Scribe

Saturday, 27 October 2012

Scribe

J Williams You Got Me feat Scribe Official Video

Scribes - Reachin' feat. Macklemore, Sol, and Greg Alvarado

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Ahmes
Ahmes (more accurately Ahmose) was an ancient Egyptian scribe who lived during the Second Intermediate Period and the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty (the first dynasty of the New Kingdom). He wrote the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, a work of Ancient Egyptian mathematics that dates to approximately 1650 BC; he is the earliest contributor to mathematics whose name is known.
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Amat-Mamu
Amat-Mamu, fl. ca. 1750 B.C., Sippar in ancient Babylonia, was a scribe whose existence is known from the cuniform tablets on which she wrote.
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Baruch ben Neriah
Baruch ben Neriah (c. 6th century BCE) was the scribe, disciple, secretary, and devoted friend of the Biblical prophet Jeremiah. According to Josephus, he was a Jewish aristocrat, a son of Neriah and brother of Seraiah ben Neriah, chamberlain of King Zedekiah of Judah. Some sources identify him with Zoroaster.
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Esther
Esther (), born Hadassah, is the eponymous heroine of the Biblical Book of Esther.
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Jean Miélot
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Sidney Rigdon
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Sin-liqe-unninni
Sin-liqe-unninni was an incantation/exorcist priest (mashmashshu) who lived in Mesopotamia in the period between 1300 BC and 1000 BC. He is the compiler of the best preserved version of the Epic of Gilgamesh. His name is listed in the text itself, which is unusual for works written in cuneiform. His version is known by its incipit, or first line, "He who saw the deep" or "The one who saw the Abyss". It is unknown how different his version is from the earlier texts.
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Not Many - The Remix! -Scribe (Official Music Video)

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published: 05 Aug 2011

scribe- not many

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published: 13 Apr 2010

scribe-dreaming

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published: 20 Jan 2009

Scribe - Baby Girl

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published: 02 Aug 2008

Fitted Bedroom Scribing.wmv

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published: 18 Sep 2010

Scribe 'Say it Again' ft. Tyra Hammond

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published: 25 Nov 2007

Scribe - FRESH

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published: 05 Sep 2007

SCRIBES "ROLL MY WAY" - Official Music Video

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published: 13 Sep 2010

SCRIBE - Stop The Music + Lyrics!

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published: 29 Sep 2009

J Williams You Got Me feat Scribe Official Video

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published: 13 Mar 2010

Scribe - Dum Hai To Aage Aah!

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published: 06 Sep 2010

Scribes - Reachin' feat. Macklemore, Sol, and Greg Alvarado

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published: 01 Mar 2011

Scribe - Dreaming (Official Music Video & Lyrics)

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published: 19 Dec 2009

BUILDING SKILLS: How to Scribe Trim to Fit Against a Wall

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published: 19 Aug 2010

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Virgin for sale: Website auctions off virginity of college student for $780,000 (Video)

The Examiner

26 Oct 2012

Related topics virgin auctionvirginity auction Advertisement A 20 year-old Brazilian student has sold her virginity for the sum of $780,000 through an online auction on a website simply called Virgins...

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Kim Jong-il Funeral ceremony .Kim Jong-il died of a suspected heart attack on 17 December 2011 at 08:30 while traveling by train to an area outside Pyongyang.

N. Korean Army General Executed with Mortar for Drinking

Novosti

25 Oct 2012

MOSCOW, October 25 (RIA Novosti) - A high-ranking North Korean Army official was reportedly executed with a mortar round for drinking liquor during the 100-day...

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Photo: US Navy / MCS2 Justin Ailes

Hurricane Sandy makes landfall at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, October 24, 2012.

Slow-moving Hurricane Sandy marches toward East Coast

CNBC

27 Oct 2012

MIAMI (Reuters) - Hurricane Sandy pulled away from the Bahamas on Saturday after killing at least 41 people in the Caribbean, beginning a slow march toward the U.S. East Coast where it threatens to...

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Photo: AP / Khin Maung Win

Myanmar Buddhist monks march, protesting against plans to open office of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), in Yangon, Myanmar, Monday, Oct. 15, 2012.

Muslims flee Myanmar as unrest continues

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25 Oct 2012

YANGON: A new wave of sectarian violence in western Myanmar has left five people dead and dozens injured in recent days, triggering another exodus of Muslims to emergency camps, officials said...

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Waves, brought by Hurricane Sandy, crash on a house in the Caribbean Terrace neighborhood in eastern Kingston, Jamaica, Wednesday, Oct. 24, 2012.

Hurricane Sandy growing stronger as it nears Cuba

Yahoo Daily News

25 Oct 2012

HAVANA (Reuters) - Hurricane Sandy, growing stronger over warm Caribbean waters, lashed eastern Cuba with heavy rains and rising winds on Wednesday as it bore down on the communist island after...

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UP ‘grudgingly’ allows Kejriwal Farrukhabad rally 27 Oct 2012

Deccan Chronicle The Uttar Pradesh government has given permission to Indian against Corruption (IAC) activist Arvind Kejriwal to hold a rally against Union law minister Salman Khurshid in Farrukhabad on November 1 at the ground of the UP Housing development department. According to highly placed sources, the state...(size: 2.2Kb)

'I'd fight my heart out': Phillipe Nover on his dream fight in the Phillipines 27 Oct 2012

The Examiner Related topics Phillipe NoverBellator 74MMA Advertisement His MMA journey has definitely been a roller coaster ride filled with peaks and valleys, but just as the cliche goes, when the going gets tough, Filipino-American MMA tough guy Phillipe "Super" Nover simply keeps on going. Fresh from his...(size: 10.2Kb)

Tension at airport as Vijayakanth loses cool with journos 27 Oct 2012

Chennai Online Chennai, Oct 27: Leader of the Opposition in the State Assembly and DMDK Founder Vijayakanth today lost his cool and got involved in an altercation with the journalists at the airport here, leading to tension. Airport sources said the trouble began when Vijayakanth, accompanied by his wife...(size: 3.3Kb)

First Luxury EcoHoliday Gift Market New York Debuts in SoHo December 8th and 9th 2012 ... 27 Oct 2012

Yahoo Daily News The First EcoHoliday Gift Market NYC will be a Green Luxury Lifestyle Holiday Experience. EcoLuxey.com producers of Luxury Lifestyle Experiences, will provide LOHAS (Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability), dedicated and affluent Green Consumers who are committed to creating a better world for...(size: 11.6Kb)

Preview of BBC America's The Secret of Crickley Hall 27 Oct 2012

IMDb BBC America's The Secret of Crickley Hall premieres on Sunday, October 28, at 8:00pm Et/Pt, and we have the first look at the show's trailer right...(size: 1.0Kb)

The Testament of Mary, By Colm Tóibín 27 Oct 2012

The Independent What kind of a person was Mary the mother of Jesus? Whether the Christian gospels are read as historical record or as imaginative literature, they offer only a sketchy portrait of the figure later writers and artists would call "God-bearer" and portray as the equal of God, enthroned in heaven...(size: 3.6Kb)

Market Report: Hacking cases spook Mirror investors 26 Oct 2012

The Independent When HMV’s Simon Fox revealed he was leaving the struggling music retailer for the Mirror owner, most thought he was jumping out of the frying pan and into the fire. The fire got that much hotter this week. Mr Fox, as chief executive of Trinity Mirror, does not appear to have done enough to reassure...(size: 4.2Kb)

'Skyfall' writer 'to script next two single-story James Bond movies' 26 Oct 2012

IMDb Skyfall scriptwriter John Logan has reportedly signed up to pen the...(size: 0.4Kb)

'Skyfall' screenwriter gets the nod for two more -- Report 26 Oct 2012

IMDb Skyfall co-writer John Logan will pen the next James Bond adventure â and the next. According to...(size: 0.6Kb)

'Skyfall' writer 'to script next two single-arc James Bond movies' 26 Oct 2012

Digital Spy Skyfall scriptwriter John Logan has reportedly signed up to pen the next two James Bond films. Logan was previously reported to be writing the...(size: 1.0Kb)

Accused in J Dey murder case admitted to hospital 26 Oct 2012

The Times of India MUMBAI: An important accused in the J Dey murder case, Vinod Asrani alias Vinod Chembur, was admitted to St...(size: 0.7Kb)

WRAPUP 5-U.S. consumers boost growth despite business caution 26 Oct 2012

MSNBC (Adds details, new analyst comment, updates markets) * Third-quarter growth at 2 percent annual rate * Consumer spending accounts for bulk of gain * Gov't defense spending jumps, inventories drag * Housing supportive; business spending and trade drags * Growth pace still too sluggish to lower...(size: 20.6Kb)

‘Skyfall’ Scribe Signed For ‘Bond 24,’ To Be Released In 2014 26 Oct 2012

The Inquisitr Posted: October 26, 2012 Exciting news for James Bond fans: Though Skyfall won’t release stateside for a few more weeks, Bond 24 and 25 are already in the works with the former set for a 2014 release. Thankfully, we won’t need to wait another four years for the next Bond film, as...(size: 7.7Kb)

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For other uses, see Scribe (disambiguation).

Jean Miélot, a European author and scribe at work

A scribe is a person who writes books or documents by hand as a profession and helps the city keep track of its records. The profession, previously found in all literate cultures in some form, lost most of its importance and status with the advent of printing. The work could involve copying books, including sacred texts, or secretarial and administrative duties such as taking of dictation and the keeping of business, judicial and historical records for kings, nobility, temples and cities. Later the profession developed into public servants, journalists, accountants, typists, and lawyers. In societies with low literacy rates, street corner letter-writers (and readers) may still be found providing a service.^{[citation needed]}

1 Ancient Egypt
2 Mesopotamia
3 Egyptian and Mesopotamian functions
4 Ancient Israel
5 Sofer
- 5.1 Sofer accuracy
6 See also
- 6.1 Notable scribes
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links

Ancient Egypt [link]

Egyptian scribe with papyrus scroll

The Ancient Egyptian scribe, or sesh,^[1] was a person educated in the arts of writing (using both hieroglyphics and hieratic scripts, and from the second half of the first millennium BCE the demotic script, used as shorthand and for commerce) and dena (arithmetics).^[2]^[3] Sons of scribes were brought up in the same scribal tradition, sent to school and, upon entering the civil service, inherited their fathers' positions.^[4]

Much of what is known about ancient Egypt is due to the activities of its scribes. Monumental buildings were erected under their supervision,^[5] administrative and economic activities were documented by them, and tales from the mouths of Egypt's lower classes or from foreign lands survive thanks to scribes putting them in writing.^[6]

Scribes were also considered part of the royal court and did not have to pay tax or join the military. The scribal profession had companion professions, the painters and artisans who decorated reliefs and other relics with scenes, personages, or hieroglyphic text. A scribe was exempt from the heavy manual labor required of the lower classes, or corvee labor.

The hieroglyph used to signify the scribe, to write, and "writings", etc., is Gardiner sign Y3,

from the category of: 'writings, & music'. The hieroglyph contains the scribe's ink-mixing palette, a vertical case to hold writing-reeds, and a leather pouch to hold the colored ink blocks, mostly black and red.

Mesopotamia [link]

An account of monthly barley rations issued to adults (30 or 40 pints) and children (20 pints) written in cuneiform script on a clay tablet. Written in year 4 of King Urukagina (circa 2350 BCE). From Girsu, Iraq. British Museum, London.

The Mesopotamian scribe, or dubsar,^[7] received his education in the "tablet house," or é-dubba.^[8] As in Egypt, he was generally male^[7] and belonged socially to an elite class.^[7] The youngest of the Mesopotamian students typically received their first instruction from older students.^[7] The older students appear to have been bribed into proffering preferential treatment, such as to avoid punishing certain children.^[7] Excavations suggest that all the male children from the wealthier families of Mesopotamia were educated.^[7]

Writing in early Mesopotamia seems to that the need to document economic transactions, and consisted often in lists which scribes knowledgeable in writing and arithmetics engraved in cuneiform letters into tablets of clay.^[9] Apart from administration and accountancy, Mesopotamian scribes observed the sky and wrote literary works as well as the famous myth The Epic of Gilgamesh. They wrote on papyrus paper^[10] as well as clay tablets. They also wrote and kept records. Scribe's writing tools were made of reeds and were called a stylus.

Babylonian scribes concentrated their schooling on learning how to write both Akkadian and Sumerian, in cuneiform, for the purposes of accountancy and contract dealings, in addition to interpersonal discourse and mathematical documentations.^[8]

The Mesopotamian scribal profession was associated with the goddess Nisaba, who later would become replaced by the god Nabu.^[8]

Egyptian and Mesopotamian functions [link]

Besides the scribal profession for accountancy, and 'governmental politicking' , the scribal professions immediately branched-out into the socio-cultural areas of literature. The first stories probably related to societal religious stories, and gods, but the beginning of literature genres were starting.

In ancient Egypt an example of this is the Dispute between a man and his Ba. Some of these stories, the "wisdom literatures" may have just started as a 'short story', but since writing had only recently been invented, it was the first physical recordings of societal ideas, in some length and detail. In Mesopotamia, the Sumerians had one of the beginnings of this literature in the middle to late 3rd millennium BC, and besides their creation stories, and religious texts, there is a series of debates. An example from the small list of Sumerian disputations is the debate between bird and fish.^[11] In the other Sumerian disputes, in the debate between Summer and Winter, summer wins. The other disputes are: cattle and grain, the tree and the reed, Silver and Copper, the pickax and the plough, and millstone and the gul-gul stone.^[12]

Ancient Israel [link]

Scribes in Ancient Israel, as in most of the ancient world, were distinguished professionals who could exercise functions we would associate with lawyers, government ministers, judges, or even financiers, as early as the 11th century BCE.^[13] Some scribes copied documents, but this was not necessarily part of their job.^[14]

The Jewish scribes used the following process for creating copies of the Torah and eventually other books in the Tanakh.

They could only use clean animal skins, both to write on, and even to bind manuscripts.
Each column of writing could have no less than forty-eight, and no more than sixty lines.
The ink must be black, and of a special recipe.
They must say each word aloud while they were writing.
They must wipe the pen and wash their entire bodies before writing the most Holy Name of God, YHVH every time they wrote it.
There must be a review within thirty days, and if as many as three pages required corrections, the entire manuscript had to be redone.
The letters, words, and paragraphs had to be counted, and the document became invalid if two letters touched each other. The middle paragraph, word and letter must correspond to those of the original document.
The documents could be stored only in sacred places (synagogues, etc.).
As no document containing God's Word could be destroyed, they were stored, or buried, in a genizah.

Sofer [link]

Main article: Sofer (scribe)

A Sofer (Hebrew: סופר סת”ם‎) are among the few scribes that still ply their trade by hand. Renowned calligraphers, they produce the Hebrew Torah scrolls and other holy texts by hand to this day. They write on parchment.

Sofer accuracy [link]

Further information: Dead Sea Scrolls

Until 1948, the oldest manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible dated back to 895 A.D. In 1947, a shepherd boy discovered some scrolls inside a cave West of the Dead Sea. These manuscripts dated between 100 B.C. and 100 A.D. Over the next decade, more scrolls were found in caves and the discovery became known as the Dead Sea Scrolls. Every book in the Hebrew Bible was represented in this discovery except Esther. Numerous copies of each book were discovered, such as the 25 copies of Deuteronomy that were found.

While there are other items found among the Dead Sea Scrolls not currently in the Hebrew Bible, the texts on the whole testify to the accuracy of the scribes copying down through the ages, though many variations and errors occurred.^[15] The Dead Sea Scrolls are currently the best route of comparison to the accuracy and consistency of translation for the Hebrew Bible, due to their date of origin being the oldest out of any Biblical text currently known.

Notes [link]

^ "Scribes", Life in Ancient Egypt, Carnegie Museum of Natural History: [1]. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
^ Michael Rice, Who's Who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge 2001, ISBN 0-415-15448-0, p.lvi
^ Peter Damerow, Abstraction and Representation: Essays on the Cultural Evolution of Thinking, Springer 1996, ISBN 0-7923-3816-2, pp.188ff.
^ David McLain Carr, Writing on the Tablet of the Heart: Origins of Scripture and Literature, Oxford University Press 2005, ISBN 0-19-517297-3, p.66
^ Kemp, op.cit., p.180
^ Kemp, op.cit., p.296
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f C.B.F. Walker. "Cuneiform (Reading the Past)," 1987. London: The British Museum Press.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Scribes in ancient Mesopotamia," the British Museum, [2]. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
^ Martin, op.cit., p.88
^ Carr, op.cit., p.39
^ ETSCL translation: The Debate between Bird and Fish
^ ETSCL, "Debate poems"
^ http://www.omniglot.com/writing/hebrew.htm
^ Bruce Metzger and Michael Coogan, eds., The Oxford Companion to the Bible.
^ "A History of the Jews", Paul Johnson, p. 91, Phoenix, 1993 (org pub 1987), ISBN 1-85799-096-X

References [link]

Barry J. Kemp, Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization, Routledge 2006, ISBN 0-415-23549-9, pp. 166ff.
Henri-Jean Martin, The History and Power of Writing, University of Chicago Press 1995, ISBN 0-226-50836-6
David McLain Carr, Writing on the Tablet of the Heart: Origins of Scripture and Literature, Oxford University Press collyn anderson2005, ISBN 0-19-517297-3

External links [link]

This article incorporates text from Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897), a publication now in the public domain.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Scribes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Scribes of Ancient Egypt

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribe

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

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Contents

Ancient Egypt [link]

Mesopotamia [link]

Egyptian and Mesopotamian functions [link]

Ancient Israel [link]

Sofer [link]

Sofer accuracy [link]

See also [link]

Notable scribes [link]

Notes [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

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http://it.wn.com/Scriba

http://pl.wn.com/Skryba

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http://es.wn.com/Escriba