Not to be confused with the Guardian Enterprise Group, an American media company (see .2 Network).

Guardian Media Group plc

Type	Public limited company
Industry	Media
Founded	1907 (Manchester Guardian) 1993 (Guardian Media Group plc)
Founder(s)	C. P. Scott
Headquarters	Spinningfields, Manchester, England
Area served	United Kingdom
Key people	Andrew Miller (CEO)[1]
Products	Newspapers, Radio Stations, Broadcasting, Websites
Revenue	£255.1 million
Owner(s)	Scott Trust
Divisions	Guardian News and Media GMG Radio Trader Media Group GMG Property Services Group
Website	http://www.gmgplc.co.uk/

Guardian Media Group plc (often referred to as GMG) is a company of the United Kingdom owning various mass media operations including The Guardian and The Observer. The Group is owned by the Scott Trust.

History[link]

The company was founded as the Manchester Guardian Ltd in 1907 when C. P. Scott bought the Manchester Guardian from the estate of his cousin Edward Taylor. It became the Manchester Guardian and Evening News Ltd when it bought out the Manchester Evening News in 1924, later becoming the Guardian and Manchester Evening News Ltd to reflect the change in the morning paper's title. It adopted its current name in 1993. Its previous chief executive was Carolyn McCall, formerly Chief Executive of Guardian News and Media Limited and a former non-executive director of Tesco and chair of Opportunity Now. McCall left in June 2010 after being appointed Chief Executive of EasyJet. She was replaced by Andrew Miller in July 2010, he had previously been Chief Financial Officer of the Group.^[1]

In March 2007 GMG sold 49.9% of Trader Media Group to Apax Partners, in a deal that valued Trader Media Group at £1.35 billion. In December 2007 it was announced that GMG and Apax had made a successful bid to buy Emap's business-to-business arm for around £1 billion.^[2]

In February 2010, the group sold its GMG Regional Media division (consisting of two companies MEN Media and S&B Media which operated 31 local and regional newspaper titles) to Trinity Mirror plc for £44.8 million. The sale ended the historic connection between The Guardian and the Manchester Evening News.^[3] The division's local television station for Greater Manchester, Channel M, and two newspapers in Woking were not included in the sale.

Operations[link]

GMG has various divisions and joint venture businesses: Guardian News & Media (the Guardian, the Observer, guardian.co.uk); GMG Radio (regional radio stations under the Smooth, Real, and Rock Radio brands); Trader Media Group (the Auto Trader magazine and website), which it owns jointly with private equity firm Apax); GMG Property Services (estate agency software providers Vebra and Core, lettings software provider CFP Software, graphic design consultancy The Media Design House and consumer portal ThinkProperty.com); and Emap, the B2B events, data and publishing company, also jointly owned with Apax.

Guardian Media Group exists to support the core purpose of its owner, the Scott Trust: to secure the financial and editorial independence of the Guardian in perpetuity.^[4]

Corporate governance[link]

Board of directors[link]

The Board of Directors are:

• Amelia Fawcett (chair)
• Andrew Miller (CFO)
• Tim Brooks
• Alan Rusbridger
• Brent Hoberman^[5]
• Nick Backhouse
• Neil Berkett
• Judy Gibbons

Executive committee[link]

GMG Executive Committee

References[link]

External links[link]

• Company website
• Guardian website
• GMG Radio company website
• TMG website
• GMG Property Services website

v t e Guardian Media Group Subsidiaries and divisions GMG Radio Real Radio North East · North West · Scotland · Wales · Yorkshire Real Radio XS 96.3 Scotland · 106.1 Manchester · Digital Smooth Radio Smooth Radio · 105.2 Smooth Radio Other Jazz FM (licensed to Jazz FM Investments Ltd) Newspapers The Guardian · The Guardian Weekly · The Observer Other Channel M · GMG Property Services · guardian.co.uk Joint ventures and shareholdings Development Hell (29.5%) · EMAP (50%) · Seven Publishing (41.9%) · Trader Media Group (50%) Other C. P. Scott · Guardian Student Media Award · Scott Trust · John Edward Taylor Category

v t e Media in the United Kingdom   Newspapers, magazines and other periodicals Newspapers National Berliner: The Guardian · The Observer · Broadsheet: Financial Times · The Daily Telegraph, The Sunday Telegraph · The Sunday Times · Compact: i · The Independent, The Independent on Sunday · The Times · Middle-market: Daily Express, Sunday Express · Daily Mail, The Mail on Sunday · Tabloid: Daily Mirror, Sunday Mirror · Morning Star · The People · Daily Star, Daily Star Sunday · The Sun · Sunday Sport Regional and local Local newspapers in England · Regional newspapers in England · Newspapers in Northern Ireland · Newspapers in Scotland · Newspapers in Wales Other resources Defunct newspapers · Editors · Fleet Street · History · Journalists · Specialist newspapers · List by circulation Magazines and other periodicals Arts magazines · Business magazines · Comics · Defunct magazines · Fashion magazines · Literary magazines · Political magazines · Satirical magazines · Science and technology magazines · Women's magazines · List of magazines by circulation   Radio National stations BBC Analogue/digital: Radio 1 · Radio 2 · Radio 3 · Radio 4 · Radio 5 Live · Digital: Radio 1Xtra · Radio 4 Extra · Radio 5 Live Sports Extra · 6 Music · Asian Network · BBC National DAB (multiplex) Commercial Analogue/digital: Absolute Radio · Classic FM · Talksport · Digital: Absolute 80s · Absolute Radio 90s · Absolute Radio Extra · Amazing Radio · BFBS Radio · Digital One (multiplex) · Jazz FM · Planet Rock · Premier Christian Radio · Smooth Radio UK · UCB UK Regional and local stations BBC List of BBC Local Radio stations · List of BBC Regional Radio stations Commercial List of community radio stations · List of local commercial radio stations · List of semi-national analogue and digital stations Other stations List of hospital radio stations · Pirate radio · Restricted Service Licence (List of RSL stations) · List of satellite radio stations · List of student and schools radio Other Broadcasting companies · Broadcasting House · FM broadcasting · MediaCityUK · People · Programmes · Radio Academy · Radio Independents Group · RAJAR · Sony Radio Academy Awards · Most-listened-to programs   Television Principal channels BBC Analogue/digital: BBC One · BBC Two · Digital: BBC Three · BBC Four · BBC News · BBC Parliament · CBBC · CBeebies · BBC Alba · HD: BBC HD BSkyB Digital: Challenge · Pick TV · Sky1 · Sky2 · Sky 3D · Sky Arts · Sky Atlantic · Sky Betting and Gaming · Sky Living · Sky Livingit · Sky Movies · Sky Movies Box Office · Sky News · Sky Sports · Sky Sports F1 · Sky Sports News Channel Four Analogue/digital: Channel 4 · Digital: E4 · Film4 · More4 · 4seven · S4C Channel 5 Analogue/digital: Channel 5 · Digital: 5* · 5USA ITV Network Analogue/digital: ITV · Digital: ITV2 · ITV3 · ITV4 · CITV UKTV Digital: Alibi · Blighty · Dave · Eden · Gold · Good Food · Home · Really · Watch · Yesterday Services and platforms 4oD (Film4oD) · Analogue (Analogue terrestrial) · BBC iPlayer · blinkbox · BT Vision · Cable · Demand 5 · Digital (Digital terrestrial · List of channels) · Freesat (Freesat+ · List of channels) · Freeview (Freeview+) · Freewire (List of channels) · High-definition (List of channels) · ITV (ITV Player · STV Player) · Real Digital · Restricted Service Licence · Satellite (List of channels) · Sky (Freesat from Sky · Sky Anytime · Sky Anytime+ · Sky+ · Sky+ HD · List of channels) · Smallworld Cable (List of channels) · TalkTalk TV (List of channels) · Top Up TV · TVCatchup (List of channels) · Virgin Media (FilmFlex · TiVo · V+ · List of channels) · WightCable · YouView · Zattoo (List of channels) Studios BBC Pacific Quay · BBC Television Centre · Broadcasting House · Broadcasting House (Cardiff) · The Fountain Studios · The Leeds Studios · MediaCityUK · Granada Studios · Roath Lock · Teddington Studios Other Awards · Defunct channels · Edinburgh International Television Festival · History (List of years) · List of channels · Production companies · Programmes · Student television · Viewing statistics (Most-watched broadcasts)   Companies and organisations Companies Major companies Aegis Group · Archant · BBC · Bloomsbury Publishing · British Sky Broadcasting · BT Group · Channel Four · Chrysalis Group · Daily Mail and General Trust · Economist Group · EMAP · EMI Group · Endemol UK · Global Radio · Guardian Media Group · Haymarket Group · Informa · IPC Media · ITN · ITV · Johnston Press · Mecom Group · News International · Newsquest · Northern & Shell · Pearson · Press Holdings · Reed Elsevier · Reuters · STV Group · Syco · TalkTalk Group · Trinity Mirror · UBM · UTV Media · Virgin Media Other resources Broadcasting companies · Defunct media companies · Publishing companies (List of largest UK book publishers) · Record labels Government and regulatory bodies Advertising Standards Authority · BBC Trust · British Board of Film Classification · British Film Institute · Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee · Department for Culture, Media and Sport · Ofcom · Press Complaints Commission · UK Film Council · Welsh Fourth Channel Authority Industry and trades bodies British Academy of Film and Television Arts · British Phonographic Industry · Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union · Clearcast · Digital TV Group · Digital UK · Equity · Federation Against Copyright Theft · National Union of Journalists · The Publishers Association · Royal Television Society · United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting Other BBC Academy · National Film and Television School · National Media Museum   Regional and student media Regional media Media in England (Media in Birmingham · Media in London · Media in Manchester) · Media in Northern Ireland · Media in Scotland (Media in Aberdeen · Media in Dundee · Media in Glasgow) · Media in Wales (Media in Cardiff) Student media Student television Category ·  Commons

A media conglomerate, media group or media institution is a company that owns large numbers of companies in various mass media such as television, radio, publishing, movies, and the Internet. Media conglomerates strive for policies that facilitate their control of the markets across the globe.^[1]

According to the 2011 Fortune 500 list, The Walt Disney Company is America's largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue, with News Corporation, Time Warner, CBS Corporation and Viacom completing the top 5.^[2] Other major players are NBCUniversal, and Sony Corporation of America.

Terminology[link]

A conglomerate is, by definition, a large company that consists of divisions of seemingly unrelated businesses.

It is questionable whether media companies are unrelated, as of 2007^[update]. The trend has been strongly for the sharing of various kinds of content (news, film and video, music for example). The media sector is tending to consolidate, and formerly diversified companies may appear less so as a result. Therefore, the term media group may also be applied, however it has not so far replaced the more traditional term.^{[citation needed]}

Criticism[link]

Critics have accused the larger conglomerates of dominating media, especially news, and refusing to publicize or deem "newsworthy" information that would be harmful to their other interests, and of contributing to the merging of entertainment and news (sensationalism) at the expense of tough coverage of serious issues. They are also accused of being a leading force for the standardization of culture (see globalization, Americanization), and they are a frequent target of criticism by various groups which often perceive the news organizations as being biased toward special interests.

There is also the issue of concentration of media ownership, reducing diversity in both ownership and programming (TV shows and radio shows). There is also a strong trend in the U.S. for conglomerates to eliminate localism in broadcasting, instead using broadcast automation and voice tracking, sometimes from another city in another state. Some radio stations use prepackaged and generic satellite-fed programming with no local content, except the insertion of radio ads.

Examples[link]

Some of the most well-known media conglomerates include:

• ABS-CBN Corporation
• Advance Publications
• American Media
• AOL
• Associated Broadcasting Company (TV5) (owned by MediaQuest Holdings, Inc.)
• BBC
• Bell Media (owned by Bell Canada Enterprises)
• Belo
• Bennet Coleman and Co. Ltd (a.k.a. The Times Group, distinct from Times Newspapers of News Corporation)
• Bertelsmann
• Bonnier
• Cablevision
• Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)
• Clear Channel Communications
• CBS Corporation (owned by National Amusements alongside Viacom)
• Comcast (both through its own media assets & NBCUniversal, co-owned with GE)
• Discovery Communications
• Dogan Group Companies
• E. W. Scripps Company
• Fininvest
• Gannett Company
• GMA Network, Inc.
• Grupo Abril
• Grupo Clarín
• Grupo PRISA
• Grupo Televisa
• Hearst Corporation
• Hubbard Broadcasting
• ION Media Networks
• The Jim Pattison Media Group (division of Jim Pattison Group)
• Lagardère Active (owned by Lagardère Group)
• Liberty Media
• NBCUniversal (co-owned by General Electric & Comcast)
• The New York Times Company
• News Corporation
• Next Media
• Organizações Globo
• Pinadd Global Media Corporation
• Postmedia Network
• Quebecor Media
• Rogers Communications
• Schibsted
• Shaw Communications
• Sinclair Broadcast Group
• Sony Corporation of America (owned by Sony)
• Sun-Times Media Group
• Time Warner
• Time Warner Cable
• Tribune Company
• Vice
• Viacom (owned by National Amusements alongside CBS Corporation)
• Village Voice Media
• Vivendi
• The Walt Disney Company
• The Washington Post Company
• World Wrestling Entertainment (d.b.a. WWE, Inc.)

See also[link]

• Conglomerate (company)
• Concentration of media ownership
• Media imperialism
• Media proprietor
• Multinational corporation
• Lists of corporate assets

Notes[link]

This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; suggestions may be available. (December 2007)

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007)

Giuseppe Abbamonte (1759–1818) was a Neapolitan statesman who became secretary-general of the Cisalpine Republic in 1798 and a member of the executive commission at Naples. Upon the restoration of the king in 1799,^{[clarification needed]} he moved to Milan where he continued in his job until 1805.^{[clarification needed]}

References[link]

This article about an Italian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Brendan Eich
Born	1961 (age 50–51) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Alma mater	University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
Occupation	CTO, Mozilla Corporation
Known for	JavaScript

Brendan Eich ( /ˈaɪk/; born 1961)^[1] is a computer programmer and creator of the JavaScript scripting language. He is the chief technology officer at the Mozilla Corporation.

Education[link]

Brendan Eich received his bachelor's degree in math and computer science at Santa Clara University.^[1] He received his master's degree in 1986 from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Career[link]

Eich started his career at Silicon Graphics, working for seven years on operating system and network code.^[2] He then worked for three years at MicroUnity Systems Engineering writing microkernel and DSP code, and doing the first MIPS R4000 port of GCC.^[2]

Eich is best known for his work on Netscape and Mozilla. He started work at Netscape Communications Corporation in April 1995, working on JavaScript (originally called Mocha, then called LiveScript) for the Netscape Navigator web browser.^[3] In 2010, he wrote about JavaScript: "JS had to 'look like Java' only less so, be Java’s dumb kid brother or boy-hostage sidekick. Plus, I had to be done in ten days or something worse than JS would have happened".^[4]

He then helped found mozilla.org in early 1998, serving as chief architect. When AOL shut down the Netscape browser unit in July 2003, Eich helped spin out the Mozilla Foundation.

In August 2005, after serving as Lead Technologist and as a member of the Board of Directors of the Mozilla Foundation, Eich became CTO of the newly founded Mozilla Corporation.^[5]

Political activities[link]

Eich donated $1,000 in 2008 to the campaign supporting California Proposition 8, which was recorded in a public database with Mozilla's name attached,^[6] and many people commented about this donation on Twitter in March 2012.^[7]

References[link]

• Mozilla Futures: Analysis and Proposals (Slides presented at Mozilla Developer Day on February 27, 2004; more detailed than the recent slides cited in roadmap blog)

External links[link]

• Brendan's blog
• Brendan's Roadmap Updates (Mozilla roadmap weblog)
• Brendan Eich on the Gillmor Gang July 2004 and December 2005
• Brendan's Netscape Joke Homepage
• Computerworld Interview with Brendan Eich on JavaScript
• CNET Interview with Brendan Eich
• Tech Luminaries interview with Brendan Eich

Alan Rusbridger
Alan Rusbridger in 2007
Born	(1953-12-29) 29 December 1953 (age 58) Northern Rhodesia
Occupation	Editor
Notable credit(s)	Editor of The Guardian Deputy Editor of The Guardian
Salary	£455,000 (total renumeration)[1]
Children	2 daughters

Alan Charles Rusbridger (born 29 December 1953, Northern Rhodesia, now Zambia) is the editor of the British newspaper The Guardian. He has also been a reporter and a columnist.

Life and career[link]

Early life[link]

Rusbridger was born in Northern Rhodesia, the son of B.E. (née Wickham) and G.H. Rusbridger, the Director of Education of Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). He was educated at Cranleigh School, a boys' independent school in Cranleigh, Surrey, and at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he read English.

Career[link]

His first post in journalism was with the Cambridge Evening News. He joined The Guardian as a reporter in 1979 and subsequently wrote the paper's diary column and was a feature writer. He left to become The Observer's TV critic before moving to America to be the Washington editor of the London Daily News. On returning to The Guardian in 1987 he launched the "Weekend" supplement and the paper's "G2" section. As editor from 1995, he oversaw the launch and development of the Guardian Unlimited website. He defended the paper against a number of high-profile defamation suits, including from the Police Federation and the Conservative MPs, Neil Hamilton and Jonathan Aitken. In late 2005 The Guardian responded to the tabloid re-launches of The Times and The Independent by moving from a broadsheet format to the "Berliner" format, common in the rest of Europe.

He is a member of the board of Guardian News and Media, of the main board of the Guardian Media Group and of the Scott Trust, which owns The Guardian and The Observer, of which he is executive editor. Rusbridger received £471,000 in pay and benefits in 2008/9.^[2]

He has written three children's books as well as being the co-author (with Ronan Bennett) of a BBC drama, Fields of Gold.

Other activities[link]

He is visiting Fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford, and Visiting Professor of History at Queen Mary, University of London. Since 2004 he has been Chairman of the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain. He is a governor of the Ditchley Foundation,^[3] an organisation which exists to promote international relations.

Rusbridger supports 10:10, a British climate change campaign for a 10% reduction in carbon emissions in 2010.

Personal life and honours[link]

In 1982, he married the educationalist Lindsay Mackie, who was educated at the private St Leonards School, in Islington. She helped found FILMCLUB. They have two daughters (born 1983 and May 1986), one of whom was briefly educated at the independent St Paul's Girls' School in London. In 2009 it was reported that one of his daughters, Isabella, had been working at The Guardian, but had been using her mother's surname as a nom de plume to avoid suspicion of having obtained the job through nepotism.^[4] His wife is good friends with Tessa Jowell, whom she knew at the University of Edinburgh, and he is good friends with her estranged husband, David Mills. They both own cottages near the same Gloucestershire village.^[5] He is Chairman of the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain.^[6]

Rusbridger received an Honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of Lincoln in September 2009^[7] and from the University of Kingston in January 2010.^[8]

In 2010 he was chosen to deliver the annual Andrew Olle Media Lecture in Australia.

Bibliography[link]

• The Guardian Year (1994) edited by Alan Rusbridger ISBN 1-85702-265-3
• The Coldest Day in the Zoo (2004) ISBN 0-14-131745-0
• The Wildest Day at the Zoo (2005) ISBN 0-14-131933-X
• The Smelliest Day at the Zoo (2007) ISBN 0-14-132068-0

References[link]

External links[link]

• Profile and column archive at The Guardian
• Alan Rusbridger on twitter
• Article archive at Journalisted
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Alan Rusbridger on Charlie Rose
• Works by or about Alan Rusbridger in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Alan Rusbridger at the Notable Names Database
• Alan Rusbridger at Puffin Books

Articles

• Embracing Change, Frances Stead Sellers, American Journalism Review, October–November 2006
• What happened when the Guardian editor met Piers Morgan, The Independent, 2 April 2007
• Ombudsmen in the digital future, Alan Rusbridger, Organization of News Ombudsmen, 21 May 2007
• A Chill on 'The Guardian', Alan Rusbridger, The New York Review of Books, 15 January 2009
• The Ben Bradlee of Phone Hacking , Dylan Byers, Adweek, 14 July 2011