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Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea (, Egeo Pelagos ; ) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey respectively. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The Aegean Islands are within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery, including Crete and Rhodes. The Aegean Region consists of nine provinces in southwestern Turkey, in part bordering on the Aegean sea.
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Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus () was the Arabic name given to a nation in the parts of the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania governed by Muslims (given the generic name of Moors), at various times in the period between 711 and 1492.
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Algeria
http://wn.com/Algeria -
Americas
The Americas, or America, (, , , , , , ) are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World, comprising the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. The plural form the Americas is often used in English, as the singular America is ambiguous: America is more commonly used to refer to the United States of America. The Americas cover 8.3% of the Earth's total surface area (28.4% of its land area) and contain about 13.5% of the human population (about 900 million people).
http://wn.com/Americas -
Bahrain
Bahrain, officially Kingdom of Bahrain (, , literally: "Kingdom of the Two Seas"), is a small island country in the Persian Gulf ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. While Bahrain is an archipelago of thirty-three islands, the largest (Bahrain Island) is long by wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain via the King Fahd Causeway, which was officially opened on 25 November 1986. Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain.
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Bangladesh
http://wn.com/Bangladesh -
Bolivia
Bolivia (), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, (, ) is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west.
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Botswana
The Republic of Botswana () is a sub Saharan country located in Southern Africa. The citizens are referred to as "Batswana" (singular: Motswana). Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. It has held free and fair democratic elections since independence.
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Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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Cameron Highlands
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Cameroon
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Canary Islands
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Chiapas
Chiapas () is the southernmost state of Mexico, located towards the southeast of the country. Chiapas is bordered by the states of Tabasco to the north, Veracruz to the northwest, and Oaxaca to the west. To the east Chiapas borders Guatemala, and to the south the Pacific Ocean,
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Cyprus
http://wn.com/Cyprus -
Denmark
http://wn.com/Denmark -
Greenland
Greenland ( meaning "Land of the Kalaallit people"; ) is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Physiographically, it is a part of the continent of North America. The largest island in Greenland is also named Greenland, and makes up most of the country's land area.
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Guam
http://wn.com/Guam -
Guatemala
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Hokkaidō
http://wn.com/Hokkaidō -
Ilam Province
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Kalahari Desert
The Kalahari Desert (Dorsland in Afrikaans) is a large arid to semi-arid sandy area in Southern Africa extending , covering much of Botswana and parts of Namibia and South Africa, as semi-desert, with huge tracts of excellent grazing after good rains. The Kalahari Desert is the southern part of Africa, and the geography is a portion of desert and a plateau. The Kalahari supports some animals and plants because most of it is not a true desert. There are small amounts of rainfall and the summer temperature is very high. It usually receives of rain per year. The surrounding Kalahari Basin covers over extending farther into Botswana, Namibia and South Africa, and encroaching into parts of Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The only permanent river, the Okavango, flows into a delta in the northwest, forming marshes that are rich in wildlife. Ancient dry riverbeds—called omuramba—traverse the Central Northern reaches of the Kalahari and provide standing pools of water during the rainy season. Previously havens for wild animals from elephant to giraffe, and for predators such as lion and cheetah, the riverbeds are now mostly grazing spots, though leopard or cheetah can still be found.
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Kalmykia
The Republic of Kalmykia (; Kalmyk: , transliteration: , ISO 9: ) is a federal subject (a republic) of the Russian Federation. The direct romanization of the republic's Russian name is Respublika Kalmykiya, and that of the Kalmyk name is ''Khal'mg Tangghch''. It is the only state in Europe where the dominant religion is Buddhism. It has also become well-known as an international chess mecca, due to the fact that its President, Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, is the head of the International Chess Federation (FIDE).
http://wn.com/Kalmykia -
Kuril Islands
http://wn.com/Kuril_Islands -
Lorestan
http://wn.com/Lorestan -
Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
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Malta
Malta , officially the Republic of Malta (), is a southern European country and consists of an archipelago situated centrally in the Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily and 288 km east of Tunisia, with the Strait of Gibraltar 1,826 km to the west and Alexandria 1,510 km to the east.
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Marshall Islands
The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) , is a Micronesian nation of atolls and islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, just west of the International Date Line and just north of the Equator. The population is about 62,000. In 1986 independence was attained under a Compact of Free Association with the United States.
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Mato Grosso
Mato Grosso ( - lit. "Thick Woods") is one of the states of Brazil, the third largest in area, located in the western part of the country.
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Morelos
Morelos () is one of the 31 constituent states of Mexico. Morelos has an area of about , making it the second-smallest of the country's states. Morelos is bordered by State of Mexico to the north-east and north-west, the Federal District to the north, Puebla to the east, and Guerrero to the south-west. According to the 2005 census, the population of the state was 1,612,899 people.
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Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (, ), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990 following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.
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New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
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Nomad
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Northern Marianas
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Norway
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Nunavik
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Nunavut
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Oaxaca
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Orissa
Odisha (), or Orissa, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BC. The modern state of Odisha was established on 1 April 1936 at Kanika Palace, Cuttack, as a province in India, and consists predominantly of Odia speakers. 1 April is therefore celebrated as Utkal Divas (Odisha Day).
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Palau
Palau , officially the Republic of Palau (), is an island nation in the Pacific Ocean, some 500 miles (800 km) east of the Philippines and 2,000 miles (3,200 km) south of Tokyo. Having emerged from United Nations trusteeship (administered by the United States) in 1994, it is one of the world's youngest and smallest sovereign states. In English, the name is sometimes spelled Belau in accordance with the native pronunciation. It was formerly also spelled Pelew.
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Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea ( , also or ; Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) (PNG), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is a part of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua). It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. The capital is Port Moresby.
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Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf, in Southwest Asia, is an extension of the Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Historically and commonly known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is also controversially referred to as the Arabian Gulf (by the Arab nations on the Arab side of the gulf) or simply The Gulf by most Arab states, and Gulf of Basra by Turkey, although none of the latter three terms is recognized internationally.
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Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
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Qatif
Qatif or Al-Qatif (also spelled Qateef or Al-Qateef; ) is a historic, coastal oasis region located on the western shore of the Persian Gulf in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It extends from Ras Tanura and Jubail in the north to Dammam in the south, and from the Persian Gulf in the east to King Fahd International Airport in the west. This region includes the city of Qatif as well many smaller towns and villages.
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Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Russian Federation
http://wn.com/Russian_Federation -
Sahara
The Sahara (, , "The Greatest Desert") is the world's largest hot desert. At over
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Sakhalin
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Sri Lanka
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (commonly known as Sri Lanka (, , or ); ; , ) is a country and a sovereign state off souther coast of the Indian subcontinent. A island nation in South Asia, it was till 1972 known as Ceylon (, , or ). Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.
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Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
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Tatarstan
http://wn.com/Tatarstan -
Tenerife
http://wn.com/Tenerife -
Tierra del Fuego
: "Land of Fire" redirects here. For info on the fictional nation, see World of Naruto.
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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Turkish Thrace
http://wn.com/Turkish_Thrace -
Ural mountains
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Yucatán
http://wn.com/Yucatán
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Adivasi
Adivasi is an umbrella term for a heterogeneous set of ethnic and tribal groups believed to be the aboriginal population of India. They comprise a substantial indigenous minority of the population of India.
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Aili Keskitalo
http://wn.com/Aili_Keskitalo -
Ainu people
http://wn.com/Ainu_people -
Amerindians
http://wn.com/Amerindians -
Assyrian people
The Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac people (frequently known as Assyrians, Syriacs, Syriac Christians, Suroye/Suryoye, Chaldeans, and other variants, see names of Syriac Christians) are an ethnic group whose origins lie in the Fertile Crescent. Today that ancient territory is part of several nations; the Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac people have been minorities under other ethnic groups' rule since the early Middle Ages. They have traditionally lived in northern Iraq, Syria, northwest Iran, and Turkey's Southeastern Anatolia. Many have migrated to the Caucasus, North America and Europe during the past century. The major sub-ethnic division is between an Eastern group ("Nestorians" and "Chaldean Christians") and a Western one ("Syrian Jacobites").
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Bahrani people
The Bahrani (plural Baharna, ) are the indigenous Shi'a inhabitants of the archipelago of Bahrain and the oasis of Qatif on the Persian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia (see historical region of Bahrain). The term is sometimes also extended to the Shi'a inhabitants of the al-Hasa oasis. They are ethnic Arabs, and some claim descent from Arab tribes. Their dialect of Arabic is known as "Bahrani" or "Bahrani Arabic," and they are overwhelmingly adherents of Twelver Shi'a Islam. Most Bahrani clerics have since the 18th century followed the conservative Akhbari school.
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Barbarian
A barbarian is an uncivilized person. The word is often used pejoratively, either in a general reference to a member of a nation or ethnos, typically a tribal society as seen by an urban civilization either viewed as inferior, or admired as a noble savage. In idiomatic or figurative usage, a "barbarian" may also be an individual reference to a brutal, cruel, warlike, insensitive person.
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Bushmen
The indigenous people of southern Africa, whose territory spans most areas of South Africa, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Botswana, Namibia, and Angola, are variously referred to as Bushmen, San, Sho, Basarwa, Kung, or Khwe. These people were traditionally hunter-gatherers, part of the Khoisan group and are related to the traditionally pastoral Khoikhoi. Starting in the 1950s, and lasting through the 1990s, they switched to farming as a result of government-mandated modernization programs as well as the increased risks of a hunting and gathering lifestyle in the face of technological development. There is a significant linguistic difference between the northern Bushmen living between Okavango (Botswana) and Etosha (Namibia), extending into southern Angola on the one hand and the southern group in the central Australia towards the Kangaroo Tribe]], who are the last remnant of the extensive autochthonous San of South Africa.
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Civilize
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Eskimo
Eskimos or Esquimaux are indigenous peoples who have traditionally inhabited the circumpolar region from eastern Siberia (Russia), across Alaska (United States), Canada, and Greenland.
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Eurasian Avars
The European Avars, or Ancient Avars, were a highly organized nomadic confederacy of mixed origins. They were ruled by a khagan, who was surrounded by a tight-knit retinue of nomad warriors, an organization characteristic of Turkic groups. Although the name Avar first appeared in the mid fifth century, the Avars of Europe enter the historical scene in the mid sixth century A.D., when they established a pax spanning considerable areas of Central and Eastern Europe. Avar rule persisted over much of the Pannonian Plain up to the early 9th century. Their ultimate fate is believed to have been assimilation by the invading Magyars (Hungarians).
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Filipino people
The Filipino people are an ethnic group primarily located in the Philippines. There are about 92 million Filipinos in the Philippines. and about 11 million living outside the Philippines.
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First Nations
http://wn.com/First_Nations -
Guanches
Guanches (also: Guanchis or Guanchetos), now extinct as a distinct people, were the first known inhabitants of the Canary Islands, having migrated to the archipelago sometime between 1000 BC and 100 BC or perhaps earlier. Their aboriginal culture as such has however since disappeared, although traces of it can still be found, an example being the "whistle" Silbo language of La Gomera Island.
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Herodotus
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Hesiod
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Homer
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Hunter-gatherer
A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild, foraging and hunting without significant recourse to the domestication of either. Up to 80% of the food is obtained by gathering.
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Indigenous language
An indigenous language or autochthonous language is a language that is native to a region and spoken by indigenous peoples but has been reduced to the status of a minority language. This language would be from a linguistically distinct community that has been settled in the area for many generations. Indigenous languages may not be national languages, or may have fallen out of use, because of language deaths or linguicide caused by colonization, where the original language is replaced by that of the colonists.
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Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples are people, communities, and nations who claim a historical continuity and cultural affinity with societies endemic to their original territories that developed prior to exposure to the larger connected civilization associated with Western culture. These societies therefore consider themselves distinct from societies of the majority culture/s that have contested their cultural sovereignty and self-determination.
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Indigenous Peoples
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Inuit
The Inuit are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada (Northwest Territories, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland), Russia (Siberia) and the United States (Alaska). The Inuit language is grouped under Eskimo-Aleut languages. An Inuk is an Inuit person.
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Kayapo people
http://wn.com/Kayapo_people -
Khonds
Khonds, or Kandhs are an aboriginal tribe of India, inhabiting the tributary states of Orissa and Srikakulam, in the Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh. Their main divisions are into Kutia, or hill Khonds and plain-dwelling Khonds; the landowners are known as Raj Khonds. They are hunter gatherers. They go out for collective hunts eating the fruits and roots they collect. They usually cook food with oil extracted from sal and mahua seeds. They also use medicinal plants. These practices make them mainly dependent on forest resources for survival. Their religion is animistic, and their pantheon includes eighty-three gods. The Kandhamal district in Orissa (erstwhile a part of Angul district), has a 55% Kandha population, and was named after the tribe. The Khond language, Kui, is more closely related to Telugu than is Gondi.
http://wn.com/Khonds -
Komi peoples
Komi peoples (also: Komi-Zyrians) live in the Komi Republic, Perm Krai, Murmansk Oblast, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of Russia. Their northernmost subgroup is also known as the Komi-Izhemtsy (from the name of the river Izhma) or Iz'vataz. This group numbers 15,607. This group is distinct for its more traditional, strongly subsistence based economy which includes reindeer husbandry.
http://wn.com/Komi_peoples -
Lorestan
http://wn.com/Lorestan -
Lushai
http://wn.com/Lushai -
Mapuche conflict
Mapuche conflict is a collective name for the revival and reorganization of Mapuche communities for greater autonomy, recognition of rights and the recovery of land since the Chilean transition to democracy. The Mapuche conflict is a phenomenon mainly from Chile, but also from neighboring areas of Argentina. Demands revolve mainly around three themes: jurisdictional autonomy, return of ancestral lands and cultural identity. Recent private property occupation by Mapuche groups and clashes with the Carabineros have deepened the conflict.
http://wn.com/Mapuche_conflict -
Margaret Nasha
Margaret Nnananyana Nasha is a politician from Botswana, the first female speaker of the Parliament of Botswana. She represents the Botswana Democratic Party.
http://wn.com/Margaret_Nasha -
Marsh Arabs
http://wn.com/Marsh_Arabs -
Matsés
http://wn.com/Matsés -
Maya peoples
The Maya peoples constitute a diverse range of the Native American people of southern Mexico and northern Central America. The overarching term "Maya" is a convenient collective designation to include the peoples of the region who share some degree of cultural and linguistic heritage; however, the term embraces many distinct populations, societies, and ethnic groups, who each have their own particular traditions, cultures, and historical identity.
http://wn.com/Maya_peoples -
Monument valley
http://wn.com/Monument_valley -
Nahua people
http://wn.com/Nahua_people -
Nation
A nation is a group of people who share culture, ethnicity and language, often possessing or seeking its own independent government. The development and conceptualization of a nation is closely related to the development of modern industrial states and nationalist movements in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, although nationalists would trace nations into the past along uninterrupted lines of historical narrative. Though the idea of nationality and race are often connected, the two are separate concepts, race dealing more with genotypic and phenotypic similarity and clustering, and nationality with the sense of belonging to a culture.
http://wn.com/Nation -
Nationality
Nationality is membership of a nation or sovereign state. Nationality can be acquired by birth within the jurisdiction of a state, by inheritance from parents, or by a process of naturalization. Nationality affords the state jurisdiction over the person and affords the person the protection of the state.
http://wn.com/Nationality -
Navajo people
http://wn.com/Navajo_people -
Negrito
The term Negrito refers to several ethnic groups in isolated parts of Southeast Asia.
http://wn.com/Negrito -
Ole Henrik Magga
http://wn.com/Ole_Henrik_Magga -
Orang Asli
Orang Asli (lit, "original peoples" or "aboriginal peoples" in Malay), also known as Orang Asal, is a general Malaysian term used for any indigenous groups that are found in Peninsular Malaysia. They are divided into three main tribal groups – Semang (Negrito), Senoi, and Proto-Malay (Aboriginal Malay). The Orang Asli are further divided into 18 sub-ethnic group according to their different languages and customs. The Negritos are usually found in the northern region of the peninsula, the Senois in the central region, and the Proto-Malay in the southern region. There is an Orang Asli museum at Gombak, which is about 25 km north of Kuala Lumpur.
http://wn.com/Orang_Asli -
Ottoman Empire
http://wn.com/Ottoman_Empire -
Pantribal sodalities
Pantribal sodalities are non-kin groups that extend across an entire tribe, and may span several villages. Pantribal sodalities sometimes arise in areas where two or more different cultures overlap and are in regular contact. Such sodalities are especially likely to develop in the presence of warfare between tribes. Drawing their membership from different villages of the same tribe, such groups could mobilize men in many local groups for attack or retaliation against another tribe.
http://wn.com/Pantribal_sodalities -
Pre-Columbian
http://wn.com/Pre-Columbian -
Ranchería
http://wn.com/Ranchería -
Raoni Metuktire
http://wn.com/Raoni_Metuktire -
Robert Blust
http://wn.com/Robert_Blust -
Sami people
http://wn.com/Sami_people -
Sentinelese people
The Sentinelese (also Sentineli, Senteneli, Sentenelese, North Sentinel Islanders) are one of the Andamanese indigenous peoples of the Andaman Islands, located in the Bay of Bengal. They inhabit North Sentinel Island which lies westward off the southern tip of the Great Andaman archipelago. They are noted for vigorously resisting attempts at contact by outsiders.
http://wn.com/Sentinelese_people -
Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Taiwan -
Taiwanese aborigines
http://wn.com/Taiwanese_aborigines -
Taureg people
http://wn.com/Taureg_people -
The Image Expedition
The Image Expedition is a not-for-profit which produces transmedia projects, which serve to photograph and document indigenous ways of life that are at risk of disappearing. They communicate their findings through the media of fine art photography, digital video, websites, and explanatory text.
http://wn.com/The_Image_Expedition -
Thomas Hobbes
http://wn.com/Thomas_Hobbes -
Urarina
http://wn.com/Urarina -
Vedda people
:"Vedda" and "Veddas" redirect here. For the Sanskrit texts, see Vedas. For other uses, see Veda (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Vedda_people -
Yakuts
http://wn.com/Yakuts -
Yanomami
http://wn.com/Yanomami
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Amazon Watch: Standing with Indigenous Peoples, Defending the Rainforest
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:23
- Published: 29 Sep 2011
- Updated: 20 Oct 2012
For over 15 years, Amazon Watch has stood with the indigenous peoples of the Amazon Basin, helping build a global movement of forest guardians, while using creative and effective strategies to confront urgent threats to one of our living planet's most precious resources. Visit www.AmazonWatch.org to learn more
http://wn.com/Amazon_Watch_Standing_with_Indigenous_Peoples,_Defending_the_Rainforest
Law Book Review: International Human Rights and Indigenous Peoples (Elective Series) by S. James ...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Published: 22 Oct 2012
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
www.LawBookMix.com This is the summary of International Human Rights and Indigenous Peoples (Elective Series) by S. James Anaya.
http://wn.com/Law_Book_Review_International_Human_Rights_and_Indigenous_Peoples_Elective_Series_by_S_James_
Law Book Review: Indigenous Peoples and the Law: Comparative and Critical Perspectives (Osgoode R...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Published: 22 Oct 2012
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
www.LawBookMix.com This is the summary of Indigenous Peoples and the Law Comparative and Critical Perspectives (Osgoode Readers) by Benjamin J. Richardson, Shin Imai, Kent McNeil.
http://wn.com/Law_Book_Review_Indigenous_Peoples_and_the_Law_Comparative_and_Critical_Perspectives_Osgoode_R
Indigenous People
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:08
- Published: 09 Mar 2008
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
There are about 400 million indigenous people in the world. They vary widely in culture, religion, social life and economic orginazation. Because of disease, distruction of thier cultural life, and open conflict many groups have been destroyed. Ninety of Brazil's 270 indigenous groups have already been destroyed. If the rights of indigenous people are not protected, many more will quietly disappear. =( the Ngobe people of Panama are in brink of distruction! The Panamanian government and an American Company are building a dam that will flood the Ngobe's territory. They have brought in police to beat protesters and are bulldozing homes. These Ngobe communities have only weeks to exist unless action is taken now. They need your help. Please visit www.culturalsurvival.org to find out how you could help.
http://wn.com/Indigenous_People
Indigenous groups take justice into their own hands in Colombia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Published: 20 Jul 2012
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Tired of being caught in fighting between the Colombian Government and FARC rebels - the Nasa indigenous community is taking matters into its own hands. Al Jazeera's Alessandro Rampietti reports Cauca region in south-west Colombia
http://wn.com/Indigenous_groups_take_justice_into_their_own_hands_in_Colombia
Ethiopia: Indigenous People Forced From Land
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Published: 08 Jun 2012
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
www.hrw.org The Ethiopian government has used threats and violence to force people from their traditional land in the Omo Valley. They're being moved to make way for new sugar plantations.
http://wn.com/Ethiopia_Indigenous_People_Forced_From_Land
Indigenous people on display in "human zoo" in India
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:52
- Published: 13 Jan 2012
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
Tourists can pay 220 Euro in order to spend a day in the Andaman Islands of India, and toss bananas down to Jarawa tribal people in order to entice them to dance for the natives. These excursions, which have been videotaped, have been called a "human zoo". multimedia.telesurtv.net
http://wn.com/Indigenous_people_on_display_in_human_zoo_in_India
The Civilized People and the Native People
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:10
- Published: 11 Sep 2012
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Embedded the video on your Facebook , --- --- A Native American translation for this song -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Let us eclipse the the sun and the moon with our spiritual and emotional being, and let us transcend these physical barriers and negativity which have made us a nation of one. May the winds of time put into motion this feeling we share with our Mother Earth and this universe till the end of time.May the creator bestow upon us a grand sense of unity and peace which we will continue to pass on to our people, wherever they reside. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://wn.com/The_Civilized_People_and_the_Native_People
South American Indigenous People
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:26
- Published: 09 May 2011
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
The International Museum of Cultures discusses South American Indigenous people, their culture, pottery, hunting methods using the Blow Gun, and furniture. The people specifically discussed are the Waorani people from Ecuador, previously known as the Auca.
http://wn.com/South_American_Indigenous_People
Native Americans were black - Black American Are Indigenous Moors
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Published: 16 Aug 2012
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Indigenous Peoples of America were black!!!! Most of the black population in america did not come here as slaves... The people they portray as native are siberian people who migrated here from alaska
http://wn.com/Native_Americans_were_black_Black_American_Are_Indigenous_Moors
Steve Newcomb at Indigenous Peoples Forum on the Doctrine of Discovery, Arizona
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:08
- Published: 06 May 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Steve Newcomb of the Indigenous Law Institute presents at the Indigenous Peoples Forum on the Doctrine of Discovery at the Arizona state capital House of Representatives on March 23, 2012.
http://wn.com/Steve_Newcomb_at_Indigenous_Peoples_Forum_on_the_Doctrine_of_Discovery,_Arizona
People & Power - Panama: Village of the damned
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:04
- Published: 12 Apr 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Panama's government says huge new hydroelectric dam projects are vital for economic growth. Big business is cashing in, but for the indigenous Ngabe people - whose homes are vanishing under water - it is a catastrophe. Now they are fighting back.
http://wn.com/People_Power_Panama_Village_of_the_damned
The lives of indigenous people of Maluku, on the island of Seram.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:13
- Published: 30 Jun 2012
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
This document, is one example of how the indigenous peoples of Maluku perform activities of their lives in the mountains, and the brothers can think about what would happen, if the necessities of life in the communities concerned are not conserved for the benefit of the interdependence of living among the community of nations needs daily in their nature. Given that we all depend on the nature of natural and not on high-rise buildings to be processed into food and clothing. The felling of trees by logging without reforestation and erosion, badlands, and the dominance of a place for people forced out of the area occupied indigenous lands and expel the Moluccas without respecting indigenous peoples of Maluku with a run to dominate the system, as well as the imposition of ideology simultaneously on the system of government , to eliminate the history of the Moluccas, and try to obliterate native peoples of Maluku in their own lands with a subtle manner through a system of government transmigration of Javanese Islam / Indonesia. MOLUCCAS: GENOCIDE ON THE SLY - Indonesia's Transmigration and Islamisation Program: www.michr.net Every system in the country of Indonesia, is coming from Jakarta, where the majority of the nation's government is controlled by a genetic mixture of Javanese and Arab Islam / Indonesia, they argued to the international community that Indonesia is a state based on Pancasila and 1945 Constitution, but the fact the government deeds Javanese Islam / Indonesia <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/The_lives_of_indigenous_people_of_Maluku,_on_the_island_of_Seram
SHIT PEOPLE SAY TO NATIVE PEOPLE. pt.1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:52
- Published: 24 Jan 2012
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
another video about the shit people say
http://wn.com/SHIT_PEOPLE_SAY_TO_NATIVE_PEOPLE_pt1
Indigenous People of South America - Kevin Slean
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:09
- Published: 16 Sep 2012
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Country File ; news.bbc.co.uk My Days of Traveling - Part 5 Where ever I traveled in South America I would ask the locals if there where any American missionaries living in town . I would go and visit them and ask them if they knew of other missionaries that had contact with indians in the jungle. I heard of Jaime Dunn's and his Indians from missionaries when I first arrived into La Paz and as I traveled from town to town I was told of Jaime . This confirmed that he existed. Tracking down missionaries that had contact with indians was'nt alway's that easy. You could end up on a wild goose chase that could cost you time, money and aggravation that you could do with out . When seeking information from missionaries on indian tribe's I alway's visited them at their home at about 12:30 pm just about when they were serving lunch because that would save me time chasing him around. The chances are also that I would get invited for lunch and most of all to be in a more ciivilized setting for a couple of hours.(Lunch is the main meal of the day in South America) Most all the missionaries I've come across whether it was in Africa or South America are very kind and they will alway's help you as much as they can. If there is no decent hotel / pension for you to stay at or if you are stranded they will put you up for a night or two. On our way to visit the Ayoreos I remember as we approached the camp in the truck Jaime was greeted by the indians about a mile before the camp. The <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Indigenous_People_of_South_America_Kevin_Slean
UNREPENTANT: KEVIN ANNETT AND CANADA'S (NATIVE PEOPLES) GENOCIDE: 1 of 1 FULL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 108:56
- Published: 18 Apr 2011
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
We have 178000 views on google video. **Winner: Best International Documentary at the 2006 Los Angeles Independent Film Festival. **Winner: Best Director for an International Documentary at the 2006 New York International Film Festival. EXCERPT: "...This documentary reveals Canada's darkest secret - the deliberate extermination of indigenous (Native American) peoples and the theft of their land under the guise of religion. This never before told history as seen through the eyes of this former minister (Kevin Annett) who blew the whistle on his own church, after he learned of thousands of murders in its Indian Residential Schools..."
http://wn.com/UNREPENTANT_KEVIN_ANNETT_AND_CANADA'S_NATIVE_PEOPLES_GENOCIDE_1_of_1_FULL
Inside Story Americas - Native Indian tribes facing 'extinction'?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:53
- Published: 02 Mar 2012
- Updated: 16 Jul 2012
Ecuador's Sarayaku tribe is just one of many indigenous groups in the region fighting governments and energy companies keen on exploiting their resource-rich land. Can their interests ever come first? Guests: Peter Hakim, Kevin Koenig, Greg Palast.
http://wn.com/Inside_Story_Americas_Native_Indian_tribes_facing_'extinction'?
Indigenous Healing: Sage, Feather, Stone
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:11
- Published: 04 Jul 2012
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Indigenous Healing: Sage, Feather, Stone www.austintherapeuticmassage.com, Videography by media. www.shireemimaging.com Model Taruko, visual and tactual artist
http://wn.com/Indigenous_Healing_Sage,_Feather,_Stone
Culture Law and Religion
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:31
- Published: 22 Oct 2012
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Marama Pala Ngatiawa ki Kapiti, Kaiwhakahaere - INA (Māori, Indigenous & South Pacific) HIV/AIDS Foundation Issues Understanding Sexuality/Sexual Health through the Lens Of Culture, Law and Religion when science and biology have failed. Description This abstract will explore sexual health/sexuality from an Indigenous world-view. A majority of Indigenous peoples with laws and religions; sexual health has been a tapu subject for the past 200+ years. This abstract will incorporate sexuality/sexual health education in a culturally appropriate setting; using Māori methodology contexts, worldviews and philosophies. In exploring the impact of Culture, Law and Religion albeit, traditional or contemporary, on sexuality/sexual health education is diverse. Practices that are currently being demonstrated by INA (Māori, Indigenous & South Pacific) HIV/AIDS Foundation educating indigenous and non-indigenous alike. Lessons Learned High rates of HIV and STIs have highlighted the need to incorporate cultural concepts and understandings in the area of sexual health and sexuality. The lessons learned are needed to create a conscious shift in educating indigenous peoples from secular or biological factual information to a 'synergy' of cultural systems, beliefs, philosophies with science. Next Steps To generate interest from sexual health educators, health promoters and researchers in exploring sexual health from a cultural, philosophical and religious perspective. To produce educational <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Culture_Law_and_Religion
My Top 15 of Everything. Ep. 3: Indigenous People
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Published: 12 Feb 2012
- Updated: 12 Aug 2012
This is my personal top 15 of favorite true indigenous people around the world.
http://wn.com/My_Top_15_of_Everything_Ep_3_Indigenous_People
Q'Orianka Kilcher: Rights of Indigenous Peoples
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:47
- Published: 04 Nov 2007
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
Speaking at the International Forum on Globalization, Q'Orianka challenges globalization as it is today...and celebrates the recent passage of the UN Declaration on the rights of indigenous people.Unedited program is available through Institute for Policy Studies.Sept 14, 2007
http://wn.com/Q'Orianka_Kilcher_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples
Fawn Wood - Tapwe Oma
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Published: 16 Jun 2012
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Songs of Indigenous Womanhood
http://wn.com/Fawn_Wood_Tapwe_Oma
Indigenous Peoples, Extinction and Resistance
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:22
- Published: 01 Sep 2011
- Updated: 23 Nov 2011
EN/ In June 2011, members of the European Parliament sent a letter to Catherine Ashton, Vice-President of the European Commission, after their previous meeting with representatives from indigenous peoples from Guatemala and Colombia expressing their concern on the serious Human Rights violations and the impact on their survival and welfare. Brussels, Juin_ 2011
http://wn.com/Indigenous_Peoples,_Extinction_and_Resistance
Creative Commons / Jurema Oliveira
Creative Commons / Viault
Creative Commons / Paolo Costa Baldi
Creative Commons / Dag Lindgren
Creative Commons
UN / /Eskinder Debebe
UN / Eskinder Debebe
UN / Eskinder Debebe
UN / Devra Berkowitz
UN / Devra Berkowitz
UN / Devra Berkowitz
UN / Devra Berkowitz
UN / Devra Berkowitz
UN / Devra Berkowitz
AP / Schalk van Zuydam
Creative Commons / David Jackmanson
Creative Commons / Geni
Creative Commons / AlejandroLinaresGarcia![Seal with wife Heidi Klum. Even though 80 percent of the genetic characteristics of most indigenous Britons today have been passed down from a few thousand Ice Age hunters and the genetic makeup of today's indigenous population is much the same as it was 12,000 years ago,[193] Britain has a fairly long history of inter-ethnic marriage among the various European populations that inhabited the island, including the Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman peoples](http://web.archive.org./web/20121023031113im_/http://cdn1.wn.com/pd/60/f6/78595518d48ffaf1b770d2c77eaa_small.jpg "Seal with wife Heidi Klum. Even though 80 percent of the genetic characteristics of most indigenous Britons today have been passed down from a few thousand Ice Age hunters and the genetic makeup of today's indigenous population is much the same as it was 12,000 years ago,[193] Britain has a fairly long history of inter-ethnic marriage among the various European populations that inhabited the island, including the Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman peoples")
Creative Commons / Jengod
UN / Devra Berkowitz
Creative Commons / Howcheng
Creative Commons / Broddi Sigurðarson
AP / Eraldo Peres
Creative Commons / Photographic Works
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / Josephprymak
Creative Commons / Fcb![Archaeological findings indicate the area currently constituting Norway has been inhabited since at least the 10th millennium BC.[23] The indigenous people of Northern Norway and Central Norway are the Sámi people, though Norse culture arrived very early also. The current monarch of Norway has stated that the kingdom was founded upon the territories of two peoples—the Norwegians and the Sámi.[24] In the first centuries AD, Norway consisted of a number of petty kingdoms.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121023031113im_/http://cdn1.wn.com/pd/fe/de/37a94f5f090e0846e04e421cdb85_small.jpg "Archaeological findings indicate the area currently constituting Norway has been inhabited since at least the 10th millennium BC.[23] The indigenous people of Northern Norway and Central Norway are the Sámi people, though Norse culture arrived very early also. The current monarch of Norway has stated that the kingdom was founded upon the territories of two peoples—the Norwegians and the Sámi.[24] In the first centuries AD, Norway consisted of a number of petty kingdoms.")
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / Spencerk
IRIn News / : Carmela Fonbuena
![Seal with wife Heidi Klum. Even though 80 percent of the genetic characteristics of most indigenous Britons today have been passed down from a few thousand Ice Age hunters and the genetic makeup of today's indigenous population is much the same as it was 12,000 years ago,[193] Britain has a fairly long history of inter-ethnic marriage among the various European populations that inhabited the island, including the Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman peoples](http://web.archive.org./web/20121023031113/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/60/f6/78595518d48ffaf1b770d2c77eaa_medium.jpg "Seal with wife Heidi Klum. Even though 80 percent of the genetic characteristics of most indigenous Britons today have been passed down from a few thousand Ice Age hunters and the genetic makeup of today's indigenous population is much the same as it was 12,000 years ago,[193] Britain has a fairly long history of inter-ethnic marriage among the various European populations that inhabited the island, including the Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman peoples")
![Archaeological findings indicate the area currently constituting Norway has been inhabited since at least the 10th millennium BC.[23] The indigenous people of Northern Norway and Central Norway are the Sámi people, though Norse culture arrived very early also. The current monarch of Norway has stated that the kingdom was founded upon the territories of two peoples—the Norwegians and the Sámi.[24] In the first centuries AD, Norway consisted of a number of petty kingdoms.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121023031113/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/fe/de/37a94f5f090e0846e04e421cdb85_medium.jpg "Archaeological findings indicate the area currently constituting Norway has been inhabited since at least the 10th millennium BC.[23] The indigenous people of Northern Norway and Central Norway are the Sámi people, though Norse culture arrived very early also. The current monarch of Norway has stated that the kingdom was founded upon the territories of two peoples—the Norwegians and the Sámi.[24] In the first centuries AD, Norway consisted of a number of petty kingdoms.")
Photo: AP / Geert vanden Wijngaert
21 Oct 2012
Related topics Royal WeddingsLuxembourg Royal WeddingCountess Stephanie de Lannoy Advertisement Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg and Countess Stephanie de Lannoy of Belgium were married earlier today in...
Photo: AP / Thao Nguyen
22 Oct 2012
Cycling's governing body agreed Monday to strip Lance Armstrong of his seven Tour de France titles and ban him for life, following a report from the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency that accused him of leading...
Photo: US Army / Brendan Mackie
21 Oct 2012
Top Pentagon leaders, White House advisers and members of Congress from both parties have long regarded the rapid expansion of Afghanistan’s army and police as a crucial element of the U.S. exit...
Photo: AP
22 Oct 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Having dealt with centuries of European colonization and exploitation, including a cruel and brutal apartheid system, it was equivalent to a political...
Photo: AP / Hussein Malla
22 Oct 2012
Gunfights have broken out in several areas of Lebanon following the funeral of the senior intelligence official, Wissam al-Hassan on Sunday. At least three people were killed as Sunni and Shia gunmen...
The Los Angeles Times
23 Oct 2012
Michael Wahl is aware that he has a choice — President Obama or Mitt Romney. "It's either this guy or that guy," the Cal Poly Pomona sophomore says. But he didn't know about the candidates lower...
The Los Angeles Times
23 Oct 2012
The pace of foreclosures in California is the lowest in five years, and lenders are doing more to modify troubled home loans than ever before. But in South Gate, where Ana Casas Wilson lives with her...
The Los Angeles Times
23 Oct 2012
The last thing the Pittsburgh Steelers needed Sunday night was another injury. At least that's what one would think with the team already without so many key players -- including star safety Troy...
The Los Angeles Times
Lamar Odom leaned forward at lunch, his eyes bright, a smile on his face, as he explained his thoughts about the inner peace he has found. Odom said it took some "spiritual and psychological counseling" to find the necessary resolve to gather himself. And he has embraced the process since becoming a...(size: 37.0Kb)
Twins add Steinback, Brunansky to staff
23 Oct 2012
The Charlotte Observer
MINNEAPOLIS The Minnesota Twins named Terry Steinbach their new bench coach and Tom Brunansky their new hitting coach Monday, adding a combined 28 years of big league playing experience and 433 career home runs to manager Ron Gardenhire's staff. Bobby Cuellar was also named the new bullpen coach,...(size: 3.8Kb)
No signs of change yet on Eagles' defense
23 Oct 2012
The Charlotte Observer
PHILADELPHIA If Andy Reid made other adjustments to the Eagles defense aside from firing Juan Castillo during the bye week, it wasn't evident on Monday when the Eagles reconvened for a light practice. The personnel on defense remained untouched, despite hints from Reid that there was change in the...(size: 4.5Kb)
Phil Sheridan: Can Vick be 'the guy' again
23 Oct 2012
The Charlotte Observer
PHILADELPHIA When the Eagles were the class of the NFC East, they happened to have the best quarterback in the NFC East. That was more than a coincidence. This is not to say that Donovan McNabb was perfect, or that other factors didn't contribute to the Eagles' five division titles in six seasons....(size: 4.7Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
Capuchin monkeys: As a child Marina Chapman relied on these jungle primates to survive. (Getty Images) When Vanessa James was a little girl, her mother would tell her bedtime stories of growing up like Tarzan in the jungle raised by a colony of monkeys. As James got older, she learned those accounts...(size: 23.4Kb)
The Charlotte Observer
Charlotte Bobcats power forward Byron Mullens was held out of contact drills at practice Monday because of continued swelling in his right knee. Mullens sat out Saturdayâs preseason loss to the Detroit Pistons with the same injury. It happened in practice Friday, in a collision with teammate...(size: 2.0Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
Databid.com, provider of construction leads in southern Ontario, Canada is currently reporting on the Wellington North Police Operations Centre located in Teviotdale, Ontario. this project is due: November 07, 2012 2:00 pm Teviotdale, Ontario (PRWEB) October 22, 2012 DataBid.com, Provider of...(size: 11.9Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
Today, Fast Forward Academy announces a new partnership with Instant Tax Service to allow more options for professionals to receive required tax education and obtain continuing education credit hours (CPEs). Orlando, FL (PRWEB) October 22, 2012 With the year 2012 quickly coming to an end, tax...(size: 10.3Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said in a recent interview if he hadn't struck gold with Facebook, he would've liked to work at Microsoft. [More from Mashable: Here’s What Happens if You Drop Surface Like It’s Hot [VIDEO]] Zuckerberg spoke at Stanford University disspelling rumors about the site's...(size: 7.4Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
NEW ORLEANS (AP) — A 20-year-old black woman told police she was set on fire by three men who wrote the initials KKK and a racial slur on her car in northeastern Louisiana. Louisiana State Police spokeswoman Lt. Julie Lewis says Sharmeka Moffitt was found with burns on more than half of her body...(size: 19.5Kb)
This article is about peoples who fall under the definition of "indigenous peoples" used in international law and by various international and non-governmental organizations. For links to articles about indigenous people in specific areas, see Indigenous peoples by geographic regions
Indigenous peoples are ethnic groups that are defined as "indigenous" according to one of the various definitions of the term, though there is no universally accepted definition.[1]
In the late twentieth century, the term began to be used primarily to refer to ethnic groups that have historical ties to groups that existed in a territory prior to colonization or formation of a nation state, and which normally preserve a degree of cultural and political separation from the mainstream culture and political system of the nation state within the border of which the indigenous group is located.[2] The political sense of the term defines these groups as particularly vulnerable to exploitation and oppression by nation states. As a result, a special set of political rights in accordance with international law have been set forth by international organizations such as the United Nations, the International Labour Organization and the World Bank.[3] The United Nations have issued a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples to protect the collective rights of indigenous peoples to their culture, identity, language, employment, health, education and natural resources. Depending on which precise definition of "indigenous people" used, and on the census, estimates of a world total population of Indigenous people range from 220 million Indigenous peoples in 1997[4] to 350 million in 2004.[2]
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Definitions[link]
The adjective indigenous has the common meaning of "from" or "of the original origin". Therefore, according to its meaning in common usage in English, any given people, ethnic group or community may be described as being indigenous in reference to some particular region or location. However during the late twentieth century the term Indigenous peoples evolved into a legal category that refers to culturally distinct groups that had been affected by the processes of colonization. These are usually collectives that have preserved some degree of cultural and political separation from the mainstream culture and political system that has grown to surround or dominate them economically, politically, culturally, or geographically.
The status of the indigenous group in this relationship can be characterized in most instances as an effectively marginalized, isolated or minoritised one, in comparison to other groups or the nation-state as a whole. Their ability to influence and participate in the external policies that may exercise jurisdiction over their traditional lands and practices is very frequently limited. This situation can persist even in the case where the indigenous population outnumbers that of the other inhabitants of the region or state; the defining notion here is one of separation from decision and regulatory processes that have some, at least titular, influence over aspects of their community and lands.
The presence of external laws, claims and cultural mores either potentially or actually act to variously constrain the practices and observances of an indigenous society. These constraints can be observed even when the indigenous society is regulated largely by its own tradition and custom. They may be purposefully imposed, or arise as unintended consequence of trans-cultural interaction; and have a measurable effect even where countered by other external influences and actions deemed to be beneficial or which serve to promote indigenous rights and interests within the wider community.
A definition of "indigenous people" has criteria which includes cultural groups (and their continuity or association with a given region, or parts of a region, and who formerly or currently inhabit the region) either:
- before or its subsequent colonization or annexation, or
- alongside other cultural groups during the formation or reign of a colony or nation-state, or
- independently or largely isolated from the influence of the claimed governance by a nation-state,
and who:
- have maintained at least in part their distinct cultural, social/organizational, or linguistic characteristics, and in doing so remain differentiated in some degree from the surrounding populations and dominant culture of the nation-state, and
- are self-identified as indigenous, or those recognized as such by other groups.
Another defining characteristic for an indigenous group is that it has preserved traditional ways of living, such as present or historical reliance upon subsistence-based production (based on pastoral, horticultural and/or hunting and gathering techniques), and a predominantly non-urbanized society. Not all indigenous groups share these characteristics. Indigenous societies may be either settled in a given locale/region or exhibit a nomadic lifestyle across a large territory, but are generally historically associated with a specific territory on which they are dependent. Indigenous societies are found in every inhabited climate zone and continent of the world.[3][7]
There are various formulations of these defining characteristics in existence. Most are commonly drawn from a few widely-acknowledged authorities, in particular the Martínez Cobo – WGIP statement. These several definitions are recognised and employed by international and rights-based non-governmental organizations, as well as among national/sub-national governments themselves. The degree to which indigenous peoples' rights and issues are accepted and recognised in practical instruments such as treaties and other binding and non-binding agreements varies, sometimes considerably.
Many organizations advocating for indigenous rights, and the indigenous communities themselves, seek to particularly and explicitly identify peoples in this position as indigenous. This identification may also be made or acknowledged by the surrounding communities and nation-state, although there are some instances where the identity claim is the subject of some dispute, particularly with regard to recognizing assertions made over territorial rights. Even if all the above criteria are fulfilled, some people may either not consider themselves as indigenous or may not be considered as indigenous by governments, organizations or scholars.
United Nations[link]
In 1972 the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations (WGIP) accepted as a preliminary definition a formulation put forward by Mr. José Martínez Cobo, Special Rapporteur on Discrimination against Indigenous Populations:
- Indigenous populations are composed of the existing descendants of the peoples who inhabited the present territory of a country wholly or partially at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world, overcame them, by conquest, settlement or other means, reduced them to a non-dominant or colonial condition; who today live more in conformity with their particular social, economic and cultural customs and traditions than with the institutions of the country of which they now form part, under a state structure which incorporates mainly national, social and cultural characteristics of other segments of the population which are predominant.
This definition has some limitations which were subsequently noted by the organization. The definition applies mainly to pre-colonial populations, and would likely exclude other isolated or marginal societies. In 1983 the WGIP enlarged this definition (FICN. 41Sub.211983121 Adds. para. 3 79) to include the following criteria:
-
- (a) they are the descendants of groups, which were in the territory at the time when other groups of different cultures or ethnic origin arrived there;
- (b) precisely because of their isolation from other segments of the country's population they have almost preserved intact the customs and traditions of their ancestors which are similar to those characterised as indigenous;
- (c) they are, even if only formally, placed under a state structure which incorporates national, social and cultural characteristics alien to their own.
In 1986 it was further added that any individual who identified himself or herself as indigenous and was accepted by the group or the community as one of its members was to be regarded as an indigenous person (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7/Add.4. para.381).
The draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples prepared by the DWIG does not provide a specific definition of indigenous peoples or populations. According to the Chairperson, Ms. Erica Irene Daes, Rapporteur of the Working Group, this was because "historically, indigenous peoples have suffered, from definitions imposed by others" (E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1995/3, page 3).
International Labour Organisation[link]
A definition as used by the International Labour Organisation (Convention No. 169, concerning the working rights of Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, 1989) applies to:
- both tribal peoples whose social, cultural and economic conditions distinguish them from other sections of the national community and whose status is regulated wholly or partially by their own customs or traditions or by special laws or regulations, and to peoples who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabit the country at the time of conquest or colonisation.
World Bank[link]
A description of Indigenous Peoples given by the World Bank (operational directive 4.20, 1991) reads as follows:
- Indigenous Peoples can be identified in particular geographical areas by the presence in varying degrees of the following characteristics:
- a) close attachment to ancestral territories and to the natural resources in these areas;
- b) self-identification and identification by others as members of a distinct cultural group;
- c) an indigenous language, often different from the national language;
- d) presence of customary social and political institutions;
- and e) primarily subsistence-oriented production.
The World Bank's policy for indigenous people states:
Because of the varied and changing contexts in which Indigenous Peoples live and because there is no universally accepted definition of “Indigenous Peoples,” this policy does not define the term. Indigenous Peoples may be referred to in different countries by such terms as "indigenous ethnic minorities," "aboriginals," "hill tribes," "minority nationalities," "scheduled tribes," or "tribal groups."[8]
Philippine Definition[link]
Indigenous Peoples of the Philippines (Tagalog: Katutubong Tao sa Pilipinas; Cebuano: Lumad or Tumandok; Ilocano: Umili a Tattao iti Filipinas) refers to a group of people or homogenous societies, identified by self-ascription and ascription by others, who have continuously lived as an organized community on communally bounded and defined territory, and who have, under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed and used such territories, sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits, or who have, through inroads of colonization, non-indigenous religions, and cultures, become historically differentiated from the majority of the Filipinos.[9]
The indigenous peoples also include peoples who are regarded as indigenous based on their descent from the populations which inhabited the country at the time of inroads of non-indigenous religions and cultures or the establishment of present state boundaries, who retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions, but who may have been displaced from their traditional domains or who may have resettled outside their ancestral domains.
Individual states[link]
Different states designate the groups within their boundaries that are recognized as indigenous peoples according to international legislation by different terms. These include, for example "Native Americans" and "Pacific Islander" in the United States; "Aboriginals (Inuit", "Métis" and "First Nations)" in Canada;[10] Aborigines in Australia; Hill tribes in Southeast Asia; indigenous ethnic minorities, scheduled tribes or Adivasi in India; tribal groups, or autochthonous groups.[8]
Population and distribution[link]
Indigenous societies range from those who have been significantly exposed to the colonizing or expansionary activities of other societies (such as the Maya peoples of Mexico and Central America) through to those who as yet remain in comparative isolation from any external influence (such as the Sentinelese and Jarawa of the Andaman Islands).
Precise estimates for the total population of the world's Indigenous peoples are very difficult to compile, given the difficulties in identification and the variances and inadequacies of available census data. Recent source estimates range from 300 million[11] to 350 million[12] as of the start of the 21st century. This would equate to just fewer than 6% of the total world population. This includes at least 5000 distinct peoples[12] in over 72 countries.
Contemporary distinct indigenous groups survive in populations ranging from only a few dozen to hundreds of thousands and more. Many indigenous populations have undergone a dramatic decline and even extinction, and remain threatened in many parts of the world. Some have also been assimilated by other populations or have undergone many other changes. In other cases, indigenous populations are undergoing a recovery or expansion in numbers.
Certain indigenous societies survive even though they may no longer inhabit their "traditional" lands, owing to migration, relocation, forced resettlement or having been supplanted by other cultural groups. In many other respects, the transformation of culture of indigenous groups is ongoing, and includes permanent loss of language, loss of lands, encroachment on traditional territories, and disruption in traditional lifeways due to contamination and pollution of waters and lands.
Historical cultures[link]
The migration, expansion and settlement of societies throughout different territories is a universal, almost defining thread which runs through the entire course of human history. Many of the cross-cultural interactions which arose as a result of these historical encounters involved societies which might properly be considered as indigenous, either from their own viewpoint or that of external societies.
Most often, these past encounters between indigenous and "non-indigenous" groups lack contemporary account or description. Any assessment or understanding of impact, result and relation can at best only be surmised, using archaeological, linguistic or other reconstructive means. Where accounts do exist, they frequently originate from the viewpoint of the colonizing, expansionary or nascent state or from rather scarce and fragmented ethnographic sources compiled by those more congenial with indigenous communities and/or representatives thereof.
Classical antiquity[link]
Greek sources of the Classical period acknowledge the prior existence of indigenous people(s), whom they referred to as "Pelasgians". These peoples inhabited lands surrounding the Aegean Sea before the subsequent migrations of the Hellenic ancestors claimed by these authors. The disposition and precise identity of this former group is elusive, and sources such as Homer, Hesiod and Herodotus give varying, partially mythological accounts. However, it is clear that cultures existed whose indigenous characteristics were distinguished by the subsequent Hellenic cultures (and distinct from non-Greek speaking "foreigners", termed "barbarians" by the historical Greeks). Greco-Roman society flourished between 250 BC and 480 AD and commanded successive waves of conquests that gripped more than half of the globe. But because already existent populations within other parts of Europe at the time of classical antiquity had more in common culturally speaking with the Greco-Roman world, the intricacies involved in expansion across the European frontier were not so contentious relative to indigenous issues. But when it came to expansion in other parts of the world, namely Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, then totally new cultural dynamics had entered into the equation, so to speak, and one sees here of what was to take the Americas, South East Asia, and the Pacific by storm a few hundred years later. The idea that peoples who possessed cultural customs and racial appearances strikingly different to that of the colonizing power is no new idea borne out of the Medieval period or the Enlightenment.
European expansion and colonialism[link]
The rapid and extensive spread of the various European powers from the early 15th century onwards had a profound impact upon many of the indigenous cultures with whom they came into contact. The exploratory and colonial ventures in the Americas, Africa, Asia and the Pacific often resulted in territorial and cultural conflict, and the intentional or unintentional displacement and devastation of the indigenous populations.
The Canary Islands had an indigenous population called the Guanches whose origin is still the subject of discussion among historians and linguists.[13]
Indigenous peoples by region[link]
Indigenous populations are distributed in regions throughout the globe. The numbers, condition and experience of indigenous groups may vary widely within a given region. A comprehensive survey is further complicated by sometimes contentious membership and identification.
Africa[link]
Main article: Indigenous peoples of Africa
See also: :Category:Indigenous peoples of Africa
In the post-colonial period, the concept of specific indigenous peoples within the African continent has gained wider acceptance, although not without controversy. The highly diverse and numerous ethnic groups which comprise most modern, independent African states contain within them various peoples whose situation, cultures and pastoralist or hunter-gatherer lifestyles are generally marginalized and set apart from the dominant political and economic structures of the nation. Since the late 20th century these peoples have increasingly sought recognition of their rights as distinct indigenous peoples, in both national and international contexts.
Although the vast majority of African peoples can be considered to be indigenous in the sense that they have originated from that continent and middle and south east Asia, in practice identity as an "indigenous people" as per the term's modern application is more restrictive, and certainly not every African ethnic group claims identification under these terms. Groups and communities who do claim this recognition are those who by a variety of historical and environmental circumstances have been placed outside of the dominant state systems, and whose traditional practices and land claims often come into conflict with the objectives and policies promulgated by governments, companies and surrounding dominant societies. Given the extensive and complicated history of human migration within Africa, being the "first peoples in a land" is not a necessary precondition for acceptance as an indigenous people. Rather, indigenous identity relates more to a set of characteristics and practices than priority of arrival. For example, several populations of nomadic peoples such as the Tuareg of the Sahara and Sahel regions now inhabit areas in which they arrived comparatively recently; their claim to indigenous status (endorsed by the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights) is based on their marginalization as nomadic peoples in states and territories dominated by sedentary agricultural peoples. The Indigenous Peoples of Africa Co-ordinating Committee (IPACC) is one of the main trans-national network organizations recognized as a representative of African indigenous peoples in dialogues with governments and bodies such as the UN. IPACC identifies several key characteristics associated with indigenous claims in Africa:
- political and economic marginalization rooted in colonialism;
- de facto discrimination based often on the dominance of agricultural peoples in the State system (e.g. lack of access to education and health care by hunters and herders);
- the particularities of culture, identity, economy and territoriality that link hunting and herding peoples to their home environments in deserts and forests (e.g. nomadism, diet, knowledge systems);
- some indigenous peoples, such as the San and Pygmy peoples are physically distinct, which makes them subject to specific forms of discrimination.
With respect to concerns expressed that identifying some groups and not others as indigenous is in itself discriminatory, IPACC states that it:
- "...recognises that all Africans should enjoy equal rights and respect. All of Africa's diversity is to be valued. Particular communities, due to historical and environmental circumstances, have found themselves outside the state-system and underrepresented in governance...This is not to deny other Africans their status; it is to emphasise that affirmative recognition is necessary for hunter-gatherers and herding peoples to ensure their survival."
At an African inter-governmental level, the examination of indigenous rights and concerns is pursued by a sub-commission established under the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR), sponsored by the African Union (AU) (successor body to the Organization of African Unity (OAU)). In late 2003 the 53 signatory states of the ACHPR adopted the Report of the African Commission's Working Group on Indigenous Populations/Communities and its recommendations. This report says in part (p. 62):
- ...certain marginalized groups are discriminated in particular ways because of their particular culture, mode of production and marginalized position within the state[; a] form of discrimination that other groups within the state do not suffer from. The call of these marginalized groups to protection of their rights is a legitimate call to alleviate this particular form of discrimination.
The adoption of this report at least notionally subscribed the signatories to the concepts and aims of furthering the identity and rights of African Indigenous peoples. The extent to which individual states are mobilizing to put these recommendations into practice varies enormously, however, and most Indigenous groups continue to agitate for improvements in the areas of land rights, use of natural resources, protection of environment and culture, political recognition and freedom from discrimination.
Americas[link]
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Indigenous peoples of the American continents are broadly recognized as being those groups and their descendants who inhabited the region before the arrival of European colonizers and settlers (i.e., Pre-Columbian). Indigenous peoples who maintain, or seek to maintain, traditional ways of life are found from the high Arctic north to the southern extremities of Tierra del Fuego.
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The impact of European colonization of the Americas on the indigenous communities has been in general quite severe, with many authorities estimating ranges of significant population decline due to the ravages of various genocide campaigns, epidemic diseases (smallpox, measles, etc.), displacement, conflict, compulsory boarding schools, massacres and exploitation. The extent of this impact is the subject of much continuing debate. Several peoples shortly thereafter became extinct, or very nearly so.
All nations in North and South America have populations of indigenous peoples within their borders. In some countries (particularly Latin American), indigenous peoples form a sizable component of the overall national population—in Bolivia they account for an estimated 56%–70% of the total nation, and at least half of the population in Guatemala and the Andean and Amazonian nations of Peru. In English, indigenous peoples are collectively referred to by several different terms which vary by region and include such ethnonyms as Native Americans, Amerindians, and Indians. In Spanish or Portuguese speaking countries one finds the use of terms such as pueblos indígenas, amerindios, povos nativos, povos indígenas, and in Peru, Comunidades Nativas, particularly among Amazonian societies like the Urarina[14] and Matsés.
In Brazil, the term índio (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈĩdʒi.u] or ˈĩdʒju) is used by most of the population, the media, the indigenous peoples themselves and even the government (FUNAI is acronym for Fundação Nacional do Índio), although its Hispanic equivalent indio is widely not considered politically correct and falling into desuse. Nevertheless, Portuguese for Amerindian and amerindio, ameríndio (ameˈɾĩdʒi.u or ameˈɾĩdʒju in the standard South American dialects) is gaining some popularity, still, it seems odd for many.[citation needed] The widespread completely politically correct term of which Brazilians are used to is indígena ĩˈdʒiʒenɐ (although its literal translation is "indigenous person or peoples from anywhere", it is colloquially intended as synonym for Amerindian, without need for specifications in reference to the indigenous peoples of what continent). It has more ethnic meanings than racial ones, and a "Westerner" in Brazil can be an acculturated ameríndio/índio but not an indígena, which officially means indigenous in the narrow sense.
Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations,[15] Inuit[16] and Métis.[17] The descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" are falling into disuse in Canada.[18][19] There are currently over 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands encompassing 1,172,790 2006 peoples spread across Canada with distinctive Aboriginal cultures, languages, art, and music.[20][21][22] National Aboriginal Day recognises the cultures and contributions of Aboriginals to the history of Canada
The Inuit have achieved a degree of administrative autonomy with the creation in 1999 of the territories of Nunavik (in Northern Quebec), Nunatsiavut (in Northern Labrador) and Nunavut, which was until 1999 a part of the Northwest Territories. The self-ruling Danish territory of Greenland is also home to a majority population of indigenous Inuit (about 85%).
In the United States, the combined populations of Native Americans, Inuit and other indigenous designations totalled 2,786,652 (constituting about 1.5% of 2003 US census figures). Some 563 scheduled tribes are recognized at the federal level, and a number of others recognized at the state level.
In Mexico, approximately 6,011,202 (constituting about 6.7% of 2005 Mexican census figures) identify as Indígenas (Spanish for natives or indigenous peoples). In the southern states of Chiapas, Yucatán and Oaxaca they constitute 26.1%, 33.5% and 35.3%, respectively, of the population. In these states several conflicts and episodes of civil war have been conducted, in which the situation and participation of indigenous societies were notable factors (see for example EZLN).
The Amerindians make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 700,000 people.[23] Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country. On 18 January 2007, FUNAI reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes.[24]
Guatemala is 50 to 80% indigenous, depending on whose statistics are used (Nelson, Finger in the Wound 1999)
Asia[link]
Main article: Indigenous peoples of Asia
- See also: Category:Indigenous peoples of Asia
The vast regions of Asia contain the majority of the world's present-day Indigenous populations, about 70% according to IWGIA figures.[citation needed]
The most substantial populations are in India, which constitutionally recognizes a range of "Scheduled Tribes" within its borders. These various peoples (collectively referred to as Adivasis, or tribal peoples) number about 68 million (1991 census figures, approximately 8% of the total national population).
Nivkh people are an ethnic group indigenous to Sakhalin, having a few speakers of the Nivkh language, but their fisher culture has been endangered due to the development of oil field of Sakhalin from 1990s.[25]
Ainu people are an ethnic group indigenous to Hokkaidō, the Kuril Islands, and much of Sakhalin. As Japanese settlement expanded, the Ainu were pushed northward, until by the Meiji period they were confined by the government to a small area in Hokkaidō, in a manner similar to the placing of Native Americans on reservations.[26]
The languages of Taiwanese aborigines have significance in historical linguistics, since in all likelihood Taiwan was the place of origin of the entire Austronesian language family, which spread across Oceania.[27][28][29]
There are also indigenous people in Southeast Asia.
There are indigenous peoples of the Philippines, which Spain and the United States colonized.
The Assyrians and Marsh Arabs are indigenous to areas of the geocultural region of Mesopotamia which includes parts of Iraq, Syria, and Turkey. The Lurs also inhabit parts of Iraq close to the Iranian border with the provinces of Lorestan and Ilam.
The Bahrani are the indigenous people of the archipelago of Bahrain and the oasis of Qatif on the Persian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia (see historical region of Bahrain).
Europe[link]
Main article: Indigenous peoples of Europe
- See also: Category:Indigenous peoples of Europe and European ethnic groups
File:Suleyman khinalugian.jpg
The Khinalug people are one of the indigenous inhabitants of the North Caucasus.
Since most of Europe in historical times was never colonized by non-European powers with lasting effect (arguably except for Hungary and Romania, Turkish Thrace, Tatarstan, Kalmykia and islands such as Malta or Cyprus[30]), the vast majority of Europeans could be considered indigenous. However several widely accepted formulations, which define the term "Indigenous peoples" in stricter terms, have been put forward by internationally recognized organizations, such as the United Nations, the International Labour Organization and the World Bank. Indigenous peoples in this article is used in such a narrower sense.
In Europe, present-day recognized indigenous populations are relatively few, mainly confined to northern and far-eastern reaches of this Eurasian peninsula. Whilst there are various ethnic minorities distributed within European countries, few of these still maintain traditional subsistence cultures and are recognized as indigenous peoples, per se. Notable indigenous populations include the Sami people of northern Scandinavia, the Nenets and other Samoyedic peoples of the northern Russian Federation, and the Komi peoples of the western Urals.
Oceania[link]
Main article: Indigenous peoples of Oceania
See also: Category:Indigenous peoples of Oceania
Many of the present-day Pacific Island nations in the Oceania region were originally populated by Polynesian, Melanesian and Micronesian peoples over the course of thousands of years. European colonial expansion in the Pacific brought many of these under non-indigenous administration. During the 20th century several of these former colonies gained independence and nation-states were formed under local control. However, various peoples have put forward claims for Indigenous recognition where their islands are still under external administration; examples include the Chamorros of Guam and the Northern Marianas, and the Marshallese of the Marshall Islands.
The remains of at least 25 miniature humans, who lived between 1,000 and 3,000 years ago, were recently found on the islands of Palau in Micronesia.[31]
In most parts of Oceania, indigenous peoples outnumber the descendants of colonists. Exceptions include Australia, New Zealand and Hawaii. According to the 2001 Australian census, indigenous Australians make up 2.4% of the total population, while in New Zealand 14.6% of the population identify at least partially as indigenous Māori, with slightly more than half (53%) of all Māori residents identifying solely as Māori. The Māori are indigenous to Polynesia and settled New Zealand relatively recently, the migrations were thought to have occurred between 1000–1200 CE. In New Zealand pre-contact Māori tribes were not a single people, thus the more recent grouping into tribal (iwi) arrangements has become a more formal arrangement in more recent times. Many Māori tribal leaders signed a treaty with the British, the Treaty of Waitangi, so that the modern geo-political entity that is New Zealand was established by partial consent. However, the Māori language translation of the Treaty of Waitangi which they signed is worded ambiguously and does not fully match the English version. The treaty process gave British citizenship to the "native" population. However, some of the British settlers ignored the Treaty of Waitangi and through some illegal acts of colonization and war (though there were legitimate land sales between Maori and the settlers) Maori lost 95% of their land and resources from the 1850s through to the 1970s, which resulted in the large scale socio-economic marginalization of the vast majority of Maori. Since the 1970s there has been a cultural renaissance by Maori, and a political drive to assert their Treaty rights to their land, resources and culture through the Waitangi Tribunal process. This has resulted in the legal recognition of the Maori language and culture and has resulted in the return of some land, resources and money so that today Māori businesses have an estimated value of over NZD$14 billion. Māori have also formed an important political party.
The independent state of Papua New Guinea (PNG) has a majority population of indigenous societies, with more than 700 different tribal groups recognized out of a total population of just over 5 million.[citation needed] The PNG Constitution and other Acts identify traditional or custom-based practices and land tenure, and explicitly set out to promote the viability of these traditional societies within the modern state. However, several conflicts and disputes concerning land use and resource rights continue to be observed between indigenous groups, the government and corporate entities.
Rights, issues and concerns[link]
| Part of a series on |
| Indigenous rights |
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| Rights |
| Conflict resolution · Cultural diversity Cultural heritage · Forced assimilation Forced relocation · Freedom of religion Gender equality · Human rights Intellectual property · Land rights Land-use planning · Language Racial discrimination · Right to identity Self-determination · Traditional knowledge |
| Governmental organizations |
| AADNC · ACHPR · Arctic Council Bureau of Indian Affairs · CDI Council of Indigenous Peoples FUNAI · NCIP · UNPFII |
| NGOs and political groups |
| AFN · Amazon Watch · CAP · COICA CONAIE · Cultural Survival · EZLN · fPcN IPACC · IPCB · IWGIA · NARF · ONIC Survival International · UNPO · (more ...) |
| Issues |
| Colonialism · Civilizing mission Cultural genocide · Manifest Destiny Postdevelopment theory · Bantustan Indian reservation · Indian reserve |
| Legal representation |
| ILO 169 · United Nations Declaration |
| Category |
Indigenous peoples confront a diverse range of concerns associated with their status and interaction with other cultural groups, as well as changes in their inhabited environment. Some challenges are specific to particular groups; however, other challenges are commonly experienced. Bartholomew Dean and Jerome Levi (2003) explore why and how the circumstances of indigenous peoples are improving in some places of the world, while their human rights continue to be abused in others.[32] These issues include cultural and linguistic preservation, land rights, ownership and exploitation of natural resources, political determination and autonomy, environmental degradation and incursion, poverty, health, and discrimination.
The interaction between indigenous and non-indigenous societies throughout history has been complex, ranging from outright conflict and subjugation to some degree of mutual benefit and cultural transfer. A particular aspect of anthropological study involves investigation into the ramifications of what is termed first contact, the study of what occurs when two cultures first encounter one another. The situation can be further confused when there is a complicated or contested history of migration and population of a given region, which can give rise to disputes about primacy and ownership of the land and resources.
The Bangladesh Government has stated that there are "no Indigenous Peoples in Bangladesh".[33] This has angered the Indigenous Peoples of Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh, collectively known as the Jumma (whichs include the Chakma, Marma, Tripura, Tenchungya, Chak, Pankho, Mru, Murung, Bawm, Lushai, Khyang, Gurkha, Assamese, Santal and Khumi).[34] Experts have protested against this move of the Bangladesh Government and have questioned the Government's definition of the term "Indigenous Peoples".[35][36] This move by the Bangladesh Government is seen by the Indigenous Peoples of Bangladesh as another step by the Government to further erode their already limited rights.[37]
Wherever indigenous cultural identity is asserted, some particular set of societal issues and concerns may be voiced which either arise from (at least in part), or have a particular dimension associated with, their indigenous status. These concerns will often be commonly held or affect other societies also, and are not necessarily experienced uniquely by indigenous groups.
Despite the diversity of Indigenous peoples, it may be noted that they share common problems and issues in dealing with the prevailing, or invading, society. They are generally concerned that the cultures of Indigenous peoples are being lost and that indigenous peoples suffer both discrimination and pressure to assimilate into their surrounding societies. This is borne out by the fact that the lands and cultures of nearly all of the peoples listed at the end of this article are under threat. Notable exceptions are the Sakha and Komi peoples (two of the northern indigenous peoples of Russia), who now control their own autonomous republics within the Russian state, and the Canadian Inuit, who form a majority of the territory of Nunavut (created in 1999).
It is also sometimes argued that it is important for the human species as a whole to preserve a wide range of cultural diversity as possible, and that the protection of indigenous cultures is vital to this enterprise.
An example of this occurred in 2002 when the Government of Botswana expelled all the Kalahari Bushmen known as the San from their lands[38] on which they had lived for at least twenty thousand years. President Festus Mogai has described the Bushmen as "stone age creatures"[39] and a minister for local government, Margaret Nasha, likened public criticism of their eviction to criticism of the culling of elephants.[40] In 2006, the Botswanan High Court ruled that the Bushmen had a right to return to their land in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve.[41][42]
Health issues[link]
In December 1993, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People, and requested UN specialized agencies to consider with governments and indigenous people how they can contribute to the success of the Decade of Indigenous People, commencing in December 1994. As a consequence, the World Health Organization, at its Forty-seventh World Health Assembly established a core advisory group of indigenous representatives with special knowledge of the health needs and resources of their communities, thus beginning a long-term commitment to the issue of the health of indigenous peoples.[43]
The WHO notes that "Statistical data on the health status of indigenous peoples is scarce. This is especially notable for indigenous peoples in Africa, Asia and eastern Europe", but snapshots from various countries, where such statistics are available, show that indigenous people are in worse health than the general population, in advanced and developing countries alike: higher incidence of diabetes in some regions of Australia;[44] higher prevalence of poor sanitation and lack of safe water among Twa households in Rwanda;[45] a greater prevalence of childbirths without prenatal care among ethnic minorities in Vietnam;[46] suicide rates among Inuit youth in Canada are eleven times higher than the national average;[47] infant mortality rates are higher for indigenous peoples everywhere.[48]
Accredited organizations[link]
See also: List of indigenous rights organizations
Various organizations are devoted to the preservation or study of indigenous peoples. Of these, several have widely recognized credentials to act as an intermediary or representative on behalf of indigenous peoples' groups, in negotiations on indigenous issues with governments and international organizations. These include:
- African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR)
- Center for World Indigenous Studies
- Cultural Survival
- Friends of Peoples Close to Nature (fPcN)
- Incomindios Switzerland
- Indigenous Dialogues
- Indigenous Peoples of Africa Co-ordinating Committee (IPACC)
- International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA)
- Survival International
International Day of the World's Indigenous People[link]
Main article: International Day of the World’s Indigenous People
The International Day of the World's Indigenous People falls on 9 August as this was the date of the first meeting in 1982 of the United Nations Working Group of Indigenous Populations of the Subcommission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities of the Commission on Human Rights.
The UN General Assembly decided on 23 December 1994 that the International Day of the World's Indigenous People should be observed on 9 August every year during the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People (resolution 49/214). Thereafter, on 20 December 2004, the General Assembly decided to continue observing the International Day of Indigenous People every year during the Second International Decade of the World's Indigenous People (2005–2014) (resolution 59/174).[49]
Knowledge and culture[link]
Main article: Traditional knowledge
The preservation and investigation of specialized Indigenous knowledge, particularly in relation to the resources of the natural environment with which the society is associated, is a goal of both the Indigenous and the societies who thereby seek to identify new resources and benefits (example: partnerships established to research biological extracts from vegetation in the Amazon rainforests).
For some people (e.g. Indigenous communities from India, Brazil, and Malaysia and some NGOs such as GRAIN and Third World Network),[clarification needed] Indigenous peoples have often been victims of biopiracy when they are subjected to unauthorized use of their natural resources,[citation needed] of their traditional knowledge on these biological resources, of unequal share of benefits between them and a patent holder.
Viewpoints[link]
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This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2009) |
A range of differing viewpoints and attitudes have arisen from the experience and history of contact between Indigenous and "non-indigenous" communities. The cultural, regional and historical contexts in which these viewpoints have developed are complex, and many competing viewpoints exist simultaneously in any given society, albeit promulgated with greater or lesser force depending on the extent of cross-cultural exposure and internal societal change. These views may be noted from both sides of the relationship.
Indigenous viewpoints[link]
Indigenous peoples are increasingly faced with threats to their sovereignty, environment, and access to natural resources. Examples of this can be the deforestation of tropical rainforests where many native tribe's subsistence lifestyles are threatened. Assimilative colonial policies resulted in ongoing issues related to aboriginal child protection.
Non-indigenous viewpoints[link]
Indigenous peoples have been denoted primitives, savages, or uncivilized. These terms were common during the heights of European colonial expansion, but still continue in modern times.[50] During the 17th century, indigenous peoples were commonly labeled "uncivilized". Whilst there was a swell in bringing back creative elements of classical antiquity in artistic pursuits, there was also the not so creative side of regurgitating xenophobic ideas from that period. Some philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes considered indigenous people to be merely 'savages', while others are purported to have considered them to be "noble savages". Those who were close to the Hobbesian view tended to believe themselves to have a duty to civilize and modernize indigenes. Although anthropologists, especially from Europe, used to apply these terms to all tribal cultures, it has fallen into disfavor as demeaning and, according to anthropologists, inaccurate (see tribe, cultural evolution). Survival International runs a campaign to stamp out media portrayal of indigenous peoples as 'primitive' or 'savages'.[51] Friends of Peoples Close to Nature considers not only that indigenous culture should be respected as not being inferior, but also sees their way of life as a lesson of sustainability and a part of the struggle within the "corrupted" western world, from which the threat stems.[52]
After World War I, however, many Europeans came to doubt the value of civilization. At the same time, the anti-colonial movement, and advocates of indigenous peoples, argued that words such as "civilized" and "savage" were products and tools of colonialism, and argued that colonialism itself was savagely destructive. In the mid 20th century, European attitudes began to shift to the view that indigenous and tribal peoples should have the right to decide for themselves what should happen to their ancient cultures and ancestral lands.
See also[link]
- Collective rights
- Colonialism
- Ethnic minority
- Human rights
- The Image Expedition
- Indigenism
- Indigenous rights
- Indigenous intellectual property
- Intangible Cultural Heritage
- Isuma
- Uncontacted peoples
- United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
- List of ethnic groups
- Indigenous Peoples Climate Change Assessment Initiative
- Genocide of Indigenous Peoples
References[link]
- ^ "Because of the varied and changing contexts in which Indigenous Peoples live and because there is no universally accepted definition of “Indigenous Peoples,” this policy does not define the term. Indigenous Peoples may be referred to in different countries by such terms as "indigenous ethnic minorities," "aboriginals," "hill tribes," "minority nationalities," "scheduled tribes," or "tribal groups."[1]
- ^ a b Coates 2004:12
- ^ a b Sanders, Douglas (1999). "Indigenous peoples: Issues of definition". International Journal of Cultural Property 8: 4–13. DOI:10.1017/S0940739199770591.
- ^ Bodley 2008:2
- ^ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Philippines: Overview, 2007", UNHCR | Refworld.
- ^ Hanihara, T (1992). "Negritos, Australian Aborigines, and the proto-sundadont dental pattern: The basic populations in East Asia". American journal of physical anthropology 88 (2): 183–96. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.1330880206. PMID 1605316.
- ^ Acharya, Deepak and Shrivastava Anshu (2008): Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices, Aavishkar Publishers Distributor, Jaipur- India. ISBN 978-81-7910-252-7. p. 440
- ^ a b "Operational Policy 4.10 – Indigenous Peoples". http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTS/EXTPOLICIES/EXTOPMANUAL/0,,contentMDK:20553653~menuPK:4564185~pagePK:64709096~piPK:64709108~theSitePK:502184,00.html.
- ^ Section 3 of Republic Act 8371 or the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act.
- ^ "Terminlogy of Native Aboriginal". http://www.aidp.bc.ca/terminology_of_native_aboriginal_metis.pdf.
- ^ WGIP (2001). Indigenous Peoples and the United Nations System. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations Office at Geneva. http://web.archive.org/web/20110629193824/http://www.unhchr.ch/html/racism/indileaflet1.doc.
- ^ a b "Indigenous issues". International Work Group on Indigenous Affairs. http://www.iwgia.org/sw155.asp. Retrieved 5 September 2005.
- ^ Old World Contacts/Colonists/Canary Islands. Ucalgary.ca (22 June 1999). Retrieved on 2011-10-11.
- ^ Dean, Bartholomew 2009 Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia, Gainesville: University Press of Florida ISBN 978081303378 [2]
- ^ "Civilization.ca-Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage-Culture". Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation. Government of Canada. 12 May 2006. http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
- ^ "Inuit Circumpolar Council (Canada)-ICC Charter". Inuit Circumpolar Council > ICC Charter and By-laws > ICC Charter. 2007. http://inuitcircumpolar.com/index.php?auto_slide=&ID=374&Lang=En&Parent_ID=¤t_slide_num=. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
- ^ "In the Kawaskimhon Aboriginal Moot Court Factum of the Federal Crown Canada" (PDF). Faculty of Law. University of Manitoba. 2007. p. 2. http://www.umanitoba.ca/law/newsite/kawaskimhon_factums/FINALWrittenSubmissionsofFederalCrown_windsor.pdf. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
- ^ "Words First An Evolving Terminology Relating to Aboriginal Peoples in Canada". Communications Branch of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 2004. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/webarchives/20071114225541/http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/pr/pub/wf/trmrslt_e.asp?term=12. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
- ^ "Terminology of First Nations, Native, Aboriginal and Metis" (PDF). Aboriginal Infant Development Programs of BC. 2009. http://www.aidp.bc.ca/terminology_of_native_aboriginal_metis.pdf. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
- ^ "Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data". Census > 2006 Census: Data products > Topic-based tabulations >. Statistics Canada, Government of Canada. 06/12/2008. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89122&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&Theme=73&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GID=837928. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
- ^ "Assembly of First Nations - Assembly of First Nations-The Story". Assembly of First Nations. http://www.afn.ca/article.asp?id=59. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
- ^ "Civilization.ca-Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage-object". Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation. 12 May 2006. http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0000e.shtml. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
- ^ Brazil urged to protect Indians. BBC News (30 March 2005). Retrieved on 2011-10-11.
- ^ Brazil sees traces of more isolated Amazon tribes. Reuters.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-11.
- ^ "Natives in Russia's far east worry about vanishing fish". The Economic Times. Agence France-Presse (India). 25 February 2009. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/environment/flora--fauna/natives-in-russias-far-east-worry-about-vanishing-fish/articleshow/4203839.cms. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
- ^ Recognition at last for Japan's Ainu, BBC NEWS
- ^ Blust, R. (1999), "Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics" in E. Zeitoun & P.J.K Li, ed., Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei: Academia Sinica
- ^ Fox, James J."Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian Studies"PDF (105 KB). Paper prepared for Symposium Austronesia Pascasarjana Linguististik dan Kajian Budaya. Universitas Udayana, Bali 19–20 August 2004.
- ^ Diamond, Jared M. "Taiwan's gift to the world"PDF (107 KB). Nature, Volume 403, February 2000, pp. 709–710
- ^ temporary rules over parts of Europe by non-European powers include Avar Khaganate (c.560s–800), Al-Andalus (711–1492), Emirate of Sicily (831–1072), the Mongol/Tatar invasions (1223–1480), and Ottoman control of the Balkans (1389–1878)
- ^ Pygmy human remains found on rock islands, Science | The Guardian
- ^ Bartholomew Dean and Jerome Levi (eds.) At the Risk of Being Heard: Indigenous Rights, Identity and Postcolonial States University of Michigan Press (2003)[3]
- ^ No 'indigenous', reiterates Shafique. bdnews24.com (18 June 2011). Retrieved on 2011-10-11.
- ^ Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs. mochta.gov.bd. Retrieved on 2012-03-28.
- ^ INDIGENOUS PEOPLEChakma Raja decries non-recognition. bdnews24.com (28 May 2011). Retrieved on 2011-10-11.
- ^ 'Define terms minorities, indigenous'. bdnews24.com (27 May 2011). Retrieved on 2011-10-11.
- ^ Disregarding the Jumma. Himalmag.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-11.
- ^ "afrol News – Botswana govt gets tougher on San tribesmen". Afrol.com. http://www.afrol.com/News2002/bot002_san_supplies.htm. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
- ^ Simpson, John (2 May 2005). "Africa | Bushmen fight for homeland". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4480883.stm. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
- ^ Monbiot, George (21 March 2006). "Who really belongs to another age – bushmen or the House of Lords?". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,,1735617,00.html. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
- ^ "Botswana bushmen ruling accepted". BBC News. 18 December 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6191185.stm. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
- ^ Brigitte Weidlich Botswana Bushmen win eviction case. namibian.com.na. 14 December 2006
- ^ "RESOLUTIONS AND DECISIONS. WHA47.27 International Decade of the World's Indigenous People. The Forty-seventh World Health Assembly," (PDF). World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/ethics/activities/WHA47.27.pdf. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
- ^ Hanley, Anthony J. Diabetes in Indigenous Populations, Medscape Today
- ^ Ohenjo, Nyang'ori; Willis, Ruth; Jackson, Dorothy; Nettleton, Clive; Good, Kenneth; Mugarura, Benon (2006). "Health of Indigenous people in Africa". The Lancet 367 (9526): 1937. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68849-1.
- ^ Health and Ethnic Minorities in Viet Nam, Technical Series No. 1, June 2003, WHO, p. 10
- ^ Facts on Suicide Rates, First Nations and Inuit Health, Health Canada
- ^ "Health of indigenous peoples". Health Topics A to Z. http://allcountries.org/health/health_of_indigenous_peoples.html. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
- ^ International Day of the World's Indigenous People – 9 August. www.un.org. Retrieved on 2012-03-28.
- ^ See Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 435 U.S. 191 (1978); also see Robert Williams, Like a Loaded Weapon
- ^ Survival International website – About Us/FAQ. Survivalinternational.org. Retrieved on 2012-03-28.
- ^ friends of Peoples close to Nature website – Our Ethos and statement of principles[dead link]
Bibliography[link]
-
- African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (2003). "Report of the African Commission's Working Group of Experts on Indigenous Populations/Communities". ACHPR & IWGIA. http://www.achpr.org/english/Special%20Mechanisms/Indegenous/ACHPR%20Report%20ENG.pdf.
- Baviskar, Amita (2007). "Indian Indigeneitites: Adivasi Engagements with Hindu NAtionalism in India". In Marisol de la Cadena & Orin Starn. Indigenous Experience today. Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84520-519-5.
- Bodley, John H. (2008). Victims of Progress (5th. ed.). Plymouth, England: AltaMira Press. ISBN 0-7591-1148-0.
- de la Cadena, Marisol; Orin Starn (eds.) (2007). Indigenous Experience Today. Oxford: Berg Publishers, Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. ISBN 978-1-84520-519-5.
- Clifford, James (2007). "Varieties of Indigenous Experience: Diasporas, Homelands, Sovereignties". In Marisol de la Cadena & Orin Starn. Indigenous Experience today. Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84520-519-5.
- Coates, Ken S. (2004). A Global History of Indigenous Peoples: Struggle and Survival. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-92150-X.
- Henriksen, John B. (2001). "Implementation of the Right of Self-Determination of Indigenous Peoples" (PDF). Indigenous Affairs (Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs) 3/2001: pp. 6–21. ISSN 1024-3283. OCLC 30685615. http://www.iwgia.org/graphics/Synkron-Library/Documents/publications/Downloadpublications/IndigenousAffairs/selfdetermination.pdf. Retrieved 1 September 2007.
- Hughes, Lotte (2003). The no-nonsense guide to indigenous peoples. Verso. ISBN 1-85984-438-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=VFRft8e1vtgC&printsec=frontcover.
- Howard, Bradley Reed (2003). Indigenous Peoples and the State: The struggle for Native Rights. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0-87580-290-7.
- Johansen. Bruce E. (2003). Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Issues: An Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32398-0.
- Martinez Cobo, J. (198). "United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations". Study of the Problem of Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations. UN Commission on Human Rights. http://social.un.org/index/IndigenousPeoples/Library/Mart%C3%ADnezCoboStudy.aspx.
- Maybury-Lewis, David (1997). Indigenous Peoples, Ethnic Groups and the State. NEedham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 0-205-19816-3.
- Merlan, Francesca (2007). "Indigeneity as Relational Identity: The Construction of Australian Land Rights". In Marisol de la Cadena & Orin Starn. Indigenous Experience today. Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84520-519-5.
- Pratt, Mary Louise (2007). "Afterword: Indigeneity Today". In Marisol de la Cadena & Orin Starn. Indigenous Experience today. Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84520-519-5.
- Tsing, Anna (2007). "Indigenous Voice". In Marisol de la Cadena & Orin Starn. Indigenous Experience today. Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84520-519-5.
External links[link]
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Look up indigenous in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Indigenous people |
Institutions[link]
- UNEP Indigenous People's Website
- IFAD and indigenous peoples (International Fund for Agricultural Development, IFAD)
- IPS Inter Press Service News on indigenous peoples from around the world
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Template:Indigenous peoples in South America The following is a partial list of cultures related to South American Indigenous peoples.
See also: Indigenous peoples in South America
-
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
- Abipón
- Achuar
- Aguaruna
- Alacalufe
- Amahuaca
- Amazonian Kichwas
- Arawaks
- Ashaninca
- Atacameños
- Aymara
- Ayoreo
- Awá
- Banawa
- Barasana
- Bora
- Cañaris
- Caiapos
- Cambeba
- Caritiana
- Charca
- Chasa
- Chibcha
- Cinta Larga
- Cocama
- Cofán
- Cumanagoto
- Cuncos
- Dâw
- Diaguitas
- Chayahuita
- Emerillon
- Enxet
- Fuegian
- Gê
- Guaraní
- Guarayo
- Guaycuru
- Huambisa
- Huaorani
- Juma
- Juris
- Kali'na
- Kamayurá
- Karajá
- Kaweshkar
- Kayapo
- Korubo
- Machiguenga
- Macuna
- Mapuche
- Mascho Piro
- Matsés
- Mura
- Nambikwara people
- Paiter
- Palikur
- Panará
- Parintintin
- Pehuenche
- Pirahã
- Quechuas
- Quichua
- Rapanui
- Satere-Mawe
- Secoya
- Shipibo
- Shiwar
- Shuar
- Siona
- Suruí do Pará
- Tapirapé
- Taromenane
- Tehuelche
- Tetete
- Ticuna
- Tucano
- Tupi
- Xucuru
- Urarina
- Wai Wai
- Wari'
- Wayampi
- Wayana
- Yagua
- Yanesha'
- Yąnomamö
- Ye'kuana
- Yuracaré
- Zaparos
- Zoa
See also[link]
- Archaeology of the Americas
- List of pre-Columbian cultures
- Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America
- Pre-Columbian South America
- Pre-Inca cultures
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.svg){kind=small}
| Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Americas | Paleo-Indians · Genetic history · Archaeology of the Americas · Indigenous peoples of the Americas | |||
| North America | North American pre-Columbian cultures – Caddoan Mississippian – Chichimeca –Hopewell tradition – Coles Creek – Fremont – Marksville – Mississippian – Mogollon – Plaquemine – Plum Bayou – Poverty Point – Troyville – Weeden Island – | |||
| Mesoamerica | Mesoamerican pre-Columbian chronology – Capacha – Cholula – Coclé – Epi-Olmec – Huastec – Izapa – Mezcala – Mixtec – Olmec – Pipil – Quelepa – Shaft tomb tradition – Teuchitlan – Tarascan – Teotihuacan – Tlatilco – Tlaxcaltec – Toltec – Totonac – Veracruz – Xochipala – Zapotec | |||
| South America | South American Indigenous people – pre-Columbian chronology – Cañaris – Chachapoya – Chancay – Chavín – Chimu – El Abra – Hydraulic culture of mounds (Bolivia) – Las Vegas – Lima – La Tolita (Tumaco) – Manteño-Guancavilca – Mapuche – Moche – Mollo – Muisca (Chibchas) – Nariño – Nazca – Norte Chico – Quimbaya – San Agustin – Shuar – Sican – Taino – Tairona – Tiwanaku – Tierradentro – Valdivia – Wari | |||
| Aztec civilization | Maya civilization | Inca Empire – Inca civilization | ||
| Language | Nahuatl language | Mayan languages | Quechua | |
| Writing | Aztec writing | Mayan writing | Quipu | |
| Religion | Aztec religion | Maya religion | Inca religion | |
| Mythology | Aztec mythology | Maya mythology | Inca mythology | |
| Calendar | Aztec calendar | Maya calendar | ||
| Society | Aztec society | Maya society | Inca society | |
| Infrastructure | Chinampas | Maya architecture | Inca architecture (road system) Incan agriculture |
|
| History | Aztec history | Inca history | ||
| People | Moctezuma I Moctezuma II Cuitlahuac Cuauhtémoc |
K'inich Janaab' Pakal Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil Jasaw Chan K'awiil I |
Manco Cápac Pachacutec Atahualpa Manco Inca |
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| Conquest | Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (Hernán Cortés) |
Spanish conquest of Yucatán (Francisco de Montejo) Spanish conquest of Guatemala (Pedro de Alvarado) |
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire (Francisco Pizarro) |
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| See also | ||||
| Portal:Indigenous peoples of North America – Columbian exchange – Mesoamerican writing systems – Native American cuisine – Native American pottery – Population history of American indigenous peoples – Pre-Columbian art – Painting in the Americas before Colonization | ||||
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This article is about the U.S. population of Americans of African ancestry. For the population of recent African origins, see African immigration to the United States. For the African diaspora throughout the Americas, see Afro-American peoples of the Americas.
.jpg)            |
| Frederick Douglass · Barack Obama · Rosa Parks Condoleezza Rice · M. L. King, Jr. · Beyoncé Knowles Malcolm X · Oprah Winfrey · Booker T. Washington Michael Jordan · Harriet Tubman · Muhammad Ali |
| Total population |
|---|
| African American 42,020,743[1] (13.6% of the US population) |
| Regions with significant populations |
| Predominantly in the Southern United States and in urban areas within the country |
| Languages |
|
American English · African American Vernacular English · Gullah language |
| Religion |
|
Predominantly Protestant; |
| Related ethnic groups |
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Other Afro-American peoples of the Americas |
African Americans[2] (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States that have ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.[3]
African Americans make up the single largest racial minority in the United States.[4] Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved Africans within the boundaries of the present United States.[5][6] However, some immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations, or their descendants, may be identified or self-identify with the term.[3]
African-American history starts in the 16th century with African slaves who quickly rose up against the Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón and progresses to the present day, with Barack Obama as the 44th and current President of the United States. Between those landmarks there have been events and issues, both resolved and ongoing, including slavery, racism, Reconstruction, development of the African-American community, participation in the great military conflicts of the United States, racial segregation, and the Civil Rights Movement.
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: African-American history
Slavery era[link]
Main articles: Slavery in the United States and Atlantic slave trade
The first African slaves arrived in the present-day United States as part of the San Miguel de Gualdape colony (most likely located in the Winyah Bay area of present-day South Carolina), founded by Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1526. The ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic and the colony was abandoned, leaving the escaped slaves behind on North American soil.
In 1565, the colony of Saint Augustine in Florida, founded by Pedro Menendez de Aviles, became the first permanent European settlement in North America. It included an unknown number of free and enslaved Africans that were part of this colonial expedition.
The first recorded Africans in British North America (including most of the future United States) arrived in 1619 in Jamestown, Virginia. As English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. The Africans were likely treated as indentured servants, similar in legal position to poor English indenturees, who traded several years labor in exchange for passage to America.[7] Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom.[8] They raised families, marrying other Africans and sometimes intermarrying with Native Americans or English settlers.[9] By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards.
The popular conception of a race-based slave system did not fully develop until the 18th century. The Dutch West India Company introduced slavery in 1625 with the importation of eleven black slaves into New Amsterdam (present-day New York City). All the colony's slaves, however, were freed upon its surrender to the British.[10] Massachusetts was the first British colony to legally recognize slavery in 1641. It was not until 1662 that Virginia ruled that a slave mother's children would remain slaves.[11]
The first black congregations and churches were organized before 1800 in both northern and southern cities following the Great Awakening. By 1775, Africans made up 20% of the population in the American colonies, which made them the second largest ethnic group after the English.[12] During the 1770s, Africans, both enslaved and free, helped rebellious English colonists secure American Independence by defeating the British in the American Revolution.[13] Africans and Englishmen fought side by side and were fully integrated.[14] James Armistead, an African American, played a large part in making possible the 1781 Yorktown victory, which established the United States as an independent nation.[15] Other prominent African Americans were Prince Whipple and Oliver Cromwell, who are both depicted in the front of the boat in George Washington's famous 1776 Crossing the Delaware portrait.
By 1860, there were 3.5 million enslaved African Americans in the United States due to the Atlantic slave trade, and another 500,000 African Americans lived free across the country.[16] In 1863, during the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation. The proclamation declared that all slaves in states which had seceded from the Union were free.[17] Advancing Union troops enforced the proclamation with Texas being the last state to be emancipated in 1865.[18]
Reconstruction and Jim Crow[link]
Main articles: Reconstruction Era of the United States and Jim Crow laws
African Americans quickly set up congregations for themselves, as well as schools, community and civic associations, to have space away from white control or oversight. While the post-war reconstruction era was initially a time of progress for African Americans, in the late 1890s, Southern states enacted Jim Crow laws to enforce racial segregation and disenfranchisement.[19] Most African Americans followed the Jim Crow laws, using a mask of compliance to prevent becoming victims of racially motivated violence. To maintain self-esteem and dignity, African Americans such as Anthony Overton and Mary McLeod Bethune continued to build their own schools, churches, banks, social clubs, and other businesses.[20]
In the last decade of the 19th century, racially discriminatory laws and racial violence aimed at African Americans began to mushroom in the United States. These discriminatory acts included racial segregation—upheld by the United States Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896[21]—which was legally mandated by southern states and nationwide at the local level of government, voter suppression or disenfranchisement in the southern states, denial of economic opportunity or resources nationwide, and private acts of violence and mass racial violence aimed at African Americans unhindered or encouraged by government authorities.
Great Migration and Civil Rights Movement[link]
Main articles: Great Migration (African American) and African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)
The desperate conditions of African Americans in the South that sparked the Great Migration of the early 20th century,[22] combined with a growing African American community in the Northern United States, led to a movement to fight violence and discrimination against African Americans that, like abolitionism before it, crossed racial lines. The Civil Rights Movement from 1954 to 1968 was directed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Americans, particularly in the Southern United States. The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and the conditions which brought it into being are credited with putting pressure on President John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.
Johnson put his support behind passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that banned discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and labor unions, and the Voting Rights Act (1965), which expanded federal authority over states to ensure black political participation through protection of voter registration and elections. By 1966, the emergence of the Black Power movement, which lasted from 1966 to 1975, expanded upon the aims of the Civil Rights Movement to include economic and political self-sufficiency, and freedom from white authority.[23]
Post-Civil Rights era[link]
Main article: Post Civil Rights Era African-American history
Politically and economically, blacks have made substantial strides during the post-civil rights era. In 1989, Douglas Wilder became the first African-American elected governor in U.S. history. There is currently one black governor; governor Deval Patrick of Massachusetts. Clarence Thomas became the second African-American Supreme Court Justice. In 1992 Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois became the first black woman elected to the U.S. Senate. There were 8,936 black officeholders in the United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970. In 2001 there were 484 black mayors.
On November 4, 2008, Democratic Senator Barack Obama defeated Republican Senator John McCain to become the first African American to be elected President. At least 95 percent of African-American voters voted for Obama.[24][25] He also received overwhelming support from young and educated whites, a majority of Asians, Hispanics,[26] and Native Americans[27][not in citation given] picking up a number of new states in the Democratic electoral column.[24][25] Obama lost the overall white vote, although he won a larger proportion of white votes than any previous nonincumbent Democratic presidential candidate since Jimmy Carter.[28] The following year Michael S. Steele was elected the first African-American chairman of the national Republican Party.[29]
Demographics[link]
File:Absenceblacks.png
U.S. Census map indicating U.S. counties with fewer than 25 black or African American inhabitants
Further information: List of U.S. communities with African American majority populations, List of U.S. counties with African American majority populations, and List of U.S. states by African-American population
In 1790, when the first U.S. Census was taken, Africans (including slaves and free people) numbered about 760,000—about 19.3% of the population. In 1860, at the start of the Civil War, the African American population had increased to 4.4 million, but the percentage rate dropped to 14% of the overall population of the country. The vast majority were slaves, with only 488,000 counted as "freemen". By 1900, the black population had doubled and reached 8.8 million. In 1910, about 90% of African Americans lived in the South, but large numbers began migrating north looking for better job opportunities and living conditions, and to escape Jim Crow laws and racial violence. The Great Migration, as it was called, spanned the 1890s to the 1970s. From 1916 through the 1960s, more than 6 million black people moved north. But in the 1970s and 1980s, that trend reversed, with more African Americans moving south to the Sun Belt than leaving it.
The following table of the African American population in the United States over time shows that the African American population, as a percentage of the total population, declined until 1930 and has been rising since then.
| Year | Number | % of total population |
% Change (10 yr) |
Slaves | % in slavery |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1790 | 757,208 | 19.3% (highest) | – | 697,681 | 92% |
| 1800 | 1,002,037 | 18.9% | 32.3% | 893,602 | 89% |
| 1810 | 1,377,808 | 19.0% | 37.5% | 1,191,362 | 86% |
| 1820 | 1,771,656 | 18.4% | 28.6% | 1,538,022 | 87% |
| 1830 | 2,328,642 | 18.1% | 31.4% | 2,009,043 | 86% |
| 1840 | 2,873,648 | 16.8% | 23.4% | 2,487,355 | 87% |
| 1850 | 3,638,808 | 15.7% | 26.6% | 3,204,287 | 88% |
| 1860 | 4,441,830 | 14.1% | 22.1% | 3,953,731 | 89% |
| 1870 | 4,880,009 | 12.7% | 9.9% | – | – |
| 1880 | 6,580,793 | 13.1% | 34.9% | – | – |
| 1890 | 7,488,788 | 11.9% | 13.8% | – | – |
| 1900 | 8,833,994 | 11.6% | 18.0% | – | – |
| 1910 | 9,827,763 | 10.7% | 11.2% | – | – |
| 1920 | 10.5 million | 9.9% | 6.8% | – | – |
| 1930 | 11.9 million | 9.7% (lowest) | 13% | – | – |
| 1940 | 12.9 million | 9.8% | 8.4% | – | – |
| 1950 | 15.0 million | 10.0% | 16% | – | – |
| 1960 | 18.9 million | 10.5% | 26% | – | – |
| 1970 | 22.6 million | 11.1% | 20% | – | – |
| 1980 | 26.5 million | 11.7% | 17% | – | – |
| 1990 | 30.0 million | 12.1% | 13% | – | – |
| 2000 | 34.6 million | 12.3% | 15% | – | – |
| 2010 | 38.9 million | 12.6% | 12% | – | – |
By 1990, the African American population reached about 30 million and represented 12% of the U.S. population, roughly the same proportion as in 1900.[31] In 2010, 38.9 million Americans identified as "Black or African American," representing 12.6% of the population. Controversy has surrounded the "accurate" population count of African Americans for decades. The NAACP believed it was under counted intentionally to minimize the significance of the black population in order to reduce their political power base[citation needed].
At the time of the 2000 Census, 54.8% of African Americans lived in the South. In that year, 17.6% of African Americans lived in the Northeast and 18.7% in the Midwest, while only 8.9% lived in the western states. The west does have a sizable black population in certain areas, however. California, the nation's most populous state, has the fifth largest African American population, only behind New York, Texas, Georgia, and Florida. According to the 2000 Census, approximately 2.05% of African Americans identified as Hispanic or Latino in origin,[4] many of whom may be of Brazilian, Puerto Rican, Dominican, Cuban, Haitian, or other Latin American descent. The only self-reported ancestral groups larger than African Americans are the Irish and Germans.[32] Because many African Americans trace their ancestry to colonial American origins, some simply self-identify as "American".[citation needed]
U.S. cities[link]
Further information: List of U.S. cities with large African American populations and List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations
Almost 58% of African Americans lived in metropolitan areas in 2000. With over 2 million black residents, New York City had the largest black urban population in the United States in 2000, overall the city has a 28% black population. Chicago has the second largest black population, with almost 1.6 million African Americans in its metropolitan area, representing about 18 percent of the total metropolitan population.
Among cities of 100,000 or more, Detroit, Michigan had the highest percentage of black residents of any U.S. city in 2010, with 82%. Other large cities with African American majorities include New Orleans, Louisiana (60%), Baltimore, Maryland (63%) Atlanta, Georgia (54%), Memphis, Tennessee (61%), and Washington, D.C. (50.7%).
The nation's most affluent county with an African American majority is Prince George's County, Maryland, with a median income of $62,467. Within that county, among the wealthiest communities are Glenn Dale, Maryland and Fort Washington, Maryland. Other affluent predominantly African American counties include Dekalb County in Georgia, and Charles City County in Virginia. Queens County, New York is the only county with a population of 65,000 or more where African Americans have a higher median household income than White Americans.[33]
Education[link]
By 2000, African Americans had advanced greatly. They still lagged overall in education attainment compared to white or Asian Americans, with 14 percent with four year and 5 percent with advanced degrees, though it was higher than for other minorities.[34] African Americans attend college at about half the rate of whites, but at a greater rate than Americans of Hispanic origin. More African American women attend and complete college than men. Black schools for kindergarten through twelfth grade students were common throughout the U.S., and a pattern towards re-segregation is currently occurring across the country.[35]
Historically black colleges and universities remain today which were originally set up when segregated colleges did not admit African Americans. As late as 1947, about one third of African Americans over 65 were considered to lack the literacy to read and write their own names. By 1969, illiteracy as it had been traditionally defined, had been largely eradicated among younger African Americans.[36]
US Census surveys showed that by 1998, 89 percent of African Americans aged 25 to 29 had completed high school, less than whites or Asians, but more than Hispanics. On many college entrance, standardized tests and grades, African Americans have historically lagged behind whites, but some studies suggest that the achievement gap has been closing. Many policy makers have proposed that this gap can and will be eliminated through policies such as affirmative action, desegregation, and multiculturalism.[37]
In Chicago, Marva Collins, an African American educator, created a low cost private school specifically for the purpose of teaching low-income African American children whom the public school system had labeled as being "learning disabled".[38] One article about Marva Collins' school stated,
Working with students having the worst of backgrounds, those who were working far below grade level, and even those who had been labeled as 'unteachable,' Marva was able to overcome the obstacles. News of third grade students reading at ninth grade level, four-year-olds learning to read in only a few months, outstanding test scores, disappearance of behavioral problems, second-graders studying Shakespeare, and other incredible reports, astounded the public.[39]
During the 2006–2007 school year, Collins' school charged $5,500 for tuition, and parents said that the school did a much better job than the Chicago public school system.[40] Meanwhile, during the 2007–2008 year, Chicago public school officials claimed that their budget of $11,300 per student was not enough.[41]
Economic status[link]
Economically, African Americans have benefited from the advances made during the Civil Rights era, particularly among the educated, but not without the lingering effects of historical marginalization when considered as a whole. The racial disparity in poverty rates has narrowed. The black middle class has grown substantially. In 2010, 45% of Africa-Americans owned their homes, compared to 67% of all Americans.[42] The poverty rate among African Americans has decreased from 26.5% in 1998 to 24.7% in 2004, compared to 12.7% for all Americans.[43] African Americans have a combined buying power of over $892 billion currently and likely over $1.1 trillion by 2012.[44][45] In 2002, African American-owned businesses accounted for 1.2 million of the US's 23 million businesses.[46] As of 2011 African American-owned business account for approximately 2 million US businesses.[47] Black-owned businesses experienced the largest growth in number of businesses among minorities from 2002 to 2011.[47]
In 2004, African American men had the third-highest earnings of American minority groups after Asian Americans and non-Hispanic whites.[52]
Twenty-five percent of blacks had white-collar occupations (management, professional, and related fields) in 2000, compared with 33.6% of Americans overall.[53][54] In 2001, over half of African American households of married couples earned $50,000 or more.[54] Although in the same year African Americans were over-represented among the nation's poor, this was directly related to the disproportionate percentage of African American families headed by single women; such families are collectively poorer, regardless of ethnicity.[54]
By 2006, gender continued to be the primary factor in income level, with the median earnings of African American men more than those black and non-black American women overall and in all educational levels.[55][56][57][58][59] At the same time, among American men, income disparities were significant; the median income of African American men was approximately 76 cents for every dollar of their European American counterparts, although the gap narrowed somewhat with a rise in educational level.[55][60]
Overall, the median earnings of African American men were 72 cents for every dollar earned of their Asian American counterparts, and $1.17 for every dollar earned by Hispanic men.[55][58][61] On the other hand by 2006, among American women with post-secondary education, African American women have made significant advances; the median income of African American women was more than those of their Asian-, European- and Hispanic American counterparts with at least some college education.[56][57][62]
African Americans are still underrepresented in government and employment. In 1999, the median income of African American families was $33,255 compared to $53,356 of European Americans. In times of economic hardship for the nation, African Americans suffer disproportionately from job loss and underemployment, with the black underclass being hardest hit. The phrase "last hired and first fired" is reflected in the Bureau of Labor Statistics unemployment figures. Nationwide, the October 2008 unemployment rate for African Americans was 11.1%,[63] while the nationwide rate was 6.5%.[64]
The income gap between black and white families is also significant. In 2005, employed blacks earned only 65% of the wages of whites, down from 82% in 1975.[43] The New York Times reported in 2006 that in Queens, New York, the median income among African American families exceeded that of white families, which the newspaper attributed to the growth in the number of two-parent black families. It noted that Queens was the only county with more than 65,000 residents where that was true.[33]
In 1999, the rate of births to unwed African American mothers was estimated by economist Walter E. Williams of George Mason University to be 70%.[65] The poverty rate among single-parent black families was 39.5% in 2005, according to Williams, while it was 9.9% among married-couple black families. Among white families, the comparable rates were 26.4% and 6%.[66]
According to Forbes magazine's "wealthiest American" lists, a 2000 net worth of $800 million dollars made Oprah Winfrey the richest African American of the 20th century; by contrast, the net worth of the 20th century's richest American, Bill Gates, who is of European descent, briefly hit $100 billion in 1999. In Forbes' 2007 list, Gates' net worth decreased to $59 billion while Winfrey's increased to $2.5 billion,[67] making her the world's richest black person.[49][68] Winfrey is also the first African American to make Business Week's annual list of America's 50 greatest philanthropists.[69] BET founder Bob Johnson was also listed as a billionaire prior to an expensive divorce and as of 2009, had an estimated net worth of $550 million.[70] Winfrey remains the only African American wealthy enough to rank among the country's 400 richest people.[67] Some black entrepreneurs use their wealth to create new avenues for both African Americans and new opportunities for American business in general. Examples such as Tyler Perry who created new filming studios in Atlanta, Georgia which makes it possible to film movies and television shows outside of California.[71]
Religion[link]
The majority of African Americans are Protestant of whom many follow the historically black churches.[72] Black church refers to churches which minister predominantly African American congregations. Black congregations were first established by freed slaves at the end of the 17th century, and later when slavery was abolished more African Americans were allowed to create a unique form of Christianity that was culturally influenced by African spiritual traditions.[73]
According to a 2007 survey, more than half of the African American population are part of the historically black churches.[74] The largest Protestant denomination among African Americans are the Baptists,[75] distributed mainly in four denominations, the largest being the National Baptist Convention, USA and the National Baptist Convention of America.[76] The second largest are the Methodists,[77] the largest sects are the African Methodist Episcopal Church and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.[76][78] Pentecostals are distributed among several different religious bodies with the Church of God in Christ as the largest among them by far.[76] About 16% of African American Christians are members of white Protestant communions,[77] these denominations (which include the United Church of Christ) mostly have a 2 to 3% African American membership.[79] There are also large numbers of Roman Catholics, constituting 5% of the African American population.[74] Of the total number of Jehovah's Witnesses, 22% are black.[72]
Some African Americans follow Islam. Historically, between 15 to 30% of enslaved Africans brought to the Americas were Muslims, but most of these Africans were converted to Christianity during the era of American slavery.[80] However during the 20th century, some African Americans converted to Islam, mainly through the influence of black nationalist groups that preached with distinctive Islamic practices; these include the Moorish Science Temple of America, though the largest organization was the Nation of Islam, founded during the 1930s, which attracted at least 20,000 people as of 1963,[81][82] prominent members included activist Malcolm X and boxer Muhammad Ali.[83]
Malcolm X is considered the first person to start the movement among African Americans towards mainstream Islam, after he left the Nation and made the pilgrimage to Mecca.[84] In 1975, Warith Deen Mohammed, the son of Elijah Muhammad who took control of the Nation after his death, guided majority of its members to orthodox Islam.[85] However, few members rejected these changes, in particular Louis Farrakhan, who revived the Nation of Islam in 1978 based on its original teachings.
African American Muslims constitute 20% of the total U.S. Muslim population,[86] the majority are Sunni or orthodox Muslims, some of these identify under the community of W. Deen Mohammed.[87][88] The Nation of Islam led by Louis Farrakhan has a membership from 20,000—50,000 members.[89]
There are relatively few African American Jews; estimates of their number range from 20,000[90] to 200,000.[91] Most of these Jews are part of mainstream groups such as the Reform, Conservative, or Orthodox branches of Judaism; although there are significant numbers of people who are part of non-mainstream Jewish groups, largely the Black Hebrew Israelites, whose beliefs include the claim that African Americans are descended from the Biblical Israelites.[92]
Contemporary issues[link]
African Americans have improved their social and economic standing significantly since the Civil Rights Movement and recent decades have witnessed the expansion of a robust, African American middle class across the United States. Unprecedented access to higher education and employment in addition to representation in the highest levels of American government has been gained by African Americans in the post-civil rights era.
Nevertheless, due in part to the legacy of slavery, racism and discrimination, African Americans as a group remain at a pronounced economic, educational and social disadvantage in many areas relative to European Americans. Persistent social, economic and political issues for many African Americans include inadequate health care access and delivery; institutional racism and discrimination in housing, education, policing, criminal justice and employment; crime, poverty and substance abuse.[citation needed]
One of the most serious and long standing issues within African American communities is poverty. Poverty itself is a hardship as it is related to marital stress and dissolution, health problems, low educational attainment, deficits in psychological functioning, and crime.[93] In 2004, 24.7% of African American families lived below the poverty level.[43] In 2007, the average African American income was $33,916, compared with $54,920 for whites.[94]
Politics and social issues[link]
Collectively, African Americans are more involved in the American political process than other minority groups in the United States, indicated by the highest level of voter registration and participation in elections among these groups in 2004.[95] African Americans collectively attain higher levels of education than immigrants to the United States.[95] African Americans also have the highest level of Congressional representation of any minority group in the U.S.[96]
The large majority of African Americans support the Democratic Party. In the 2004 Presidential Election, Democrat John Kerry received 88% of the African American vote compared to 11% for Republican George W. Bush.[97] Although there is an African-American lobby in foreign policy, it has not had the impact that African American organizations have had in domestic policy.[98]
Historically, African Americans were supporters of the Republican Party because it was Republican President Abraham Lincoln who helped in granting freedom to American slaves; at the time, the Republicans and Democrats represented the sectional interests of the North and South, respectively, rather than any specific ideology, and both right and left were represented equally in both parties.
The African American trend of voting for Democrats can be traced back to the 1930s during the Great Depression, when Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program provided economic relief to African Americans; Roosevelt's New Deal coalition turned the Democratic Party into an organization of the working class and their liberal allies, regardless of region. The African American vote became even more solidly Democratic when Democratic presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson pushed for civil rights legislation during the 1960s.
After over 50 years, marriage rates for all Americans began to decline while divorce rates and out-of-wedlock births have climbed.[99] These changes have been greatest among African Americans. After more than 70 years of racial parity black marriage rates began to fall behind whites.[99] Single-parent households have become common, and according to US census figures released in January 2010, only 38 percent of black children live with both their parents.[100] Despite that and heavy Democratic leanings, African Americans favor "traditional American values" about family and marriage.
While 52% of Democrats support same-sex marriage, only 30% of black Democrats do. In 2008, though Democrats overwhelmingly voted (64%) against the California ballot proposition banning gay marriage, blacks overwhelmingly approved (70% in favor) it, more than any other racial group.[101] The high-profile candidacy of Barack Obama is credited with increasing black turnout on the bill which has been seen as the crucial difference in its passing.[102]
Blacks also hold far more conservative opinions on abortion, extramarital sex, and raising children out of wedlock than Democrats as a whole.[102] On financial issues, however, African Americans are very much in line with Democrats, generally supporting a more progressive tax structure to provide more services and reduce injustice and as well as more government spending on social services.[103]
News media and coverage[link]
Some activists and academics contend that news media coverage of African American news concerns or dilemmas is inadequate[104][105][106] or the news media present distorted images of African Americans.[107] To combat this, Robert L. Johnson founded Black Entertainment Television, a network that targets young African Americans and urban audiences in the United States. Most programming on the network consists of rap and R&B music videos and urban-oriented movies and series. The channel also shows syndicated television series, original programs, and some public affairs programs. On Sunday mornings, BET broadcasts a lineup of network-produced Christian programming; other, non-affiliated Christian programs are also shown during the early morning hours daily. BET is now a global network that reaches 85 million viewers in the Caribbean, Canada, and the United Kingdom.[108]
In addition to BET there is Centric, which is a spin-off cable television channel of BET, created originally as BET on Jazz to showcase jazz music-related programming, especially that of black jazz musicians. Programming has been expanded to include a block of urban programs as well as some R&B, neo soul, and alternative hip hop, with the focus on jazz reduced to low-profile hours.[109]
TV One is another African American-oriented network and a direct competitor to BET, targeting African American adults with a broad range of programming. The network airs original lifestyle and entertainment-oriented shows, movies, fashion and music programming, as well as classic series such as 227, Good Times, Martin, Boston Public and It's Showtime at the Apollo. The network primarily owned by Radio One. Founded and controlled by Catherine Hughes, it is one of the nation's largest radio broadcasting companies and the largest African American-owned radio broadcasting company in the United States.[110]
Other African American networks scheduled to launch in 2009 are the Black Television News Channel founded by former Congressman J. C. Watts and Better Black Television founded by Percy Miller.[111][112] In June 2009, NBC News launched a new website named The Grio[113] in partnership with the production team that created the black documentary film, Meeting David Wilson. It is the first African American video news site which focuses on underrepresented stories in existing national news. The Grio consists of a broad spectrum of original video packages, news articles, and contributor blogs on topics including breaking news, politics, health, business, entertainment and Black History.[114]
Cultural influence in the United States[link]
Further information: African American culture
From their earliest presence in North America, African Americans have contributed literature, art, agricultural skills, foods, clothing styles, music, language, social and technological innovation to American culture. The cultivation and use of many agricultural products in the U.S., such as yams, peanuts, rice, okra, sorghum, grits, watermelon, indigo dyes, and cotton, can be traced to African and African American influences. Notable examples include George Washington Carver, who created 300 products from peanuts, 118 products from sweet potatoes, and 75 from pecans; and George Crum, who invented the potato chip in 1853.[115]
African American music is one of the most pervasive African American cultural influences in the United States today and is among the most dominant in mainstream popular music. Hip hop, R&B, funk, rock and roll, soul, blues, and other contemporary American musical forms originated in black communities and evolved from other black forms of music, including blues, doo-wop, barbershop, ragtime, bluegrass, jazz, and gospel music.
African American-derived musical forms have also influenced and been incorporated into virtually every other popular musical genre in the world, including country and techno. African American genres are the most important ethnic vernacular tradition in America, as they have developed independent of African traditions from which they arise more so than any other immigrant groups, including Europeans; make up the broadest and longest lasting range of styles in America; and have, historically, been more influential, interculturally, geographically, and economically, than other American vernacular traditions.[116]
African Americans have also had an important role in American dance. Bill T. Jones, a prominent modern choreographer and dancer, has included historical African American themes in his work, particularly in the piece "Last Supper at Uncle Tom's Cabin/The Promised Land". Likewise, Alvin Ailey's artistic work, including his "Revelations" based on his experience growing up as an African American in the South during the 1930s, has had a significant influence on modern dance. Another form of dance, Stepping, is an African American tradition whose performance and competition has been formalized through the traditionally black fraternities and sororities at universities.[117]
Many African American authors have written stories, poems, and essays influenced by their experiences as African Americans. African-American literature is a major genre in American literature. Famous examples include Langston Hughes, James Baldwin, Richard Wright, Zora Neale Hurston, Ralph Ellison, Nobel Prize winner Toni Morrison, and Maya Angelou.
African American inventors have created many widely used devices in the world and have contributed to international innovation. Norbert Rillieux created the technique for converting sugar cane juice into white sugar crystals. Moreover, Rillieux left Louisiana in 1854 and went to France, where he spent ten years working with the Champollions deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics from the Rosetta Stone.[118] Most slave inventors were nameless, such as the slave owned by the Confederate President Jefferson Davis who designed the ship propeller used by the Confederate navy.[119]
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By 1913 over 1,000 inventions were patented by black Americans. Among the most notable inventors were Jan Matzeliger, who developed the first machine to mass-produce shoes,[120] and Elijah McCoy, who invented automatic lubrication devices for steam engines.[121] Granville Woods had 35 patents to improve electric railway systems, including the first system to allow moving trains to communicate.[122] Garrett A. Morgan developed the first automatic traffic signal and gas mask.[123]
Lewis Howard Latimer invented an improvement for the incandescent light bulb.[124] More recent inventors include Frederick McKinley Jones, who invented the movable refrigeration unit for food transport in trucks and trains.[125] Lloyd Quarterman worked with six other black scientists on the creation of the atomic bomb (code named the Manhattan Project.)[126] Quarterman also helped develop the first nuclear reactor, which was used in the atomically powered submarine called the Nautilus.[127]
A few other notable examples include the first successful open heart surgery, performed by Dr. Daniel Hale Williams,[128] and the air conditioner, patented by Frederick McKinley Jones.[125] Dr. Mark Dean holds three of the original nine patents on the computer on which all PCs are based.[129] More current contributors include Otis Boykin, whose inventions included several novel methods for manufacturing electrical components that found use in applications such as guided missile systems and computers,[130] and Colonel Frederick Gregory, who was not only the first black astronaut pilot but the person who redesigned the cockpits for the last three space shuttles. Gregory was also on the team that pioneered the microwave instrumentation landing system.[131]
Political legacy[link]
African Americans have fought in every war in the history of the United States.[132]
The gains made by African Americans in the Civil Rights and Black Power movements not only obtained certain rights for African Americans, but changed American society in far-reaching and fundamentally important ways. Prior to the 1950s, Black Americans in the South were subject to de jure discrimination, or Jim Crow. They would often be the victims of extreme cruelty and violence, sometimes resulting in deaths: by the post WWII era, African Americans became increasingly discontented with their long-standing inequality. In the words of Martin Luther King, Jr., African Americans and their supporters challenged the nation to "rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed that all men are created equal ..."[133]
The Civil Rights Movement marked a sea-change in American social, political, economic and civic life. It brought with it boycotts, sit-ins, demonstrations, court battles, bombings and other violence; prompted worldwide media coverage and intense public debate; forged enduring civic, economic and religious alliances; and disrupted and realigned the nation's two major political parties.
Over time, it has changed in fundamental ways the manner in which blacks and whites interact with and relate to one another. The movement resulted in the removal of codified, de jure racial segregation and discrimination from American life and law, and heavily influenced other groups and movements in struggles for civil rights and social equality within American society, including the Free Speech Movement, the disabled, women, Native Americans, and migrant workers.
The term "African American"[link]
Political overtones[link]
The term African American carries important political overtones. Earlier terms used to identify Americans of African ancestry were conferred upon the group by colonists and Americans of European ancestry. The terms were included in the wording of various laws and legal decisions which some thought were being used as tools of white supremacy and oppression.[134] There developed among blacks in America a growing desire for a term of self-identification of their own choosing.
With the political consciousness that emerged from the political and social ferment of the late 1960s and early 1970s, blacks no longer approved of the term Negro. They believed it had suggestions of a moderate, accommodationist, even "Uncle Tom" connotation. In this period, a growing number of blacks in the United States, particularly African American youth, celebrated their blackness and their historical and cultural ties with the African continent. The Black Power movement defiantly embraced Black as a group identifier. It was a term social leaders themselves had repudiated only two decades earlier, but they proclaimed, "Black is beautiful".
In this same period, a smaller number of people favored Afro-American, a common shortening (as is 'Anglo-American'). However, after the decline in popularity of the 'Afro' hairstyle in the late 1970s, the term fell out of use.[citation needed]
In the 1980s the term African American was advanced on the model of, for example, German-American or Irish-American to give descendents of American slaves and other American blacks who lived through the slavery-era a heritage and a cultural base.[134] The term was popularized in black communities around the country via word of mouth and ultimately received mainstream use after Jesse Jackson publicly used the term in front of a national audience. Subsequently, major media outlets adopted its use.[134]
Some such as Maulana Karenga and Owen Alik Shahadah argue African-American is more appropriate because it accurately articulates geography and historical origin. Thus linking a people to a continent as oppose to an abstract color.[135] Others believe the term black is inaccurate because African Americans have a variety of skin tones.[citation needed] Surveys show that the majority of Black Americans have no preference for "African American" or "Black,"[136] although they have a slight preference for "Black" in personal settings and "African American" in more formal settings.[137] Many African-Americans expressed a preference for the term, as it was formed in the same way as names for others of the many ethnic groups in the nation. Some argued further that, because of the historical circumstances surrounding the capture, enslavement and systematic attempts to de-Africanize blacks in the United States under chattel slavery, most African Americans are unable to trace their ancestry to a specific African nation; hence, the entire continent serves as a geographic marker.
For many, African American is more than a name expressive of cultural and historical roots. The term expresses pride in Africa and a sense of kinship and solidarity with others of the African diaspora—an embrace of pan-Africanism as earlier enunciated by prominent African thinkers such as Marcus Garvey, W. E. B. Du Bois and George Padmore.
Who is African American?[link]
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Since 1977, in an attempt to keep up with changing social opinion, the United States government has officially classified black people (revised to black or African American in 1997) as "having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa."[138] Other federal offices, such as the United States Census Bureau, adhere to the OMB standards on race in its data collection and tabulations efforts.[139] In preparation for the United States 2010 Census, a marketing and outreach plan, called 2010 Census Integrated Communications Campaign Plan (ICC) recognized and defined African Americans as black people born in the United States. From the ICC perspective, African Americans are one of three groups of black people in the United States[140]
The ICC plan was to reach the three groups by acknowledging that each group has its own sense of community that is based on geography and ethnicity.[141] The best way to market the census process toward any of the three groups is to reach them through their own unique communication channels and not treat the entire black population of the U.S. as though they are all African Americans with a single ethnic and geographical background. The U.S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation categorizes black or African American people as "A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa" through racial categories used in the UCR Program adopted from the Statistical Policy Handbook (1978) and published by the Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, derived from the 1977 OMB classification.[142]
Admixture[link]
Historically, "race mixing" between black and white people was taboo in the United States. So-called anti-miscegenation laws, barring blacks and whites from marrying or having sex, were established in colonial America as early as 1691.[143] The taboo among American whites surrounding white-black relations can be seen as a historical consequence of the oppression and racial segregation of African-Americans.[144]Historian David Brion Davis notes the racial mixing that occurred during slavery was frequently attributed by the planter class to the "lower-class white males" but Davis concludes that "there is abundant evidence that many slaveowners, sons of slaveowners, and overseers took black mistresses or in effect raped the wives and daughters of slave families."[145] A famous example was Thomas Jefferson's mistress, Sally Hemings.[146]
Harvard University historian Henry Louis Gates, Jr. wrote in 2009, "African Americans ... are a racially mixed or mulatto people—deeply and overwhelmingly so." [147] For example, after the Emancipation Proclamation Chinese American men married African American women in high proportions to their total marriage numbers due to few Chinese American women being in the United States.[148] African slaves and their descendants have also had a history of cultural exchange and intermarriage with Native Americans[149] although they did not necessarily retain social, cultural or linguistic ties to Native peoples.[150] There are also increasing intermarriages and offspring between non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics of any race, especially between Puerto Ricans and African Americans (American-born blacks).[151]
Racially mixed marriages have become increasingly accepted in the United States since the Civil Rights movement and up to the present day.[152] Approval in national opinion polls have risen from 36% in 1978, to 48% in 1991, 65% in 2002, 77% in 2007.[153] Scientific analysis indicates that current African Americans inherit about 14-17.7% of their ancestry from Europeans.[154]
The African-American experience[link]
In her book The End of Blackness, as well as in an essay on the liberal website Salon,[155] author Debra Dickerson has argued that the term "black" should refer strictly to the descendents of Africans brought to America as slaves, and not the sons and daughters of black immigrants who lack that ancestry. In her opinion, President Barack Obama, who is the son of a Kenyan immigrant, although technically African-American, is not black.[155][156] She makes the argument that grouping all people of African descent together regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would inevitably deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American community of slave descendents, in addition to denying black immigrants recognition of their own unique ancestral backgrounds. "Lumping us all together", Dickerson wrote, "erases the significance of slavery and continuing racism while giving the appearance of progress".[155]
Similar viewpoints have been expressed by Stanley Crouch in a New York Daily News piece, Charles Steele, Jr. of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference[157] and African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times who accused white liberals of flocking to blacks who were "Magic Negros", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda.[158] Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."[158]
Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy),[159] said "descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that." She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African-Americans and instead prefers the term "black" or "white" to denote the African and European U.S. founding populations.[160]
Terms no longer in common use[link]
The terms mulatto and colored were widely used until the second quarter of the 20th century, when they were considered outmoded and generally gave way to the use of negro. By the 1940s, the term commonly was capitalized, Negro, but by the mid 1960s, it had acquired negative connotations. Today, in the culture of the United States, the term is considered inappropriate and is now rarely used and perceived as a pejorative.[161][162] The term Negro is largely out of use among the younger black generation, but is still used by a substantial block of older black Americans, particularly in the southern U.S.[163]
In Latin America, negro, which translates as black is the term generally used to refer and describe black people and, similarly to mulatto, it is not considered offensive at all in these regions. However, it is pronounced differently, with the e (a mid front unrounded vowel in American Spanish: [ˈneɣɾo], and a close-mid front unrounded vowel in Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈneɡɾu]) being closer to a sound that it is intermediate between phonemes found in English words such as pay and egg (in Spanish) or day, city and item (in Portuguese).
See also[link]
- African American art
- African-American literature
- African-American music
- African American National Biography Project
- African American Vernacular English
- African Americans in the 1960s
- American Black Upper Class
- Black feminism
- Black Loyalist
- Military history of African Americans
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Diaspora: |
Lists: |
Notes[link]
- ^ Rastogi, Sonya; Johnson, Tallese D.; Hoeffel, Elizabeth M.; Drewery, Jr., Malcolm P. (September 2011). "The Black Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 3. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-06.pdf. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
- ^ As a compound adjective, the term is usually hyphenated as African-American. ""African American" in the American Heritage Dictionary". Education.yahoo.com. http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/African%20American. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ a b "The size and regional distribution of the black population". Lewis Mumford Center. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. http://mumford1.dyndns.org/cen2000/BlackWhite/BlackDiversityReport/black-diversity03.htm. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
- ^ a b American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "United States – QT-P4. Race, Combinations of Two Races, and Not Hispanic or Latino: 2000". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_QTP4&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-redoLog=false. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ Gomez, Michael A: Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South, p. 29. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 1998
- ^ Rucker, Walter C. (2006). The river flows on: Black resistance, culture, and identity formation in early America. LSU Press. p. 126. ISBN 0-8071-3109-1. http://books.google.com/?id=c2XlG4rRK4QC&pg=PA126.
- ^ Hashaw, Tim (January 21, 2007). "The First Black Americans". U.S. News & World Report. http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070121/29african.htm. Retrieved February 13, 2008.
- ^ "The shaping of Black America: forthcoming 400th celebration". Encyclopedia.com. June 26, 2006. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-147667728.html?Q=Jamestown. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ "The First Black Americans – US News and World Report". Usnews.com. January 29, 2007. Archived from the original on 2 February 2011. http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070121/29african.htm. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ Hodges, Russel Graham (1999), Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613–1863, Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press
- ^ PBS. Africans in America: the Terrible Transformation. "From Indentured Servitude to Racial Slavery." Accessed 13 Sept 2011.
- ^ "Scots to Colonial North Carolina Before 1775". Dalhousielodge.org. http://www.dalhousielodge.org/Thesis/scotstonc.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
- ^ "African Americans in the American Revolution". Wsu.edu:8080. June 6, 1999. http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/DIASPORA/REV.HTM. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ "AfricanAmericans.com". AfricanAmericans.com. http://www.africanamericans.com/MilitaryTimeline.htm. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ "Time.com". Time. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110119035209/http://www.time.com/time/2007/blackhistmth/bios/01.html. Retrieved January 20, 2011. [dead link]
- ^ Boddy-Evans, Alistair. "The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade". African History. about.com. http://africanhistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa080601a.htm. Retrieved June 4, 2007.
- ^ "The Emancipation Proclamation". Featured Documents. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/. Retrieved June 7, 2007.
- ^ "History of Juneteenth". Juneteenth.com. 2005. Archived from the original on 27 May 2007. http://www.juneteenth.com/history.htm. Retrieved June 7, 2007.
- ^ Davis, Ronald L.F., PhD. "Creating Jim Crow: In-Depth Essay". The History of Jim Crow. New York Life Insurance Company. Archived from the original on 1 June 2007. http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/creating2.htm. Retrieved June 7, 2007.
- ^ Davis, Ronald, PhD. "Surviving Jim Crow". The History of Jim Crow. New York Life Insurance Company. http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/surviving.htm.
- ^ Plessy v. Ferguson 163 U.S. 537 (1896)
- ^ "The Great Migration". African American World. PBS. 2002. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071012201420/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/great_migration.html. Retrieved October 22, 2007.
- ^ "The March On Washington, 1963". Abbeville Press. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. http://www.abbeville.com/civilrights/washington.asp. Retrieved October 22, 2007.
- ^ a b "Exit polls: Obama wins big among young, minority voters". CNN. November 4, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/exit.polls/. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ^ a b Kuhn, David Paul (November 5, 2008). "Exit polls: How Obama won". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1108/15297.html. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ^ Why Asian Americans Voted For Obama[dead link]
- ^ "Paying Attention to the Native American Vote – Votes of Native Americans could impact several battleground states". Pbs.org. 2008-11-04. http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/election2008/2008/11/paying-attention-to-the-n.html. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
- ^ Noah, Timothy (November 10, 2008). "Slate.com". Slate.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. http://www.slate.com/id/2204251/. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ "Emailwire.com". Emailwire.com. January 31, 2009. http://www.emailwire.com/release/19287-Michael-Steele-First-AfricanAmerican-Leader-to-Chair-RNC-.html. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ This table gives the African American population in the United States over time, based on U.S. Census figures. (Numbers from years 1920 to 2000 are based on U.S. Census figures as given by the Time Almanac of 2005, p. 377.)
- ^ "Time Line of African American History, 1881–1900". Lcweb2.loc.gov. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/aap/timelin2.html. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
- ^ "c2kbr01-2.qxd" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2 January 2011. http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ a b Black Incomes Surpass Whites in Queens
- ^ Issued August 2003: Educational Attainment by race and gender: Census 2000 Brief.
- ^ Kozol, J. "Overcoming Apartheid", The Nation. December 19, 2005. p. 26.
- ^ Public Information Office, U.S. Census Bureau. High School Completions at All-Time High, Census Bureau Reports. September 15, 2000.
- ^ "California". Closing the Achievement Gap. 2008-01-22. http://www.closingtheachievementgap.org/cs/ctag/print/htdocs/home.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
- ^ "Marva Collins Seminars, Inc". Marvacollins.com. http://www.marvacollins.com/comments.html. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ "Excerpts from Ordinary Children, Extraordinary Teachers and Marva Collins’ Way". Edocere.org. http://www.edocere.org/articles/marva_collins.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
- ^ "Marva Collins School to close". Abclocal.go.com. 2008-06-05. http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?id=6188122§ion=news/local. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
- ^ Chicago students skip school in funding protest, Associated Press, September 2, 2008.
- ^ "Homeownership Rates by Race and Ethnicity of Householder —". Infoplease.com. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0883976.html. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
- ^ a b c Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, Cheryl Hill Lee (August 2005) (PDF). Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2004. United States Census Bureau. pp. 60–229. http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf.
- ^ "Report: Affluent African-Americans have 45% of buying power". Bizreport.com. 2008-02-22. http://www.bizreport.com/2008/02/report_affluent_africanamericans_have_45_of_buying_power.html. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
- ^ "Buying Power Among African Americans to Reach $1.1 Trillion by 2012". Reuters.com. 2008-02-06. http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS218860+06-Feb-2008+PRN20080206. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ a b Tozzi, John (2010-07-16). "Minority Businesses Multiply But Still Lag Whites". Businessweek.com. http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/jul2010/sb20100715_469797.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
- ^ "Oprah Winfrey the richest black person in the world". African Echo 43. September 11, 2006. Archived from the original on 1 September 2006. http://www.africanecho.co.uk/business.html. Retrieved September 11, 2006.
- ^ a b Malonson, Roy Douglas (May 10, 2006). "Condi and Oprah aren't good role models for Black motherhood". African American News & Issues. http://www.aframnews.com/html/2006-05-10/publisher.htm. Retrieved September 11, 2006.
- ^ "#562 Oprah Winfrey". Forbes Special Report: The World's Billionaires. 2006. Archived from the original on 1 September 2006. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/10/O0ZT.html. Retrieved September 11, 2006.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "Incomes, Earnings, and Poverty from the 2004 American Community Survey" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. August 2005. Archived from the original on 1 November 2006. http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/acs-01.pdf. Retrieved October 24, 2006.
- ^ Peter Fronczek and Patricia Johnson (August 2003). "Occupations: 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 24 October 2006. http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-25.pdf. Retrieved October 24, 2006.
- ^ a b c Jesse McKinnon (April 2003). "The Black Population in the United States: March 2002" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 1 November 2006. http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/p20-541.pdf. Retrieved October 24, 2006.
- ^ a b c "PINC-03-Part 131". Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_131.htm. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ a b "PINC-03-Part 254". Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_254.htm. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ a b "PINC-03-Part 259". Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_259.htm. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ a b "PINC-03-Part 135". Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_135.htm. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ "PINC-03-Part 253". Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_253.htm. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ "PINC-03-Part 128". Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_128.htm. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ "PINC-03-Part 133". Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_133.htm. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ "PINC-03-Part 5". Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_005.htm. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
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- ^ Blaming the past, Walter Williams, May 19, 1999.
- ^ Ammunition for poverty pimps Walter E. Williams, October 27, 2005.
- ^ a b Yahoo.com[dead link]
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- ^ Mattew Miller (05/06/09). "The Wealthiest Black Americans". Forbes. Archived from the original on 16 October 2010. http://www.forbes.com/2009/05/06/richest-black-americans-busienss-billionaires-richest-black-americans.html. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
- ^ Landrum Jr, Jonathan (October 5, 2008). "Tyler Perry unveils new studio in Atlanta". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2008-10-05-perry-studio_N.htm.
- ^ a b U.S.Religious Landscape Survey The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (February 2008). Retrieved on July 20, 2009.
- ^ The Black Church By Charyn D. Sutton. Energize Inc. Retrieved on November 18, 2009.
- ^ a b "A Religious Portrait of African-Americans". Pewforum.org. 2009-01-30. http://pewforum.org/A-Religious-Portrait-of-African-Americans.aspx. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
- ^ Bill J. Leonard (2007). Baptists in America. Columbia University Press. pp. 34. ISBN 0-231-12703-0.
- ^ a b c The NCC's 2008 Yearbook of Churches reports a wide range of health care ministries National Council of Churches USA. February 14, 2008. Retrieved on June 22, 2009.
- ^ a b William Henry James, Stephen Lloyd Johnson (1997). Doin' drugs: patterns of African American addiction. University of Texas Press. pp. 135. ISBN 0-292-74041-7.
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- ^ Lomax. When the Word Is Given. pp. 15–16. ISBN 0-313-21002-0. "Estimates of the Black Muslim membership vary from a quarter of a million down to fifty thousand. Available evidence indicates that about one hundred thousand Negroes have joined the movement at one time or another, but few objective observers believe that the Black Muslims can muster more than twenty or twenty-five thousand active temple people."
- ^ Clegg. p. 115. "The common response of Malcolm X to questions about numbers—'Those who know aren't saying, and those who say don't know'—was typical of the attitude of the leadership."
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- ^ "African-American Inventors". Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/inventors/black.shtml. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
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- ^ "Norbert Rillieux". Inventors Assistance League. http://www.inventions.org/culture/african/rillieux.html. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
- ^ Sluby, Patricia Carter (2004). The Inventive Spirit of African Americans: Patented Ingenuity. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. pp. 30–33. ISBN 0-275-96674-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=Wz-DTSXeLRYC&pg=PA30.
- ^ "Jan Matzeliger". Lemelson-MIT Program. August 2002. http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/matzeliger.html. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
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- ^ Michael N. Geselowitz (February 2004). "African American Heritage in Engineering". todaysengineer.org. http://www.todaysengineer.org/2004/Feb/history.asp. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
- ^ a b "Frederick M. Jones (1893–1961)". Lemelson-MIT Program. http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/jones.html. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
- ^ McConnell, Wendy. "Lloyd Albert Quarterman". Project Nova, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. http://www.csupomona.edu/~nova/scientists/articles/quart.html. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
- ^ "Dr. Lloyd Quarterman". Black History Pages. http://blackhistorypages.net/pages/lquarterman.php. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
- ^ "Daniel Hale Williams". The Black Inventor Online Museum. http://www.blackinventor.com/pages/danielwilliams.html. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
- ^ Williams, Scott. "Mark E. Dean". Computer Scientists of the African Diaspora, State University of New York at Buffalo. http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/computer-science/dean_mark.html. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
- ^ "Otis Boykin". The Black Inventor Online Museum. http://www.blackinventor.com/pages/otisboykin.html. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
- ^ Spangenburg, Ray; Moser, Diane (2003). African Americans in Science, Math, and Invention. New York: Facts on File. pp. 99–101. ISBN 0-8160-4806-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=XSOZ8kF5ynEC&pg=PA99.
- ^ "Defenselink.mil". Defenselink.mil. http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=48936. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ "Martin Luther King, Jr". Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/38.htm. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
- ^ a b c Books.Google.com. Google Books. 1999. ISBN 978-0-292-70873-0. http://books.google.com/?id=xoZ0POyF2YkC&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86&dq=jesse+jackson+african+american+cultural+base. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ "Language for a New African Reality". Africanholocaust.net. 2010-04-30. http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/language%20new%20reality.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
- ^ Newport, Frank (September 28, 2007). "Black or African American?". Gallup. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. http://www.gallup.com/poll/28816/black-african-american.aspx. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
- ^ Miller, Pepper; Kemp, Herb (2006). What's Black About? Insights to Increase Your Share of a Changing African-American Market. Paramount Market Publishing, Inc. p. 8. ISBN 0-9725290-9-8. OCLC 61694280. http://books.google.com/books?id=1OzZr_U2x_wC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ McKinnon, Jesse. "The Black Population: 2000 United States Census Bureau" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-5.pdf. Retrieved October 22, 2007.
- ^ "Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity". Office of Management and Budget. 1997. http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html.
- ^ "2010 Census Integrated Communications Campaign Plan" (PDF). 2010 Census. U.S. Census Bureau. August 2008. p. 225. http://2010.census.gov/2010census/pdf/2010_ICC_Plan.pdf. Retrieved May 5, 2009. "The Black audience includes all individuals of Black African descent. There are three major groups that represent the Black Audience in the United States. These groups are African Americans (Blacks born in the United States), Black Africans (Black Immigrants from Africa) and Afro-Caribbeans, which includes Haitians." [dead link]
- ^ "2010 Census Integrated Communications Campaign Plan" (PDF). 2010 Census. U.S. Census Bureau. August 2008. p. 230. http://2010.census.gov/2010census/pdf/2010_ICC_Plan.pdf. Retrieved May 5, 2009. "Community, both geographic and ethnic, creates a sense of belonging and pride that is unique to the Black audience (African Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, and Black Africans)." [dead link]
- ^ "Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2004. p. 97. http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/handbook/ucrhandbook04.pdf.
- ^ Frank W Sweet (January 1, 2005). The Invention of the Color Line: 1691—Essays on the Color Line and the One-Drop Rule. Backentyme Essays. http://www.backintyme.com/essay050101.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
- ^ Yancey, George (22 March 2007). "Experiencing Racism: Differences in the Experiences of Whites Married to Blacks and Non-Black Racial Minorities". Journal of Comparative Family Studies (University of Calgary: Social Sciences) 38 (2): 197–213.
- ^ Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World.(2006) ISBN 13:978-0-19-514073-6 p. 201
- ^ "Memoirs of Madison Hemings". PBS Frontline. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/cron/1873march.html.
- ^ http://www.theroot.com/views/michelle-s-great-great-great-granddaddy-and-yours
- ^ "The United States". Chinese blacks in the Americas. Color Q World. http://www.colorq.org/MeltingPot/article.aspx?d=America&x=ChineseBlacks. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Angela Y. Walton-Raji (2008). "Researching Black Native American Genealogy of the Five Civilized Tribes". Oklahoma's Black Native Americans. http://www.african-nativeAmerican.com/1IntroPage.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
- ^ G. Reginald Daniel (2008). More Than Black?: Multiracial. Temple University Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=9tP7_3j3WrkC&pg=PA129&dq=most+african+Americans+may+have+native+American+heritage&sig=ACfU3U0Qj3oGYXBs5gOU7v--h2WgcInomg#PPA128,M1. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
- ^ http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-ds_name=PEP_2007_EST&-mt_name=PEP_2007_EST_G2007_T004_2007&-CONTEXT=dt&-redoLog=true&-currentselections=PEP_2006_EST_G2006_T004_2006&-geo_id=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en
- ^ Swanbrow, Diane (2000-03-23). "Intimate Relationships Between Races More Common Than Thought". University of Michigan. http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2000/Mar00/r032300a. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Krugman, Paul, The Conscience of a Liberal, W W Norton & Company, 2007, p.210
- ^ http://genomebiology.com/2009/10/12/R141
- ^ a b c Debra J. Dickerson (January 22, 2007). Colorblind – Barack Obama would be the great black hope in the next presidential race – if he were actually black. salon.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2010. http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/feature/2007/01/22/obama/. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
- ^ Debra Dickerson (February 8, 2007). "The Colbert Report". colbertnation.com. http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/81955/february-08-2007/debra-dickerson?videoId=81955. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
- ^ "SCLC head: Michelle Obama treated more roughly than her husband, because of her slave heritage". Atlanta Journal Constitution-Ajc.com. 2008-06-21. http://www.ajc.com/metro/content/shared-blogs/ajc/politicalinsider/entries/2008/06/21/sclc_head_michelle_obama_treat.html. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
- ^ a b Ehrenstein, David (March 19, 2007). "Obama the 'Magic Negro'". The Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-ehrenstein19mar19,0,5335087.story?coll=la-opinion-center.
- ^ "Nicolas Sarkozy Mistakes Condoleezza Rice for Recent Immigrant". Fox News. November 7, 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,309218,00.html.
- ^ Elisabeth Bumiller (December 22, 2007). "Book Excerpt: Condoleezza Rice: An American Life". http://bbaaghs.org/news/?p=10. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
- ^ Tottie, Gunnel (2002). An Introduction to American English. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 200. ISBN 0-631-19792-3. http://books.google.com/?id=WWDUtK-f1tQC&pg=PA200. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ Anderson, Talmadge; James Stewart (2007). Introduction to African American Studies. Baltimore: Black Classics Press. p. 3. ISBN 1-58073-039-6. http://books.google.com/?id=49tXR1Ok6poC&pg=PA3. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ Chris Good (March 26, 2010). "They Put 'Negro' on There?". The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/03/they-put-negro-on-there/38094/. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
References[link]
- Centerwall, Brandon S. (1984). "Race, socioeconomic status, and domestic homicide, Atlanta, 1971–72". American Journal of Public Health 74 (8): 813–815. DOI:10.2105/AJPH.74.8.813. PMC 1651951. PMID 6742272. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1651951.
- Hawkins, Darnell F. (1993). "Inequality, Culture, and Interpersonal Violence". Health Affairs 12 (4): 80–95. DOI:10.1377/hlthaff.12.4.80. PMID 8125451.
- Neapolitan, Jerome L. (1998). "Cross-National Variation in Homicide; Is Race A Factor?". Criminology 36 (1): 139–156. DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01243.x.
- Bohlen, C. (May 18, 1986). "Does She Say the Same Things in her Native Tongue?". New York Times.
- Felder, J. (1992). From the Statue of Liberty to the Statue of Bigotry. New York: Jack Felder.
- Felder, J. (July 16, 1990). "Black Origins and Lady Liberty". Daily Challenge.
- Sinclair, T. (July 5, 1986). "Was Original Statue a Tribute to Blacks?". New York Voice.
- "Statue of Liberty". New York Post. June 17, 1986.
- Altman, Susan. The Encyclopedia of African-American Heritage. ISBN 0-8160-4125-3.
- Southern, Eileen (1997). The Music of Black Americans: A History (3rd ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-97141-4.
- Stewart, Earl L. (1998). African American Music: An Introduction. ISBN 0-02-860294-3.
Further reading[link]
- Jack Salzman, ed., Encyclopedia of Afro-American culture and history, New York, New York : Macmillan Library Reference USA, 1996.
- African American Lives, edited by Henry L. Gates, Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Oxford University Press, 2004—more than 600 biographies.
- From Slavery to Freedom. A History of African Americans, by John Hope Franklin, Alfred Moss, McGraw-Hill Education 2001, standard work, first edition in 1947.
- Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia, Darlene Clark Hine (Editor), Rosalyn Terborg-Penn (Editor), Elsa Barkley Brown (Editor), Paperback Edition, Indiana University Press 2005.
- Baugh, J. (Summer 1991). "The Politicization of Changing Terms of Self Reference Among American Slave Descendants". American Speech 66 (2): 133–46. DOI:10.2307/455882. JSTOR 455882.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: African American |
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Look up african american in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: African Americans |
- Richard Thompson Ford Name Games, Slate, September 16, 2004. Article discussing the problems of defining African American
- "Of Arms & the Law: Don Kates on Afro-American Homicide Rates"
- Scientific American Magazine (June 2006) Trace Elements Reconnecting African-Americans to an ancestral past
- "The Definition of Political Absurdity", San Francisco Chronicle, March 2, 2007
- African American archaeology in Sacramento, California pdf
- African American archaeology in Oakland, California —See Part III, Chap 10
- Black History related original documents and photos
- President Obama's Speech to the NAACP on July 16, 2009—full video by MSNBC
- Black or African American?, Frank Newport. Gallup, September 28, 2007
- The Long Journey of Black Americans – slideshow by The First Post
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This article is about the indigenous peoples of South America. For other indigenous peoples see Indigenous peoples (disambiguation)
See also: South American Indigenous people
American indigenous peoples in South America include:
- Indigenous peoples in Argentina
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- Indigenous peoples in Colombia
- Indigenous peoples in Ecuador
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- Indigenous peoples in Guyana
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Kevin D. Annett (aka. Kevin McNamee-Annett, and Eagle Strong Voice born 1956 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a Canadian writer and former minister of the United Church of Canada. He has authored two books about Canadian aboriginals: Love and Death in the Valley and Hidden from History: The Canadian Holocaust.
Contents |
Education and ministry[link]
In the 1980s, Annett graduated from the University of British Columbia with a Bachelor's degree in anthropology and a Master's degree in political science. In 1990, he graduated from the Vancouver School of Theology with a Master of Divinity, and was subsequently ordained by British Columbia Conference of the United Church of Canada. In 1990-1991 he served in churches in rural Manitoba, and in 1991-1992 served at the Fred Victor Mission in Toronto, an outreach street-ministry of The United Church of Canada. Beginning in 1992, he was the minister to St. Andrew's United Church in Port Alberni, British Columbia and resigned from this position in January 1995.[1][2] Since 1997, Annett has been placed on the Discontinued Service List of The United Church of Canada, and can no longer function as a minister of that denomination.[1][2][3]
Residential school work and writings[link]
Annett has written two books on the subject of residential school abuse in Canada. The first, Hidden from History: The Canadian Holocaust, was published in two editions: 2001, and 2005. The second, Love and Death in the Valley, was published in 2002.[4] In 2006, Kevin produced a documentary on this topic: Unrepentant: Kevin Annett and Canada's Genocide which won the 2006 award for 'Best Director' at the New York International Independent Film & Video Festival.[5] Hidden No Longer: Genocide In Canada, Past and Present (2010), On line.
Finding of 'Human' Bones[link]
Kevin Annett along with the Mohawk Nation in Ontario publicized on Nov 29,2011 that they had found the human bones of a child. They stated that 16 bones were found, one that was human. Since that time that bones have disappeared. Kevin Annett took over the findings and as a reply to APTN ( Aboriginal Peoples Television Network) question in interview to the whereabouts of the bones. Kevin Annett released a statement attacking the APTN and said that the bones had been sent to the United States for archeological discoveries. As of the present date there has been no further information about these bones or the archeological findings to the question if the bones were human or not.
2008 protests[link]
See also: Squamish Nation
On March 22, 2008 "Friends of the Disappeared" disrupted the Easter Sunday Mass of Vancouver's Holy Rosary Cathedral.[6] In addition to causing a disturbance in the actual sanctuary, the protesters yelled at parishioners as they arrived for Easter Mass by calling them "murderers."[7] Annett claimed these actions were "authorized" by Gerald Johnston, who claimed to be the Squamish First Nation's hereditary chief Kiapilano. On March 17 the Squamish First Nation issued statements that Annett "is not a member of the Nation and has no association with the Nation whatsoever", that they do not recognize Gerald Johnston as a hereditary chief, and that he has "neither the authority nor the capacity" to act on their behalf.[8]
Banning from CFRO (Co-op Radio) Vancouver[link]
After nine years of weekly programming on CFRO[9] (Co-op radio in Vancouver), Annett was banned from their downtown, eastside studios in August 2010.[10]
Denied entry into England 2011[link]
On May 29, 2011, Annett was denied entry into England at Stansted airport, and briefly held in an immigration prison before being deported.[11]
References[link]
- ^ a b "Kevin Annett and The United Church of Canada". The United Church of Canada. January 2008. http://www.united-church.ca/communications/news/general/070501. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
- ^ a b Milne, Mike (2008-05-02). "Reconciled to hard truths". United Church Observer. http://www.ucobserver.org/justice/2008/05/hard_truths/. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
- ^ "Formal Hearing Panel Decision". United Church of Canada. http://www.bc.united-church.ca/content/formal-hearing-panel-decision. Retrieved 2010-01-24.
- ^ "Kevin Annett biography". Kevin Annett. http://canadiangenocide.nativeweb.org/kevin_bio.html. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
- ^ New York Film and Video Festival
- ^ CTV.ca | First Nations protesters disrupt Easter services
- ^ Two parishioners kicked out of church for protesting to the priest
- ^ "Gerald Johnston - Disruption of Church Services". CNW Group. http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/March2008/17/c4940.html. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
- ^ CFRO Vancouver
- ^ Hidden from History
- ^ Hidden from History
External links[link]
- Hidden From History: The Canadian Holocaust—The Untold Story of the Genocide of Aboriginal Peoples, Kevin Annett's website.
- Unrepentant: Kevin Annett and Canada's Genocide (documentary): Google Video (108 minutes)
- Mystery shrouds bones dug up next to residential school, APTN Network
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Annett, Kevin |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1956 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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