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Ernst Neizvestny receives the Order of Honor from Vladimir Putin, October 2000

Ernst Iosifovich Neizvestny (Russian: Эрнст Ио́сифович Неизве́стный) (born 1925) is a Russian sculptor. He lives and works in New York City. His last name in Russian literally means "unknown".

Neizvestny was born 9 April 1925 in Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg). In 1942, at the age of 17, he joined the Red Army as a volunteer. At the close of World War II, he was heavily wounded and sustained a clinical death. Although he was awarded the Order of the Red Star "posthumously" and his mother received an official notification that her son had died, Neizvestny managed to survive.

In 1947, Neizvestny was enrolled at the Art Academy of Latvia in Riga. He continued his education at the Surikov Moscow Art Institute and the Philosophy Department of the Moscow State University. His sculptures, often based on the forms of the human body, are noted for their expressionism and powerful plasticity. Although his preferred material is bronze, his larger, monumental installations are often executed in concrete. Most of his works are arranged in extensive cycles, the best known of which is The Tree of Life, a theme he has developed since 1956.

Although Nikita Khrushchev famously derided Neizvestny's works as "degenerate" art at the Moscow Manege exhibition of 1962 ("Why do you disfigure the faces of Soviet people?"), the sculptor was later approached by Khruschev's family to design a tomb for the former Soviet leader at the Novodevichy Cemetery. Other well-known works he created during the Soviet period are Prometheus in Artek (1966).

During the 1980s, Neizvestny was a visiting lecturer at the University of Oregon and at UC Berkeley. He also worked with Magna Gallery in San Francisco, and had a number of shows which were well-attended in the mid 1980s. This gallery also asked him to create his "Man through the Wall" series to celebrate the end of Communism at the end of the 1980s. He subsequently ended his relationship with the gallery.

In 1996, Neizvestny completed his Mask of Sorrow, a 15-meter tall monument to the victims of Soviet purges, situated in Magadan. The same year, he was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation. Although he still lives in New York City and works at Columbia University, Neizvestny frequently visits Moscow and celebrated his 80th birthday there. A museum dedicated to his sculptures was established in Uttersberg, Sweden. Some of his crucifixion statues were acquired by John Paul II for the Vatican Museums. In 2004 Neizvestny became an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Arts.

Some works[link]

• Khrushchev grave snow.jpg

  Khrushchev's tomb at the Novodevichy Cemetery was sculpted by Neizvestny.

• 

  Monument to victims of the December 1943 deportation, Elista

See also[link]

• List of Russian artists

References[link]

• Voronov N.V. Ernst Neizvestny. Moscow, 1991.

External links[link]

• Studio of Ernst Neizvestny web site
• Kolodzei Art Foundation and the Kolodzei Collection of Russian and Eastern European Art
• Sculptor Ernst Neizvestny

John Berger (Strasbourg, 2009)

John Peter Berger (born 5 November 1926) is an English art critic, novelist, painter, poet and author. His novel G. won the 1972 Booker Prize, and his essay on art criticism Ways of Seeing, written as an accompaniment to a BBC series, is often used as a university text.

Education[link]

Born in Hackney,^[1] London, England, Berger was educated at St Edward's School, an independent school for boys in Oxford. His father, S.J.D. Berger, O.B.E., M.C., had been an infantry officer on the western front during the First World War.^[2] Berger served in the British Army from 1944 to 1946; he then enrolled in the Chelsea School of Art and the Central School of Art in London.

Life and career[link]

Berger began his career as a painter and exhibited work at a number of London galleries in the late 1940s.^[2] His art has been exhibited at the Wildenstein, Redfern and Leicester galleries in London. Berger has continued to paint throughout his career.^[3]

While teaching drawing (from 1948 to 1955), Berger became an art critic, publishing many essays and reviews in the New Statesman. His Marxist humanism and his strongly stated opinions on modern art made him a controversial figure early in his career. He titled an early collection of essays Permanent Red, in part as a statement of political commitment, and later wrote that before the Soviet Union achieved nuclear parity with the United States he had felt constrained not to criticize the former's policies; afterwards his attitude toward the Soviet state became considerably more critical.

After a childless first marriage, Berger has three children: Jacob, a film director; Katya, a writer and film critic; and Yves, an artist.

Literary career[link]

In 1958 Berger published his first novel, A Painter of Our Time, which tells the story of the disappearance of Janos Lavin, a fictional exiled Hungarian painter, and his diary's discovery by an art critic friend called John. The book's political currency and detailed description of an artist's working process led to some readers mistaking it for a true story. After being available for a month, the work was withdrawn by the publisher, under pressure from the Congress for Cultural Freedom.^[4] The novels immediately succeeding A Painter of Our Time were The Foot of Clive and Corker's Freedom; both presented an urban English life of alienation and melancholy. In 1962 Berger's distaste for life in Britain drove him into a voluntary exile in France.

In 1972 the BBC broadcast his television series Ways of Seeing (directed by Mike Dibb) and published its companion text, an introduction to the study of images. The work was in part derived from Walter Benjamin's essay The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.

Berger's novel G., a romantic picaresque set in Europe in 1898, won both the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and the Booker Prize in 1972. When accepting the Booker Berger made a point of donating half his cash prize to the Black Panther Party in Britain, and retaining half to support his work on the study of migrant workers that became A Seventh Man, insisting on both as necessary parts of his political struggle.^[5]

Many of his texts, from sociological studies to fiction and poetry, deal with experience. Berger's sociological writings include A Fortunate Man: The Story of a Country Doctor (1967) and A Seventh Man: Migrant Workers in Europe (1975). His research for A Seventh Man led to an interest in the world which migrant workers had left behind: isolated rural communities. It was his work on this theme that led him to settle in Quincy, a small village in the Haute-Savoie, where he has lived and farmed since the mid-1970s. Berger and photographer Jean Mohr, his frequent collaborator, seek to document and to understand intimately the lived experiences of their peasant subjects. Their subsequent book Another Way of Telling discusses and illustrates their documentary technique and treats the theory of photography both through Berger's essays and Mohr's photographs. His studies of single artists include most prominently The Success and Failure of Picasso (1965), a survey of the modernist's career; and Art and Revolution: Ernst Neizvestny, Endurance, and the Role of the Artist, on the Soviet dissident sculptor's aesthetic and political contributions.

In the 1970s Berger collaborated with the Swiss director Alain Tanner on several films; he wrote or co-wrote La Salamandre (1971), The Middle of the World (1974) and Jonah who will be 25 in the year 2000 (1976).^[6] His major fictional work of the 1980s, the trilogy Into Their Labours (made up of the novels Pig Earth, Once in Europa, and Lilac and Flag), treats the European peasant experience from its farming roots into contemporary economic and political displacement and urban poverty.

In recent essays Berger has written about photography, art, politics, and memory; he published in The Shape of a Pocket a correspondence with Subcomandante Marcos, and written short stories appearing in the Threepenny Review and The New Yorker. His sole volume of poetry is Pages of the Wound, though other volumes such as the theoretical essay And Our Faces, My Heart, Brief as Photos contain poetry as well as prose. His recent novels include To the Wedding, a love story dealing with the AIDS crisis stemming from his own familial experience, and King: A Street Story, a novel on homeless and shantytown life told from the perspective of a street dog. Berger initially insisted that his name be kept off the cover and title page of King, wanting the novel to be received on its own merits.

Berger's 1980 volume About Looking includes an influential chapter, "Why Look at Animals?" It is cited by numerous scholars in the interdisciplinary field of Animal Studies, a group that seeks broadly to consider human-animal relations and the cultural construction of terms such as "human", "animal" and so on. Collectively they took Berger's question to mean that scholars are surrounded by animals but often do not actually see them, and that there are good theoretical and ethical reasons to study animals in the humanities. The chapter was later reproduced in a Penguin Great Ideas selection of essays of the same name.

Berger's most recent novel, From A to X, was longlisted for the 2008 Booker Prize;^[7] Berger and Salman Rushdie were the only former winners to be nominated in that year. His latest book, Bento's Sketchbook (2011), has been described as "a characteristically sui generis work, combining an engagement with the thought of the 17th-century lens grinder, draughtsman and philosopher Baruch Spinoza with a study of drawing and a series of semi-autobiographical sketches".^[8]

Bibliography[link]

• A Painter of Our Time (1958)
• Permanent Red (1960)
• The Foot of Clive (1962)
• Corker's Freedom (1964)
• The Success and Failure of Picasso (1965)
• A Fortunate Man (1967)
• Art and Revolution: Ernst Neizvestny And the Role of the Artist in the U.S.S.R (1969)
• The Moment of Cubism and Other Essays (1969)
• The Look of Things: Selected Essays and Articles (1972)
• Ways of Seeing (1972)
• G. (1972)
• A Seventh Man (1975)
• About Looking (1980)
• Into Their Labours (Pig Earth, Once in Europa, Lilac and Flag. A Trilogy)
• Another Way of Telling (1982)
• Boris ^[9] (1983)
• And Our Faces, My Heart, Brief as Photos (1984)
• The White Bird (U.S. title: The Sense of Sight) (1985)
• Keeping a Rendezvous (1992)
• Pages of the Wound (1994)
• To the Wedding (1995)
• Photocopies (1996)
• Titian: Nymph and Shepherd (with Katya Berger) (1996)
• King: A Street Story (1999)
• Selected Essays (Geoff Dyer, ed.) (2001)
• The Shape of a Pocket (2001)
• I Send You This Cadmium Red: A Correspondence with John Christie (with John Christie) (2001)
• My Beautiful (with Marc Trivier) (2004)
• Here is Where We Meet (2005)
• Hold Everything Dear (2007)
• From A to X (2008)
• Why Look at Animals? (2009)
• Mural translated from Mahmoud Darwish with Rema Hammami (2009)
• Lying Down to Sleep (with Katya Berger) (2010)
• Railtracks (with Anne Michaels) (2011)
• Cataract (with Selçuk Demirel) (2011)
• Bento's Sketchbook (2011)
• Le louche et aures poemes (with Yves Berger) (2012)

Awards[link]

• 1972: Booker Prize
• 1991: Petrarca-Preis

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Dyer, Geoff Ways of Telling: The Work of John Berger, ISBN 0-7453-0097-9.
• Dyer, Geoff (Ed.) John Berger, Selected Essays, Bloomsbury. ISBN 0-375-71318-2.
• Fuller, Peter (1980)Seeing Berger. A Revaluation of ways of Seeing, Writers and Readers. ISBN 0-906495-48-2.
• Hochschild, Adam Finding the Trapdoor: Essays, Portraits, Travels (Syracuse University Press, 1997), "Broad Jumper in the Alps," pp. 50–64.
• Krautz, Jochen Vom Sinn des Sichtbaren. John Bergers Ästhetik und Ethik als Impuls für die Kunstpädagogik am Beispiel der Fotografie, Hamburg 2004 (Dr. Kovac) ISBN 3-8300-1287-X. [2] (German)
• Papastergiadis, Nikos Modernity as exile: The stranger in John Berger's writing (Manchester University Press, 1993) ISBN 0-7190-3876-6

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: John Berger

• John Berger's political ways of seeing Interview transcript with Ramona Koval on The Book Show, ABC Radio National, 14 January 2008
• Online extract from 'A Seventh Man' published in 'Race & Class', 1975
• Notes on the Gaze by Daniel Chandler
• Illustrations and Amplifications for John Berger's Ways of Seeing
• John Berger addresses the 2008 Palestine Festival of Literature
• Excerpt from Ways of Seeing
• part of Ch.1 of Ways of Seeing
• John Berger, "Virtual Interview by Beta_Nzos" (Alan F. Sundberg) in Prospect Magazine, Dec 2000
• An interview with Berger from the San Francisco Chronicle
• Profile and interview from the Daily Telegraph
• Berger article from online Literary Encyclopedia
• What He Saw, Review of... John Berger, Selected Essays by Jim Lewis, Village Voice, 15 February 2002
• Written in the night, the pain of living in the present world By John Berger, Le Monde diplomatique, February 2003
• "John Berger pays tribute to his good friend", The Observer, 8 August 2004. (On Henri Cartier-Bresson)
• The beginning of history, review of the film, Fahrenheit 9/11, John Berger, The Guardian, 24 August 2004
• johnberger.org, web site for the 2005 release of Here is Where We Meet and associated events in London
• John Berger, Islington, Prospect magazine, March 2005
• "A radical returns". The Guardian 3 April 2005.
• Bloomsbury Author Page features biography and bibliography.
• The bloody outcome of two worlds at war, John Berger, Sunday 17 July 2005 The Observer
• Notes for his art exhibition in Cork, Ireland, 2005
• That have not been asked: ten dispatches about endurance in face of walls, 2005
• Undefeated despair, John Berger, 13 January 2006
• We must speak out: Berger launches cultural boycott of Israel
• An Interview with John Berger by Li-Hsin Kuo (in Chinese). from shihlun/punctum
• John Berger page at the British Library, with pictures, audio diary and links relating to the donation of Berger's archive in 2009
• Interview by Victoria Brittain about John Berger's most recent book "From A to X: a Story in Letters".
• Lengthy video interview by Michael Silverblatt with John Berger, in his kitchen, on Lannan.org (October 2002)