19th Century

Sunday, 28 October 2012

19th Century

Kyiv Fashion Museum to Feature Vintage 19th Century Clothes

Education in America: 19th Century (clip)

Wooden robot in the 19th century (Karakuri Ningyo)

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Antananarivo
Antananarivo ( or , French: Tananarive) is the capital and largest city in Madagascar. It is also known by its French colonial shorthand form Tana.
http://wn.com/Antananarivo
Antarctica
Antarctica
http://wn.com/Antarctica
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
http://wn.com/Argentina
Austrian Empire
http://wn.com/Austrian_Empire
Austro-Prussian War
The Austro-Prussian War (in Germany known as German War, Seven Weeks War, Unification War, German Civil War or Fraternal War) was a war fought in 1866 between the German Confederation under the leadership of the Austrian Empire and its German allies on one side and the Kingdom of Prussia with its German allies and Italy on the other, that resulted in Prussian dominance over the German states. In the Italian unification process, this is called the Third Independence War.
http://wn.com/Austro-Prussian_War
Battle of Austerlitz
The Battle of Austerlitz, also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was Napoleon's greatest victory, where the French Empire effectively destroyed the Third Coalition. On 2 December 1805 (20 November Old Style, 11 Frimaire, XIV, in the French Republican Calendar), a French army, commanded by Emperor Napoleon I, decisively defeated a Russo-Austrian army, commanded by Tsar Alexander I, after nearly nine hours of difficult fighting. The battle took place near Austerlitz (Slavkov u Brna) about 10 km (6 miles) south-east of Brno in Moravia (present day Czech Republic). The battle is often regarded as a tactical masterpiece.
http://wn.com/Battle_of_Austerlitz
Battle of the Alamo
http://wn.com/Battle_of_the_Alamo
Battle of Trafalgar
http://wn.com/Battle_of_Trafalgar
Battle of Waterloo
http://wn.com/Battle_of_Waterloo
Benin
Benin (), officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. Its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin is where a majority of the population is located. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is located in the country's largest city of Cotonou. Benin covers an area of approximately 110,000 square kilometers (42,000 sq mi), with a population of approximately 8.8 million. Benin is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with substantial employment and income arising from subsistence farming.
http://wn.com/Benin
Bolivia
Bolivia (), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, (, ) is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west.
http://wn.com/Bolivia
Botswana
The Republic of Botswana () is a sub Saharan country located in Southern Africa. The citizens are referred to as "Batswana" (singular: Motswana). Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. It has held free and fair democratic elections since independence.
http://wn.com/Botswana
Brazilian Empire
http://wn.com/Brazilian_Empire
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-quarter of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 13 million square miles (34 million km2), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
http://wn.com/British_Empire
Bulgaria
Bulgaria ( , Balgariya, ), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (, Republika Balgariya, ), is a country in Southern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.
http://wn.com/Bulgaria
Burma
Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar, is the second largest country by geographical area in Southeast Asia. The country is bordered by People's Republic of China on the north-east, Laos on the east, Thailand on the south-east, Bangladesh on the west, India on the north-west and the Bay of Bengal to the south-west with the Andaman Sea defining its southern periphery. One-third of Burma's total perimeter, 1,930 kilometers (1,199 mi), forms an uninterrupted coastline.
http://wn.com/Burma
Cairo
Cairo (; , literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror") is the capital of Egypt, the largest city in Africa and the Arab World, and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life. Even before Cairo was established in the 10th century, the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids in adjacent Giza.
http://wn.com/Cairo
Camaroon
http://wn.com/Camaroon
Cambodia
http://wn.com/Cambodia
Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucas (also referred to as Caucasia, , , , (''K'avk'asia''), , , , , , , ) is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia. It is home to the Caucasus Mountains, including Europe's highest mountain (Mount Elbrus).
http://wn.com/Caucasus
Challenger Deep
http://wn.com/Challenger_Deep
Chile
http://wn.com/Chile
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China
Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
http://wn.com/Colombia
Congo Free State
The Congo Free State was a government privately controlled by Leopold II, King of the Belgians through a dummy non-governmental organization, the Association internationale africaine. Leopold was the sole shareholder and chairman, who increasingly used it for rubber, copper and other minerals in the upper Lualaba River basin (though it had been set up on the understanding that its purpose was to uplift the local people and develop the area). The state included the entire area of the present Democratic Republic of the Congo and existed from 1885 to 1908. The Congo Free State eventually earned infamy due to the increasingly brutal mistreatment of the local peoples and plunder of natural resources, leading to its abolition and annexation by the government of Belgium in 1908.
http://wn.com/Congo_Free_State
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September, 1814 to June, 1815. Its objective was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. This objective resulted in the redrawing of the continent's political map, establishing the boundaries of France, Napoleon's duchy of Warsaw, the Netherlands, the states of the Rhine, the German province of Saxony, and various Italian territories, and the creation of spheres of influence through which France, Austria, Russia and Britain brokered local and regional problems. The Congress of Vienna was a model for the League of Nations and United Nations due to its goal to constitute peace by all parties.
http://wn.com/Congress_of_Vienna
Costa Rica
:For the plant genus Costarica, see its synonym Sicyos.
http://wn.com/Costa_Rica
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
http://wn.com/Cuba
Daniel Guggenheim
http://wn.com/Daniel_Guggenheim
Dinosaur
http://wn.com/Dinosaur
Dodge City
http://wn.com/Dodge_City
Ecuador
http://wn.com/Ecuador
Edo
, literally: bay-entrance, "estuary", pronounced , also romanized as Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of the Japanese capital Tokyo, and was the seat of power for the Tokugawa shogunate which ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868. During this period it grew to become one of the largest cities in the world and the site of a vibrant urban culture centered on notions of the "floating world".
http://wn.com/Edo
Egypt
http://wn.com/Egypt
Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower (, , nickname La dame de fer, the iron lady) is an 1889 iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris that has become both a global icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. The tallest building in Paris, it is the most-visited paid monument in the world; millions of people ascend it every year. Named for its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the tower was built as the entrance arch to the 1889 World's Fair.
http://wn.com/Eiffel_Tower
El Salvador
El Salvador (; , literally meaning "Republic of The Savior") is the smallest and also the most densely populated country in Central America. It borders the Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and Honduras. It lies on the Gulf of Fonseca, as do Honduras and Nicaragua further south.
http://wn.com/El_Salvador
Empire of Brazil
The Empire of Brazil was a political entity that comprised present-day Brazil under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II. Founded in 1822 it was replaced by a republic in 1889.
http://wn.com/Empire_of_Brazil
Eritrea
http://wn.com/Eritrea
Ethiopia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Ethiopia
First Saudi State
The First Saudi State was established in the year 1744 (1157 A.H.) when imam Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab and Prince Muhammad ibn Saud formed an alliance to establish a religious & political sovereignty determined to cleanse the Arabian Peninsula of heretical practices and deviations from orthodox Islam. This joint effort in reviving the Islamic religion in its purest form is seen by Muslims as the restoration of the basic belief in Tawhid, while orientalists maintain it marks the beginning of the Wahhabism movement. Practices such as offering prayers to saintly figures, making pilgrimages to tombs and special mosques, venerating trees, caves, and stones were abolished under this rule. Since the establishment of the First Saudi State none of these practices have ever been observed again in Saudi Arabia. In 1744, both Abd al Wahhab and Muhammad bin Saud took an oath to achieve their goal. Marriage between Saud's son, Saud Bin Abdul Aziz Bin Muhammad, and the daughter of the Imam helped to seal the pact between their families which has lasted through the centuries to present day.
http://wn.com/First_Saudi_State
German Confederation
The German Confederation or Germanic Confederation () was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, which had been abolished in 1806. In 1848, revolutions by liberals and nationalists occurred in an attempt to establish a unified German state. Talks between the German states failed in 1848, and the confederation briefly dissolved but was re-established in 1850.
http://wn.com/German_Confederation
German Empire
http://wn.com/German_Empire
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany
Godalming
Godalming () is a town and civil parish in the Waverley district of the county of Surrey, England, south of Guildford. It is built on the banks of the River Wey and is a prosperous part of the London commuter belt. Godalming shares a three-way twinning arrangement with the towns of Joigny in France and Mayen in Germany. Friendship links are in place with the state of Georgia in the United States and the city of Moscow in Russia. James Oglethorpe, of Godalming and educated at Charterhouse School, was the founder of the colony of Georgia.
http://wn.com/Godalming
Great Lakes
http://wn.com/Great_Lakes
Greater Colombia
http://wn.com/Greater_Colombia
Greece
http://wn.com/Greece
Guatemala
http://wn.com/Guatemala
Haiti
Haiti (; French , ; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, ), officially the Republic of Haiti ( ;
http://wn.com/Haiti
Hawaii
: For geographic details see Geography and environment or Hawaiian Islands.
http://wn.com/Hawaii
Honduras
Honduras (, , ) is a republic in Central America. It was formerly known as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras (now Belize). The country is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea.
http://wn.com/Honduras
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong
Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
http://wn.com/Iran
Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
http://wn.com/Ireland
Kingdom of Belgium
http://wn.com/Kingdom_of_Belgium
Korean Empire
The Greater Korean Empire (, hanja: ) was an empire of Korea that succeeded the Joseon Dynasty.
http://wn.com/Korean_Empire
Luxembourg
Luxembourg ( ), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (, , ), is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. Luxembourg has a population of over half a million people in an area of approximately 2,586 square kilometres (999 sq mi).
http://wn.com/Luxembourg
Madagascar
Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic, French: ), is an island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The main island, also called Madagascar, is the fourth-largest island in the world.
http://wn.com/Madagascar
Mecca
Mecca (), also spelled Makkah (occasionally 'Bakkah') (; Makkah and in full: transliterated Makkah Al Mukarramah ) is a city in Saudi Arabia, and the holiest meeting site in Islam, closely followed by Medina.
http://wn.com/Mecca
Medina
http://wn.com/Medina
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico
Meyer Guggenheim
http://wn.com/Meyer_Guggenheim
Montenegro
http://wn.com/Montenegro
Moscow Art Theatre
The Moscow Art Theatre () is a theatre company in Moscow that the seminal Russian theatre practitioner Constantin Stanislavski, together with the playwright and director Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, founded in 1898. It was conceived as a venue for naturalistic theatre, in contrast to the melodramas that were Russia's dominant form of theatre at the time.
http://wn.com/Moscow_Art_Theatre
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire (, ; Urdu: ; self-designation: , ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in former English usage, was an Indian-Islamic power that ruled a large portion of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of South Asia by the late 17th and early 18th centuries and ended in the mid-19th century.
http://wn.com/Mughal_Empire
New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/New_Zealand
Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
http://wn.com/Nicaragua
Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
http://wn.com/Nigeria
Panama
Panama (), officially the Republic of Panama (; ), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City.
http://wn.com/Panama
Paraguay
http://wn.com/Paraguay
Paris Commune
The Paris Commune (, ) was a government that briefly ruled Paris from March 18 (more formally, from March 28) to May 28, 1871. It existed before the split between anarchists and Marxists had taken place, and it is hailed by both groups as the first assumption of power by the working class in industrial Western Civilization. Debates over the policies and outcome of the Commune contributed to the break between those two political groups.
http://wn.com/Paris_Commune
Persian Empire
http://wn.com/Persian_Empire
Peterloo
http://wn.com/Peterloo
Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
http://wn.com/Philippines
Portuguese Empire
http://wn.com/Portuguese_Empire
Puerto Rico
http://wn.com/Puerto_Rico
Qing Dynasty
http://wn.com/Qing_Dynasty
Rochester, New York
Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York, south of Lake Ontario in the United States. The Rochester metropolitan area is the second largest regional economy in all of New York State according to the U.S. Internal Revenue, after the New York City metropolitan area. Known as ''The World's Image Centre, it was also once known as The Flour City, and more recently as The Flower City''. It is the county seat for Monroe County.
http://wn.com/Rochester_New_York
Romania
Romania ( ; dated: Rumania; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
http://wn.com/Romania
Second French Empire
The Second French Empire () or French Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.
http://wn.com/Second_French_Empire
Serbia
Serbia (pronounced: ), officially the Republic of Serbia (), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central- and Southeastern Europe, covering the southern lowlands of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; its border with Albania is disputed. Serbia's capital city, Belgrade, is among the most populous in Southeastern Europe.
http://wn.com/Serbia
Singapore
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Singapore
Spanish Empire
http://wn.com/Spanish_Empire
St Helena
http://wn.com/St_Helena
St Petersberg
http://wn.com/St_Petersberg
State Russian Museum
http://wn.com/State_Russian_Museum
Sudan
Sudan (), officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and tenth largest in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east,Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. The world's longest river, the Nile, divides the country between east and west sides.
http://wn.com/Sudan
Suez Canal
The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869, it allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigating around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfik at the city of Suez. Ismailia lies on its west bank, north of the half-way point.
http://wn.com/Suez_Canal
Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Taiwan
The United States
http://wn.com/The_United_States
Tonga
http://wn.com/Tonga
Tretyakov Gallery
The State Tretyakov Gallery (, ) is an art gallery in Moscow, Russia, the foremost depository of Russian fine art in the world.
http://wn.com/Tretyakov_Gallery
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States
Uruguay
Uruguay (, ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (sometimes rendered as the Eastern Republic of Uruguay in the English language; , ), is a country located in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to some 3.5 million people, of whom 1.4 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. An estimated 88% of the population are of European descent.
http://wn.com/Uruguay
Utah
Utah ( or ) is a western state of the United States. It was the 45th state admitted to the Union, on January 4, 1896. Approximately 80% of Utah's 2,784,572 people live along the Wasatch Front, centering on Salt Lake City. This leaves vast expanses of the state nearly uninhabited, making the population the sixth most urbanized in the U.S. The name "Utah" is derived from the name of the Ute tribe and means "people of the mountains" in the Ute language. Utah is bordered by Arizona on the south, Colorado on the east, Wyoming on the northeast, Idaho on the north and Nevada on the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico.
http://wn.com/Utah
Venezuela
http://wn.com/Venezuela
Venice
Venice ( , Venetian: Venesia) is a city in northern Italy known both for tourism and for industry, and is the capital of the region Veneto, with a population of about 272,000 (census estimate 1 January 2004). Together with Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area (population 1,600,000).
http://wn.com/Venice
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
http://wn.com/Washington_DC
Whitechapel
Whitechapel is a built-up inner city district in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, London, England. It is located east of Charing Cross and roughly bounded by the Bishopsgate thoroughfare on the west, Fashion Street on the north, Brady Street and Cavell Street on the east and The Highway on the south. The resident population are of varied ethnic origin.
http://wn.com/Whitechapel
Zulu Kingdom
The Zulu Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire or, rather imprecisely, Zululand, was a monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north.
http://wn.com/Zulu_Kingdom

Abraham Lincoln
http://wn.com/Abraham_Lincoln
Adam Müller
http://wn.com/Adam_Müller
Adam Oehlenschläger
http://wn.com/Adam_Oehlenschläger
Adelaide Neilson
Lilian Adelaide Neilson (3 March 1848 - 15 August 1880), born Elizabeth Ann Brown, was an English stage actress.
http://wn.com/Adelaide_Neilson
Adolphe Adam
http://wn.com/Adolphe_Adam
Adoniram Judson
http://wn.com/Adoniram_Judson
African-American
http://wn.com/African-American
Afrikaner
Afrikaners (including distinct Boer subgroup) are an Afrikaans-speaking ethnic group in Southern Africa. They are mainly of Dutch descent augmented with French and German ancestry, and their native tongue is Afrikaans, a Germanic language which derives from Dutch.
http://wn.com/Afrikaner
Agustín de Iturbide
http://wn.com/Agustín_de_Iturbide
Albert Bierstadt
http://wn.com/Albert_Bierstadt
Albert Pinkham Ryder
http://wn.com/Albert_Pinkham_Ryder
Aleksandr Pushkin
http://wn.com/Aleksandr_Pushkin
Aleksey Yermolov
http://wn.com/Aleksey_Yermolov
Alessandro Manzoni
http://wn.com/Alessandro_Manzoni
Alessandro Volta
Count Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was an Italian physicist known especially for the development of the first electric cell in 1800.
http://wn.com/Alessandro_Volta
Alexander Borodin
http://wn.com/Alexander_Borodin
Alexander Gorchakov
http://wn.com/Alexander_Gorchakov
Alexander Ostrovsky
http://wn.com/Alexander_Ostrovsky
Alexander Pushkin
http://wn.com/Alexander_Pushkin
Alexandre Herculano
http://wn.com/Alexandre_Herculano
Alfred Nobel
http://wn.com/Alfred_Nobel
Allan Pinkerton
http://wn.com/Allan_Pinkerton
Almeida Garrett
http://wn.com/Almeida_Garrett
Aloysius Bertrand
http://wn.com/Aloysius_Bertrand
Amedeo Avogadro
http://wn.com/Amedeo_Avogadro
Ando Hiroshige
http://wn.com/Ando_Hiroshige
Andrew Carnegie
http://wn.com/Andrew_Carnegie
Andrew Jackson
http://wn.com/Andrew_Jackson
Anne Brontë
http://wn.com/Anne_Brontë
Annie Oakley
http://wn.com/Annie_Oakley
Antoine Wiertz
http://wn.com/Antoine_Wiertz
Antoine-Jean Gros
::For the 19th century diplomat, see Jean-Baptiste Louis Gros
http://wn.com/Antoine-Jean_Gros
Anton Bruckner
Anton Bruckner (4 September 182411 October 1896) was an Austrian composer known for his symphonies, masses, and motets. The former are considered emblematic of the final stage of Austro-German Romanticism because of their rich harmonic language, complex polyphony, and considerable length. Bruckner's compositions helped to define contemporary musical radicalism, owing to their dissonances, unprepared modulations, and roving harmonies.
http://wn.com/Anton_Bruckner
Anton Chekhov
http://wn.com/Anton_Chekhov
Anton Reicha
http://wn.com/Anton_Reicha
Anton Rubinstein
Anton Grigorevich Rubinstein () () was a Russian-Jewish pianist, composer and conductor. As a pianist he was regarded as a rival of Franz Liszt, and he ranks amongst the great keyboard virtuosos. He also founded the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, which, together with Moscow Conservatory founded by his brother Nikolai Rubinstein, helped establish a reputation for musical skill among the subjects of the Tsar of Russia.
http://wn.com/Anton_Rubinstein
Antoni Malczewski
http://wn.com/Antoni_Malczewski
Antonio Salieri
Antonio Salieri (18 August 1750 - 7 May 1825) was an Italian classical composer, conductor and teacher born in the Republic of Venice, but who spent his adult life and career as a faithful subject of the Habsburg Monarchy.
http://wn.com/Antonio_Salieri
Antonín Dvořák
http://wn.com/Antonín_Dvořák
Arapaho
The Arapaho (in French: Arapahos, Gens de Vache) are a tribe of Native Americans historically living on the eastern plains of Colorado and Wyoming. They were close allies of the Cheyenne tribe and loosely aligned with the Sioux. Arapaho is an Algonquian language closely related to Gros Ventre, who are seen as an early offshoot of the Arapaho. Blackfoot and Cheyenne are the other Algonquian languages on the Plains, but are quite different from Arapaho. By the 1850s, Arapaho bands separated into two tribes: the Northern Arapaho and Southern Arapaho.
http://wn.com/Arapaho
Arnold Bocklin
http://wn.com/Arnold_Bocklin
Arthur Conan Doyle
http://wn.com/Arthur_Conan_Doyle
Arthur Rimbaud
http://wn.com/Arthur_Rimbaud
Arthur Schopenhauer
http://wn.com/Arthur_Schopenhauer
Asaph Hall
Asaph Hall III (October 15, 1829 – November 22, 1907) was an American astronomer who is most famous for having discovered the moons of Mars (namely Deimos and Phobos) in 1877. He determined the orbits of satellites of other planets and of double stars, the rotation of Saturn, and the mass of Mars.
http://wn.com/Asaph_Hall
Auguste Comte
http://wn.com/Auguste_Comte
Auguste Rodin
http://wn.com/Auguste_Rodin
Baron Haussmann
http://wn.com/Baron_Haussmann
Bedřich Smetana
http://wn.com/Bedřich_Smetana
Beethoven
http://wn.com/Beethoven
Belle Starr
Myra Maybelle Shirley Reed Starr (February 5, 1848 - February 3, 1889), better known as Belle Starr, was a notorious American outlaw.
http://wn.com/Belle_Starr
Benito Juárez
http://wn.com/Benito_Juárez
Benjamin Disraeli
http://wn.com/Benjamin_Disraeli
Bernhard Riemann
http://wn.com/Bernhard_Riemann
Berthe Morisot
Berthe Morisot (January 14, 1841 – March 2, 1895) was a painter and a member of the circle of painters in Paris who became known as the Impressionists. Undervalued for over a century, possibly because she was a woman, she is now considered among the first league of Impressionist painters.
http://wn.com/Berthe_Morisot
Bettina von Arnim
Bettina von Arnim (the Countess of Arnim) (4 April 1785, Frankfurt am Main – 20 January 1859, Berlin), born Elisabeth Catharina Ludovica Magdalena Brentano, was a German writer and novelist.
http://wn.com/Bettina_von_Arnim
Billy the Kid
http://wn.com/Billy_the_Kid
Bob Fitzsimmons
http://wn.com/Bob_Fitzsimmons
Bram Stoker
http://wn.com/Bram_Stoker
Brigham Young
http://wn.com/Brigham_Young
Brothers Grimm
The Brothers Grimm ( or '), Jacob (4 January 1785 – 20 September 1863) and Wilhelm Grimm''' (24 February 1786 – 16 December 1859), were German academics best known for publishing collections of folk tales and fairy tales, which became popular. Jacob also did academic work in linguistics, related to how the sounds in words shift over time (Grimm's law), and together they wrote a German dictionary.
http://wn.com/Brothers_Grimm
Buffalo Bill Cody
http://wn.com/Buffalo_Bill_Cody
Camille Claudel
Camille Claudel (8 December 1864 – 19 October 1943) was a French sculptor and graphic artist. She was the older sister of the French poet and diplomat, Paul Claudel.
http://wn.com/Camille_Claudel
Camille Corot
http://wn.com/Camille_Corot
Camille Pissarro
http://wn.com/Camille_Pissarro
Camille Saint-Saëns
http://wn.com/Camille_Saint-Saëns
Cap Anson
Adrian Constantine Anson (April 17, 1852 – April 14, 1922), known by the nicknames "Cap" (for "Captain") and "Pop", was a professional baseball player in the National Association and Major League Baseball. He played a record 27 consecutive seasons, and was regarded as one of the greatest players of his era and one of the first superstars of the game.
http://wn.com/Cap_Anson
Carl Friedrich Gauss
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (; , ) (30 April 1777 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician and scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, astronomy and optics.
http://wn.com/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss
Carl Maria von Weber
http://wn.com/Carl_Maria_von_Weber
Caroline Kirkland
http://wn.com/Caroline_Kirkland
Caste War of Yucatán
http://wn.com/Caste_War_of_Yucatán
Charles Baudelaire
http://wn.com/Charles_Baudelaire
Charles Darwin
http://wn.com/Charles_Darwin
Charles Dickens
Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was the most popular British novelist of the Victorian era, and he remains popular, responsible for some of English literature's most iconic characters.
http://wn.com/Charles_Dickens
Charles J. Guiteau
http://wn.com/Charles_J_Guiteau
Charles Kean
Charles John Kean (18 January 1811 - 22 January 1868), was born at Waterford, Ireland, the son of the actor Edmund Kean.
http://wn.com/Charles_Kean
Charles Radbourn
Charles Gardner "Old Hoss" Radbourn (December 11, 1854 – February 5, 1897) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball from 1880 to 1891. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939.
http://wn.com/Charles_Radbourn
Charlotte Brontë
http://wn.com/Charlotte_Brontë
Chilean Civil War
http://wn.com/Chilean_Civil_War
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China
Chiricahua
Chiricahua (also Chiricahua Apaches, Chiricagui, Apaches de Chiricahui, Chiricahues, Chilicague, Chilecagez, Chiricagua) (, ) refers to a group of bands of Apache that formerly lived in the general areas of southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona in the United States, and in northern Sonora and Chihuahua in Mexico (it is not possible to precisely define the exact boundaries of their territory).
http://wn.com/Chiricahua
Christian Doppler
Christian Andreas Doppler (29 November 1803 – 17 March 1853) was an Austrian mathematician and physicist. He is most famous for describing what is now called the Doppler effect, which is the apparent change in frequency and wavelength of a wave as perceived by an observer moving relative to the wave's source.
http://wn.com/Christian_Doppler
Churchill Babington
http://wn.com/Churchill_Babington
Clara Barton
Clarissa Harlowe "Clara" Barton (December 25, 1821 – April 12, 1912) was a pioneer American teacher, nurse, and humanitarian. She is best remembered for organizing the American Red Cross.
http://wn.com/Clara_Barton
Clara Schumann
http://wn.com/Clara_Schumann
Claude Debussy
http://wn.com/Claude_Debussy
Claude Monet
http://wn.com/Claude_Monet
Clemens Brentano
Clemens Brentano, or Klemens Brentano (September 9, 1778 – July 28, 1842) was a German poet and novelist.
http://wn.com/Clemens_Brentano
Clinton Hart Merriam
Clinton Hart Merriam (December 5, 1855-March 19, 1942) was an American zoologist, ornithologist, entomologist and ethnographer.
http://wn.com/Clinton_Hart_Merriam
Cochise
http://wn.com/Cochise
Crazy Horse
http://wn.com/Crazy_Horse
César Franck
http://wn.com/César_Franck
Daniel Auber
http://wn.com/Daniel_Auber
Daniel Guggenheim
http://wn.com/Daniel_Guggenheim
David Belasco
:Disambiguation: Also the name of his uncle, David James (actor).
http://wn.com/David_Belasco
David Livingstone
David Livingstone (19 March 1813–1 May 1873) was a Scottish Congregationalist pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and explorer in Africa. His meeting with H. M. Stanley gave rise to the popular quotation, "".
http://wn.com/David_Livingstone
Davy Crockett
http://wn.com/Davy_Crockett
Dion Boucicault
Dionysius Lardner Boursiquot (26 December c. 1820 – 18 September 1890), commonly known as Dion Boucicault, was an Irish actor and playwright famed for his melodramas. By the later part of the 19th century, Boucicault had become known on both sides of the Atlantic as one of the most successful actor-playwright-managers then in the English-speaking theatre. The New York Times heralded him in his obituary as "the most conspicuous English dramatist of the 19th century."
http://wn.com/Dion_Boucicault
Dmitri Mendeleev
http://wn.com/Dmitri_Mendeleev
Doc Holliday
John Henry "Doc" Holliday (August 14, 1851 – November 8, 1887) was an American gambler, gunfighter and dentist of the American Old West, who is usually remembered for his friendship with Wyatt Earp and his involvement in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.
http://wn.com/Doc_Holliday
E. H. Harriman
http://wn.com/E_H_Harriman
E. T. A. Hoffmann
Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann (January 24, 1776 – June 25, 1822), better known by his pen name E.T.A. Hoffmann (Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann), was a German Romantic author of fantasy and horror, a jurist, composer, music critic, draftsman and caricaturist. He is the subject and hero of Jacques Offenbach's famous but fictional opera The Tales of Hoffmann, and the author of the novelette The Nutcracker and the Mouse King, on which the famous ballet The Nutcracker is based. The ballet Coppelia is based on two other stories that Hoffmann wrote. Also Schumann's Kreisleriana is based on one of Hoffmann's characters.
http://wn.com/E_T_A_Hoffmann
Eadweard Muybridge
http://wn.com/Eadweard_Muybridge
Edgar Allan Poe
http://wn.com/Edgar_Allan_Poe
Edgar Degas
http://wn.com/Edgar_Degas
Edmund Kean
Edmund Kean (17 March 1789 – 15 May 1833) was an English actor, regarded in his time as the greatest ever. For many years he lived at Keydell House, Horndean.
http://wn.com/Edmund_Kean
Eduard Douwes Dekker
http://wn.com/Eduard_Douwes_Dekker
Edvard Grieg
Edvard Hagerup Grieg (15 June 18434 September 1907) was a Norwegian composer and pianist who composed in the Romantic period. He is best known for his Piano Concerto in A minor, for his incidental music to Henrik Ibsen's play Peer Gynt (which includes Morning Mood and In the Hall of the Mountain King), and for his collection of piano miniatures Lyric Pieces.
http://wn.com/Edvard_Grieg
Edvard Munch
Edvard Munch (, 12 December 1863 – 23 January 1944) was a Norwegian Symbolist painter, printmaker and an important forerunner of expressionistic art. His best-known composition, The Scream, is part of a series The Frieze of Life, in which Munch explored the themes of life, love, fear, death, melancholia, and anxiety.
http://wn.com/Edvard_Munch
Edward Burnett Tylor
Sir Edward Burnett Tylor (2 October 1832 – 2 January 1917), was an English anthropologist.
http://wn.com/Edward_Burnett_Tylor
Edward S. Curtis
Edward Sheriff Curtis (February 16, 1868 – October 19, 1952) was a photographer of the American West and of Native American peoples.
http://wn.com/Edward_S_Curtis
Edwin Booth
http://wn.com/Edwin_Booth
Eleonora Duse
Eleonora Duse (October 3, 1858–April 21, 1924) was an Italian actress, often known simply as Duse.
http://wn.com/Eleonora_Duse
Elizabeth Gaskell
http://wn.com/Elizabeth_Gaskell
Elizabeth Kenny
Elizabeth Kenny (20 September 188030 November 1952) was an Australian pioneering physical therapist.
http://wn.com/Elizabeth_Kenny
Ellen Terry
Dame Ellen Terry, GBE (27 February 1847 – 21 July 1928) was an English stage actress who became the leading Shakespearean actress in Britain. Among the members of her famous family is her great nephew, John Gielgud.
http://wn.com/Ellen_Terry
Ellen White
http://wn.com/Ellen_White
Emanuel Leutze
http://wn.com/Emanuel_Leutze
Emile Zola
http://wn.com/Emile_Zola
Emily Brontë
http://wn.com/Emily_Brontë
Emperor Gwangmu
http://wn.com/Emperor_Gwangmu
Empress Dowager Cixi
http://wn.com/Empress_Dowager_Cixi
Ernst Haeckel
http://wn.com/Ernst_Haeckel
Faust
Faust or (Latin for "auspicious" or "lucky") is the protagonist of a classic German legend. Though a highly successful scholar, he is unsatisfied, and makes a deal with the devil, exchanging his soul for unlimited knowledge and worldly pleasures. Faust's tale is the basis for many literary, artistic, cinematic, and musical works. The meaning of the word and name has been reinterpreted through the ages. Faust, and the adjective Faustian, are often used to describe an arrangement in which an ambitious person surrenders moral integrity in order to achieve power and success: the proverbial "deal with the devil." The terms can also refer to an unquenchable thirst for knowledge.
http://wn.com/Faust
Felix Mendelssohn
Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born, and generally known in English-speaking countries, as Felix Mendelssohn (3 February 18094 November 1847) was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period.
http://wn.com/Felix_Mendelssohn
First Boer War
The First Boer War (, Afrikaans: Eerste Vryheidsoorlog, literally First Freedom War) also known as the First Anglo-Boer War or the Transvaal War, was fought from 16 December 1880 until 23 March 1881.
http://wn.com/First_Boer_War
Fitz Hugh Ludlow
http://wn.com/Fitz_Hugh_Ludlow
Florence Nightingale
http://wn.com/Florence_Nightingale
France Prešeren
http://wn.com/France_Prešeren
Francesco Hayez
http://wn.com/Francesco_Hayez
Francis Bret Harte
http://wn.com/Francis_Bret_Harte
Francisco Goya
http://wn.com/Francisco_Goya
Frank James
Alexander Franklin "Frank" James (January 10, 1843 – February 18, 1915) was a famous American outlaw. He was the older brother of outlaw Jesse James.
http://wn.com/Frank_James
Franz Berwald
Franz Adolf Berwald (July 23, 1796, Stockholm April 3, 1868) was a Swedish Romantic composer who was generally ignored during his lifetime. Due to this, he was forced to make his living as an orthopedic surgeon and later as the manager of a saw mill and glass factory.
http://wn.com/Franz_Berwald
Franz Boas
Franz Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942) was a German American anthropologist a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology" and "the Father of Modern Anthropology." Like many such pioneers, he trained in other disciplines; he received his doctorate in physics, and did post-doctoral work in geography. He applied the scientific method to the study of human cultures and societies; previously this discipline was based on the formulation of grand theories around anecdotal knowledge.
http://wn.com/Franz_Boas
Franz Liszt
Franz Liszt (, from 1859 to 1867 officially Franz Ritter von Liszt) (October 22, 1811July 31, 1886) was a Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist and teacher.
http://wn.com/Franz_Liszt
Franz Schubert
http://wn.com/Franz_Schubert
Fred Spofforth
http://wn.com/Fred_Spofforth
Frederick Douglass
http://wn.com/Frederick_Douglass
Frederick Selous
Frederick Courteney Selous DSO (31 December 1851 - 4 January 1917) was a British explorer, officer, hunter, and conservationist, famous for his exploits in south and east of Africa. His real-life adventures inspired Sir H. Rider Haggard to create the fictional Allan Quatermain character. Selous was also a good friend of Theodore Roosevelt, Cecil Rhodes and Frederick Russell Burnham. He was the older brother of ornithologist and writer Edmund Selous.
http://wn.com/Frederick_Selous
Friedrich Engels
http://wn.com/Friedrich_Engels
Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; in English , ) (October 15, 1844 August 25, 1900) was a 19th-century German philosopher and classical philologist. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and aphorism.
http://wn.com/Friedrich_Nietzsche
Friedrich Schiller
http://wn.com/Friedrich_Schiller
Fritz Reuter
Fritz Reuter (November 7, 1810 – July 12, 1874) was a German novelist.
http://wn.com/Fritz_Reuter
Fromental Halévy
http://wn.com/Fromental_Halévy
Frédéric Chopin
http://wn.com/Frédéric_Chopin
Frédérick Lemaître
http://wn.com/Frédérick_Lemaître
Fulwar Skipwith
http://wn.com/Fulwar_Skipwith
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
http://wn.com/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky
Gaetano Donizetti
Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (29 November 1797 – 8 April 1848) was an Italian composer from Bergamo, Lombardy. Donizetti's most famous work is Lucia di Lammermoor (1835), although arguably his most immediately recognizable piece of music is the aria "Una furtiva lagrima" from ''L'elisir d'amore (1832). Along with Vincenzo Bellini and Gioachino Rossini, he was a leading composer of bel canto'' opera.
http://wn.com/Gaetano_Donizetti
Gaspare Spontini
Gaspare Luigi Pacifico Spontini (14 November 1774 – 24 January 1851) was an Italian opera composer and conductor, extremely celebrated in his time, though largely forgotten after his death.
http://wn.com/Gaspare_Spontini
General Custer
http://wn.com/General_Custer
General Santa Anna
http://wn.com/General_Santa_Anna
Georg Büchner
http://wn.com/Georg_Büchner
George Bernard Shaw
George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 – 2 November 1950) was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. Although his first profitable writing was music and literary criticism, in which capacity he wrote many highly articulate pieces of journalism, his main talent was for drama, and he wrote more than 60 plays. Nearly all his writings deal sternly with prevailing social problems, but have a vein of comedy to make their stark themes more palatable. Shaw examined education, marriage, religion, government, health care, and class privilege.
http://wn.com/George_Bernard_Shaw
George Bird Grinnell
http://wn.com/George_Bird_Grinnell
George Eastman
http://wn.com/George_Eastman
George Eliot
http://wn.com/George_Eliot
George Hearst
George Hearst (September 3, 1820 – February 28, 1891) was a wealthy American businessman and United States Senator, and the father of newspaperman William Randolph Hearst.
http://wn.com/George_Hearst
George Sand
Amantine (also "Amandine") Aurore Lucile Dupin, later Baroness (French: baronne) Dudevant (1 July 1804 – 8 June 1876), best known by her pseudonym George Sand (), was a French writer. She is regarded as the first French woman writer to gain a major reputation.
http://wn.com/George_Sand
Georges Bizet
Georges Bizet (25 October 1838 – 3 June 1875) was a French composer and pianist of the Romantic era. He is best known for the opera Carmen.
http://wn.com/Georges_Bizet
Georges Seurat
http://wn.com/Georges_Seurat
Germaine de Staël
http://wn.com/Germaine_de_Staël
Geronimo
http://wn.com/Geronimo
Giacomo Leopardi
Giacomo Taldegardo Francesco di Sales Saverio Pietro Leopardi (June 29, 1798 – June 14, 1837) was an Italian poet, essayist, philosopher, and philologist. Although he lived in a secluded town in ultra-conservative Stato della Chiesa, he came in touch with the main thoughts of Enlightenment, and, by his own literary evolution, created a remarkable and renowned poetic work, related to the Romantic movement, which makes him one of the greatest poets of modern Italy.
http://wn.com/Giacomo_Leopardi
Giacomo Meyerbeer
Giacomo Meyerbeer (5 September 1791 – 2 May 1864) was a noted German-born opera composer, and the first great exponent of Grand Opera. At his peak in the 1830s and 1840s, he was the most famous and successful composer and producer of opera in Europe, yet is little known today.
http://wn.com/Giacomo_Meyerbeer
Gioachino Rossini
http://wn.com/Gioachino_Rossini
Giovanni Verga
http://wn.com/Giovanni_Verga
Giuseppe Piazzi
http://wn.com/Giuseppe_Piazzi
Giuseppe Verdi
http://wn.com/Giuseppe_Verdi
Gojong of Joseon
http://wn.com/Gojong_of_Joseon
Gonçalves Dias
http://wn.com/Gonçalves_Dias
Gottlieb Daimler
http://wn.com/Gottlieb_Daimler
Gottlob Frege
http://wn.com/Gottlob_Frege
Gregor Mendel
http://wn.com/Gregor_Mendel
Guangxu Emperor
The Guangxu Emperor () (14 August 1871–14 November 1908), born Zaitian (), was the tenth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign lasted from 1875 to 1908, but in practice he ruled, under Empress Dowager Cixi's influence, only from 1889 to 1898. He initiated the Hundred Days' Reform, but was abruptly stopped when Cixi launched a coup in 1898, after which he was put under house arrest until his death. His reign name means "The Glorious Succession".
http://wn.com/Guangxu_Emperor
Gustav Mahler
http://wn.com/Gustav_Mahler
Gustave Courbet
http://wn.com/Gustave_Courbet
Gustave Flaubert
Gustave Flaubert () (December 12, 1821 – May 8, 1880) was a French writer who is counted among the greatest Western novelists. He is known especially for his first published novel, Madame Bovary (1857), and for his scrupulous devotion to his art and style.
http://wn.com/Gustave_Flaubert
Gustave Moreau
Gustave Moreau (6 April 1826 – 18 April 1898) was a French Symbolist painter whose main focus was the illustration of biblical and mythological figures. As a painter of literary ideas rather than visual images, Moreau appealed to the imaginations of some Symbolist writers and artists, who saw him as a precursor to their movement.
http://wn.com/Gustave_Moreau
H. G. Wells
http://wn.com/H_G_Wells
Hans Gude
Hans Fredrik Gude (March 13, 1825 – August 17, 1903) was a Norwegian romanticist painter and is considered along with Johan Christian Dahl to be one of Norway's foremost landscape painters. He has been called a mainstay of Norwegian National Romanticism.
http://wn.com/Hans_Gude
Harriet Tubman
http://wn.com/Harriet_Tubman
Hector Berlioz
Hector Berlioz (December 11, 1803 – March 8, 1869) was a French Romantic composer, best known for his compositions Symphonie fantastique and Grande messe des morts (Requiem). Berlioz made significant contributions to the modern orchestra with his Treatise on Instrumentation. He specified huge orchestral forces for some of his works; as a conductor, he performed several concerts with more than 1,000 musicians. He also composed around 50 songs.
http://wn.com/Hector_Berlioz
Heinrich Heine
http://wn.com/Heinrich_Heine
Heinrich Hertz
http://wn.com/Heinrich_Hertz
Heinrich Marschner
http://wn.com/Heinrich_Marschner
Heinrich Schliemann
http://wn.com/Heinrich_Schliemann
Heinrich von Kleist
Bernd Heinrich Wilhelm von Kleist (18 October 1777 – 21 November 1811) was a poet, dramatist, novelist and short story writer. The Kleist Prize, a prestigious prize for German literature, is named after him.
http://wn.com/Heinrich_von_Kleist
Henri Becquerel
Antoine Henri Becquerel (15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French physicist, Nobel laureate, and the discoverer of radioactivity along with Marie Curie and Pierre Curie, for which all three won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics.
http://wn.com/Henri_Becquerel
Henrik Ibsen
http://wn.com/Henrik_Ibsen
Henry Clay
http://wn.com/Henry_Clay
Henry Clay Frick
http://wn.com/Henry_Clay_Frick
Henry David Thoreau
http://wn.com/Henry_David_Thoreau
Henry Fuseli
http://wn.com/Henry_Fuseli
Henry James
http://wn.com/Henry_James
Henry M. Stanley
http://wn.com/Henry_M_Stanley
Henry McCarty
http://wn.com/Henry_McCarty
Henry Morton Stanley
Sir Henry Morton Stanley, GCB, born John Rowlands (28 January 1841 – 10 May 1904), was a Welsh journalist and explorer famous for his exploration of Africa and his search for David Livingstone. Stanley is often remembered for the words uttered to Livingstone upon finding him: "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?", although there is some question as to authenticity of this now famous greeting. His legacy of death and destruction in the Congo region is considered an inspiration for Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, detailing atrocities inflicted upon the natives.
http://wn.com/Henry_Morton_Stanley
Henry O. Havemeyer
http://wn.com/Henry_O_Havemeyer
Herman Melville
Herman Melville (August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet, whose work is often classified as part of the genre of dark romanticism. He is best known for his novel Moby-Dick and the posthumous novella Billy Budd.
http://wn.com/Herman_Melville
HG Wells
http://wn.com/HG_Wells
Hokusai
was a Japanese artist, ukiyo-e painter and printmaker of the Edo period. In his time, he was Japan's leading expert on Chinese painting. Born in Edo (now Tokyo), Hokusai is best-known as author of the woodblock print series which includes the internationally recognized print, The Great Wave off Kanagawa, created during the 1820s.
http://wn.com/Hokusai
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong
Hong Xiuquan
http://wn.com/Hong_Xiuquan
Honoré Daumier
http://wn.com/Honoré_Daumier
Honoré de Balzac
http://wn.com/Honoré_de_Balzac
Ignacy Hryniewiecki
http://wn.com/Ignacy_Hryniewiecki
Ignaz Moscheles
(Isaac) Ignaz Moscheles (23 May 1794 – 10 March 1870) was a Bohemian composer and piano virtuoso, whose career after his early years was based initially in London, and later at Leipzig, where he succeeded his friend and sometime pupil Felix Mendelssohn as head of the Conservatoire.
http://wn.com/Ignaz_Moscheles
Ignaz Semmelweis
http://wn.com/Ignaz_Semmelweis
Ilya Mechnikov
http://wn.com/Ilya_Mechnikov
Imam Shamil
Imam Shamil ( also spelled as Shamyl, Schamil, or Schamyl; ; 1797 – March 1871) was an Avar political and religious leader of the Muslim tribes of the Northern Caucasus. He was a leader of anti-Russian resistance in the Caucasian War and was the third Imam of the Caucasian Imamate (1834-1859).
http://wn.com/Imam_Shamil
Indiana Jones
Dr. Henry Walton "Indiana" Jones, Jr. Ph.D. is a fictional American adventurer, OSS operative, professor of archaeology, and the central protagonist of the Indiana Jones franchise. George Lucas created the character in homage to the action heroes of 1930s film serials. The character first appeared in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, to be followed by Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom in 1984, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade in 1989, The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles from 1992 to 1996, and Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in 2008. Alongside the more widely known films and television programs, novels, comics, video games, and other media also feature the character, Jones is also featured in the theme park attraction Indiana Jones Adventure, which exists in similar forms at Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea.
http://wn.com/Indiana_Jones
Ioannis Kapodistrias
http://wn.com/Ioannis_Kapodistrias
Isaac Levitan
http://wn.com/Isaac_Levitan
Isabella II of Spain
http://wn.com/Isabella_II_of_Spain
István Széchenyi
http://wn.com/István_Széchenyi
Ivan Aivazovsky
http://wn.com/Ivan_Aivazovsky
Ivan Pavlov
http://wn.com/Ivan_Pavlov
Ivan Poddubny
Ivan Maximovich Poddubny also spelled Piddubny (; ; October 8, 1871 - August 1949) was a Ukrainian and Soviet wrestler. He began his sports career around 1900 and his career lasted for about forty years.
http://wn.com/Ivan_Poddubny
Ivan Shishkin
http://wn.com/Ivan_Shishkin
J. M. W. Turner
http://wn.com/J_M_W_Turner
Jack The Ripper
http://wn.com/Jack_The_Ripper
Jack the Ripper
"Jack the Ripper" is the best-known name given to an unidentified serial killer who was active in the largely impoverished areas in and around the Whitechapel district of London in 1888. The name originated in a letter, written by someone claiming to be the murderer, that was disseminated in the media. The letter is widely believed to have been a hoax, and may have been written by a journalist in a deliberate attempt to heighten interest in the story. Other nicknames used for the killer at the time were "The Whitechapel Murderer" and "Leather Apron".
http://wn.com/Jack_the_Ripper
Jacques Offenbach
Jacques Offenbach (born Jacob Offenbach; 20 June 1819 – 5 October 1880) was a German-born French composer and cellist of the Romantic era and one of the originators of the operetta form. Of German-Jewish ancestry, he was one of the most influential composers of popular music in Europe in the 19th century, and many of his works remain in the repertory.
http://wn.com/Jacques_Offenbach
James Bowie
http://wn.com/James_Bowie
James J. Corbett
http://wn.com/James_J_Corbett
James J. Hill
http://wn.com/James_J_Hill
James J. Jeffries
http://wn.com/James_J_Jeffries
James Monroe
http://wn.com/James_Monroe
James Tissot
James Jacques Joseph Tissot (15 October 1836 – 8 August 1902) was a French painter.
http://wn.com/James_Tissot
Jan Václav Voříšek
http://wn.com/Jan_Václav_Voříšek
Jane Austen
http://wn.com/Jane_Austen
Jean Paul
http://wn.com/Jean_Paul
Jean-Gaspard Deburau
http://wn.com/Jean-Gaspard_Deburau
Jefferson Davis
Jefferson Finis Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American statesman and leader of the Confederacy during the American Civil War, serving as the President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865.
http://wn.com/Jefferson_Davis
Jenny Lind
Johanna Maria Lind (6 October 1820 – 2 November 1887), better known as Jenny Lind, was a Swedish opera singer, often known as the "Swedish Nightingale". One of the most highly regarded singers of the 19th century, she is known for her performances in soprano roles in Sweden and across Europe, and for an extraordinarily popular concert tour of America beginning in 1850. She was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music from 1840.
http://wn.com/Jenny_Lind
Jesse James
http://wn.com/Jesse_James
Jesus Christ
http://wn.com/Jesus_Christ
Jim Bridger
John "Jim" Bridger (b. March 17, 1804 in Richmond, Virginia – d. July 17, 1881 outside Kansas City, Missouri) was among the foremost mountain men, trappers, scouts and guides who explored and trapped the Western United States during the decades of 1820-1850, as well as mediating between native tribes and encroaching whites. He was of English ancestry, and his family had been in North America since the early colonial period.
http://wn.com/Jim_Bridger
JJ Thompson
http://wn.com/JJ_Thompson
Johan Christian Dahl
http://wn.com/Johan_Christian_Dahl
Johann Jakob Balmer
http://wn.com/Johann_Jakob_Balmer
Johannes Brahms
http://wn.com/Johannes_Brahms
John Burroughs
http://wn.com/John_Burroughs
John C. Calhoun
http://wn.com/John_C_Calhoun
John C. Frémont
http://wn.com/John_C_Frémont
John Clare
http://wn.com/John_Clare
John Constable
http://wn.com/John_Constable
John D. Rockefeller
http://wn.com/John_D_Rockefeller
John Hanning Speke
John Hanning Speke (4 May 1827 – 15 September 1864) was an officer in the British Indian Army who made three exploratory expeditions to Africa and who is most associated with the search for the source of the Nile.
http://wn.com/John_Hanning_Speke
John Jacob Astor III
John Jacob Astor III (June 10, 1822 – February 22, 1890) was the elder son of William Backhouse Astor, Sr. and the wealthiest member of the Astor family in his generation. He was the founder of the English branch of the Astor family, which persists to this day.
http://wn.com/John_Jacob_Astor_III
John Keats
http://wn.com/John_Keats
John Kirk (explorer)
Sir John Kirk (December 19, 1832 – January 15, 1922) was a Scottish physician, naturalist, companion to explorer David Livingstone, and British administrator in Zanzibar. He was born in Barry, near Arbroath, Scotland and is buried in St. Nicholas's churchyard in Sevenoaks, Kent, England. He earned his medical degree from the University of Edinburgh. He was a keen botanist throughout his life and was highly regarded by successive directors of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew: Sir William Hooker, Joseph Dalton Hooker and William Thistleton-Dyer.
http://wn.com/John_Kirk_(explorer)
John L. O'Sullivan
http://wn.com/John_L_O'Sullivan
John L. Sullivan
http://wn.com/John_L_Sullivan
John McDouall Stuart
John McDouall Stuart (7 September 1815 – 5 June 1866) was the most accomplished and most famous of all Australia's inland explorers. Stuart led the second expedition to traverse the Australian mainland from south to north, and the first to do so from a starting point in South Australia, achieving this despite poor backing from the Government of South Australia. His experience and the care he showed for his team ensured he never lost a man, despite the harshness of the country he encountered. The explorations of Stuart eventually resulted in the Adelaide-Darwin telegraph being built and the main route from Port Augusta to Darwin being established, which is now known as the Stuart Highway in his honour.
http://wn.com/John_McDouall_Stuart
John Montgomery Ward
http://wn.com/John_Montgomery_Ward
John Muir
John Muir (21 April 1838 – 24 December 1914) was a Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, have been read by millions. His activism helped to save the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park and other wilderness areas. The Sierra Club, which he founded, is now one of the most important conservation organizations in the United States. One of the most well-known hiking trails in the U.S., the 211-mile John Muir Trail, was named in his honor. Other places named in his honor are Muir Woods National Monument, Muir Beach, John Muir College, Camp Muir and Muir Glacier.
http://wn.com/John_Muir
John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the sixth President of the United States from 1825 to 1829. He was also an American diplomat and served in both the Senate and House of Representatives. He was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties. Adams was the son of President John Adams and Abigail Adams. The name "Quincy" came from Abigail's maternal grandfather, Colonel John Quincy, after whom Quincy, Massachusetts, is named.
http://wn.com/John_Quincy_Adams
John Ruskin
http://wn.com/John_Ruskin
John Singer Sargent
John Singer Sargent (January 12, 1856 – April 14, 1925) was an American painter, and a leading portrait painter of his era. During his career, he created roughly 900 oil paintings and more than 2,000 watercolors, as well as countless sketches and charcoal drawings. His oeuvre documents worldwide travel, from Venice to the Tyrol, Corfu, the Middle East, Montana, Maine, and Florida.
http://wn.com/John_Singer_Sargent
John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was a British philosopher and civil servant. An influential contributor to social theory, political theory, and political economy, his conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control. He was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by Jeremy Bentham, although his conception of it was very different from Bentham's. Hoping to remedy the problems found in an inductive approach to science, such as confirmation bias, he clearly set forth the premises of falsification as the key component in the scientific method. Mill was also a Member of Parliament and an important figure in liberal political philosophy.
http://wn.com/John_Stuart_Mill
John Wilkes Booth
http://wn.com/John_Wilkes_Booth
Joseph Dalton Hooker
Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker OM, GCSI, CB, MD, FRS (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was one of the greatest British botanists and explorers of the 19th century. Hooker was one of the founders of geographical botany, and Charles Darwin's closest friend. He was Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, for twenty years, in succession to his father, William Jackson Hooker, and was awarded the highest honours of British science.
http://wn.com/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker
Joseph Fouché
http://wn.com/Joseph_Fouché
Joseph LeConte
Joseph Le Conte (February 26, 1823 - July 6, 1901) was an American geologist and professor at the University of California, Berkeley.
http://wn.com/Joseph_LeConte
Joseph Smith, Jr.
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http://wn.com/Joseph_Smith_Jr
José de Espronceda
http://wn.com/José_de_Espronceda
José Martí
http://wn.com/José_Martí
José Rizal
http://wn.com/José_Rizal
José Zorrilla
http://wn.com/José_Zorrilla
Jules Verne
http://wn.com/Jules_Verne
Juliusz Słowacki
http://wn.com/Juliusz_Słowacki
Justus von Liebig
Justus von Liebig (12 May 1803 – 18 April 1873) was a German chemist who made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry, and worked on the organization of organic chemistry. As a professor, he devised the modern laboratory-oriented teaching method, and for such innovations, he is regarded as one of the greatest chemistry teachers of all time. He is known as the "father of the fertilizer industry" for his discovery of nitrogen as an essential plant nutrient, and his formulation of the Law of the Minimum which described the effect of individual nutrients on crops. He also developed a manufacturing process for beef extracts, and founded a company, Liebig Extract of Meat Company, that later trademarked the Oxo brand beef bouillon cube.
http://wn.com/Justus_von_Liebig
János Bolyai
http://wn.com/János_Bolyai
Karel Hynek Mácha
http://wn.com/Karel_Hynek_Mácha
Karl Benz
http://wn.com/Karl_Benz
Karl Bryullov
http://wn.com/Karl_Bryullov
Karl Marx
http://wn.com/Karl_Marx
Karl Verner
http://wn.com/Karl_Verner
Karl Weierstrass
Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass (; October 31, 1815 – February 19, 1897) was a German mathematician who is often cited as the "father of modern analysis".
http://wn.com/Karl_Weierstrass
Kate Chopin
http://wn.com/Kate_Chopin
Kit Carson
Christopher Houston "Kit" Carson (December 24, 1809 – May 23, 1868) was an American frontiersman. Carson left home in rural present-day Missouri at age 16 and became a trapper in the West. He gained notoriety for his role as John C. Fremont's guide in the American West. Carson also played a minor role in California during the 1846-1848 Mexican-American War.
http://wn.com/Kit_Carson
Korean people
http://wn.com/Korean_people
Lajos Kossuth
Lajos Kossuth de Udvard et Kossuthfalva (, English: Louis Kossuth; September 19, 1802 – March 20, 1894) was a Hungarian lawyer, journalist, politician and Regent-President of Hungary in 1849. He was widely honored during his lifetime, including in the United Kingdom and the United States, as a freedom fighter and bellwether of democracy in Europe.
http://wn.com/Lajos_Kossuth
Lakota people
http://wn.com/Lakota_people
Leo Tolstoy
http://wn.com/Leo_Tolstoy
Leon Bakst
http://wn.com/Leon_Bakst
Leopoldo Alas
http://wn.com/Leopoldo_Alas
Levi Strauss
http://wn.com/Levi_Strauss
Lew Wallace
Lewis "Lew" Wallace (April 10, 1827 February 15, 1905) was a lawyer, governor, Union general in the American Civil War, American statesman and author, best remembered for his historical novel .
http://wn.com/Lew_Wallace
Lewis H. Morgan
http://wn.com/Lewis_H_Morgan
Libertadores
Libertadores (Spanish and Portuguese for "Liberators") refers to the principal leaders of the Latin American wars of independence from Spain.
http://wn.com/Libertadores
Lillian Russell
Lillian Russell (December 4, 1861 – June 6, 1922) was an American actress and singer. She became one of the most famous actresses and singers of the late 19th century and early 20th century, known for her beauty and style, as well as for her voice and stage presence.
http://wn.com/Lillian_Russell
Lillie Langtry
http://wn.com/Lillie_Langtry
Lola Montez
Eliza Rosanna Gilbert, Countess of Landsfeld (23 June 1818 or 17 February 1821 – 17 January 1861), better known by the stage name Lola Montez, was an Irish-born dancer and actress who became famous as a "Spanish dancer", courtesan and mistress of King Ludwig I of Bavaria, who made her Countess of Landsfeld.
http://wn.com/Lola_Montez
Lord Byron
http://wn.com/Lord_Byron
Louis Braille
http://wn.com/Louis_Braille
Louis Daguerre
http://wn.com/Louis_Daguerre
Louis Le Prince
http://wn.com/Louis_Le_Prince
Louis Napoleon
http://wn.com/Louis_Napoleon
Louis Niedermeyer
http://wn.com/Louis_Niedermeyer
Louis Pasteur
http://wn.com/Louis_Pasteur
Louise Bertin
http://wn.com/Louise_Bertin
Ludvig Nobel
Ludvig Immanuel Nobel (Stockholm, 27 July 1831 - Cannes, March 1888 (or 12 April 1888 )) was an engineering genius, a noted businessman and a humanitarian. One of the most prominent members of the Nobel family, he was the son of Immanuel Nobel (also an engineering pioneer) and Alfred Nobel's (founder of the Nobel Prize) older brother. With his brother Robert, he operated Branobel, an oil company in Baku, which at one point produced 50% of the world's oil. He is credited with creating the Russian oil industry.
http://wn.com/Ludvig_Nobel
Ludwig Boltzmann
http://wn.com/Ludwig_Boltzmann
Ludwig Uhland
Johann Ludwig Uhland (26 April 1787 – 13 November 1862), was a German poet, philologist and literary historian.
http://wn.com/Ludwig_Uhland
Ludwig van Beethoven
http://wn.com/Ludwig_van_Beethoven
Léon Foucault
http://wn.com/Léon_Foucault
Machado de Assis
http://wn.com/Machado_de_Assis
Mahdist War
The Mahdist War (also called the Mahdist Revolt) was a colonial war of the late 19th century. It was fought between the Mahdist Sudanese and the Egyptian and later British forces. It has also been called the Anglo-Sudan War or the Sudanese Mahdist Revolt. The British have called their part in the conflict the Sudan Campaign. It was vividly described by Winston Churchill (who took part in its concluding stages) in The River War.
http://wn.com/Mahdist_War
Marcel Proust
http://wn.com/Marcel_Proust
Marcelo H. del Pilar
Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitan (August 30, 1850 – July 4, 1896) was a Filipino writer, journalist, satirist, and revolutionary leader of the Philippine Revolution and one of the leading Ilustrado (Knowledgeable) propagandist of the Philippine War of Independence.
http://wn.com/Marcelo_H_del_Pilar
Margaret Fuller
http://wn.com/Margaret_Fuller
Maria Yermolova
Maria Nikolayevna Yermolova (; in Moscow — March 12, 1928, id.) was said to be the greatest actress in the history of the Maly Theatre in Moscow and the first person to be proclaimed the "People's Artist of the Republic" (1921).
http://wn.com/Maria_Yermolova
Marie Curie
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie
Mark Twain
http://wn.com/Mark_Twain
Mary Baker Eddy
Mary Baker Eddy (July 16, 1821 – December 3, 1910) was the founder of the Christian Science religion. Her accomplishments include:
http://wn.com/Mary_Baker_Eddy
Mary Cassatt
Mary Stevenson Cassatt (; May 22, 1844June 14, 1926) was an American painter and printmaker. She lived much of her adult life in France, where she first befriended Edgar Degas and later exhibited among the Impressionists. Cassatt often created images of the social and private lives of women, with particular emphasis on the intimate bonds between mothers and children.
http://wn.com/Mary_Cassatt
Mathew Brady
:: ''Note: Mathew B. Brady's name contains a single "t". For persons named Matthew Brady, see Matthew Brady (disambiguation).''
http://wn.com/Mathew_Brady
Matthew C. Perry
http://wn.com/Matthew_C_Perry
Meriwether Lewis
http://wn.com/Meriwether_Lewis
Meyer Guggenheim
http://wn.com/Meyer_Guggenheim
Michael Faraday
http://wn.com/Michael_Faraday
Mikhail Bakunin
Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin ( - 1 July 1876) (; ) was a well-known Russian revolutionary and theorist of collectivist anarchism.
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Bakunin
Mikhail Glinka
Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka () (), was the first Russian composer to gain wide recognition inside his own country, and is often regarded as the father of Russian classical music. Glinka's compositions were an important influence on future Russian composers, notably the members of The Five, who took Glinka's lead and produced a distinctive Russian style of music.
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Glinka
Mikhail Kutuzov
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Kutuzov
Mikhail Lazarev
Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (, November 3, 1788 — April 11, 1851) was a Russian fleet commander and explorer who discovered Antarctica, Admiral (1843).
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Lazarev
Mikhail Lermontov
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Lermontov
Mikhail Skobelev
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Skobelev
Mikhail Vrubel
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Vrubel (; March 17, 1856 - April 14, 1910, all n.s.) is usually regarded amongst the greatest Russian painters of the Symbolist movement. In reality, he deliberately stood aloof from contemporary art trends, so that the origin of his unusual manner should be sought in the Late Byzantine and Early Renaissance painting.
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Vrubel
Mily Balakirev
http://wn.com/Mily_Balakirev
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
http://wn.com/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad
Modest Mussorgsky
Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (also spelled Musorgsky, Moussorgsky ) (March 21 [O.S. March 9], 1839 – March 28 [O.S. March 16], 1881), one of the Russian composers known as the Five, was an innovator of Russian music in the romantic period. He strove to achieve a uniquely Russian musical identity, often in deliberate defiance of the established conventions of Western music.
http://wn.com/Modest_Mussorgsky
Mrs Patrick Campbell
http://wn.com/Mrs_Patrick_Campbell
Māori people
http://wn.com/Māori_people
Nadar (photographer)
http://wn.com/Nadar_(photographer)
Napoleon
http://wn.com/Napoleon
Napoleon I of France
http://wn.com/Napoleon_I_of_France
Napoleon III
http://wn.com/Napoleon_III
Nat Turner
http://wn.com/Nat_Turner
Nathaniel Hawthorne
http://wn.com/Nathaniel_Hawthorne
Ned Kelly
Edward "Ned" Kelly (June 1854/June 1855 – 11 November 1880) was an Irish-Australian bushranger, and was seen by some as merely a cold-blooded killer, while to others he was seen as a folk hero, for his defiance of the colonial authorities.
http://wn.com/Ned_Kelly
Niccolo Paganini
http://wn.com/Niccolo_Paganini
Niccolò Paganini
http://wn.com/Niccolò_Paganini
Nicholas I of Russia
http://wn.com/Nicholas_I_of_Russia
Nicéphore Niépce
http://wn.com/Nicéphore_Niépce
Nikola Tesla
http://wn.com/Nikola_Tesla
Nikolai Gogol
Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (; ; ) (, – ) was a Ukrainian-born Russian novelist, humourist, and dramatist.
http://wn.com/Nikolai_Gogol
Nikolai Przhevalsky
http://wn.com/Nikolai_Przhevalsky
Nikolay Karamzin
http://wn.com/Nikolay_Karamzin
Nikolay Vtorov
Nikolay Alexandrovich Vtorov () (1866-1918) was a Russian businessman, notable as Russia's wealthiest man on the eve of World War I (60 million roubles in gold, according to a 2006 Forbes study which excluded the ruling House of Romanov).
http://wn.com/Nikolay_Vtorov
Northern Cheyenne
http://wn.com/Northern_Cheyenne
Novalis
http://wn.com/Novalis
Oliver Heaviside
Oliver Heaviside (18 May 1850 – 3 February 1925) was a self-taught English electrical engineer, mathematician, and physicist who adapted complex numbers to the study of electrical circuits, invented mathematical techniques to the solution of differential equations (later found to be equivalent to Laplace transforms), reformulated Maxwell's field equations in terms of electric and magnetic forces and energy flux, and independently co-formulated vector analysis. Although at odds with the scientific establishment for most of his life, Heaviside changed the face of mathematics and science for years to come.
http://wn.com/Oliver_Heaviside
Oscar Wilde
http://wn.com/Oscar_Wilde
Otto von Bismarck
http://wn.com/Otto_von_Bismarck
Ottoman Empire
http://wn.com/Ottoman_Empire
Ottomar Anschütz
http://wn.com/Ottomar_Anschütz
Pat Garrett
Patrick "Pat" Floyd Garrett (June 5, 1850 – February 29, 1908) was an American Old West lawman, bartender, and customs agent who was best known for killing Billy the Kid. He was also the sheriff of Lincoln County, New Mexico.
http://wn.com/Pat_Garrett
Paul Cézanne
http://wn.com/Paul_Cézanne
Paul Gauguin
http://wn.com/Paul_Gauguin
Paul Verlaine
http://wn.com/Paul_Verlaine
Pavel Nakhimov
Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov (; – was one of the most famous admirals in Russian naval history, best remembered as the commander of naval and land forces during the Siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War.
http://wn.com/Pavel_Nakhimov
Pavel Tretyakov
http://wn.com/Pavel_Tretyakov
Pedro I of Brazil
http://wn.com/Pedro_I_of_Brazil
Pedro II of Brazil
http://wn.com/Pedro_II_of_Brazil
Percy Fawcett
Colonel Percival Harrison Fawcett (18 August 1867in or after 1925) was a British artillery officer, archaeologist and South American explorer.
http://wn.com/Percy_Fawcett
Peter Kropotkin
http://wn.com/Peter_Kropotkin
Philipp Otto Runge
http://wn.com/Philipp_Otto_Runge
Pierre Curie
http://wn.com/Pierre_Curie
Piotr Michałowski
http://wn.com/Piotr_Michałowski
Pud Galvin
James Francis "Pud" Galvin (December 25, 1856 – March 7, 1902), an American professional baseball pitcher, was Major League Baseball's first 300-game winner. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1965.
http://wn.com/Pud_Galvin
Pyotr Bagration
Prince Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration (, ; 1765 - ) was a general of the Russian army. He was a descendant of the Georgian royal family of the Bagrations.
http://wn.com/Pyotr_Bagration
Queen Victoria
http://wn.com/Queen_Victoria
Ralph Waldo Emerson
http://wn.com/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson
Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner (, ; 22 May 1813 13 February 1883) was a German composer, conductor, theatre director and essayist, primarily known for his operas (or "music dramas", as they were later called). Wagner's compositions, particularly those of his later period, are notable for their complex texture, rich harmonies and orchestration, and the elaborate use of leitmotifs: musical themes associated with individual characters, places, ideas or plot elements. Unlike most other opera composers, Wagner wrote both the music and libretto for every one of his stage works. Famous extracts from his operas include the "Ride of the Valkyries" and the Bridal Chorus from Lohengrin, popularly known as the wedding march "Here Comes the Bride".
http://wn.com/Richard_Wagner
Roald Amundsen
http://wn.com/Roald_Amundsen
Robert Bunsen
http://wn.com/Robert_Bunsen
Robert E. Lee
http://wn.com/Robert_E_Lee
Robert Koch
http://wn.com/Robert_Koch
Robert Peary
Robert Edwin Peary (May 6, 1856 – February 20, 1920) was an American explorer who claimed to have been the first person, on April 6, 1909, to reach the geographic North Pole. Peary's claim was widely credited for most of the 20th century, though it was criticized even in its own day and is today widely doubted.
http://wn.com/Robert_Peary
Robert Ridgway
:This article is about the American ornithologist. For the Virginia congressman, lawyer and editor, see Robert Ridgway (congressman).
http://wn.com/Robert_Ridgway
Robert Schumann
Robert Schumann, sometimes known as Robert Alexander Schumann, (8 June 181029 July 1856) was a German composer, aesthete and influential music critic.
http://wn.com/Robert_Schumann
Rosa Bonheur
http://wn.com/Rosa_Bonheur
Rosalía de Castro
http://wn.com/Rosalía_de_Castro
Sacagawea
http://wn.com/Sacagawea
Samuel Baker
http://wn.com/Samuel_Baker
Samuel Colt
http://wn.com/Samuel_Colt
Samuel Morey
Samuel Morey (October 23, 1762 - April 17, 1843) was an American inventor, who invented an internal combustion engine and was a pioneer in steamships who accumulated a total of 20 patents.
http://wn.com/Samuel_Morey
Samuel Palmer
http://wn.com/Samuel_Palmer
Sarah Bernhardt
actor
http://wn.com/Sarah_Bernhardt
Savva Mamontov
http://wn.com/Savva_Mamontov
Scott Joplin
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Second Boer War
The Second Boer War (, Afrikaans:Tweede Vryheidsoorlog or Tweede Boereoorlog), was fought from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902. The Second Boer War was fought between the British Empire and the Dutch-speaking Boer inhabitants of the two independent Boer republics: the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State. It ended with the annexation of the region under the British Empire, ultimately forming the Union of South Africa as part of the Commonwealth. The conflict is commonly referred to as The Boer War but is also known as the South African War outside South Africa, the Anglo-Boer War among most South Africans, and in Afrikaans as the Anglo-Boereoorlog or Tweede Vryheidsoorlog ("Second War of Liberation") or the Engelse oorlog (English War).
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Sergei Diaghilev
Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev ( / Sergei Pavlovich Dyagilev ) (31 March 187219 August 1929), usually referred to outside of Russia as Serge, was a Russian art critic, patron, ballet impresario and founder of the Ballets Russes from which many famous dancers and choreographers would later arise.
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Sergei Witte
Count Sergei Yulyevich Witte (, ''Sergey Yul'evich Vitte'') (29 June 1849 - 13 March 1915), also known as Sergius Witte, was a highly influential policy-maker who presided over extensive industrialization within the Russian Empire. He served under the last two emperors of Russia. He was also the author of the October Manifesto of 1905, a precursor to Russia's first constitution, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) of the Russian Empire.
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Settler
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Sherlock Holmes () is a fictional detective created by Scottish author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. A brilliant London-based "consulting detective", Holmes is famous for his astute logical reasoning, his ability to take almost any disguise, and his forensic science skills to solve difficult cases.
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Sigismond Thalberg (January 8, 1812 – April 27, 1871) was a composer and one of the most distinguished virtuoso pianists of the 19th century.
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Spanish people or Spaniards constitute the European nation and ethnic group native of Spain, in the Iberian Peninsula, which forms the southwest of Europe. The Spanish nationality is in essence made up of regional nationalities, reflecting the complex history of Spain. Spain, in its current boundaries, was formed out of a number of predecessor kingdoms in the late 15th century as a result of the Reconquista and the War of the Castilian Succession.
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Stepan Osipovich Makarov (; — ) was a famous Russian vice-admiral, a highly accomplished and decorated commander of the Imperial Russian Navy, and a distinguished oceanographer, awarded by the Russian Academy of Sciences, and author of several books. According to his honour, "Shiritoru", where was a town in Sakhalin island, was renamed as Makarov in 1946.
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Stephen Crane
Stephen Crane (November 1, 1871 – June 5, 1900) was an American novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist. Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism. He is recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation.
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Sándor Körösi Csoma
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Søren Kierkegaard
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Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
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Taras Shevchenko
Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko () ( – ) was a Ukrainian poet, artist and humanist. His literary heritage is regarded to be the foundation of modern Ukrainian literature and, to a large extent, the modern Ukrainian language. Shevchenko also wrote in Russian and left many masterpieces as a painter and an illustrator.
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Thomas Baines
(John) Thomas Baines (27 November 1820 – 8 May 1875) was an English artist and explorer of British colonial southern Africa and Australia. Born in King's Lynn, Norfolk, Baines was apprenticed to a coach painter at an early age. When he was 22 he left England for South Africa aboard the "Olivia" (captained by a family friend William Roome) and worked for a while in Cape Town as a scenic and portrait artist, and as official war artist during the so-called Eighth Frontier War for the British Army.
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:
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Tokugawa Yoshinobu
(also known as Keiki), October 28, 1837–November 22, 1913) was the 15th and last shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. He was part of a movement which aimed to reform the aging shogunate, but was ultimately unsuccessful. After resigning in late 1867, he went into retirement, and largely avoided the public eye for the rest of his life.
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Tom Sharkey
"Sailor" Tom Sharkey (November 26, 1873 - April 17, 1953) was a boxer who fought two fights with heavyweight champion James J. Jeffries. Sharkey's recorded ring career spanned from 1893 to 1904. He is credited with having won 40 fights (with 37 KOs), 7 losses , and 5 draws. Sharkey was named to the Ring Magazine's list of 100 greatest punchers of all time.
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The Uruguayan Civil War, also known as "Guerra Grande", was a series of armed conflicts that took place between the Colorado Party and the National Party in Uruguay from 1839 to 1851. The two parties received backing from foreign sources including both neighbouring countries such as the Empire of Brazil and the Argentine Confederation as well as imperial powers, primarily the British Empire and the Kingdom of France, but also a legion of Italian volunteers including Guiseppe Garibaldi. The nine-year siege of Montevideo captured the imagination of European writers such as Alexandre Dumas.
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Valentin Serov
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Vincent Willem van Gogh (Dutch: , or English: ,
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Vincenzo Salvatore Carmelo Francesco Bellini (3 November 1801 – 23 September 1835) was an Italian opera composer. His most famous works are La sonnambula (1831), Norma (1831) and I puritani (1835). Known for his long flowing melodic lines for which he was named "the Swan of Catania", Bellini was the quintessential composer of Bel canto opera.
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Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov (), ( - February 2, 1939) was a Russian engineer-polymath, scientist and architect renowned for his pioneering works on new methods of analysis for structural engineering that led to breakthroughs in industrial design of world's first hyperboloid structures , lattice shell structures, tensile structures, gridshell structures, oil reservoirs, pipelines, boilers, ships and barges.
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William Blake
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William Fox Talbot
William Henry Fox Talbot was a British inventor and a pioneer of photography, born on February 11, 1800 and died on September 17, 1877. He was the inventor of calotype process, the precursor to most photographic processes of the 19th and 20th centuries. He was also a noted photographer who made major contributions to the development of photography as an artistic medium. His work in the 1840s on photo-mechanical reproduction led to the creation of the photoglyphic engraving process, the precursor to photogravure. Talbot is also remembered as the holder of a patent which, some say, affected the early development of commercial photography in Britain. Additionally, he made some important early photographs of Oxford, Paris, and York.
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William M. Tweed
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William Morris
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William Poole
William Poole (July 24, 1821 – March 8, 1855), also known as Bill the Butcher, was a member of the New York City gang the Bowery Boys, a bare-knuckle boxer, and a leader of the Know Nothing political movement.
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William Symington
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William Whewell
William Whewell (24 May 1794 – 6 March 1866) was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science. His surname is .
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Zygmunt Krasiński
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Virgin for sale: Website auctions off virginity of college student for $780,000 (Video)

The Examiner

26 Oct 2012

Related topics virgin auctionvirginity auction Advertisement A 20 year-old Brazilian student has sold her virginity for the sum of $780,000 through an online auction on a website simply called Virgins...

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Photo: Creative Commons / Neogeolegend

Kim Jong-il Funeral ceremony .Kim Jong-il died of a suspected heart attack on 17 December 2011 at 08:30 while traveling by train to an area outside Pyongyang.

N. Korean Army General Executed with Mortar for Drinking

Novosti

25 Oct 2012

MOSCOW, October 25 (RIA Novosti) - A high-ranking North Korean Army official was reportedly executed with a mortar round for drinking liquor during the 100-day...

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Hurricane Sandy makes landfall at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, October 24, 2012.

Slow-moving Hurricane Sandy marches toward East Coast

CNBC

27 Oct 2012

MIAMI (Reuters) - Hurricane Sandy pulled away from the Bahamas on Saturday after killing at least 41 people in the Caribbean, beginning a slow march toward the U.S. East Coast where it threatens to...

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Myanmar Buddhist monks march, protesting against plans to open office of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), in Yangon, Myanmar, Monday, Oct. 15, 2012.

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New Straits/Business Times

25 Oct 2012

YANGON: A new wave of sectarian violence in western Myanmar has left five people dead and dozens injured in recent days, triggering another exodus of Muslims to emergency camps, officials said...

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Warsaw Museum to Celebrate Jewish Life in Poland 28 Oct 2012

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For other uses, see 19th century (disambiguation).

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	18th century 19th century 20th century
Decades:	1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s
Categories:	Births – Deaths Establishments – Disestablishments

Antoine-Jean Gros, Surrender of Madrid, 1808. Napoleon enters Spain's capital during the Peninsular War, 1810

The 19th century (1801–1900) was a period in history marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Portuguese, First and Second French, Chinese, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. This paved the way for the growing influence of the British Empire, Russian Empire, German Empire, the United States and the Empire of Japan, spurring military conflicts but also advances in science and exploration.

After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire became the world's leading power, controlling one quarter of the world's population and one fifth of the total land area. It enforced a Pax Britannica, encouraged trade, and battled rampant piracy. The 19th century was an era of invention and discovery, with significant developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, electricity, and metallurgy that lay the groundwork for the technological advances of the 20th century.^[1] The Industrial Revolution began in Europe.^[2] The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of young children in factories and mines.^[3] In Japan, after the Meiji Restoration, Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization. Then Japan went to war against Qing-ruled China, and won the First Sino-Japanese War.

Advances in medicine and the understanding of human anatomy and disease prevention took place in the 19th century, and were partly responsible for rapidly accelerating population growth in the western world. Europe's population doubled during the 19th century, from roughly 200 million to more than 400 million.^[4] The introduction of railroads provided the first major advancement in land transportation for centuries, changing the way people lived and obtained goods, and fueling major urbanization movements in countries across the globe. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century. London was transformed into the world's largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population expanded from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later. The last remaining undiscovered landmasses of Earth, including vast expanses of interior Africa and Asia, were discovered during this century, and with the exception of the extreme zones of the Arctic and Antarctic, accurate and detailed maps of the globe were available by the 1890s. Liberalism became the preeminent reform movement in Europe.^[5]

Engraving of African slave transportation, 19th century

Slavery was greatly reduced around the world. Following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain forced the Barbary pirates to halt their practice of kidnapping and enslaving Europeans, banned slavery throughout its domain, and charged its navy with ending the global slave trade.^[6] The first empire to abolish slavery was the Portuguese Empire, followed by Britain, who did so in 1834. America's 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888 (see Abolitionism). Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia.

The 19th century was remarkable in the widespread formation of new settlement foundations which were particularly prevalent across North America and Australasia, with a significant proportion of the two continents' largest cities being founded at some point in the century. In the 19th century approximately 70 million people left Europe.^[7]

The 19th century also saw the rapid creation, development and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain and the United States. Association football, rugby union, baseball and many other sports were developed during the 19th century, while the British Empire facilitated the rapid spread of sports such as cricket to many different parts of the world.

It also marks the fall of the Ottoman occupation of the Balkans which led to the creation of Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Romania as a result of the second Russo-Turkish War, which in itself followed the great Crimean War.

Eras [link]

Industrial revolution
European Imperialism
British Regency, Victorian era (UK, British Empire)
Bourbon Restoration, July Monarchy, French Second Republic, Second French Empire, French Third Republic (France)
Belle Époque (Europe)
Edo period, Meiji period (Japan)
Qing Dynasty (China)
Tanzimat, First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)
Russian Empire
American Manifest Destiny, The Gilded Age

Events [link]

Map of the world from 1897. The British Empire (marked in pink) was the superpower of the 19th century.

Napoleon's retreat from Russia. Napoleon's Grande Armée had lost near half a million men.

Stephenson's Rocket, preserved in the Science Museum, London

William Wilberforce (1759–1833), politician and philanthropist who was a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade.

1800s [link]

1800: The Company of Surgeons are awarded their Royal Charter and became the Royal College of Surgeons of England.
1800: The inception of the Second Great Awakening for the United States.
1800: Alessandro Volta invents the first chemical battery
1800: The Brsjak Revolt occurs in the Balkans
1801: Giuseppe Piazzi discovers the dwarf planet Ceres.
1801: Thomas Jefferson elected President of the United States by the United States House of Representatives, following a tie in the Electoral College (United States)
1801: The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom.
1801: Ranjit Singh crowned as King of Punjab.
1801: Napoleon signs the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope.
1801: Cairo falls to the British.
1801: Assassination of Tsar Paul I of Russia.
1801: British defeat French at the Second Battle of Abukir
1801–15: Barbary War between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa
1802: Treaty of Amiens between France and the United Kingdom ends the War of the Second Coalition.
1802: Ludwig van Beethoven performs his Moonlight Sonata for the first time.
1803: William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the "first practical steamboat".
1803: The United States more than doubles in size when it buys out France's territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the U.S.'s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans.
1803: The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina.
1803: War breaks out between Britain and France; this is considered by some to be the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars.
1804: Haiti gains independence from France and becomes the first black republic.
1804-1813: Russo-Persian War.
1804: Austrian Empire founded by Francis I.
1804: Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of the French.
1804: World population reaches 1 billion.
1804: First steam locomotive begins operation.
1804: Morphine first isolated.
1804–10: Fulani Jihad in Nigeria.
1804–15: Serbian revolution erupts against the Ottoman rule. Suzerainty of Serbia recognized in 1817.
1805: The Battle of Trafalgar eliminates the French and Spanish naval fleets and allows for British dominance of the seas, a major factor for the success of the British Empire later in the century.
1805: Napoleon decisively defeats an Austrian-Russian army at the Battle of Austerlitz.
1805–48: Muhammad Ali modernizes Egypt.
1806: Holy Roman Empire dissolved as a consequence of the Treaty of Pressburg.
1806: Cape Colony becomes part of the British Empire.
1806-1812: Russo-Turkish War, Treaty of Bucharest.
1807: Britain declares the Slave Trade illegal.
1808: Beethoven performs his Fifth Symphony
1808–09: Russia conquers Finland from Sweden in the Finnish War.
1808–14: Spanish guerrillas fight in the Peninsular War.
1809: Napoleon strips the Teutonic Knights of their last holdings in Bad Mergentheim.

The discoveries of Michael Faraday formed the foundation of electric motor technology

1810s [link]

1810: The University of Berlin is founded. Among its students and faculty are Hegel, Marx, and Bismarck. The German university reform proves to be so successful that its model is copied around the world (see History of European research universities).
1810: The Grito de Dolores begins the Mexican War of Independence.
1810: The Trumpet gets valves.
1810s–20s: Most of the Latin American colonies free themselves from the Spanish and Portuguese Empires after the Latin American wars of independence.
1812: The French invasion of Russia is a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars.
1812–15: War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom
1813: Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice
1814: Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba.
1814: Elisha Haydon Collier invents the Flintlock Revolver.
1813–1907: The contest between the British Empire and Imperial Russia for control of Central Asia is referred to as the Great Game.
1814–16: Anglo-Nepalese War between Nepal (Gurkha Empire) and British Empire.
1815: The Congress of Vienna redraws the European map. The Concert of Europe attempts to preserve this settlement, but it fails to stem the tide of liberalism and nationalism that sweeps over the continent.
1815: Napoleon escapes exile and begins the Hundred Days before finally being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and exiled to St Helena. His defeat brings a conclusion to the Napoleonic Wars and marks the beginning of a Pax Britannica which lasts until 1914.
1816: Year Without a Summer: Unusually cold conditions wreak havoc throughout the Northern Hemisphere, likely caused by the 1815 explosion of Mount Tambora.
1816: Independence of Argentina
1816–28: Shaka's Zulu Kingdom becomes the largest in Southern Africa.
1817: Principality of Serbia becomes suzerain from the Ottoman Empire. Officially independent in 1867.
1817: First Seminole War begins in Florida.
1817: Russia commences its conquest of the Caucasus.
1818: Mary Shelley writes Frankenstein
1818: Independence of Chile
1819: Peterloo massacre in England.
1819: The modern city of Singapore is established by the British East India Company.
1819: Théodore Géricault paints his masterpiece The Raft of the Medusa, and exhibits it in the French Salon of 1819 at the Louvre.

1820s [link]

1816: Shaka rises to power over the Zulu Kingdom. Zulu expansion was a major factor of the Mfecane (“Crushing”) that depopulated large areas of southern Africa

1820: Missouri Compromise
1820: Regency period ends in the United Kingdom
1820: Discovery of Antarctica
1820: Liberia founded by the American Colonization Society for freed American slaves.
1820: Dissolution of the Maratha Empire.
1820–35: At least 5000 Mexicans die in Apache raids, and 100 settlements are destroyed.^[8]
1821: Mexico gains independence from Spain with the Treaty of Córdoba.
1821: Peru declares its independence from Spain.
1821: Navarino Massacre
1822–23: First Mexican Empire, as Mexico's first post-independent government, ruled by Emperor Agustín I of Mexico.
1821–30: Greece becomes the first country to break away from the Ottoman Empire after the Greek War of Independence.
1822: Prince Pedro of Portugal proclaimed the Brazilian independence on September 7. On December 1, he was crowned as Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil.
1823–87: The British Empire annexed Burma (now also called Myanmar) after three Anglo-Burmese Wars.
1823: Monroe Doctrine declared by US President James Monroe.
1824: Premiere of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony.
1825: Erie Canal opened connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.
1825: First isolation of aluminum.
1825: Independence of Bolivia.
1825: The Stockton and Darlington Railway, the first public railway in the world, is opened.
1825: The Decembrist revolt

Decembrists at the Senate Square.

1825–28: The Cisplatine War results in the independence of Uruguay.
1826: Samuel Morey patents the internal combustion engine.
1826–28: After the final Russo-Persian War, the Persian Empire took back territory lost to Russia from the previous war.
1827: Death of William Blake, Ludwig van Beethoven
1828–1832: Black War in Tasmania leads to the near extinction of the Tasmanian aborigines
1829: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust premieres.
1829: First electric motor built.
1829: Sir Robert Peel founds the Metropolitan Police Service, the first modern police force.

1830s [link]

1830: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints is established on April 6, 1830.
1830: July Revolution in France.
1830: The Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands led to the creation of Belgium.
1830: Greater Colombia dissolved and the nations of Colombia (including modern-day Panama), Ecuador, and Venezuela took its place.
1830 November Uprising in Poland against Russia.
1831: France invades and occupies Algeria.
1831: Great Bosnian uprising against Ottoman rule occurs.
1831–1836: Charles Darwin's journey on the HMS Beagle.

Emigrants leaving Ireland. From 1830 to 1914, almost 5 million Irish people went to the United States alone.
1831: November Uprising ends with crushing defeat for Poland in the Battle of Warsaw.
1831–33: Egyptian–Ottoman War.
1832: The British Parliament passes the Great Reform Act.
1833: Slavery Abolition Act bans slavery throughout the British Empire.
1833–76: Carlist Wars in Spain.
1834: The German Customs Union is formed.
1834: Spanish Inquisition officially ends.
1834: Britain amends the Poor Law demanding that any paupers requesting assistance must go to a workhouse.
1834–59: Imam Shamil's rebellion in Russian-occupied Caucasus.
1835–36: The Texas Revolution in Mexico resulted in the short-lived Republic of Texas.
1836: Battle of the Alamo ends with defeat for Texan separatists.
1836: Battle of San Jacinto leads to the capture of General Santa Anna.
1836: Samuel Colt popularizes the revolver and sets up a firearms company to manufacture his invention of the Colt Paterson revolver a six bullets firearm shot one by one without reloading manually.
1837: Telegraphy patented.
1837: Charles Dickens publishes Oliver Twist
1837: Death of Alexander Pushkin
1837–1838: Rebellions of 1837 in Canada.
1837–1901: Queen Victoria's reign is considered the apex of the British Empire and is referred to as the Victorian era.
1838: By this time, 46,000 Native Americans have been forcibly relocated in the Trail of Tears.
1838–40: Civil war in the Federal Republic of Central America led to the foundings of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.
1839: Kingdom of Belgium declared.
1839–51: Uruguayan Civil War
1839–60: After two Opium Wars, France, the United Kingdom, the United States and Russia gained many concessions from China resulting in the decline of the Qing Dynasty.
1839–1919: Anglo-Afghan Wars lead to stalemate and the establishment of the Durand line

The Great Exhibition in London. The United Kingdom was the first country in the world to industrialise.

The Charge of the Light Brigade during the Crimean War

1840s [link]

1840: New Zealand is founded, as the Treaty of Waitangi is signed by the Māori and British.
1841: The word "dinosaur" is coined by Richard Owen
1842: Treaty of Nanking cedes Hong Kong to the British.
1842: Anaesthesia used for the first time.
1843: The first wagon train sets out from Missouri.
1843: Short stories A Christmas Carol and The Tell-Tale Heart published.
1844: Persian Prophet the Báb announces his revelation on May 23, founding Bábísm. He announced to the world of the coming of "He whom God shall make manifest". He is considered the forerunner of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith.
1844: First publicly funded telegraph line in the world—between Baltimore and Washington—sends demonstration message on May 24, ushering in the age of the telegraph. This message read "What hath God wrought?" (Bible, Numbers 23:23)
1844: Millerite movement awaits the Second Advent of Jesus Christ on October 22. Christ's non-appearance becomes known as the Great Disappointment.
1844: The Great Auk is rendered extinct.
1844: Dominican War of Independence from Haiti.
1845: Unification of the Kingdom of Tonga under Tāufaʻāhau (King George Tupou I)
1845–1846: First Anglo-Sikh War
1845–72: The New Zealand Land Wars
1845–49: The Irish Potato Famine leads to the Irish diaspora.
1846–48: The Mexican-American War leads to Mexico's cession of much of the modern-day Southwestern United States.
1846–47: Mormon migration to Utah.
1847: The Brontë sisters publish Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey
1847–1901: The Caste War of Yucatán.
1848–1849: Second Anglo-Sikh War
1848: The Communist Manifesto published.
1848: Revolutions of 1848 in Europe
1848: Seneca Falls Convention is the first women's rights convention in the United States and leads to the battle for suffrage and women's legal rights.
1848–58: California Gold Rush
1849: The first boatloads of gold prospectors arrive in California, giving them the nickname 49ers.
1849: The safety pin and the gas mask are invented
1849: Earliest recorded air raid, as Austria employs 200 balloons to deliver ordinance against Venice.

1850s [link]

Dead Confederate soldiers. 30% of all Southern white males 18–40 years of age died in the American Civil War.^[9]

1850: The Little Ice Age ends around this time.
1850–1864: Taiping Rebellion is the bloodiest conflict of the century, leading to the deaths of 20 million people.
1851: The Great Exhibition in London was the world's first international Expo or World's Fair.
1851: Louis Napoleon assumes power in France in a coup.
1851–52: The Platine War ends and the Empire of Brazil has the hegemony over South America.
1851–60s: Victorian gold rush in Australia
1852: Frederick Douglass delivers his speech "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro" in Rochester, New York.
1853: United States Commodore Matthew C. Perry threatens the Japanese capital Edo with gunships, demanding that they agree to open trade.
1853–56: Crimean War between France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire and Russia
1854: Battle of Balaclava and the Charge of the Light Brigade.
1854: The Convention of Kanagawa formally ends Japan's policy of isolation.
1854–1855: Siege of Sevastapol; city falls to British forces.
1855: Bessemer process enables steel to be mass produced.
1856: World's first oil refinery in Romania
1856: Neanderthal man first identified.
1857–58: Indian Rebellion of 1857. The British Empire assumes control of India from the East India Company.
1858: Invention of the phonautograph, the first true device for recording sound.
1859: Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species.
1859–1869: Suez Canal is constructed.

The first vessels sail through the Suez Canal

1860s [link]

Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacilli. In the 19th century, tuberculosis killed an estimated one-quarter of the adult population of Europe.^[10]

David Livingstone, Scottish explorer and missionary in Africa

1860: Giuseppe Garibaldi launches the Expedition of the Thousand
1860: The Pony Express started.
1861–65: American Civil War between the Union and seceding Confederacy
1861: Russia abolishes serfdom.
1861–67: French intervention in Mexico and the creation of the Second Mexican Empire, ruled by Maximilian I of Mexico and his consort Carlota of Mexico.
1862: The Pony Express ended.
1862: French gain first foothold in Southeast Asia
1862–1877: Muslim Rebellion in northwest China.
1863: Bahá'u'lláh declares his station as "He whom God shall make manifest". This date is celebrated in the Bahá'í Faith as The Festival of Ridván.
1863: Formation of the International Red Cross is followed by the adoption of the First Geneva Convention in 1864.
1863: First section of the London Underground opens.
1863: France annexes Cambodia.
1863–1865: Polish uprising against the Russian Empire.
1864–66: The Chincha Islands War was an attempt by Spain to regain its South American colonies.
1864–70: The Paraguayan War ends Paraguayan ambitions for expansion and destroys much of the Paraguayan population.
1865–77: Reconstruction in the United States; Slavery is banned in the United States by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
1865-April 9, 1865 Robert E. Lee surrenders the Army of Northern Virginia (26,765 troops) to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, effectively ending the American Civil War.
1865-April 14, 1865, United States President Abraham Lincoln is assassinated while attending a performance at Ford's Theater, Washington, D.C.. He dies approximately nine hours after being shot on April 15, 1865.
1865: Gregor Mendel formulates his laws of inheritance
1866: Successful transatlantic telegraph cable follows an earlier attempt in 1858.
1866: Austro-Prussian War results in the dissolution of the German Confederation and the creation of the North German Confederation and the Austrian-Hungarian Dual Monarchy.
1866–1868: Famine in Finland.
1866–69: After the Meiji Restoration, Japan embarks on a program of rapid modernization.
1867: The United States purchases Alaska from Russia.
1867: Canadian Confederation formed.
1867: The Principality of Serbia passes a Constitution which defines its independence from the Ottoman Empire. International recognition followed in 1878.
1868: The Expatriation Act is approved by Congress, guaranteeing U.S. citizens the right to expatriate. Coupled with the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution approved only one day later, the Expatriation Act allows U.S. citizens to renounce federal citizenship in order to regain Constitutional rights ceded by U.S. citizens as defined by the 14th Amendment.
1868: The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is approved.
1868: Cro-Magnon man first identified.
1868–1878: Ten Years' War between Cuba and Spain
1869: First Transcontinental Railroad completed in United States on May 10.
1869: Dmitri Mendeleev created the Periodic table
1869: The Suez Canal opens linking the Mediterranean to the Red Sea.

From 1865-1870 Paraguay lost more than half of its population in the Paraguayan War against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay.

Black Friday, 9 May 1873, Vienna Stock Exchange. The Panic of 1873 and Long Depression followed.

1870s [link]

1870–71: The Franco-Prussian War results in the unifications of Germany and Italy, the collapse of the Second French Empire and the emergence of a New Imperialism.
1871–1872: Famine in Persia is believed to have caused the death of 2 million.
1871–1914: Second Industrial Revolution
1870s-1890s: Long Depression in Western Europe and North America
1871: The feudal system is dismantled in Japan.
1871: Henry Morton Stanley meets Dr. David Livingstone near Lake Tanganyika.
1872: Yellowstone National Park, the first national park, is created.
1872: The first recognised international soccer match, between England and Scotland, is played.
1873: Maxwell's A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism published.
1873: The samurai class is abolished in Japan.
1873: Blue jeans and barbed wire are invented.
1874: The Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, and Graveurs, better known today as the Impressionists organize and present their first public group exhibition at the Paris studio of the photographer Nadar.
1874: The Home Rule Movement is established in Ireland.
1874: The British East India Company is dissolved.
1874–1875: First Republic in Spain.
1875: HMS Challenger surveys the deepest point in the Earth's oceans, the Challenger Deep
1875–1900: 26 million Indians perish in India due to famine.
1876: Bulgarians instigate the April Uprising against Ottoman rule.
1876: Richard Wagner's Ring Cycle is first performed in its entirety.
1876: Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India.
1876: Battle of the Little Bighorn leads to the death of General Custer and victory for the alliance of Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho
1876–1879: 13 million Chinese die of famine in northern China.
1876–1914: The massive expansion in population, territory, industry and wealth in the United States is referred to as the Gilded Age.
1877: Great Railroad Strike in the United States may have been the world's first nationwide labor strike.
1877: Crazy Horse surrenders and is later killed
1877: Asaph Hall discovers the moons of Mars
1877: Thomas Edison invents the phonograph
1877–78: Following the Russo-Turkish War, the Treaty of Berlin recognizes formal independence of the Principality of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania. Bulgaria becomes autonomous.
1878: First commercial telephone exchange in New Haven, Connecticut.

A barricade in the Paris Commune, March 18, 1871. Around 30,000 Parisians were killed, and thousands more were later executed.
1879: Anglo-Zulu War in South Africa.
1879: Thomas Edison tests his first light bulb
1879–1880: Little War against Spanish rule in Cuba leads to rebel defeat.
1879–83: Chile battles with Peru and Bolivia over Andean territory in the War of the Pacific.

1880s [link]

1880–1881: the First Boer War.
1881: Tsar Alexander II is assassinated
1881: Wave of pogroms begins in the Russian Empire.
1881: Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Sitting Bull surrenders.
1881: First electrical power plant and grid in Godalming, Britain.
1881–1899: The Mahdist War in Sudan.
1882: The British invasion and subsequent occupation of Egypt
1883: Krakatoa volcano explosion, one of the largest in modern history.

Thomas Edison was an American inventor, scientist, and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb.
1883: The quagga is rendered extinct.
1883: Robert Lewis Stevenson's Treasure Island is published
1884: Siege of Khartoum
1884: Germany gains control of Camaroon
1884: Mark Twain publishes The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
1884–85: The Berlin Conference signals the start of the European "scramble for Africa". Attending nations also agree to ban trade in slaves.
1884–85: The Sino-French War led to the formation of French Indochina.
1885: King Leopold II of Belgium establishes the Congo Free State as a personal fiefdom
1885: Britain establishes a protectorate over Bechuanaland (modern Botswana)
1885: "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson is published.
1885: Singer begins production of the 'Vibrating Shuttle' which would become the Model T of sewing machines.
1886: Burma is presented to Queen Victoria as a birthday gift
1886: Karl Benz sells the first commercial automobile
1886: Construction of the Statue of Liberty; Coca-Cola is developed.
1886: Russian-Circassian War ended with the defeat and the exile of many Circassians. Imam Shamil defeated.
1887: The British Empire takes over Balochistan
1887: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle publishes his first Sherlock Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet.
1888: Louis Le Prince records the Roundhay Garden Scene, the earliest surviving film.
1888: Jack the Ripper murders occur in Whitechapel, London
1888: Slavery banned in Brazil.
1889: Eiffel Tower is inaugurated in Paris.
1889: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad establishes the Ahmadi Muslim Community.
1889: End of the Brazilian Empire and the beginning of the Brazilian Republic
1889: Vincent van Gogh paints Starry Night
1889: Aspirin patented.

First bus in history: a Benz truck modified by Netphener company (1895)

Miners and prospectors ascend the Chilkoot Trail during the Klondike Gold Rush

Boer guerrillas during the Second Boer War in South Africa

Studio portrait of Ilustrados in Europe, c.1890

1890s [link]

1890: The Wounded Knee Massacre was the last battle in the American Indian Wars. This event represents the end of the American Old West.
1890: Italy annexes Eritrea.
1890: Independence of Luxembourg.
1890: Death of Vincent van Gogh.
1890: The cardboard box is invented.
1891: Chilean Civil War.
1892: Basketball is invented.
1892: The World's Columbian Exposition was held in Chicago celebrating the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World.
1892: Fingerprinting is officially adopted for the first time
1892: Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite premières in St Petersberg
1893: US forces overthrow the government of Hawaii
1893: The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation is formed
1893: New Zealand becomes the first country to enact women's suffrage
1894: First commercial film release by Jean Aimé Le Roy
1894: First gramophone record
1894: France and the Russian Empire form a military alliance
1894–95: After the First Sino-Japanese War, China cedes Taiwan to Japan and grants Japan a free hand in Korea.
1895: Volleyball is invented
1895: Trial of Oscar Wilde and premiere of his play The Importance of Being Earnest
1895: French troops capture Antananarivo in Madagascar
1895: Wilhelm Röntgen identifies x-rays
1894–1900: Dreyfuss Affair
1895–1896: Ethiopia defeats Italy in the First Italo–Ethiopian War.
1895–1898: Cuban War for Independence results in Cuban independence from Spain
1896: Olympic Games revived in Athens.
1896: Philippine Revolution ends declaring Philippines free from Spanish rule.
1896: Ethiopia defeated Italy at the Battle of Adwa.
1896: Klondike Gold Rush in Canada.
1896: Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity; JJ Thompson identifies the electron, though not by name.
1897: Gojong, or Emperor Gwangmu, proclaims the short-lived Korean Empire: lasts until 1910.
1897: Benin Expedition of 1897 loots and burns Benin
1897: Greco-Turkish War.
1898: The United States gains control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War.
1898: Empress Dowager Cixi of China engineers a coup d'état, marking the end of the Hundred Days' Reform; the Guangxu Emperor is arrested.
1898: H. G. Wells publishes The War of the Worlds
1898–1900: The Boxer Rebellion in China is suppressed by an Eight-Nation Alliance.
1898–1902: The One Thousand Days war in Colombia breaks out between the "Liberales" and "Conservadores", culminating with the loss of Panama in 1903.
1899: Second Boer War begins (-1902); Philippine-American War begins (-1913).
1899: Indian famine begins.

For later events, see Timeline of modern history.

Significant people [link]

Abraham Lincoln in 1863, 16th President of The United States, presided during the American Civil War, assassinated in April 1865

Tsar Alexander II, also known as Alexander the Liberator, was the Emperor of the Russian Empire from 3 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881

José Rizal, a patriot and an advocate for reforms in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era in the late 19th century

Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, King of Poland
Clara Barton, nurse, pioneer of the American Red Cross
Sitting Bull, a leader of the Lakota
John Burroughs, Naturalist, conservationist, writer
Benito Juárez, Mexican President
Davy Crockett, King of the wild frontier, folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician
Jefferson Davis, Confederate States President
William Gilbert Grace, English cricketer
Baron Haussmann, civic planner
Franz Joseph I of Austria, Emperor of Austria and brother of Mexican Emperor
Chief Joseph, a leader of the Nez Percé
Ned Kelly, Australian folk hero, and outlaw
Elizabeth Kenny, Australian Nurse and found an Innovative Treatment of Polio
Sándor Körösi Csoma, explorer of the Tibetan culture
Abraham Lincoln, United States President
Fitz Hugh Ludlow, writer and explorer
John Muir, Naturalist, writer, preservationist
Florence Nightingale, nursing pioneer
Napoleon I, First Consul and Emperor of the French
Charles Stewart Parnell, Irish political leader
Commodore Perry, U.S. Naval commander, opened the door to Japan
José Rizal, Filipino polymath, physician, nationalist, novelist, poet, liberator
Sacagawea, Important aide to Lewis&Clark
Ignaz Semmelweis, proponent of hygienic practices
Dr. John Snow, the founder of epidemiology
F R Spofforth, Australian cricketer
Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom
William Wilberforce, Abolitionist, Philanthropist
Hong Xiuquan inspired China's Taiping Rebellion, perhaps the bloodiest civil war in human history
Karl Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto, promoted change in the labor system of Europe
Nikola Karev commander and leader of the Ilinden Uprising in Ottoman-Macedonia.

Show business and theatre [link]

Franz Boas one of the pioneers of modern anthropology

Sarah Bernhardt, 1877

Konstantin Stanislavski, creator of the Stanislavski's system

File:Ellen terrymus.jpg

Ellen Terry, c.1880

P. T. Barnum, c. 1860

P. T. Barnum, showman
David Belasco, actor, playwright, theatrical producer
Sarah Bernhardt, actress
Edwin Booth, actor
Dion Boucicault, playwright
Mrs Patrick Campbell, actress
Anton Chekhov, playwright
Buffalo Bill Cody, Wild West legend, and showman
Baptiste Deburau, Bohemian–French actor and mime.
Sergei Diaghilev, art critic, ballet impresario, founder of Mir Iskusstva and Ballets Russes
Eleonora Duse, actress
Henrik Ibsen, playwright
Edmund Kean, actor
Charles Kean, actor
Lillie Langtry, actress, socialite
Frédérick Lemaître, actor
Jenny Lind, opera singer called the Swedish Nightingale
Céleste Mogador, dancer
Lola Montez, exotic dancer
Adelaide Neilson, actress
Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, playwright, theatre director, co-founder of Moscow Art Theatre
Annie Oakley, Wild West, sharp-shooter
Alexander Ostrovsky, playwright
Lillian Russell, singer, actress
George Bernard Shaw, playwright
Constantin Stanislavski, actor, theatre director, co-founder of Moscow Art Theatre
Edward Askew Sothern, actor
Ellen Terry, actress
Maria Yermolova, actress

Athletics [link]

Main articles: Baseball Hall of Fame, Major League Baseball, List of bare-knuckle boxers, List of heavyweight boxing champions, and Olympic Games

John L Sullivan in his prime, c.1882.

Cap Anson, baseball player
Gentleman Jim Corbett, heavyweight boxer
Big Ed Delahanty, baseball player
Bob Fitzsimmons, heavyweight boxer
Pud Galvin, baseball player
Olympic Games, 1894 the IOC is formed, and the first Summer Olympics games are held in Athens, Greece in 1896
Dr William Gilbert 'WG' Grace, cricketer
Peter Jackson, heavyweight boxer
James J. Jeffries, heavyweight boxer
Ivan Poddubny, wrestler
Old Hoss Radbourn, baseball player
Tom Sharkey, heavyweight boxer
John L. Sullivan, heavyweight boxer
John Montgomery Ward, baseball player
Evangelis Zappas, Founder of the International Modern Olympic Games

Business [link]

J. P. Morgan

Main articles: Robber baron (industrialist) and business magnate

John Jacob Astor III, Real Estate
Andrew Carnegie, Industrialist, philanthropist
Jay Cooke, Finance
Henry Clay Frick, Industrialist, art collector
Jay Gould, Railroad developer
Meyer Guggenheim Family patriarch, mining
Daniel Guggenheim (copper)
E. H. Harriman, Railroads
Henry O. Havemeyer (sugar), art collector
George Hearst, Gold
James J. Hill (railroads) – The Empire Builder
Savva Mamontov, Industrialist, philanthropist
Andrew W. Mellon, Industrialist, philanthropist, art collector
J.P. Morgan, Banker, art collector
Savva Morozov, Businessman and philanthropist
George Mortimer Pullman (railroads)
Ludvig Nobel, Oil
Charles Pratt Oil, founder of the Pratt Institute
Cecil Rhodes diamonds, mining magnate, founder of De Beers.
John D. Rockefeller, Oil, Business tycoon, philanthropist
Levi Strauss, clothing manufacturer
Pavel Tretyakov, Businessman, art collector, philanthropist, founder of Tretyakov Gallery
Cornelius Vanderbilt, Shipping, Railroads
Nikolay Vtorov, Industrialist, banker, richest man in Russian Empire.
William Chapman Ralston, Businessman, Financier, founder of Bank of California.

Roald Amundsen

Famous and infamous personalities [link]

Jesse and Frank James, 1872

Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill Cody, Montreal, Quebec, 1885

Geronimo, 1887, prominent leader of the Chiricahua Apache

William Bonney aka Henry McCarty aka Billy the Kid, c. late 1870s

William Bonney aka Henry McCarty aka Billy the Kid, Wild West, outlaw
John Wilkes Booth, assassin
James Bowie, Soldier, Texan who died at the Alamo, invented the Bowie knife
Jim Bridger, Wild West, Mountain man
John Brown, a fanatical abolitionist who led an armed insurrection at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859.
Kit Carson, Wild West, frontiersman
Cochise, Chiricahua Apache leader
George Armstrong Custer, soldier, whose last stand was in the Wild West
Wyatt Earp, Wild West, lawman
Pat Garrett, Wild West, lawman
Charles J. Guiteau, assassin
Jack The Ripper, serial killer whose identity remains unknown.
Geronimo, Chiricahua Apache leader
Wild Bill Hickock, Legendary Wild West, lawman
Doc Holliday, Legendary Wild West, gambler, gunfighter
Crazy Horse, War leader of the Lakota
Ignacy Hryniewiecki, assassin of Tsar Alexander II of Russia
Frank James, Wild West, outlaw, older brother of Jesse
Jesse James, Legendary Wild West, outlaw
Calamity Jane, Frontierswoman
Bat Masterson, Wild West, lawman, gambler, newspaperman
Allan Pinkerton, spy, founded the Pinkerton Agency, first detective agency in the United States
William Poole aka Bill the Butcher, member of the New York City gang, the Bowery Boys, a bare-knuckle boxer, and a leader of the Know Nothing political movement.
Belle Starr Legendary Wild West, female outlaw
Nat Turner, led a slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia during August 1831.

Anthropology, archaeology, scholars [link]

Heinrich Schliemann, Archaeologist

Churchill Babington, Archaeology
Adolph Francis Alphonse Bandelier, Archaeology
Franz Boas, Anthropology
Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, Archaeology
Louis Agassiz Fuertes, Ornithology
George Bird Grinnell, Anthropology
Joseph LeConte, Scholar, preservationist
Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai, Anthropology
Clinton Hart Merriam, Zoology
Lewis H. Morgan, Anthropology
Jules Etienne Joseph Quicherat, Archaeology
Robert Ridgway, Ornithology
Edward Burnett Tylor, Anthropology
Karl Verner, Linguist

Journalists, missionaries, explorers [link]

Roald Amundsen, explorer
Samuel Baker, explorer
Thomas Baines, artist, explorer
Heinrich Barth, explorer
Henry Walter Bates, naturalist, explorer
Faddey Bellingshausen, explorer
Jim Bridger, explorer
Richard Francis Burton, explorer
The Lewis&Clark expedition, exploration
Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh, explorer
Percy Fawcett, adventurer, explorer, proto-Indiana Jones
Vladimir Gilyarovsky, journalist
Horace Greeley, journalist
Peter Jones (missionary), Canadian Methodist minister, and go-between between Christians and his fellow Mississaugas and other Indian tribes.
Adoniram Judson, missionary
Sir John Kirk, explorer, physician, companion of David Livingston
Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, botanist, explorer, friend of Charles Darwin
Sir William Jackson Hooker, botanist, explorer, father of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker
Otto von Kotzebue, explorer
Pyotr Kozlov, explorer
Mikhail Lazarev, fleet commander, explorer
Meriwether Lewis, explorer
David Livingstone, missionary
Stepan Makarov, explorer, oceanographer
Thomas Nast, journalist, caricaturist and editorial cartoonist
Robert Peary, explorer
Marcelo H. del Pilar, writer, journalist, editor of La Solidaridad.
Nikolai Przhevalsky, explorer
Frederick Selous, explorer
Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, explorer, geographer
John Hanning Speke, explorer
Henry M. Stanley, journalist, explorer
John McDouall Stuart, explorer
John L. O'Sullivan, journalist who coined Manifest Destiny
Chokan Valikhanov, explorer ethnographer, historian
Ferdinand von Wrangel, explorer

Photography [link]

One of the first photographs, produced in 1826 by Nicéphore Niépce

Mathew Brady, Self-portrait, c.1875

Ottomar Anschütz, chronophotographer
Mathew Brady, documented the American Civil War
Edward S. Curtis, documented the American West notably Native Americans
Louis Daguerre, inventor of daguerreotype process of photography, chemist
Thomas Eakins, pioneer motion photographer
George Eastman, inventor of the roll of film
Hércules Florence, pioneer inventor of photography
Auguste and Louis Lumière, pioneer filmmakers, inventors
Étienne-Jules Marey, pioneer motion photographer, chronophotographer
Eadweard Muybridge, pioneer motion photographer, chronophotographer
Nadar aka Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, portrait photographer
Nicéphore Niépce, pioneer inventor of photography
Louis Le Prince, motion picture inventor and pioneer filmmaker
Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, chemist and photographer
William Fox Talbot, inventor of the negative / positive photographic process.

Visual artists, painters, sculptors [link]

Main articles: History of painting, Western painting, and Ukiyo-e

Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People (1830, Louvre)

Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise, 1872, gave the name to Impressionism

Ilya Repin, Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, 1880-1891, State Russian Museum

Paul Cézanne, Self-portrait, 1880–1881

Vincent van Gogh, Self-portrait, 1889

The Realism and Romanticism of the early 19th century gave way to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the later half of the century, with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. In the United States the Hudson River School was prominent. 19th century painters included:

Music [link]

Main articles: List of Romantic composers, Romantic music, and Romanticism

Ludwig van Beethoven

Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, Niccolo Paganini, (c.1819), charcoal drawing

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Chopin, by Delacroix, 1838.

Sonata form matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th century. Much of the music from the 19th century was referred to as being in the Romantic style. Many great composers lived through this era such as Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin, Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Richard Wagner. The list includes:

Literature [link]

Main articles: Romantic poetry and 19th century in literature

Charles Dickens

Fyodor Dostoyevsky, 1879

Mark Twain, 1894

Jane Austen

Daguerreotype of Edgar Allan Poe

Arthur Rimbaud c.1872

Anton Chekhov

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Emile Zola, c.1900

On the literary front the new century opens with romanticism, a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18th-century rationalism, and it develops more or less along the lines of the Industrial Revolution, with a design to react against the dramatic changes wrought on nature by the steam engine and the railway. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are considered the initiators of the new school in England, while in the continent the German Sturm und Drang spreads its influence as far as Italy and Spain.

French arts had been hampered by the Napoleonic Wars but subsequently developed rapidly. Modernism began.

The Goncourts and Emile Zola in France and Giovanni Verga in Italy produce some of the finest naturalist novels. Italian naturalist novels are especially important in that they give a social map of the new unified Italy to a people that until then had been scarcely aware of its ethnic and cultural diversity. On February 21, 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published the Communist Manifesto.

There was a huge literary output during the 19th century. Some of the most famous writers included the Russians Alexander Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov and Fyodor Dostoevsky; the English Charles Dickens, John Keats, Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Jane Austen; the Scottish Sir Walter Scott; the Irish Oscar Wilde; the Americans Edgar Allan Poe, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Mark Twain; and the French Victor Hugo, Honoré de Balzac, Jules Verne and Charles Baudelaire. Some other important writers of note included:

Leopoldo Alas
Hans Christian Andersen
Machado de Assis
Jane Austen
Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda
Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer
Elizabeth Barret Browning
Anne Brontë
Charlotte Brontë
Emily Brontë
Georg Büchner
Ivan Bunin
Lord Byron
Rosalía de Castro
François-René de Chateaubriand
Anton Chekhov
Kate Chopin
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
James Fenimore Cooper
Stephen Crane
Eduard Douwes Dekker
Emily Dickinson
Charles Dickens
Arthur Conan Doyle
Alexandre Dumas, père (1802–1870)
José Maria Eça de Queirós
George Eliot
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Gustave Flaubert
Margaret Fuller
Elizabeth Gaskell
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Nikolai Gogol
Juana Manuela Gorriti
Brothers Grimm
Henry Rider Haggard
Ida Gräfin Hahn-Hahn (1805–1880)
Thomas Hardy
Francis Bret Harte
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Friedrich Hölderlin
Heinrich Heine
Henrik Ibsen
Washington Irving
Henry James
John Keats
Caroline Kirkland
Jules Laforgue
Giacomo Leopardi
Mikhail Lermontov
Stéphane Mallarmé
Alessandro Manzoni
José Martí
Clorinda Matto de Turner
Herman Melville
Friedrich Nietzsche
Manuel González Prada
Marcel Proust
Aleksandr Pushkin
Fritz Reuter (1810–1874)
Arthur Rimbaud
John Ruskin
George Sand (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
Mary Shelley
Percy Shelley
Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle)
Robert Louis Stevenson
Bram Stoker
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Henry David Thoreau
Leo Tolstoy
Ivan Turgenev
Mark Twain
Paul Verlaine
Jules Verne
Lew Wallace
HG Wells
Walt Whitman
Oscar Wilde
William Wordsworth
Émile Zola
José Zorrilla

Science [link]

Charles Darwin

Dmitri Mendeleev

Nadar, Louis Pasteur, 1878

Mme. Marie Curie, c.1898

The 19th century saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell.^[11] Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of Charles Darwin, who in 1859 published the book The Origin of Species, which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection. Dmitri Mendeleev created the first periodic table of elements. Louis Pasteur made the first vaccine against rabies, and also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, including the asymmetry of crystals. Thomas Alva Edison gave the world a practical everyday lightbulb. Karl Weierstrass and other mathematicians also carried out the arithmetization of analysis for functions of real and complex variables; they also began the use of hypercomplex numbers. But the most important step in science at this time was the ideas formulated by Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell. Their work changed the face of physics and made possible for new technology to come about. Other important 19th century scientists included:

Amedeo Avogadro, physicist
Johann Jakob Balmer, mathematician, physicist
Henri Becquerel, physicist
Alexander Graham Bell, inventor
Ludwig Boltzmann, physicist
János Bolyai, mathematician
Louis Braille, inventor of braille
Robert Bunsen, chemist
Marie Curie, physicist, chemist
Pierre Curie, physicist
Gottlieb Daimler, engineer, industrial designer and industrialist
Christian Doppler, physicist, mathematician
Thomas Edison, inventor
Michael Faraday, scientist
Léon Foucault, physicist
Gottlob Frege, mathematician, logician and philosopher
Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis
Carl Friedrich Gauss, mathematician, physicist, astronomer
Josiah Willard Gibbs, physicist
Ernst Haeckel, biologist
William Rowan Hamilton, physicist and mathematician
Oliver Heaviside, electrical engineer, physical mathematician
Heinrich Hertz, physicist
Alexander von Humboldt, naturalist, explorer
Robert Koch, physician, bacteriologist
Justus von Liebig, chemist
Nikolai Lobachevsky, mathematician
James Clerk Maxwell, physicist
Wilhelm Maybach, car-engine and automobile designer and industrialist
Ilya Mechnikov, biologist
Gregor Mendel, biologist
Dmitri Mendeleev, chemist
Samuel Morey, inventor
Alfred Nobel, chemist, engineer, inventor
Louis Pasteur, microbiologist and chemist
Ivan Pavlov, physiologist
Santiago Ramón y Cajal, biologist
Bernhard Riemann, mathematician
William Emerson Ritter, biologist
Vladimir Shukhov, inventor
Nikola Tesla, inventor
William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, physicist

Philosophy and religion [link]

Karl Marx

Friedrich Nietzsche

Mikhail Bakunin

The 19th century was host to a variety of religious and philosophical thinkers, including:

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad founded the Ahmadiyya Islamic movement in India.
Bahá'u'lláh founded the Bahá'í Faith in Persia
Mikhail Bakunin, anarchist
William Booth, social reformer, founder of the Salvation Army
Auguste Comte, philosopher
Mary Baker Eddy, religious leader, founder of Christian Science
Friedrich Engels, political philosopher
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, philosopher
Allan Kardec, sistematizer of the Spiritist Doctrine
Søren Kierkegaard, philosopher
Peter Kropotkin, anarchist
Karl Marx, political philosopher
Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Mutualist anarchist
John Stuart Mill, philosopher
Krste Petkov Misirkov, philosopher and historian
William Morris, social reformer
Friedrich Nietzsche, philosopher
Nikolai (Nicholas) of Japan, religious leader, introduced Eastern Orthodoxy into Japan
Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, Hindu mystic
Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, founder of French socialism
Arthur Schopenhauer, philosopher
Joseph Smith, Jr. and Brigham Young, founders of Mormonism
Vladimir Solovyov, philosopher
Leo Tolstoy, anarchist
Ayya Vaikundar, initiator of the belief system of Ayyavazhi
Ellen White religious author and co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church

Politics and the Military [link]

John Adams, American statesman, lawyer, and president
John Quincy Adams, U.S. congressman, lawyer, and president
Alexander I of Russia
Alexander III of Russia
Susan B. Anthony, U.S. women's rights advocate
Pyotr Bagration, Russian general
Otto von Bismarck, German chancellor
Napoleon Bonaparte, French general, first consul and emperor
John C. Calhoun, U.S. senator
Henry Clay, U.S. statesman, "The Great Compromiser"
Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America just before and during the American Civil War.
Benjamin Disraeli, novelist and politician
Frederick Douglass, U.S. abolitionist spokesman
Ferdinand VII of Spain
Joseph Fouché, French politician
John C. Frémont, Explorer, Governor of California
Giuseppe Garibaldi, unifier of Italy and Piedmontese soldier
Alexander Gorchakov, Russian Chancellor
Isabella II of Spain
Gojong of Joseon, Korean emperor
William Lloyd Garrison, U.S. abolitionist leader
Mikhail Loris-Melikov, Russian statesman
William Ewart Gladstone, British prime minister
Ulysses S. Grant, U.S. general and president
George Hearst, U.S. Senator and father of William Randolph Hearst
Theodor Herzl, founder of modern political Zionism
Andrew Jackson, U.S. general and president
Thomas Jefferson, American statesman, philosopher, and president
Ioannis Kapodistrias, Russian and Greek statesman
Lajos Kossuth, Hungarian governor; leader of the war of independence
Mikhail Kutuzov, Russian general
Robert E. Lee, Confederate general
Libertadores, Latin American liberators
Abraham Lincoln, U.S. president; led the nation during the American Civil War
Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada, first Prime Minister of Canada
Klemens von Metternich, Austrian Chancellor
Mutsuhito, Japanese emperor
Pavel Nakhimov, Russian admiral
Napoleon III
Karl Nesselrode, Russian Chancellor
Nicholas I of Russia
Pedro II of Brazil
Cecil Rhodes
Theodore Roosevelt, Explorer, Naturalist, future President of The United States
William Tecumseh Sherman, Union general during the American Civil War
Fulwar Skipwith, the first and only president of the short lived Republic of West Florida
Mikhail Skobelev, Russian general
Leland Stanford, Governor of California, U.S. Senator, entrepreneur
István Széchenyi, aristocrat, leader of the Hungarian reform movement
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, French politician
Harriet Tubman, African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, played a part in the Underground Railroad
William M. Tweed, aka Boss Tweed, influential New York City politician, head of Tammany Hall
Queen Victoria, British monarch
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, British General and prime minister
Sergei Witte, Russian statesman
Hong Xiuquan, revolutionary, self-proclaimed Son of God
Aleksey Yermolov, Russian general
Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Japanese Shogun (The Last Shogun)

External links [link]

Media related to 19th century at Wikimedia Commons

Supplementary portrait gallery [link]

Allan Kardec
Deputies Bat Masterson and Wyatt Earp in Dodge City, 1876
Otto von Bismarck, the Iron Chancellor
Henry David Thoreau, August 1861.
The last Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu, c. 1867
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Thomas Nast, c. 1860–1875, photo by Mathew Brady or Levin Handy
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
Leo Tolstoy, 1897
Søren Kierkegaard

References [link]

^ Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Inventions. Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ "The United States and the Industrial Revolution in the 19th Century"
^ Laura Del Col, West Virginia University, The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England
^ Modernization – Population Change. Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Liberalism in the 19th century. Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Sailing against slavery. By Jo Loosemore. BBC.
^ The Atlantic: Can the US afford immigration?. Migration News. December 1996.
^ Spring Hermann (1997) "Geronimo: Apache freedom fighter". Enslow Publishers. p.26 ISBN 0-89490-864-2
^ "Killing ground: photographs of the Civil War and the changing American landscape". John Huddleston (2002). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6773-8
^ Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
^ "William Whewell". Stanford University. http://www.science.uva.nl/~seop/entries/whewell/. Retrieved 2008-03-03.

v t e Romanticism

Countries	Denmark England (literature) France (literature) Germany Norway Poland Scotland

Movements	Bohemianism Counter-Enlightenment Gesamtkunstwerk Gothic Revival (architecture) Ossian Romantic nationalism Transcendentalism Wallenrodism

Writers	Andersen A. v. Arnim B. v. Arnim Barbauld Batyushkov Bertrand Blake Brentano Bryant Burns Byron Chateaubriand Clare Coleridge Cooper Dias Eichendorff Emerson Espronceda Foscolo Garrett Gautier Goethe Grimm Brothers Hauff Hawthorne Heine Herculano Hoffmann Hölderlin Hugo Irving Jean Paul Karamzin Keats Kleist Krasiński Lamartine Larra Leopardi Lermontov Mácha Malczewski Manzoni Mickiewicz Musset Nerval Norwid Novalis Oehlenschläger Poe Polidori Potocki Prešeren Pushkin Schiller Schwab Scott M. Shelley P. B. Shelley Shevchenko Słowacki de Staël Stendhal Tieck Uhland Wordsworth Zhukovsky Zorrilla

Musicians	Adam Alkan Auber Beethoven Bellini Berlioz Bertin Berwald Chopin Félicien David Ferdinand David Donizetti Field Franck Glinka Halévy Kalkbrenner Liszt Loewe Marschner Masarnau Méhul Fanny Mendelssohn Felix Mendelssohn Meyerbeer Niedermeyer Moscheles Paganini Reicha Rossini Schubert Clara Schumann Robert Schumann Smetana Spontini Thalberg Verdi Voříšek Wagner Weber

Theologists and philosophers	Coleridge Feuerbach Fichte Goethe Hegel Müller Schiller A. Schlegel F. Schlegel Schleiermacher Tieck Wackenroder

Visual artists	Blake Bryullov Constable Corot Dahl Delacroix Düsseldorf School Friedrich Fuseli Géricault Goya Gude Hayez Hudson River School Leutze Martin Michałowski Nazarene movement Palmer Runge Turner Veit Ward Wiertz

« Age of Enlightenment Realism »

Decades and years

19th century
17th century←18th century← ↔ →20th century→21st century

1790s	1790	1791	1792	1793	1794	1795	1796	1797	1798	1799
1800–1809	1800	1801	1802	1803	1804	1805	1806	1807	1808	1809
1810s	1810	1811	1812	1813	1814	1815	1816	1817	1818	1819
1820s	1820	1821	1822	1823	1824	1825	1826	1827	1828	1829
1830s	1830	1831	1832	1833	1834	1835	1836	1837	1838	1839
1840s	1840	1841	1842	1843	1844	1845	1846	1847	1848	1849
1850s	1850	1851	1852	1853	1854	1855	1856	1857	1858	1859
1860s	1860	1861	1862	1863	1864	1865	1866	1867	1868	1869
1870s	1870	1871	1872	1873	1874	1875	1876	1877	1878	1879
1880s	1880	1881	1882	1883	1884	1885	1886	1887	1888	1889
1890s	1890	1891	1892	1893	1894	1895	1896	1897	1898	1899
1900–1909	1900	1901	1902	1903	1904	1905	1906	1907	1908	1909

Centuries and millenniums

Millennium	Century
BC (BCE)
4th	40th	39th	38th	37th	36th	35th	34th	33rd	32nd	31st
3rd	30th	29th	28th	27th	26th	25th	24th	23rd	22nd	21st
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1st	10th	9th	8th	7th	6th	5th	4th	3rd	2nd	1st
AD (CE)
1st	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th	8th	9th	10th
2nd	11th	12th	13th	14th	15th	16th	17th	18th	19th	20th
3rd	21st	22nd	23rd	24th	25th	26th	27th	28th	29th	30th
4th	31st	32nd	33rd	34th	35th	36th	37th	38th	39th	40th

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For the defunct avant-garde metal band from Kristiansand, Norway, see In the Woods...

In the Woods
Cover of In The Woods
Author(s)	Tana French
Country	Ireland
Language	English
Series	Dublin Murder Squad
Genre(s)	Mystery
Publisher	Viking Adult
Publication date	30 January 2007
Media type	Print (Hardcover)
Pages	496
ISBN	978-0-670-03860-2
OCLC Number	191864570
Dewey Decimal	823/.92 22
LC Classification	PR6106.R457 I52 2007
Followed by	The Likeness: A Novel

In the Woods is a 2007 mystery novel by Tana French about a pair of Irish detectives and their investigation of the murder of a twelve year old girl. The novel won several awards such as the 2008 Edgar Award for Best First Novel By An American Author,^[1] the 2008 Barry Award for Best First Novel,^[2] the 2008 Macavity Award for Best First Mystery Novel,^[3] and the 2008 Anthony Award for Best First Novel.^[4]

1 Plot
2 Reception
3 Awards and nominations
4 References

Plot [link]

Twenty years prior to the novel's events, twelve year-old Adam and his two best friends failed to come home after playing in the familiar woods bordering their Irish housing estate. A search is called by the families, and the police find Adam shivering, clawing the bark of a nearby tree, blood on his shoes and slash marks on his back. He is unable to tell them what happened or where his friends are. His amnesia holds to the present day, where he goes by his middle name, Rob, to avoid the attention of the media to his famous case. His friends were never found.

The plot of the novel circles around the murder of a twelve year old girl, Katy Devlin, whose case Rob and his partner Cassie Maddox are given to investigate. The body is found in the same woods where Rob’s friends disappeared, at an archeological dig site, and the coincidence is enough to make Rob nervous, though he insists to his partner that he is fine.

Cassie and Rob have been partners for a few years and get along famously, teasing one another and completing one another’s thoughts. There are many rumors at the station that they are romantically involved, though both of them scoff at the idea, despite the fact that they live almost like a married couple, spending a lot of time at Cassie’s cooking dinner for one another, drinking wine, and having Rob crash on Cassie’s couch across the room.

Katy’s murder takes the pair along many lines of investigation. Her death might be related to her father’s protests against the new highway meant to go straight through the dig site, or one of the students on the dig might have attacked her. She might have been abused by her father or someone else (her mother, twin sister, or older sister) in the family. She might have been previously poisoned over time. Or it might be related to the disappearance of Rob’s friends, as a hair clip that one of his friends was wearing that day appeared near the crime scene.

These possibilities are investigated, but the detectives come up frustratingly empty-handed at every turn. The case messes with Rob’s psyche as he tries to remember details about the two previous disappearances in case it would help. He tries spending the night in the woods, but freaks out and calls Cassie to pick him up. He’s afraid to sleep again, thinking that he’ll just have nightmares, so Cassie allows him into her bed. Things escalate from there and they end up having sex.

Rob feels immensely awkward after and can’t go back to their normal jokey-insult ways, but also feels that he can’t start a relationship with her. Their partnership deteriorates just as they start to uncover new leads in the case and they are unable to discuss the case and get along the way they used to.

Rob goes back to the dig site alone, where all the students are frantically digging before the site is shut down for the construction of the highway. He comes to a realization and calls in the forensics team again, who discover the location of the murder in a shed to which only three people have the key. After some heavy interrogation, one of the suspects confesses, though his motive is far from clear.

It becomes clearer when the suspect contends that he had been dating Katy’s older sister, Rosalind. When questioned by Cassie, she denies it and any involvement in Katy’s death, but also makes a comment that Cassie is obviously sleeping with Rob. Cassie takes it in stride, but after the interrogation, she has an idea of how to get a confession out of Rosalind: Go to her and admit sleeping with Rob and promise to keep her updated on the case if she promises not to tell.

Rosalind’s psychopathic tendencies get the better of her, and once she knows that she has Cassie in her debt, she brags about the whole thing and how she got the murderer to come up with the idea by telling him that all three girls were being sexually abused by their father, but that Katy liked it and was therefore their father’s favorite. Rosalind also told him that Katy told their father lies to make him beat them and would watch and laugh, that if Katy was gone, then they would be happy. She also admitted to Cassie that Katy was strong-willed and wouldn’t always do as Rosalind told her, so she had poisoned her to make her sick. After this confession, recorded on a wire, Cassie arrests her and takes her in, but because Rosalind was a few months from turning 18 (though she had told Rob previously that she was already 18), the confession is invalid. She is released with a smug smile.

The Police Captain has learned that Rob is actually Adam Ryan and confines him to desk work. He never goes back to Detective work. Cassie starts dating someone else and gets engaged. Rob is heartbroken and calls her, but it’s too late. He goes to the dig site to see the highway construction has begun, and thinks that he’ll never regain his lost memories of that night.

Reception [link]

Thomas Gaughan of Booklist gave In the Woods a starred review and hailed it as “…a superior novel about cops, murder, memory, relationships, and modern Ireland. The characters of Ryan and Maddox, as well as a handful of others, are vividly developed… Equally striking is the picture of contemporary Ireland, booming economically and fixated on the shabbiest aspects of American popular culture. An outstanding debut and a series to watch for procedural fans.” ^[5] Publishers Weekly praised author French, saying she “… expertly walks the line between police procedural and psychological thriller in her debut” and that “Ryan and Maddox are empathetic and flawed heroes, whose partnership and friendship elevate the narrative beyond a gory tale of murdered children and repressed childhood trauma.” ^[5] Kirkus Reviews said of the novel, “When not lengthily bogged down in angst, a readable, non-formulaic police procedural with a twist. It’s ultimately the confession of a damaged man.” ^[6]

Awards and nominations [link]

Edgar Award for Best First Novel By An American Author, 2008^[1]
Barry Award for Best First Novel, 2008^[2]
Macavity Award for Best First Mystery Novel, 2008^[3]
Anthony Award for Best First Novel, 2008^[4]

References [link]

^ ^a ^b "Mystery Writers of America Announces the 2008 Edgar Award Winners". 2008-05-01. http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/05-01-2008/0004805000. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
^ ^a ^b "Barry Awards". Deadly Pleasures Mystery Magazine. 9 October 2008. http://www.deadlypleasures.com/barry.html. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Macavity Awards". Mystery Readers International. 2008. http://www.mysteryreaders.org/macavity.html. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
^ ^a ^b "History and Anthony Awards". Bouchercon World Mystery Convention. October 2008. http://www.bouchercon.info/history.html. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
^ ^a ^b "In the Woods". Amazon. http://www.amazon.com/Woods-Tana-French/dp/0670038601. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
^ "In the Woods". Kirkus Reviews. 15 April 2007. http://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/fiction/tana-french/in-the-woods/#review. Retrieved 2 September 2011.

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Alice Artzt (born 1943) is an American guitarist from New York.

She studied with Julian Bream, Ida Presti and Alexandre Lagoya and made her concert debut in 1969 at the Wigmore Hall, London. Since then, she has played concerts in parts of Europe, Africa, Central America, Asia, the United States, and South America.

She is an avid Charlie Chaplin enthusiast.

External links [link]

Biography (Mel Bay)
Information (Guitar Foundation of America)
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Views on Bach: an historical perspective EGTA Guitar Journal no. 3 (1992)

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Persondata
Name	Artzt, Alice
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1943
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

This article on a classical guitarist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

http://wn.com/Alice_Artzt

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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

"William Burke" redirects here. For other people with the same name, see William Burke (disambiguation).

"Burke & Hare" and "Burke and Hare" redirect here. For other uses, see Burke and Hare (disambiguation).

William Burke and William Hare
Hare and Burke
Background information
Born	Ireland
Died	28 January 1829(1829-01-28) (aged 37) (Burke)
Cause of death	Hanged
Penalty	Death (Burke)
Killings
Number of victims	17
Country	Scotland

The Burke and Hare murders (nickname West Port murders) were serial murders perpetrated in Edinburgh, Scotland, from November 1827 to October 31, 1828. The killings were attributed to Irish immigrants William Burke and William Hare, who sold the corpses of their 17 victims to provide material for dissection. Their purchaser was Doctor Robert Knox, a private anatomy lecturer whose students were drawn from Edinburgh Medical College. Their accomplices included Burke's mistress, Helen McDougal, and Hare's wife, Margaret Laird.^[1] From their infamous method of killing their victims has come the word "burking", meaning to purposefully smother and compress the chest of a victim, and a derived meaning, to quietly suppress.^[2]^[3]

1 Historical background
2 Burke and Hare
3 Murders
4 Detection
5 Aftermath
6 Political consequences
7 In media portrayals and popular culture
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links

Historical background [link]

Main article: History of anatomy in the 19th century

Before 1832, there were insufficient cadavers legitimately available for the study and teaching of anatomy in British medical schools. The University of Edinburgh was an institution universally renowned for medical sciences. As medical science began to flourish in the early nineteenth century, demand rose sharply, but at the same time, the only legal supply of cadavers—the bodies of executed criminals—had fallen due to a sharp reduction in the execution rate in the early nineteenth century, brought about by the repeal of the Bloody Code. Only about two or three corpses per year were available for a large number of students. This situation attracted criminal elements who were willing to obtain specimens by any means. The activities of body-snatchers (also called resurrectionists) gave rise to particular public fear and revulsion. It was a short step from grave-robbing to anatomy murder.

Burke and Hare [link]

Old Surgeons' Hall, Edinburgh

Burke (1792 – 28 January 1829) was born in Urney, near Strabane, in the very west of County Tyrone, part of the Province of Ulster in the north of Ireland. Urney, a small district where the village of Clady is located, lies on the eastern bank of the River Finn, just across from County Donegal. After trying his hand at a variety of trades and serving as an officer's servant in the Donegal Militia, he left his wife and two children in Ireland and emigrated to Scotland about 1817, working as a navvy for the Union Canal. There he met Helen McDougal. Burke afterwards worked as a labourer, weaver, baker and a cobbler.

Hare's (born 1792 or 1804) birthplace is variously given as Poyntzpass near Newry, or Derry, both of which are also in the Province of Ulster in Ireland. Like Burke, he emigrated to Scotland and worked as a Union Canal labourer. He then moved to Edinburgh, where he met a man named Logue, who ran a lodging-house in the West Port. When Logue died in 1826, Hare married Margaret Laird, Logue's widow. Margaret Hare continued to run the lodging house, and Hare worked on the canal.

[Note on the origins of Hare from the Newry Telegraph, 31 March 1829]

Hare the Murderer.
On Friday evening last Hare the murderer called in a public house in Scarva accompanied by his wife and child and having ordered a naggin of whiskey he began to enquire for the welfare of every member of the family of the house, with well affected solicitude. However, as Hare is a native of this neighbourhood, he was very soon recognised and ordered to leave the place immediately, with which he complied after attempting to palliate his horrid crimes by describing them as having been the effects of intoxication. He took the road towards Loughbrickland followed by a number of boys yelling and threatening in such a manner as obliged him to take through the fields with such speed that he soon disappeared whilst his unfortunate wife remained on the road imploring forgiveness and denying, in the most solemn manner, any participation in the crimes of her wretched husband. They now reside at the house of an uncle of Hare’s near Loughbrickland.
Hare was born and bred about one half mile distant from Scarva in the opposite county of Armagh and shortly before his departure from this country he lived in the service of Mr Hall, the keeper of the eleventh lock near Poyntzpass. He was chiefly engaged in driving the horses which his master employed in hauling lighters on the Newry Canal. He was always remarkable for being of a ferocious and malignant disposition, an instance of which he gave in the killing of one of his Master’s horses, which obliged him to fly to Scotland where he perpetrated those unparalleled crimes that must always secure him a conspicuous page in the annals of murder.
[Correspondence of The Northern Whig]

Murders [link]

Dr Robert Knox, the surgeon implicated in the West Port murders, c.1830

In late 1828^{[citation needed]}, Burke and McDougal moved into Tanner's Close, in the West Port area of Edinburgh, where Margaret Hare kept a lodging-house. Burke had met Margaret on previous trips to Edinburgh, but it is not known whether he was previously acquainted with Hare. Once Burke arrived in Tanner's Corner, they became good friends.^[4] According to Hare's later testimony, the first body they sold was that of a tenant who had died of natural causes, an old army pensioner who owed Hare £4 rent. Instead of burying the body, they filled the coffin with bark and brought the cadaver to Edinburgh University, looking for a purchaser. According to Burke's later testimony, a student directed them to Surgeon's Square where they sold the body for £7.10s (2010:£731 US$1,130) to Dr. Robert Knox, a local anatomist.^[5]

Burke and Hare's first murder victim was a sick tenant, Joseph the Miller, whom they plied with whisky and then suffocated. When there were no other sickly tenants, they decided to lure a victim from the street. In February 1828, they invited pensioner Abigail Simpson to spend the night before her return to home. Using the same modus operandi, they served Simpson alcohol with the intention of intoxicating her, and then smothered her. They were paid £10.^[5]

Hare's wife, Margaret, invited a woman to the inn, plied her with drink, and then sent for her husband. Next, Burke encountered two women in the section of Edinburgh known as the Canongate, Mary Patterson and Janet Brown. He invited them to breakfast, but Brown left when an argument broke out between McDougal and Burke. When she returned, she was told that Patterson had left with Burke; in fact, she, too, had been taken to Dr. Knox's dissecting rooms.^[5] The two women were described as prostitutes in contemporary accounts.^[6]^[7] The story later arose that some of Knox's students recognized the dead Patterson.^[8]

The next victim was an acquaintance of Burke, a bigger woman called Effie. They were paid £10 for her body. Then Burke "saved" a woman from police by claiming that he knew her. He delivered her body to the medical school just hours later. The next two victims were an old woman and her blind grandson. While the grandmother died from an overdose on painkillers, Hare took the young boy and stretched him over his knee, then proceeded to break his back. Both bodies were ultimately sold for £8 each. The next two victims were Burke's acquaintance "Mrs. Ostler" and one of McDougal's relatives, Ann Dougal.

Another victim was Elizabeth Haldane, a former lodger who, down on her luck, asked to sleep in Hare's stable. Burke and Hare also murdered her daughter Peggy Haldane a few months later.^{[citation needed]}

Burke and Hare's next victim was an even better-known person, a mentally retarded young man with a limp, named James Wilson, called "Daft Jamie", who was 18 at the time of his murder. The boy resisted, and the pair had to kill him together. His mother began to ask for her boy. When Dr. Knox uncovered the body the next morning, several students recognized Jamie. His head and feet were cut off after Knox had shown his students the body. Knox denied that it was Jamie, but he apparently began to dissect the cadaver's face first.^{[citation needed]}

The last victim was Marjory Campbell Docherty. Burke lured her into the lodging house by claiming that his mother was also a Docherty, but he had to wait to complete his murderous task because of the presence of lodgers James and Ann Gray. The Grays left for the night and neighbours heard the sounds of a struggle.^{[citation needed]}

Detection [link]

The execution of William Burke in the Lawnmarket, 28 January 1829; as depicted on a contemporary broadsheet.

The next day, Ann Gray, who had returned, became suspicious when Burke would not let her approach a bed where she had left her stockings. When the Grays were left alone in the house in the early evening, they checked the bed and found Docherty's body under it. On their way to alert the police, they ran into McDougal who tried to bribe them with an offer of £10 a week. They refused.

Burke and Hare had removed the body from the house before the police arrived. However, under questioning, Burke claimed that Docherty had left at 7:00 a.m., while McDougal claimed that she had left in the evening. The police arrested them. An anonymous tip-off led them to Knox's classroom where they found Docherty's body, which James Gray identified. William and Margaret Hare were arrested soon thereafter. The murder spree had lasted twelve months.

When an Edinburgh paper wrote about the disappearances on 6 November 1828, Janet Brown went to the police and identified her friend Mary Patterson's clothing.

The evidence against the pair was not overwhelming, so Lord Advocate Sir William Rae offered Hare immunity from prosecution if he confessed and agreed to testify against Burke. Hare's testimony led to Burke's death sentence in December 1828. He was hanged on 28 January 1829, after which he was publicly dissected at the Edinburgh Medical College.^[9] The dissecting professor, Alexander Monro, dipped his quill pen into Burke's blood and wrote "This is written with the blood of Wm Burke, who was hanged at Edinburgh. This blood was taken from his head."^[10] His skeleton and death mask are displayed at the University of Edinburgh's Anatomical Museum.^[11] Items made from his tanned skin are displayed at Surgeon's Hall. A calling card case made out of Willliam Burke's skin is on display at The Police Information Centre in Edinburgh's Royal Mile.^[12]^[13]

McDougal was released, since her complicity to the murders was not provable. Knox was not prosecuted, despite public outrage at his role in providing an incentive for the 16 murders. Burke swore in his confession that Knox had known nothing of the origin of the cadavers.^[5]

Aftermath [link]

McDougal returned to her house but was attacked by an angry mob. She may have returned to her family in Stirling. She was rumoured to have left for Australia where she died around 1868. Margaret Hare also escaped lynching and reputedly returned to Ireland. Nothing more is known about her.^{[citation needed]}

Hare was released in February 1829, and many popular tales tell of him as a blind beggar on the streets of London, having been mobbed and thrown in a lime pit. However, none of these reports were ever confirmed. The last known sighting of him was in the English town of Carlisle.^{[citation needed]}

Knox kept silent about his dealings with Burke and Hare, and he continued to employ Edinburgh body-snatchers while lecturing on anatomy. After the Anatomy Act was passed in 1832, his popularity among students decreased. His applications for formal positions in the Edinburgh Medical School were rejected. He moved to the Cancer Hospital in London and died in 1862.^{[citation needed]}

Political consequences [link]

The murders highlighted the crisis in medical education and led to the subsequent passing of the Anatomy Act 1832, which expanded the legal supply of medical cadavers to eliminate the incentive for such behaviour. About the law, an editorial in The Lancet stated:

Burke and Hare ... it is said, are the real authors of the measure, and that which would never have been sanctioned by the deliberate wisdom of parliament, is about to be extorted from its fears ... It would have been well if this fear had been manifested and acted upon before sixteen human beings had fallen victims to the supineness of the Government and the Legislature. It required no extraordinary sagacity, to foresee that the worst consequences must inevitably result from the system of traffic between resurrectionists and anatomists, which the executive government has so long suffered to exist. Government is already in a great degree, responsible for the crime which it has fostered by its negligence, and even encouraged by a system of forbearance.^[14]

In media portrayals and popular culture [link]

Burke's preserved skeleton

Doun the close and up the stair,
But an' ben wi' Burke and Hare.
Burke's the butcher, Hare's the thief,
Knox, the boy that buys the beef.

—19th-century Edinburgh skipping rhyme

Folk tales about "Burkers" attacking travelers, especially children, to sell their cadavers are still common in Scotland.^[15]

The Burke and Hare murders are referenced in Robert Louis Stevenson's short story, "The Body Snatcher", which portrays two doctors in Robert Knox's employ responsible for buying the corpses from the killers.

The 1945 film The Body Snatcher, directed by Robert Wise, stars Bela Lugosi and Boris Karloff.^[16] The murders were adapted into a 1948 film with the working title Crimes of Burke and Hare; however, the British Board of Film Censors deemed its topic too disturbing and insisted that references to Burke and Hare be excised. The film was redubbed with alternative dialogue and characters, and was released as The Greed of William Hart.^[17]

Dylan Thomas' 1953 screenplay, The Doctor and the Devils, is a retelling of the Burke and Hare murder story, in which the names of the characters were altered. It was realised as a film in 1985 which starred Timothy Dalton as Dr Rock (Thomas' characterisation of Dr Knox) and was directed by Freddie Francis.^[18]

The 1960 film The Flesh and the Fiends starred Peter Cushing as Knox, Donald Pleasence as Hare and George Rose as Burke.^[19] The following year, The Anatomist featured Alastair Sim as Knox.^[20]

The New Exhibit, a 1963 episode of The Twilight Zone, features Burke and Hare along with several other historical murderers as exhibits in a wax museum tended by curator Martin Balsam.

The 23 November 1964 episode of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, "The McGregor Affair" featured Burke and Hare as characters. Andrew Duggan starred as McGregor, a man who hauls items for Burke and Hare. Burke was played by Arthur Malet, and Hare by Michael Pate.

In the 1965 T.V show The Munsters, season 1, Herman Munster (Fred Gwynne) is showing home movies In which we see two grave robbers. Herman claims that he knew them (Burke and Hare) back in the day.

The 1971 film Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde transported Burke and Hare into the late Victorian era and portrayed them as being employed by Dr. Jekyll. Burke was played by Ivor Dean and Hare by Tony Calvin.

The 1971 film Burke & Hare starred Derren Nesbitt as Burke and Glynn Edwards as Hare.

In the 1989 children's show Tugs, two scrap dealers are known as Burke and Blair, a parody of the two corpse dealers.

In 1999 a novel inspired by Burke and Hare, Grave Robbers, was written by Robin Mitchell and published by Luath Press, Edinburgh.

The 2004 Doctor Who audio drama Medicinal Purposes placed the Sixth Doctor (Colin Baker) amidst the events of the murders; the play featured Leslie Phillips as Dr. Knox and David Tennant (who would later become the Tenth Doctor) as Daft Jamie.^[21]

I Sell The Dead, a 2008 comedy horror film, has pub patrons claiming career grave-robbers Willie and Arthur are successful rivals for Burke and Hare's notoriety.

Burke & Hare, a comedy film loosely based upon the historical case, starring Simon Pegg as Burke and Andy Serkis as Hare, and directed by John Landis, began filming in early 2010, and was released in the UK on 29 October 2010. It received a North American release in 2011.^[22]^[23]

In April 2012, Channel 4 TV featured on its Four Rooms show the card case made out of skin taken from William Burke's hand.

Notes [link]

^ "William Burke & William Hare". http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/weird/burke/foursome_2.html.
^ "Definition at dictionary.com". http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Burking.
^ "Definition at Merriam Webster". http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/burking.
^ Howard, Amanda; Martin Smith (2004). "William Burke and William Hare". River of Blood: Serial Killers and Their Victims. Universal. p. 50. ISBN 1-58112-518-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "William Burke, Confessions". West Port Murders. Edinburgh: Thomas Ireland. 1829.
^ West Port Murders. Edinburgh: Thomas Ireland. 1829.
^ "Preface". Trial of William Burke and Helen McDougal. Edinburgh: Robert Buchanan. 1829.
^ Lonsdale, Henry (1870). A Sketch of the Life and Writings of Robert Knox, the Anatomist. London: MacMillan.
^ Howard, Amanda; Martin Smith (2004). "William Burke and William Hare". River of Blood: Serial Killers and Their Victims. Universal. p. 54. ISBN 1-58112-518-6.
^ Rosner, Lisa (2009). The Anatomy Murders. Penn Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4191-4.
^ "Anatomical Museum - Edinburgh University". Anatomy.mvm.ed.ac.uk. http://www.anatomy.mvm.ed.ac.uk/museum/explore-spotlight.php. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
^ "Burke's skin pocket book". Scotland Medicine. Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. http://www.webcitation.org/5bUW8rrX2. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
^ "William Burke". Gazetteer for Scotland. Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. http://www.webcitation.org/5bUWKr0cS. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
^ "''The Lancet'' editorial, 1828-9 (1), pp 818–21, 28 March 1829". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=YTtPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA818&lpg=PA818#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
^ "Burke and Hare Sources: Scottish Folktales and Oral Histories". http://burkeandhare.com/bhcredits.htm. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
^ The Body Snatcher (1945) at the Internet Movie Database
^ The Greed of William Hart (1948) at the Internet Movie Database
^ The Doctor and the Devils (1985) at the Internet Movie Database
^ The Flesh and the Fiends (1960) at the Internet Movie Database
^ The Anatomist (1961) at the Internet Movie Database
^ "Medicinal Purposes". Big Finish Productions. http://www.bigfinish.com/60-Doctor-Who-Medicinal-Purposes. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
^ Shaun of the Dead's Simon Pegg becomes body snatcher in new film... with Gollum as a sidekick, The Daily Mail, 24 February 2010
^ First look at Pegg & Serkis' deadly duo, Empire, 23 March 2010

References [link]

Howard, Amanda; Martin Smith (2004). "William Burke and William Hare". River of Blood: Serial Killers and Their Victims. Universal. ISBN 1-58112-518-6.

External links [link]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Burke, William.

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http://ru.wn.com/Уэст-портские убийства

http://de.wn.com/West-Port-Morde

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke_and_Hare_murders

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Adrian Pasdar
Pasdar at ComicCon, July 2008
Born	Adrian Kayvan Pasdar (1965-04-30) April 30, 1965 (age 47) Pittsfield, Massachusetts, United States
Occupation	Actor and film director
Spouse	Natalie Maines (2000–present)

Adrian Kayvan Pasdar (English pronunciation: /ˈpæzdɑr/, Persian pronunciation: [ˈpɒːsdɒːɾ]; born April 30, 1965) is an Iranian-American actor, voice artist, and film director. He is known for playing Jim Profit on the TV series Profit, for his roles in Near Dark, Carlito's Way, Mysterious Ways and as Nathan Petrelli on Heroes. Additionally, he directed the feature film Cement. Pasdar is the current voice of Iron Man in Marvel Anime, as well as in the animated series, Ultimate Spider-Man.^[1]

1 Early years
2 Acting career
3 Acting and directing
- 3.1 Film
- 3.2 Television
4 Personal life
5 Awards and nominations
6 Filmography (as actor)
7 Filmography (as director)
8 Audiobook narration
9 Further reading
10 References
11 External links

Early years [link]

Pasdar was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. His father, Homayoon Pasdar, was an Iranian immigrant and cardiac surgeon, with a practice near Philadelphia. His mother, Rosemarie (née Sberesny), was born in Königsberg/Kaliningrad, a German city until 1945, now part of Russia. She worked as a nurse before becoming an English teacher and travel agent in France.^[2]

Pasdar graduated from Marple Newtown Senior High School in Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, and received a football scholarship to the University of Florida to play linebacker.^[3] He was badly injured in a car accident during his freshman year. The accident left his face scarred, his legs badly injured, and kept him in a wheelchair for several months, at which time he had to finish his freshman year while undergoing intensive physical therapy.

Anamarie "Pink" Pasdar is the younger sister of Adrian Pasdar. She appeared in the Mysterious Ways episode "Handshake".^[4] She was the Associate Artistic Director (c. 2007-2008) at American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco.

Acting career [link]

Pasdar turned his attention to campus stage productions and rediscovered an early interest in writing and acting. No longer able to play football, he dropped out of school and returned home, taking a job with a theater group, People's Light and Theatre Company. There he worked on sound and lighting as part of the stage crew responsible for set construction. He had a painful accident on the set, cutting off the end of his left thumb. His resulting medical compensation paid for attendance at the Lee Strasberg Theater Institute in New York.

Pasdar was also selected to play a bit part as a police officer in the Dixie Chicks video for their song, "Goodbye Earl". The music video won both the Academy of Country Music and the Country Music Association's Video of the Year Awards in 2000.

Acting and directing [link]

Film [link]

At the age of 19, he auditioned for a role in Top Gun. Director Tony Scott was so impressed that he wrote the part of "Chipper" just for him. This led to bigger roles in Solarbabies (1986), Streets of Gold (1986), and Kathryn Bigelow's cult vampire movie Near Dark (1987), with Pasdar in the lead role of Caleb Colton. Other major roles include Vital Signs (1990). Pasdar got his biggest break in movies, when he starred as a beautiful woman opposite Julie Walters in the British movie Just Like a Woman. In 1992, he left Hollywood and returned to New York, working as a cashier for room and board, while taking the occasional small part, such as Frankie in Brian De Palma's Carlito's Way (1993).

Adrian Pasdar wrote and directed the short film Beyond Belief^{[disambiguation needed ]} and directed his first feature film, the art-house neo-noir Cement, a contemporary re-telling of Othello, in 1999. The $1.7 million independent feature, which won Best Picture awards on the festival circuit, starred Chris Penn, Jeffrey Wright, Sherilyn Fenn, Henry Czerny and was written by Farscape's screenwriter Justin Monjo. "I've used every ounce of energy and every drop of money I had to make Cement," Pasdar said.^[5]

Television [link]

Pasdar's major break into television came in 1996, when he was cast as the title character on the short-lived but critically acclaimed Fox series Profit. He also guest starred in the 2 hour season finale of the fourth season of Touched by an Angel, "The Spirit of Liberty Moon". From 2000 to 2002, Pasdar played the lead role of Anthropology Professor Declan Dunn in the spooky cult drama series Mysterious Ways on PAX.

Pasdar played David McClaren in the final two seasons of the long-running CBS drama Judging Amy, from 2003 through 2005. In 2006, he had a high-profile guest role as Gabrielle Solis's sleazy lawyer in Desperate Housewives.

Most recently, he starred as Nathan Petrelli in the NBC superhero drama Heroes. Pasdar based his mysterious character on "the most morally liquid characters" that he's encountered in his life. The character is not based on one particular political figure, but on a melange of different ones, both good and bad.^[6] Pasdar's character was killed off in an episode that aired November 30, 2009.^[7]

Pasdar voices Hawkeye in the animated series The Super Hero Squad Show. He also voiced Captain America in the Black Panther animated series, as well as Iron Man in the English dub of the Iron Man anime series.^[8]

He currently plays a role on The Lying Game as Alec Rybak, a corrupt district attorney.

Personal life [link]

Pasdar married lead singer Natalie Maines of the Dixie Chicks in June 2000. The couple first met in May 1999, with Maines as a bridesmaid to her bandmate Emily Robison and Pasdar as a groomsman to his friend singer-songwriter Charlie Robison. They were married in Las Vegas's Little White Wedding Chapel, in a $55 no-frills ceremony officiated by the chapel's "Pastor Ann". They have two children, Jackson Slade Pasdar (born March 15, 2001) and Beckett Finn Pasdar (born July 14, 2004) and live in Los Angeles, California and Austin, Texas.

He has a tattoo of an anchor on his arm. His children's names are written on it. It symbolizes that his family is his anchor and support in life.^[9] He also has a tattoo of the Chinese character for Strength, which he got while filming Shanghai 1920 (上海1920, Shang Hai yi jiu er ling)]] (1991).^[9]

Pasdar is a guitarist for charity rock band Band from TV. Part of the proceeds from the band's concerts go to his nominated charity, the Rush Epilepsy Center.^[10]

Pasdar was arrested on January 27, 2010 on suspicion of driving under the influence of alcohol.^[11]

Awards and nominations [link]

Award Wins for Acting

2009: Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films: Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor in Television, Heroes^[12]

Award Wins for Directing

2000: Grand Remi Award (WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival): Cement^[13]
2000: AngelCiti film festival: Audience Award, Cement

Other Award Wins

2009 (ensemble): Hollywood Note Foundation's Change the World Awards, Humanitarian Award of Inspiration: Band From TV^[14]

Filmography (as actor)[link]

Year	Title	Role	Director/Series creator	Other notes
1986	Top Gun	Chipper	Tony Scott	one line
	Solarbabies	Darstar	Alan Johnson
	Streets of Gold	Timmy Boyle	Joe Roth
1987	Made in U.S.A.	Dar	Ken Friedman
1987	Near Dark	Caleb Colton	Kathryn Bigelow
1989	Cookie	Vito	Susan Seidelman
1990	Torn Apart	Ben Arnon	Jack Fisher
	The Lost Capone (TV)	Ricard Hart/Jimmy Capone	John Gray	lead
	Vital Signs	Michael Chatham	Marisa Silver
1991	Shanghai 1920 (上海1920, Shang Hai yi jiu er ling)	Dawson Cole	Po-Chih Leong
1991	Grand Isle	Robert Lebrun	Mary Lambert
1992	Just Like a Woman	Gerald Tilson/Geraldine	Christopher Monger
1993	Ghost Brigade	Captain John Harling	George Hickenlooper
1993	Carlito's Way	Frankie Taglialucci	Brian De Palma
1994	The Last Good Time	Eddie	Bob Balaban
1994	Shadows of Desire (TV)	Jude Snow	Sam Pillsbury
1995	Slave of Dreams (TV)	Joseph	Robert M. Young
1995	A Mother's Gift (TV)	William Deal	Jerry London
1996	Profit (TV series)	Jim Profit	David Greenwalt, John McNamara	lead
1996	The Pompatus of Love	Josh	Richard Schenkman
1997	Feds (TV series)	C. Oliver Resor		regular
	Wounded	Hanaghan	Richard Martin
	Love in Another Town (TV)	Jake Cantrell	Lorraine Senna
	Touched by Evil (television film)	Jerry Braskin	James A. Contner	co-starred with Paula Abdul
	House of Frankenstein 1997 (TV)	Detective Vernon Coyle	Peter Werner
1998	The Outer Limits (TV series)	Tanner Brooks	David Warry-Smith	1 episode: 4.5 "In the Zone"
2000–2002	Mysterious Ways (TV series)	Declan Dunn	Peter O'Fallon	lead
2002	The Twilight Zone (TV series)	Andrew Lomax	Peter O'Fallon	(1.4 Dream Lover)
2003–2005	Judging Amy (TV series)	David McClaren	Amy Brenneman, Bill D'Elia, John Tinker	recurring role (seasons 5-6)
2003	Secondhand Lions	Traveling Salesman	Tim McCanlies
2005	Desperate Housewives (TV series)	David Bradley	Marc Cherry	guest appearance - 3 episodes: 2.4 "My Heart Belongs to Daddy", 2.5 "They Asked Me Why I Believe In You", 2.6 "I Wish I Could Forget You"
2006–2009	Heroes (TV series)	Nathan Petrelli (seasons 1-3) Sylar (season 4)	Tim Kring	regular
2008	Home Movie	David Poe	Christopher Denham
2009	The Super Hero Squad Show	Clint Barton / Hawkeye		Voice
2010	Black Panther	Steve Rogers / Captain America		Voice
2011	Castle (TV series)	Mark Fallon	Andrew W. Marlowe	guest appearance - 2 episodes: 3.16 "Setup" & 3.17 "Countdown"
2011	Marvel Anime: Iron Man	Tony Stark / Iron Man^[1]		Voice: English dub
2011	The Lying Game (TV series)	Alec Rybak
2011	Young Justice (TV series)	Hugo Strange		Voice
2012	Transformers: Prime	TBA		Voice
2012	Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)	Tony Stark /Iron Man^[1]		Voice
2012	Political Animals	President Paul Garcetti
2013	Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.	Tony Stark/Iron Man		Voice

Filmography (as director)[link]

Year	Title	Writer	Producer	Main cast	Other notes
1999	Cement	Justin Monjo	D.J. Paul, Adrian Pasdar	Chris Penn, Jeffrey Wright, Sherilyn Fenn, Anthony DeSando, Henry Czerny	also co-producer and composer

Audiobook narration [link]

In 2010 Pasdar narrated an audiobook edition of the cult novel Queer Fish in God's Waiting Room by the British writer Lee Henshaw. It was released in early 2011.^[15]

References [link]

^ ^a ^b ^c "‘Iron Man’: ‘Heroes’ flying man Adrian Pasdar takes on anime". Hero Complex. http://herocomplex.latimes.com/2011/07/08/iron-man-heroes-flying-man-returns-as-adrian-pasdar-takes-on-anime/.
^ "Adrian Pasdar Biography (1965?-)". Filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/53/Adrian-Pasdar.html. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
^ "Adrian Pasdar Bio - Adrian Pasdar Biography - Adrian Pasdar Stories". Tv.com. http://www.tv.com/adrian-pasdar/person/9489/biography.html. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
^ "Anamarie Pasdar". Imdb.com. 2009-05-01. http://imdb.com/name/nm1989113/. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
^ Pasdar, quoted in "Adrian Pasdar's television, film career working in Mysterious Ways" by Bridget Byrne. Chicago Sun-Times. August 13, 2000.
^ Maddox, Dante. "Heroes Season Finale: Adrian Pasdar". Craveonline.com. http://www.craveonline.com/filmtv/articles/04647952/heroes_season_finale_adrian_pasdar.html. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
^ Keveney, Bill (2009-11-30). "Adrian Pasdar 'never better,' 'Heroes' character never deader". Usatoday.com. http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2009-11-30-Heroes30_ST_N.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
^ "Marvel Television Announces Adrian Pasdar & Milo Ventimiglia For Iron Man & Wolverine Anime Series To Air On G4 July 2011" (Press Release). Anime News Network. 2011-04-03. http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2011-04-02/marvel-television-announces-adrian-pasdar-and-milo-ventimiglia-for-iron-man-and-wolverine-anime-series-to-air-on-g4-july-2011.
^ ^a ^b imdb.com: Bio om Adrian Pasdar
^ "Band From TV Charities". Bandfromtv.org. Archived from the original on 29 July 2010. http://www.bandfromtv.org/charities/. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
^ "'Heroes' Star Adrian Pasdar Arrested on Suspicion of Drunk Driving". FOXNews.com. 2010-04-07. http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2010/01/27/heroes-star-adrian-pasdar-arrested-suspicion-drunk-driving/?test=latestnews. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
^ "Saturn Award Winners 2009". http://www.saturnawards.org/sa_35th_062409.doc. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
^ "WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival". Worldfest.org. 2010-04-19. http://www.worldfest.org/PAGES/winners.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
^ "Band From TV News". Bandfromtv.org. 2009-05-31. http://www.bandfromtv.org/news/?jid=26. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
^ "Listen to Queer Fish audio book read by Adrian Pasdar!". legendpress.co.uk. 2010-02-20. http://forward.legendpress.co.uk/mainsite/2010/09/listen-to-queer-fish-audio-book-read-by-adrian-pasdar.html. Retrieved 2011-02-27.

External links [link]

Adrian Pasdar at the Internet Movie Database

v t e Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television

Dennis Haysbert (1999) James Marsters (2000) Michael Rosenbaum (2001) Victor Garber (2002) James Marsters (2003) Terry O'Quinn (2004) James Callis (2005) Masi Oka (2006) Michael Emerson (2007) Adrian Pasdar (2008) Aaron Paul (2009) John Noble (2010)

Persondata
Name	Pasdar, Adrian
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1965-04-30
Place of birth	Pittsfield, Massachusetts, U.S.
Date of death
Place of death

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Pasdar

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