In medicine, a prodrome is an early symptom (or set of symptoms) that might indicate the start of a disease before specific symptoms occur. It is derived from the Greek word prodromos or precursor. Prodromes may be non-specific symptoms or, in a few instances, may clearly indicate a particular disease, such as the prodromal migraine aura.

For example fever, malaise, headache and lack of appetite frequently occur in the prodrome of many infective disorders. A prodrome can be the precursor to the onset of a chronic neurological disorder such as migraine or epilepsy, where prodrome symptoms include euphoria, scotoma, disorientation, aphasia, or photosensitivity.

It also refers to the initial in vivo round of viral replication.

Prodromal labour, mistakenly called "false labour," refers to the early signs before labour starts.

In schizophrenia[link]

A prodrome for schizophrenia is the period of decreased functioning that is postulated to correlate with the onset of psychotic symptoms. The concept has been reconsidered as the pathways to emerging psychosis have been investigated since the mid-1990s.^[1] One example of the international paradigms aimed at researching the prodrome is the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS). This study is concerned with brain development, hormones, and neuropsychological functions that may play a role in risk for and prevention of mental illness in young adulthood. The term at risk mental state is sometimes preferred, as a prodromal period cannot be confirmed unless the emergence of the condition has occurred. (Also see early psychosis.)

Prodrome, or psychosis risk syndrome as it is also known, is a proposed syndrome to be used in the DSM-V (2013) of psychiatry.^[2][3] It is also defined as "the aura that precedes a psychotic break by up to two or three years."^[3] Patients with this condition "still have 'insight' - a pivotal word in psychiatric literature, indicating that a patient can still recognize an altered worldview as a sign of illness, not revelation."^[3] Prodrome is also sometimes called "attenuated psychotic symptoms syndrome."^[4]

About one third of patients with prodrome are diagnosed with schizophrenia or other psychosis in a few years. In the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study, researchers found that 35 percent of "patients had a psychotic break within two and a half years of enrolling at a clinic."^[3] 65 percent "found that their symptoms passed or plateaued."^[3] A psychotic break is made statistically more likely (43 % vs. 35 %) if the patient abuses certain drugs.^[3]

Prodromal phase of common diseases and conditions[link]

• Measles - Marked by fever, rhinorrhea, and conjuctivitis.
• Varicella - May or may not feature a prodrome, but at least 37% of unvaccinated children who contract chickenpox do have at least a mild febrile prodrome.
• Migraine - Not always present, and varies from individual to individual, but can include altered mood, irritability, depression or euphoria, fatigue, yawning, excessive sleepiness, craving for certain food (e.g. chocolate), stiff muscles (especially in the neck), hot ears, constipation or diarrhea, increased urination, and other visceral symptoms.^[5]
• Herpes simplex - Marked by tingling (paresthesia), itching, and pain.
• Diverticulitis - May worsen throughout the first day, as it starts out as small pains in the torso and/or mild diarrhea, and may slowly turn into vomiting and sharp pains in the lower left quadrant of the abdomen.

References[link]

Ken Ishii (ケン・イシイ^?) is a Japanese techno DJ and producer from Sapporo. He graduated from Hitotsubashi University. He has released work under his own name as well as under the pseudonyms: FLR, Flare, UTU, Yoga, and Rising Sun.

Strongly influenced by Detroit techno, Ken Ishii had his first release on Richie Hawtin's label Plus 8. He composed the music for the opening ceremonies to the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano.^[1] He provided a track for the 2001 video game Rez by Sega: Creation The State Of Art which is the music used in the third level of the normal game, as well as music for the game LSD. His track "Let It All Ride" has also been used in the PSP video game Lumines II.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• Garden On The Palm (2 X 12" - RS 93012 - 1993)
• Innerelements (CD - RS 94038 CD - 1994)
• Jelly Tones (2LP/CD - RS 95065/RS 95065 CD - 1995)
• Green Times (CD - Sublime Records SBLCD5002 - 1995)
• Grip (CD - Sublime Records SBLCD5011 - 1996)
• Metal Blue America (CD - R&S Records - 1997)
• Sleeping Madness (2LP/CD - RS 99153/RS 99153 CD - 1999)
• Flatspin (CD - Exceptional EXLPCD0103 - 2000)
• Millennium Spinnin at Reel up (CD - Sony Music Ent. - 2001)
• FLR Easy Filters (1999 - 2001) (2 X CD - Reel Musiq Sublime Records RLCD-002 - 2001)
• Rebore Vol.2 (2001)
• Future In Light (CD - Exceptional EXLPCD0302 - 2002)
• Interpretations (CD - Exceptional EXLPCD0405 - 2003)
• Play, Pause and Play (2 X CD - Sublime records IDCS1016/1017 - 2005)
• Sunriser (CD - 70Drums IDCK-1002 - 2006)
• Daybreak Reprise -SUNRISER Remixed- (2008)

Singles[link]

• "Pneuma" (12" - RS 93025 - 1993)
• "Deep Sleep" (12" - APOLLO 8 - 1993)
• "Tangled Notes" (12" - RS 94046 - 1994)
• "Extra" (12"/CD - RS 95064/RS 95064 CD - 1995)
• "Stretch" (CD - SRCS 8098 - 1995)
• "Overlap" (CD - RS 96107 - 1996)

External links[link]

• Ken Ishii -- official site.
• Sony Music Japan bio.
• Nippop Profile | Ken Ishii.
• Ken Ishii discography at Discogs.
• Ken Ishii - Extra - Video.

References[link]

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