Helmand jan (هلمند)
Province
Country	Afghanistan
Capital	Lashkar Gah
- coordinates	31°00′N 64°00′E / 31.0°N 64.0°E / 31.0; 64.0
Area	58,584 km2 (22,619 sq mi)
Population	1,441,769 [1]
Timezone	UTC+4:30
Main language	Pashto,
Map of Afghanistan with Helmand highlighted

Helmand (Pashto/Dari: هلمند) is the largest of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the southwest of the country. Its capital is Lashkar Gah. The Helmand River flows through the mainly desert region, providing water for irrigation.

Helmand is the world's largest opium-producing region, responsible for 75% of the world's total production.^[2][3] This is more than the whole of Burma, which is the second largest producing nation after Afghanistan. Afghan opium accounts for more than 90% of the global supply.

The Helmand valley region is mentioned by name in the Avesta (Fargard 1:13) as Haetumant, one of the early centers of the Zoroastrian faith, in pre-Islamic Afghan history. However, owing to the preponderance of non-Zoroastrians (Hindus and Buddhists), the Helmand and Kabul regions were also known as "White India" in those days.^[4] Some Vedic scholars (e.g. Kochhar 1999) also believe the Helmand valley corresponds to the Sarasvati area mentioned in the Rig Veda as the homeland for the Indo-Aryan migrations into India, ca. 1500 BC.^[5]

The current governor is Mohammad Golab Mangal (since March 2008).

Much of the fighting between NATO and Taliban forces is taking place in this province and Helmand is said to be a Taliban stronghold.

USAID programs[link]

Grishk Dam, built by the U.S. before the Soviet invasion

Helmand was the center of a U.S. aid program in the 1960s to develop the Helmand and Arghandab Valley Authority (HAVA) – it was even nicknamed "little America". The program laid out tree-lined streets in Lashkar Gah, built a network of irrigation canals and constructed a large hydroelectric dam. The development program was abandoned when the communists seized power in 1978, although much of the Province is still irrigated by the HAVA.

More recently the American USAID program has contributed to a counter-narcotics initiative called the Alternative Livelihoods Program (ALP) in the province. It pays communities to work to improve their environment and economic infrastructure as an alternative to opium poppy farming. The project undertakes drainage and canal rehabilitation projects. In 2005 and 2006, there were problems in getting promised finance to communities and this is a source of considerable tension between the farmers and the Coalition forces^{[citation needed]}.

Current military situation[link]

A view of Sangin Valley in Helmand province – 2007.

It was announced on January 27, 2006 in the British Parliament that a NATO International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) would be replacing the U.S. troops in the province as part of Operation Herrick. The British 16 Air Assault Brigade would be the core of the force in Helmand Province. British bases are located in the towns of Sangin, Lashkar Gah and Gereshk.

As of Summer 2006, Helmand was one of the districts involved in Operation Mountain Thrust, a combined NATO-Afghan mission targeted at Taliban fighters in the south of the country. In July 2006, this offensive mission essentially stalled in Helmand as NATO, primarily British, and Afghan troops were forced to take increasingly defensive positions under heavy insurgent pressure. In response, British troop levels in the province were increased, and new encampments were established in Sangin and Gerishk. Fighting has been particularly heavy in the towns of Sangin, Naway, Nawzad and Garmsir. There are reports that the Taliban see Helmand province as a key testing area for their ability to take and hold Afghan territory from NATO and Afghan National Army troops.^[6] Commanders on the ground have described the situation as the most brutal conflict the British Army has been involved in since the Korean War.

In Autumn 2006, British troops started to reach "cessation of hostilities" agreements with local Taliban forces around the district centres where they had been stationed earlier in the summer.^[7] Under the terms of the agreement, both sets of forces will withdraw from the conflict zone. This agreement from the British forces implies that the strategy of holding key bases in the district, as requested by Hamid Karzai, is essentially untenable with the current levels of British troop deployment. The agreement is also a setback for Taliban fighters, who were desperate to consolidate their gains in the province, but are under heavy pressure from various NATO offensives.

News reports identified the insurgents involved in the fighting as a mix of Taliban fighters and warring tribal groups who are heavily involved in the province's lucrative opium trade.^[8]

Fighting continued throughout the winter, with British and allied troops taking a more pro-active stance against the Taliban. Several operations were launched including the more recent Operation Silicone at the start of spring. On May 12, 2007, Mullah Dadullah, one of the Taliban's top commanders, along with 11 of his men were killed by NATO and Afghan forces in Helmand.

In April 2008, 1,500 2nd Battalion 7th Marines occupied over 300 square miles (800 km²) of Helmand River valley and the Farah province. The operation was to set up forward operation bases and train the Afghan police forces in an area with little or no outside support.

In July 2009, 4,000 U.S. Marines pushed into the Helmand River valley in a major offensive to liberate the area from Taliban combatants. The operation, dubbed Operation Khanjar, is the first major push since President Obama's request for 21,000 additional soldiers in Afghanistan, targeting the Taliban rebels.

In June 2009 Panther's Claw was launched with the stated aim of securing control of various canal and river crossings and establishing a lasting ISAF presence in an area described by Lt Col Richardson as "one of the main Taliban strongholds" ahead of the 2009 Afghan presidential election.

Border with Pakistan[link]

Helmand has a southern border with the Balochistan province of Pakistan. Southern Helmand has an ancient relationship with the Nok Kundi district of Pakistan that it adjoins. Together, this region was known in in Bactrian as "Dzaranga" ("water land") (modern Pashto: Dzaranda, "watermill"/"waterland") which was hellenized by the Greeks into Drangiana. It was an Iranic country known to the Persians as Zaranka, or a place which produces water. Even today, the cultural ties between Helmand Afghanistan and Nok Kundi Pakistan, are strong.

Cities[link]

Districts of Helmand

• Lashkar Gah
• Sangin
• Musa Qala

Demographics[link]

The population is 1,441,769 and the area is 58,584 square kilometres. Pashtuns are the majority estimated at 92% of the population,^[9][10] and there are also Balochs who are concentrated in the south, as well as smaller minorities of Hazara, Brahui and Tajik,^[11] who live mostly in Lashkar Gah.

Politics[link]

Governors[link]

Districts[link]

Politicians[link]

• Asadullah Wafa
• Dad Mohammad Khan
• Sher Mohammed Akhundzada
• Engineer Mohammad Daoud

See also[link]

• 2007 Helmand province airstrikes
• Dashti Margo
• Operation Khanjar

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Helmand Province

• USAID information
• Provincial Government site
• Op/Ed by Holly Barnes Higgins who spent a year in Helmand with USAID

	Farah Province	Ghor Province	Daykundi Province Orūzgān Province
	Nimruz Province		Kandahar Province
		Helmand Province    East
		Balochistan,  Pakistan

v t e Provinces of Afghanistan Badakhshan Badghis Baghlan Balkh Bamyan Daykundi Farah Faryab Ghazni Ghōr Helmand Herat Jowzjan Kabul Kandahar Kapisa Khost Kunar Kunduz Laghman Logar Maidan Wardak Nangarhar Nimruz Nuristan Orūzgān Paktia Paktika Panjshir Parwan Samangan Sar-e Pol Takhar Zabul