name	Douglas Carl Engelbart ("Doug")
birth date	January 30, 1925
birth place	Portland, Oregon, USA
citizenship	US
nationality	US
ethnicity	German (father's side), Norwegian and Swedish (mother's side)
field	Inventor
work institutions	Stanford Research Institute, Tymshare, McDonnell Douglas, Bootstrap Institute/Alliance, Doug Engelbart Institute
alma mater	Oregon State College (BS); UC Berkeley (PhD)
doctoral advisor	John R. Woodyard
known for	Computer mouse, Hypertext, Groupware, Interactive Computing
prizes	National Medal of Technology, Lemelson-MIT Prize, Turing Award, Lovelace Medal, Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility, Fellow Award, Computer History Museum
website	dougengelbart.org
footnotes	}}

Douglas Carl Engelbart (born January 30, 1925) is an American inventor, and an early computer and internet pioneer. He is best known for his work on the challenges of human-computer interaction, resulting in the invention of the computer mouse, and the development of hypertext, networked computers, and precursors to GUIs. He is a committed, vocal proponent of the development and use of computers and networks to help cope with the world’s increasingly urgent and complex problems.

Engelbart embedded a set of organizing principles in his lab, which he termed "bootstrapping strategy". He designed the strategy to accelerate the rate of innovation of his lab.

Early life and education

Engelbart was born in Portland, Oregon on January 30, 1925 to Carl Louis Engelbart and Gladys Charlotte Amelia Munson Engelbart. He is of German, Swedish and Norwegian descent.

He was the middle of three children, with a sister Dorianne (3 years older), and a brother David (14 months younger). They lived in Portland in his early years, and moved to the countryside to Johnson Creek when he was 9 or 10, after the death of his father. He graduated from Portland's Franklin High School in 1942.

Midway through his college studies at Oregon State University (then called Oregon State College), near the end of World War II, he was drafted into the US Navy, serving two years as a radar technician in the Philippines. On a small island, in a tiny hut on stilts, he first read Vannevar Bush's article "As We May Think", which greatly inspired him.

He returned to Oregon State and completed his Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1948.

While at Oregon State, he was a member of Sigma Phi Epsilon social fraternity. He was hired by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics at the Ames Research Center, where he worked through 1951.

Career and accomplishments

thumb|right|The [[Mouse_(computing)#Early_mice|first prototype of a computer mouse, as designed by Bill English from Engelbart's sketches]]

Epiphany

Doug Engelbart's career was inspired in 1951 when he got engaged and suddenly realized he had no career goals beyond getting a good education and a decent job. Over several months he reasoned that: # he would focus his career on making the world a better place; # any serious effort to make the world better requires some kind of organized effort; # harnessing the collective human intellect of all the people contributing to effective solutions was the key; # if you could dramatically improve how we do that, you'd be boosting every effort on the planet to solve important problems - the sooner the better; and # computers could be the vehicle for dramatically improving this capability.

In 1945, Engelbart had read with interest Vannevar Bush's article "As We May Think", a call to arms for making knowledge widely available as a national peacetime grand challenge. Doug had also read something about computers (a relatively recent phenomenon), and from his experience as a radar technician he knew that information could be analyzed and displayed on a screen. He envisioned intellectual workers sitting at display 'working stations', flying through information space, harnessing their collective intellectual capacity to solve important problems together in much more powerful ways. Harnessing collective intellect, facilitated by interactive computers, became his life's mission at a time when computers were viewed as number crunching tools.

He enrolled in graduate school in electrical engineering at University of California, Berkeley, graduating with an MS degree in 1953, and a Ph.D. in 1955. As a graduate student at Berkeley he assisted in the construction of the California Digital Computer project CALDIC. His graduate work led to several patents. After completing his PhD he stayed on at Berkeley as assistant professor to teach for a year, and left when it was clear he could not pursue his vision there. He then formed a startup, Digital Techniques, to commercialize some of his doctorate research on storage devices, but after a year decided instead to pursue the research he had been dreaming of since 1951. He took a position at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in Menlo Park, in 1957. He initially worked for Hewitt Crane on magnetic devices and miniaturization of electronics; Engelbart and Crane became lifelong friends.

SRI and ARC

At SRI, Engelbart gradually obtained over a dozen patents (some resulting from his graduate work), and by 1962 produced a report about his vision and proposed research agenda titled ''Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework''. This led to funding from ARPA to launch his work. Engelbart recruited a research team in his new Augmentation Research Center (ARC, the lab he founded at SRI), and became the driving force behind the design and development of the On-Line System, or NLS. He and his team developed computer-interface elements such as bit-mapped screens, the mouse, hypertext, collaborative tools, and precursors to the graphical user interface. He conceived and developed many of his user interface ideas back in the mid-1960s, long before the personal computer revolution, at a time when most individuals were kept away from computers, and could only use computers through intermediaries (see batch processing), and when software tended to be written for vertical applications in proprietary systems.

Engelbart applied for a patent in 1967 and received it in 1970, for the wooden shell with two metal wheels (computer mouse - ), which he had developed with Bill English, his lead engineer, a few years earlier. In the patent application it is described as an ''"X-Y position indicator for a display system"''. Engelbart later revealed that it was nicknamed the "mouse" because the tail came out the end. His group also called the on-screen cursor a "bug", but this term was not widely adopted.

He never received any royalties for his mouse invention. During an interview, he says "SRI patented the mouse, but they really had no idea of its value. Some years later it was learned that they had licensed it to Apple for something like $40,000."

Engelbart showcased the chorded keyboard and many more of his and ARC's inventions in 1968 at the so-called mother of all demos.

ARPANET

Engelbart's research was funded by ARPA, SRI's ARC became involved with the ARPANET (the precursor of the Internet).

The first message on the ARPANET was sent by UCLA student programmer Charley Kline, at 10:30 p.m, on October 29, 1969 from Boelter Hall 3420. Supervised by Kleinrock, Kline transmitted from the university's SDS Sigma 7 Host computer to the Stanford Research Institute's SDS 940 Host computer. The message text was the word "login"; the "l" and the "o" letters were transmitted, but the system then crashed. Hence, the literal first message over the ARPANET was "lo". About an hour later, having recovered from the crash, the SDS Sigma 7 computer effected a full "login". The first permanent ARPANET link was established on November 21, 1969, between the IMP at UCLA and the IMP at the Stanford Research Institute. By December 5, 1969, the entire four-node network was established.

In addition to SRI and UCLA, UCSB, and the University of Utah were part of the original four network nodes. By December 5, 1969, the entire 4-node network was connected.

ARC soon became the first Network Information Center and thus managed the directory for connections among all ARPANET nodes. ARC also published a large percentage of the early Request For Comments, an ongoing series of publications that document the evolution of ARPANET into the Internet. Although the NIC at first used NLS, it was intended to be a production service to other network users, while Engelbart continued to focus on innovative research. This inherent conflict led to establishing the NIC as its own group, led by Elizabeth J. Feinler.

Anecdotal notes

Historian of science Thierry Bardini argues that Engelbart's complex personal philosophy (which drove all his research) foreshadowed the modern application of the concept of coevolution to the philosophy and use of technology.

Bardini points out that Engelbart was strongly influenced by the principle of linguistic relativity developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf. Where Whorf reasoned that the sophistication of a language controls the sophistication of the thoughts that can be expressed by a speaker of that language, Engelbart reasoned that the state of our current technology controls our ability to manipulate information, and that fact in turn will control our ability to develop new, improved technologies. He thus set himself to the revolutionary task of developing computer-based technologies for manipulating information directly, and also to improve individual and group processes for knowledge-work.

End of research career

Engelbart slipped into relative obscurity after 1976. Several of Engelbart's researchers became alienated from him and left his organization for Xerox PARC, in part due to frustration, and in part due to differing views of the future of computing. Engelbart saw the future in collaborative, networked, timeshare (client-server) computers, which younger programmers rejected in favor of the personal computer. The conflict was both technical and social: the younger programmers came from an era where centralized power was highly suspect, and personal computing was just barely on the horizon.

Engelbart served on the board of directors of Erhard Seminars Training. Several key ARC personnel were also involved. Although EST had been recommended by other researchers, the controversial nature of EST and other social experiments reduced the morale and social cohesion of the ARC community.

The Mansfield Amendment, the end of the Vietnam War, and the end of the Apollo program reduced ARC's funding from ARPA and NASA. SRI's management, which disapproved of Engelbart's approach to running the center, placed the remains of ARC under the control of artificial intelligence researcher Bertram Raphael, who negotiated the transfer of the laboratory to a company called Tymshare. Engelbart's house in Atherton burned down during this period, causing him and his family even further problems. Tymshare took over NLS and the lab that Engelbart had founded, hired most of the lab's staff including its creator as a Senior Scientist, renamed the software ''Augment'', and offered it as a commercial service via its new Office Automation Division. Tymshare was already somewhat familiar with NLS; back when ARC was still operational, it had experimented with its own local copy of the NLS software on a minicomputer called OFFICE-1, as part of a joint project with ARC.

At Tymshare, Engelbart soon found himself marginalized and relegated to obscurity. Operational concerns at Tymshare overrode Engelbart's desire to do further research. Various executives, first at Tymshare and later at McDonnell Douglas (which took over Tymshare in 1984), expressed interest in his ideas, but never committed the funds or the people to further develop them. His interest inside of McDonnell Douglas was focused on the enormous knowledge management and IT requirements involved in the lifecycle of an aerospace program, which served to strengthen Doug's resolve to motivate the IT arena toward global interoperability and an open hyperdocument system. Engelbart retired from McDonnell Douglas in 1986, determined pursue his work free from commercial pressure.

Teaming with his daughter, Christina Engelbart, in 1988 he founded the Bootstrap Institute to coalesce his ideas into a series of three-day and half-day management seminars offered at Stanford University 1989–2000. By the early 1990s there was sufficient interest among his seminar graduates to launch a collaborative implementation of his work, and the Bootstrap Alliance was formed as a non-profit home base for this effort. Although the invasion of Iraq and subsequent recession spawned a rash of belt-tightening reorganizations which drastically redirected the efforts of their alliance partners, they continued with the management seminars, consulting, and small-scale collaborations. In the mid-1990s they were awarded some DARPA funding to develop a modern user interface to Augment, called Visual AugTerm (VAT), while participating in a larger program addressing the IT requirements of the Joint Task Force.

Honors

Since the late 1980s, prominent individuals and organizations have recognized the seminal importance of Engelbart's contributions:

In December 1995, at the Fourth WWW Conference in Boston, he was the first recipient of what would later become the Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award. In 1997 he was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Prize of $500,000, the world's largest single prize for invention and innovation, and the ACM Turing Award. To mark the 30th anniversary of Engelbart's 1968 demo, in 1998 the Stanford Silicon Valley Archives and the Institute for the Future hosted ''Engelbart's Unfinished Revolution'', a symposium at Stanford University's Memorial Auditorium, to honor Engelbart and his ideas. Also that year, ACM SIGCHI awarded him the CHI Lifetime Achievement Award (and inducted him into the CHI Academy in 2002).

Engelbart was awarded The Franklin Institute's Certificate of Merit in 1996 and the Benjamin Franklin Medal in 1999 in Computer and Cognitive Science.

In early 2000 Engelbart produced, with volunteers and sponsors, what was called ''The Unfinished Revolution — II'', also known as the ''Engelbart Colloquium'' at Stanford University, to document and publicize his work and ideas to a larger audience (live, and online).

In December 2000, US President Bill Clinton awarded Engelbart the National Medal of Technology, the United States' highest technology award. In 2001 he was awarded a British Computer Society's Lovelace Medal, and in 2005 he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum and honored with the Norbert Wiener Award, which is given annually by Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility.

Robert X. Cringely did an hour long interview with Engelbart on December 9, 2005 in his NerdTV video podcast series. On December 9, 2008, Engelbart was honored at the 40th Anniversary celebration of the 1968 "Mother of All Demos". This event, produced by SRI International, was held at Memorial Auditorium at Stanford University. Speakers included several members of Engelbart's original Augmentation Research Center (ARC) team including Don Andrews, Bill Paxton, Bill English, and Jeff Rulifson, Engelbart's chief government sponsor Bob Taylor, and other pioneers of interactive computing, including Andy van Dam and Alan Kay. In addition, Christina Engelbart spoke about her father's early influences and the ongoing work of the Doug Engelbart Institute. In June 2009, the New Media Consortium recognized Engelbart as an NMC Fellow for his lifetime of achievements. In 2011, Engelbart was inducted into IEEE Intelligent Systems' AI's Hall of Fame.

Recent work and legacy

Doug Engelbart attended Program for the Future 2010 Conference where hundreds of people convened at The Tech Museum in San Jose and online to engage in dialog about how to pursue Doug Engelbart's vision to augment collective intelligence.

The most complete coverage of Engelbart's bootstrapping ideas can be found in ''Boosting Our Collective IQ'', by Douglas C. Engelbart, 1995. This is a special keepsake including three of Engelbart's key papers, artfully edited and produced into book form by Yuri Rubinsky and Christina Engelbart to commemorate the presentation of the 1995 SoftQuad Web Award to Doug Engelbart at the World Wide Web conference in Boston that December, honoring his early and seminal contribution to the hypertext systems. Only 2,000 softcover copies were printed, and 100 hardcover, numbered and signed by Doug Engelbart and Tim Berners-Lee. 30 pages, 5.5″×9″ includes Epilogue and details of the Award. Engelbart's book is now being republished by the Doug Engelbart Institute.

Two comprehensive histories of Engelbart's laboratory and work are in ''What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry'' by John Markoff and ''A Heritage of Innovation: SRI's First Half Century'' by Donald Neilson. Other books on Engelbart and his laboratory include ''Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing'' by Thierry Bardini and ''The Engelbart Hypothesis: Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart'', by Valerie Landau and Eileen Clegg in conversation with Douglas Engelbart. All four of these books are based on interviews with Engelbart as well as other contributors in his laboratory.

Engelbart is now Founder Emeritus of the Doug Engelbart Institute, which he founded in 1988 with his daughter Christina Engelbart, who is now Executive Director. The Institute promotes Engelbart's philosophy for boosting Collective IQ—the concept of dramatically improving how we can solve important problems together—using a strategic ''bootstrapping'' approach for accelerating our progress toward that goal.

In 2005 Engelbart received a National Science Foundation grant to fund the open source HyperScope project. The Hyperscope team built a browser component using Ajax and DHTML designed to replicate Augment's multiple viewing and jumping capabilities (linking within and across various documents). HyperScope is perceived as the first step of a process designed to engage a wider community in a dialogue, on development of collaborative software and services, based on Engelbart's goals and research. The Doug Engelbart Institute is now based at SRI International.

Engelbart has served on the Advisory Boards of the University of Santa Clara Center for Science, Technology, and Society , Foresight Institute, Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, The Technology Center of Silicon Valley, and The Hyperwords Company Ltd (producer of the Firefox Add-On called Hyperwords.

Family

Engelbart has four children, Gerda, Diana, Christina and Norman with his first wife of 47 years, Ballard who died in 1997. He has nine grandchildren. He remarried on January 26, 2008 to writer and producer Karen O'Leary Engelbart. An 85th birthday celebration was held at the Tech Museum of Innovation.

See also

Dynamic Knowledge Repository

Collective intelligence

References

Further reading

External links

Doug Engelbart's official website and home of the Doug Engelbart Institute (formerly Bootstrap)

Engelbart course facilitated by Valerie Landau at CSU Monterey Bay

U.C. Berkeley Lecture in IEOR 190C Feb. 2008

Douglas C. Engelbart Papers, 1953-2005(call number M0638; 464 linear ft.) are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries

''Engelbart's Unfinished Revolution''; December 1998 at Stanford University

Engelbart and the Dawn of Interactive Computing — December 9, 2008 — 40th anniversary commemorative event

The History of Doug Engelbart and Interactive Computing

As We May Work — the Pursuit of Collective IQ, from IBM Symposium site

Wired article: The Click Heard Round The World

Transcript of 2003 visit to San Jose State University

''Doug Engelbart: Father of the Mouse''

''Doug Engelbart 1968 Demo'' Original 90-minute video from MouseSite

OpenAugment Consortium, dedicated to the preservation of the Augment system

SRI mouse

Doug Engelbart Video Archives, Archive.org

Category:1925 births Category:Living people Category:American inventors Category:Computer hardware engineers Category:Computer pioneers Category:Internet pioneers Category:Futurologists Category:American people of Norwegian descent Category:People from Portland, Oregon Category:Turing Award laureates Category:Oregon State University alumni Category:Lemelson–MIT Prize Category:National Medal of Technology recipients Category:National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees Category:SRI International people Category:Xerox people Category:Franklin High School (Portland, Oregon) alumni

ar:دوجلاس إنجيلبارت bn:ডগলাস কার্ল এঙ্গেলবার্ট bg:Дъглас Енгълбърт bs:Douglas Engelbart ca:Douglas Engelbart cs:Douglas Engelbart da:Douglas C. Engelbart de:Douglas C. Engelbart es:Douglas Engelbart eo:Douglas Engelbart fr:Douglas Engelbart gl:Douglas Engelbart ko:더글러스 엥겔바트 hr:Douglas Engelbart id:Douglas Engelbart it:Douglas Engelbart he:דאגלס אנגלברט ml:ഡഗ്ലസ് ഏംഗൽബർട്ട് ms:Douglas Engelbart nl:Douglas Engelbart ja:ダグラス・エンゲルバート no:Douglas C. Engelbart pl:Douglas Engelbart pt:Douglas Engelbart ro:Douglas Engelbart ru:Энгельбарт, Дуглас sk:Douglas Engelbart sr:Даглас Енгелбарт fi:Douglas Engelbart sv:Douglas Engelbart tr:Douglas Engelbart uk:Дуглас Енгельбарт zh:道格拉斯·恩格尔巴特

The following is a list of significant men and women known for being the father, mother, or considered the founders mostly in Western socities in a field, listed by category. In most non-science fields, the title of being the "father" is debatable.

Church

Games

Subject	Father/Mother	Reason
Miniature wargaming	H.G. Wells
	Nolan Bushnell	Creator of ''Pong'' and founder of Atari and Chuck E. Cheese's
	Shigeru Miyamoto	Creator of many successful Nintendo franchises
Role-playing game	Gary Gygax	Creator of ''Dungeons & Dragons''
Stealth game	Hideo Kojima
Video game	Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr.	Inventor of the First video game
Wargaming	Charles S. Roberts

Humanities

Military

Subject	Father/Mother	Reason
Aerial warfare	Oswald Boelcke	The first to formalize rules of air fighting, which he presented as the Dicta Boelcke, also credited as being the first pilot to shoot down an aircraft.
Atomic bomb	Robert OppenheimerLeó SzilárdEnrico Fermi
Blitzkrieg	Heinz Guderian
	Edward Teller
Atomic submarine and "nuclear navy"	Hyman G. Rickover
Fourth Generation Warfare	William S. Lind
	Jean-Baptiste Colbert	Built on the fleet of France inherited from Cardinal Richelieu.
Naval Special Warfare	Phil H. Bucklew	US Naval Officer and First Commanding Officer of Navy SEAL Team One
Naval tactical studies	Paul Hoste	Jesuit Professor of Mathematics at the Royal College of the Marine in Toulon; wrote ''L'Art des Armées Navales'' (1697)
Luftwaffe and Luftstreitkräfte	Oswald Boelcke
The Soviet Union's Hydrogen Bomb	Andrei Sakharov
	William C. Lee	First commander of the parachute school at Fort Benning, Georgia.
	Kazimierz Pułaski	Brigadier-general and commander of the cavalry of the Continental Army (1770s).
United States Navy
Subject	Father/Mother	! Reason
[[American football">John Barry (naval officer)

Nations

Natural and social sciences

Sports

Subject	Father/Mother	! Reason
[[American football	Walter Camp
American motocross	Edison Dye	Introduced motorcross to American riders.
American road racing	Cameron Argetsinger
		Godfather, created the New York Cosmos soccer team and imported a number of well known international footballers to the team in an attempt to bring interest to soccer in the US.
Angling	Izaak Walton	Author of ''The Compleat Angler''.
	Alexander Watson Hutton
Argentine professional golf	José Jurado
Argentine winter sports	Otto Meiling
Association football	Ebenezer Cobb Morley
Baseball
Basketball	James Naismith
	Scot Breithaupt
	Charles William Miller
	Jim Downing	Built a racecar a season before it became the basis of a new lightweight prototype class in .
		Coined the rodeo term "stampede" and was world's first rodeo producer, rodeo stock contractor, and rodeo champion in 1902.
	Wally Parks
Don Garlits	Considered to be one of the innovators of drag racing safety.
Eddie Hill	Regarded as the forefather of drag racing.
	Kunimitsu Takahashi
East Coast skateboarding	Vinny Raffa (godfather)
Florida skateboarding	Bruce Walker (godfather)
	Ebenezer Cobb Morley
Freestyle BMX	Bob Haro
Freestyle Motocross	Mike Metzger	Godfather.
Funny Car	Dick Landy
Ice Hockey	James Creighton (ice hockey)	Captained of one of the two teams that participated in the first indoor hockey game on March 3, 1875 in Montreal.
	Frank Choi	Hosted one of the first events specifially for import cars in the mid-1990s to keep drivers out of street racing that progressed into a professional category.
rowspan="2"	James Richardson Spensley
William Garbutt	Laying the foundations of skilled coaching in Italian football.
rowspan="2"		Credited for introducing baseball in Japan.
Hiroshi Hiraoka	Credited for establishing the first baseball team.
Jogging	Jim Fixx	Founding father.
Kart racing	Art Ingels	Developed the world's first kart (1956).
Lacrosse	William George Beers	Codified the sport.
Mixed martial arts	Bruce Lee	Called so by Dana White, president of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. For his experimentation into other styles and invention of Jeet Kune Do.
	Eugen Sandow
	Called so by Arnold Schwarzenegger during a press statement on his passing in 2004. Inventor of the modern exercise machines.
	James Figg
James J. Corbett
Modern figure skating	Jackson Haines	"Jackson Haines - The Father of Figure Skating," according to Roy Blakey
	Dettmar Cramer
	Earl W. Bascom	Bascom's many equipment innovations pioneered the sport starting in 1916.
	Italo Santelli
Modern surfing	Duke Kahanamoku
	Earl W. Bascom	Bascom designed and made the first one-hand rigging in 1924.
	A. G. Guillemard
William Webb Ellis	"Who with a fine disregard for the rules of football as played in his time first took the ball in his arms and ran with it thus originating the distinctive feature of the rugby game".
Scuba diving	Jacques Cousteau	Developed the aqua-lung jointly with Émile Gagnan; popularized scuba diving as a research diver, writer, and film and television producer and personality.
	Skip Engblom (godfather)
Tony Hawk (godfather)
Snowboarding	Jake Burton Carpenter
Stock car racing	Bill France, Sr.	Foundation of the sanctioning body for stock car racing
	Mike Goodwin	Organized the first supercross race.
	Frank Chirkinian	Personally responsible for much of the production conventions of modern golf broadcasting.

Technology

Fields

Subject	Father/Mother	Reason
Aerodynamics (modern)	Sir George Cayley	Founding father of modern Aerodynamics. The first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight—weight, Lift (force)
[[Architecture	Imhotep	Built the first pyramid
Astronautics	Konstantin Tsiolkovsky	Robert H. GoddardHermann Oberth
Aviation		Book: ''Prodromo alla Arte Maestra'' (1670). First to describe the geometry and physics of a flying vessel.
	Thomas Tompion
Clinical trials	James Lind	Conducted the first Scientific control
[[Computing	Charles Babbage	Inventor of the Analytical Engine which was never constructed in his lifetime.
Cybernetics	Norbert Wiener
Genetics	Gregor Mendel	Founder of the Genetics
	William F. Moran	Founder of the American Bladesmith Society
	Ferdinand Freudenstein	Applied digital computation to the kinematic synthesis of mechanisms.
	Bob Loveless	Founder of the Knifemakers' Guild
Photography

Inventions

Subject	Father/Mother	Reason
Air conditioning	Willis Carrier
	Dennis Ritchie
Chronograph
Compact Disc
Compiler	Grace Hopper
	Konrad Zuse	Invented world's first functional program-controlled computer.
Alan Turing	Was a secret code breaker during WWII and invented the Turing machine (1936).
John von Neumann	Became "intrigued" with Turing's universal machine and later emphasised the importance of the stored-program concept for electronic computing (1945), including the possibility of allowing the machine to modify its own program in useful ways while running.
	Invented the digital computer in the 1930s
	Invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in 1946. ENIAC was the first general-purpose electronic computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.
Computer Program	Ada Lovelace	Recognized by historians as the writer of the world's first computer program which was for the Charles Babbage Analytical Engine, but was never complete within either her or his lifetime.
Ekranoplan	Rostislav Alexeev
Helicopter	Igor Sikorsky	Invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based.
Internet	Vint CerfBob Kahn
Instant noodle	Momofuku Ando	Inventor of the instant noodle, also founder of Nissin Foods to produce and market them.
Japanese television	Kenjiro Takayanagi
Jet engine	Frank Whittle
Karaoke	Daisuke Inoue	Inventor of the machine as a means of allowing people to sing without the need of a live back-up.
Laser	Charles Hard Townes
Lightning prediction system	Alexander Stepanovich Popov	The first lightning prediction system, the Lightning detector, was invented in 1894 by Alexander Stepanovich Popov.
Marine chronometer	John Harrison
Microprocessor	Marcian Hoff Masatoshi Shima
Mobile phone		He is the main brainchild of hand-held phone and with the help of Motorola team he developed the first handset in 1973 weighing in at two kilos.
	Vinod Dham	The original Pentium (P5) was developed by a team of engineers, including John H. Crawford, chief architect of the original 386, and Donald Alpert, who managed the architectural team. Dror Avnon managed the design of the FPU. Dham was general manager of the P5 group. Some media sources have called him the "father of the Pentium".
	Chuck Peddle	Developed the 6502 microprocessor, the KIM-1 and the Commodore PET
Programmable logic controller	Dick Morley
Radio	Alexander Stepanovich Popov Lee De Forest Guglielmo Marconi Jagdish Chandra Bose Nikola Tesla
Radio (Radio broadcasting)	Reginald Fessenden David Sarnoff	Fessenden is credited as the first to broadcast radio signals on Christmas Eve, 1906. Sarnoff proposed a chain of radio stations to Marconi's associates in 1915.
Radio (FM radio)	Edwin H. Armstrong	Obtained the first Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license to operate an FM station in Alpine, New Jersey at approximately 50 megahertz (1939)
Radiotelephony	Reginald Fessenden
Search Engine	Alan Emtage	Created Archie, a pre-Web search engine which pioneered many of the techniques used by subsequent search engines
SGML	Charles Goldfarb
Telephone	Alexander Graham Bell	See Invention of the telephone
Television	Philo T. Farnsworth			Vladimir Zworykin			John Logie Baird	Co-Inventors of the Electronic Television. Farnsworth invented the Image dissector while Zworykin created the Iconoscope, both fully electronic forms of television. Logie Baird invented the world's first working television system, also the first electronic color television system.
Tokamak	Lev Artsimovich
	Fazlur Khan	Invented the tube structural system and first employed it in his designs for the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments, John Hancock Center and Sears Tower.
World Wide Web	Tim Berners-Lee
Visual Basic	Alan Cooper
XML	Jon Bosak

Towns, cities and regions

Subject	Father/Mother	! Reason
British Columbia		Fur trader and manager for the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company, Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island and first Governor of the Colony of British Columbia.
Lan Kwai Fong	Allan Zeman	Noted for turning a small square of streets in
Subject	Father/Mother	! Reason
	[[Henry Ford">Central, Hong Kong

Transport

Subject	Father/Mother	! Reason
	[[Henry Ford	Noted for introducing a simple and affordable car for the ordinary American masses.
American Interstate Highway System	Dwight D. Eisenhower
	Gene Berg
Hot rod	Ed Winfield
	RJ DeVera	Influential for popularising the import car scene in the mid-1990s.
Kustom Kulture
Monster truck
Mountain bike	Gary Fisher
Rotary engine	Felix Wankel
	Cyrus Avery
Tailfin	Harley Earl
Traffic safety	William Phelps Eno
	Frank W. Cyr

See also

List of inventors

Father of medicare

Founders of statistics

References

Father or mother of something Father or mother of something, List of people known as

ar:آباء العلوم fa:فهرست افراد دارای لقب پدر یا مادر در یک زمینه

name	T.I.
background	solo_singer
birth name	Clifford Joseph Harris, Jr.
birth date	September 25, 1980
Birth place	Atlanta, Georgia, United States
instrument	Keyboards, sampler
genre	Hip hop
occupation	Rapper, songwriter, record producer, actor, author
years active	2000–present
label	Grand Hustle, Atlantic
associated acts	B.o.B, P$C, Young Dro, Young Jeezy, Eminem, Justin Timberlake, Jamie Foxx, Ludacris, Lil Wayne, T-Pain, Nelly, Yelawolf, Big K.R.I.T., Iggy Azalea, Bun B
website	}}

Clifford Joseph Harris, Jr. (born September 25, 1980), better known by his stage name T.I., is an American rap artist, film and music producer, actor and author. He is also the founder and co-chief executive officer (CEO) of Grand Hustle Records.

T.I. has released seven studio albums (''I'm Serious'', ''Trap Muzik'', ''Urban Legend'', ''King'', ''T.I. vs. T.I.P.'', ''Paper Trail'', and ''No Mercy'') with the most recent five being highly successful on the commercial market. He has released such successful singles as "Bring Em Out", "What You Know", "Big Shit Poppin' (Do It)", "Swagga Like Us" (featuring Kanye West, Jay-Z and Lil Wayne), "Whatever You Like", "Live Your Life" (featuring Rihanna), "Dead and Gone" (featuring Justin Timberlake), "Got Your Back" (featuring Keri Hilson) and "That's All She Wrote" (featuring Eminem). He has served two stints in county jail, twice for probation violations and a federal prison bid for a U.S. federal weapons charge. While serving 11 months in prison he released his seventh studio album, ''No Mercy''. T.I. has also had successful acting career, starring in the films ''Takers'' and ''ATL''.

Biography

1980–2000: Early life and career beginnings

T.I. was born Clifford Joseph Harris Jr. on September 25, 1980, in Riverdale, Georgia, the son of the late Clifford "Buddy" Harris Sr. and Violeta Morgan. He was raised by his grandparents in Bankhead, Atlanta, Georgia. His father lived in New York and he would often go up there to visit him. His father suffered from Alzheimer's and later died from the disease. T.I. began rapping at age nine. He attended Douglass High School, but later dropped out. As a teenager, he was a drug dealer. He was once known as Rubber Band Man, a reference to the custom of wearing rubber bands around the wrist to denote wealth in terms of drugs or money. By age 14, he had been arrested several times. He was nicknamed "Tip" after his paternal great-grandfather. Kawan "KP" Prather, a record executive, discovered and signed T.I. when he was a teenager. Upon signing with Arista Records subsidiary LaFace Records in 2001, he shortened his name to T.I. out of respect for label mate Q-Tip.

2001–02: ''I'm Serious''

T.I. released his debut album, ''I'm Serious'', in October 2001 through Arista Records. The album spawned the eponymous single, which featured Jamaican reggae entertainer Beenie Man. His debut single, "I'm Serious," was released on June 26, 2001. The single received little airplay and failed to chart. The album included guests appearances from Pharrell Williams of The Neptunes (who called him "the Jay-Z of the South"), Jazze Pha, Too Short, Bone Crusher, Lil Jon, Pastor Troy, P$C and YoungBloodZ. The album featured production from The Neptunes, DJ Toomp, Madvac, and The Grand Hustle Team. Despite the album's guests appearances and production team, the album peaked at number 98 and only sold 163,000 copies in the United States. Critics pointed to the fact that many of the tracks sounded the same and that a few were blatant rip-offs. Other critics commented saying, "T.I. claims to be the king of the South, but fails to show and prove. He does, however, have potential. If his talent ever matches his confidence, he may be headed for stardom."

Due to the poor commercial reception of the album, T.I. was dropped from Arista Records. He then formed Grand Hustle Entertainment and started releasing several mixtapes with the assistance of DJ Drama. He resurfaced in the summer of 2003 with fellow Atlanta rapper and former label-mate Bone Crusher's song "Never Scared." His mixtapes and mainstream exposure from "Never Scared" eventually recaptured major label attention and he signed a joint venture deal with Atlantic Records.

2003–05: ''Trap Muzik'' and ''Urban Legend''

T.I. released his second album ''Trap Muzik'' on August 19, 2003 through Grand Hustle Records; it debuted at number four and sold 109,000 copies in its first week. It spawned the singles "24s", "Be Easy", "Rubberband Man", and "Let's Get Away". The album featured guest appearances by 8Ball & MJG, Jazze Pha, Bun B and Macboney and was produced by Jazze Pha, Kanye West, David Banner, Madvac and DJ Toomp. In March 2004, a warrant was issued for T.I.'s arrest after he violated his probation of a 1997 drug conviction. He was sentenced to three years in prison. While imprisoned in Cobb County, Georgia, he filmed an unauthorized music video. One month later, he was allowed a work release program.

T.I. was on probation stemming from a 1998 conviction for violating a state controlled substances act and for giving false information. After being released on probation, he earned a litany of probation violations in several counties around Georgia for offenses ranging from possession of a firearm to possession of marijuana. In 2006, after appearing in an Atlanta court on (May 10) and having charges that he threatened a man outside a strip club last year dropped for lack of evidence, T.I. was arrested on an outstanding probation violation warrant from Florida. The warrant claimed that T.I. did not complete the required number of community service hours he was sentenced for a 2003 assault of a female sheriff deputy at University Mall in Tampa. T.I. was detained by several mall Security Guards at the time of the incident. According to WSB-TV Atlanta, the rapper’s attorney said that the problem was nothing more than a "technical matter" between Georgia and Florida. The confusion arose because T.I. was also sentenced to community service in Georgia for driving with a suspended license, for which he did complete 75 hours of community service in his home state. The rapper was released on bail shortly after being arrested, and was expected to surrender to Florida state authorities the following week to resolve the matter.

T.I. released his third studio album, ''Urban Legend'', in November 2004. It debuted at number seven on the ''Billboard'' 200, selling 193,000 copies in its first week. The album's official lead single, "Bring Em Out", was released in January 2005 and became his first top ten hit, peaking at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100, while the second single "U Don't Know Me" peaked at number twenty-three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. His third single "ASAP" reached number 75 on the U.S. charts, number 18 on the U.S. R&B;/Hip-Hop charts and number 14 on the Rap chart. T.I. created a video for "ASAP"/"Motivation". However, "Motivation" only made it to number 62 on the U.S. R&B;/Hip-Hop singles chart. He was featured in Destiny's Child's 2004 single "Soldier" along with Lil Wayne, peaking at number three on the U.S. Hot 100 and the U.S. R&B; Charts.

In 2006, T.I. received two Grammy Award nominations for Best Song Collaboration ("Soldier" w/ Destiny's Child & Lil Wayne) and Best Rap Solo Performance for "U Don't Know Me" at The 48th Grammy Awards. That same year he won Rap Artist of the Year, Rap Album Of The Year, Rap Album Artist Of The Year, Rap Song Artist of the Year and Video Clip Artist of the Year on the Billboard Music Award and Best Male Hip-Hop Artist on the BET Awards.

2006–07: ''King'', ''T.I. vs. T.I.P.'' and federal weapons charges

T.I.'s fourth album, ''King'', debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200 chart in the first half of 2006, selling 522,000 copies in its first week. T.I. released "Front Back" and "Ride with Me" as promotional singles prior to the release of the album. The singles garnered little attention, but helped to promote not only the album, but also ''ATL.'' The album also included the singles, "What You Know," "Why You Wanna," and "Live in the Sky," plus a remix of "Top Back." ''King'' earned numerous awards and nominations including a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rap Album. He was also featured in the single "Shoulder Lean" by Young Dro reaching the top ten on the U.S. Hot 100 and #1 on the U.S. Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Rap Tracks.

"What You Know" won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance and was nominated for Best Rap Song at the 49th Grammy Awards. Also that year, T.I. collaborated with Justin Timberlake for "My Love," which proved to be a worldwide hit, and won a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration with Justin Timberlake at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards and also won Best Male Hip-Hop Artist at the BET Awards for the second straight time. He then served as a featured performer on "We Takin' Over" by DJ Khaled also featuring Akon, Fat Joe, Rick Ross, Birdman and Lil Wayne.

T.I. released his fifth album, ''T.I. vs. T.I.P.'', on July 3, 2007. The first single from the album was "Big Shit Poppin' (Do It)," which was produced by Mannie Fresh and was released to radio stations on April 17, 2007. The second single, "You Know What It Is" featuring Wyclef Jean, was released June 12, 2007. ''T.I. vs. T.I.P.'' sold 468,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan, and debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200 and the Top R&B;/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It was T.I.'s second chart-topper in a row: ''King'' opened at number one on the Billboard 200 with 522,000 copies in late March 2006. The album included guest performances by Jay-Z, Busta Rhymes, Wyclef Jean, Nelly, and Eminem, and production by Eminem, Jeff Bass, Mannie Fresh, Grand Hustle, The Runners, Just Blaze, Wyclef Jean and Danja. Absent from this album's production lineup were T.I.'s longtime producer DJ Toomp and The Neptunes. In October 2007, T.I. released his third single, "Hurt," featuring Busta Rhymes and Alfamega.

On October 13, 2007, federal authorities arrested T.I. four hours before the BET Hip-Hop Awards in Atlanta. He was charged with two felonies — possession of three unregistered machine guns and two silencers, and possession of firearms by a convicted felon. The arrest was made in the parking lot of a downtown shopping center, which a witness identified as the Walgreens drug store at the corner of North and Piedmont Avenues. T.I. was arrested after allegedly trying to purchase the guns from a "cooperating witness" with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. According to federal officials, the witness had been cooperating with authorities a few days prior to the T.I. arrest, when the cooperating witness was arrested on charges of trying to purchase guns from a federal agent. The witness had been working as T.I.'s bodyguard since July, authorities said. T.I. walked out of the Atlanta United States District Court after appearing before U.S. Magistrate Judge Alan J. Baverman on October 26, 2007. Judge Alan J. Baverman required T.I. post a $3 million bond, $2 million in cash and $1 million in equity on property he owns. The rapper was required to remain at home except for medical appointments and court appearances. The only people allowed to live with him were his girlfriend and children. Visitors were required to be approved by the court.

2008–09: ''Paper Trail'' and prison sentence

T.I.'s suppression hearing was scheduled for February 19, 2008. The performer later pleaded guilty to U.S. federal weapons charges. He was sentenced to an undefined prison sentence, a year of house arrest and 1,500 hours of community service. In an interview with MTV about serving prison time, T.I. stated, "Presumably, while I'm there, I'll be able to strategize my comeback." He went on to say that he would not "just be sitting still doing nothing". At that time T.I. collaborated with Mariah Carey on the "I'll Be Lovin' U Long Time" remix, peaking at number 58 on the U.S. Hot 100 and number 36 on the Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs.

While under house arrest, T.I. began writing lyrics down on paper for his following album. The first promotional single from the album, "No Matter What," was released in April 2008. The music video was released on June 2008 on MTV's FN Premieres. The second promotional single was "Swing Ya Rag" which was produced by and featured Swizz Beatz. The official lead single was "Whatever You Like," was released on July 2008, and became his most successful single of his career so far, breaking the record for the highest jump to number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, jumping from number 71 to number one. Also becoming T.I.'s first solo number one on the chart. While "Whatever You Like" was number one, "Weird Al" Yankovic did a parody of T.I.'s song called "Whatever You Like", the same title as the song by T.I. He released his sixth album, ''Paper Trail'', in September 2008. The title of the album refers to the lyrics he had written down on paper. Like many other rappers, T.I. abandoned this style of rapping after his debut album ''I'm Serious'' by just memorizing lyrics. His representative explain that T.I. wanted to "take more time to really put something down [this time]". The album debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200 selling 568,000 copies in the United States.

The second single from the album, "Swagga Like Us", featuring Kanye West, Jay-Z and Lil Wayne, debuted and peaked at number five on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. With the third single "Live Your Life" featuring Rihanna, T.I. broke his own record on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 when it jumped from number 80 to the number one. The fourth single "Dead and Gone", featuring Justin Timberlake, peaked at number two for five weeks on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, eventually going on to be nominated during the 52nd Grammy Awards for both "Best Rap/Sung Collaboration" and "Best Rap Song". During the 51st Grammy Awards, he was nominated for four Grammy Awards, eventually winning Best Rap Performance by a Duo Or a Group for "Swagga Like Us". "Remember Me", featuring Mary J. Blige, was released digitally on July 7, 2009. It was the planned first single from the re-release of T.I.'s sixth studio album, "Paper Trail", but the re-release was eventually shelved. The single peaked at number 29 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. On October 6, "Hell of a Life" was released digitally and went on to peak at number 54 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. In 2009, T.I. appeared as himself on an episode of ''Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List''. On the episode, he took the comedienne to Roscoe's House of Chicken and Waffles in LA and gave her a lesson on how to "swagger."

On November 21, 2008, T.I. testified in the murder trial of a member of his entourage and a close friend, Philant Johnson (1980–2006), who was murdered in a shooting that occurred after a post-concert party at a club. T.I. has dedicated several songs to Johnson, from the single version of "Live in the Sky" to his more recent hit "Dead and Gone" where Johnson's grave can be seen in the video.

On March 27, 2009, U.S. District Judge Charles A. Pannell, Jr. sentenced T.I. to one year and one day in prison and ordered to pay $100,300 for federal weapons charges; T.I. had his sentence reduced from a maximum 10 years and a $250,000 fine with a plea bargain. On May 26, 2009, T.I. began serving his sentence in Forrest City, Arkansas. Two days prior to being imprisoned, T.I. performed a farewell concert at the Philips Arena in Atlanta, Georgia. T.I. was released from FCC Forrest City on December 22, 2009 and was moved into a halfway house in Atlanta. T.I. had the Federal Bureau of Prisons ID 59458-019 and was released from CCM Atlanta on March 26, 2010. After his release from prison, he was subjected to an audit of his finances, drug counseling, DNA testing, and random searches of his property.

2010–2011: ''No Mercy'' and drug charges

On March 26, 2010, T.I. was released from the halfway house. He was in the studio working on his seventh studio album titled ''King Uncaged''. Jim Jonsin, the producer who previously worked with him on his single, "Whatever You Like" and R&B; singer Trey Songz, were scheduled to work on the project.

T.I. made his first public appearance since prison, stepping out with then fiancée Tameka "Tiny" Cottle in support of her Alzheimer's research fundraiser "For the Love of Our Fathers" at Atlanta's Opera venue. "I am very well, very happy to be seen," said T.I., who joined Cottle onstage at the end of the benefit. T.I. released a new street single titled "I'm Back" on March 8, 2010. The single peaked at #44 on Billboard's Hot 100 charts. Around this time, he made a featured guest appearance on Diddy-Dirty Money's single "Hello Good Morning" where the single peaked at #27 in US and charted internationally in eight other countries.

He also made a guest appearance on Larry King Live on May 13 to discuss with Larry King about his nine-month prison term on federal gun charges and other topics. T.I. released a promotional soundtrack single entitled, "Yeah Ya Know (Takers)" on May 24. It peaked at number forty-four on Billboard Hot 100 and number sixty-eight on Canadian Hot 100. T.I. released another promotional single entitled; "Got Your Back" which featured American R&B; singer Keri Hilson and it peaked at number thirty-eight in the US. Later, T.I. made more featured single appearances such as Jamie Foxx's single "Winner" featuring Justin Timberlake and Drake's single "Fancy" which it featured Swizz Beatz. Both singles made an impact on the Billboard charts peaking at the top 50.

T.I. released a mixtape entitled "Fuck a Mixtape"; the move was somewhat controversial due to its title, with many feeling he was insulting the Mixtape format. T.I. has addressed the issue by stating that it was a response to all the people who told him to just focus on an album and not on a mixtape. T.I. further defended his decision to release a mixtape by saying: "I already have 60, 70 songs. A lot of these songs are period pieces that speak volumes to what's going on right now. If I hold onto them next year or the year after, they'll be dated, because my life will be in another direction. If I'm not gonna put it on the album — and they all can't make the album — then they might as well have another platform to present it to the world".

On September 1, T.I. and his wife Tiny were arrested on drug charges in Los Angeles. The arrest for drug charges led to T.I. being sentenced on October 15, 2010 to 11 months in prison for violating the terms of his probation, specifically for possessing ecstasy, testing positive for opiates and associating with a convicted felon. On October 25, the drug charges against T.I. were dropped.

T.I. changed the title of his seventh studio album and renamed it ''No Mercy'' due to his new prison sentencing. He then released the first single from the newly titled album, "Get Back Up" featuring Chris Brown on the same day that he was sentenced back to prison for violating the terms of his probation. "Get Back Up" peaked at number seventy in the US. On November 1, T.I. reported back to the Forrest City Federal Facility to serve his 11-month sentence. His date of release was set to be September 29, 2011.

''No Mercy'' was released on December 7, 2010. The album peaked at number four in the US and it sold over 159,000 copies in its first week. RIAA certified ''No Mercy'' Gold with over 500,000 copies sold. His second and last single from the album "That's All She Wrote" featuring Eminem was released on December 19 and it peaked at number eighteen in the US.

T.I. was nominated for two Grammy Awards for Best Rap Solo Performance for "I'm Back" and Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group (Fancy with Drake and Swizz Beatz) at the 53rd Grammy Awards. He was also nominated for a Soul Train Music Award for Best Hip Hop Song of the Year for "Got Your Back" and he earned three BET Hip Hop Awards nominations for Hustler of the Year, Made You Look Award, and Best Club Banger for "Hello Good Morning" w/Diddy-Dirty Money.

In early June 2011, T.I. said in a letter: "I’ll be releasing a record in the near future (couple of weeks tops) to hold y’all over til I get back in action." On June 30, 2011, a new song was released onto T.I.'s official website and on his official YouTube channel - titled "We Don't Get Down Like Y'all", which features fellow Grand Hustle rapper B.o.B on the hook. While commenting on the song, T.I. said in another letter; "It's a song that I did soon after my release last time. What inspired me to write this record was the differences in how we do us and how they do them suddenly became incredibly evident in just a very short period of time." It was originally only available on Atlantic Records's online store. The song was available on iTunes and other vendors, such as Spotify on August 9 and it peaked at number seventy-eight in the US.

On August 31, T.I. was released from Forrest City Correctional Facility in Arkansas at 7:29 a.m. and was sent to a community living facility to serve out the rest of his 11 month prison sentence. He then released a statement on Twitter saying: "The storm is over & da sun back out. IT'S OUR TIME TO SHINE SHAWTY!!!!! Welcome to the beginning of our Happy Ending!!!!" He recently inked a deal with VH1 for a new reality show that will follow him as he re-adjusts to life as a free man after the incarceration and he's also working on a book entitled, "Power & Beauty" which was set to be released in October. He was sent back to federal custody on September 1, less than 48 hours after his release due to a dispute involving T.I. taking a luxury bus from a prison in Arkansas to a halfway house facility in Atlanta. T.I.'s attorney, Steve Sadow, told the Associated Press that the Federal Bureau of Prisons has moved T.I. to a different facility and clarified that the dispute was not drug related. T.I. was later released from prison and was sent back to the halfway house, where he was released on September 29 at midnight.

2011-present: ''Trouble Man'' and ''The Man and the Martian''

On September 30, T.I. released "I'm Flexin'", the first promotional single from his upcoming eighth studio album. The song was produced and features Big K.R.I.T.. T.I. reunited with Young Jeezy on "F.A.M.E." for Jeezy's album ''TM103''. "I'm Flexin" peaked at number sixty-six on Billboard Hot 100, while "F.A.M.E." peaked at number sixty-seven on Billboard Hip Hop/R&B.; On October 18, T.I. made appearances on The Howard Stern Show and The View to promote his new novel, "Power & Beauty: A Love Story of Life on the Streets" and discuss other issues involving his time in prison. Later that day, he released the second promotional single "Here Ye, Hear Ye" featuring Pharrell Williams, under the alias ''Sk8brd''.

After his release from prison, T.I. appeared on several remixes such as; "Spend It" by 2 Chainz, "Sleazy" by Ke$ha", Niggas in Paris" with Jay-Z and Kanye West, "Hard White (Up in the Club)" by Yelawolf also featuring Slaughterhouse, "Ima Boss" by Meek Mill alongside a freestyle over Drake's "Headlines", and Lil Wayne's "She Will". He was also featured on Future's second single "Magic" taken from his debut studio album ''Pluto''.

T.I. revealed the title of his eight studio album to be ''Trouble Man''. The album was partly inspired by Marvin Gaye’s 1972 song of the same name, he revealed on ''Billboard''. In a previous interview with ''Rolling Stone''; he said he was debating between two titles, ''Trouble Man'' and ''Kill the King''. The third promotional single "Pyro", was released on November 21. On December 5, his new reality show "T.I. and Tiny: The Family Hustle" premiered on Vh1 at 9p after the first full episodes were leaked onto the internet.

In preparation for the album, T.I. released a mixtape entitled, ''Fuck da City Up'' on New Year's Day. Two songs off the mixtape charted on the B''illboard'' Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs, "Popped Off", featuring and produced by Dr. Dre and "This Time of Night" featuring Nelly, respectively.

While on set for the "Strange Clouds" music video, MTV interviewed B.o.B and confronted him of a rumor that he and T.I. are working on a collaborative album, B.o.B responded: "The joint album, it actually started as a joke. Tip would always refer to me as 'the Martian', and in one of his lyrics, he said, ‘It’s the man and the Martian,’ and we said, ‘Man that could be an album title.’ We kinda just played around with it. But it seems to be taking form in a very organic way." On December 1, 2011, B.o.B appeared on New York City's Hot 97 radio station and confirmed that he and T.I. are indeed working on a collaborative album titled ''The Man and the Martian''.

On March 1, 2012, T.I. announced he signed Iggy Azalea, Chip and Trae Tha Truth to Grand Hustle Records. He will act as executive producer on Azalea's debut studio album ''The New Classic'' and was featured on her debut single "Murda Bizness", which premiered March 26, 2012. On March 30, T.I. released a snippet of "Love This Life", ''Trouble Man'''s lead single, produced by Mars of 1500 or Nothin'. He also revealed it will be released on April 2, 2012.

Other ventures

Acting career

In 2006 T.I. starred in his first film, ''ATL'', which was loosely based on the rapper's life growing up in Atlanta and attending a skating rink named "Jellybeans" (the name of the skating rink was changed due to "Jellybeans" not giving the movie rights to the name). The other cast members included Lauren London, Antwan Patton, Evan Ross, Mykelti Williamson, Jason Weaver, and Keith David. The movie was written by Tina Gordon Chism and Antwone Fisher, produced by Timothy M. Bourne, Tionne Watkins, and Will Smith, and directed by Christopher Robinson. T.I. played the character Rashad Swann, an orphaned 17-year-old senior in high school. In its opening weekend, the film grossed a total of $11.5 million, ranking third in the United States box office, and went on to gross $21.2 million.

He also appeared in ''American Gangster'' as Stevie Lucas, Drug Kingpin Frank Lucas' nephew.

T.I. starred in the crime heist film ''Takers'' (originally called Bone Deep) as Ghost. The film was directed by John Luessenhop and was produced by William Packer, Michael Ealy, Tom Lassally, Jason Geter, Gary Gilbert and T.I. himself. The film was released on August 27, 2010 through Grand Hustle Films and Rainforest Films distributed by Screen Gems. The film also includes Chris Brown, Idris Elba, Matt Dillon, Paul Walker, Hayden Christensen, and Zoe Saldana. ''Takers'' debuted at number one at the American box office at 20.5 million in its opening weekend.

Music and film producing

T.I. was co-executive producer of B.G.'s upcoming album and making beats for artists like Mariah Carey, Cassidy, Rick Ross, Maino, B.o.B, Yung Joc, Young Dro, and himself. He also executive produced the soundtrack to the film ''Hustle & Flow'' and released the collection through his record label.

T.I. also a songwriter. He has credits from Diddy, Dr. Dre, and Bow Wow.

T.I. launched his film company, Grand Hustle Films. Late 2007, T.I. linked up with Los Angeles-based production company 828 Entertainment to executive produce a new reality show titled ''Life on Mars'' which chronicles the life of young prodigy music producer LaMar "MARS" Edwards. T.I. partnered 828 Entertainment with his company Grand Hustle Records to produce a slate of both television and film projects. He also created a reality show on MTV called "T.I.'s Road to Redemption".

Community work

In addition to helping with Hurricane Katrina relief efforts, T.I. worked with troubled youths at Paulding Detention Center in Atlanta, provided scholarships for single parent families at Boys and Girls Clubs, and headlined the Boost Mobile Rockcorps concert at New York's Radio City Music Hall, which featured such performers as Fat Joe, Slim Thug, and Kanye West, and was held exclusively for community service volunteers. As part of his community service time, T.I. has come to a number of middle-grade and high schools in Georgia, where he speaks with the students in an assembly holding a positive message, while maintaining a philathropic view about morals and growing up in the same areas as himself. In June 2005, The Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes Foundation, named for the deceased member of multi-platinum female group TLC, and Atlanta's V-103 honored T.I. with the 2005 Lisa Lopes Award for groundbreaking achievements in music and community service which was court ordered. With this steady list of growing accomplishments T.I. is being recognized as the "Jay-Z of the South," according to Pharrell Williams of multi-platinum production team The Neptunes.

T.I.'s night club, Club Crucial, hosted a giveaway of 200 bicycles to neighborhood children in the Boys and Girls Club with V-103 announcer Greg Street.

Business ventures

Forbes Magazine announced its first ever Hip-Hop Cash Kings list early 2007 with list of the top 20 hip-hop earning artists for the previous business year. T.I. was listed on their list three times.

T.I. opened his own nightclub, ''Club Crucial'' in Bankhead, Atlanta. It is considered one of the most popular clubs in Atlanta and features full entertainment centers with large flat screen TVs, pool rooms, VIP rooms, food, etc. Celebrities such as Monica, Big Boi, Mike Epps, Shawty Lo make appearances there. The club also hosts weekly events such as Monday night ''Open Mic Night'', ''Free Fridays'', and ''Celebrity Saturdays'' where local hip-hop artists are known to come perform their songs at the club.

Chevrolet secured an endorsement deal with T.I. earlier in 2007 to promote their line of cars, with a focus on the new Impala. Due to his arrest for federal gun charges, he was on the verge of losing his deal with the company.

T.I. had an endorsement with a social networking website focusing on the hip-hop culture named ''StreetCred''. The website was founded in 2007 by investment banker Rocky Williform. Celebrities such as Diddy, Lil Kim, and Jeezy had accounts on the website. As of 2008, the website was temporarily shut down until further notice.

On June 29, T.I. was named Global Creative Consultant of Rémy Martin Cognac. ''XXL Magazine'' revealed that the partnership will include collaborative projects and a focus on continuing the philanthropic works of his K.I.N.G. Foundation. He also announced on Chelsea Lately that he will be releasing his own signature brand of the liquor.

T.I. lost his endorsement deal with Axe body spray after his arrest for drug possession.

Controversy

Ludacris

A dispute with Ludacris started when T.I. saw Disturbing tha Peace rapper I-20's video. In the video, a man wearing a shirt which said "Trap House" was being beaten. T.I. mistook the logo to refer to "Trap Muzik". Former G-Unit artist Young Buck asked fellow Southern rappers T.I. and Ludacris to appear on his new record on the track "Stomp". T.I. recorded a verse which contained a line that Young Buck considered to be an underhanded snub towards Ludacris: ''"Me gettin' beat down?/That's ludicrous/"''. Young Buck spoke to Ludacris about the verse, to maintain his neutrality in the controversy. Ludacris then recorded the verse that can be found on the album. T.I's record company wanted Ludacris to change his verse before they sanctioned it but Ludacris refused and T.I. was therefore replaced by Game on the album version.

On June 24, 2007 at the Sunset Tower Hotel in West Hollywood, California, T.I. was involved in a brawl. During a luncheon held by Kevin Liles of Warner Music Group (parent company of T.I.'s label, Atlantic Records), the MC got into a fight with Ludacris' manager Chaka Zulu. According to witnesses, T.I. punched Zulu in the face and choked him and a brief melee ensued.

T.I. brought home the award for Best Hip-Hop Artist at the BET Awards, and took the opportunity to apologize for his scuffle with Disturbing tha Peace executive Chaka Zulu earlier in the week. While accepting his award, he expressed regret over the situation. "They say it's a fine line between brilliance and insanity," he said, in an apparent reference to his troublesome alter ego, T.I.P. During the broadcast, cameras showed his onetime rival Ludacris smiling in the audience. The audience stood up and applauded T.I.

The two rappers have since resolved the dispute and have collaborated on two songs: "Wish You Would" on Ludacris's sixth studio album, ''Theater of the Mind'', and "On Top of the World" on T.I.'s sixth studio album, ''Paper Trail''. The original version of the latter had Kanye West.

Lil' Flip

According to AllHipHop, T.I. and Lil' Flip had an altercation in Lil' Flip's neighborhood, the Cloverland section of Houston. It has been said that T.I. went there to create a DVD exposing Lil' Flip to be a fraud. When T.I. went to Cloverland with his entourage, he was met by Flip and his people. Then it was said a fight broke out with one of the members of Lil Flip's entourage started swinging on T.I. until one of T.I.'s bodyguards started shooting. The same day T.I. went on a Houston, Texas radio station talking about the altercation. He revealed that he had the tape and he was going to release it with an upcoming mixtape, but that did not happen because James Prince stopped him from distributing the tape. It is unknown whether T.I. still has the tape or not. The feud was squashed by Rap-a-Lot's Prince after having them sit down and resolve their feud. The feud was documented by the Houston Press.

Shawty Lo

In 2008, T.I. was involved in a highly publicized feud with Shawty Lo. The feud was characterized by Shawty Lo's track Dunn Dunn, and T.I.'s reply in What Up, What's Haapnin. The song Dunn Dunn appears to question T.I.'s roots in Bankhead. The music video for What Up, What's Haapnin was shot in Shawty Lo's housing project Bowen Homes, an apparent insult towards Shawty Lo. In an interview, T.I. insisted that his song No Matter What was only partially aimed at Shawty Lo.

The feud reached its climax at the November 2008 ''Dirty Awards'' where the entourages of both artists clashed during the ceremony, forcing it to be shut down. Two incidents forced police to use pepper-spray and evacuate the audience.

The feud was publicly squashed on March 7, 2009, when Shawty Lo and T.I. appeared on-stage together at Club Crucial in Bankhead, for T.I.'s farewell concert. After this performance, T.I. gave an interview to MTV, in which he stated that the feud with Shawty Lo was exaggerated by the media, and was not a 'beef'.

Personal life

Family

T.I. has been in a relationship with former Xscape member Tameka "Tiny" Cottle since 2001. The couple married on July 30, 2010 in Miami Beach, Florida. Together, they have two sons: Clifford "King" Joseph Harris III, born August 25, 2004, and Major Philant Harris, born May 16, 2008. Their daughter Lelah Amore Harris was stillborn on March 22, 2007, six months into a complicated pregnancy.

In addition, T.I. has two sons with ex-girlfriend Lashon Dixon: Domani Uriah, born in 2000, and Messiah Ya'Majesty, born in 2001. T.I. also has a daughter named Deyjah Imani, born in 2001, from another relationship.

Through his marriage to Cottle, T.I. has one stepdaughter, Zonnique Pullins, born in 1996 to Cottle and Zonnie Zebo Pullins.

Rescue of suicidal man

T.I. has been praised for helping a twenty-four year old suicidal man in Atlanta named Joshua Starks, convincing the man not to go through with jumping from a 22-story building. On October 13, 2010, T.I. reportedly heard about the situation on the radio and drove to the scene at Atlanta's 400 Colony Square Building. He drove to the site, and asked the police if he could help Starks. T.I. then talked to the man, and convinced him not to jump. Afterwards, T.I. stated "For one, I'm not taking any credit. I didn't do it... I could've just as well came down there and it could have been resolved in another way. The fact of the matter is that God put me in a position to help, and I can't take any credit for that."

Discography

;Studio albums

''I'm Serious'' (2001)

''Trap Muzik'' (2003)

''Urban Legend'' (2004)

''King'' (2006)

''T.I. vs. T.I.P.'' (2007)

''Paper Trail'' (2008)

''No Mercy'' (2010)

''Trouble Man'' (2012)

;Collaborative albums

''The Man and the Martian'' (With B.o.B) (TBA)

Filmography

Film
! Year	! Film	! Role	! Notes
2006		Rashad Swann	Main Role
2007		Stevie Lucas	Minor Role
2008	''For Sale''	Omar Burgess	Main Role
2010	''Takers''	Ghost	Main Role and Executive Producer. Debuted at #1 at the American box office.
Television

See also

List of artists who reached number one in the United States

List of awards and nominations received by T.I.

References

External links

Category:1980 births Category:Living people Category:21st-century actors Category:21st-century American criminals Category:Actors from Georgia (U.S. state) Category:African American film actors Category:African American rappers Category:African American record producers Category:African American songwriters Category:American people convicted of assault Category:American prisoners and detainees Category:American people of Native American descent Category:Atlantic Records artists Category:Grammy Award winners Category:People convicted of drug offenses Category:Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government Category:Pseudonymous rappers Category:Rappers from Atlanta, Georgia Category:Songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)

cs:T.I. da:T.I. de:T.I. et:T.I. es:T.I. fa:تی.آی. fr:T.I. gl:T.I. ko:T.I. hr:T.I. id:T.I. it:T.I. he:T.I. sw:T.I. lv:T.I. lt:T.I. hu:T.I. nl:T.I. ja:T.I. no:T.I. pl:T.I. pt:T.I. ro:T.I. ru:T.I. simple:T.I. sl:T.I. fi:T.I. sv:T.I. ta:டி.ஐ. th:ที.ไอ. tr:T.I. vi:T.I. zh:T.I.

Name	Vannevar Bush
Birth date	March 11, 1890
Birth place	Everett, Massachusetts
Death date	June 28, 1974
Death place	Belmont, Massachusetts
Nationality	United States of America
Field	Electrical engineering
Work institutions	MIT
Alma mater	B.S., M.S. Tufts College 1913D. Eng. MIT 1916
Known for	National Science FoundationManhattan ProjectRaytheon
Influences	Gano DunnNikola Tesla
Influenced	Douglas EngelbartTed NelsonFrederick Terman
Prizes	Edison Medal (1943)Medal for Merit (1948)National Medal of Science (1963)Atomic Pioneer Award (1970)''(more, see below)''
Signature	Vannevar_Bush_signature.gif
Footnotes	}}

Vannevar Bush ( ; March 11, 1890 – June 28, 1974) was an American engineer and science administrator known for his work on analog computing, his political role in the development of the atomic bomb as a primary organizer of the Manhattan Project, the founder of Raytheon, and the idea of the memex, an adjustable microfilm viewer analogous to the structure of the World Wide Web. He is credited with inspiring the creation of the New Media.

Bush joined the Department of Electrical Engineering at MIT in 1919. He founded the company, now known as Raytheon in 1922. Starting in 1927, Bush constructed a ''Differential Analyser'', an analog computer that could solve differential equations with as many as 18 independent variables. An offshoot of the work at MIT was the beginning of digital circuit design theory. Bush became Vice President of MIT and Dean of the MIT School of Engineering in 1932.

Bush was appointed to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) in 1938, and soon became its chairman. As Chairman of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), and later Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), Bush coordinated the activities of some six–thousand leading American scientists in the application of science to warfare. Bush was a well-known policymaker and public intellectual during World War II, when he was in effect the first presidential science advisor. As head of OSRD, he initiated the Manhattan Project.

In July 1945, Bush published ''As We May Think'' in the ''Atlantic Monthly''. In the article, Bush predicted that "wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified".

Early life and work

Vannevar Bush was born in Everett, Massachusetts on March 11, 1890, the third child and only son of Perry Bush, the local Universalist pastor, and his wife Emma Linwood née Paine. He was named after John Vannevar, an old friend of the family who had attended Tufts College with Perry. The family moved to Chelsea, Massachusetts in 1892, and Bush graduated from Chelsea High School in 1909. Bush attended Tufts College, like his father before him. A popular student, he was vice president of his sophomore class, and president of his junior class. During his senior year, he managed the football team. He became a member of the fraternity Alpha Tau Omega, and dated Phoebe Clara Davis, who also came from Chelsea. Tufts allowed students to gain a master's degree in four years simultaneously with a bachelor's degree, so Bush took this route. For his master's thesis, he invented and patented a "profile tracer", a device based on two bicycle wheels that mapped the terrain over which it traveled. On graduation in 1913 he therefore received both bachelor of science and master of science degrees.

After graduation, Bush worked at General Electric (GE) in Schenectady, New York, for $14 a week. As a "test man", his job was to test the equipment in order to ensure that it was safe. He transferred to GE's plant in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, to work on high voltage transformers, but Bush and the other test men were stood down as punishment after a fire broke out at the plant. Bush returned to Tufts in October 1914 to teach mathematics for $300 a term. This was increased to $400 per term in February 1915. He spent the summer break in 1915 working at the Brooklyn Navy Yard as an electrical inspector. Bush was awarded a $1,500 scholarship to study at Clark University as a doctoral student of Arthur Gordon Webster, but Webster wanted Bush to study acoustics, so Bush quit instead. He then enrolled in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) electrical engineering program. Spurred by the need for enough financial security to marry, Bush finished his thesis in April 1916, and married Phoebe in August. Their marriage produced two sons: Richard Davis Bush and John Hathaway Bush. He received his doctorate in engineering from MIT and Harvard University jointly in 1917, after a dispute with his adviser Arthur Edwin Kennelly, who tried to demand more work from him.

Bush accepted a job with Tufts, where he became involved with the American Radio and Research Corporation (AMRAD), which began broadcasting music from the campus on March 8, 1916. The station owner, Harold Power hired Bush to run the company's laboratory, at a salary greater than that which Bush drew from Tufts. During World War I Bush worked with the National Research Council, attempting to develop a means of detecting submarines magnetically. Bush's device worked as designed, but only worked from a wooden ship, not a metal one like a destroyer, and attempts, at the U.S. Navy's insistence, to get it to work on a metal ship failed.

Bush left Tufts, but not AMRAD, in 1919, and joined the Department of Electrical Engineering at MIT, where he worked under Dugald C. Jackson. Bush wrote an introductory textbook, ''Principles of Electrical Engineering'', in 1922. AMRAD had prospered during the war through being awarded large military contracts, but these were soon cancelled when the war ended. Bush attempted to reverse the company's fortunes by developing a thermostatic switch invented by Al Spencer, an AMRAD technician, on his own time. Bush failed to interest AMRAD's management in the device, but they told him that they had no objection to it being sold. Bush found backers including Laurence K. Marshall and Richard S. Aldrich to create a company called Spencer Thermostat, which hired Bush as a consultant. The new company soon had revenues in excess of a million dollars. In 1924, Bush and Marshall teamed up with physicist Charles G. Smith, who had invented a device called the S-tube. This enabled radios, which had previously required two different types of batteries, to operate from mains power. Marshall raised $25,000 to set up the American Appliance Company on July 7, 1922, to market the invention, with Bush and Smith among its five directors. Bush made a lot of money from the venture. The company, now known as Raytheon, ultimately became a large electronics company and defense contractor.

Starting in 1927, Bush constructed a ''Differential Analyser'', an analog computer that could solve differential equations with as many as 18 independent variables. An offshoot of the work at MIT was the beginning of digital circuit design theory by one of Bush's graduate students, Claude Shannon. In 1935, Bush was approached by OP-20-G, which was searching for a electronic device to aid in codebreaking. Bush was paid a $10,000 fee to design a device called a Rapid Analytical Machine (RAM). The project went over budget and was not delivered until 1938, and was found to be unreliable in service. Nonetheless, it was an important step on the road to creating such a device.

The reform of the administration of MIT began in 1930 with the appointment of Karl T. Compton as president. Bush and Compton soon clashed over the issue of limiting the amount of outside consultancy professors were allowed to do, a battle Bush quickly lost; but the two men soon built a solid professional relationship. Compton appointed Bush to the newly-created post of vice president in 1932. That year Bush also became the dean of the MIT School of Engineering. The two positions came with a salary of $12,000 plus $6,000 for expenses per annum.

World War II period

Carnegie Institute

In May 1938, Bush accepted a prestigious appointment as president of the Carnegie Institution of Washington (CIW), which, with an endowment of $33 million, annually spent $1.5 million in research, most of which was carried out at its eight major laboratories. Bush became its president on 1 January 1939, with an annual salary of $25,000. Bush was now able to influence research policy in the United States at the highest level, and could informally advise the government on scientific matters. Bush soon discovered that the CIW had serious financial problems, and he had to ask the Carnegie Corporation for additional funding.

Bush clashed with Cameron Forbes, CIW's chairman of the board, over who was in charge, and with his predecessor, John Merriam, who continued to offer unwanted advice. A major embarrassment to both was Harry H. Laughlin, the head of the Eugenics Record Office. Merriam had attempted to curtail Laughlin's without success. Bush made it a priority. One of his first acts was to ask for a review of Laughlin's work, and in June he asked Laughlin to retire, offering an annuity, which Laughlin reluctantly accepted. The Eugenics Record Office was renamed the Genetics Record Office, its funding was drastically cut, and it was closed completely in 1944. Genetics was not the only field to face the axe: Bush gutted Carnegie's archeology program, setting the field back many years in the United States. He saw little value in the humanities and social sciences, and slashed funding for ''Isis''.

NACA

On August 23, 1938, Bush was appointed to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). Because of the illness of its chairman, Joseph Sweetman Ames, Bush, as vice chairman, soon had to act in his place. In December 1938, NACA asked for $11 million to establish a new aeronautical research laboratory at Sunnyvale, California to supplement the existing Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory. The California location was chosen due to the proximity to some of the largest aviation corporations. This was supported by the Chief of the United States Army Air Corps, Major General Henry H. Arnold, and by the head of the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics, Rear Admiral Arthur B. Cook, who between them were planning to spend $225 million on new aircraft in the year ahead. However, Congress was not convinced of its value. Bush had to appear before the Senate Appropriations Committee on April 5, 1939. It was a frustrating experience for Bush, who had never appeared before Congress before, and the Senators were not swayed by his arguments. Further lobbying was required before funding for the new center, now known as the Ames Research Center, was finally approved. By this time, war had broken out in Europe, and the inferiority of American aircraft engines was apparent, so NACA asked for funds for a third center in Ohio, now known as the Glenn Research Center. Following Ames' retirement in October 1939, Bush became Chairman of NACA, with George J. Mead as his deputy. Bush remained a member of NACA through 1948.

NDRC

During World War I, Bush had become aware of the poor cooperation among civilian scientists and the military. Concerned about the lack of coordination in scientific research and the requirements of defense mobilization, Bush proposed a general directive agency in the federal government, which he often discussed with his colleagues Karl T. Compton; James B. Conant, the President of Harvard University; and Frank B. Jewett, President of the National Academy of Sciences and chairman of the Board of Directors of Bell Laboratories.Bush had the secretary of NACA began prepare a draft of the proposed National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), as Bush called it, to be presented to Congress. But after the Germans invaded France, Bush decided speed was important and approached President Franklin D. Roosevelt directly. Through Frederic Delano, he managed to get a meeting with the President on 12 June 1940 and took a single sheet of paper describing the proposed agency. Roosevelt approved it in 15 minutes, writing "OK - FDR" on the sheet.

NDRC was functioning, with Bush as chairman, even before the agency was made official by order of the Council of National Defense on June 27, 1940. Funding came from President's emergency funds, so the organization functioned financially on a hand to mouth basis. Bush appointed four leading scientists to NRDC: Conant, Compton, Jewitt and Richard C. Tolman, dean of the graduate school at Caltech. Rear Admiral Harold G. Bowen, Sr. and Brigadier General George V. Strong represented the military. That the civilians already knew each other well enabled the organization to hit the ground running. The NRDC established itself at the Administration Building, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Each member committee was assigned an area of responsibility. Tolman was responsible for armor and ordnance; Conant for chemicals and explosives; Jewitt for communications and transportation; Compton for controls and instrumentation, including radar; and Conway Peyton Coe, the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks, for patents and inventions. Bush handled coordination, and a small number of projects which reported to him directly, such as the S-1 Uranium Committee. Compton's deputy, Alfred Loomis, said that "Of the men whose death in the summer of 1940 would have been the greatest calamity for America, the President is first, and Dr. Bush would be second or third."

Bush was fond of saying that "if he made any important contribution to the war effort at all, it would be to get the Army and Navy to tell each other what they were doing." Bush established a cordial relationship with the Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson, and his assistant Harvey H. Bundy, who made it his mission to swiftly resolve any instances of military intransigence that Bush found frustrating. Bundy found Bush "impatient" and "vain", but "one of the most important, able men I ever knew". Bush's relationship with the Navy was more turbulent. Bowen, the Director of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), saw the NDRC as a bureaucratic rival intent on supplanting rather than supplementing the activities of the NRL, and recommended that the NDRC be abolished. A series of bureaucratic battles saw Bowen come off second best, with the NRL being placed under the Bureau of Ships, and an unsatisfactory fitness report being placed in his personnel file by the Secretary of the Navy, Frank Knox. However, Bowen would try again after the war.

On August 31, 1940, Bush met with Henry Tizard, and arranged a series of meetings between the NDRC and the Tizard Mission. At one such meeting hosted by Loomis at the Wardman Park Hotel on September 19, 1940, the Americans described the microwave research done by Loomis and Compton earlier that year. The Americans had an experimental 10 cm wavelength short wave radar but had to admit that it had not enough transmitter power and they were at a dead end. Taffy Bowen and John Cockcroft of the Tizard Mission then revealed the cavity magnetron, a device far in advance of anything the Americans had ever seen, with an amazing power output of around 10 KW at 10 cm. If it could be mass produced and installed in aircraft, it would enable them to spot the periscope of a surfaced submarine at night. To exploit the invention, Bush decided to create a special laboratory. The NDRC allocated the new laboratory a budget of $455,000 for its first year. Loomis suggested that it be run by the Carnegie Institution, but Bush convinced him that it would best be run by MIT. The Radiation Laboratory, as it came to be known, tested its airborne radar from an Army B-18 on March 27, 1940. By mid-1941, it had developed SCR-584 radar, a mobile radar fire control system for antiaircraft guns.

OSRD

On 28 June 1941, Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8807, which created the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), with Bush as its director. Conant succeeded him as Chairman of NDRC, which was subsumed into the OSRD. The OSRD received funding from Congress, and was therefore on a firmer financial footing than NDRC had been. The OSRD had the resources and the authority to develop and produce weapons and technologies with or without the military. Furthermore, the OSRD had a broader mandate than NDRC, moving into more areas, such as medical research. It contributed to many advances in medicine, including the mass production of penicillin and sulfa drugs. The OSRD grew to 850 full time employees, and produced between 30,000 and 35,000 reports. It was involved in some 2,500 contracts, worth in excess of $536 million.

Bush's method of management at OSRD was to direct overall policy while delegating supervision of divisions to qualified colleagues and letting them do their jobs without interference. He attempted to interpret the mandate of OSRD as narrowly as possible to avoid overtaxing his office and to prevent duplicating the efforts of other agencies. Bush would often ask: "Will it help to win a war; ''this'' war?" Other problems were obtaining adequate funds from the President and Congress and determining apportionment of research among government, academic, and industrial facilities. However, his most difficult problems, and also greatest successes, were keeping the confidence of the military, which distrusted the ability of civilians to observe security regulations and devise practical solutions, and opposing conscription of young scientists into the armed forces. This became especially difficult as the Army's manpower crisis really began to bite in 1944. In all, OSRD requested deferments for some 9,725 employees of OSRD contractors, of which all but 63 were granted. The New York Times in its obituary described him as "a master craftsman at steering around obstacles, whether they were technical or political or bull-headed generals and admirals."

Proximity Fuze

In August 1940, NDRC began work on a proximity fuze, a fuze inside an artillery shell that would explode when it came close to the target. A radar set had to be miniaturized to fit inside a shell, and its glass vacuum tubes had to withstand the 20,000 g force of being fired from a gun, and then 500 rotations per second in flight. A special Section T of NDRC was created, chaired by Dr. Merle Tuve of CIW, with Commander William S. Parsons as special assistant to Bush and liaison between NDRC and the Navy's Bureau of Ordnance. In April 1942, Bush placed Section T directly under OSRD, with Parsons in charge. The research effort remained under Tuve but moved to the Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), where Parsons was BuOrd's representative. In August 1942, a live firing test was conducted with the newly commissioned cruiser . Three pilotless drones were shot down in succession.

To preserve the secret of the weapon, its use was initially permitted only over water, where a dud round could not fall into enemy hands. However in late 1943, the Army obtained permission for it to be used over land. They proved particularly effective against the V-1 flying bomb over England, and later Antwerp, in 1944. A version was also developed that could be used with howitzers against ground targets. Bush met with the Joint Chiefs of Staff in October 1944 to press for its use, arguing that the Germans would be unable to copy and produce it before the war was over. Eventually, agreed to authorize its use from December 25. In response to the German Ardennes Offensive on December 16, 1944, its immediate use authorized, and the fuze went in to action with deadly effect. By the end of 1944, VT fuzes were coming off the production lines at the rate of 40,000 per day.

The German V-1 flying bomb demonstrated a serious omission in OSRD's portfolio: guided missiles. While the OSRD had some success developing unguided rockets, it had nothing comparable to the V-1, the V-2 or the Henschel Hs 293 air-to-ship gliding guided bomb. Although United States trailed the Germans and Japanese in several areas, this represented an entire field that had been left to the enemy. Bush did not seek the advice of Dr. Robert H. Goddard, who was regarded as a loner and a crank. Before the war, Bush had gone on the record as saying that "I don't understand how a serious scientist or engineer can play around with rockets." By May 1944 he was forced to travel to London to warn General Dwight Eisenhower of the danger posed by the V-1 and V-2.

Manhattan Project

Bush played a critical role in persuading the United States government to undertake a crash program to create an atomic bomb. When the NDRC was formed, the Committee on Uranium was placed under it, reporting directly to Bush as the Uranium Committee. Bush reorganized the committee, strengthening its scientific component by adding Tuve, George B. Pegram, Jesse W. Beams, Ross Gunn and Harold Urey. When OSRD was formed in June 1941, the Uranium Committee was again placed directly under Bush. For security reasons, its name was soon changed to the S-1 Section.

Roosevelt, Bush and Vice President Henry A. Wallace met on October 9, 1941, to discuss the project. Bush briefed Roosevelt on the Tube Alloys, the British atomic bomb project, and its Maud Committee, which had concluded that an atomic bomb was feasible, and on the German nuclear energy project, about which little was known. Roosevelt approved an expedited the atomic program. To control it, he created a Top Policy Group consisting of himself—although he never attended a meeting—Wallace, Bush, Conant, Stimson and the Chief of Staff of the Army, General George Marshall. On Bush's advice, Roosevelt chose the Army to run the project rather than the Navy, although the Navy had shown far more interest in the field, and was already conducting research into atomic energy for powering ships. Bush's negative experiences with the Navy had convinced him that it would not listen to his advice, and could not handle large-scale construction projects.

Bush sent a report to Roosevelt in March 1942. In it he outlined work by Robert Oppenheimer on the nuclear cross section of uranium-235. Oppenheimer's calculations, which Bush had checked by George Kistiakowsky, estimated that the critical mass of a sphere of uranium-235 in the range of 2.5 to 5 kilograms, with a destructive power of around 2,000 tons of TNT. Moreover, it appeared that plutonium might be even more fissile. After conferring with Brigadier General Lucius D. Clay about the construction requirements, Bush drew up a submission for $85 million in fiscal year 1943 for four pilot plants, which he forwarded to Roosevelt on June 17, 1942. With the Army on board, Bush moved to streamline OSRD's oversight of the project, replacing the S-1 Section with a new S-1 Executive Committee.

Bush soon became dissatisfied with the dilatory way the project was being run, with dithering over the selection of sites for the pilot plants. He was particularly disturbed at the AA-3 priority that had been allocated to it, which would delay completion of the pilot plants by three months. Bush complained to Bundy and Under Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson. Major General Brehon B. Somervell, the commander of the Army's Services of Supply, appointed Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves as project director in September. Within days of taking over, Groves approved the proposed site at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and obtained a AAA priority. At a meeting in Stimson's office on September 23 attended by Bundy, Bush, Conant, Groves, Marshall Somervell and Stimson, Bush put forward his proposal that the project be steered by a small committee answerable to the Top Policy Group. The meeting agreed, creating a Military Policy Committee chaired by Bush, with Somervell's Chief of Staff, Brigadier General Wilhelm D. Styer representing the Army, and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell representing the Navy.

Bush advocated cooperation with the United Kingdom at the meeting with Roosevelt on October 9, 1941, and he began to correspond with his British counterpart, Sir John Anderson. But by October 1942, Conant and Bush agreed that a joint project would pose security risks and be more complicated to manage. Roosevelt approved a Military Policy Committee recommendation that information given the British should be limited to technologies that they were actively working on, and not extend to post-war developments. In July 1943, on a visit to London to learn about British progress on antisubmarine technology, Bush, Stimson and Bundy met with Anderson, Lord Cherwell and Winston Churchill at 10 Downing Street. Churchill forcefully pressed for a renewal of interchange, while Bush defended current policy. Only when he returned to Washington did he discover that Roosevelt had agreed with the British. The Quebec Agreement merged the two atomic bomb projects, creating a Combined Policy Committee on which Stimson, Bush and Conant were the United States representatives.

Bush appeared on the cover of Time magazine on April 12, 1944. He toured the Western Front in October 1944, and spoke to ordnance but no senior commander would meet with him. He did meet with the Alsos Mission, who assured him that there was no danger from the German project, an assessment which Bush conveyed to Lieutenant General Bedell Smith. In May 1945, Bush became part of the Interim Committee, formed to advise the new president, Harry S. Truman on nuclear weapons. The Interim Committee advised that the atomic bomb be used against an industrial target in Japan as soon as possible and without warning. Bush was present at the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range on July 16, 1945 for Trinity nuclear test, the first detonation of an atomic bomb. Afterwards, Bush took his hat off to Oppenheimer in tribute.

Of the war, Bush said in ''As We May Think'': "This has not been a scientist's war; it has been a war in which all have had a part. The scientists, burying their old professional competition in the demand of a common cause, have shared greatly and learned much. It has been exhilarating to work in effective partnership."

Post-war years

Memex concept

Bush introduced the concept of what he called the ''memex'' (possibly derived from "memory extension") during the 1930s, which he imagined as a microfilm-based "device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory." He wanted the memex to behave like the "intricate web of trails carried by the cells of the brain"; essentially, causing the proposed device to be similar to the functions of a human brain. It was also important that it could be easily accessible "a future device for individual use... a sort of mechanized private file and library" in the shape of a desk. The important feature of the memex is that it ties two pieces together. Any item can lead to another immediately. Bush explains how the human mind works differently than traditional storage paradigms. For example, data is often stored alphabetically, and to retrieve it one must trace it down from subclass to subclass. The brain, Bush explains, works by association rather than index, and with the brain being one of the "awe-inspiring" phenomena in nature, one should learn from it.

After thinking about the potential of augmented memory for several years, Bush set out his thoughts at length in the essay ''As We May Think'' in the ''Atlantic Monthly'', which was published July 1945. In the article, Bush predicted that "wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified". A few months later ''Life'' magazine published a condensed version of ''As We May Think'', accompanied by several illustrations showing the possible appearance of a memex machine and its companion devices.

Michael Buckland, a library scientist, regards the memex as severely flawed and blames it on a limited understanding by Bush of both information science and microfilm. Bush did not refer in his popular essay to the microfilm-based workstation proposed by Leonard Townsend during 1938, or the microfilm- and electronics-based selector described in more detail and patented by Emanuel Goldberg during 1931. Shortly after ''As We May Think'' was published, Douglas Engelbart came across Bush's piece, and, with the concepts of Bush's visions in mind, commenced work that would later lead to the invention of the mouse. Ted Nelson, who coined the terms "hypertext" and "hypermedia", was also greatly influenced by Bush's essay.

Due to the linear fashion of the memex machine, the term ''Bushian'' has been coined to express the linearity of HTML structure and text. The Bushian philosophy of digital media is more focused on using facts to build something creative that will better our world. Bush sees art as a tool to help with that process. Instead of using emotion as a base, the Bushian view uses reason and logic. His goal is to untangle the labyrinth-shaped book and mold it into something linear and reasonable. Bush is constantly in search of a shortcut to the end of the trial. The Bushian concept of linearity is the opposite of ''Borgesian'', a term coined to express the non-linear philosophy of Jorge Luis Borges. In ''As We May Think'', Nelson wrote, "writing is a process of making the tree of thought into a picket fence"

National Science Foundation

OSRD continued to function actively until some time after the end of hostilities, but by 1946 and 1947 it had been reduced to a minimal staff charged with finishing work remaining from the war period. Bush was calling for its closure even before the war had ended. During the war OSRD had let contracts as it had seen fit. Just eight contractors had accounted for half of OSRD's spending, and the largest of them was MIT, with its obvious ties to Bush and his close associates. Efforts to obtain legislation exempting OSRD from the usual government conflict of interest regulations failed, leaving Bush and other OSRD principals open to prosecution.

Bush and many others had hoped that with the dissolution of OSRD, an equivalent peacetime government research and development agency would replace it. Bush felt that basic research was important national survival for both military and commercial reasons, requiring continued government support for science and technology. Technical superiority could be a deterrent to future enemy aggression. During July 1945, in his report to the President ''Science, The Endless Frontier'', Bush wrote that basic research was: "the pacemaker of technological progress" and "New products and new processes do not appear full-grown. They are founded on new principles and new conceptions, which in turn are painstakingly developed by research in the purest realms of science!"

During July 1945, the Kilgore bill was introduced in Congress proposing a single science administrator appointed and removable by the President, with emphasis on applied research, and a patent clause favoring a government monopoly. In contrast, the competing Magnuson bill was similar to Bush's proposal to vest control in a panel of top scientists and civilian administrators with the executive director appointed by them, to emphasize basic research, and to protect private patent rights. A compromise Kilgore–Magnuson bill of February 1946 passed the Senate but expired in the House because Bush favored a competing bill that was a virtual duplicate of the original Magnuson bill. During February 1947, a Senate bill was introduced to create the National Science Foundation to replace OSRD, favoring most of the features advocated by Bush, including the controversial administration by an autonomous scientific board. It passed the Senate and the House, but was vetoed by Truman on August 6 on the grounds that the administrative officers were not properly responsible to either the President or Congress.

In the meantime Bush remained director of the remnants of OSRD and fulfilling his duties as president of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. In addition, Bush postwar had helped create the Joint Research and Development Board (JRDB) of the Army and Navy, of which he was chairman. With passage of the National Security Act in 1947, the JRDB became the Research and Development Board (RDB). It was to promote research through the military until a bill creating the National Science Foundation finally became law. However, the authority Bush had as chairman of the RDB was much different from the power and influence he enjoyed as director of OSRD and the agency he hoped to create postwar almost independent of the Executive branch and Congress. Bush was never happy with the position and resigned as chairman of the RDB after a year, but remained on the oversight committee. Legislation to create the National Science Foundation finally passed through Congress and was signed into law by Truman in 1950.

Later life

With Truman as president, cronies like John R. Steelman, who was appointed Chairman of President's Scientific Research Board in October 1946, came to prominence. While Bush remained a revered figure, his authority, both among scientists and politicians, suffered a rapid decline. However, he still remained a public authority figure. During September 1949, Bush was appointed to head a scientific panel that included Oppenheimer to review the evidence that the Soviet Union had tested its first atomic bomb. The panel concluded that it had, and this finding was relayed to Truman, who made the public announcement. Bush was outraged when the Oppenheimer security hearing stripped Oppenheimer of his security clearance in 1954, and issued a strident attack on Oppenheimer's accusers in the ''New York Times''. Alfred Friendly summed up the feeling of many scientists in declaring that Bush had become "the Grand Old Man of American science".

Bush continued to serve on NACA through 1948 and expressed annoyance with aircraft companies for delaying development of a turbojet engine because of the huge expense of research and development plus retooling from older piston engines. Bush was similarly disappointed with the automobile industry, which showed no interest in his proposals for more fuel efficient engines. General Motors told him that "even if it were a better engine, [General Motors] would not be interested in it." Bush likewise deplored trends in advertising. "Madison Avenue believes," he said, "that if you tell the public something absurd, but do it enough times, the public will ultimately register it in its stock of accepted verities."

From 1947 to 1962 Bush was on the board of directors of American Telephone and Telegraph, although in 1955 Bush retired as President of the Carnegie Institution and returned to Massachusetts. He was also a director of the Director, Metals and Controls Corporation, from 1952 to 1959, and of Merck & Co. from 1949 to 1962, serving as its Chairman of the Board from 1957 to 1962. He was also a trustee of Tufts College from 1943 to 1962, Johns Hopkins University from 1943 to 1955, Carnegie Corporation of New York from 1939 to 1950, Carnegie Institution of Washington from 1958 to 1974, and the George Putnam Fund of Boston from 1956 to 1972, and a regent of the Smithsonian Institution from 1943 to 1955.

Bush received fourteen honorary doctorates from Tufts College, Brown University, Middlebury College, Johns Hopkins University, University of Pennsylvania, Yale University, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, Stevens Institute of Technology, Williams College, Rutgers College, Washington University, Trinity College, University of Buffalo, West Virginia University, Columbia University, Princeton University, the Carnegie Institute of Technology, and Cambridge University. He was awarded the Franklin Institute's Louis E. Levy Medal in 1928, and received the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1943, "For his contribution to the advancement of electrical engineering, particularly through the development of new applications of mathematics to engineering problems, and for his eminent service to the nation in guiding the war research program." In 1945 Bush was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences. In 1949, he received the IRI Medal from the Industrial Research Institute for recognition of his contribution to the leadership of R&D.; President Truman awarded Bush the Medal of Merit with bronze oak leaf cluster in 1948, President Lyndon Johnson awarded him the National Medal of Science in 1963, and President Richard Nixon presented him with the Atomic Pioneers Award from the Atomic Energy Commission in February 1970. Bush also received foreign awards from Britain, which made him a Knight Commander of the British Empire in 1948, and France, where he was made an Officer of the French Legion of Honor in 1955.

Bush died in Belmont, Massachusetts at age 84 from pneumonia after suffering a stroke during 1974. His wife had died in 1969, but he was survived by his sons Richard, now a surgeon, and John, now President of Millipore Corporation, his six grandchildren and his sister Edith. He was buried at South Dennis Cemetery in South Dennis, Massachusetts after a private funeral service. MIT later held a public memorial, at which Jerome Wiesner declared that "No American has had greater influence in the growth of science and technology than Vannevar Bush". The National Science Foundation created the Vannevar Bush Award in 1980 to honor his contributions to public service.

Publications

1922, ''Principles of Electrical Engineering''.

1929, ''Operational Circuit Analysis''.

1945, ''As We May Think'' ''Atlantic Monthly''.

1945, ''Science: The Endless Frontier'', a report to president Truman outlining his proposal for post-war U.S. science and technology policy.

1946, ''Endless Horizons'', a collection of papers and addresses.

1949, ''Modern Arms and Free Men'', a discussion of the role of science in preserving democratic institutions.

1967, ''Science Is Not Enough'', essays.

1970, ''Pieces of the Action'', an examination of science and the state.

Notes

References

External links

Internet Pioneers – Vannevar Bush

Living Internet – Vannevar Bush and Memex

1995 MIT/Brown Vannevar Bush Symposium – Complete Video Archive

The Vannevar Bush Index at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum

Pioneers: Vannevar Bush (1890–1974)

Links to Vannevar Bush References

''Foreseeing the Future: The legacy of Vannevar Bush'' by Erin Malone

Annotated bibliography for Vannevar Bush from the Alsos Digital Library

YouTube video demonstrating the ideas behind the Memex system

Pictures of Vannevar Bush from the Tufts Digital Library

Category:1890 births Category:1974 deaths Category:American electrical engineers Category:Computer pioneers Category:Futurologists Category:IEEE Edison Medal recipients Category:Internet pioneers Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty Category:Manhattan Project people Category:Medal for Merit recipients Category:National Academy of Sciences laureates Category:National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees Category:National Medal of Science laureates Category:People associated with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Category:People from Everett, Massachusetts Category:Raytheon people Category:Tufts University alumni Category:Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Category:Légion d'honneur recipients

az:Vannever Buş bn:ভ্যানিভার বুশ be:Вэнівар Буш cs:Vannevar Bush da:Vannevar Bush de:Vannevar Bush es:Vannevar Bush fa:ونیوار بوش fr:Vannevar Bush ko:버니바 부시 id:Vannevar Bush it:Vannevar Bush he:וניבר בוש ml:വാനെവർ ബുഷ് nl:Vannevar Bush ja:ヴァネヴァー・ブッシュ no:Vannevar Bush pl:Vannevar Bush pt:Vannevar Bush ro:Vannevar Bush ru:Буш, Вэнивар sk:Vannevar Bush fi:Vannevar Bush zh:万尼瓦尔·布什

name	Sir Tim Berners-Lee
honorific suffix	OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA
birth name	Timothy John Berners-Lee
birth date	June 08, 1955
birth place	London, England
nationality	English
residence	Massachusetts, U.S.
known for
alma mater	Queen's College, Oxford
employer
occupation	Computer scientist
title	Professor
religion	Unitarian Universalism
parents
website	}}

Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, (born 8 June 1955), also known as "TimBL", is an English computer scientist, MIT professor and the inventor of the World Wide Web. He made a proposal for an information management system in March 1989 and on 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student at CERN, he implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet.

Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the Web's continued development. He is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation, and is a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com Founders Chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). He is a director of The Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence.

In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. In April 2009, he was elected a foreign associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences, based in Washington, D.C.

Early life

Tim Berners-Lee was born in southwest London, England, on 8 June 1955, the son of Conway Berners-Lee and Mary Lee Woods. His parents worked on the first commercially built computer, the Ferranti Mark 1. One of four children, he attended Sheen Mount Primary School, and then went on to Emanuel School in London, from 1969 to 1973. He studied at The Queen's College, Oxford, from 1973 to 1976, where he received a first-class degree in Physics.

Career

While an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980, Berners-Lee proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers. While there, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE.

After leaving CERN in 1980, he went to work at John Poole's Image Computer Systems, Ltd, in Bournemouth, England. The project he worked on was a ''real-time remote procedure call'' which gave him experience in computer networking. In 1984 he returned to CERN as a fellow.

In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet: "I just had to take the hypertext idea and connect it to the Transmission Control Protocol and domain name system ideas and—ta-da!—the World Wide Web." “Creating the web was really an act of desperation, because the situation without it was very difficult when I was working at CERN later. Most of the technology involved in the web, like the hypertext, like the Internet, multifont text objects, had all been designed already. I just had to put them together. It was a step of generalising, going to a higher level of abstraction, thinking about all the documentation systems out there as being possibly part of a larger imaginary documentation system.” He wrote his initial proposal in March 1989, and in 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau (with whom he shared the 1995 ACM Software System Award), produced a revision which was accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall. He used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web, for which he designed and built the first Web browser. This also functioned as an editor (WorldWideWeb, running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon).

The first web site built was at CERN within the border of France, and was first put online on 6 August 1991:

"Info.cern.ch was the address of the world's first-ever web site and web server, running on a NeXT computer at CERN. The first web page address was http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html, which centred on information regarding the WWW project. Visitors could learn more about hypertext, technical details for creating their own webpage, and even an explanation on how to search the Web for information. There are no screenshots of this original page and, in any case, changes were made daily to the information available on the page as the WWW project developed. You may find a later copy (1992) on the World Wide Web Consortium website." -CERN

It provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how one could use a browser and set up a web server.

In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at MIT. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web. Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that they could easily be adopted by anyone.

In 2001, Berners-Lee became a patron of the East Dorset Heritage Trust, having previously lived in Colehill in Wimborne, East Dorset, England.

In December 2004, he accepted a chair in Computer Science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, England, to work on his new project, the Semantic Web.

Current work

In June 2009 then British Prime Minister Gordon Brown announced Berners-Lee would work with the UK Government to help make data more open and accessible on the Web, building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force. Berners-Lee and Professor Nigel Shadbolt are the two key figures behind data.gov.uk, a UK Government project to open up almost all data acquired for official purposes for free re-use. Commenting on the opening up of Ordnance Survey data in April 2010 Berners-Lee said that: "The changes signal a wider cultural change in Government based on an assumption that information should be in the public domain unless there is a good reason not to—not the other way around." He went on to say "Greater openness, accountability and transparency in Government will give people greater choice and make it easier for individuals to get more directly involved in issues that matter to them."

In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation in order to "Advance the Web to empower humanity by launching transformative programs that build local capacity to leverage the Web as a medium for positive change."

Berners-Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favour of Net Neutrality, and has expressed the view that ISPs should supply "connectivity with no strings attached," and should neither control nor monitor customers' browsing activities without their expressed consent. He advocates the idea that net neutrality is a kind of human network right: "Threats to the Internet, such as companies or governments that interfere with or snoop on Internet traffic, compromise basic human network rights."

In a ''Times'' article in October 2009, Berners-Lee admitted that the initial pair of slashes ("//") in a web address were actually "unnecessary". He told the newspaper that he could easily have designed URLs not to have the slashes. "There you go, it seemed like a good idea at the time," he said in his lighthearted apology.

Recognition

In 1994 he became one of only six members of the World Wide Web Hall of Fame. In 1995 he won the Kilby Foundation's "Young Innovator of the Year" Award. In 1995 he received also the Software System Award from the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). In 1998 he was awarded with an honorary doctorate from the University of Essex. In 1999, ''Time Magazine'' named Berners-Lee one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century. In March 2000 he was awarded an honorary degree from The Open University as Doctor of the University. In 2001, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2003, he received the Computer History Museum's Fellow Award, for his seminal contributions to the development of the World Wide Web. On 15 April 2004, he was named as the first recipient of Finland's Millennium Technology Prize, for inventing the World Wide Web. The cash prize, worth one million euros (about £892,000, or US$1.3 million, as of Sept 2011), was awarded on 15 June, in Helsinki, Finland, by the President of the Republic of Finland, Tarja Halonen. He was appointed to the rank of Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (the second-highest class within this Order that entails a knighthood) by Queen Elizabeth II, in the 2004 New Year's Honours List, and was formally invested on 16 July 2004. On 21 July 2004, he was presented with an honorary Doctor of Science degree from Lancaster University. On 27 January 2005, he was named Greatest Briton of 2004, both for his achievements and for displaying the key British characteristics of "diffidence, determination, a sharp sense of humour and adaptability", as put by David Hempleman-Adams, a panel member.

In 2007, Berners-Lee received the Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award.

In 2007, he was ranked Joint First, alongside Albert Hofmann, in ''The Telegraph'''s list of 100 greatest living geniuses. On 13 June 2007, he received the Order of Merit, becoming one of only 24 living members entitled to hold the honour, and to use the post-nominals 'O.M.' after their name. (The Order of Merit is within the personal bestowal of The Queen, and does not require recommendation by ministers or the Prime Minister) He was awarded the 2008 IEEE/RSE Wolfson James Clerk Maxwell Award, for "conceiving and further developing the World Wide Web". On 2 December 2008, Berners-Lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Manchester. His parents worked on the Manchester Mark 1 in the 1940s and 50s. On 21 April 2009, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.

On 28 April 2009, he was elected member of the United States National Academy of Sciences.

On 8 June 2009, he received the Webby Award for Lifetime Achievement, at the awards ceremony held in New York City. In October 2009, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

On 30 March 2011, he was one of the first three recipients of the Mikhail Gorbachev award for "The Man Who Changed the World", at the inuagural awards ceremony held in London. The other recipients were Evans Wadongo for solar power development and anti-poverty work in Africa, and media mogul Ted Turner.

On 26 May 2011, Berners-Lee was awarded with an honorary Doctor of Science degree from Harvard University. In 2011, he was inducted into IEEE Intelligent Systems' AI's Hall of Fame for the "significant contributions to the field of AI and intelligent systems". In 2012, Berners-Lee was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.

Personal life

Berners-Lee had a religious upbringing, but left the Church of England as a teenager, just after being confirmed and "told how essential it was to believe in all kinds of unbelievable things". He and his family eventually joined a Unitarian Universalist church while they were living in Boston.

See also

Eelco van Asperen

History of the World Wide Web

Kevin Hughes (www)

libwww

Mundaneum

Network neutrality

Paul Otlet

Semantic Web

Bob Taylor

Vannevar Bush

Publications

Notes

Further reading

''Tim Berners-Lee and the Development of the World Wide Web (Unlocking the Secrets of Science)'', Ann Gaines (Mitchell Lane Publishers, 2001) ISBN 1-58415-096-3

''Tim Berners-Lee: Inventor of the World Wide Web (Ferguson's Career Biographies)'', Melissa Stewart (Ferguson Publishing Company, 2001) ISBN 0-89434-367-X children's biography

''Weaving the Web'' Berners-Lee, Tim, with Fischetti, Mark (Harper Collins Publishers,1999) ISBN 0-06-251586-1(cloth) ISBN 0-06-251587-X(paper)

''How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web'' Robert Cailliau, James Gillies, R. Cailliau (Oxford University Press, 2000) ISBN 0-19-286207-3

Tim Berners-Lee Gives the Web a New Definition

BBC2 Newsnight – Transcript of video interview of Berners-Lee on the read/write Web

Technology Review interview

External links

timbl on identi.ca

Tim Berners-Lee on the W3C site

First World Wide Web page

Category:Free software people Category:1955 births Category:Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford Category:English computer scientists Category:English expatriates in the United States Category:English inventors Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Category:Fellows of the British Computer Society Category:Fellows of the Royal Society Category:Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering Category:Internet pioneers Category:Internet Hall of Fame inductees Category:Living people Category:Japan Prize laureates Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Category:MacArthur Fellows Category:Members of the Order of Merit Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering Category:People from London Category:People from Barnes, London Category:World Wide Web Consortium Category:Computer pioneers Category:Royal Medal winners Category:English Unitarians Category:HTTP Category:People educated at Emanuel School Category:Unitarian Universalists

af:Tim Berners-Lee als:Tim Berners-Lee ar:تيم بيرنرز لي an:Tim Berners-Lee az:Tim Berners-Li bn:টিম বার্নার্স-লি zh-min-nan:Tim Berners-Lee be:Цім Бернерс-Лі be-x-old:Тым Бэрнэрз-Лі bs:Tim Berners-Lee br:Tim Berners-Lee bg:Тим Бърнърс-Лий ca:Tim Berners-Lee cs:Tim Berners-Lee cy:Tim Berners-Lee da:Tim Berners-Lee de:Tim Berners-Lee et:Tim Berners-Lee el:Τιμ Μπέρνερς Λι es:Tim Berners-Lee eo:Tim Berners-Lee eu:Tim Berners-Lee fa:تیم برنرز لی hif:Tim Berners-Lee fr:Tim Berners-Lee fy:Tim Berners-Lee ga:Tim Berners-Lee gd:Tim Berners-Lee gl:Tim Berners-Lee ko:팀 버너스리 hi:टिम बर्नर्स ली hr:Tim Berners-Lee id:Tim Berners-Lee is:Tim Berners-Lee it:Tim Berners-Lee he:טים ברנרס-לי jv:Tim Berners-Lee kn:ಟಿಮ್ ಬರ್ನರ್ಸ್ ಲೀ ka:ტიმ ბერნერს-ლი kk:Тим Бернерс-Ли sw:Tim Berners-Lee la:Timotheus Ioannes Berners-Lee lv:Tims Bērnerss-Lī lb:Tim Berners-Lee lt:Tim Berners-Lee li:Tim Berners-Lee lmo:Tim Berners-Lee hu:Tim Berners-Lee mk:Тим Бернерс-Ли ml:ടിം ബർണേയ്സ് ലീ mt:Tim Berners-Lee arz:تيم بيرنرز لى ms:Tim Berners-Lee mn:Тим Бернерс-Ли nl:Tim Berners-Lee new:टिम बर्नर्स ली ja:ティム・バーナーズ＝リー kk:Тим Бернерс-Ли no:Tim Berners-Lee nn:Tim Berners-Lee oc:Tim Berners-Lee pnb:ٹم برنرز لی pl:Tim Berners-Lee pt:Tim Berners-Lee ksh:Tim Berners-Lee ro:Tim Berners-Lee rue:Тім Бернерс-Лі ru:Бернерс-Ли, Тим sah:Тим Бернерс-Ли sq:Tim Berners-Lee scn:Tim Berners-Lee simple:Tim Berners-Lee sk:Tim Berners-Lee sl:Tim Berners-Lee sr:Тим Бернерс-Ли sh:Tim Berners-Lee fi:Tim Berners-Lee sv:Tim Berners-Lee tl:Tim Berners-Lee ta:டிம் பேர்னேர்ஸ்-லீ te:టిమ్ బెర్నర్స్ లీ th:ทิม เบอร์เนิร์ส-ลี tg:Тим Бернерс-Ли tr:Tim Berners-Lee uk:Тім Бернерс-Лі za:Tim Berners-Lee vec:Tim Berners-Lee vi:Tim Berners-Lee vo:Tim Berners-Lee war:Tim Berners-Lee yi:טים בערנערס-לי yo:Tim Berners-Lee bat-smg:Tim Berners-Lee zh:蒂姆·伯纳斯-李