the Cartoon Network via separate broadcast rights deals. During its run, the Disney series offered some recurring characters, such as the newspaper reporter and sleuth "Gallegher" played by Roger Mobley with a plot based on the writings of Richard Harding Davis.
Disney had already formed his own music publishing division in 1949 and in 1956, partly inspired by the huge success of the television theme song The Ballad of Davy Crockett, he created a company-owned record production and distribution entity called Disneyland Records.
Early 1960s successes[link]
File:Shermans042.jpg
(Left to right) Robert B. Sherman, Richard M. Sherman and Walt Disney sing "There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow" (1964)
By the early 1960s, the Disney empire had become a major success, and Walt Disney Productions had established itself as the world's leading producer of family entertainment. Walt Disney was the Head of Pageantry for the 1960 Winter Olympics.
After decades of pursuit, Disney finally acquired the rights to P.L. Travers' books about a magical nanny. Mary Poppins, released in 1964, was the most successful Disney film of the 1960s and featured a memorable song score written by Disney favorites, the Sherman Brothers. The same year, Disney debuted a number of exhibits at the 1964 New York World's Fair, including Audio-Animatronic figures, all of which were later integrated into attractions at Disneyland and a new theme park project which was to be established on the East Coast.
Although the studio would probably have proved major competition for Hanna-Barbera, Disney decided not to enter the race and mimic Hanna-Barbera by producing Saturday morning TV cartoon series. With the expansion of Disney's empire and constant production of feature films, the financial burden involved in such a move would have proven too great.
Plans for Disney World and EPCOT[link]
In early 1964, Disney announced plans to develop another theme park to be called Disney World a few miles southwest of Orlando, Florida. Disney World was to include "the Magic Kingdom", a larger, more elaborate version of Disneyland. It would also feature a number of golf courses and resort hotels. The heart of Disney World, however, was to be the Experimental Prototype City (or Community) of Tomorrow, known as EPCOT for short.
Mineral King Ski Resort[link]
During the early-to-mid 1960s, Walt Disney developed plans for a ski resort in Mineral King, a glacial valley in California's Sierra Nevada mountain range. He brought in experts such as the renowned Olympic ski coach and ski-area designer Willy Schaeffler, who helped plan a visitor village, ski runs and ski lifts among the several bowls surrounding the valley. Plans finally moved into action in the mid 1960s, but Walt died before the actual work started. Disney's death and opposition from conservationists ensured that the resort was never built.
Death[link]
Like many people of the time, Walt Disney was a chain smoker his entire adult life, although he made sure he was not seen smoking around children.[97] In 1966, Disney was scheduled to undergo surgery to repair an old neck injury[98] caused by many years of playing polo at the Riviera Club in Hollywood.[99] On November 2, during pre-operative X-rays, doctors at Providence St. Joseph Medical Center, across the street from the Disney Studio, discovered a tumor in his left lung.[100] Five days later a biopsy showed the tumor to be malignant and to have spread throughout the entire left lung.[100] After removal of the lung, doctors informed Disney that his life expectancy was six months to two years.[100] After several chemotherapy sessions, Disney and his wife spent a short amount of time in Palm Springs, California.[98] On November 30, Disney collapsed at his home. He was revived by fire department personnel and rushed to St. Joseph's where on December 15, 1966, at 9:30 a.m., ten days after his 65th birthday, Disney died of acute circulatory collapse, caused by lung cancer.[98] The last thing he reportedly wrote before his death was the name of actor Kurt Russell, the significance of which remains a mystery, even to Russell.[101]
Roy O. Disney continued out with the Florida project, insisting that the name be changed to Walt Disney World in honor of his brother.
The final productions in which Disney played an active role were the animated feature The Jungle Book and the animated short Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day, as well as the live-action musical feature The Happiest Millionaire, all released in 1967. Songwriter Robert B. Sherman recalled of the last time he saw Disney:
| “ | He was up in the third floor of the animation building after a run-through of The Happiest Millionaire. He usually held court in the hallway afterward for the people involved with the picture. And he started talking to them, telling them what he liked and what they should change, and then, when they were through, he turned to us and with a big smile, he said, 'Keep up the good work, boys.' And he walked to his office. It was the last we ever saw of him.[102] | ” |
Hibernation Urban Legend[link]
A long-standing urban legend maintains that Disney was cryogenically frozen, and his frozen corpse stored beneath the Pirates of the Caribbean ride at Disneyland.[103] In fact, Disney was cremated on December 17, 1966, and his ashes interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. The first known human cryogenic freezing did not occur until January 1967, more than a month after Disney's death.[103]
According to "at least one Disney publicist", as reported in the French magazine Ici Paris in 1969, the source of the rumor was a group of Disney Studio animators with "a bizarre sense of humor" who were playing a final prank on their late boss.[104]
Although the rumor is acknowledged as false by most historians, Robert Mosley (in Disney’s World (1986)) and Marc Eliot (in Walt Disney – Hollywood’s Dark Prince (1993)) argue that Disney may have known of cryonics and may have had an interest in the science.[105] However his daughter Diane wrote in 1972, "There is absolutely no truth to the rumor that my father, Walt Disney, wished to be frozen. I doubt that my father had ever heard of cryonics."[104]
Legacy: 1967–present[link]
Continuing Disney Productions[link]
After Walt Disney's death, Roy Disney returned from retirement to take full control of Walt Disney Productions and WED Enterprises. In October 1971, the families of Walt and Roy met in front of Cinderella Castle at the Magic Kingdom to officially open the Walt Disney World Resort.
After giving his dedication for Walt Disney World, Roy asked Lillian Disney to join him. As the orchestra played "When You Wish upon a Star", she stepped up to the podium accompanied by Mickey Mouse. He then said, "Lilly, you knew all of Walt's ideas and hopes as well as anybody; what would Walt think of it [Walt Disney World]?". "I think Walt would have approved," she replied.[106] Roy died from a cerebral hemorrhage on December 20, 1971, the day he was due to open the Disneyland Christmas parade.
During the second phase of the "Walt Disney World" theme park, EPCOT was translated by Disney's successors into EPCOT Center, which opened in 1982. As it currently exists, EPCOT is essentially a living world's fair, different from the actual functional city that Disney had envisioned. In 1992, Walt Disney Imagineering took the step closer to Disney's original ideas and dedicated Celebration, Florida, a town built by the Walt Disney Company adjacent to Walt Disney World, that hearkens back to the spirit of EPCOT. EPCOT was also originally intended to be devoid of Disney characters which initially limited the appeal of the park to young children. However, the company later changed this policy and Disney characters can now be found throughout the park, often dressed in costumes reflecting the different pavilions.
The Disney entertainment empire[link]
Today, Walt Disney's animation/motion picture studios and theme parks have developed into a multi-billion dollar television, motion picture, vacation destination and media corporation that carry his name. Among other assets The Walt Disney Company owns five vacation resorts, eleven theme parks, two water parks, thirty-nine hotels, eight motion picture studios, six record labels, eleven cable television networks, and one terrestrial television network. As of 2007, the company had annual revenues of over U.S. $35 billion.[107]
Disney Animation[link]
Walt Disney was a pioneer in character animation. He was one of the first people to move away from basic cartoons with just "impossible outlandish gags" and crudely drawn characters to an art form with heartwarming stories and characters the audience can connect to on an emotional level. The personality displayed in the characters of his films and the technological advancements remain influential when animating today. He was also considered by many of his colleagues to be a master storyteller and the animation department did not fully recover from his demise until the late 1980s in a period known as the Disney Renaissance. The most financially and critically successful films produced during this time include Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992) and The Lion King (1994). In 1995, Walt Disney Pictures distributed Pixar's Toy Story, the first computer animated feature film. Walt Disney's nephew Roy E. Disney claimed that Walt would have loved Toy Story and that it was "his kind of movie".[108] With the rise of computer animated films a stream of financially unsuccessful Traditional hand-drawn animated features in the early years of the 2000s (decade) emerged. This led to the company's controversial decision to close the traditional animation department. The two satellite studios in Paris and Orlando were closed, and the main studio in Burbank was converted to a computer animation production facility, firing hundreds of people in the process. In 2004, Disney released what was announced as their final "traditionally animated" feature film, Home on the Range. However, since the 2006 acquisition of Pixar, and the resulting rise of John Lasseter to Chief Creative Officer, that position has changed with the largely successful 2009 film The Princess and the Frog. This marked Disney's return to traditional hand-drawn animation and the studio hired back staff who had been laid-off in the past. Today, Disney produces both traditional and computer animation.
CalArts[link]
In his later years, Disney devoted substantial time to funding The California Institute of the Arts (CalArts). Formed in 1961 through a merger of the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music and the Chouinard Art Institute, which had helped in the training of the animation staff during the 1930s, when Disney died, one-fourth of his estate went to CalArts, which helped in building its campus. In his will, Disney paved the way for the creation of several charitable trusts which included one for the California Institute of the Arts and other for the Disney Foundation.[109] He also donated 38 acres (0.154 km2) of the Golden Oaks ranch in Valencia for construction of the school. CalArts moved onto the Valencia campus in 1972.
In an early admissions bulletin, Disney explained: "A hundred years ago, Wagner conceived of a perfect and all-embracing art, combining music, drama, painting, and the dance, but in his wildest imagination he had no hint what infinite possibilities were to become commonplace through the invention of recording, radio, cinema and television. There already have been geniuses combining the arts in the mass-communications media, and they have already given us powerful new art forms. The future holds bright promise for those who imaginations are trained to play on the vast orchestra of the art-in-combination. Such supermen will appear most certainly in those environments which provide contact with all the arts, but even those who devote themselves to a single phase of art will benefit from broadened horizons."[110]
Walt Disney Family Museum[link]
In 2009, The Walt Disney Family Museum opened in the Presidio of San Francisco. Thousands of artifacts from Disney's life and career are on display, including 248 awards that he received.[111]
Antisemitism accusations[link]
Disney was long rumored to be antisemitic during his lifetime, and such rumors have persisted after his death. Indeed, in the 1930s he welcomed German filmmaker and Nazi propagandist Leni Riefenstahl to Hollywood.[112] Disney biographer Neal Gabler, the first writer to gain unrestricted access to the Disney archives, concluded in 2006 that available evidence does not support such accusations. In a CBS interview Gabler summarized his findings:
| “ | That's one of the questions everybody asks me... My answer to that is, not in the conventional sense that we think of someone as being an antisemite. But he got the reputation because, in the 1940s, he got himself allied with a group called the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, which was an anti-Communist and antisemitic organization. And though Walt himself, in my estimation, was not antisemitic, nevertheless, he willingly allied himself with people who were antisemitic, and that reputation stuck. He was never really able to expunge it throughout his life.[113] | ” |
Disney eventually distanced himself from the Motion Picture Alliance in the 1950s.[114]
The Walt Disney Family Museum acknowledges that Disney did have "difficult relationships" with some Jewish individuals, and that ethnic stereotypes common to films of the 1930s were included in some early cartoons, such as Three Little Pigs and The Opry House. However, the museum points out that Disney employed Jews throughout his career, donated to several Jewish charities (The Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Yeshiva College[disambiguation needed 
], Jewish Home for the Aged, The American League for a Free Palestine)[114] and was named "1955 Man of the Year" by the B'nai B'rith chapter in Beverly Hills.[114][115]
Academy Awards[link]
Walt Disney holds the record for both the most Academy Award nominations (59) and the number of Oscars awarded (22). He also earned four honorary Oscars. His last competitive Academy Award was posthumous.[116]
- 1932: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Flowers and Trees (1932)
- 1932: Honorary Award for creation of Mickey Mouse.
- 1934: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Three Little Pigs (1933)
- 1935: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Tortoise and the Hare (1934)
- 1936: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Three Orphan Kittens (1935)
- 1937: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Country Cousin (1936)
- 1938: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Old Mill (1937)
- 1939: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Ferdinand the Bull (1938)
- 1939: Honorary Award for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) The citation read, "For Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, recognized as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field." (The award, unique in the history of the Oscars, is one large statuette and seven miniature statuettes.)[5]
- 1940: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Ugly Duckling (1939)
- 1941: Honorary Award for Fantasia (1940), shared with: William E. Garity and J.N.A. Hawkins. The citation for the certificate of merit read, "For their outstanding contribution to the advancement of the use of sound in motion pictures through the production of Fantasia."[5]
- 1942: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Lend a Paw (1941)
- 1943: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Der Fuehrer's Face (1942)
- 1949: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Seal Island (1948)
- 1949: Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (Honorary Award)
- 1951: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Beaver Valley (1950)
- 1952: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Nature's Half Acre (1951)
- 1953: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Water Birds (1952)
- 1954: Best Documentary, Features: The Living Desert (1953)
- 1954: Best Documentary, Short Subjects: The Alaskan Eskimo (1953)
- 1954: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom (1953)
- 1954: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Bear Country (1953)
- 1955: Best Documentary, Features: The Vanishing Prairie (1954)
- 1956: Best Documentary, Short Subjects: Men Against the Arctic
- 1959: Best Short Subject, Live Action Subjects: Grand Canyon
- 1969: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day
Other honors[link]
Walt Disney was the inaugural recipient of a star on the Anaheim walk of stars awarded in recognition of his significant contribution to the city of Anaheim and specifically Disneyland, which is now the Disneyland Resort. The star is located at the pedestrian entrance to the Disneyland Resort on Harbor Boulevard. Disney has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures and the other for his television work.
Walt Disney received the Congressional Gold Medal on May 24, 1968 (P.L. 90-316, 82 Stat. 130–131) and the Légion d'Honneur awarded by France in 1935.[117] In 1935, Walt received a special medal from the League of Nations for creation of Mickey Mouse, held to be Mickey Mouse award.[118] He also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom on September 14, 1964.[119] On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Walt Disney into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.
A minor planet, 4017 Disneya, discovered in 1980 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina, is named after him.[120]
The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, California, opened in 2003, was named in his honor.
Waltograph, a freeware typeface, is based on his signature and handwriting.
In 1993, HBO began development of a Walt Disney biopic, directed by Frank Pierson and produced by Lawrence Turman, but the project never materialized and was soon abandoned.[121] However, Walt - The Man Behind the Myth, a biographical documentary about Disney, was later made.[122]
| Preceded by None |
Voice of Mickey Mouse 1928–1947, 1955-1959 |
Succeeded by Jimmy MacDonald |
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ "Walt Disney". IMDB. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000370/. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ http://www.disneydreamer.com/Waltfaith.htm
- ^ Dave Bryan (2002-08-13). "Walt Disney Helped Wernher von Braun Sell Americans on Space". Associated Press. http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/vonbraun_disney_020813.html. Retrieved 2010-09-27. [dead link]
- ^ "2010 Form 10-K, Walt Disney Company". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1001039/000119312510268910/d10k.htm.
- ^ a b c "Walt Disney Academy awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/index.jsp. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Results Page - Academy Awards Database". http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/help/helpMain.jsp?helpContentURL=statistics/indexStats.html. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ "Walt Disney, the man behind the mouse". Chicago Sun-Times. 2009-09-27. http://www.suntimes.com/lifestyles/1790811,disney-walt-museum-san-francisco-092709.article. Retrieved 2010-10-21. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Walt Disney biography". Just Disney. Archived from the original on 2008-06-05. http://web.archive.org/web/20080605151444/http://www.justdisney.com/WaltDisney100/biography01.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Disneyland Paris. Michelin. 2002-08-07. p. 38. ISBN 2-06-048002-7.
- ^ a b c Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 7.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 9-10.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 15.
- ^ "Walt Disney Hometown Museum". Walt Disney Museum. http://www.waltdisneymuseum.org/. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 18.
- ^ Thomas 1991, pp. 33–41
- ^ "Biography of Walt Disney, Film Producer – kchistory.org – Retrieved September 14, 2009". Kchistory.org. http://kchistory.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/Biographies&CISOPTR=31&CISOBOX=1&REC=2. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 30.
- ^ Thomas 1991, pp. 42–43
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 36.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 37.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 38.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 42.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 44.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 45.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 46.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 48.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 51.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 52.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 56.
- ^ a b c Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 57.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 58.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 64.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 64-71.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 68.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 72.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 75.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 78.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 80.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 109.
- ^ Stay 'tooned: Disney gets 'Oswald' for Al Michaels, at ESPN web site, retrieved January 4, 2010
- ^ a b c d e Solomon, Charles. "The Golden Age of Mickey Mouse". Disney. Archived from the original on 2008-07-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20080710052034/http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/mickeymousegoldenage/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 128.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 129.
- ^ Gordon, Ian (2002). "Felix the Cat". St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419100434. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 142.
- ^ a b Merritt, Russell. "THE BIRTH OF THE SILLY SYMPHONIES". Disney. http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/sillysymphonies/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Island Net. http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/disnehis/disn1930.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Langer, Mark (July 1997) (PDF). Popeye From Strip To Screen. 2. Animation Magazine. pp. 17–19. http://www.awn.com/mag/issue2.4/AWNMag2.4.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Fleischer brothers". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106382/Fleischer-brothers. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Island Net. http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/disnehis/disn1932.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "System 4". Widescreen Museum. http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/oldcolor/technicolor4.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "System 4". Widescreen Museum. http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/oldcolor/technicolor5.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Walt Disney at the Museum?". Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. http://www.mbam.qc.ca/disney/index_en.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Once Upon a Time: Walt Disney: The Sources of Inspiration for the Disney Studios". fps magazine. http://www.fpsmagazine.com/review/070312onceupon.php. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Danks, Adrian. "Huffing and Puffing about Three Little Pigs". Senses of Cinema. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080422180415/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/03/29/3_little_pigs.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Three Little Pigs". Disney. http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/movies/pigs/pigs.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Island Net. http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/disnehis/disn1937.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "GOOFY BIOGRAPHY". Tripod.com. http://members.tripod.com/~kariv/bio.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Donald Duck". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9096160/Donald-Duck. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ a b c "The Windows on Main Street: Sharon Lund « WDW Central". Wdwcentral.wordpress.com. 2008-12-01. http://wdwcentral.wordpress.com/2008/12/01/the-windows-on-main-street-sharon-lund/. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ "Social Security Death Index". Ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com. 2011-05-26. http://ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
- ^ "Silverado Vineyards". Silverado Vineyards. http://www.silveradovineyards.com/winery/history. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ a b Diane Disney - Biography
- ^ a b "Diane Disney Miller Remembers Dad: Walt's Secret Disneyland Apartment, His Passions & More (PHOTOS)". Huffingtonpost.com. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/07/walt-disneys-secret-disneyland-apartment-diane-disney-miller_n_1259421.html. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ a b c d Sharon Disney - Biography
- ^ One Hour in Wonderland (TV 1950) - IMDb
- ^ Barrier, 2008, p.324)
- ^ "Sharon Disney Lund | Sharon Lund; Daughter of Walt Disney". Los Angeles Times. 1993-10-17. http://articles.latimes.com/1993-02-17/local/me-60_1_walt-disney. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ "CalArts Honors Major Donors To Its $125 Million Campaign". Calarts.edu. http://calarts.edu/news/2007-mar-21/calarts-honors-major-donors-its-125-million-campaign. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ "Popeye's Popularity – Article from 1935". Golden Age Cartoons. http://forums.goldenagecartoons.com/showthread.php?t=2907. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Walt Disney, Biography". Just Disney. Archived from the original on 2007-07-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20070710012642/http://www.justdisney.com/walt_disney/biography/long_bio.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Cartoons that Time Forgot". Images Journal. http://www.imagesjournal.com/issue08/reviews/vanbeuren/. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "The Inflation Calculator". The Inflation Calculator. http://www.westegg.com/inflation/infl.cgi. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
- ^ "Walt Disney Studio Biography". Animation USA. http://www.animationusa.com/resources/aboutdisney.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21. [dead link]
- ^ "The Golden Age of Animation". Disney. http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/goldenage/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Fantasia Review". The Big Cartoon Database. http://www.bcdb.com/bcdb/cartoon.cgi?film=15&m=r. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Walt & El Grupo (documentary film, 2008).
- ^ "U.S. Naval Activities World War II by State". Patrick Clancey. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ref/USN-Act/CA.html. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
- ^ Gabler, 2006, p.444
- ^ Cramer, Gisela; Prutsch, Ursula, "Nelson A. Rockefeller's Office of Inter-American Affairs (1940–1946) and Record Group 229", Hispanic American Historical Review 2006 86(4):785–806; doi:10.1215/00182168-2006-050. Cf. p.795 and note 28.
- ^ Bender, Pennee. "Hollywood Meets South American and Stages a Show" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Studies Association. 2009-05-24 <[1][dead link]>
- ^ Niblo, Stephen R., "Mexico in the 1940s: Modernity, Politics, and Corruption", Wilimington, Del. : Scholarly Resources, 1999. ISBN 0-8420-2794-7. Cf. "Nelson Rockefeller and the Office of Inter-American Affairs", p.333
- ^ Leonard, Thomas M.; Bratzel, John F., Latin America during World War II, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2007. ISBN 978-0-7425-3741-5. Cf. p.47.
- ^ Solomon, Charles. "Mickey in the Post-War Era". Disney. http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/mickeymousepostwar/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Warner Bros. Studio Biography". Animation USA. http://www.animationusa.com/resources/aboutwb.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21. [dead link]
- ^ "Disney's Animated Classics". Sandcastle VI. http://www.sandcastlevi.com/movies/disneyh5.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Donald Duck". Pet Care Tips. http://petcaretips.net/donald-duck.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ a b "Testimony of Walter E. Disney before HUAC". CNN. 1947-10-24. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080514003423/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/06/documents/huac/disney.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Cogley, John (1956) Report on Blacklisting, Volume I, Movies Fund for the Republic, New York, p. 34 OCLC 3794664; reprinted in 1972 by Arno Press, New York ISBN 0-405-03915-8
- ^ "Communist brochure" Screen Actors Guild accessed October 20, 2008
- ^ "República de los Niños - Historia del Proyecto". Fundacionvalorar.org.ar. http://www.fundacionvalorar.org.ar/republica2008/Historia.asp. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ "Walt Disney Quotes". Tripod.com. http://disneyspace.tripod.com/id1.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Cotter, Bill. "The Television Worlds of Disney – PART II". Disney. http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/tvworldsofdisney/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ John Lasseter-Commentary-Sleeping Beauty-2008 DVD
- ^ "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Island Net. http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/disnehis/disn1961.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Island Net. http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/disnehis/disn1981.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Gabler, Neal 2006 Walt Disney: The Triumph of Imagination, Alfed A. Knofph Inc, New York City
- ^ a b c "The Day Walt Died". Disney. http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/waltspassing/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Horsing Around With Walt and Polo". Mouse Planet. http://www.mouseplanet.com/articles.php?art=ww070711ws. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ a b c "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Island Net. http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/disnehis/disn1966.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Kurt Russell Confirms Disney's Last Words". Star Pulse. http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2007/04/24/kurt_russell_confirms_that_walt_disney_s. Retrieved 2007-04-24.
- ^ Greene, K&R (2001). Inside The Dream: The Personal Story Of Walt Disney. Disney Editions. p. 180. ISBN 0-7868-5350-6.
- ^ a b Mikkelson, B & DP (2007-08-24). "Suspended Animation". Snopes.com. http://www.snopes.com/disney/waltdisn/frozen.asp. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ a b Urban Legends Reference Pages © 1995-2001 by Barbara and David P. Mikkelson
- ^ Hoaxipedia, museumofhoaxes.com "Walt Disney Frozen" by Elliot Feldman © 2008 Alex Boese
- ^ Griffiths, Bill. "Grand opening of Walt Disney world". http://www.startedbyamouse.com/archives/GrandOpeningWDW01.shtml. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Walt Disney corporate website". Disney. http://corporate.disney.go.com/investors/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Roy E. Disney-The Legacy of Toy Story-Toy Story-2005, DVD
- ^ "Walt Disney's will". Do Your Own Will. http://www.doyourownwill.com/disney.asp. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
- ^ Plagens, Peter (2000). Sunshine Muse: Art on the West Coast, 1945–1970. University of California Press. p. 159. ISBN 0-520-22392-6.
- ^ Rothstein, Edward (September 30, 2009). "Exploring the Man Behind the Animation". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/01/arts/design/01disney.html?pagewanted=1.
- ^ Dargis, Manohla (21September 2011). "And Now a Word From the Director". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/movies/conflicting-voices-in-lars-von-triers-words-and-works.html?scp=1&sq=And%20Now%20a%20Word%20from&st=Search. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
- ^ "Walt Disney: More Than 'Toons, Theme Parks". CBS News. 2006-11-01. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/11/01/earlyshow/leisure/books/main2141735.shtml.
- ^ a b c Gabler, Neal (2007). Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination. Random House. p. 458. ISBN 978-0-679-75747-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=41e-Ru0wRkEC&pg=PA458.
- ^ http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/collection/insidestory/inside_1933d.html
- ^ Walt Disney - Awards
- ^ "Disney, Walt" (in French). Bedetheque. http://www.bedetheque.com/auteur-6857-BD-Disney-Walt.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Minnie's Cheat Sheet to my Website". AOL. http://hometown.aol.com/seramary/myhomepage/movies.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21. [dead link]
- ^ link removed, see edit summary
- ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 342. ISBN 3-540-00238-3. http://books.google.com/books?q=4017+Disneya.
- ^ David Rooney (1994-03-03). "Disney wins Houston and Washington teaming ...". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR119623. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
- ^ "Walt: The Man Behind the Myth (TV 2001) - IMDb". Internet Movie Database. IMDb.com, Inc.. 2011. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0296273/. Retrieved 2011-07-14.
References[link]
- Thomas, Bob (1994). Walt Disney: An American Original. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6027-8.
Further reading[link]
- Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516729-5.
- Broggie, Michael (1997, 1998, 2005). Walt Disney's Railroad Story. Virginia Beach, Virginia. Donning Publishers. ISBN 1-56342-009-0
- Eliot, Marc (1993). Walt Disney: Hollywood's Dark Prince. Carol. ISBN 1-55972-174-X
- Mosley, Leonard. Disney's World: A Biography (1985, 2002). Chelsea, MI: Scarborough House. ISBN 0-8128-8514-7.
- Gabler, Neal. Walt Disney: The Triumph of American Imagination (2006). New York, NY. Random House. ISBN 0-679-43822-X
- Schickel, Richard, and Dee, Ivan R. (1967, 1985, 1997). The Disney Version: The Life, Times, Art and Commerce of Walt Disney. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, Publisher. ISBN 1-56663-158-0.
- Sherman, Robert B. and Sherman, Richard M. (1998) "Walt's Time: From Before to Beyond" ISBN 0-9646059-3-7
- Thomas, Bob (1991). Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Beauty and the Beast. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 1-56282-899-1.
- Watts, Steven, The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life, University of Missouri Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8262-1379-0
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Walt Disney |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Walt Disney |
- Walt Disney at the Internet Movie Database
- Walt Disney at the TCM Movie Database
- Works by or about Walt Disney in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Walt Disney Family Museum
- Walt Disney Gravesite
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
|||||
|
||||||||||||||
|
||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Disney, Walter Elias |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Producer, director and animator |
| Date of birth | December 5, 1901 |
| Place of birth | Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Date of death | December 15, 1966 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, United States |
http://wn.com/Walt_Disney
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Walt Disney
http://es.wn.com/Walt Disney
http://ru.wn.com/Дисней, Уолт
http://cs.wn.com/Walt Disney
http://pt.wn.com/Walt Disney
http://pl.wn.com/Walt Disney
http://hi.wn.com/वॉल्ट डिज़्नी
http://it.wn.com/Walt Disney
http://id.wn.com/Walt Disney
http://nl.wn.com/Walt Disney
http://fr.wn.com/Walt Disney
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
