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Albania
Albania ( , , Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia/Shqypnia), officially known as the Republic of Albania (, pronounced ), is a country in South Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.
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Berlin Wall
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
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France
{{Infobox Country
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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New Statesman
The New Statesman is a British left-wing political magazine published weekly in London. Founded in 1913, and connected with leading members of the Fabian Society, the magazine reached a circulation peak in the late 1960s.
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North Korea
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University of Oxford
The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University, or simply Oxford) is a university located in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the third oldest surviving university and the oldest university in the English-speaking world. Although the exact date of foundation remains unclear, there is evidence of teaching there as far back as the 11th century. The University grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.
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A. J. Ayer
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Ahl-e Haqq
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Alain de Botton
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Alexander Bard
Alexander Bengt Magnus Bard (born 17 March 1961) is a Swedish artist, music producer and writer.
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Alvin Plantinga
Alvin Carl Plantinga (born 1932) is an American analytic philosopher, formerly the John A. O'Brien Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. He is known for his work in philosophy of religion, epistemology, metaphysics, and Christian apologetics. Plantinga is a Christian and known for applying the methods of analytic philosophy to defend orthodox Christian beliefs. Notably, he has argued that some people can know that God exists as a basic belief, requiring no argument, similar to how people usually claim to know that other minds exist. He has also argued that there is no logical inconsistency between the existence of evil and the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing, wholly good God.
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Amalric of Bena
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Anthony Kenny
Sir Anthony John Patrick Kenny FBA (born 16 March 1931 in Liverpool) is an English philosopher whose interests lie in the philosophy of mind, ancient and scholastic philosophy, the philosophy of Wittgenstein and the philosophy of religion. With Peter Geach, he has made a significant contribution to Analytical Thomism, a movement whose aim is to present the thought of St Thomas Aquinas in the style of modern philosophy by clearing away the trappings and obscurities of traditional Thomism. He is one of the executors of Wittgenstein's literary estate. He is a former President of the British Academy and current President of the Royal Institute of Philosophy.
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Antony Flew
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Arthur Golding
Arthur Golding (c. 1536 – c. 1605) was an English translator.
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Arthur Schopenhauer
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Augustine of Hippo
: For other uses, see Augustine, Augustinus and Saint Augustine.
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Averroes
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Avicenna
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Baron d'Holbach
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Baruch Spinoza
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Bertrand Russell
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Blaise Pascal
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Boethius
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Brahmins
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Buddhism
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Callimachus
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Catiline
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Cato the Younger
Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis (95 BC, Rome – April 46 BC, Utica), commonly known as Cato the Younger (Cato Minor) to distinguish him from his great-grandfather (Cato the Elder), was a politician and statesman in the late Roman Republic, and a follower of the Stoic philosophy. He is remembered for his legendary stubbornness and tenacity (especially in his lengthy conflict with Gaius Julius Caesar), as well as his immunity to bribes, his moral integrity, and his famous distaste for the ubiquitous corruption of the period.
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Christopher Hitchens
Christopher Eric Hitchens (born 13 April 1949) is an English-American author and journalist (or Sage writer) whose books, essays, and journalistic career span more than four decades. He has been a columnist and literary critic at The Atlantic, Vanity Fair, Slate, World Affairs, The Nation, Free Inquiry, and became the William S. Hertz media fellow at the Hoover Institution in September 2008. He is a staple of talk shows and lecture circuits and in 2005 he was voted the world's fifth top public intellectual in a Prospect/Foreign Policy poll.
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Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero (; Classical Latin: ; January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC; sometimes anglicized as "Tully"), was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and Roman constitutionalist. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the equestrian order, and is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.
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Claude Lévi-Strauss
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Critias
Critias (Greek Kritias, 460-403 BC), born in Athens, son of Callaeschrus, was an uncle of Plato, and a leading member of the Thirty Tyrants, and one of the most violent. He was an associate of Socrates, a fact that did not endear Socrates to the Athenian public. He was noted in his day for his tragedies, elegies and prose works. Some, like Sextus Empiricus, believe that Critias authored the Sisyphus fragment; others, however, attribute it to Euripides.
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Dagobert D. Runes
Dagobert David Runes (January 6, 1902 – September 24, 1982) was a philosopher and author. Born in Zastavna, Bukovina, Austro-Hungary (now in Ukraine), he emigrated to the United States in 1926. He had received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Vienna in 1924. In the U.S. he became editor of The Modern Thinker and later Current Digest. From 1931 to 1934 he was Director of the Institute for Advanced Education in New York City. In 1941 he founded the Philosophical Library, a spiritual organization and publisher. Runes was a colleague and friend of Albert Einstein.
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Daniel C. Dennett
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Daniel Dennett
Daniel Clement Dennett (born March 28, 1942 in Boston) is an American philosopher and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science. He graduated from Harvard with a B.A in philosophy, then after completing his D.Phil at the University of Oxford. He is currently the co-director of the Center for Cognitive Studies, the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, and a University Professor at Tufts University. Dennett is a noted atheist and secularist, a member of the Secular Coalition for America advisory board, as well as a prominent advocate of the Brights movement.
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David Hume
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David Strauss
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Democritus
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Desiderius Erasmus
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Diagoras of Melos
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Diodorus Siculus
Diodorus Siculus (Greek: ), was a Greek historian who lived in the 1st century BC. According to Diodorus' own work, he was born at Agyrium in Sicily (now called Agira). With one exception, antiquity affords no further information about Diodorus' life and doings beyond what is to be found in his own work, Bibliotheca historica. Only Jerome, in his Chronicon under the year of Abraham 1968 (49 BC), writes, "Diodorus of Sicily, a writer of Greek history, became illustrious". His English translator, Charles Henry Oldfather, remarks on the "striking coincidence" that one of only two known Greek inscriptions from Agyrium (I.G. XIV, 588) is the tombstone of one "Diodorus, the son of Apollonius".
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Dostoevsky
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Emil Brunner
Heinrich Emil Brunner (December 23, 1889 – April 6, 1966) was a Swiss Protestant (Reformed) theologian. Along with Karl Barth (see Relationship with Karl Barth), he is commonly associated with neo-orthodoxy or the dialectical theology movement.
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Enver Hoxha
(pronounced , 16 October 1908 11 April 1985) was the leader of Albania from the end of World War II until his death in 1985, as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania. He also served as Prime Minister of Albania from 1944 to 1954, Minister of Defense from 1944 to 1953, Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1946 to 1953, Chairman of the Democratic Front from 1945 to his death, and as Commander-in-Chief of the Albanian armed forces from 1944 to his death.
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Epicurus
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Ernest Nagel
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Ernst Haeckel
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Ernst Troeltsch
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Euhemerus
http://wn.com/Euhemerus -
Eusebius of Caesarea
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Frank Sulloway
Frank J. Sulloway (born 1947) is a visiting Scholar in the Institute of Personality and Social Research at the University of California, Berkeley, and a Visiting Professor in the Department of Psychology.
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François Rabelais
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Friedrich Engels
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Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; in English , ) (October 15, 1844 August 25, 1900) was a 19th-century German philosopher and classical philologist. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and aphorism.
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Friedrich Solmsen
Friedrich W. Solmsen (February 4, 1904 – January 30, 1989) was a philologist and professor of classical studies. His edition of Hesiod is considered definitive. He published nearly 150 books, monographs, scholarly articles, and reviews from the 1930s through the 1980s. Solmsen's work is characterized by a prevailing interest in the history of ideas. He was an influential scholar in the areas of Greek tragedy, particularly for his work on Aeschylus, and the philosophy of the physical world and its relation to the soul, especially the systems of Plato and Aristotle.
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G. E. Moore
:"G.E. Moore" redirects here. For the cofounder of Intel, see Gordon Moore.
http://wn.com/G_E_Moore -
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
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Georges Bataille
Georges Bataille () (10 September 1897 – 8 July 1962) was a French writer. Although several philosophers have been significantly influenced by his thought, Bataille tended not to refer to himself as a philosopher.
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Gregory S. Paul
http://wn.com/Gregory_S_Paul -
Heraclitus
Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: — ; c. 535–c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure," and the "Weeping Philosopher."
http://wn.com/Heraclitus -
Immanuel Kant
http://wn.com/Immanuel_Kant -
J. J. C. Smart
John Jamieson Carswell "Jack" Smart AC (born 16 September 1920) is an Australian philosopher and academic who is currently Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at Monash University, Australia. He works in the fields of metaphysics, philosophy of science, philosophy of mind, philosophy of religion, and political philosophy.
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J. L. Mackie
John Leslie Mackie (25 August 1917–12 December 1981) was an Australian philosopher, originally from Sydney. He made significant contributions to the philosophy of religion, metaphysics, and the philosophy of language, and is perhaps best known for his views on meta-ethics, especially his defence of moral skepticism.
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Jacques Hébert
http://wn.com/Jacques_Hébert -
Jan Hus
http://wn.com/Jan_Hus -
Jan Söderqvist
http://wn.com/Jan_Söderqvist -
Jean Meslier
http://wn.com/Jean_Meslier -
Jean Paul Sartre
http://wn.com/Jean_Paul_Sartre -
Jean-Luc Marion
Jean-Luc Marion (born 3 July 1946) is among the best-known living philosophers in France, former student of Jacques Derrida and one of the leading Catholic thinkers of modern times. Marion's take on the postmodern is richly enhanced by his expertise in patristic and mystical theology, phenomenology, and modern philosophy. Although much of his academic work has dealt with Descartes and phenomenologists like Martin Heidegger and Edmund Husserl, it is rather his explicitly religious works that have garnered much recent attention. God Without Being, for example, is concerned predominantly with an analysis of idolatry, a theme strongly linked in Marion's work with love and the gift, which is a concept also explored at length by Derrida. To a certain extent, Marion also takes up the mantle of Emmanuel Levinas in directing our thought beyond being. There is a widespread but possibly dubious designation of Jean-Luc Marion as a leading contributor to postmodern theology.
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Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French existentialist philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the leading figures in 20th century French philosophy, existentialism, and Marxism, and his work continues to influence fields such as Marxist philosophy, sociology, and literary studies. Sartre was also noted for his long relationship with the author and social theorist, Simone de Beauvoir. He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature but refused the honour.
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John Calvin
http://wn.com/John_Calvin -
John Dewey
http://wn.com/John_Dewey -
John Wycliffe
http://wn.com/John_Wycliffe -
Julian Baggini
Julian Baggini (born 1968) is a British philosopher and the author of several books about philosophy written for a general audience. He is the author of The Pig that Wants to be Eaten and 99 other thought experiments (2005) and is co-founder and editor of ''The Philosophers' Magazine. He was awarded his PhD in 1996 from University College London for a thesis on the philosophy of personal identity. He contributes to The Guardian, The Independent, The Observer'', and the BBC, and has been a regular guest on BBC Radio 4's In Our Time.
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Julius Caesar
http://wn.com/Julius_Caesar -
Kant
http://wn.com/Kant -
Karen Armstrong
Karen Armstrong FRSL (born 14 November 1944 in Wildmoor, Worcestershire) is a British author of numerous works on comparative religion, who first rose to prominence in 1993 with her highly successful A History of God. A former Roman Catholic nun, she asserts that, "All the great traditions are saying the same thing in much the same way, despite their surface differences." They each have in common, she says, an emphasis on the transcendent importance of compassion, as epitomized in the so-called Golden Rule: Do unto others as you would have others do unto you.
http://wn.com/Karen_Armstrong -
Karl Barth
Karl Barth ( – ) (pronounced "Bart") was a Swiss Reformed theologian whom critics hold to be among the most important Christian thinkers of the 20th century; Pope Pius XII described him as the most important theologian since Thomas Aquinas. Beginning with his experience as a pastor, he rejected his training in the predominant liberal theology typical of 19th-century European Protestantism. Instead he embarked on a new theological path initially called dialectical theology, due to its stress on the paradoxical nature of divine truth (e.g., God's relationship to humanity embodies both grace and judgment). Other critics have referred to Barth as the father of neo-orthodoxy — a term emphatically rejected by Barth himself. The most accurate description of his work might be "a theology of the Word." Barth's theological thought emphasized the sovereignty of God, particularly through his innovative doctrine of election.
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Karl Marx
http://wn.com/Karl_Marx -
Lactantius
Lucius Caelius (or Caecilius?) Firmianus Lactantius was an early Christian author (ca. 240 – ca. 320) who became an advisor to the first Christian Roman emperor, Constantine I, guiding his religious policy as it developed, and tutor to his son.
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Leonardo da Vinci
http://wn.com/Leonardo_da_Vinci -
Lev Shestov
Lev Isaakovich Shestov (), born Yehuda Leyb Schwarzmann (), was a Ukrainian/Russian existentialist philosopher. Born in Kiev (Russian Empire) on , he emigrated to France in 1921, fleeing from the aftermath of the October Revolution. He lived in Paris until his death on November 19, 1938.
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Loyal Rue
Dr. Loyal D. Rue is professor of religion and philosophy at Luther College of Decorah, Iowa , and focuses on naturalistic theories of religion.
http://wn.com/Loyal_Rue -
Lucretius
http://wn.com/Lucretius -
Ludwig Wittgenstein
http://wn.com/Ludwig_Wittgenstein -
Maimonides
http://wn.com/Maimonides -
Mandaeism
http://wn.com/Mandaeism -
Manichaeism
http://wn.com/Manichaeism -
Martin Buber
http://wn.com/Martin_Buber -
Martin Luther
http://wn.com/Martin_Luther -
Max Stirner
http://wn.com/Max_Stirner -
Mazdak
http://wn.com/Mazdak -
Meredith Hanmer
http://wn.com/Meredith_Hanmer -
Michael Bakunin
http://wn.com/Michael_Bakunin -
Michael Shermer
Michael Brant Shermer (born September 8, 1954, in Glendale, California) is an American science writer, historian of science, founder of The Skeptics Society, and Editor in Chief of its magazine Skeptic, which is largely devoted to investigating pseudoscientific and supernatural claims. The Skeptics Society currently has over 55,000 members.
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Mikhail Bakunin
Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin ( - 1 July 1876) (; ) was a well-known Russian revolutionary and theorist of collectivist anarchism.
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Bakunin -
Mircea Eliade
http://wn.com/Mircea_Eliade -
Niccolò Machiavelli
http://wn.com/Niccolò_Machiavelli -
Nicholas of Cusa
http://wn.com/Nicholas_of_Cusa -
Paul Tillich
http://wn.com/Paul_Tillich -
Pavel Florensky
http://wn.com/Pavel_Florensky -
Peter Geach
Peter Thomas Geach (; born March 29, 1916) is a British philosopher. His areas of interest are the history of philosophy, philosophical logic, and the theory of identity.
http://wn.com/Peter_Geach -
Philip Sidney
Sir Philip Sidney (30 November 1554 – 17 October 1586) became one of the Elizabethan Age's most prominent figures. Famous in his day in England as a poet, courtier and soldier, he remains to be known as the author of Astrophel and Stella (1581, pub. 1591), The Defence of Poetry (also known as The Defence of Poesy or An Apology for Poetry, 1581, pub. 1595), and ''The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia'' (1580, pub. 1590).
http://wn.com/Philip_Sidney -
Philippe de Mornay
Philippe de Mornay (5 November 1549 – 11 November 1623), seigneur du Plessis Marly, usually known as Du-Plessis-Mornay or Mornay Du Plessis, was a French Protestant writer and member of the Monarchomaques ("killer of kings").
http://wn.com/Philippe_de_Mornay -
Plato
:For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Plato -
Plutarch
http://wn.com/Plutarch -
Prodicus
http://wn.com/Prodicus -
Protagoras
Protagoras (Greek: ) (ca. 490– 420 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In his dialogue Protagoras, Plato credits him with having invented the role of the professional sophist or teacher of virtue. He is also believed to have created a major controversy during ancient times through his statement that man is the measure of all things. This idea was very revolutionary for the time and contrasting to other philosophical doctrines that claimed the universe was based on something objective, outside the human influence.
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Ralph Cudworth
http://wn.com/Ralph_Cudworth -
Reign of Terror
http://wn.com/Reign_of_Terror -
Reinhold Niebuhr
Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr (; June 21, 1892 – June 1, 1971) was an American theologian and commentator on public affairs. Niebuhr was the archetypal American intellectual of the Cold War era. Starting as a leftist minister in the 1920s indebted to theological liberalism, he shifted to the new Neo-Orthodox theology in the 1930s, explaining how the sin of pride created evil in the world. He attacked utopianism as useless for dealing with reality, writing in The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness (1944):
http://wn.com/Reinhold_Niebuhr -
René Descartes
http://wn.com/René_Descartes -
René Guénon
http://wn.com/René_Guénon -
Richard Dawkins
Clinton Richard Dawkins, FRS, FRSL (born 26 March 1941) is a British ethologist and evolutionary biologist. He is a fellow of New College, Oxford, and was the University of Oxford's Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 until 2008.
http://wn.com/Richard_Dawkins -
Richard Swinburne
Richard G. Swinburne (born 26 December 1934) is an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford. Over the last 50 years Swinburne has been a very influential proponent of natural theology, that is, philosophical arguments for the existence of God. His philosophical contributions are primarily in philosophy of religion and philosophy of science. He aroused much discussion with his early work in the philosophy of religion, a trilogy of books consisting of The Coherence of Theism, The Existence of God, and Faith and Reason.
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Rodney Stark
Rodney Stark is an American sociologist of religion. He grew up in Jamestown, North Dakota in a Lutheran family. He spent time in the U.S. Army and worked as a journalist before pursuing graduate studies at The University of California, Berkeley. After teaching at the University of Washington for 32 years, Stark moved to Baylor University in 2004, where he is co-director of the Institute for Studies of Religion[http://www.isreligion.org]. He is an advocate of the application of the Rational choice theory in the sociology of religion, called the theory of religious economy.
http://wn.com/Rodney_Stark -
Roger Finke
Roger Finke is a Professor of Sociology and Religious Studies at the Pennsylvania State University who is noteworthy not only for playing a major role in recent transformations of both theory and research methods in his field, but also for leading a large number of other scholars to create the Association of Religion Data Archives which since 1996 has operated a major digital library of questionnaire data and teaching resources.
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Romanian philosophy
Romanian philosophy is a name covering either a) the philosophy done in Romania or by Romanians, or b) an ethnic philosophy, which expresses at a high level the fundamental features of the Romanian spirituality, or which elevates to a philosophical level the Weltanschauung of the Romanian people, as deposited in language and folklore, traditions, architecture and other linguistic and cultural artifacts.
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Russian philosophy
http://wn.com/Russian_philosophy -
Sam Harris (author)
Sam Harris (born 1967) is an American non-fiction writer and CEO of Project Reason. He received a Ph.D. in neuroscience from UCLA, and is a graduate in philosophy from Stanford University. He has studied both Eastern and Western religious traditions, along with a variety of contemplative disciplines, for twenty years. He is a proponent of scientific skepticism and is the author of the best selling book The End of Faith (2004), which won the 2005 PEN/Martha Albrand Award, Letter to a Christian Nation (2006), a rejoinder to criticism of his first book, and The Moral Landscape (2010).
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Samaritan
http://wn.com/Samaritan -
Sergei Bulgakov
Fr. Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov () ( - July 12, 1944) was a Russian Orthodox theologian, philosopher and economist.
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Siddhartha Gautama
http://wn.com/Siddhartha_Gautama -
Sigmund Freud
http://wn.com/Sigmund_Freud -
Socrates
http://wn.com/Socrates -
Søren Kierkegaard
http://wn.com/Søren_Kierkegaard -
Theodore Drange
Theodore "Ted" Michael Drange (1934—) is a philosopher of religion and Professor Emeritus at West Virginia University, where he taught philosophy from 1966 to 2001. He received a B.A. from Brooklyn College in 1955 and a Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1963. He has written two books: one in the philosophy of language, Type Crossings, in 1966; and one in the philosophy of religion, Nonbelief and Evil: Two Arguments for the Nonexistence of God, in 1998. Drange has also written several articles on the philosophy of religion and atheism, particularly for the Internet Infidels organization.
http://wn.com/Theodore_Drange -
Theodore M. Drange
http://wn.com/Theodore_M_Drange -
Theodosius I
http://wn.com/Theodosius_I -
Thomas Hobbes
http://wn.com/Thomas_Hobbes -
Vergilius Ferm
http://wn.com/Vergilius_Ferm -
Victor J. Stenger
Victor J. Stenger (born January 29, 1935, Bayonne, New Jersey) is an American particle physicist and author, now active in philosophy and popular religious skepticism.
http://wn.com/Victor_J_Stenger -
Voltaire
http://wn.com/Voltaire -
William Alston
http://wn.com/William_Alston -
William James
:This article is about the American psychologist and philosopher. For other people named William James see William James (disambiguation)
http://wn.com/William_James -
William L. Rowe
William Leonard Rowe (born 26 July 1931) is a professor emeritus of philosophy at Purdue University who specialises in the philosophy of religion. His work has played a leading role in the "remarkable revival of analytic philosophy of religion since the 1970s". He is most notable for his formulation of the evidential argument from evil.
http://wn.com/William_L_Rowe -
William Lane Craig
William Lane Craig (born August 23, 1949) is an American Evangelical Christian apologist, theologian, and analytic philosopher known for his contributions to the philosophy of religion, historical Jesus studies, and the philosophy of time. He is one of the most visible contemporary proponents of natural theology, often participating in debates on the existence of God. In 1979, Craig authored The Kalam Cosmological Argument, a modern defense of the kalam cosmological argument—which is today the most published-on contemporary argument for theism in the philosophy of religion.
http://wn.com/William_Lane_Craig -
William of Ockham
http://wn.com/William_of_Ockham -
William Whewell
William Whewell (24 May 1794 – 6 March 1866) was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science. His surname is .
http://wn.com/William_Whewell -
William Wollaston
http://wn.com/William_Wollaston
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Rationalism Breeds Atheism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 22 Apr 2012
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
The more scientifically literate, intellectually honest and objectively skeptical a person is, the more likely they are to disbelieve in anything supernatural, including gods. This is a compilation of some of the best examples of such individuals with their thoughts on the divine. They include in order of appearance: Professor Stephen Hawking is an English theoretical physicist and cosmologist, and was Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge for 30 years. Lord Martin Rees is the Astronomer Royal and Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. He was President of the Royal Society between 2005 and 2010. Dr Sam Harris is an American author, neuroscientist and CEO of Project Reason. He holds a PhD in neuroscience from UCLA, and a BA in philosophy from Stanford University. Professor Richard Feynman was an American physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965. Professor Noam Chomsky is an Institute Professor and professor emeritus of linguistics at MIT and well known as one of the fathers of modern linguistics. Stephen Fry is an English actor, screenwriter, author, playwright, journalist, poet, comedian, television presenter and film director. Professor Leonard Susskind is Professor of Theoretical Physics at Stanford University, and widely regarded as one of the fathers of string theory. Sir Bertrand Russell was an English philosopher who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1950. He is considered one of the founders of analytic <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Rationalism_Breeds_Atheism
Atheist Bitchslap
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:16
- Published: 24 Sep 2011
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Pardon the language, but there is no other way to say it. An atheist woman bitchslaps an entire audience of religious people. :) Kate Smurthwaite is a stand-up comic and political activist. Follow her on Twitter twitter.com or her blog www.cruellablog.blogspot.com Kate's Youtube channel - www.youtube.com Slightly longer version of this video here: www.youtube.com Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use. All copyrighted materials contained herein belong to their respective copyright holders, I do not claim ownership over any of these materials. I realize no profit, monetary or otherwise, from the exhibition of these videos.
http://wn.com/Atheist_Bitchslap
The Stream - New Atheism's most polarising figure?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 35:10
- Published: 30 Jun 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
We speak with influential evolutionary thinker Professor Richard Dawkins.
http://wn.com/The_Stream_New_Atheism's_most_polarising_figure?
The Church of Satan - The Thinking Atheist Radio Podcast #76
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 94:45
- Published: 17 Oct 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Available on iTunes And at BlogTalkRadio: www.blogtalkradio.com Podcast has been edited slightly from its original version for time. It was founded by Anton LaVey in the 1960s, called the "Order of the Trapezoid," which later became the governing body of the Church of Satan. It brandishes the name of a dark entity considered God's enemy in many religions. It has its own priesthood. It has a coda for living, as well as a list of "sins" humans should avoid.. It has been the subject of much controversy, often spoken of in whispers cloaked in fear. But what IS The Church of Satan? Does it truly worship the devil? What do Satanism's followers have to say? In this October podcast, we interview Church of Satan High Priest Peter H. Gilmore (and others) as we we delve into one of the world's most curious and controversial organizations. Your calls and emails
http://wn.com/The_Church_of_Satan_The_Thinking_Atheist_Radio_Podcast_76
Atheists On Religion, Science, And Morality (The Point)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:25
- Published: 18 Aug 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Can we prove there is no God? Does it make sense to equate religion with science? Do theists have a monopology on morality or is secular morality superior? Was Richard Dawkins right to bring up the religious beliefs of Republican Presidential Candidate Mitt Romney? Cara Santa Maria (Senior Science Correspondent, Huffingtonpost.com) leads this week's panel on 'The Point' to discuss these issues and more with Michael Shermer (Publisher - Skeptic Magazine), Sean Carroll (Theoretical Physicist - Caltech), and Edward Falzon (author of 'Being Gay Is Disgusting'). Special thanks to James Randi (Founder: James Randi Educational Foundation), Paul Zachary "PZ" Myers (Blogger: Pharyngula.org - Professor U Of MN-Morris), and AJ Johnson (Development Director for 'American Atheists') for sending in their points. Subscribe: www.youtube.com Watch More Points: www.youtube.com Cara Santa Maria: www.huffingtonpost.com Michael Shermer: www.skeptic.com Sean Carroll: preposterousuniverse.com Edward Falzon: biblicalmorality.com Point-Maker James Randi: www.randi.org Point-Maker PZ Myers: scienceblogs.com Point-Maker AJ Johnson: www.atheists.org Twitter List To Follow: Moderator Cara Santa Maria: www.twitter.com Panelist Sean Carroll: twitter.com Panelist Michael Shermer: twitter.com Panelist Edward Falzon: twitter.com twitter.com twitter.com twitter.com twitter.com
http://wn.com/Atheists_On_Religion,_Science,_And_Morality_The_Point
Ricky Gervais on religion and atheism (Feb 2012 interview)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Published: 17 Feb 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Ricky Gervais in February 2012 interview on the Piers Morgan Show Link to lengthier clip from same interview: www.mediaite.com
http://wn.com/Ricky_Gervais_on_religion_and_atheism_Feb_2012_interview
Penn Jillette: An Atheist's Guide to the 2012 Election
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:35
- Published: 02 Dec 2011
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
bigthink.com Penn Jillette rates the various candidates for the US Presidency from the perspective of an atheist.
http://wn.com/Penn_Jillette_An_Atheist's_Guide_to_the_2012_Election
Atheists chant at Muslim protesters - 2012 Atheist Convention
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Published: 16 Apr 2012
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Some Muslims showed up at the 2012 Atheist Convention in Australia. This is what happened :)
http://wn.com/Atheists_chant_at_Muslim_protesters_2012_Atheist_Convention
Atheism: Proud and Fearless
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:31
- Published: 07 Oct 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
All men are born atheists. But not all of them are able to die as one. Christopher Hitchens playlist: www.youtube.com This video was created by a new Youtuber (Carla Basilio) and reuploaded with permission. Please subscribe to her channel for more amazing videos! www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Atheism_Proud_and_Fearless
Atheists on the Left / Atheists on the Right - The Thinking Atheist Radio Podcast #75
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 88:05
- Published: 10 Oct 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Available on iTunes And at BlogTalkRadio: www.blogtalkradio.com The US Presidential election is just a few weeks away, so this show will take some time to address how non-belief in god(s) impacts people of many political viewpoints. If you're on the Left, the Right or anywhere in the Middle, this is a show where atheists address how their non-belief has (or has not) impacted their worldviews. Your calls and emails. LINKS: "Abortion: Is it Possible to be both "Pro-life" and "Pro-Choice"?" or "The Question of Abortion: A Search for Answers" by Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan 2think.org
http://wn.com/Atheists_on_the_Left_Atheists_on_the_Right_The_Thinking_Atheist_Radio_Podcast_75
Full Length Talk by Daniel Dennett - 'How To Tell You're An Atheist'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:57
- Published: 23 May 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Philosopher Daniel Dennett was one of the stars of the Global Atheist Convention in Melbourne and gave a brilliant and whimsical talk on defining the atheist. He is the uber-philospher of the mind and a great provocateur, though he was speaking to 4000 non believers at this convention. He talks specifically about The Clergy Project in the middle of his talk at 19 min 15 sec. For more info: see clergyproject.org
http://wn.com/Full_Length_Talk_by_Daniel_Dennett_'How_To_Tell_You're_An_Atheist'
Atheism and Veganism: Roger Yates and Harry Guinness at Dublin Atheists in the Pub
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 39:12
- Published: 12 Oct 2012
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Dr. Roger Yates, representing Vegan Ireland, and Harry Guinness, representing Carnivores Everywhere, discuss veganism from a secular perspective at the October 2012 Dublin Atheists in the Pub event in the Academy Plaza Hotel on Cathal Brugha Street.
http://wn.com/Atheism_and_Veganism_Roger_Yates_and_Harry_Guinness_at_Dublin_Atheists_in_the_Pub
YouTube Atheists
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Published: 16 Oct 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
What can I say here? Um... Nope, can't think of anything. -- www.twitter.com www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/YouTube_Atheists
Atheists, Secularism Are The Enemy - Rick Perry
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:26
- Published: 22 Sep 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
"...Rick Perry, who is still Governor of the State of Texas for reasons that modern science cannot explain, would still like to be Commander in Chief of something, even if it's not the United States. In a teleconference with wingnut pastor Rick Scarborough, Perry called on "Christian warriors" to engage in "spiritual warfare" against that most Satanic of foes, the Constitution of the United States. Of course, Perry claims to like the Constitution a whole bunch; he thinks the real enemy is a "growing tide of secularism and atheism" that has spread the false notion that the establishment clause of that document somehow mandates "separation of church and state." Clear enough?...".* Cenk Uygur, comedian Jimmy Dore, and Michael Shure (host of TwenTYTwelve) discuss on The Young Turks. *Read more here from DOKTOR ZOOM via Wonkette: wonkette.com Atheist Q & A: www.youtube.com Support The Young Turks by Subscribing bit.ly Like Us on Facebook: www.fb.com Follow Us on Twitter: bit.ly Buy TYT Merch: theyoungturks.spreadshirt.com Find out how to watch The Young Turks on Current by clicking here: www.current.com
http://wn.com/Atheists,_Secularism_Are_The_Enemy_Rick_Perry
New Rule: Atheism is not a religion! Unbaptizes Mitt Romney's Dead Father-In-Law!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:04
- Published: 04 Feb 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
The Real Time host brings Mitt Romney's father-in-law back to the realm of the dead atheist. Bill Maher, Unbaptism, Real Time, February 3 2012, 02/3/2012, Baptism, Religion, Atheism, Atheist, Mitt Romney, Christopher Hitchens, Ayn Rand, Jesus, Super Bowl, Mormonism, Mormon, Edward Davies. Atheism is a religion like abstinence is a sex position.
http://wn.com/New_Rule_Atheism_is_not_a_religion!_Unbaptizes_Mitt_Romney's_Dead_Father-In-Law!
Fox News Lies About Atheism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:07
- Published: 22 Sep 2012
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
In this TYT Nation upload lies about atheism from Fox News are debunked. Tell us what you think in the comment section below. Send your clip to TYT Naiton at upload.theyoungturks.com
http://wn.com/Fox_News_Lies_About_Atheism
They Don't Believe That - The Atheist Experience #782 (full episode)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:11
- Published: 10 Oct 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
The Atheist Experience #782 of October 7 , 2012, with Matt Dillahunty and Don Baker. Topic: "They Don't Believe That." Don points out a number of things that believers clearly don't believe about their own religion. Note: On August 1, 2012, the TheAtheistExperience channel was taken over by the Atheist Community of Austin (ACA). This means that the former "fan channel" is now an official ACA channel. This "fan post" will be removed when the regular uploads on TheAtheistExperience are resumed. Please subscribe to the show's official YouTube channel: ► www.youtube.com You can read more about episode #782 and leave your comments on the official Atheist Experience blog: ► freethoughtblogs.com The original video of this episode (topic: "They don't believe that") is archived on Blip.tv: ► blip.tv WHAT IS THE ATHEIST EXPERIENCE? The Atheist Experience is a weekly cable access television show in Austin, Texas geared at a non-atheist audience. The Atheist Experience is produced by the Atheist Community of Austin. The Atheist Community of Austin is organized as a nonprofit educational corporation to develop and support the atheist community, to provide opportunities for socializing and friendship, to promote secular viewpoints, to encourage positive atheist culture, to defend the first amendment principle of state-church separation, to oppose discrimination against atheists and to work with other organizations in pursuit of common goals. We define atheism as the lack of belief <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/They_Don't_Believe_That_The_Atheist_Experience_782_full_episode
Insidious Baggage - The Atheist Experience #767 (full episode)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:06
- Published: 04 Jul 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
The Atheist Experience #767 of June 24, 2012 ("Insidious Baggage"), with Matt Dillahunty and Tracie Harris. Index: 0:00; 0:46; 1:24 Tracie talks about "insidious baggage"; 9:44 No caller; 10:07-16:49 Trevor (WA); 20:13-27:40 Charles (OH); 35:27 Paul (CA); 43:39 William (NC); 49:04 John (CO). You can read more about this episode on the official Atheist Experience blog: ► freethoughtblogs.com Lean why evolution is not "just" a theory in two minutes: ► www.notjustatheory.com Related video The Non-Prophets Radio Show 11.8 (on Matt's channel): ► www.youtube.com The original video of this episode ("Insidious Baggage") is archived on Blip.tv: ►blip.tv WHAT IS THE ATHEIST EXPERIENCE? The Atheist Experience is a weekly cable access television show in Austin, Texas geared at a non-atheist audience. The Atheist Experience is produced by the Atheist Community of Austin. The Atheist Community of Austin is organized as a nonprofit educational corporation to develop and support the atheist community, to provide opportunities for socializing and friendship, to promote secular viewpoints, to encourage positive atheist culture, to defend the first amendment principle of state-church separation, to oppose discrimination against atheists and to work with other organizations in pursuit of common goals. We define atheism as the lack of belief in gods. This definition also encompasses what most people call agnosticism. VISIT THE ACA'S OFFICIAL WEB SITES ► www.atheist-community.org (The <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Insidious_Baggage_The_Atheist_Experience_767_full_episode
"They [atheists] are trying to destroy our society & leave a mess...like they did on 9/11"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:35
- Published: 17 Aug 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Fox news, NOW, Megan Kelly, 8-17-2012, WTC Museum Cross, Dave Silverman, President, American Atheists atheists.org Joe Conner Information on this lawsuit tinyurl.com THIS VIDEO IS "FAIR USE" COMMENTARY OF NEWSWORTHY RESEARCH VALUE. IT'S USE FALLS UNDER THE CATEGORY OF NON-COMMERCIAL FREE SPEECH. (In accordance with Title 17 USC Section 107, this material is made available without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes.)
http://wn.com/They_atheists_are_trying_to_destroy_our_society_leave_a_messlike_they_did_on_9_11
Atheism †
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:09
- Published: 20 Sep 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
My own two-cents on the current fad that is spreading like a fungus through the blogosphere. Jen McCreight's "How I Unwittingly Infiltrated the Boy's Club & Why It's Time for a New Wave of Atheism" - freethoughtblogs.com Jen McCreight's "Atheism +" - freethoughtblogs.com Danielmchugh - freethoughtblogs.com Richard Carrier's "Being with or against Atheism +" - freethoughtblogs.com Richard Carrier's comments to readers who are skeptical of Atheism + - freethoughtblogs.com Atheism + FAQ - atheismplus.com
http://wn.com/Atheism_†
Atheists Taxed For Not Going To Church? (Oh My God!)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:08
- Published: 17 Aug 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Should the government mandate that everyone goes to church? Should atheists be taxed if they don't attend? Does the Christian Bible claim all gay people will die? Comedians Jimmy Dore, Frank Conniff (Mystery Science Theater 3000), and Steve Rosenfield (former Daily Show writer) break it down on The Jimmy Dore show. Subscribe: www.youtube.com Watch more shows on Townsquare: www.youtube.com Follow Jimmy on Twitter: twitter.com Follow Frank on Twitter: twitter.com Caricature of Jimmy courtesy of DonkeyHotey: www.flickr.com
http://wn.com/Atheists_Taxed_For_Not_Going_To_Church?_Oh_My_God!
Seth Andrews (host of The Thinking Atheist) at the Oklahoma State Secular Organization
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:03
- Published: 18 Mar 2012
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
On March 14th, 2012, the Oklahoma State Secular Organization invited Seth Andrews, host of The Thinking Atheist, to do a presentation for OSSU members and guests at Oklahoma State University. The speech, titled "That's Ridiculous," explores some of the more unusual, humorous and often shocking religious and cultural traditions from around the world, relating them to Seth's former Christian faith and challenging their validity in our modern age.
http://wn.com/Seth_Andrews_host_of_The_Thinking_Atheist_at_the_Oklahoma_State_Secular_Organization
Richard Dawkins - Militant Atheism (subtitles 39 languages)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:15
- Published: 13 Aug 2012
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Biologist Richard Dawkins launches into a full-on appeal for atheists to make public their beliefs and to aggressively fight the incursion of religion into politics and education. Dawkins' scornful tone drew strongly mixed reactions from the audience; some stood and applauded his courage. Others wondered whether his strident approach could do more harm than good. Dawkins went on to publish The God Delusion and become perhaps the world's best-known atheist. Richard Dawkins spoort atheïsten aan om openlijk voor hun positie uit te komen --- en om de invloed van de kerk in de politiek en de wetenschap tegen te gaan. Een strijdvaardig, grappig en krachtig pleidooi. (Nederlandse onderteling door Maarten Hofman, gecorrigeerd door Dietseleeuw) Recorded in February 2002 at TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) in Monterey, California. Original video: www.ted.com License: creativecommons.org Subtitles TED talks download : tedtalksubtitledownload.appspot.com
http://wn.com/Richard_Dawkins_Militant_Atheism_subtitles_39_languages
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18 Oct 2012
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17 Oct 2012
(Reuters) - IBM posted a quarterly revenue miss and barely beat analyst expectations for earnings per share as customers put off spending on big ticket items and a stronger dollar hit the company's...
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Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling On the very last day of the 1980 election, twelve percent of voters finally decided to vote for the Republican's presidential candidate Ronald Reagan....
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Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Before swallowing a capsule and committing suicide this very same week in 1946, during the Nuremberg Trials Hermann Goering testified how Nazi Germany...
Atheism growing in Republic
18 Oct 2012
BBC News
The number of non-religious people living in the Republic has increased by 400% over the past 20 years, according to census figures. The Irish Central Statistics Office (CSO) highlighted the change as it released its...(size: 1.4Kb)
Schoolboy Scout 'upset' by atheism ban
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George Pratt, 11, speaks out after being banned from joining the Scouts because he doesn't believe in God. 560 315 TelegraphPlayer_9617811 2:32PM BST 18 Oct 2012...(size: 6.9Kb)
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The Case for Atheism
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"Atheist" redirects here. For other uses, see Atheist (disambiguation).
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Atheism is, in a broad sense, the rejection of belief in the existence of deities.[1] In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities.[2][3] Most inclusively, atheism is simply the absence of belief that any deities exist.[3][4][5] Atheism is contrasted with theism,[6][7] which in its most general form is the belief that at least one deity exists.[7][8]
The term atheism originated from the Greek ἄθεος (atheos), meaning "without god", used as a pejorative term applied to those thought to reject the gods worshipped by the larger society. With the spread of freethought, skeptical inquiry, and subsequent increase in criticism of religion, application of the term narrowed in scope. The first individuals to identify themselves using the word "atheist" lived in the 18th century.[9]
Atheists tend to be skeptical of supernatural claims, citing a lack of empirical evidence for deities.[10] Rationales for not believing in any deity include the problem of evil, the argument from inconsistent revelations, and the argument from nonbelief. Other arguments for atheism range from the philosophical to the social to the historical. Although some atheists have adopted secular philosophies,[11][12] there is no one ideology or set of behaviors to which all atheists adhere.[13] Many atheists hold that atheism is a more parsimonious worldview than theism, and therefore the burden of proof lies not on the atheist to disprove the existence of God, but on the theist to provide a rationale for theism.[14]
Atheism is accepted within some religious and spiritual belief systems, including Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Neopagan movements[15] such as Wicca,[16] and nontheistic religions. Jainism and some forms of Buddhism do not advocate belief in gods,[17] whereas Hinduism holds atheism to be valid, but difficult to follow spiritually.[18]
Since conceptions of atheism vary, determining how many atheists exist in the world today is difficult.[19] According to one estimate, atheists make up about 2.3% of the world's population, while a further 11.9% are nonreligious.[20] According to another, rates of self-reported atheism are among the highest in Western nations, again to varying degrees: United States (4%), Italy (7%), Spain (11%), Great Britain (17%), Germany (20%), and France (32%).[21] According to a 2009 report by the American Religious Identification Survey, people claiming to adhere to "no religion" made up 15% of the population in the US.[22]
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Definitions and distinctions[link]
Writers disagree how best to define and classify atheism,[23] contesting what supernatural entities it applies to, whether it is an assertion in its own right or merely the absence of one, and whether it requires a conscious, explicit rejection. However, it is generally contrasted with agnosticism.[24] A variety of categories have been proposed to try to distinguish the different forms of atheism.
Range[link]
Some of the ambiguity and controversy involved in defining atheism arises from difficulty in reaching a consensus for the definitions of words like deity and god. The plurality of wildly different conceptions of god and deities leads to differing ideas regarding atheism's applicability. The ancient Romans accused Christians of being atheists for not worshiping the pagan deities. Gradually, this view fell into disfavor as theism came to be understood as encompassing belief in any divinity.[25]
With respect to the range of phenomena being rejected, atheism may counter anything from the existence of a deity, to the existence of any spiritual, supernatural, or transcendental concepts, such as those of Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism and Taoism.[26]
Implicit vs. explicit[link]
Main article: Implicit and explicit atheism
Definitions of atheism also vary in the degree of consideration a person must put to the idea of gods to be considered an atheist. Atheism has sometimes been defined to include the simple absence of belief that any deities exist. This broad definition would include newborns and other people who have not been exposed to theistic ideas. As far back as 1772, Baron d'Holbach said that "All children are born Atheists; they have no idea of God."[27] Similarly, George H. Smith (1979) suggested that: "The man who is unacquainted with theism is an atheist because he does not believe in a god. This category would also include the child with the conceptual capacity to grasp the issues involved, but who is still unaware of those issues. The fact that this child does not believe in god qualifies him as an atheist."[28] Smith coined the term implicit atheism to refer to "the absence of theistic belief without a conscious rejection of it" and explicit atheism to refer to the more common definition of conscious disbelief. Ernest Nagel contradicts Smith's definition of atheism as merely "absence of theism", acknowledging only explicit atheism as true "atheism".[29]
Positive vs. negative[link]
Main article: Negative and positive atheism
Philosophers such as Antony Flew[30] and Michael Martin[25] have contrasted positive (strong/hard) atheism with negative (weak/soft) atheism. Positive atheism is the explicit affirmation that gods do not exist. Negative atheism includes all other forms of non-theism. According to this categorization, anyone who is not a theist is either a negative or a positive atheist. The terms weak and strong are relatively recent, while the terms negative and positive atheism are of older origin, having been used (in slightly different ways) in the philosophical literature[30] and in Catholic apologetics.[31] Under this demarcation of atheism, most agnostics qualify as negative atheists.
While Martin, for example, asserts that agnosticism entails negative atheism,[25] most agnostics see their view as distinct from atheism, which they may consider no more justified than theism or requiring an equal conviction.[32] The assertion of unattainability of knowledge for or against the existence of gods is sometimes seen as indication that atheism requires a leap of faith.[33] Common atheist responses to this argument include that unproven religious propositions deserve as much disbelief as all other unproven propositions,[34] and that the unprovability of a god's existence does not imply equal probability of either possibility.[35] Scottish philosopher J. J. C. Smart even argues that "sometimes a person who is really an atheist may describe herself, even passionately, as an agnostic because of unreasonable generalised philosophical skepticism which would preclude us from saying that we know anything whatever, except perhaps the truths of mathematics and formal logic."[36] Consequently, some atheist authors such as Richard Dawkins prefer distinguishing theist, agnostic and atheist positions along a spectrum of theistic probability—the likelihood that each assigns to the statement "God exists".[37]
Definition as impossible or impermanent[link]
Before the 18th century, the existence of God was so universally accepted in the western world that even the possibility of true atheism was questioned. This is called theistic innatism—the notion that all people believe in God from birth; within this view was the connotation that atheists are simply in denial.[38]
There is also a position claiming that atheists are quick to believe in God in times of crisis, that atheists make deathbed conversions, or that "there are no atheists in foxholes."[39] There have however been examples to the contrary, among them examples of literal "atheists in foxholes."[40]
Some atheists have doubted the very need for the term "atheism". In his book Letter to a Christian Nation, Sam Harris wrote:
In fact, "atheism" is a term that should not even exist. No one ever needs to identify himself as a "non-astrologer" or a "non-alchemist." We do not have words for people who doubt that Elvis is still alive or that aliens have traversed the galaxy only to molest ranchers and their cattle. Atheism is nothing more than the noises reasonable people make in the presence of unjustified religious beliefs.[41]
Concepts[link]
The source of man's unhappiness is his ignorance of Nature. The pertinacity with which he clings to blind opinions imbibed in his infancy, which interweave themselves with his existence, the consequent prejudice that warps his mind, that prevents its expansion, that renders him the slave of fiction, appears to doom him to continual error.—d'Holbach, The System of Nature[42]
The broadest demarcation of atheistic rationale is between practical and theoretical atheism.
Practical atheism[link]
Main article: Apatheism
In practical or pragmatic atheism, also known as apatheism, individuals live as if there are no gods and explain natural phenomena without resorting to the divine. The existence of gods is not rejected, but may be designated unnecessary or useless; gods neither provide purpose to life, nor influence everyday life, according to this view.[43] A form of practical atheism with implications for the scientific community is methodological naturalism—the "tacit adoption or assumption of philosophical naturalism within scientific method with or without fully accepting or believing it."[44]
Practical atheism can take various forms:
- Absence of religious motivation—belief in gods does not motivate moral action, religious action, or any other form of action;
- Active exclusion of the problem of gods and religion from intellectual pursuit and practical action;
- Indifference—the absence of any interest in the problems of gods and religion; or
- Unawareness of the concept of a deity.[45]
Theoretical atheism[link]
Ontological arguments[link]
Further information: Agnostic atheism and Theological noncognitivism
Theoretical (or theoric) atheism explicitly posits arguments against the existence of gods, responding to common theistic arguments such as the argument from design or Pascal's Wager. Theoretical atheism is mainly an ontology, precisely a physical ontology.
Epistemological arguments[link]
Further information: Agnostic atheism and Theological noncognitivism
Epistemological atheism argues that people cannot know a God or determine the existence of a God. The foundation of epistemological atheism is agnosticism, which takes a variety of forms. In the philosophy of immanence, divinity is inseparable from the world itself, including a person's mind, and each person's consciousness is locked in the subject. According to this form of agnosticism, this limitation in perspective prevents any objective inference from belief in a god to assertions of its existence. The rationalistic agnosticism of Kant and the Enlightenment only accepts knowledge deduced with human rationality; this form of atheism holds that gods are not discernible as a matter of principle, and therefore cannot be known to exist. Skepticism, based on the ideas of Hume, asserts that certainty about anything is impossible, so one can never know for sure whether or not a god exists. The allocation of agnosticism to atheism is disputed; it can also be regarded as an independent, basic worldview.[43]
Other arguments for atheism that can be classified as epistemological or ontological, including logical positivism and ignosticism, assert the meaninglessness or unintelligibility of basic terms such as "God" and statements such as "God is all-powerful." Theological noncognitivism holds that the statement "God exists" does not express a proposition, but is nonsensical or cognitively meaningless. It has been argued both ways as to whether such individuals can be classified into some form of atheism or agnosticism. Philosophers A. J. Ayer and Theodore M. Drange reject both categories, stating that both camps accept "God exists" as a proposition; they instead place noncognitivism in its own category.[46][47]
Metaphysical arguments[link]
Further information: Monism and Physicalism
One author writes:
"Metaphysical atheism... includes all doctrines that hold to metaphysical monism (the homogeneity of reality). Metaphysical atheism may be either: a) absolute — an explicit denial of God's existence associated with materialistic monism (all materialistic trends, both in ancient and modern times); b) relative — the implicit denial of God in all philosophies that, while they accept the existence of an absolute, conceive of the absolute as not possessing any of the attributes proper to God: transcendence, a personal character or unity. Relative atheism is associated with idealistic monism (pantheism, panentheism, deism)."[48]
Logical arguments[link]
Further information: Deductive arguments against the existence of God, Problem of evil, Divine hiddenness
Logical atheism holds that the various conceptions of gods, such as the personal god of Christianity, are ascribed logically inconsistent qualities. Such atheists present deductive arguments against the existence of God, which assert the incompatibility between certain traits, such as perfection, creator-status, immutability, omniscience, omnipresence, omnipotence, omnibenevolence, transcendence, personhood (a personal being), nonphysicality, justice, and mercy.[10]
Theodicean atheists believe that the world as they experience it cannot be reconciled with the qualities commonly ascribed to God and gods by theologians. They argue that an omniscient, omnipotent, and omnibenevolent God is not compatible with a world where there is evil and suffering, and where divine love is hidden from many people.[50] A similar argument is attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism.[51]
Reductionary accounts of religion[link]
Further information: Evolutionary origin of religions, Evolutionary psychology of religion, and Psychology of religion
Philosophers such as Ludwig Feuerbach[52] and Sigmund Freud argued that God and other religious beliefs are human inventions, created to fulfill various psychological and emotional wants or needs. This is also a view of many Buddhists.[53] Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, influenced by the work of Feuerbach, argued that belief in God and religion are social functions, used by those in power to oppress the working class. According to Mikhail Bakunin, "the idea of God implies the abdication of human reason and justice; it is the most decisive negation of human liberty, and necessarily ends in the enslavement of mankind, in theory and practice." He reversed Voltaire's famous aphorism that if God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him, writing instead that "if God really existed, it would be necessary to abolish him."[54]
Atheist philosophies[link]
Further information: Atheist existentialism and Humanism
Axiological, or constructive, atheism rejects the existence of gods in favor of a "higher absolute", such as humanity. This form of atheism favors humanity as the absolute source of ethics and values, and permits individuals to resolve moral problems without resorting to God. Marx and Freud used this argument to convey messages of liberation, full-development, and unfettered happiness.[43] One of the most common criticisms of atheism has been to the contrary—that denying the existence of a god leads to moral relativism, leaving one with no moral or ethical foundation,[55] or renders life meaningless and miserable.[56] Blaise Pascal argued this view in his Pensées.[57]
French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre identified himself as a representative of an "atheist existentialism"[58] concerned less with denying the existence of God than with establishing that "man needs ... to find himself again and to understand that nothing can save him from himself, not even a valid proof of the existence of God."[59] Sartre said a corollary of his atheism was that "if God does not exist, there is at least one being in whom existence precedes essence, a being who exists before he can be defined by any concept, and ... this being is man."[58] The practical consequence of this atheism was described by Sartre as meaning that there are no a priori rules or absolute values that can be invoked to govern human conduct, and that humans are "condemned" to invent these for themselves, making "man" absolutely "responsible for everything he does".[60]
Atheism, religion, and morality[link]
Association with world views and social behaviors[link]
Sociologist Phil Zuckerman analyzed previous social science research on secularity and non-belief, and concluded that societal well-being is positively correlated with irreligion. His findings relating specifically to atheism include:[61][62]
- Compared to religious people, "atheists and secular people" are less nationalistic, prejudiced, antisemitic, racist, dogmatic, ethnocentric, close-minded, and authoritarian.
- In the US, in states with the highest percentages of atheists, the murder rate is lower than average. In the most religious US states, the murder rate is higher than average.
Atheism and irreligion[link]
People who self-identify as atheists are often assumed to be irreligious, but some sects within major religions reject the existence of a personal, creator deity.[63] In recent years, certain religious denominations have accumulated a number of openly atheistic followers, such as atheistic or humanistic Judaism[64][65] and Christian atheists.[66][67][68]
The strictest sense of positive atheism does not entail any specific beliefs outside of disbelief in any deity; as such, atheists can hold any number of spiritual beliefs. For the same reason, atheists can hold a wide variety of ethical beliefs, ranging from the moral universalism of humanism, which holds that a moral code should be applied consistently to all humans, to moral nihilism, which holds that morality is meaningless.[69]
Philosophers such as Georges Bataille, Slavoj Žižek,[70] Alain de Botton,[71] and Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist,[72] have all argued that atheists should reclaim religion as an act of defiance against theism, precisely not to leave religion as an unwarranted monopoly to theists.
Divine command vs. ethics[link]
Although it is a philosophical truism, encapsulated in Plato's Euthyphro dilemma, that the role of the gods in determining right from wrong is either unnecessary or arbitrary, the argument that morality must be derived from God and cannot exist without a wise creator has been a persistent feature of political if not so much philosophical debate.[73][74][75] Moral precepts such as "murder is wrong" are seen as divine laws, requiring a divine lawmaker and judge. However, many atheists argue that treating morality legalistically involves a false analogy, and that morality does not depend on a lawmaker in the same way that laws do.[76] Other atheists, such as Friedrich Nietzsche, have disagreed with this view and have stated that morality "has truth only if God is truth—it stands or falls with faith in God."[77][78][79]
There exist normative ethical systems that do not require principles and rules to be given by a deity. Some include virtue ethics, social contract, Kantian ethics, utilitarianism, and Objectivism. Sam Harris has proposed that moral prescription (ethical rule making) is not just an issue to be explored by philosophy, but that we can meaningfully practice a science of morality. Any such scientific system must, nevertheless, respond to the criticism embodied in the naturalistic fallacy.[80]
Philosophers Susan Neiman[81] and Julian Baggini[82] (among others) assert that behaving ethically only because of divine mandate is not true ethical behavior but merely blind obedience. Baggini argues that atheism is a superior basis for ethics, claiming that a moral basis external to religious imperatives is necessary to evaluate the morality of the imperatives themselves—to be able to discern, for example, that "thou shalt steal" is immoral even if one's religion instructs it—and that atheists, therefore, have the advantage of being more inclined to make such evaluations.[83] The contemporary British political philosopher Martin Cohen has offered the more historically telling example of Biblical injunctions in favour of torture and slavery as evidence of how religious injunctions follow political and social customs, rather than vice versa, but also noted that the same tendency seems to be true of supposedly dispassionate and objective philosophers.[84] Cohen extends this argument in more detail in Political Philosophy from Plato to Mao, where he argues that the Qur'an played a role in perpetuating social codes from the early 7th century despite changes in secular society.[85]
Dangers of religions[link]
See also: Criticism of religion
Some prominent atheists—such as Bertrand Russell, Christopher Hitchens, Daniel Dennett, Sam Harris, and Richard Dawkins—have criticized religions, citing harmful aspects of religious practices and doctrines.[86] Atheists have often engaged in debate with religious advocates, and the debates sometimes address the issue of whether religions provide a net benefit to individuals and society.
One argument that religions can be harmful, made by atheists such as Sam Harris, is that Western religions' reliance on divine authority lends itself to authoritarianism and dogmatism.[87] Atheists have also cited data showing that there is a correlation between religious fundamentalism and extrinsic religion (when religion is held because it serves ulterior interests)[88] and authoritarianism, dogmatism, and prejudice.[89] These arguments—combined with historical events that are argued to demonstrate the dangers of religion, such as the Crusades, inquisitions, witch trials, and terrorist attacks—have been used in response to claims of beneficial effects of belief in religion.[90] Believers counter-argue that some regimes that espouse atheism, such as in Soviet Russia, have also been guilty of mass murder.[91][92]
Etymology[link]
In early ancient Greek, the adjective atheos (ἄθεος, from the privative ἀ- + θεός "god") meant "godless". It was first used as a term of censure roughly meaning "ungodly" or "impious". In the 5th century BCE, the word began to indicate more deliberate and active godlessness in the sense of "severing relations with the gods" or "denying the gods". The term ἀσεβής (asebēs) then came to be applied against those who impiously denied or disrespected the local gods, even if they believed in other gods. Modern translations of classical texts sometimes render atheos as "atheistic". As an abstract noun, there was also ἀθεότης (atheotēs), "atheism". Cicero transliterated the Greek word into the Latin atheos. The term found frequent use in the debate between early Christians and Hellenists, with each side attributing it, in the pejorative sense, to the other.[94]
The term atheist (from Fr. athée), in the sense of "one who denies or disbelieves the existence of God",[95] predates atheism in English, being first found as early as 1566,[96] and again in 1571.[97] Atheist as a label of practical godlessness was used at least as early as 1577.[98] The term atheism was derived from the French athéisme, and appears in English about 1587.[99] An earlier work, from about 1534, used the term atheonism.[100][101] Related words emerged later: deist in 1621,[102] theist in 1662,[103] deism in 1675,[104] and theism in 1678.[105] At that time "deist" and "deism" already carried their modern meaning. The term theism came to be contrasted with deism.
Karen Armstrong writes that "During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the word 'atheist' was still reserved exclusively for polemic ... The term 'atheist' was an insult. Nobody would have dreamed of calling himself an atheist."[9] In the middle of the seventeenth century it was still assumed that it was impossible not to believe in God;[106] atheist meant not accepting the current conception of the divine.[107]
Atheism was first used to describe a self-avowed belief in late 18th-century Europe, specifically denoting disbelief in the monotheistic Abrahamic god.[108] In the 20th century, globalization contributed to the expansion of the term to refer to disbelief in all deities, though it remains common in Western society to describe atheism as simply "disbelief in God".[25]
History[link]
Main article: History of atheism
Although the term atheism originated in 16th-century France,[99] ideas that would be recognized today as atheistic are documented from the Vedic period and the classical antiquity.
Early Indic religion[link]
Main article: Atheism in Hinduism
Atheistic schools are found in early Indian thought and have existed from the times of the historical Vedic religion.[109] Among the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, Samkhya, the oldest philosophical school of thought, does not accept God, and the early Mimamsa also rejected the notion of God.[110] The early Mimamsa not only did not accept God but asserted that human action itself was enough to create the necessary circumstances for the enjoyment of its fruits.[111] The thoroughly materialistic and anti-theistic philosophical Cārvāka (also called Nastika or Lokaiata) school that originated in India around the 6th century BCE is probably the most explicitly atheistic school of philosophy in India, similar to the Greek Cyrenaic school. This branch of Indian philosophy is classified as heterodox due to its rejection of the authority of Vedas and hence is not considered part of the six orthodox schools of Hinduism, but it is noteworthy as evidence of a materialistic movement within Hinduism.[112] Chatterjee and Datta explain that our understanding of Cārvāka philosophy is fragmentary, based largely on criticism of the ideas by other schools, and that it is not a living tradition:
"Though materialism in some form or other has always been present in India, and occasional references are found in the Vedas, the Buddhistic literature, the Epics, as well as in the later philosophical works we do not find any systematic work on materialism, nor any organized school of followers as the other philosophical schools possess. But almost every work of the other schools states, for refutation, the materialistic views. Our knowledge of Indian materialism is chiefly based on these."[113]
Other Indian philosophies generally regarded as atheistic include Classical Samkhya and Purva Mimamsa. The rejection of a personal creator God is also seen in Jainism and Buddhism in India.[114]
Classical antiquity[link]
Western atheism has its roots in pre-Socratic Greek philosophy, but did not emerge as a distinct world-view until the late Enlightenment.[115] The 5th-century BCE Greek philosopher Diagoras is known as the "first atheist",[116] and is cited as such by Cicero in his De Natura Deorum.[117] Critias viewed religion as a human invention used to frighten people into following moral order.[118] Atomists such as Democritus attempted to explain the world in a purely materialistic way, without reference to the spiritual or mystical. Other pre-Socratic philosophers who probably had atheistic views included Prodicus and Protagoras. In the 3rd-century BCE the Greek philosophers Theodorus Cyrenaicus[117][119] and Strato of Lampsacus[120] also did not believe gods exist.
Socrates (c. 471–399 BCE) was accused of impiety (see Euthyphro dilemma) on the basis that he inspired questioning of the state gods.[121] Although he disputed the accusation that he was a "complete atheist",[122] saying that he could not be an atheist as he believed in spirits,[123] he was ultimately sentenced to death. Socrates also prays to various gods in Plato's dialogue Phaedrus[124] and says "By Zeus" in the dialogue The Republic.[125]
Euhemerus (c. 330–260 BCE) published his view that the gods were only the deified rulers, conquerors and founders of the past, and that their cults and religions were in essence the continuation of vanished kingdoms and earlier political structures.[126] Although not strictly an atheist, Euhemerus was later criticized for having "spread atheism over the whole inhabited earth by obliterating the gods".[127]
Atomic materialist Epicurus (c. 341–270 BCE) disputed many religious doctrines, including the existence of an afterlife or a personal deity; he considered the soul purely material and mortal. While Epicureanism did not rule out the existence of gods, he believed that if they did exist, they were unconcerned with humanity.[128]
The Roman poet Lucretius (c. 99–55 BCE) agreed that, if there were gods, they were unconcerned with humanity and unable to affect the natural world. For this reason, he believed humanity should have no fear of the supernatural. He expounds his Epicurean views of the cosmos, atoms, the soul, mortality, and religion in De rerum natura ("On the nature of things"),[129] which popularized Epicurus' philosophy in Rome.[130]
The Roman philosopher Sextus Empiricus held that one should suspend judgment about virtually all beliefs—a form of skepticism known as Pyrrhonism—that nothing was inherently evil, and that ataraxia ("peace of mind") is attainable by withholding one's judgment. His relatively large volume of surviving works had a lasting influence on later philosophers.[131]
The meaning of "atheist" changed over the course of classical antiquity. The early Christians were labeled atheists by non-Christians because of their disbelief in pagan gods.[132] During the Roman Empire, Christians were executed for their rejection of the Roman gods in general and Emperor-worship in particular. When Christianity became the state religion of Rome under Theodosius I in 381, heresy became a punishable offense.[133]
Early Middle Ages to the Renaissance[link]
The espousal of atheistic views was rare in Europe during the Early Middle Ages and Middle Ages (see Medieval Inquisition); metaphysics, religion and theology were the dominant interests.[134] There were, however, movements within this period that forwarded heterodox conceptions of the Christian God, including differing views of the nature, transcendence, and knowability of God. Individuals and groups such as Johannes Scotus Eriugena, David of Dinant, Amalric of Bena, and the Brethren of the Free Spirit maintained Christian viewpoints with pantheistic tendencies. Nicholas of Cusa held to a form of fideism he called docta ignorantia ("learned ignorance"), asserting that God is beyond human categorization, and our knowledge of God is limited to conjecture. William of Ockham inspired anti-metaphysical tendencies with his nominalistic limitation of human knowledge to singular objects, and asserted that the divine essence could not be intuitively or rationally apprehended by human intellect. Followers of Ockham, such as John of Mirecourt and Nicholas of Autrecourt furthered this view. The resulting division between faith and reason influenced later theologians such as John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, and Martin Luther.[134]
The Renaissance did much to expand the scope of freethought and skeptical inquiry. Individuals such as Leonardo da Vinci sought experimentation as a means of explanation, and opposed arguments from religious authority. Other critics of religion and the Church during this time included Niccolò Machiavelli, Bonaventure des Périers, and François Rabelais.[131]
Early modern period[link]
The Renaissance and Reformation eras witnessed a resurgence in religious fervor, as evidenced by the proliferation of new religious orders, confraternities, and popular devotions in the Catholic world, and the appearance of increasingly austere Protestant sects such as the Calvinists. This era of interconfessional rivalry permitted an even wider scope of theological and philosophical speculation, much of which would later be used to advance a religiously skeptical world-view.
Criticism of Christianity became increasingly frequent in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially in France and England, where there appears to have been a religious malaise, according to contemporary sources. Some Protestant thinkers, such as Thomas Hobbes, espoused a materialist philosophy and skepticism toward supernatural occurrences, while the Jewish-Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza rejected divine providence in favour of a panentheistic naturalism. By the late 17th century, deism came to be openly espoused by intellectuals such as John Toland who coined the term "pantheist".
The first known explicit atheist was the German critic of religion Matthias Knutzen in his three writings of 1674.[135] He was followed a half century later by another explicit atheist writer, the French priest Jean Meslier.[136] Knutzen and Meslier were in turn followed by other openly atheistic thinkers, such as Baron d'Holbach, Jacques-André Naigeon, and other French materialists.[137]
The philosopher David Hume developed a skeptical epistemology grounded in empiricism, and Immanuel Kant's philosophy has strongly questioned the very possibility of a metaphysical knowledge. Both philosophers undermined the metaphysical basis of natural theology and criticized classical arguments for the existence of God. However, they were not atheists themselves.
The French Revolution took atheism and anti-clerical deism outside the salons and into the public sphere. A major goal of the French revolution was a restructuring and subordination of the clergy with respect to the state through the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Attempts to enforce it led to anti-clerical violence and the expulsion of many clergy from France. The chaotic political events in revolutionary Paris eventually enabled the more radical Jacobins to seize power in 1793, ushering in the Reign of Terror. The Jacobins were deists and introduced the Cult of the Supreme Being as a new French state religion. Some atheists surrounding Jacques Hébert instead sought to establish a Cult of Reason, a form of atheistic pseudo-religion with a goddess personifying reason. Both movements in part contributed to attempts to forcibly de-Christianize France. The Cult of Reason ended after three years when its leadership, including Jacques Hébert, was guillotined by the Jacobins. The anti-clerical persecutions ended with the Thermidorian Reaction.
The Napoleonic era institutionalized the secularization of French society, and exported the revolution to northern Italy, in the hopes of creating pliable republics. In the 19th century, atheists contributed to political and social revolution, facilitating the upheavals of 1848, the Risorgimento in Italy, and the growth of an international socialist movement.
In the latter half of the 19th century, atheism rose to prominence under the influence of rationalistic and freethinking philosophers. Many prominent German philosophers of this era denied the existence of deities and were critical of religion, including Ludwig Feuerbach, Arthur Schopenhauer, Max Stirner, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Nietzsche.[138]
Since 1900[link]
See also: State atheism
Atheism in the 20th century, particularly in the form of practical atheism, advanced in many societies. Atheistic thought found recognition in a wide variety of other, broader philosophies, such as existentialism, objectivism, secular humanism, nihilism, anarchism, logical positivism, Marxism, feminism,[139] and the general scientific and rationalist movement.
Logical positivism and scientism paved the way for neopositivism, analytical philosophy, structuralism, and naturalism. Neopositivism and analytical philosophy discarded classical rationalism and metaphysics in favor of strict empiricism and epistemological nominalism. Proponents such as Bertrand Russell emphatically rejected belief in God. In his early work, Ludwig Wittgenstein attempted to separate metaphysical and supernatural language from rational discourse. A. J. Ayer asserted the unverifiability and meaninglessness of religious statements, citing his adherence to the empirical sciences. Relatedly the applied structuralism of Lévi-Strauss sourced religious language to the human subconscious in denying its transcendental meaning. J. N. Findlay and J. J. C. Smart argued that the existence of God is not logically necessary. Naturalists and materialistic monists such as John Dewey considered the natural world to be the basis of everything, denying the existence of God or immortality.[36][140]
The 20th century also saw the political advancement of atheism, spurred on by interpretation of the works of Marx and Engels. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, religious instruction was banned by the State. While the Soviet Constitution of 1936 guaranteed freedom to hold religious services, the Soviet state under Stalin's policy of state atheism did not consider education a private matter; it outlawed religious instruction and waged campaigns to persuade people, at times violently, to abandon religion.[141][142][143][144][145] Several other communist states also opposed religion and mandated state atheism,[146] including the former governments of Albania,[147][148][149] and currently, China,[150][151] North Korea,[151][152] and Cuba.[151][153]
Other leaders like E. V. Ramasami Naicker (Periyar), a prominent atheist leader of India, fought against Hinduism and Brahmins for discriminating and dividing people in the name of caste and religion.[154] This was highlighted in 1956 when he arranged for the erection of a statue depicting a Hindu god in a humble representation and made antitheistic statements.[155]
In 1966, Time magazine asked "Is God Dead?"[156] in response to the Death of God theological movement, citing the estimation that nearly half of all people in the world lived under an anti-religious power, and millions more in Africa, Asia, and South America seemed to lack knowledge of the one God.[157]
In 1967, the Albanian government under Enver Hoxha announced the closure of all religious institutions in the country, declaring Albania the world's first officially atheist state,[158] although religious practice in Albania was restored in 1991. These regimes enhanced the negative associations of atheism, especially where anti-communist sentiment was strong in the United States, despite the fact that prominent atheists were anti-communist.[159]
Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the number of actively anti-religious regimes has reduced considerably. In 2006, Timothy Shah of the Pew Forum noted "a worldwide trend across all major religious groups, in which God-based and faith-based movements in general are experiencing increasing confidence and influence vis-à-vis secular movements and ideologies."[160] However, Gregory S. Paul and Phil Zuckerman consider this a myth and suggest that the actual situation is much more complex and nuanced.[161]
The religiously motivated terrorist events of 9/11 and the partially successful attempts of the Discovery Institute to change the American science curriculum to include creationist ideas, together with support for those ideas from George W. Bush in 2005, all triggered the noted atheist authors Sam Harris, Daniel C. Dennett, Richard Dawkins, Victor J. Stenger and Christopher Hitchens to publish books that were best sellers in America and worldwide.[162]
A 2010 survey found that those identifying themselves as atheists or agnostics are on average more knowledgeable about religion than followers of major faiths. Nonbelievers scored better on questions about tenets central to Protestant and Catholic faiths. Only Mormon and Jewish faithful scored as well as atheists and agnostics.[163]
New Atheism[link]
Main article: New Atheism
New Atheism is the name given to a movement among some early-21st-century atheist writers who have advocated the view that "religion should not simply be tolerated but should be countered, criticized, and exposed by rational argument wherever its influence arises."[164] The movement is commonly associated with Richard Dawkins, Daniel C. Dennett, Sam Harris, Christopher Hitchens, and Victor J. Stenger.[165][166] Several best-selling books by these authors, published between 2004 and 2007, form the basis for much of the discussion of New Atheism.[167]
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of atheism
It is difficult to quantify the number of atheists in the world. Respondents to religious-belief polls may define "atheism" differently or draw different distinctions between atheism, non-religious beliefs, and non-theistic religious and spiritual beliefs.[169] A Hindu atheist would declare oneself as a Hindu, although also being an atheist at the same time.[170] A 2005 survey published in Encyclopædia Britannica found that the non-religious made up about 11.9% of the world's population, and atheists about 2.3%. This figure did not include those who follow atheistic religions, such as some Buddhists.[20] A broad figure estimates the number of atheists and agnostics on Earth at 1.1 billion.[171]
A November–December 2006 poll published in the Financial Times gives rates for the United States and five European countries. The lowest rates of atheism were in the United States at only 4%, while the rates of atheism in the European countries surveyed were considerably higher: Italy (7%), Spain (11%), Great Britain (17%), Germany (20%), and France (32%).[21][172] The European figures are similar to those of an official European Union survey, which reported that 18% of the EU population do not believe in a god.[173] Other studies have placed the estimated percentage of atheists, agnostics, and other nonbelievers in a personal god as low as single digits in Poland, Romania, Cyprus, and some other European countries,[174] and up to 85% in Sweden, 80% in Denmark, 72% in Norway, and 60% in Finland.[19] According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, 19% of Australians have "no religion", a category that includes atheists.[172] Between 64% and 65% of Japanese are atheists, agnostics, or do not believe in a god.[19]
An international study has reported positive correlations between levels of education and not believing in a deity,[61] and the EU survey finds a positive correlation between leaving school early and believing in a God.[173] A letter published in Nature in 1998 reported a survey suggesting that belief in a personal god or afterlife was at an all-time low among the members of the U.S. National Academy of Science, 7.0% of whom believed in a personal god as compared with more than 85% of the general U.S. population,[175] although this study has been criticized by Rodney Stark and Roger Finke for its definition of belief in God. The definition was "I believe in a God to whom one may pray in the expectation of receiving an answer". [176] An article published by The University of Chicago Chronicle that discussed the above study, stated that 76% of physicians believe in God, more than the 7% of scientists above, but still less than the 85% of the general population.[177] Another study assessing religiosity among scientists who are members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science found that "just over half of scientists (51%) believe in some form of deity or higher power; specifically, 33% of scientists say they believe in God, while 18% believe in a universal spirit or higher power."[178] Frank Sulloway of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Michael Shermer of California State University conducted a study which found in their polling sample of "credentialed" U.S. adults (12% had Ph.Ds and 62% were college graduates) 64% believed in God, and there was a correlation indicating that religious conviction diminished with education level.[179] An inverse correlation between religiosity and intelligence has been found by 39 out of 43 studies carried out between 1927 and 2002, according to an article in Mensa Magazine.[180] These findings broadly agree with a 1958 statistical meta-analysis by Professor Michael Argyle of the University of Oxford. He analyzed seven research studies that had investigated correlation between attitude to religion and measured intelligence among school and college students from the U.S. Although a clear negative correlation was found, the analysis did not identify causality but noted that factors such as authoritarian family background and social class may also have played a part.[181] Sociologist Philip Schwadel found that higher levels of education correlate with greater tolerance for atheists' public opposition to religion, greater skepticism of religious leaders, and a reconsideration of "the role of religion in secular society".[182]
See also[link]
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Book: Atheism |
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Notes[link]
- ^
- Nielsen, Kai (2011). "Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism. Retrieved 2011-12-06. "Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons...: for an anthropomorphic God, the atheist rejects belief in God because it is false or probably false that there is a God; for a nonanthropomorphic God... because the concept of such a God is either meaningless, unintelligible, contradictory, incomprehensible, or incoherent; for the God portrayed by some modern or contemporary theologians or philosophers... because the concept of God in question is such that it merely masks an atheistic substance—e.g., "God" is just another name for love, or ... a symbolic term for moral ideals."
- Edwards, Paul (2005) [1967]. "Atheism". In Donald M. Borchert. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference USA (Gale). p. 359. ISBN 978-0-02-865780-6. "On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion." (page 175 in 1967 edition)
- ^ Rowe, William L. (1998). "Atheism". In Edward Craig. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3. http://books.google.com/?id=lnuwFH_M5o0C&pg=PA530&lpg=PA530&dq=atheism+routledge#v=onepage&q=atheism%20routledge&f=false. Retrieved 2011-04-09. "As commonly understood, atheism is the position that affirms the nonexistence of God. So an atheist is someone who disbelieves in God, whereas a theist is someone who believes in God. Another meaning of "atheism" is simply nonbelief in the existence of God, rather than positive belief in the nonexistence of God. ...an atheist, in the broader sense of the term, is someone who disbelieves in every form of deity, not just the God of traditional Western theology."
- ^ a b Simon Blackburn, ed. (2008). "atheism". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (2008 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t98.e278. Retrieved 2011-12-05. "Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none. Sometimes thought itself to be more dogmatic than mere agnosticism, although atheists retort that everyone is an atheist about most gods, so they merely advance one step further."
- ^ Religioustolerance.org's short article on Definitions of the term "Atheism" suggests that there is no consensus on the definition of the term. Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for "atheism") first list one of the more narrow definitions.
- Runes, Dagobert D.(editor) (1942 edition). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. ISBN 0-06-463461-2. http://www.ditext.com/runes/a.html. Retrieved 2011-04-09. "(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought" – entry by Vergilius Ferm
- ^ "atheism". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/atheism. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
- ^ "Definitions: Atheism". Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama. http://www.as.ua.edu/rel/aboutreldefinitions.html. Retrieved 2011-04-09. [dead link]
- ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). 1989. "Belief in a deity, or deities, as opposed to atheism"
- ^ "Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theism. Retrieved 2011-04-09. "belief in the existence of a god or gods"
- ^ a b Armstrong, Karen (1999). A History of God. London: Vintage. ISBN 0-09-927367-5.
- ^ a b Various authors. "Logical Arguments for Atheism". Internet Infidels, The Secular Web Library. Retrieved 2007-APR-09.
- ^ Honderich, Ted (Ed.) (1995). "Humanism". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. p 376. ISBN 0-19-866132-0.
- ^ Fales, Evan. "Naturalism and Physicalism", in Martin 2007, pp. 122–131.
- ^ Baggini 2003, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Stenger 2007, pp. 17–18, citing Parsons, Keith M. (1989). God and the Burden of Proof: Plantinga, Swinburne, and the Analytical Defense of Theism. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-551-5.
- ^ Carol S. Matthews (19 October 2009). A New Vision A New Heart A Renewed Call - Volume Two. William Carey Library. ISBN 978-0-87808-364-0. http://books.google.com/?id=RfGhUW8RdUIC&pg=PA194&dq=neopaganism+atheism#v=onepage&q&f=false. "Although Neo-Pagans share common commitments to nature and spirit there is a diversity of beliefs and practices. Some are atheists, others are polytheists (several gods exists), some are pantheists (all is God) and others are panentheists (all is in God)."
- ^ Carol S. Matthews (19 October 2009). New Religions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7910-8096-2. http://books.google.com/?id=stQQJlV9FT8C&pg=PA115&dq=neopaganism+atheism#v=onepage&q&f=false. "There is no universal worldview that all Neo-Pagans/Wiccans hold. One online information source indicates that depending on how the term God is defined, Neo-Pagans might be classified as monotheists, duotheists (two gods), polytheists, pantheists, or atheists."
- ^ Kedar, Nath Tiwari (1997). Comparative Religion. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 50. ISBN 81-208-0293-4. http://books.google.com.vc/books?id=Jb0rCQD9NcoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=atheism&f=false.
- ^ Chakravarti, Sitansu (1991). Hinduism, a way of life. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. p. 71. ISBN 978-81-208-0899-7. http://books.google.com/?id=J_-rASTgw8wC&pg=PA71. Retrieved 2011-04-09. "According to Hinduism, the path of the atheist is very difficult to follow in matters of spirituality, though it is a valid one."
- ^ a b c Zuckerman, Phil (2007). Martin, Michael T. ed. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-521-60367-6. OL22379448M. http://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&pg=PA56. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ a b "Worldwide Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid-2005". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2005. http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9432620. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
- 2.3% Atheists: Persons professing atheism, skepticism, disbelief, or irreligion, including the militantly antireligious (opposed to all religion).
- 11.9% Nonreligious: Persons professing no religion, nonbelievers, agnostics, freethinkers, uninterested, or dereligionized secularists indifferent to all religion but not militantly so.
- ^ a b "Religious Views and Beliefs Vary Greatly by Country, According to the Latest Financial Times/Harris Poll". Financial Times/Harris Interactive. 2006-12-20. http://www.harrisinteractive.com/news/allnewsbydate.asp?NewsID=1131. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/subjects/a/atheism/index.html
- ^ "Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Atheism. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^
- "Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica Concise. Merriam Webster. http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/atheism?show=0&t=1323944845. Retrieved 2011-12-15. "Critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or divine beings. Unlike agnosticism, which leaves open the question of whether there is a God, atheism is a positive denial. It is rooted in an array of philosophical systems."
- Zuckerman, edited by Phil (2010). Atheism and secularity. Santa Barbara, Calif. [u.a.]: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-35183-9. "A major source of these biases is the lack of clear definitions. Atheism and secularity are defined in opposition to religion, with atheism (the rejection of theism) often perceived as an extreme form of secularism (the decline of religious influence over society). But atheism is a narrow term referring to a specific belief (that there is no god), whereas secularism has various meanings, including a range of attitudes (such as religious indifference, doubt, agnosticism, and atheism) as as behaviors (such as lack of regular church attendance or disregard for traditional religious morality)."
- Nielsen, Kai (2011). "Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism. Retrieved 2011-12-06. "atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. As such, it is usually distinguished from theism, which affirms the reality of the divine and often seeks to demonstrate its existence. Atheism is also distinguished from agnosticism, which leaves open the question whether there is a god or not, professing to find the questions unanswered or unanswerable."
- "Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Atheism. Retrieved 2011-04-09. "But dogmatic atheism is rare compared with the sceptical type, which is identical with agnosticism in so far as it denies the capacity of the mind of man to form any conception of God, but is different from it in so far as the agnostic merely holds his judgment in suspense, though, in practice, agnosticism is apt to result in an attitude towards religion which is hardly distinguishable from a passive and unaggressive atheism."
- ^ a b c d Martin, Michael. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-521-84270-0.
- ^ Britannica (2011). "Atheism as rejection of religious beliefs". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (15th ed.). p. 666. 0852294735. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ d'Holbach, P. H. T. (1772). Good Sense. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7319. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
- ^ Smith 1979, p. 14.
- ^ Nagel, Ernest (1959). "Philosophical Concepts of Atheism". Basic Beliefs: The Religious Philosophies of Mankind. Sheridan House. "I shall understand by "atheism" a critique and a denial of the major claims of all varieties of theism... atheism is not to be identified with sheer unbelief... Thus, a child who has received no religious instruction and has never heard about God, is not an atheist – for he is not denying any theistic claims. Similarly in the case of an adult who, if he has withdrawn from the faith of his father without reflection or because of frank indifference to any theological issue, is also not an atheist – for such an adult is not challenging theism and not professing any views on the subject."
reprinted in Critiques of God, edited by Peter A. Angeles, Prometheus Books, 1997. - ^ a b Flew, Antony (1976). The Presumption of Atheism, and other Philosophical Essays on God, Freedom, and Immortality. New York: Barnes and Noble. pp. 14ff. "In this interpretation an atheist becomes: not someone who positively asserts the non-existence of God; but someone who is simply not a theist. Let us, for future ready reference, introduce the labels 'positive atheist' for the former and 'negative atheist' for the latter."
- ^ Maritain, Jacques (July 1949). "On the Meaning of Contemporary Atheism". The Review of Politics 11 (3): 267–280. DOI:10.1017/S0034670500044168. http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/jm3303.htm.
- ^ Kenny, Anthony (2006). "Why I Am Not an Atheist". What I believe. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-8971-0. "The true default position is neither theism nor atheism, but agnosticism ... a claim to knowledge needs to be substantiated; ignorance need only be confessed."
- ^ "Many atheists I know would be certain of a high place in heaven". Irish Times. 2009-07-07. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0725/1224251303564.html. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Baggini 2003, pp. 30–34. "Who seriously claims we should say 'I neither believe nor disbelieve that the Pope is a robot', or 'As to whether or not eating this piece of chocolate will turn me into an elephant I am completely agnostic'. In the absence of any good reasons to believe these outlandish claims, we rightly disbelieve them, we don't just suspend judgement."
- ^ Baggini 2003, p. 22. "A lack of proof is no grounds for the suspension of belief. This is because when we have a lack of absolute proof we can still have overwhelming evidence or one explanation which is far superior to the alternatives."
- ^ a b Smart, J.C.C. (2004-03-09). "Atheism and Agnosticism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism/. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 50. ISBN 0-618-68000-4.
- ^ Cudworth, Ralph (1678). The True Intellectual System of the Universe: the first part, wherein all the reason and philosophy of atheism is confuted and its impossibility demonstrated.
- ^ See, for instance, "Atheists call for church head to retract slur". 1996-09-03. http://www.lds-mormon.com/atheist.shtml. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Lowder, Jeffery Jay (1997). "Atheism and Society". http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/jeff_lowder/society.html. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Harris, Sam (2008). Letter to a Christian Nation. Random House, Vintage Books. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-307-27877-7. http://books.google.com/?id=ypyMZlkgHGIC&pg=PA51&dq=In+fact,+%22atheism%22+is+a+term+that+should+not+even+exist.+No+one+ever+needs+to+identify+himself+as+a+%22non-astrologer%22+or+a+%22non-alchemist.%22+We+do+not+have+words+for+people+who+doubt+that+Elvis+is+still+alive+or+that+aliens+have+traversed+the+galaxy+only+to#v=onepage&q=In%20fact%2C%20%22atheism%22%20is%20a%20term%20that%20should%20not%20even%20exist.%20No%20one%20ever%20needs%20to%20identify%20himself%20as%20a%20%22non-astrologer%22%20or%20a%20%22non-alchemist.%22%20We%20do%20not%20have%20words%20for%20people%20who%20doubt%20that%20Elvis%20is%20still%20alive%20or%20that%20aliens%20have%20traversed%20the%20galaxy%20only%20to&f=false. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Paul Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach, System of Nature; or, the Laws of the Moral and Physical World (London, 1797), Vol. 1, p. 25
- ^ a b c Zdybicka 2005, p. 20.
- ^ Schafersman, Steven D. (February 1997). "Naturalism is an Essential Part of Science and Critical Inquiry". Conference on Naturalism, Theism and the Scientific Enterprise. Department of Philosophy, The University of Texas. http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:NSuw6hjn_w0J:www.tcnj.edu/~scholars/111%2520Evolution%2520FSP/NATURALISM%2520IS%2520AN%2520ESSENTIAL%2520PART%2520OF%2520SCIENCE%2520AND%2520CRITICAL%2520INQUIRY.doc+Naturalism+is+an+Essential+Part+of+Science+and+Critical+Inquiry&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiOoQ0c8zeA-NUM5qRN7EZqXoJs8b3hGUyuOedNRD9OheY2WLJHpdgNCsxwDJ0iJVdxIhSyytGXR-RXodM3cV8JYd6mEmBRuSQhAsvgFyIDPrw2HT3KXZTEoujo4lXsMckPLn-U&sig=AHIEtbS7vrl9TTdgC7ZY94opxblINuXYMw&pli=1. Retrieved 2011-04-07. Revised May 2007
- ^ Zdybicka 2005, p. 21.
- ^ Drange, Theodore M. (1998). "Atheism, Agnosticism, Noncognitivism". Internet Infidels, Secular Web Library. Retrieved 2007-APR-07.
- ^ Ayer, A. J. (1946). Language, Truth and Logic. Dover. pp. 115–116. In a footnote, Ayer attributes this view to "Professor H. H. Price".
- ^ Zdybicka 2005, p. 19.
- ^ David Hume. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. Project Gutenberg (e-text). http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4583. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
- ^ Drange, Theodore M. (1996). "The Arguments From Evil and Nonbelief". Internet Infidels, Secular Web Library. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
- ^ V.A. Gunasekara, "The Buddhist Attitude to God.". Archived from the original on 2008-01-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20080102053643/http://www.buddhistinformation.com/buddhist_attitude_to_god.htm. In the Bhuridatta Jataka, "The Buddha argues that the three most commonly given attributes of God, viz. omnipotence, omniscience and benevolence towards humanity cannot all be mutually compatible with the existential fact of dukkha."
- ^ Feuerbach, Ludwig (1841) The Essence of Christianity
- ^ Walpola Rahula, What the Buddha Taught. Grove Press, 1974. Pages 51–52.
- ^ Bakunin, Michael (1916). "God and the State". New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association. http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bakunin/godandstate/godandstate_ch1.html. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Gleeson, David (August 10, 2006). "Common Misconceptions About Atheists and Atheism". American Chronicle. http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/12346. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
- ^ Smith 1979, p. 275. "Perhaps the most common criticism of atheism is the claim that it leads inevitably to moral bankruptcy."
- ^ Pascal, Blaise (1669). Pensées, II: "The Misery of Man Without God".
- ^ a b Sartre, Jean-Paul (2004). "An existentialist ethics". In Gensler, Harry J.; Spurgin, Earl W.; Swindal, James C.. Ethics: Contemporary Readings. London: Routledge. p. 127. ISBN 0-415-25680-1.
- ^ Sartre, Jean-Paul (2001). "Existentialism and Humanism". In Priest, Stephen. Jean-Paul Sartre: Basic Writings. London: Routledge. p. 45. ISBN 0-415-21367-3.
- ^ Sartre, Jean-Paul (2001). "Existentialism and Humanism". In Priest, Stephen. Jean-Paul Sartre: Basic Writings. London: Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 0-415-21367-3.
- ^ a b Zuckerman, Phil (2009). "Atheism, Secularity, and Well-Being: How the Findings of Social Science Counter Negative Stereotypes and Assumptions". Sociology Compass 3 (6): 949–971. DOI:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2009.00247.x. http://www.pitzer.edu/academics/faculty/zuckerman/Zuckerman_on_Atheism.pdf.
- ^ Societies without God are more benevolent, The Guardian, September 2, 2010
- ^ Winston, Robert (Ed.) (2004). Human. New York: DK Publishing, Inc. p. 299. ISBN 0-7566-1901-7. "Nonbelief has existed for centuries. For example, Buddhism and Jainism have been called atheistic religions because they do not advocate belief in gods."
- ^ "Humanistic Judaism". BBC. 2006-07-20. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/subdivisions/humanistic.shtml. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Levin, S. (May 1995). "Jewish Atheism". New Humanist 110 (2): 13–15.
- ^ "Christian Atheism". BBC. 2006-05-17. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/christianatheism.shtml. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Altizer, Thomas J. J. (1967). The Gospel of Christian Atheism. London: Collins. pp. 102–103. http://www.religion-online.org/showbook.asp?title=523. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Lyas, Colin (January 1970). "On the Coherence of Christian Atheism". Philosophy: the Journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy 45 (171): 1–19. DOI:10.1017/S0031819100009578.
- ^ Smith 1979, pp. 21–22
- ^ Slavoj Žižek: Less Than Nothing (2012)
- ^ Alain de Botton: Religion for Atheists (2012)
- ^ Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist: The Global Empire (2012)
- ^ Smith 1979, p. 275. "Among the many myths associated with religion, none is more widespread -or more disastrous in its effects—than the myth that moral values cannot be divorced from the belief in a god."
- ^ In Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov (Book Eleven: Brother Ivan Fyodorovich, Chapter 4) there is the famous argument that If there is no God, all things are permitted.: "'But what will become of men then?' I asked him, 'without God and immortal life? All things are lawful then, they can do what they like?'"
- ^ For Kant, the presupposition of God, soul, and freedom was a practical concern, for "Morality, by itself, constitutes a system, but happiness does not, unless it is distributed in exact proportion to morality. This, however, is possible in an intelligible world only under a wise author and ruler. Reason compels us to admit such a ruler, together with life in such a world, which we must consider as future life, or else all moral laws are to be considered as idle dreams..." (Critique of Pure Reason, A811).
- ^ Baggini 2003, p. 38
- ^ Human Rights, Virtue, and the Common Good. Rowman & Littlefield. 1996. ISBN 978-0-8476-8279-9. http://books.google.com/?id=19ccmx1W58IC&pg=PA16&dq=has+truth+only+if+God+is+truth%E2%80%93it+stands+or+falls+with+faith+in+God#v=onepage&q=has%20truth%20only%20if%20God%20is%20truth%E2%80%93it%20stands%20or%20falls%20with%20faith%20in%20God&f=false. Retrieved 2011-04-09. "That problem was brought home to us with dazzling clarity by Nietzsche, who had reflected more deeply than any of his contemporaries on the implications of godlessness and come to the conclusion that a fatal contradiction lay at the heart of modern theological enterprise: it thought that Christian morality, which it wished to preserve, was independent of Christian dogma, which it rejected. This, in Nietzsche's mind, was an absurdity. It amounted to nothing less than dismissing the architect while trying to keep the building or getting rid of the lawgiver while claiming the protection of the law."
- ^ The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. Wiley-Blackwell. 2009-05-11. ISBN 978-1-4051-7657-6. http://books.google.com/?id=g8bHRrVu3SsC&pg=PA392&dq=there+is+no+God+there+is+no+morality+Nietzsche#v=onepage&q=there%20is%20no%20God%20there%20is%20no%20morality%20Nietzsche&f=false. Retrieved 2011-04-09. "Morality "has truth only if God is truth–it stands or falls with faith in God" (Nietzche 1968, p. 70). The moral argument for the existence of God essentially takes Nietzche's assertion as one of its premises: if there is no God, then "there are altogether no moral facts.""
- ^ Victorian Subjects. Duke University Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-8223-1110-2. http://books.google.com/?id=VgMB9-tMSMoC&pg=PA85&dq=has+truth+only+if+God+is+truth%E2%80%93it+stands+of+falls+with+faith+in+God#v=onepage&q=has%20truth%20only%20if%20God%20is%20truth%E2%80%93it%20stands%20of%20falls%20with%20faith%20in%20God&f=false. Retrieved 2011-04-09. "Like other mid-nineteenth-century writers, George Eliot was not fully aware of the implications of her humanism, and, as Nietzsche saw, attempted the difficult task of upholding the Christian morality of altruism without faith in the Christian God."
- ^ Moore, G. E. (1903). Principia Ethica. http://fair-use.org/g-e-moore/principia-ethica/s.13. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Susan Neiman (November 6, 2006). Beyond Belief Session 6 (Conference). Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA: The Science Network.
- ^ Baggini 2003, p. 40
- ^ Baggini 2003, p. 43
- ^ 101 Ethical Dilemmas, 2nd edition, by Cohen, M., Routledge 2007, pp184-5. (Cohen notes particularly that Plato and Aristotle produced arguments in favour of slavery.)
- ^ Political Philosophy from Plato to Mao, by Cohen, M, Second edition 2008
- ^
- Harris, Sam, The end of faith: religion, terror, and the future of reason, W. W. Norton & Company, 2005
- Harris, Sam, Letter to a Christian Nation, Random House, Inc., 2008
- Dawkins, Richard, The God Delusion, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008
- Hitchens, Christopher, God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything, Random House, Inc., 2007
- Russell, Bertrand, Why I am not a Christian, and other essays on religion and related subjects, Simon and Schuster, 1957
- ^ Harris, Sam (2006a). "The Myth of Secular Moral Chaos". Free Inquiry. http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=sharris_26_3. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Moreira-almeida, A.; Lotufo Neto, F.; Koenig, H.G. (2006). "Religiousness and mental health: a review". Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 28 (3): 242–250. DOI:10.1590/S1516-44462006005000006. PMID 16924349. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1516-44462006000300018&script=sci_arttext. Retrieved 2007-07-12.
- ^ See for example: Kahoe, R.D. (June 1977). "Intrinsic Religion and Authoritarianism: A Differentiated Relationship". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 16 (2): 179–182. DOI:10.2307/1385749. JSTOR 1385749. Also see: Altemeyer, Bob; Hunsberger, Bruce (1992). "Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice". International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 2 (2): 113–133. DOI:10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a785040926~db=all. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Harris, Sam (2005). "An Atheist Manifesto". Truthdig. http://www.truthdig.com/dig/print/200512_an_atheist_manifesto. Retrieved 2011-04-09. "In a world riven by ignorance, only the atheist refuses to deny the obvious: Religious faith promotes human violence to an astonishing degree."
- ^ John S. Feinberg, Paul D. Feinberg (2010-11-04). Ethics for a Brave New World. Stand To Reason. ISBN 978-1-58134-712-8. http://books.google.com/?id=Nl-f5SKq9mgC&pg=PA697&dq=Aleksandr+Solzhenitsyn+But+if+I+were+asked+today+to+formulate+as+concisely+as+possible+the+main+cause+of+the+ruinous+revolution+that+swallowed+up+some+60+million+of+our+people,+I+could+not+put+it+more+accurately+than+to+repeat:+'Men+have+forgotten+God;+that's+why#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2007–10–18. "Over a half century ago, while I was still a child, I recall hearing a number of old people offer the following explanation for the great disasters that had befallen Russia: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.' Since then I have spend well-nigh 50 years working on the history of our revolution; in the process I have read hundreds of books, collected hundreds of personal testimonies, and have already contributed eight volumes of my own toward the effort of clearing away the rubble left by that upheaval. But if I were asked today to formulate as concisely as possible the main cause of the ruinous revolution that swallowed up some 60 million of our people, I could not put it more accurately than to repeat: 'Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened.'"
- ^ Dinesh D'Souza. "Answering Atheist’s Arguments". Catholic Education Resource Center. http://catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0214.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ The word αθεοι—in any of its forms—appears nowhere else in the Septuagint or the New Testament. Robertson, A.T. (1960) [1932]. "Ephesians: Chapter 2". Word Pictures in the New Testament. Broadman Press. http://www.ccel.org/r/robertson_at/wordpictures/htm/EPH2.RWP.html. Retrieved 2011-04-09. "Old Greek word, not in LXX, only here in N.T. Atheists in the original sense of being without God and also in the sense of hostility to God from failure to worship him. See Paul's words in Ro 1:18–32."
- ^ Drachmann, A. B. (1977 ("an unchanged reprint of the 1922 edition")). Atheism in Pagan Antiquity. Chicago: Ares Publishers. ISBN 0-89005-201-8. http://books.google.com/?id=cguq-yNii_QC&dq=Atheism+in+Pagan+Antiquity&printsec=frontcover&q=. "Atheism and atheist are words formed from Greek roots and with Greek derivative endings. Nevertheless they are not Greek; their formation is not consonant with Greek usage. In Greek they said atheos and atheotēs; to these the English words ungodly and ungodliness correspond rather closely. In exactly the same way as ungodly, atheos was used as an expression of severe censure and moral condemnation; this use is an old one, and the oldest that can be traced. Not till later do we find it employed to denote a certain philosophical creed."
- ^ OED, Atheist
- ^ Martiall, John (1566). A Replie to Mr Calfhills Blasphemous Answer Made Against the Treatise of the Cross. English recusant literature, 1558–1640. 203. Louvain. p. 51. http://books.google.com/books?id=20snAQAAIAAJ&q=%22to%20entre#v=snippet&q=atheist&f=false. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Rendered as Atheistes: Golding, Arthur (1571). The Psalmes of David and others, with J. Calvin's commentaries. pp. Ep. Ded. 3. "The Atheistes which say..there is no God." Translated from Latin.
- ^ Hanmer, Meredith (1577). The auncient ecclesiasticall histories of the first six hundred years after Christ, written by Eusebius, Socrates, and Evagrius. London. p. 63. OCLC 55193813. "The opinion which they conceaue of you, to be Atheists, or godlesse men."
- ^ a b Rendered as Athisme: de Mornay, Philippe (1587). A Woorke Concerning the Trewnesse of the Christian Religion: Against Atheists, Epicures, Paynims, Iewes, Mahumetists, and other infidels [De la vérite de la religion chréstienne (1581)]. Translated from French by Arthur Golding & Philip Sidney. London. pp. xx. 310. "Athisme, that is to say, vtter godlesnes."
- ^ Vergil, Polydore (c1534). English history. http://books.google.com/?id=gW-gAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=vergil+english+history#v=onepage&q=Godd%20would%20not&f=false. Retrieved 2011-04-09. "Godd would not longe suffer this impietie, or rather atheonisme."
- ^ The Oxford English Dictionary also records an earlier, irregular formation, atheonism, dated from about 1534. The later and now obsolete words athean and atheal are dated to 1611 and 1612 respectively. prep. by J. A. Simpson ... (1989). The Oxford English Dictionary (Second ed.). Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-861186-2.
- ^ Burton, Robert (1621). deist. Part III, section IV. II. i. http://books.google.com/?id=cPgveWnCdRcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=anatomy+of+melancholy#v=onepage&q=deists&f=false. Retrieved 2011-04-09. "Cousin-germans to these men are many of our great Philosophers and Deists"
- ^ Martin, Edward (1662). "Five Letters". His opinion concerning the difference between the Church of England and Geneva [etc.]. London. p. 45. "To have said my office..twice a day..among Rebels, Theists, Atheists, Philologers, Wits, Masters of Reason, Puritanes [etc.]."
- ^ Bailey, Nathan (1675). An universal etymological English dictionary. http://books.google.com/?id=CFBGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT255&dq=deism#v=onepage&q=deism&f=false. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ "Secondly, that nothing out of nothing, in the sense of the atheistic objectors, viz. that nothing, which once was not, could by any power whatsoever be brought into being, is absolutely false; and that, if it were true, it would make no more against theism than it does against atheism.." Cudworth, Ralph. The true intellectual system of the universe. 1678. Chapter V Section II p.73
- ^ "17th Century History – Investigating Atheism". Investigatingatheism.info. http://www.investigatingatheism.info/historyseventeenth.html. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ http://www.foothill.edu/attach/bss/schaefers.ch9.pt2.ppt
- ^ In part because of its wide use in monotheistic Western society, atheism is usually described as "disbelief in God", rather than more generally as "disbelief in deities". A clear distinction is rarely drawn in modern writings between these two definitions, but some archaic uses of atheism encompassed only disbelief in the singular God, not in polytheistic deities. It is on this basis that the obsolete term adevism was coined in the late 19th century to describe an absence of belief in plural deities. Britannica (1911). "Atheonism". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ Pandian (1996). India, that is, sidd. Allied Publishers. p. 64. ISBN 978-81-7023-561-3. http://books.google.com/?id=B90uj14NHjMC&pg=PA64. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Dasgupta, Surendranath (1992). A history of Indian philosophy, Volume 1. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. p. 258. ISBN 978-81-208-0412-8. http://books.google.com/?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC&pg=PA258. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Tripathi (2001). Psycho-Religious Studies of Man, Mind and Nature. Global Vision Publishing House. p. 81. ISBN 978-81-87746-04-1. http://books.google.com/?id=zWFM_SaX24AC&pg=PA81. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore. A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy. (Princeton University Press: 1957, Twelfth Princeton Paperback printing 1989) pp. 227–249. ISBN 0-691-01958-4.
- ^ Satischandra Chatterjee and Dhirendramohan Datta. An Introduction to Indian Philosophy. Eighth Reprint Edition. (University of Calcutta: 1984). p. 55.
- ^ Joshi, L.R. (1966). "A New Interpretation of Indian Atheism". Philosophy East and West 16 (3/4): 189–206. DOI:10.2307/1397540. JSTOR 1397540.
- ^ Baggini 2003, pp. 73–74. "Atheism had its origins in Ancient Greece but did not emerge as an overt and avowed belief system until late in the Enlightenment."
- ^ Solmsen, Friedrich (1942). Plato's Theology. Cornell University Press. p 25.
- ^ a b ...nullos esse omnino Diagoras et Theodorus Cyrenaicus... Cicero, Marcus Tullius: De natura deorum. Comments and English text by Richard D. McKirahan. Thomas Library, Bryn Mawr College, 1997, page 3. ISBN 0-929524-89-6
- ^ "religion, study of". (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
- ^ Diogenes Laërtius, The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, ii
- ^ Cicero, Lucullus, 121. in Reale, G., A History of Ancient Philosophy. SUNY Press. (1985).
- ^ "Atheism". The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-11-04. http://web.archive.org/web/20061104032305/http://www.bartleby.com/65/at/atheism.html. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Brickhouse, Thomas C.; Nicholas D. Smith (2004). Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Plato and the Trial of Socrates. Routledge. p. 112. ISBN 0-415-15681-5. In particular, he argues that the claim he is a complete atheist contradicts the other part of the indictment, that he introduced "new divinities".
- ^ "Apology". Classics.mit.edu. http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/apology.html. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ "The Dialogues of Plato, vol. 1". Oll.libertyfund.org. http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php&title=111. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ "The Republic". Classics.mit.edu. http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.html. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Fragments of Euhemerus' work in Ennius' Latin translation have been preserved in Patristic writings (e.g. by Lactantius and Eusebius of Caesarea), which all rely on earlier fragments in Diodorus 5,41–46 & 6.1. Testimonies, especially in the context of polemical criticism, are found e.g. in Callimachus, Hymn to Zeus 8.
- ^ Plutarch, Moralia—Isis and Osiris 23
- ^ BBC. "Ethics and Religion—Atheism". bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^
- On the Nature of Things by Lucretius at Project Gutenberg Book I, "Substance is Eternal". Translated by W.E. Leonard. 1997. Retrieved 2007-APR-12.
- ^ Julius Caesar (100–44 BCE), who leaned considerably toward Epicureanism, also rejected the idea of an afterlife, which e.g. lead to his plea against the death sentence during the trial against Catiline, where he spoke out against the Stoicist Cato (cf. Sallust, The War With Catiline, Caesar's speech: 51.29 & Cato's reply: 52.13).
- ^ a b Stein, Gordon (Ed.) (1980). "The History of Freethought and Atheism". An Anthology of Atheism and Rationalism. New York: Prometheus. Retrieved 2007-APR-03.
- ^
"Atheism" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia. - ^ Maycock, A. L. and Ronald Knox (2003). Inquisition from Its Establishment to the Great Schism: An Introductory Study. ISBN 0-7661-7290-2.
- ^ a b Zdybicka 2005, p. 4
- ^ Winfried Schröder, in: Matthias Knutzen: Schriften und Materialien (2010), p. 8. See also Rececca Moore, The Heritage of Western Humanism, Scepticism and Freethought (2011), calling Knutzen "the first open advocate of a modern atheist perspective" online here
- ^ "Michel Onfray on Jean Meslier". William Paterson University. http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue40/Onfray40.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ d'Holbach, P. H. T. (1770). The System of Nature. 2. http://fulltextarchive.com/page/The-System-of-Nature-Vol-21/. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
- ^ Ray, Matthew Alun (2003). Subjectivity and Irreligion: Atheism and Agnosticism in Kant, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. ISBN 978-0-7546-3456-0. http://books.google.com/?id=BKz2FcDrFy0C&pg=PA1&dq=nietzsche+schopenhauer+marx+feuerbach. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Overall, Christine (2007). Feminism and Atheism. ISBN 978-0-521-84270-9. http://books.google.com/?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&pg=PA233&lpg=PA233&dq=%22Feminism+and+Atheism%22&q=%22Feminism%20and%20Atheism%22. Retrieved 2011-04-09. in Martin 2007, pp. 233–246
- ^ Zdybicka 2005, p. 16
- ^ Gerhard Simon (19 October 2009). Church, State, and Opposition in the U.S.S.R.. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02612-4. http://books.google.com/?id=sTLc8H3b4vUC&pg=PA64. "On the other hand the Communist Party has never made any secret of the fact, either before or after 1917, that it regards 'militant atheism' as an integral part of its ideology and will regard 'religion as by no means a private matter'. It therefore uses 'the means of ideological influence to educate people in the spirit of scientific materialism and to overcome religious prejudices..' Thus it is the goal of the C.P.S.U. and thereby also of the Soviet state, for which it is after all the 'guiding cell', gradually to liquidate the religious communities."
- ^ Dimitry Pospielovsky (19 October 2009). The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88141-179-9. http://books.google.com/?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&pg=PA395&dq=liquidation+of+religion+militant+atheism#v=onepage&q=liquidation%20of%20religion%20militant%20atheism&f=false. "It might be expected that as a Christian leader, he would at least declare that a Christian could not vote for a party that preached and practiced genocide, whether racial or class-based , nor for a party whose ideology included a militant atheism aiming at liquidation of religion."
- ^ Simon Richmond (19 October 2009). Russia & Belarus. BBC Worldwide. ISBN 978-1-74104-291-7. http://books.google.com/?id=jcNZUzdd-ukC&pg=PA79&dq=liquidation+of+religion+militant+atheism#v=onepage&q=liquidation%20of%20religion%20militant%20atheism&f=false. "Soviet 'militant atheism' led to the closure and destruction of nearly all the mosques and madrasahs (Muslim religious schools) in Russia, although some remained in the Central Asian states. Under Stalin there were mass deportations and liquidation of the Muslim elite."
- ^ Tʻinatʻin Bočorišvili, William Sweet, Daniel R. Ahern (2005-06-30). Politics, ethics and challenges to democracy in 'new independent states'. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-56518-224-0. http://books.google.com/?id=qzkttrhVe9gC&pg=PA125&dq=soviet+union+state+atheism#v=onepage&q=soviet%20union%20state%20atheism&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-05. "During the past 150 years in Azerbaijan, Islam has experienced an ascendancy over the official Orthodoxy of the Russian Empire and, then, the state atheism of the Soviet Union."
- ^ Russian postmodernism: new perspectives on post-Soviet culture. Berghahn Books. 1999. ISBN 978-1-57181-028-1. http://books.google.com/?id=8pciFcaGXR0C&pg=PA379&dq=soviet+union+state+atheism#v=onepage&q=soviet%20union%20state%20atheism&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-05. "The seven decades of Soviet atheism, whether one calls it "mass atheism," "scientific atheism," "state atheism," was unquestionably a new phenomenon in world history."
- ^ Baggini, Julian (Summer 2003). The Perils of Atheism. 118. New Humanist. http://newhumanist.org.uk/627/the-perils-of-atheism. Retrieved 2011-04-07. Extract from his book Atheism: A Very Short Introduction (2003), Oxford University Press
- ^ William B. Simons, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden (2001). The Constitutions of the Communist World. Springer. ISBN 978-0-8147-2214-5. http://books.google.com/?id=aAtQZ0vjf5gC&pg=PA18&dq=The+State+recognizes+no+religion,+and+supports+and+carries+out+atheistic+propaganda+in+order+to+implant+a+scientific+materialistic+world+outlook+in+people#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-05. "Article 37. The State recognizes no religion and supports and carries out atheist propaganda in order to implant a scientific materialist world outlook in people."
- ^ Robert Elsie (2001). A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk culture. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-2214-5. http://books.google.com/?id=aAtQZ0vjf5gC&pg=PA18&dq=The+State+recognizes+no+religion,+and+supports+and+carries+out+atheistic+propaganda+in+order+to+implant+a+scientific+materialistic+world+outlook+in+people#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-05. "Article 37 of the Albanian constitution of 1976 stipulated, "The State recognizes no religion and supports and carries out atheist propaganda in order to implant a scientific materialist world outlook in people.""
- ^ Richard Felix Staar (1982). Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe. The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University. ISBN 978-0-8179-7692-7. http://books.google.com/?id=ugeMgomY7hAC&pg=PA13&dq=The+State+recognizes+no+religion,+and+supports+and+carries+out+atheistic+propaganda+in+order+to+implant+a+scientific+materialistic+world+outlook+in+people#v=onepage&q=The%20State%20recognizes%20no%20religion%2C%20and%20supports%20and%20carries%20out%20atheistic%20propaganda%20in%20order%20to%20implant%20a%20scientific%20materialistic%20world%20outlook%20in%20people&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-05. "By 1976 all places of worship had been closed. However, the regime has had to admit that religion still maintains a following among Albanians. In order to suppress religious life, the following article has been included in the 1976 constitution: "The state recognizes no religion and supports and carries out atheistic propaganda to implant the scientific materialistic world outlook in people" (Article 37). In its antireligious moves, the regime has gone so far as to order persons to change their names if they are of a religious origin."
- ^ China in the 21st century. Oxford University Press. 2010-04-16. ISBN 978-0-19-539447-4. http://books.google.com/?id=X49uEF5XUX0C&pg=PA108&dq=state+atheism+china#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-05. "China is still officially an atheist country, but many religions are growing rapidly, including evangelical Christianity (estimates of how many Chinese have converted to some form of Protestantism range widely, but at least tens of millions have done so) and various hybrid sects that combine elements of traditional creeds and belief systems (Buddhism mixed with local folk cults, for example)."
- ^ a b c The State of Religion Atlas. Simon & Schuster. 1993-12. http://books.google.com/?id=BY4YAQAAMAAJ&q=north+korea+atheist+state&dq=north+korea+atheist+state. Retrieved 2011-03-05. "Atheism continues to be the official position of the governments of China, North Korea and Cuba."
- ^ World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia. Marshall Cavendish. 2007-09. ISBN 978-0-7614-7631-3. http://books.google.com/?id=YG2AFyFppJQC&pg=PA933&dq=north+korea+atheist+state#v=onepage&q=north%20korea%20atheist%20state&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-05. "North Korea is officially an atheist state in which almost the entire population is nonreligious."
- ^ Freeing God's Children: The Unlikely Alliance for Global Human Rights. Rowman & Littlefield. 2006-09. ISBN 978-0-7425-4732-2. http://books.google.com/?id=EkIvbxefBNsC&pg=PA43&dq=cuba+state+atheism#v=onepage&q=cuba%20state%20atheism&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-05. "Cuba is the only country in the Americas that has attempted to impose state atheism, and since the 1960s onward its jails have been filled with pastors and other believers."
- ^ Michael, S. M. (1999). "Dalit Visions of a Just Society". In S. M. Michael (ed.). Untouchable: Dalits in Modern India. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 31–33. ISBN 1-55587-697-8.
- ^ "He who created god was a fool, he who spreads his name is a scoundrel, and he who worships him is a barbarian." Hiorth, Finngeir (1996). "Atheism in South India". International Humanist and Ethical Union, International Humanist News. Retrieved 2007-05-30
- ^ TIME Magazine cover online. Apr 8, 1966. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
- ^ "Toward a Hidden God". Time Magazine online. Apr 8, 1966. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
- ^ Majeska, George P.; Bociurkiw, Bohdan R.; Strong, John W. (1976). "Religion and Atheism in the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe, Review". The Slavic and East European Journal 20 (2): 204–206. DOI:10.2307/305838. JSTOR 305838.
- ^ Rafford, R.L. (1987). "Atheophobia—an introduction". Religious Humanism 21 (1): 32–37.
- ^ "Timothy Samuel Shah Explains 'Why God is Winning'." 2006-07-18. The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
- ^ Paul, Gregory; Phil Zuckerman (2007). "Why the Gods Are Not Winning". Edge 209. http://www.edge.org/documents/archive/edge209.html#gp. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Vermont Law Review Vol. 33:225 2008, Finding Shared Values in a Diverse Society: Lessons From the Intelligent Design Controversy by Alan E. Garfield (page 231).
- ^ Landsberg, Mitchell (September 28, 2010). "Atheists, agnostics most knowledgeable about religion, survey says". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/28/nation/la-na-religion-survey-20100928. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
- ^ Hooper, Simon. "The rise of the New Atheists". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/08/atheism.feature/index.html. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- ^ Gribbin, Alice (December 22, 2011). "Preview: The Four Horsemen of New Atheism reunited". New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2011/12/richard-dawkins-issue-hitchens. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ Stenger, Victor J. The New Atheism. ISBN 1-59102-751-9.
- ^ Stenger, Victor J. "The New Atheism". Colorado University. http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/battle.html. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
- ^ "ReportDGResearchSocialValuesEN2.PDF" (PDF). http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ "Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents, Section on accuracy of non-Religious Demographic Data". http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Nonreligious. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Huxley, Andrew (2002). Religion, Law and Tradition: Comparative Studies in Religious Law. Routledge. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-7007-1689-0. OL7763963M. http://books.google.com/books?id=YsUMTA4MebwC&pg=PA120. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Joas, Hans; Wiegandt, Klaus, eds. (2010). Secularization and the World Religions. Liverpool University Press. p. 122 (footnote 1). ISBN 978-1-84631-187-1. OL25285702M. http://books.google.com/books?id=rQTdki1xyK0C&pg=PA122. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
- ^ a b "Characteristics of the Population". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2006. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/1301.0Feature+Article7012009%E2%80%9310. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ a b (PDF) Social values, Science and Technology. Directorate General Research, European Union. 2005. pp. 7–11. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Zuckerman, Phil (2007). Martin, Michael T. ed. The Cambridge companion to atheism. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 0-521-84270-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&pg=PA51. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- ^ Larson, Edward J.; Larry Witham (1998). "Correspondence: Leading scientists still reject God". Nature 394 (6691): 313–4. DOI:10.1038/28478. PMID 9690462. Available at StephenJayGould.org, Stephen Jay Gould archive. Retrieved 2006-12-17
- ^ William H. Swatos; Daniel V. A. Olson, ed. "The Secularization Debate (chapter by Rodney Stark)". Rowman & Littlefield. http://books.google.com/books?id=2P_RJqdUYBAC&pg=PA57&dq=He+wanted+to+show+that+men+of+science+were+irreligious.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HNeST8PGMcfk6QHZg8GNBA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=He%20wanted%20to%20show%20that%20men%20of%20science%20were%20irreligious.&f=false. Retrieved 2011-08-19. "Recently, quite amazing time series data on the beliefs of scientists were published in Nature. Leuba's standard for belief in God is so stringent it would exclude a substantial portion of "mainline" clergy. It obviously was an intentional ploy on his part. He wanted to show that men of science were irreligious."
- Rodney Stark; Roger Finke. Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion. University of California Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=N4p9eiXV6dMC&pg=PA73&dq=Leuba's+standard+for+belief+in+God+is+so+stringent&hl=en&ei=3QNPTpHhDITKsQK65NzRBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Leuba's%20standard%20for%20belief%20in%20God%20is%20so%20stringent&f=falsel. Retrieved 2011-08-19. "Recently, quite amazing time series data on the beliefs of scientists were published in Nature. Leuba's standard for belief in God is so stringent it would exclude a substantial portion of "mainline" clergy. It obviously was an intentional ploy on his part. He wanted to show that men of science were irreligious."
- ^ "Survey on physicians’ religious beliefs shows majority faithful". The University of Chicago. http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/050714/doctorsfaith.shtml. Retrieved 2011–04-08. "The first study of physician religious beliefs has found that 76 percent of doctors believe in God and 59 percent believe in some sort of afterlife. The survey, performed by researchers at the University and published in the July issue of the Journal of General Internal Medicine, found that 90 percent of doctors in the United States attend religious services at least occasionally compared to 81 percent of all adults."
- ^ "Scientists and Belief". Pew Research Center. http://pewforum.org/Science-and-Bioethics/Scientists-and-Belief.aspx. Retrieved 2011–04-08. "A survey of scientists who are members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, conducted by the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press in May and June 2009, finds that members of this group are, on the whole, much less religious than the general public.1 Indeed, the survey shows that scientists are roughly half as likely as the general public to believe in God or a higher power. According to the poll, just over half of scientists (51%) believe in some form of deity or higher power; specifically, 33% of scientists say they believe in God, while 18% believe in a universal spirit or higher power."
- ^ Shermer, Michael (1999). How We Believe: Science, Skepticism, and the Search for God. New York: William H Freeman. pp. pp76–79. ISBN 0-7167-3561-X.
- ^ According to Dawkins (2006), p. 103. Dawkins cites Bell, Paul. "Would you believe it?" Mensa Magazine, UK Edition, Feb. 2002, pp. 12–13. Analyzing 43 studies carried out since 1927, Bell found that all but four reported such a connection, and he concluded that "the higher one's intelligence or education level, the less one is likely to be religious or hold 'beliefs' of any kind."
- ^ Argyle, Michael (1958). Religious Behaviour. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 93–96. ISBN 0-415-17589-5.
- ^ Schwadel, Philip (2011). "The Effects of Education on Americans’ Religious Practices, Beliefs, and Affiliations". Review of Religious Research 53 (2). DOI:10.1007/s13644-011-0007-4.
References[link]
- Baggini, Julian (2003). Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280424-3.
- Martin, Michael, ed. (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-60367-6. http://books.google.ca/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- Smith, George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-124-X.
- Stenger, Victor J. (2007). God: The Failed Hypothesis—How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-652-5.
- Zdybicka, Zofia J. (2005). "Atheism". In Maryniarczyk, Andrzej. Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 1. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association. http://ptta.pl/pef/haslaen/a/atheism.pdf. Retrieved 2011-04-09
Further reading[link]
- Berman, David (1990). A History of Atheism in Britain: From Hobbes to Russell. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-04727-7. http://books.google.ca/books?id=Li4OAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=A%20History%20of%20Atheism%20in%20Britain%3A%20From%20Hobbes%20to%20Russell&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Buckley, M. J. (1990). At the Origins of Modern Atheism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04897-1.
- Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Bantam Press. ISBN 0-593-05548-9. http://books.google.ca/books?id=yq1xDpicghkC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20God%20Delusion&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Flew, Antony (2005). God and Philosophy. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-330-0.
- Tom Flynn, ed. (2007). The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-391-2.
- Gaskin, J.C.A., ed. (1989). Varieties of Unbelief: From Epicurus to Sartre. •New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-340681-X.
- Germani, Alan (2008-09-15). "The Mystical Ethics of the New Atheists". The Objective Standard (Glen Allen Press) 3 (3). http://www.theobjectivestandard.com/issues/2008-fall/mystical-ethics-new-atheists.asp. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- Harbour, Daniel (2003). An Intelligent Person's Guide to Atheism. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3229-9.
- Harris, Sam (2006). Letter to a Christian Nation. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26577-7. http://books.google.ca/books?id=RlZATs3xD0gC&lpg=PP1&dq=Letter%20to%20a%20Christian%20Nation&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Harris, Sam (October 2, 2007). "The Problem with Atheism". The Washington Post. http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/sam_harris/2007/10/the_problem_with_atheism.html. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- Hitchens, Christopher (2007). God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything. Twelve. ISBN 978-0-446-57980-3. http://books.google.ca/books?id=sGgoYfGyqSMC&lpg=PP1&dq=God%20Is%20Not%20Great%3A%20How%20Religion%20Poisons%20Everything&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Howson, Colin (2011). Objecting to God. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-18665-0
- Jacoby, Susan (2004). Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism. Metropolitan Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-7442-0.
- Krueger, D. E. (1998). What is Atheism?: A Short Introduction. New York: Prometheus. ISBN 1-57392-214-5.
- Le Poidevin, R. (1996). Arguing for Atheism: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09338-4. http://books.google.ca/books?id=M4YlYZi_cMUC&lpg=PP1&dq=Arguing%20for%20Atheism%3A%20An%20Introduction%20to%20the%20Philosophy%20of%20Religion&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Mackie, J. L. (1982). The Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-824682-X.
- Maritain, Jacques (1953). The Range of Reason. London: Geoffrey Bles. ISBN B0007DKP00. http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/range.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- Martin, Michael (1990). Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. ISBN 0-87722-943-0. http://books.google.ca/books?id=MNZqCoor4eoC&lpg=PP1&dq=Atheism%3A%20A%20Philosophical%20Justification&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- Michael Martin & Ricki Monnier, ed. (2003). The Impossibility of God. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-120-0.
- Michael Martin & Ricki Monnier, ed. (2006). The Improbability of God. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-381-5.
- McTaggart, John; McTaggart, Ellis (1930) [1906]. Some Dogmas of Religion (New ed.). London: Edward Arnold & Co.. ISBN 0-548-14955-0.
- Nielsen, Kai (1985). Philosophy and Atheism. New York: Prometheus. ISBN 0-87975-289-0.
- Nielsen, Kai (2001). Naturalism and Religion. New York: Prometheus. ISBN 1-57392-853-4.
- Onfray, Michel (2007). Atheist Manifesto. New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-820-3. http://books.google.ca/books?id=QpEAYMo7pFkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Atheist%20Manifesto&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- Oppy, Graham (2006). Arguing about Gods. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86386-4. http://books.google.ca/books?id=DlVtfUxPD14C&lpg=PP1&dq=Arguing%20about%20Gods&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- Robinson, Richard (1964). An Atheist's Values. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-824191-7. http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/athval0.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- Rosenberg, Alex (2011). The Atheist's Guide to Reality: Enjoying Life Without Illusions. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-08023-0
- Russell, Paul (October 4, 2005). "Hume on Religion". In Edward N. Zalta. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2008 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume-religion/. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
- Sharpe, R.A. (1997). The Moral Case Against Religious Belief. London: SCM Press. ISBN 0-334-02680-6.
- Thrower, James (1971). A Short History of Western Atheism. London: Pemberton. ISBN 0-301-71101-1.
- Walters, Kerry (2010). Atheism: A Guide for the Perplexed. New York: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-2493-8
External links[link]
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- Atheism in The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- The New Atheists in The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Atheism at the Open Directory Project – Includes links to organizations and websites.
- Positive atheism: Great Historical Writings Historical writing sorted by authors.
- Religion & Ethics—Atheism at bbc.co.uk.
- Secular Web library – Library of both historical and modern writings, a comprehensive online resource for freely available material on atheism.
- The Demand for Religion – A study on the demographics of Atheism by Wolfgang Jagodzinski (University of Cologne) and Andrew Greeley (University of Chicago and University of Arizona).
- Atheism at enotes.com
- Kai Nielsen (July 1963). "Can Faith Validate God-Talk?". Theology Today 20. http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/jul1963/v20-2-article2.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
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| Penn Jillette | |
|---|---|
 Penn Jillette after the Penn & Teller show at the Rio in Paradise, Nevada, May 23, 2007 |
|
| Born | Penn Fraser Jillette (1955-03-05) March 5, 1955 (age 57) Greenfield, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Residence | Las Vegas, Nevada |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Magician, illusionist, writer, actor, inventor |
| Years active | 1974–present |
| Known for | Half of the comedy magic duo known as Penn & Teller |
| Height | 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)[1] |
| Political party | Libertarian Party |
| Religion | None (atheist) |
| Website | |
| Penn and Teller.com | |
Penn Fraser Jillette (born March 5, 1955) is an American illusionist, comedian, musician, and best-selling author known for his work with fellow magician Teller in the team Penn & Teller, and advocacy of atheism, scientific skepticism, libertarianism and free market capitalism.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Jillette was born in Greenfield, Massachusetts. His mother, Valda R. Jillette (née Parks) (November 8, 1909 – January 1, 2000),[2] was a secretary, and his father, Samuel H. Jillette (March 14, 1912 – February 14, 1999),[2] worked at Greenfield's Franklin County Jail.[3][4][5] Jillette became disenchanted with traditional illusionist acts that presented the craft as authentic magic, such as The Amazing Kreskin on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. At age eighteen, he saw a show by illusionist James Randi, and became enamored of his approach to magic that openly acknowledged deception as entertainment rather than a mysterious supernatural power. Jillette regularly acknowledges Randi as the one person on the planet he loves the most besides members of his family.
Jillette worked with high school classmate Michael Moschen in developing and performing a juggling act during the years immediately following their 1973 graduation.[5] In 1974, Jillette graduated from Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Clown College.[6] That same year, he was introduced to Teller by Weir Chrisemer, a mutual friend.[7] The three then formed a three-person act called Asparagus Valley Cultural Society which played in Amherst, Massachusetts and San Francisco.[5] In 1981, he and Teller teamed up as Penn & Teller, and went on to do a successful on- and Off Broadway show called "Penn & Teller" that toured nationally.[5]
Career and showtime[link]
In 1994 Jillette purchased a home in Las Vegas and dubbed it "The Slammer".[8] It has been featured in dozens of television shows and articles and was designed by his friend Colin Summers. He currently records music there, and previously conducted his radio show at the studio inside "The Slammer".[9][10]
Jillette was also a regular contributor to the now-defunct PC/Computing magazine in the early 1990s, having a regular back section column between 1990 and 1994. True to form, the columns were often as much about Uma Thurman as actual PC computing issues. Jillette and PC Computing parted ways over a dispute with a new editor. Jillette felt the new editor was trying to tell him how to write his column and what topics he should be covering. Jillette asserts that he is unsure if he was fired or if he actually quit.
Jillette was the primary voice announcer for the U.S.-based cable network Comedy Central in the 1990s.[11][12]
Starting in 1996, he had a recurring role on Sabrina, the Teenage Witch as Drell, the head of the Witches' Council. He and Teller both appeared in the pilot with Debbie Harry as the third member of the Council. The show was created by Jillette's friend Nell Scovell.
For a brief time in 1997, Jillette wrote bi-weekly dispatches for the search engine Excite.com. Each column ended with a pithy comment identifying which of the Penn & Teller duo he was. (For example: "Penn Jillette is the half of Penn & Teller that's detained at airports.") Jillette made a habit of linking many words in his online column to wacky sites that generally had nothing to do with the actual words. The columns are no longer available on the current Excite.com site, but have been republished with permission at PennAndTeller.com.[13]
Starting in 2003, Jillette, along with his partner Teller, began producing and hosting the show Penn & Teller: Bullshit! In the show, the two analyze cultural phenomena, debunk myths, criticize people and aspects of society they deem "bullshit".
In 2005 with actor Paul Provenza, Jillette co-produced and co-directed The Aristocrats (2005), a documentary film tracing the life of a dirty joke known as "The Aristocrats".
From January 3, 2006 to March 2, 2007, Jillette hosted, along with fellow atheist, skeptic, and juggler Michael Goudeau, a live, hour-long radio talk show broadcast on the radio station brand known as Free FM. The show, Penn Radio, broadcast from his Vintage Nudes Studio in Jillette's Las Vegas home. The most notable recurring segment of the show was "Monkey Tuesday" and later "The Pull of the Weasel". On March 2, 2007, Jillette, on Free FM, announced that he would no longer be doing his radio show. He stated that he is a "show biz wimp" and decided to stop doing the show so he could spend more time with his kids Zolten Penn Jillette and Moxie CrimeFighter Jillette.
During the 2006–07 television season, Jillette hosted the prime time game show "Identity" on NBC-TV.
In 2008, Jillette was a contestant on Dancing with the Stars. He was the first celebrity to be eliminated. A reference to his large feet as a sign of another large body part was bleeped in the West Coast airing.[citation needed]
In 2009, Jillette did a spoken guest appearance on a song by Pakistani rapper Adil Omar. The song was titled "Spookshow" and produced by DJ Solo of Soul Assassins. The lyrics condemn religious extremism and encourage skepticism. It is set to be featured on a compilation album by Thick Syrup Records alongside artists like Matt Cameron of Soundgarden, Pearl Jam, Half Japanese and more.[citation needed]
On May 24, 2010, Jillette began a bi-weekly show on Revision3 called Penn Point. It is currently on hiatus. The last update was posted on October 26, 2011.[14]
On August 16, 2011 Jillette's book God, No! Signs You May Already Be An Atheist and Other Magical Tales was released and made the New York Times Best Sellers in its first week of publication.
An avid upright bassist, Penn frequently accompanies jazz pianist Mike Jones, who opens for the magician's Las Vegas show.[15]
Jillette was one of the contestants on The Celebrity Apprentice season 5, beginning on February 19, 2012. He was fired from the show by Donald Trump on the April 22 episode of the show. Also on February 19, 2012, along with Michael Goudeau, he started the podcast Penn's Sunday School.
Business ventures[link]
Jill-Jet[link]
In July 1999, Jillette was granted U.S. Patent 5,920,923 for the "Jill-Jet", a hot-tub jet specially angled for a woman's pleasure. He has credited Debbie Harry of Blondie for suggesting the idea, as the two of them were once in a hot-tub and Harry made a remark about changing the jets for a woman's pleasure. Jillette liked the idea enough to pursue patent application at the USPTO under the patent title "Hydro-therapeutic stimulator".[16] The abstract of the patent explains that a "discharge nozzle is located within the tub and connected to the outlet, mounted to the seat so that the discharged water from the circulation pump automatically aligns with and is directed to stimulation points (i.e., the clitoris) of the female user when the female user sits in the seat." An article in the June 2006 issue of Playboy shed additional light on the invention. Originally, it was to be called the "ClitJet", however he stated that "Jill-Jet" was more suitable because it included his name in the title. Also, "jilling off" is a colloquialism for female masturbation.[citation needed]
On the Penn Radio show, telling the listeners about the photo shoot for the Playboy article, Jillette mentioned that he has a Jill-Jet installed in a tub at "The Slammer", and that several of his female friends and friends' spouses enjoy it a lot, but he is not aware of any other installations of a water jet in such a configuration anywhere else.
Vintage Nudes Studio[link]
Jillette created a private recording studio in his Las Vegas home.[17] The addition, designed by Outside The Lines Studio and built by Crisci Custom Builders between October 2003 and June 2004 as part of his Las Vegas home,[18] was named Vintage Nudes Studios by Jillette for playing cards that he had collected. The cards are displayed in the interior design in a manner which is meaningful to magicians.[19] The studio was home to Free FM's Penn Radio show, and is currently the home of the Penn's Sunday School stream and podcast.[17][20]
Personal life[link]
Jillette is married to Emily Zolten and has a daughter Moxie CrimeFighter Jillette and a son Zolten Jillette.
He says he has never used recreational drugs or alcohol. He is, however, an advocate of the legalization of all drugs and discontinuing the War on Drugs.[21]
Jillette is an atheist, libertarian (he has stated that he may consider himself to be an Anarcho-capitalist),[22] and skeptic, as well as an adherent to Ayn Rand's Objectivist philosophy, as stated on his Penn Says podcast. Jillette is a Fellow at the libertarian think tank, the Cato Institute, and has stated that he "always" votes Libertarian.[23] In January 2007, Jillette took the "Blasphemy Challenge" offered by the Rational Response Squad and publicly denied the existence of a holy spirit.[24] His cars' license plates read "atheist", "nogod", and "godless".[25] "Strangely enough, they wouldn't give me 'Infidel,'" he says.[25]
In 2005 he wrote and read an essay for National Public Radio claiming that he was "beyond atheism. Atheism is not believing in God ... I believe there is no God."[26] His atheism, he has explained, has informed every aspect of his life and thoughts, and as such is as crucial to him as theistic beliefs are to the devout. Jillette welcomes and even encourages open discussion, debate, and proselytizing on the issue of God's existence, believing that the issue is too important for opinions about it to remain private. Jillette does not, however, dismiss all who do believe in God: A 2008 edition of his Penn Says podcast expresses his appreciation for a fan who brought him the gift of a pocket Gideon Bible after a performance because he realized that this individual sincerely cared enough about him to try to help him.[27]
Jillette has stated that there is not enough information to make an informed decision on global warming, and that it is an emotion versus logic issue.[28]
Red fingernail[link]
Speculation arises from Jillette's red fingernail on his left hand. From a FAQ from Penn & Teller's official website, there are three common answers:
- It means he once shot a man for asking personal questions.
- When Jillette first began performing, his mother told him to get a manicure because people would be looking at his hands. In response to this, he had all of his nails painted red as a joke. The one remaining red fingernail is in honor of his mother.[29]
- It's just cool and can also sometimes provide excellent misdirection.[7]
On the episode of Penn Radio broadcast on November 29, 2006, Jillette related the real story behind his red fingernail. It began as a joke with his mother. When he was 18 years old, his mother advised him to keep his hands looking nice, since he then was working as a magician and his audience would be looking at his hands. Jillette colored the single nail red and showed it to his mother. He has continued to paint that single nail to the present. The color he uses is Jelly Apple Red (#054) by Essie.[30][29]
Appearances[link]
Filmography[link]
- Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder (2009)
- The Growth (2009)
- The Aristocrats (2005)
- Michael Moore Hates America (2004)
- Fantasia 2000 (2000)
- Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998)
- Toy Story (1995)
- Hackers (1995)
- Car 54, Where Are You? (1994)
- The Residents: Twenty Twisted Questions (1992)
- Half Japanese – The Band That Would Be King (1991)
- Penn & Teller Get Killed (1989)
- Gandahar (1988)
- Tough Guys Don't Dance (1987)
- My Chauffeur (1986)
- Off Beat (1985)
- Savage Island (1985)
Television[link]
- Miami Vice
- "Prodigal Son" (1985) TV episode ... Jimmy Borges
- Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman
- "Illusions of Grandeur" (1 episode, 1994) ... Romick
- VR 5
- "Pilot" (1 episode, 1995) ... Mr.Orwell Kravitz
- Friends
- "The One With the Cuffs" (1 episode, 1997) ... Encyclopedia Salesman
- The Drew Carey Show
- "See Drew Run" (1997) TV episode ... Archibald Fenn
- "Drew Meets Lawyers" (1995) TV episode ... Archibald Fenn
- Sabrina The Teenage Witch
- "First Kiss" (1997) TV episode .... Drell
- "Jenny's Non-Dream" (1997) TV episode ... Drell
- "Terrible Things" (1996) TV episode ... Drell
- "Pilot" (1996) TV episode ... Drell
- Babylon 5
- "Day of the Dead" (1998) TV episode ... Rebo
- Penn & Teller's Sin City Spectacular 1998–99
- "Hollywood Squares" (1999–2004) regular
- The Simpsons
- "Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder"
- "The Great Simpsina" (2 episodes, 1999, 2011) ... himself
- Dharma & Greg (2001)
- The West Wing
- "In the Room" (2004) ... himself
- Penn & Teller: Bullshit! (2003–2010)
- The Moxy Show (original voice of Flea; later replaced by an unidentified actor in some episodes)
- Identity (premiered in December 2006); returned on March 16, 2008 on NBC and will air for seven weeks every Friday at 8 pm ET.[22]
- Real Time with Bill Maher (2006) TV episode ... himself
- Dancing with the Stars (2008) ... himself[31]
- Numb3rs
- "Magic Show" (2008) TV episode ... himself
- "Glenn Beck" (Fox News)
- Handy Manny
- "Halloween/Squeeze's Magic Show" (2008) TV episode ... Magic Marty
- Penn & Teller Go Public (1985) TV program produced by Community Television of Southern California and aired on Public Television stations.
- The Defenders
- "Whitten v. Fenlee" (2010) TV episode ... Ruben Charters
- Fetch with Ruff Ruffman
- "You Can't Teach an Orange Dog New Tricks" (2009) TV episode...Himself
- Penn & Teller: Fool Us (2010–)
- Real Time with Bill Maher (October 14, 2011) TV episode ... himself
- Penn & Teller Tell a Lie (2011–)
- Celebrity Apprentice 5 (2012)
Music videos[link]
- Ramones – "Something to Believe In"
- Run D.M.C. – "It's Tricky"
- Katy Perry – "Waking Up in Vegas"
- Too Much Joy – "Donna Everywhere"
- Rascal Flatts – "Why Wait"
Music[link]
Books by Jillette[link]
- Jillette, Penn (2011). God, No!: Signs You May Already Be an Atheist and Other Magical Tales. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-1036-9.
- Jillette, Penn (2004). Sock. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin. ISBN 0-312-32805-2.
- Jillette, Penn (2005). How to Cheat Your Friends at Poker: The Wisdom of Dickie Richard. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 0-312-36068-1.
- Jillette, Penn (1989). Cruel Tricks for Dear Friends. New York: Villard. ISBN 0-394-75351-8.
- Jillette, Penn and Teller (1992). Penn and Teller's How to Play with Your Food. New York: Villard. ISBN 0-679-74311-1.
- Jillette, Penn and Teller (1997). Penn and Teller's How to Play In Traffic. Berkley Trade. ISBN 1-57297-293-9.
Podcasts[link]
- "Penn Point" on Revision3.com
- "Penn Says" on Crackle.com
- "Penn's Sunday School" at pennsundayschool.com
References[link]
- ^ "Biography for Penn Jillette". IMDb. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0422710/bio.
- ^ a b Ancestry.com. Social Security Death Index [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2011. Original data: Social Security Administration. Social Security Death Index, Master File. Social Security Administration.
- ^ Kelly, Kevin (December 7, 1986). "What you see, what you get". Boston Globe. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/659808331.html?dids=659808331:659808331&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+07%2C+1986&author=Kevin+Kelly%2C+Globe+Staff&pub=Boston+Globe+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=WHAT+YOU+SEE%2C+WHAT+YOU+GET&pqatl=google. Retrieved September 2, 2011.
- ^ http://www.recorder.com/story.cfm?id_no=5432510[dead link]
- ^ a b c d Trillin, Calvin (May 15, 1989). "A couple of Eccentric Guys". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1989/05/15/1989_05_15_058_TNY_CARDS_000353087.
- ^ Curtis, Bryan (February 4, 2006). "Penn Jillette: The magician-comedian-writer's secrets revealed!". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2135432/. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
- ^ a b Ferrel, Anne "Nita" (March 27, 2003). "Frequently Asked Questions About the Bad Boys of Magic...". PennAndTeller.com. http://www.pennandteller.com/sincity/penn-n-teller/faq.html. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
- ^ Tschorn, Adam (April 22, 2004). ["http://articles.latimes.com/2004/apr/22/home/hm-jillette22?pg=1" "Welcome to the Slammer"]. Los Angeles Times. "http://articles.latimes.com/2004/apr/22/home/hm-jillette22?pg=1". Retrieved 2009-06-29.
- ^ "The Slammer". Outside The Lines Studio. http://www.otlstudio.com/projects/199601.php. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
- ^ della Cava, Marco R. (October 29, 2004). "This is the manic magic house that Penn built". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2004-10-28-at-home-penn-jillette_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
- ^ "Identity: Penn Jillette". NBC. http://www.nbc.com/Identity/host.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
- ^ "Penn Jillette: Full Biography". Hollywood.com. http://www.hollywood.com/celebrity/Penn_Jillette/1350693. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
- ^ ""Penn's Columns" (index)". PennAndTeller.com. http://www.pennandteller.com/sincity/penn-n-teller/pcc.html. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
- ^ "Penn Point". Revision3. http://revision3.com/pennpoint.
- ^ Malone, Andrew (December 2002). "Penn Jillette's Bass Magic". JazzTimes. http://jazztimes.com/sections/tangents/articles/19709-penn-jillette-s-bass-magic. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
- ^ Jillette, Penn (July 13, 1999). ""Hydro-therapeutic stimulator" (U.S. Patent 5,920,923)". USPTO Patent Full Text and Image Database. United States Patent and Trademark Office. http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5920923.PN.&OS=PN/5920923&RS=PN/5920923. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
- ^ a b "Penn Jillette Detailed Biography". NetGlimse.com. http://www.netglimse.com/celebs/pages/penn_jillette/index.shtml. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
- ^ "The Slammer: Vintage Nudes Studio". Outside The Lines. 2009-02-21. http://otlstudio.com/projects/200401.php. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
- ^ The table in the studio from which "Vintage Nude Studios" gets its name
- ^ "Outside The Lines Studio | Gallery.php?image=20040118". Otlstudio.com. 2009-02-21. http://otlstudio.com/gallery.php?image=20040118. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ Penn and Teller - War on Drugs (Full Episode) – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbIL5454ltQ (23:35)
- ^ a b Steigerwald, Bill (2003-05-24). "Dear graduates: Work for freedom". Pittsburgh Tribune Review. http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_136178.html. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
- ^ Who's Getting Your Vote?, Reason
- ^ "Penn's Blasphemy". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2INdxjHgU0. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ a b Wang, K.S. (2009-06-01). "Celebrity Drive: Penn Jillette, Magician, Comedian, Host, Author". Motor Trend. http://www.motortrend.com/features/consumer/112_0906_penn_jillette_celebrity_drive/index.html. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
- ^ This I Believe: There Is No God. November 21, 2005.
- ^ natecalaway (2009-02-28). "The Gift of A Bible". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fa9JE_ZVL88&feature=related. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ PTBSonShowtime (2008-06-01). "Penn & Teller Discuss The Being Green Episode". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWt2Rir8OQk. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ a b pennsays. "Painting My Fingernail". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gxq9ORifmOs. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ "Watch Penn Says, Painting My Fingernail, Episode 45 Online Free". Crackle. http://www.crackle.com/Play/?ml=fu%3D2336040%26fx%3D&id=2459400. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ Bruno, Mike (February 19, 2008). "'Dancing With the Stars' Announces Lineup". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20178686,00.html. Retrieved 2008-02-19.
External links[link]
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This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (July 2011) |
| Find more about Penn Jillette on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
- Penn & Teller's official website
- Penn's old YouTube channel (Available only in the United States, discontinued Apr 23, 2010)
- Penn's new YouTube channel (Available everywhere)
- Penn Jillette at the Internet Broadway Database
- Penn Jillette at the Internet Movie Database
- Penn Point Jillette's video blog on Revision3
- Penn Says Jillette's video blog on Crackle.com
- Penn Jillette columns includes Jillette's PC-Computing columns
- Penn Jillette/The magician-comedian-writer's secrets revealed! – Slate, February 4, 2006
- Penn Jillette/Telling It Like It Is, With Teller – AskMen.com interview
- "Voodoo and Violence", interview in Reason by Steve Kurtz
- Jillette's home "The Slammer"
- "Penn Jillette's 10 Commandments for atheists". USA Today. October 28, 2011. http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2011-10-28/penn-jillette-ten-commandments/50978982/1.
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| Name | Jillette, Penn |
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| Date of birth | March 5, 1955 |
| Place of birth | Greenfield, Massachusetts, U.S. |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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| Born | (1942-03-28) March 28, 1942 (age 70) Boston, Massachusetts |
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| Era | 20th / 21st-century philosophy |
| Region | Western Philosophy |
| School | Analytic philosophy |
| Main interests | Philosophy of mind Philosophy of biology Philosophy of science Cognitive science |
| Notable ideas | Heterophenomenology Intentional stance Intuition pump Multiple Drafts Model Greedy reductionism Deepity |
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Daniel Clement Dennett (born March 28, 1942)[1][2] is an American philosopher, writer and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science.[3] He is currently the Co-director of the Center for Cognitive Studies, the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, and a University Professor at Tufts University. Dennett is a firm atheist and secularist, a member of the Secular Coalition for America advisory board,[4] as well as an outspoken supporter of the Brights movement. Dennett is referred to as one of the "Four Horsemen of New Atheism," along with Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, and the late Christopher Hitchens.[5]
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Dennett spent part of his childhood in Lebanon, where, during World War II, his father was a covert counter-intelligence agent with the Office of Strategic Services posing as a cultural attaché to the American Embassy in Beirut.[6] When he was five, his mother took him back to Massachusetts after his father died in an unexplained plane crash.[7] His sister is the investigative journalist Charlotte Dennett.[6]
He attended Phillips Exeter Academy and spent one year at Wesleyan University before receiving his Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from Harvard University in 1963, where he was a student of W. V. Quine. In 1965, he received his Doctor of Philosophy in philosophy from the University of Oxford, where he studied under Gilbert Ryle and was a member of Hertford College.
Academic career[link]
As of January 2012, Dennett is the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, University Professor, and Co-Director of the Center for Cognitive Studies (with Ray Jackendoff) at Tufts University.[8]
Dennett describes himself as "an autodidact — or, more properly, the beneficiary of hundreds of hours of informal tutorials on all the fields that interest me, from some of the world's leading scientists."[9]
He is the recipient of a Fulbright Fellowship, two Guggenheim Fellowships, and a Fellowship at the Center for Advanced Studies in Behavioral Science.[10] He is a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry and a Humanist Laureate of the International Academy of Humanism.[11] He was named 2004 Humanist of the Year by the American Humanist Association.[12]
In February 2010 he was named to the Freedom From Religion Foundation's Honorary Board of distinguished achievers.[13]
In 2012 he was awarded the Erasmus Prize, an annual award for a person who has made an exceptional contribution to European culture, society or social science, "for his ability to translate the cultural significance of science and technology to a broad audience."[14]
Free will[link]
While he is a confirmed compatibilist on free will, in "On Giving Libertarians What They Say They Want" — Chapter 15 of his 1978 book Brainstorms,[15] Dennett articulated the case for a two-stage model of decision making in contrast to libertarian views.
The model of decision making I am proposing has the following feature: when we are faced with an important decision, a consideration-generator whose output is to some degree undetermined produces a series of considerations, some of which may of course be immediately rejected as irrelevant by the agent (consciously or unconsciously). Those considerations that are selected by the agent as having a more than negligible bearing on the decision then figure in a reasoning process, and if the agent is in the main reasonable, those considerations ultimately serve as predictors and explicators of the agent's final decision.[16]
While other philosophers have developed two-stage models, including William James, Henri Poincaré, Arthur Holly Compton, and Henry Margenau, Dennett defends this model for the following reasons:
- First...The intelligent selection, rejection, and weighing of the considerations that do occur to the subject is a matter of intelligence making the difference.
- Second, I think it installs indeterminism in the right place for the libertarian, if there is a right place at all.
- Third...from the point of view of biological engineering, it is just more efficient and in the end more rational that decision making should occur in this way.
- A fourth observation in favor of the model is that it permits moral education to make a difference, without making all of the difference.
- Fifth — and I think this is perhaps the most important thing to be said in favor of this model — it provides some account of our important intuition that we are the authors of our moral decisions.
- Finally, the model I propose points to the multiplicity of decisions that encircle our moral decisions and suggests that in many cases our ultimate decision as to which way to act is less important phenomenologically as a contributor to our sense of free will than the prior decisions affecting our deliberation process itself: the decision, for instance, not to consider any further, to terminate deliberation; or the decision to ignore certain lines of inquiry.
These prior and subsidiary decisions contribute, I think, to our sense of ourselves as responsible free agents, roughly in the following way: I am faced with an important decision to make, and after a certain amount of deliberation, I say to myself: "That's enough. I've considered this matter enough and now I'm going to act," in the full knowledge that I could have considered further, in the full knowledge that the eventualities may prove that I decided in error, but with the acceptance of responsibility in any case.[17]
Leading libertarian philosophers such as Robert Kane have rejected Dennett's model, specifically that random chance is directly involved in a decision, on the basis that they believe this eliminates the agent's motives and reasons, character and values, and feelings and desires. They claim that, if chance is the primary cause of decisions, then agents cannot be liable for resultant actions. Kane says:
[As Dennett admits,] a causal indeterminist view of this deliberative kind does not give us everything libertarians have wanted from free will. For [the agent] does not have complete control over what chance images and other thoughts enter his mind or influence his deliberation. They simply come as they please. [The agent] does have some control after the chance considerations have occurred.
But then there is no more chance involved. What happens from then on, how he reacts, is determined by desires and beliefs he already has. So it appears that he does not have control in the libertarian sense of what happens after the chance considerations occur as well. Libertarians require more than this for full responsibility and free will.[18]
Other philosophical views[link]
Dennett has remarked in several places (such as "Self-portrait", in Brainchildren) that his overall philosophical project has remained largely the same since his time at Oxford. He is primarily concerned with providing a philosophy of mind that is grounded in empirical research. In his original dissertation, Content and Consciousness, he broke up the problem of explaining the mind into the need for a theory of content and for a theory of consciousness. His approach to this project has also stayed true to this distinction. Just as Content and Consciousness has a bipartite structure, he similarly divided Brainstorms into two sections. He would later collect several essays on content in The Intentional stance and synthesize his views on consciousness into a unified theory in Consciousness Explained. These volumes respectively form the most extensive development of his views.[19]
In Consciousness Explained, Dennett's interest in the ability of evolution to explain some of the content-producing features of consciousness is already apparent, and this has since become an integral part of his program. He defends a theory known by some as Neural Darwinism. He also presents an argument against qualia; he argues that the concept is so confused that it cannot be put to any use or understood in any non-contradictory way, and therefore does not constitute a valid refutation of physicalism. His strategy mirrors his teacher Ryle's approach of redefining first person phenomena in third person terms, and denying the coherence of the concepts which this approach struggles with. Much of Dennett's work since the 1990s has been concerned with fleshing out his previous ideas by addressing the same topics from an evolutionary standpoint, from what distinguishes human minds from animal minds (Kinds of Minds), to how free will is compatible with a naturalist view of the world (Freedom Evolves). In his 2006 book, Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon, Dennett attempts to subject religious belief to the same treatment, explaining possible evolutionary reasons for the phenomenon of religious adherence.
Dennett self-identifies with a few terms:
[Others] note that my 'avoidance of the standard philosophical terminology for discussing such matters' often creates problems for me; philosophers have a hard time figuring out what I am saying and what I am denying. My refusal to play ball with my colleagues is deliberate, of course, since I view the standard philosophical terminology as worse than useless — a major obstacle to progress since it consists of so many errors.
— Daniel Dennett, The Message is: There is no Medium
Yet, in Consciousness Explained, he admits "I am a sort of 'teleofunctionalist', of course, perhaps the original teleofunctionalist'". He goes on to say, "I am ready to come out of the closet as some sort of verificationist". In Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon he admits to being "a bright", and defends the term.
In Darwin's Dangerous Idea, Dennett writes that evolution can account for the origin of morality. He rejects the idea of the naturalistic fallacy as the idea that ethics is in some free-floating realm, writing that the fallacy is to rush from facts to values.
Role in evolutionary debate[link]
Dennett sees evolution by natural selection as an algorithmic process (though he spells out that algorithms as simple as long division often incorporate a significant degree of randomness).[20] This idea is in conflict with the evolutionary philosophy of paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould, who preferred to stress the "pluralism" of evolution (i.e. its dependence on many crucial factors, of which natural selection is only one).
Dennett's views on evolution are identified as being strongly adaptationist, in line with his theory of the intentional stance, and the evolutionary views of biologist Richard Dawkins. In Darwin's Dangerous Idea, Dennett showed himself even more willing than Dawkins to defend adaptationism in print, devoting an entire chapter to a criticism of the ideas of Gould. This stems from Gould's long-running public debate with E. O. Wilson and other evolutionary biologists over human sociobiology and its descendant evolutionary psychology, which Gould and Richard Lewontin opposed, but which Dennett advocated, together with Dawkins and Steven Pinker.[21] Strong disagreements have been launched against Dennett from Gould and his supporters, who allege that Dennett overstated his claims and misrepresented Gould's to reinforce what Gould describes as Dennett's "Darwinian fundamentalism".[22]
Dennett's theories have had a significant influence on the work of evolutionary psychologist Geoffrey Miller. He has also written about and advocated the notion of memetics as a philosophically useful tool, most recently in his "Brains, Computers, and Minds," a three part presentation through Harvard's MBB 2009 Distinguished Lecture Series.
He has recently been doing research into clerics who are secretly atheists and how they rationalize their works. He found what he called a "Don't ask, don't tell" conspiracy because believers did not want to hear of loss of faith. That made unbelieving preachers feel isolated but they did not want to lose their jobs and sometimes their church-supplied lodgings and generally consoled themselves that they were doing good in their pastoral roles by providing comfort and required ritual.[23] The research, with Linda LaScola, was further extended to include other denominations and non-Christian clerics.[24]
Personal life[link]
Dennett lives with his wife in North Andover, Massachusetts, and has a daughter, a son, and three grandchildren.[25] He is also an avid sailor.
In October 2006, Dennett was hospitalized due to an aortic dissection. After a nine-hour surgery, he was given a new aorta. In an essay posted on the Edge website, Dennett gives his firsthand account of his health problems, his consequent feelings of gratitude towards the scientists, cardiologist, surgeons, EMT's, phlebotomists, orderlies, housekeepers, physician assistants, X-ray technicians, meal-bringers, launderers, physical therapists, perfusionist, neurologist, and nurses whose hard work made his recovery possible, and his complete lack of a "deathbed conversion".
To whom, then, do I owe a debt of gratitude? To the cardiologist who has kept me alive and ticking for years, and who swiftly and confidently rejected the original diagnosis of nothing worse than pneumonia. To the surgeons, neurologists, anesthesiologists, and the perfusionist, who kept my systems going for many hours under daunting circumstances. To the dozen or so physician assistants, and to nurses and physical therapists and x-ray technicians and a small army of phlebotomists so deft that you hardly know they are drawing your blood, and the people who brought the meals, kept my room clean, did the mountains of laundry generated by such a messy case, wheel-chaired me to x-ray, and so forth. These people came from Uganda, Kenya, Liberia, Haiti, the Philippines, Croatia, Russia, China, Korea, India—and the United States, of course—and I have never seen more impressive mutual respect, as they helped each other out and checked each other's work. But for all their teamwork, this local gang could not have done their jobs without the huge background of contributions from others. I remember with gratitude my late friend and Tufts colleague, physicist Allan Cormack, who shared the Nobel Prize for his invention of the c-t scanner. Allan—you have posthumously saved yet another life, but who's counting? The world is better for the work you did. Thank goodness. Then there is the whole system of medicine, both the science and the technology, without which the best-intentioned efforts of individuals would be roughly useless. So I am grateful to the editorial boards and referees, past and present, of Science, Nature, Journal of the American Medical Association, Lancet, and all the other institutions of science and medicine that keep churning out improvements, detecting and correcting flaws.
— Daniel C. Dennett, Thank Goodness!
By his account, upon having been told by friends and relatives that they had prayed for him, he resisted the urge to ask them, "Did you also sacrifice a goat?"[26][27]
Selected books[link]
- Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology (MIT Press 1981) (ISBN 0-262-54037-1)
- Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting (MIT Press 1984) — on free will and determinism (ISBN 0-262-04077-8)
- The Mind's I (Bantam, Reissue edition 1985, with Douglas Hofstadter) (ISBN 0-553-34584-2)
- Content and Consciousness (Routledge & Kegan Paul Books Ltd; 2nd ed. January 1986) (ISBN 0-7102-0846-4)
- The Intentional Stance (6th printing), Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1996, ISBN 0-262-54053-3 (First published 1987)
- Consciousness Explained (Back Bay Books 1992) (ISBN 0-316-18066-1)
- Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life (Simon & Schuster; reprint edition 1996) (ISBN 0-684-82471-X)
- Kinds of Minds: Towards an Understanding of Consciousness (Basic Books 1997) (ISBN 0-465-07351-4)
- Brainchildren: Essays on Designing Minds (Representation and Mind) (MIT Press 1998) (ISBN 0-262-04166-9) — A Collection of Essays 1984–1996
- Freedom Evolves (Viking Press 2003) (ISBN 0-670-03186-0)
- Sweet Dreams: Philosophical Obstacles to a Science of Consciousness (MIT Press 2005) (ISBN 0-262-04225-8)
- Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon (Penguin Group 2006) (ISBN 0-670-03472-X).
- Neuroscience and Philosophy: Brain, Mind, and Language (Columbia University Press 2007) (ISBN 978-0-231-14044-7), co-authored with Maxwell Bennett, Peter Hacker, and John Searle
- Science and Religion (Oxford University Press 2010) (ISBN 0-199-73842-4), co-authored with Alvin Plantinga
See also[link]
- The Atheism Tapes
- Cartesian materialism
- Conscious Robots
- Evolutionary psychology of religion
- Greedy reductionism
- Geoffrey Miller
- Heterophenomenology
- Intentional stance
- List of Jean Nicod Prize laureates
- Memetics
- Multiple drafts theory of consciousness
- Philosophy of Religion
- American philosophy
- List of American philosophers
Further reading[link]
- John Brockman (1995). The Third Culture. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80359-3 (Discusses Dennett and others).
- Daniel C. Dennett (1997), "Chapter 3. True Believers: The Intentional Strategy and Why it Works", in John Haugeland, Mind Design II: Philosophy, Psychology, Artificial Intelligence. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ISBN 0-262-08259-4 (reprint of 1981 publication).[a]
- Andrew Brook and Don Ross (editors) (2000). Daniel Dennett. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00864-6
- Don Ross, Andrew Brook and David Thompson (editors) (2000) Dennett's Philosophy: A Comprehensive Assessment Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-18200-9
- John Symons (2000) On Dennett. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company. ISBN 0-534-57632-X
- Matthew Elton (2003). Dennett: Reconciling Science and Our Self-Conception. Cambridge, U.K: Polity Press. ISBN 0-7456-2117-1
- P.M.S. Hacker and M.R. Bennett (2003) Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience. Oxford, and Malden, Mass: Blackwell ISBN 1-4051-0855-X (Has an appendix devoted to a strong critique of Dennett's philosophy of mind)
Notes[link]
a. ^ "True Believers: The Intentional Strategy and Why it Works" is a reprint of a paper first published in 1981 in Scientific Explanation, edited by A.F. Heath (Oxford: Oxford University Press). The paper was originally presented as a Herbert Spencer lecture at Oxford in November 1979. It was also published as chapter 2 in Dennett's book The Intentional Stance (see further reading above).
References[link]
- ^ Autobiography
- ^ About the Author
- ^ Beardsley, T. (1996) Profile: Daniel C. Dennett – Dennett's Dangerous Idea, Scientific American 274(2), 34-35.
- ^ Secular Coalition for America Advisory Board Biography
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b Feuer, Alan (2007-10-23), "A Dead Spy, a Daughter’s Questions and the C.I.A.", New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/23/nyregion/23spydad.html, retrieved 2008-09-16
- ^ Brown, Andrew (2004-04-17). "The semantic engineer". The Guardian. http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/politicsphilosophyandsociety/story/0,6000,1193371,00.html. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
- ^ Center for Cognitive Studies
- ^ Dennett, Daniel C. (2005-09-13) [2004], "What I Want to Be When I Grow Up", in John Brockman, Curious Minds: How a Child Becomes a Scientist, New York: Vintage Books, ISBN 1-4000-7686-2, http://www.edge.org/books/curious_index.html
- ^ American Scientist
- ^ Secular Humanism Laureate
- ^ Humanist of the Year
- ^ "Honorary FFRF Board Announced". http://ffrf.org/news/releases/honorary-ffrf-board-announced/. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- ^ "Erasmus Prize 2012 Awarded to Daniel C. Dennett". http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=346065. Retrieved 2012-01-25.
- ^ Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology, MIT Press (1978), pp.286-299
- ^ Brainstorms, p.295
- ^ Brainstorms, pp.295-97
- ^ Robert Kane, A Contemporary Introduction to Free Will, Oxford (2005) p.64-5
- ^ Guttenplan, Samuel (1994), A companion to the philosophy of mind, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 642, ISBN 0-631-19996-9
- ^ p. 52-60, Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life (Simon & Schuster; reprint edition 1996) (ISBN 0-684-82471-X)
- ^ Although Dennett has expressed criticism of human sociobiology, calling it a form of "greedy reductionism", he is generally sympathetic towards the explanations proposed by evolutionary psychology. Gould also is not one sided, and writes: "Sociobiologists have broadened their range of selective stories by invoking concepts of inclusive fitness and kin selection to solve (successfully I think) the vexatious problem of altruism—previously the greatest stumbling block to a Darwinian theory of social behavior. . . . Here sociobiology has had and will continue to have success. And here I wish it well. For it represents an extension of basic Darwinism to a realm where it should apply." Gould, 1980. "Sociobiology and the Theory of Natural Selection" In G. W. Barlow and J. Silverberg, eds., Sociobiology: Beyond Nature/Nurture? Boulder CO: Westview Press, pp. 257-269.
- ^ 'Evolution: The pleasures of Pluralism' — Stephen Jay Gould's review of Darwin's Dangerous Idea, June 26, 1997
- ^ Preachers who are not Believers (PDF), Evolutionary Psychology, Vol. 8, Issue 1, March, 2010, pp. 122-50, (ISSN 1474-7049).
- ^ Podcast: interview with Daniel Dennett. Further developments of the research: pastors, priests, and an Imam who are closet atheists.
- ^ Daniel C. Dennett's Home Page
- ^ Richard Dawkins: 'The Genius of Charles Darwin' (2008.).
- ^ 'Thank Goodness!', edge 195, Nov. 3, 2006
External links[link]
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This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (October 2011) |
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- Inside Jokes Using Humor to Reverse-Engineer the Mind Matthew M. Hurley, Daniel C. Dennett and Reginald B. Adams, Jr at The MIT Press
- Faculty webpage
- Daniel C. Dennett at Internet Movie Database
- Scientific American Frontiers Profile: Daniel Dennett 2000-12-19
- Searchable bibliography of Dennett's works
- Daniel Dennett on Information Philosopher
- Media
- Edge/Third Culture: Daniel C. Dennett
- Daniel Dennett multimedia files
- Profile at TED several videos on dangerous memes, consciousness, others
- Radio interview on Philosophy Talk 2009-12-06
- The Nature of Knowledge Lecture at the University of Edinburgh 2006-03-14
- On Preaching and Teaching The Science Network interview with Daniel Dennett 2007-11-02
- The Moscow Center for Consciousness Studies video interview with Daniel Dennett 2010-03-05 (with transcript)
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Dennett, Daniel |
| Alternative names | Dennett, Dan |
| Short description | American philosopher |
| Date of birth | (1942-03-28) March 28, 1942 (age 70) |
| Place of birth | Boston, Massachusetts |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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| Roger Yates | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | (1957-08-07) 7 August 1957 (age 54) |
| Education | PhD in sociology |
| Alma mater | University of Wales, Bangor |
| Occupation | Lecturer |
| Employer | University College Dublin University of Wales |
| Known for | Animal rights advocacy |
| Website | |
| Human-Nonhuman Relations Animal Rights Violations. |
|
Roger Yates (born 7 August 1957) is a lecturer in sociology at University College Dublin and the University of Wales, specializing in animal rights. He is a former executive committee member of the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV), a former Animal Liberation Front (ALF) press officer, and a co-founder of the Fur Action Group.
Yates was sentenced to four years' imprisonment in 1987 for conspiracy to commit criminal damage on behalf of the ALF. He absconded during the trial, and was on the run for two years before being apprehended and serving his sentence.[1] After his release in 1990, he began an academic study of animal protectionism and social movements, obtaining his PhD in 2005 on the subject of human/non-human relations. His current work focuses on the social transmission of speciesism.
Contents |
Activism[link]
BUAV, Merseyside Animal Rights[link]
Yates became involved in the British animal rights movement in 1979, following a false start two years earlier when he joined the Hunt Saboteurs Association (HSA), but failed to find fellow "sabs" near Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire. By 1979 he had moved to Essex and had become active as a vegan animal rights advocate.
He was one of a group of activists associated with the Animal Liberation Front Supporters Group (ALF SG), who tried in the early 1980s to gain control of the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, a group founded in 1898. Yates became a member of the BUAV's executive committee in 1982, along with Dave McColl, a director of Sea Shepherd, and they used the position to radicalize the organization, which meant that significant campaigning funds became available to activists for the first time. He co-founded the Fur Action Group with others from the BUAV, and created the largest data bank on fur-bearing animals in the country, later handed over to the Lynx anti-fur organization.[2] Kim Stallwood, BUAV's national organizer from 1981–1986, writes that the ALF activists who wanted to take over the BUAV believed all political action to be a waste of time, and wanted the group to devote its resources to direct action. The BUAV had been supportive of the ALF, and had allowed the ALF SG to use free office space in the BUAV's London offices, but in 1984 the board reluctantly voted to expel the ALF SG and to withdraw its political support from the ALF.[3]
Yates moved to Liverpool to become a main organizer of the Merseyside Animal Rights Committee, along with Hunt Saboteur Association co-ordinators Dave and Fiona Callender. He helped with the HSA's annual campaigns against the Waterloo Cup hare coursing event and the Northern grouse shoot sabotages, and joined the Merseyside Sea Shepherd's campaigns against seal killing in the Orkney Islands. He also devised the "fur pledge" campaign targeting Manchester-based furrier, Edelson Furs, which had a number of franchises in large department stores; the pledge involved members of the public vowing to boycott entire stores while they had fur departments. He initiated public showings of videos such as Victor Schonfeld's The Animals Film, and opened and ran the first "Animal Rights Shop" in Liverpool City centre, selling merchandise from a range of national animal protection organisations. Throughout this period, Merseyside activists were active members of the Northern Animal Liberation League (NALL), culminating in a daylight raid on ICI in Alderley Park, Cheshire, involving 300 activists.[4]
ALF press officer[link]
In 1983 Ronnie Lee, the co-founder and national press liaison officer of the ALF SG, asked Yates to act as the organization's northern press officer.[5] This coincided with a dramatic change in ALF activity from direct rescue of animals to committing acts of economic sabotage, and in the government and police response to direct action. During this period, homes for animals rescued by animal liberationists were drying up, so Yates founded the Rescued Animals Sanctuary Fund.
In February 1987, he was one of 12 defendants convicted at Sheffield Crown Court, including three ALF SG press officers, after police raided a house in which they found evidence that incendiary devices were being created from fire lighters, batteries, and broken light bulbs. Similar devices hidden inside cigarette packets had been used in fur stores and department stores selling fur throughout England and Scotland, with the intention of setting off the sprinkler systems.[6] Yates was sentenced to four years' imprisonment for conspiracy to cause criminal damage, along with another activist, Sean Crabtree, while Ronnie Lee received a ten-year term.[7] Lee's sentence coincided with the jailing for six and seven years of two defendants in the Ealing Vicarage rape case—where two men raped a woman in front of her boyfriend and father, who were badly beaten—prompting Conservative MP Steven Norris to declare in 1987 that, "sentencing at the moment seems to suggest that a woman’s body is less valuable than property or the right of experimenters and mink farmers to live in peace."[8]
Yates absconded during his trial and spent three years on the run. He writes: "While we were getting to the end of the trial our barristers told us that Ronnie [Lee] could expect something like 16 years in jail and the 'lieutenants' in the case, such as Brendan, Vivian Smith and myself, might get 10 years each. I was the only defendant with children at the time and I realised we were talking about most of their school years...."[1] While on the run, he helped launch the Federation of Local Animal Rights Groups.[9] He was arrested in north Wales in 1989 after a bomb exploded in the Senate House bar of Bristol University, an act claimed by the "Animal Abuse Society," an unknown group. The attack was followed by a series of car bomb attacks.[10] Yates became a leading suspect in the Bristol attack. His mug shot was widely distributed and he was arrested within three weeks.[11] He appealed to activists from his prison cell in a statement to The Guardian that they take no life-threatening action, in line with ALF policy.[12] The car-bomb attacks continued, claimed by the "British Animal Rights Society," another unknown group. After a nail bomb attack on a Land Rover, the car's owner, a huntsman, was charged with having blown up his own car. He was jailed for nine months, reportedly telling the court that he had done it to discredit the animal rights movement.[13]
Irish Animal Education Trust, Animal Rights Month[link]
Yates is a co-founder and contributor to Vegan Ireland: The Vegan Society of Ireland and a representative of the Irish Animal Education Trust, which gives talks about animal use and treatment to Irish schools and colleges. While working on his Ph.D at the University of Wales, Yates began public events called Animal Rights Month; for example "Animal Rights November" in 2000.[14] He has continued such events in Ireland, organizing "Animal Rights July" in 2009 and Animal Rights November in 2010. The latter features professors Gary L. Francione and Robert Garner discussing themes from their 2010 book, The Animal Rights Debate: Abolition or Regulation.[15]
Academic work[link]
Yates focuses on the social transmission of speciesism, and how and why modern human societies exploit and harm animals. He has called for a strategic audit of the animal protection movement.[16] As part of the abolitionist approach to animal rights, and inspired by the writing of Gary L. Francione, he makes a "plea for a philosophical animal rights stance."[17][18] Francione's abolitionist critique of the property status of animals is reflected in Yates's investigations in 2001 into horse maiming, or "horse ripping."[19]
A recurring theme in his work is the exploration of the so-called "movement-countermovement dialectic" involving social movements and their opponents as claims-makers. Piers Beirne and N. South write that Yates explores the "extent to which the general public, pet owners, dog show advocates, and other 'pro-use' interests, learn and recycle countermovement message(s) about the theories of change and their advocates. Do the arguments laid out by the countermovements act as 'scripts' to aid those who oppose the ideas of the pro-animal movement?"[20] Commenting on his "Rituals of Dominionism in Human-Nonhuman Relations: Bullfighting to Hunting, Circuses to Petting," Richard White writes that Yates "skilfully develops a persuasive critique which seeks to contextualise the powerful role of social rituals in shaping humans' speciesist relationships with other animals." In 2010, Yates published a paper on "Language, Power and Speciesism" which was critical of the failure, in his view, of the animal protection movement to adequately challenge "the dominant language forms of human-nonhuman relations."
His MA thesis was an examination of the British animal protection movement,[21] and his 2005 PhD dissertation, "The Social Construction of Human Beings and Other Animals in Human-Nonhuman Relations. Welfare and Rights: A Contemporary Sociological Analysis," was a work of non-speciesist zemiology. He maintains two blogs, "On Human-Nonhuman Relations," a sociological exploration of speciesism, and "Animal Rights Violations," and helps administrate the global social movement network Animal Rights Zone (ARZone)[22] which encourages rational discourse within the animal advocacy movement and invites prime movers of the movement, such as Dr. Will Tuttle, Dr. Melanie Joy, Professor Gary Francione and Captain Paul Watson, for live Q&A "chats" with ARZone members which are then transcribed and published on the site.
Selected works[link]
- "Criminalizing protests about animal abuse: Recent Irish experience in global context", in Crime, Law, and Social Change, Jan 2011.
- "Language, Power and Speciesism" in Critical Society, issue 3, 2010.
- "Rituals of Dominionism in Human-Nonhuman Relations" in Journal for Critical Animal Studies, vol 7(1), 2009.
- "Debating animal rights online" in Beirne, Piers and South, Nigel. Issues in Green Criminology, Willan Publishing, 2007.
- "A Movement Toward a Movement for Animal Rights?", Arkangel, 2006.
- "Fowl Play", Arkangel, guest editorial, 2006.
- "The Social Constructions of Human Beings and Other Animals in Human-Nonhuman Relations", 2004.
- With Powell, Chris and Beirne, Piers. "Horse Maiming in the English Countryside", Society and Animals, Vol 9, issue 1, 2001.
- "Welfare Woes and Political Problems," Arkangel, No. 23: 16-20, 2000.
- "Are the Animal Rights Militia Genuine?," Forum, Nottingham: Veggies Catering Campaign, 1999.
- "A Strategic Audit for Animal Rights, Uncaged, No. 21, March–May: 16-17, 1999.
Notes[link]
- ^ a b Yates 2007.
- ^ Gold 1998, pp. 44, 158.
- ^ Stallwood 2004, pp. 85–87.
- ^ Mann 2007, pp. 81-83.
- ^ Henshaw 1989, p. 110.
- ^ Mann 2007, pp. 135–143.
- ^ Finsen and Finsen 1994, p. 102.
- ^ Mann 2007, p. 139.
- ^ Henshaw 1989, p. 200.
- ^ Baker 1993, p. 205–206.
- ^ Mann 2007, p. 157.
- ^ Baker 1993, p. 206.
- ^ Mann 2007, p. 158.
- ^ http://roger.rbgi.net/theoreticalandmethod.html
- ^ http://www.ucd.ie/sociology/newsevents/news/title,36554,en.html
- ^ "A Strategic Audit for Animal Rights, Uncaged, No. 21, March–May: 16-17, 1999.
- ^ Perlo 2007.
- ^ Scott 2004.
- ^ Powell and Yates 2001.
- ^ Beirne and South 2007.
- ^ The MA thesis was updated in 2008 and is available here.
- ^ http://arzone.ning.com/
References[link]
- Baker, S. (1993). Picturing the Beast: Animals, Identity and Representation. Manchester University Press.
- Beirne, P. and South, N. (2007). "Introduction: approaching green criminology," in Beirne P. and South, N. (eds.) Issues in Green Criminology, Willan.
- Finsen, Lawrence and Finsen, Susan (1994). The Animal Rights Movement in America. Twayne Publishers.
- Gold, M. (1998). Animal Century: A Celebration of Changing Attitudes to Animals. Charlbury: Carpenter.
- Henshaw, D. (1989). Animal Warfare: The Story of the Animal Liberation Front. London: Fontana.
- Mann, Keith (2007). From Dusk ‘til Dawn: An Insider’s View of the Growth of the Animal Liberation Movement, London. Puppy Pincher Press.
- Perlo, K. (2007). Extrinsic and Intrinsic Arguments; Strategies for Promoting Animal Rights, Journal for Critical Animal Studies, vol. 5(1).
- Powell, Chris and Yates, Roger (2001). Panic and Pathology. A Look Back at Horse Maiming in the 1990s, first published 2001; Human-Nonhuman Relations, March 29, 2008, accessed August 31, 2009.</ref>
- Scott, Paul (2004). Chairman defends elephant decision, North Wales Weekly, September 9, 2004.
- Stallwood, Kim (2004). "A Personal Overview of Direct Action," in Best and Nocella (eds.). Terrorists or Freedom Fighters?. Lantern Books.
- Yates, Roger (2007). "From Dock to Doctor", On Human-Nonhuman Relations, July 31, 2007, accessed June 7, 2010.
External links[link]
- Human-Nonhuman Relations.
- Animal Rights Violations.
- Staff profile, University of Bangor.
- Yates's podcasts.
- Schonfeld, Victor. The Animals Film, accessed August 31, 2009.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Yates, Roger |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | British animal rights actvist |
| Date of birth | August 7, 1957 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Roger_Yates
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Yates
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Rick Perry | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Rick Perry in February 2012. | |
| 47th Governor of Texas | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office December 21, 2000 |
|
| Lieutenant | Bill Ratliff David Dewhurst |
| Preceded by | George W. Bush |
| 39th Lieutenant Governor of Texas | |
| In office January 19, 1999 – December 21, 2000 |
|
| Governor | George W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Bob Bullock |
| Succeeded by | Bill Ratliff |
| 9th Commissioner of Agriculture of Texas | |
| In office January 15, 1991 – January 19, 1999 |
|
| Governor | Ann Richards George W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Jim Hightower |
| Succeeded by | Susan Combs |
| Member of the House of Representatives of Texas from District 64 |
|
| In office 1985–1991 |
|
| Preceded by | Joe Hanna |
| Succeeded by | John Cook |
| Personal details | |
| Born | James Richard Perry (1950-03-04) March 4, 1950 (age 62) Paint Creek, Texas |
| Political party | Republican Party (since 1989) Democratic Party (until 1989) |
| Spouse(s) | Anita Thigpen |
| Children | Griffin Sydney |
| Residence | West Austin, Texas (Temporary residence since 2007, during repairs to the Texas Governor's Mansion)[1] |
| Alma mater | Texas A&M University (B.S.) |
| Profession | Military Officer Farmer Politician |
| Religion | Christianity (evangelical) [2] |
| Signature |  |
| Website | www.governor.state.tx.us |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1972–1977 |
| Rank | Captain |
| Unit | 772nd Tactical Airlift Squadron |
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This article is part of a series about Rick Perry |
Mitt Romney
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2012 Presidential Campaign |
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James Richard "Rick" Perry (born March 4, 1950) is the 47th and current Governor of Texas. Perry, a Republican, was elected Lieutenant Governor of Texas in 1998 and assumed the governorship in December 2000 when then-governor George W. Bush resigned to become President of the United States. Perry was elected to full gubernatorial terms in 2002, 2006 and 2010. With a tenure in office to date of &1000000000000001100000011 years, &10000000000000188000000188 days, Perry is the longest continuously serving current U.S. governor, and the second longest serving current U.S. governor—after Terry Branstad of Iowa. Perry served as Chairman of the Republican Governors Association in 2008 (succeeding Sonny Perdue of Georgia) and again in 2011.[3] Perry is the longest serving governor in Texas state history. As a result, he is the only governor in modern Texas history to have appointed at least one person to every eligible state office, board, or commission position (as well as to several elected offices to which the governor can appoint someone to fill an unexpired term, such as six of the nine current members of the Texas Supreme Court).
Perry won the Texas 2010 Republican gubernatorial primary election, defeating U.S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison and former Wharton County Republican Party Chairwoman and businesswoman Debra Medina.[4] In the 2010 Texas gubernatorial election, Perry won a third term by defeating former Houston mayor Bill White and Kathie Glass.[5]
On August 13, 2011, Perry announced in South Carolina that he was running for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2012 presidential election. On January 19, 2012, Perry announced he would be suspending his campaign for the Republican nomination, and endorsed Newt Gingrich.
Contents |
Early life, education, and military service[link]
A fifth-generation Texan, Perry was born in Paint Creek, about 60 miles (97 km) north of Abilene in West Texas, to ranchers Joseph Ray Perry and the former Amelia June Holt. Perry's ancestry is almost entirely English, dating as far back as the original thirteen colonies. His family has been in Texas since before the Texan Revolution.[6][7][8]
His father, a Democrat, was a long-time Haskell County commissioner and school board member. Perry has said that his interest in politics probably began in November 1961, when his father took him to the funeral of U.S. Representative Sam Rayburn (D-TX),[9] who during his long public career served as speaker of the Texas House for a short time at the age of 29 and then later for 17 years as the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.
Perry was in the Boy Scouts (BSA) and earned the rank of Eagle Scout; his son, Griffin, would later become an Eagle Scout as well.[10][11] The BSA has honored Perry with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.[12]
Perry graduated from Paint Creek High School in 1968. He then attended Texas A&M University, where he was a member of the Corps of Cadets, a member of the Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity, was elected senior class social secretary, and was also elected as one of A&M's five yell leaders.[13][14] Perry graduated in 1972 with a Bachelor of Science in animal science.[15][16]
Perry said that the Corps of Cadets gave him the discipline to complete his animal sciences degree and earn a commission in the Air Force. In a 1989 interview he said that "I was probably a bit of a free spirit, not particularly structured real well for life outside of a military regime, I would have not lasted at Texas Tech or the University of Texas. I would have hit the fraternity scene and lasted about one semester."[15] Perry was a prankster in college: he once placed live chickens in the closet of an upperclassman during Christmas break and used M-80 firecrackers to prank students using the toilet.[15]
In the early 1970s, Perry interned during several summers with the Southwestern Company, as a door-to-door book salesman. "I count my time working for Dortch Oldham [President of the Southwestern Company] as one of the most important formative experiences of my life," Perry said in 2010. "There is nothing that tests your commitment to a goal like getting a few doors closed in your face." He said that "Mr. Oldham taught legions of young people to communicate quickly, clearly and with passion, a lesson that has served me well in my life since then."[17]
Upon graduation in 1972, Perry was commissioned in the Air Force and completed pilot training in February 1974. He was then assigned as a C-130 pilot to the 772nd Tactical Airlift Squadron at Dyess Air Force Base. Perry's duties included two-month overseas rotations at RAF Mildenhall in England and Rhein-Main Air Base in Germany. His missions included a 1974 U.S. State Department drought relief effort in Mali, Mauritania and Chad, and two years later, earthquake relief in Guatemala.[18] He left the Air Force in 1977 with the rank of captain, returned to Texas, and went into business farming cotton with his father.[19]
Early political career[link]
Texas Legislature[link]
In 1984, Perry was elected to the Texas House of Representatives as a Democrat from district 64, which included his home county of Haskell. He served on the House Appropriations and Calendars committees during his three two-year terms in office. He befriended fellow freshman state representative Lena Guerrero of Austin, a staunch liberal Democrat who endorsed Perry's reelection bid in 2006 on personal, rather than philosophical, grounds.
Perry was part of the "Pit Bulls", a group of Appropriations members who sat on the lower dais in the committee room (or "pit") who pushed for austere state budgets during the 1980s.[20] At one point, The Dallas Morning News named him one of the ten most effective members of the legislature.[21]
In 1987, Perry voted for a $5.7 billion tax increase proposed by Republican governor Bill Clements.[22] Perry supported Al Gore in the 1988 Democratic presidential primaries and worked in an unspecified capacity for Gore's campaign in Texas.[23] In 1989, Perry announced that he was switching parties, becoming a Republican.[24]
Agriculture Commissioner[link]
In 1990, as a newly minted Republican, Perry challenged Jim Hightower, the incumbent Democratic Agriculture Commissioner. Hightower had worked on behalf of Jesse Jackson for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1988, while Perry had supported U.S. Senator Al Gore of Tennessee.
During 1990, Hightower's office was embroiled in a FBI investigation into corruption and bribery. Three aides were convicted in 1993 of using public funds for political fundraising, although Hightower himself was not found to be involved in the wrongdoings.[25] Perry narrowly defeated Hightower in November 1990.
As Agriculture Commissioner, Perry was responsible for promoting the sale of Texas farm produce to other states and foreign nations, and for supervising the calibration of weights and measures, such as gasoline pumps and grocery store scales.[26]
In April 1993, Perry, while serving as Texas agriculture commissioner, expressed support for the effort to reform the nation's health care, describing it as "most commendable".[27] The health care plan, first revealed in September, was ultimately unsuccessful due to Republican congressional opposition.[28][29][30][31][32] In 2005, after being questioned on the issue by a potential opponent in the Republican governor primary, Perry said that he expressed his support only in order to get Clinton to pay more attention to rural health care.[33]
In 1994, Perry was reelected Agriculture Commissioner by a large margin, getting 2,546,287 votes (62 percent) to Democrat Marvin Gregory's 1,479,692 (36 percent). Libertarian Clyde L. Garland received the remaining 85,836 votes (2 percent).[34] Gregory, a chicken farmer from Sulphur Springs, Texas, was on the Texas Agricultural Finance Authority with Perry in the early nineties, as a Republican. He became a Democrat before running against Perry in 1994.[35]
Lieutenant Governor[link]
In 1998, Perry chose not to seek a third term as Agriculture Commissioner, running instead for Lieutenant Governor to succeed the retiring Democrat Bob Bullock. During this election, Rick Perry had a notable falling out with his previous top political strategist Karl Rove, which began the much-reported rivalry between the Bush and Perry camps.[36] Perry polled 1,858,837 votes (50.04 percent) to the 1,790,106 (48.19 percent) cast for Democrat John Sharp of Victoria, who had relinquished the Comptroller's position after two terms to seek the lieutenant governorship. Libertarian Anthony Garcia polled another 65,150 votes (1.75 percent).[34] Perry thus became the state's first Republican lieutenant governor since Reconstruction, taking office on January 19, 1999.
Governor of Texas[link]
Main article: Governorship of Rick Perry
Perry assumed the office of governor on December 21, 2000, following the resignation of George W. Bush—who was preparing to become President of the United States.[10] He won the office in his own right in the 2002 gubernatorial election, where he received 57.80% of votes to businessman Tony Sanchez's 39.96%.[34] He was re-elected in the 2006 gubernatorial election against three major opponents, polling 39% of votes against runner-up Chris Bell with 29.8%. In the 2010 gubernatorial election, Perry became the first Texas governor to be elected to three four-year terms, polling 54.97% of votes to Bill White's 42.48%.
In his three gubernatorial campaigns, Perry received hard-money campaign contributions of $102 million, half of which came from 204 donors.[37]
In the 2001 legislative session, Perry set a record for his use of the veto, rejecting 82 acts, more than any other governor in any single legislative session in the history of the state since Reconstruction.[38] [39][40]
Fiscal policies[link]
In his presidential campaign, Perry has highlighted the economic success Texas achieved under his governorship, although the true success of his policies has been questioned.[41][42][43][44][45][46] A proclaimed proponent of fiscal conservatism, Perry has often campaigned on job growth and tax issues, such as his opposition to creating a state income tax. Perry refused in 2002 to promise not to raise taxes as governor, and in the following years did propose or approve various tax and debt[47] increases.[48][49][50][51] In 2009, Perry signed Grover Norquist's pledge to "oppose and veto any and all efforts to increase taxes".
Texas began borrowing money in 2003 to pay for roads and will owe $17.3 billion by the end of 2012, increasing total state debt, from $13.4 billion in 2001 to $37.8 billion in 2011.[52] The state's public finance authority sold $2 billion in bonds for unemployment benefits, and it's authorized to sell $1.5 billion more if necessary. Texas federal borrowing topped $1.6 billion in October 2010, before the bond sales.[53] Texans voted November 8, 2011 for a Water Works Bill with an additional $6 billion of debt and against new tax breaks for landowners.[54] A Republican on the Natural Resources Committee laments “we couldn’t get the votes” which would break Perry's pledge not to raise taxes.[55]
In 2003, Perry signed legislation that created the Texas Enterprise Fund, which has since given $435 million in grants to businesses. The New York Times reported that many of the companies receiving grants, or their chief executives, have made contributions to Perry's campaigns or to the Republican Governors Association.[56]
Health[link]
As Governor, Perry has been an outspoken opponent of federal health-care reform proposals and of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, describing the latter as "socialism on American soil".[57] Perry's focus in Texas has been on tort reform, signing a bill in 2003 which restricted non-economic damages in medical malpractice judgments.[58] Perry touted this approach in his Presidential campaign, although independent analysts have concluded that it has failed to increase the supply of physicians or limit health-care costs in Texas.[57][59]
During Perry's governorship, Texas rose from second to first among states with the highest proportion of uninsured residents at 26%, and had the lowest level of access to prenatal care in the U.S.[57] Perry and the Republican-led state legislature have cut Medicaid spending and made it more difficult to enroll in the program, which currently covers one-third of Texas children.[57] The cost of caring for uninsured Texans has been borne by those with insurance, leading to substantial rises in insurance premiums and leading Texas to rank next-to-last among states in terms of affordability of health insurance.[60] The Los Angeles Times wrote that under Perry, "working Texans increasingly have been priced out of private healthcare while the state's safety net has withered."[60]
Perry's office has argued that Texas represents a model private-sector approach to health-care. His spokeswoman stated that "Texas does provide an adequate safety net to those truly in need... and many individuals simply choose not to purchase healthcare coverage."[60]
Perry is pro-life and has signed multiple bills creating new rules or restrictions for abortion procedures and funding for such.[61][62] These bills include a May 2010 law requiring that a sonogram be performed prior to every abortion, and that the practitioner discuss the sonogram images with the patient except in limited cases where the patient may waive the explanation.[63][64][65] In December 2011, Perry said he had undergone a "transformation" and now opposed all abortions, including in cases of rape and incest. The next day he clarified that he would allow an exception for abortions that would save a mother's life.[66][67]
In February 2007, Perry issued an executive order mandating that Texas girls receive the HPV vaccine, which protects against some strains of the human papilloma virus, a contributing factor to some forms of cervical cancer.[68] Following the move, news outlets reported various apparent financial connections between Perry and the vaccine's manufacturer, Merck.[68][69] Merck's political action committee has contributed $28,500 since 2001 to Perry's campaigns.[70] The order was criticized by some parents and social conservatives, and a lawsuit was filed later that month.[71] In May 2007, the Texas Legislature passed a bill undoing the order; Perry did not veto the bill, saying the veto would have been overruled, but blamed lawmakers who supported the bill for the deaths of future cancer victims.[72]
In 2011, Governor Perry both had adult stem cell surgery himself, in Houston by Dr. Jones, and started "laying the groundwork" for the commercialization of the adult stem cell industry in Texas.[73][74]
Religion[link]
Perry grew up in the Methodist church, until 2010 when he began attending Lake Hills Church in Austin.[2] In 2006, Perry stated that he believes in the inerrancy of the Bible and that those who do not accept Jesus as their savior will go to hell. He later clarified, "I don't know that there's any human being that has the ability to interpret what God and his final decision-making is going to be."[75] In his 2008 book On My Honor, Perry expressed his views on the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause. "Let's be clear: I don't believe government, which taxes people regardless of their faith, should espouse a specific faith. I also don't think we should allow a small minority of atheists to sanitize our civil dialogue on religious references."[76] In June 2011, Perry proclaimed August 6 as a Day of Prayer and Fasting, inviting other governors to join him in a prayer meeting hosted by the American Family Association in Houston.[77][78] The event was criticized as going beyond prayer and fasting to include launching Perry's presidential campaign.[79]
Perry has called himself "a firm believer in intelligent design as a matter of faith and intellect", and has expressed support for its teaching alongside evolution in Texas schools, but has also said that "educators and local school officials, not the governor, should determine science curriculum."[80]
Education[link]
Perry has repeatedly attacked the Robin Hood plan to provide court-mandated equitable school financing for all school districts in the state. In 2005, following rejection of Perry's proposal to replace the Robin Hood plan, Perry vetoed all funding for public schools for the 2007–2008 biennium, saying he would not "approve an education budget that shortchanges teacher salary increases, textbooks, education technology, and education reforms. And I cannot let $2 billion sit in some bank account when it can go directly to the classroom."[81] Following a second rejection of Perry's bill, Perry asked John Sharp to head a task force charged with preparing a bipartisan education plan, which was subsequently adopted.[82][83]
In 2001, Perry expressed his pride in the enactment of the statute extending in-state tuition to undocumented immigrants who meet Texas' residency requirements. It also required the undocumented students to pledge to apply for permanent residency or citizenship if this became a possibility for them.[84]
LGBT issues[link]
In 2002, Perry described the Texas same-sex anti-sodomy law as "appropriate".[85] The United States Supreme Court's civil rights decision in Lawrence v. Texas struck down the statute Perry referred to the following year for violating the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
Perry supported the 2005 ballot proposition which amended the Texas constitution by defining marriage as "only a union between a man and a woman" and prohibiting the state from creating or recognizing "any legal status identical or similar to marriage".[86] In 2011, after New York legalized same-sex marriage, Perry stated that it was their right to do so under the principle of states' rights delineated in the 10th Amendment.[87] A spokesman later reiterated Perry's support for a federal constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage, saying that position was not inconsistent since an amendment would require approval by three-fourths of the states.[88]
In his first book, On My Honor, published in 2008, Perry drew a parallel between homosexuality and alcoholism, writing that he is "no expert on the 'nature versus nurture' debate", but that gays should simply choose abstinence.[89] During the 2012 presidential campaign, he criticized the repeal of "don't ask, don't tell".[90]
Crime[link]
Perry's campaigns for lieutenant governor and governor focused on a tough stance on crime. He has supported block grants for crime programs.[91]
Jeff L. Blackburn, chief counsel of the Innocence Project of Texas, said of Perry that "He has done more good than any other governor we've ever had ... unless, of course, it involves the death penalty. On the death penalty, Rick Perry has a profound mental block".[92]
In 2007, Perry signed a law ending automatic arrest for marijuana possession.[93]
Death penalty[link]
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The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (November 2011) |
For more details on this topic, see Capital punishment in Texas.
Perry supports the death penalty.[94] In June 2002, he vetoed a ban on the execution of mentally retarded inmates.[91] As of August 10, 2011, Texas has carried out 234 executions since Rick Perry became governor.[95] Cases in which Perry has been criticized for his lack of intervention include those of Cameron Todd Willingham, Frances Newton, and Mexican nationals José Medellín and Humberto Leal Garcia.[96][97][98][99]
Perry commuted the death sentence of Kenneth Foster, who was convicted of murder despite evidence that he was only present at the scene of the crime.[100] Perry also pardoned Tyrone Brown, who was sentenced to life in a Texas maximum security prison for smoking marijuana while on probation.[101] Perry's actions in both these cases were following the recommendation of the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles.[100][101]
Infrastructure[link]
In 2001, Perry proposed the Trans-Texas Corridor, a $145+ billion-dollar project that would build multi-lane highways, rail lines and data lines from Oklahoma to Mexico, and from east to west in southern Texas. Instead of paying for the project with taxes, Perry proposed that it be partially financed, partially built and wholly operated by private contractors, who would subsequently receive all toll proceeds.[102] All of Perry's gubernatorial opponents opposed the corridor project, as did the 2006 state party platforms of both the Democratic and Republican parties.[103][104] After much contentious debate between supporters and opponents, an official decision of "no action" was issued by the Federal Highway Administration on July 20, 2010, formally ending the project.
Gun ownership[link]
Perry has an A+ rating from the National Rifle Association.[105] He possesses a Concealed Handgun License (CHL)[106] and has signed a number of bills that increased CHL access.[107]
2012 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: Rick Perry presidential campaign, 2012
Until 2011, Perry persistently denied aspirations to higher office; he was originally included on the 2012 Presidential Straw Poll ballot at the Values Voter Summit in September 2009, but his name was removed at his own request.[108] In April 2008 while appearing as a guest on CNBC's Kudlow & Company, he specifically stated that he would not agree to serve as Vice President in a McCain administration, stating that he already had "the best job in the world" as governor of Texas. Further, during a Republican gubernatorial debate in January 2010, when asked if he would commit to serving out his term if re-elected, he replied that "the place hasn't been made yet" where he would rather serve than the governor of Texas. In December 2010, when asked if he was a "definite maybe" to run for President in 2012, he replied, "a definite no, brother".[109]
On May 27, 2011, he said he is "going to think about" running for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination after the close of the Texas legislative session.[110] Perry said in a response to a question from a reporter, "but I think about a lot of things," he added with a grin.[111]
On August 11, a Perry spokesman said that he will be running for President in 2012, with plans to announce his formal entry into the race the next day, August 12.[112][113] Perry himself confirmed it on a visit to KVUE, the ABC affiliate in Austin. As the Associated Press bulletin announcing his entry into the race came across the wire, Perry signed and dated a printed copy of the bulletin.[114]
On August 13, Perry officially announced that he will be running for president.[115]
In October 2011, the Washington Post reported that Perry's family leases a hunting camp once called "Niggerhead". According to some local residents interviewed by the Post, the Perrys used the camp for years before painting over a large rock with that name on it, which stands at an entrance to the area, and during this time Perry hosted friends and supporters at the camp.[116] Perry's campaign disputed the claims, stating that the Perrys painted over the rock almost immediately after acquiring a lease on the property in 1983.[117][118]
On December 6, Perry released a Presidential campaign video on YouTube called "Strong" discussing his religious beliefs, as well as criticism of Obama's governance.[119] The video states "there's something wrong in this country when gays can serve openly in the military, but your kids can't openly celebrate Christmas." The video has been largely criticised in the on-line community and has received over 750,000 dislikes on YouTube.[120]
Perry announced on January 19, 2012, that he would be dropping out of the 2012 Presidential Race, publicly endorsing Newt Gingrich.[121] However on April 25, 2012, Perry endorsed Mitt Romney after Gingrich announced that he drop out a week later.
Political views[link]
See: Political positions of Rick Perry
Publications[link]
Rick Perry has written two books:
- On My Honor: Why the American Values of the Boy Scouts are Worth Fighting For was published in February 2008.[122] In his book, Perry celebrates the positive impact of the organization on the youth of America and criticizes the ACLU for its legal actions against the Boy Scouts of America.[123]
- His second book, Fed Up! Our Fight to Save America from Washington was published in November 2010.[124] Perry's second book discusses his support for limited central government.
Perry has also written a lecture about the role of the federal government and the military in disaster management titled Federalizing Disaster Response.[125]
Personal life[link]
In 1982, Perry married Anita Thigpen, his childhood sweetheart whom he had known since elementary school. They have two grown children, Griffin and Sydney. Anita Perry attended West Texas State University and earned a degree in nursing. She has spearheaded a number of health-related initiatives such as the Anita Thigpen Perry Endowment at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, which focuses on nutrition, cardiovascular disease, health education, and early childhood development.[126] Anita has also helped develop and host the Texas Conference for Women.[127]
Electoral history[link]
| Texas Gubernatorial Election 2002 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Republican | Rick Perry (Incumbent) | 2,617,106 | 58.1 | ||
| Democratic | Tony Sanchez | 1,809,915 | 40.3 | ||
| Texas Gubernatorial Election 2006 [128] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Republican | Rick Perry (Incumbent) | 1,716,792 | 39.02 | -19.08 | |
| Democratic | Chris Bell | 1,310,337 | 29.78 | -10.52 | |
| Independent | Carole Keeton Strayhorn | 796,851 | 18.11 | ||
| Independent | Richard “Kinky” Friedman | 547,674 | 12.44 | ||
| Libertarian | James Werner | 26,749 | 0.60 | ||
| Texas Gubernatorial Election 2010[5] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Republican | Rick Perry (Incumbent) | 2,733,784 | 54.97 | +15.95 | |
| Democratic | Bill White | 2,102,606 | 42.28 | +12.50 | |
| Libertarian | Kathie Glass | 109,057 | 2.19 | ||
| Green | Deb Shafto | 19,475 | .39 | ||
| Independent | Andy Barron (Write-In) | 7,973 | .16 | ||
References[link]
- ^ Selby, W. Gardner; Novak, Shonda (September 27, 2007), "Rent will run about $10,000 a month for house on Hickory Creek Drive.", Austin American-Statesman, http://www.statesman.com/news/content/region/legislature/stories/09/27/0927house.html, retrieved May 19, 2011
- ^ a b Joshunda Sanders, Jason Embry. "Candidates attending more than one church". Statesman. http://www.statesman.com/news/texas-politics/governors_race/candidates-mirror-population-in-attending-more-than-one-1009306.html. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
- ^ "RGA Announces New Leadership". Republican Governors Association. 2010-11-18. http://www.rga.org/homepage/rga-announces-new-leadership/. Retrieved 2011-03-26.
- ^ "Texas Governor Profile". The New York Times. http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/governor/texas. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ^ a b "TX Governor Race - Nov 02, 2010". Our Campaigns. http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=404248. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ "rick perry". Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com. http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~battle/celeb/perry.htm. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
- ^ politicks Org. "Perry's Ancestry". 2012.republican-candidates.org. http://2012.republican-candidates.org/Perry/Ancestry.php. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
- ^ "Surname Database: Perry Last Name Origin". Surnamedb.com. http://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Perry. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
- ^ "Richard L. Connor: Texas' Perry might surprise Obama in 2012". Maine Sunday Telegram. June 5, 2011. http://www.pressherald.com/opinion/texas-perry-might-surprise-obama-in-2012_2011-06-05.html. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ^ a b "Texas Governor Rick Perry". Office of the Governor. http://www.governor.state.tx.us/about. Retrieved 2006-11-08.
- ^ Lucas, Fred (February 11, 2008). "Texas Governor Urges Protection for Boy Scouts of America". Cybercast News Service. Archived from the original on May 18, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080518183709/http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewCulture.asp?Page=/Culture/archive/200802/CUL20080211b.html. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
- ^ "Distinguished Eagle Scout Award". Boy Scouts of America. http://www.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/02-529.pdf. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
- ^ Hylton, Hilary (2009-01-25). "Bush Returns to a Divided Texas Republican Party". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1873143,00.html.
- ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/cheerleading-politics/story?id=16380524#5
- ^ a b c Hooks, Chris (August 2, 2011). "Texas A&M Years Launched Perry — and a Rivalry". The Texas Tribune (Austin). http://www.texastribune.org/texas-people/rick-perry/perry-aggie-years/. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
- ^ Jacobs, Jennifer (September 21, 2011). "Trivia question: Which presidential candidate has a degree in economics?". The Des Moines Register. http://caucuses.desmoinesregister.com/2011/09/21/trivia-question-which-presidential-candidate-has-a-degree-in-economics/. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
- ^ Wood, E. Thomas (2009-02-27). "Dortch Oldham dies at 89". NashvillePost.com. http://www.nashvillepost.com/news/2009/2/27/dortch_oldham_dies_at_89. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
- ^ "For Rick Perry, Air Force Service Broadened and Narrowed Life". The New York Times. November 25, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/26/us/politics/for-rick-perry-air-force-service-broadened-and-narrowed-life.html?pagewanted=all.
- ^ "Candidates' Corner 2012- Rick Perry". U.S. Global Leadership Coalition | American Foreign Policy & Foreign Affairs - Usglc.org. August 13, 2011. http://www.usglc.org/2011/08/12/rick-perry/. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ^ Camia, Catalina (July 15, 2011). "GOP's Rick Perry spent early years as a Democrat". USA Today. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/onpolitics/post/2011/07/rick-perry-presidential-race-former-democrat/1. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ^ "71st Legislature, 6th C.S., HR63.". Legislative Reference Library of Texas. 1990. http://www.lrl.state.tx.us/scanned/members/honorary/71/Perry_Rick_HR63.pdf. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
- ^ Jay Root, Rick Perry: The Democrat Years The Texas Tribune July 14, 2011.
- ^ "Rick Perry backed Al Gore, didn't lead his Texas campaign". PolitiFact. http://www.politifact.com/texas/article/2011/sep/07/perry-backed-gore-did-not-lead-his-texas-campaign/. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
- ^ "50 Things You need to Know about Governor Rick Perry" Dallas Morning News February 19, 2010.
- ^ Three ex-aides to Hightower are sentenced Houston Chronicle. November 11, 1993
- ^ "What is the Texas Department of Agriculture?". Texas Department of Agriculture. http://www.agr.state.tx.us/agr/main_render/0,1968,1848_8330_0_0,00.html?channelId=8330. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ^ Ashford-Grooms, Meghan (September 24, 2011). "Ron Paul says Rick Perry wrote a letter supporting Hillarycare". Austin American-Statesman / PolitiFact.com. http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2011/sep/24/ron-paul/ron-paul-says-rick-perry-wrote-letter-supporting-h/. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
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- ^ Mark, David. Going dirty: the Art of Negative Campaigning. p. 127.
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- ^ a b c http://elections.sos.state.tx.us/
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- ^ July 21st, 2011 (2011-07-21). "Texas Gov. Rick Perry Signs Bill De-Funding Planned Parenthood". Catholic Tide. http://www.catholictide.com/21/texas-gov-rick-perry-signs-bill-de-funding-planned-parenthood/. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
- ^ "Texas House passes abortion-ultrasound bill without exceptions | AHN". Allheadlinenews.com. http://www.allheadlinenews.com/briefs/articles/90038375. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
- ^ "Democrats derail sonogram bill, at least for a day". Statesman.com. 2011-08-24. http://www.statesman.com/news/texas-politics/democrats-derail-sonogram-bill-at-least-for-a-1294019.html. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
- ^ "Texas Gov. Rick Perry Signs Ultrasound Before Abortion Bill". Lifenews.com. 2011-05-20. http://www.lifenews.com/2011/05/20/texas-gov-rick-perry-signs-ultrasound-before-abortion-bill/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+lifenews%2Fnewsfeed+%28LifeNews.com%29. Retrieved August 19, 2011.
- ^ Saenz, Arlette. "Rick Perry Clarifies Abortion Stand, Mother’s Life Only Exception." ABC News, 28 December 2011.
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- ^ Maslin Nir, Sarah (2011-08-04). "Rick Perry Has Stem Cell Procedure, Then Works to Bring it to Texas". The New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/04/rick-perry-has-stem-cell-procedure-then-works-to-bring-it-to-texas/. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
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- ^ Perry, Rick (2008). On My Honor. Macon, GA: Stroud & Hall Publishers. p. 88. ISBN 0-9796462-2-7.
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- ^ "Press Release] Gov. Perry Says Legislators Must Come Back, Get School Funding Right". Office of the Governor Rick Perry -Governor.state.tx.us. http://governor.state.tx.us/news/press-release/3589/. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Gov. Perry's Principles For A Stronger Texas". Office of the Governor - Rick Perry - Governor.state.tx.us. http://www.governor.state.tx.us/priorities/tax_reform/TTRC_report/files/TTRC_report.pdf. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
- ^ Perry, Rick (August 22, 2001). "Gov. Rick Perry's Remarks to the Border Summit". Office of the Governor. http://governor.state.tx.us/news/speech/10688/. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
- ^ "Perry calls sodomy law 'appropriate'". Houston Chronicle. Associated Press. December 4, 2002. http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/2002_3605756/perry-calls-sodomy-law-appropriate.html. Retrieved August 19, 2011.
- ^ Elliott, Janet (November 8, 2005). "Same-sex marriage ban wins OK". Houston Chronicle. http://www.chron.com/default/article/Same-sex-marriage-ban-wins-OK-1933429.php. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
- ^ Jacobs, Jennifer (July 23, 2011). "Perry defends gay marriage as states' choice; Santorum takes a swipe". The Des Moines Register. http://caucuses.desmoinesregister.com/2011/07/23/perry-defends-gay-marriage-as-a-states-choice-santorum-takes-a-swipe/. Retrieved August 19, 2011.
- ^ Barabak, Mark Z. (July 28, 2011). "Rick Perry contorts over same-sex marriage". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jul/28/news/la-pn-perry-gay-marriage-20110728. Retrieved August 19, 2011.
- ^ Benjamin, Mark (August 24, 2011). "Perry Compared Homosexuality to Alcoholism in 2008 Book". Time. http://swampland.time.com/2011/08/24/perry-compared-homosexuality-to-alcoholism-in-2008-book/. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ Stein, Sam (December 8, 2011). "Rick Perry's Anti-Gay Iowa Ad Divides His Top Staff". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/08/rick-perry-anti-gay-iowa-ad-divides-top-staff_n_1136587.html. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
- ^ a b "Public Notes on 01-NGA10". On The Issues. September 14, 2001. http://www.ontheissues.org/Notebook/Note_01-NGA10.htm. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ^ Sontag, Deborah (October 30, 2011). "Perry Displays Varied Stance Toward Crime". The New York Times.
- ^ Yoder, Steve (November 7, 2011). "The GOP, 'tough on crime' no more?" Salon.
- ^ Thomas, Evan; Brant, Martha (November 10, 2007). "Injection of Reflection". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/69546/output/print. Retrieved June 22, 2008.
- ^ "Texas Set Today to Execute 234th person under Governor Rick Perry". Texas Moratorium Network. August 10, 2011. http://stopexecutions.blogspot.com/2011/08/texas-set-today-to-execute-234th-person.html. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
- ^ "From arson to politics: Why has Texas's governor derailed a death-penalty investigation?". The Economist. October 22, 2009. http://www.economist.com/node/14699746. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
- ^ Grann, David (January 7, 2009). "Cameron Todd Willingham, Texas, and the death penalty". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/09/07/090907fa_fact_grann. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
- ^ "Frances Elaine Newton #982". Clarkprosecutor.org. http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/newton982.htm. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ^ Graczyk, Michael (July 8, 2011). "Criticism of Texas' execution of Mexican Leal doesn't bother Perry". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. http://www.star-telegram.com/2011/07/08/3209871/criticism-of-texas-execution-of.html. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
- ^ a b Blumenthal, Ralph (August 31, 2007). "Governor Commutes Sentence in Texas". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/31/us/31execute.html. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
- ^ a b "Inmate Given Life After Drug Use Is Pardoned in Texas". The New York Times. Associated Press. March 11, 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/11/us/11pot.html. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
- ^ "Trans-Texas Corridor: FAQs". Texas Department of Transportation. 2004. Archived from the original on 2007-11-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20071113223501/http://ttc.keeptexasmoving.com/faqs/?faq_type=3. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
- ^ "2006 State Republican Party Platform". Texas Republican Party. 2006. Archived from the original on 2008-06-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20080625233304/http://www.texasgop.org/site/DocServer/Platform_Updated.pdf?docID=2001. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
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- ^ "Rick Perry's unwavering support for gun rights could boost his presidential prospects". Nra-Ila. http://www.nraila.org/News/Read/InTheNews.aspx?ID=15316. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
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- ^ "Gov. Perry Signs Bills to Protect Gun Owners' Rights". Office of the Governor Rick Perry - Governor.state.tx.us. http://governor.state.tx.us/news/press-release/3598/. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
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- ^ Gutierrez, Kris (May 27, 2011). "President Perry? Texas Governor to 'Think About it'". Fox News. http://politics.blogs.foxnews.com/2011/05/27/president-perry-texas-gov-think-about-it. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
- ^ "Spokesman says Texas Gov. Rick Perry is running for president, announcement planned Saturday". The Washington Post. August 11, 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/campaigns/texas-gov-rick-perry-running-for-president-spokesman-says/2011/08/11/gIQAscqI9I_story.html. Retrieved August 14, 2011. [dead link]
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- ^ Promising Better Direction, Perry Enters Race.
- ^ McCrummen, Stephanie (October 1, 2011). "At Rick Perry’s Texas hunting spot, camp’s old racially charged name lingered". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/rick-perry-familys-hunting-camp-still-known-to-many-by-old-racially-charged-name/2011/10/01/gIQAOhY5DL_story.html. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
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- ^ RPerry2012 (2011-12-06). "Strong Campaign YouTube Video". Youtube.com. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PAJNntoRgA. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
- ^ George, Alison (2011-12-09). "Rick Perry Ad Generating Epic Hate on YouTube". Slate.com. http://www.slate.com/blogs/trending/2011/12/09/rick_perry_ad_generating_epic_hate_on_youtube.html. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
- ^ Zeleny, Jeff; Shear, Michael D. (January 19, 2012). "Perry to End Bid for Presidency". The Caucus (The New York Times). http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/19/perry-to-end-bid-for-presidency/. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ Perry, Rick (February 2008). On My Honor: Why the American Values of the Boy Scouts are Worth Fighting For. Stroud & Hall. ISBN 978-0-9796462-2-5.
- ^ Selby, W. Gardner (2008-02-09). "In first book, Perry criticizes ACLU and defends Boy Scouts". Austin American-Statesman. http://www.statesman.com/news/content/region/legislature/stories/02/09/0209perrybook.html. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
- ^ Perry, Rick (November 2010). Fed Up! Our Fight to Save America from Washington. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-13295-4.
- ^ Perry, Rick (November 2005). Federalizing Disaster Response. Heritage Foundation.
- ^ "Endowment named for First Lady Anita Perry - The News - University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio". Uthscsa.edu. 2001-06-15. http://www.uthscsa.edu/opa/issues/new34-24/perry.html. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
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- ^ http://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist.exe Texas Board of Elections as of July 24, 2009
External links[link]
 |
Wikinews has related news: Texas governor Rick Perry to announce his presidential intentions |
- Governor Rick Perry official state site
- Rick Perry for President official presidential campaign site
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Rick Perry in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org.......
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- Governor
- Biography at the National Governors Association
- Campaign contributions at FollowTheMoney.org
| Texas House of Representatives | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Joe Hanna |
Member of the House of Representatives of Texas from the District 64 1985–1991 |
Succeeded by John Cook |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Jim Hightower |
Commissioner of Agriculture of Texas 1991–1999 |
Succeeded by Susan Combs |
| Preceded by Bob Bullock |
Lieutenant Governor of Texas January 19, 1999 – December 21, 2000 |
Succeeded by Bill Ratliff |
| Preceded by George W. Bush |
Governor of Texas December 21, 2000 – present |
Incumbent |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by George W. Bush |
Republican nominee for Governor of Texas 2002, 2006, 2010 |
Most recent |
| United States order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by Joe Biden as Vice President |
Order of Precedence of the United States Within Texas |
Succeeded by Mayor of city in which event is held |
| Succeeded by Otherwise John Boehner as Speaker of the House of Representatives |
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| Preceded by Rick Scott as Governor of Florida |
Order of Precedence of the United States Outside Texas |
Succeeded by Terry Branstad as Governor of Iowa |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Perry, Rick |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American politician |
| Date of birth | March 4, 1950 |
| Place of birth | Paint Creek, Texas |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
