Chandigarh
—  City and Union territory  —
Open Hand Monument
Nickname(s): The City Beautiful
Chandigarh
Coordinates: 30°45′N 76°47′E / 30.75°N 76.78°E / 30.75; 76.78Coordinates: 30°45′N 76°47′E / 30.75°N 76.78°E / 30.75; 76.78
Country	India
Union Territory	Chandigarh
Capital	Chandigarh
Area
• City and Union territory	114 km2 (44 sq mi)
Area rank	33
Elevation	350 m (1,150 ft)
Population
• City and Union territory	960,787
• Rank	29th
• Density	8,400/km2 (22,000/sq mi)
• Metro[1]	1,025,682
	[2]
Languages
• Official	Hindi, English and Punjabi
• Other	Haryanvi dialect of Hindi
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
Telephone code	91-172-XXX XXXX
ISO 3166 code	IN-CH
Largest city	Chandigarh Mayor: Rajbala Malik[3](INC)
HDI	0.892
HDI Category	very high
Literacy	81.9
Website	chandigarh.nic.in
The city of Chandigarh comprises all of the union territory's area

Chandigarh /ˈtʃɑːndɨɡər/ is a city and union territory in India that serves as the capital of two states, Haryana and Punjab. The name Chandigarh translates as "The Fort of Chandi". The name is derived from an ancient temple called Chandi Mandir, devoted to the Hindu goddess Chandi, in the city.^[4] It is also referred to as The City Beautiful due to its beautiful surroundings, central grid of gardens, each dedicated to different species of flora.

The city of Chandigarh was the first planned city in India and is known internationally for its architecture and urban design.^[5] The city has projects designed by architects such as Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Jane Drew, and Maxwell Fry. The city tops the list of Indian States and Union Territories with the highest per capita income in the country at Rs.99,262 at current prices and Rs.70,361 at constant prices (2006–2007).^[6] The city was reported in 2010 to be the "cleanest" in India, based on a national government study,^[7] and the territory also headed the list of Indian states and territories according to research conducted using 2005 data by Human Development Index.^[8]

History[link]

After the partition of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947, the former British province of Punjab was also split between India and Pakistan. The Indian state of Punjab required a new capital city to replace Lahore, which became part of Pakistan during the partition.^[9] After several plans to make additions to existing cities were found to be unfeasible for various reasons, the decision to construct a new and planned city was undertaken. Of all the new town schemes in independent India, the Chandigarh project quickly assumed prime significance, because of the city's strategic location as well as the personal interest of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of independent India. Commissioned by Nehru to reflect the new nation's modern, progressive outlook, Chandigarh was designed by the French (born Swiss) architect and urban planner, Le Corbusier, in the 1950s. Le Corbusier was in fact the second architect of the city, after the initial master plan was prepared by the American architect-planner Albert Mayer (planner) who was working with the Polish-born architect Matthew Nowicki.^{[citation needed]}

On 1 November 1966, the newly formed Indian state of Haryana was carved out of the eastern portion of the Punjab, in order to create Haryana as a majority Hindi-speaking state (with a Hindu majority), while the western portion of Punjab retained a mostly Punjabi language-speaking majority (with a Sikh majority) and remained as the current day federated state of Punjab. However, the city of Chandigarh was on the border, and was thus created into a union territory to serve as capital of both these states.^[10]

Recently, political groups such as the Akali Dal have argued that Chandigarh should become solely the capital of Punjab.

Geography and climate[link]

Sukhna Lake

Chandigarh is located near the foothills of the Shivalik range of the Himalayas in northwest India. It covers an area of approximately 44.5 sq mi or 114 km². and shares its borders with the states of Haryana and Punjab. The exact cartographic co-ordinates of Chandigarh are 30°44′N 76°47′E / 30.74°N 76.79°E / 30.74; 76.79.^[11] It has an average elevation of 321 metres (1053 ft).

The surrounding districts are of Panchkula and Ambala in Haryana and Mohali, Patiala and Roopnagar in Punjab. The boundary of the state of Himachal Pradesh is also minutes away from its north border.

Chandigarh has a humid subtropical climate characterized by a seasonal rhythm: very hot summers, mild winters, unreliable rainfall and great variation in temperature (-1 °C to 41.2 °C). In winter, pieces of snow sometimes occurs during December and January. The average annual rainfall is 1110.7 mm. The city also receives occasional winter rains from the west.

Average temperature[link]

• Spring: The climate remains the most enjoyable part of the year during the spring season (from mid-February to mid-April). Temperatures vary between (max) 16 °C to 25 °C and (min) 9 °C to 18 °C.
• Autumn: In autumn (from Mid-September to mid November.), the temperature may rise to a maximum of 36 °C. Temperatures usually remain between 16° to 27° in autumn. The minimum temperature is around 11 °C.
• Summer: The temperature in summer (from Mid-May to Mid-June) may rise to a maximum of 45 °C (rarely). Temperatures generally remain between 35 °C to 40 °C (94 - 101F).
• Monsoon: During monsoon(from mid-June to mid-September), Chandigarh receives moderate to heavy rainfall and sometimes heavy to very heavy rainfall (generally during the month of August or September). Usually, the rain bearing monsoon winds blow from south-west/ south-east. Mostly, the city receives heavy rain from south (which is mainly a persistent rain) but it generally receives most of its rain during monsoon either from North-west or North-east. Maximum amount of rain received by the city of Chandigrah during monsoon season is 195.5 mm in a single day.
• Winter: Winters (November to Mid-March) are mild but it can sometimes get quite chilly in Chandigarh. Average temperatures in the winter remain at (max) 7 °C to 15 °C and (min) 0°C to 8 °C. Rain usually comes from the west during winters and it is usually a persistent rain for 2–3 days with sometimes hail-storms.

Environment[link]

Most of Chandigarh is covered by dense Banyan and Eucalyptus plantations. Asoka, Cassia, Mulberry and other trees flourish in the forested ecosystem.The city has forests surrounding it which sustain many animal and plant species. Deers, Sambars, Barking Deers, Parrots, Woodpeckers and Peacocks inhabit the protected forests. Sukhna Lake hosts a variety of ducks and geese, and attracts migratory birds from parts of Siberia and Japan in the winter season.

A parrot sanctuary located in the city is home to a variety of bird species.

Architecture and urban planning[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Legislative Assembly by Le Corbusier

Taking over from Albert Mayer (planner), Le Corbusier produced a plan for Chandigarh that conformed to the modern city planning principles of Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne CIAM, in terms of division of urban functions, an anthropomorphic plan form, and a hierarchy of road and pedestrian networks. This vision of Chandigarh, contained in the innumerable conceptual maps on the drawing board together with notes and sketches had to be translated into brick and mortar, as lead by the Chief Engineer appointed to the project, Ajit Gill. Le Corbusier retained many of the seminal ideas of Mayer and Nowicki, like the basic framework of the master plan and its components: The Capitol, City Center, besides the University, Industrial area, and linear parkland. Even the neighborhood unit was retained as the basic module of planning. However, the curving outline of Mayer and Nowicki was reorganized into a mesh of rectangles, and the buildings were characterized by an "honesty of materials". Exposed brick and boulder stone masonry in its rough form produced unfinished concrete surfaces, in geometrical structures. This became the architectural form characteristic of Chandigarh, set amidst landscaped gardens and parks.

Chandigarh Museum and Art gallery have a separate section dedicated to the architecture of Chandigarh.

Chandigarh administration[link]

Chandigarh Administration is under the control of the Administrator who is appointed under the provisions of Article 239 of the Constitution of India.^{[citation needed]} The administrative control of Chandigarh is under the Ministry of Home Affairs.^{[clarification needed]} The Adviser to the Administrator, a very senior officer equivalent to the Chief Secretary of a state,^{[citation needed]} belonging to one of the All India Services, is second in command after the Administrator. S/He generally belongs to the AGMU^{[clarification needed]} cadre of the Indian Administrative Service.

• The Deputy Commissioner, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service, is the in-charge of the General Administration in the Chandigarh UT.
• The Senior Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service, is responsible for maintaining Law & Order and related issues in the Chandigarh UT.
• The Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service, is responsible for the management of the Forests, Environment, Wild-Life and Pollution Control in the Chandigarh UT.

The above three officers are generally from AGMU cadre and can also be from Haryana or Punjabcadres of the All India Services.

Demographics[link]

As of 2011^[update] India census, Chandigarh had a population of 960,787 with metro population of 1,025,682, ^[2] making for a density of about 7900 persons per square kilometre.^{[citation needed]} Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. The sex ratio is 829 females for every 1,000 males^[2] –which is the lowest in the country,^{[citation needed]} up from 777 in 2001. Chandigarh has an average literacy rate of 86.77%, higher than the national average; with male literacy of 90.81% and female literacy of 81.88%.^[2] 10.8% of the population is under 6 years of age.^[2]

Economy[link]

Legislative Assembly by Le Corbusier

Punjab and Haryana High Court by Le Corbusier

Secretariat Building by Le Corbusier

The government is a major employer in Chandigarh with three governments having their base here. A significant percentage of Chandigarh’s population therefore consists of people who are either working for one of these governments or have retired from government service. For this reason, Chandigarh is often called a “Pensioner's Paradise”. There are about 15 medium to large industries including two in the Public sector. In addition Chandigarh has over 2500 units registered under small scale sector. The important industries are paper manufacturing, basic metals and alloys and machinery. Other industries are relating to food products, sanitary ware, auto parts, machine tools, pharmaceuticals and electrical appliances. Yet, with a per capita income of 99,262, Chandigarh is the richest city in India.^[13] Chandigarh's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $2.2 billion in current prices.

Three major trade promotion organizations have their offices in Chandigarh. These are: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry, (FICCI) the PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PHDCCI) and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) which has its regional headquarters at Sector 31, Chandigarh.

Chandigarh IT Park (also known as Chandigarh Technology Park) is the city's attempt to break into the IT world. Chandigarh's infrastructure, proximity to Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, and the IT talent pool attracts IT businesses looking for office space in the area. Major Indian firms and multinational corporations to the like of Quark, Infosys, Dell, IBM, TechMahindra have set up base in the city and its suburbs. According to a 2007 survey, Chandigarh is ranked ninth in the top 50 cities identified globally as "emerging outsourcing and IT services destinations".^[14]

Education[link]

There are numerous education institutions in Chandigarh. These range from private- and publicly-operated schools to colleges and the Panjab University.

Transport[link]

Chandigarh has the largest number of vehicles per capita in India.^[15] Wide, well maintained roads and parking spaces all over the city ease local transport.

Chandigarh is well connected by road by NH 22 (Ambala - Kalka - Shimla - Kinnaur) and NH 21 (Chandigarh - Leh), and has both a railway station and the International Airport.

The Chandigarh Metro Rail project is underway but recently^[when?], due to reduce cost, it is planned to partially replace metro projects by tram and monorail,^{[citation needed]}

Sporting venues and gardens[link]

Chandigarh is home to numerous inter state sporting teams in tournaments like IPL.^{[clarification needed]} The city has facilities for sports such as cricket, swimming, shooting, skating and hockey.

There are numerous display gardens across the city, including the Rock Garden that is built from mostly from waste material, the Terraced Garden in Sector 33 near Bhavan Vidyalaya (Junior Wing) and the Rose Garden. Other gardens include Garden of Annuals, Fragrance Garden, Hibiscus Garden, Chrysanthemum Garden, Botanical Garden and Shanti Kunj.

Notable people born in Chandigarh[link]

• Neerja Bhanot, Flight attendant and model
• Jeev Milkha Singh, professional golfer
• Yuvraj Singh, Indian international cricketer
• Kapil Dev, Former Indian international cricketer
• Dinesh Mongia, Indian international cricketer

Gallery[link]

• 

  Punjab and Haryana High Court

• 

  Gandhi Bhavan built by Pierre Jeanneret for Panjab University

• 

  Chandigarh Architecture Museum

• 

  National History Museum

• 

  The popular Sector-42 Hockey Stadium

• 

  "Green Bus" introduced by the CTU runs throughout Chandigarh

• 

  A Shopping mall in the city.

• 

  Sambar in one of the forests surrounding Chandigarh

References[link]

	Geography portal
	Asia portal
	South Asia portal
	India portal
	Punjab portal
	Chandigarh portal

Further reading[link]

• Evenson, Norma. Chandigarh. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1966.
• Joshi, Kiran. Documenting Chandigarh: The Indian Architecture of Pierre Jeanneret, Edwin Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew. Ahmedabad: Mapin Publishing in association with Chandigarh College of Architecture, 1999. ISBN 1-890206-13-X
• Kalia, Ravi. Chandigarh: The Making of an Indian City. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999.
• Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew. Chandigarh and Planning Development in India, London: Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, No.4948, 1 April 1955, Vol.CIII, pages 315-333. I. The Plan, by E. Maxwell Fry, II. Housing, by Jane B. Drew.
• Nangia, Ashish. Re-locating Modernism: Chandigarh, Le Corbusier and the Global Postcolonial. PhD Dissertation, University of Washington, 2008.
• Perera, Nihal. "Contesting Visions: Hybridity, Liminality and Authorship of the Chandigarh Plan" Planning Perspectives 19 (2004): 175-199
• Prakash, Vikramaditya. Chandigarh’s Le Corbusier: The Struggle for Modernity in Postcolonial India. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002.
• Sarin, Madhu. Urban Planning in the Third World: The Chandigarh Experience. London: Mansell Publishing, 1982.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chandigarh

• Chandigarh travel guide from Wikitravel
• Chandigarh Administration Official Site

		Himachal Pradesh
	Punjab		Haryana
		Chandigarh    East
		Haryana

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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (April 2012)

Babbu Maan (Punjabi: ਬੱਬੂ ਮਾਨ) (born Tejinder Singh Maan) is a punjabi singer- songwriter, actor, and producer. Born in the village of Khant Maanpur in the Fatehgarh Sahib district of Punjab, India

Early life[link]

Babbu Maan was born as ( Tejinder Singh Maan ), 29 March 1975, as the only son of Babu Singh Maan and mother Kulbir Kaur,^[2][3] in the village of Khant Maanpur of Fatehgarh Sahib district in Indian Punjab.^[1] He has two elder sisters.

Career[link]

Babbu Maan debuted in 1998 with his album Sajjan Rumal De Giya. Unhappy with the album he went back to the drawing board and re-wrote many of the songs, many of which were re-released in his following albums. Tu Meri Miss India, his second album was released in 1999. His third album Saaun Di Jhadi was released in 2001.

In 2003 Maan was selected as actor and Music Director for the movie Hawayein. It was followed by his album, Ohi Chann Ohi Rataan.

In 2006 Maan started on his first playback movie called Rabb Ne Banayien Jodeian. Mera Gham was a Hindi album.

Maan starred in a New Year's special called Aao Saare Nachiye. Part 1 was released in 2008 and Part 2 in 2009. He was involved with the film Hashar... A love Story. Maan released a religious album, Singh Better Than King. In March 25 2010, Maan came out with his new Film Ekam - Son of Soil. On 18 November 2011 Babbu Maan released his next movie Hero Hitler in Love. Hero Hitler in Love out to be a very unsuccessful movie. Shortly after Hero Hitler in Love, Babbu Maan announced the release on his next movie, Desi Romeos. The movie is set to hit theaters on Jun 15, 2012.

Discography[link]

He released many music albums and films till now. Some of his albums are^[1]: or=|date=|work=|publisher=www.itunes.apple.com|accessdate=21 Feb, 2012}}</ref>

• Saaun Di Jhadi (2001)^[4]
• Ohi Chann Ohi Raatan (2004)
• Pyass (2005)
• Mera Gham (2007)
• Aao Saare Nachiye (2008)
• Aao Saare Nachiye 2 (2009)
• Singh Better Than King
• Aao Saare Nachiye 4 (2011)

Filmography[link]

• Hawayein (2003)
• Rabb Ne Banaiyan Jodiean (2006)^[5]
• Hashar - A Love Story (2008)^[6][7]
• Ekam - Son of Soil (2010)
• Hero Hitler in Love (2011)^[4][7]
• Desi Romeos (2012) Movie Release Date 15 June 2012 And Music Release 25 May 2012

!Year !! Title !!Role !!Notes |- |2003 ||[[Hawayein)| || khanpurya || |- |2006 ||Rabb Ne Banaiyan Jodiean ||jelly || |- |2008 ||A Love Story || Maninder Singh || |- |2010 ||Ekam - Son of Soil ||Ekamjit singh || |- |2011 ||Hero Hitler in Love ||Hitler/Mirza || |- |2012 ||Desi Romeos ||? ||

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Babbu Maan at the Internet Movie Database

Diljit (born 6 January 1984; as Diljit Singh Dosanjh) is a Punjabi singer and film actor.^[1]

Career[link]

Music[link]

Diljit Dosanjh debuted with his album Ishq Da Uda Ada. It was released by T-Series. He has come out with 6 albums so far.His most successful album, The Next Level is also his most recent.

Feature films[link]

Diljit made his acting debut in the Punjabi action flick, The Lion of Punjab which opened to negative reviews from critics, though managed to end up successful at the box office. In 2011, he starred in the critically acclaimed Jihne Mera Dil Luteya which turned out to be a critical and commercial blockbuster. Critics praised Diljit's comic performance in the film. In February 2012 he was seen in the Hindi romance film Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya, in which he appeared in a guest appearance through the song "Pee Pa Pee Pa" which he also sang. His first official release of 2012 is announced to be a love story Jatt & Juliet opposite Neeru Bajwa,^[2] it's currently under-production, and will be released on 29 June 2012. His next Jatt Romantic pairs him opposite Neeru Bajwa again and is directed by leading Bollywood director Dharmesh Darshan.

Controversies[link]

Diljit Dosanjh is going through a difficult phase of Internet war. The whole incident started last year when Diljit fell on the stage while performing his songs in one event. One of the viewers captured the Incident video and uploaded on the Social Networking site Facebook. Following that a series of comments started on that video both positive as well as negative. Diljit got annoyed with all the negative comments and sung one abusing song for all Facebook fans who posted negatives comments and uploaded the video under the title Facebook de Dakiye on YouTube. After that a real internet war started between Diljit and his fans, Punjabi community from different parts of the world is uploading videos day by day against Diljit. after this incident Diljit officially announce to cancel Urban Pendu Album along with 15 Saal.^[3] But the song 15 Saal is leaked on the YouTube. now Urban Pendu album is also releasing in Aug 2012

Discography[link]

Singles[link]