Urine (from Latin Urina, ae, f.) is a typically sterile liquid by-product of the body secreted by the kidneys through a process called urination and excreted through the urethra. Cellular metabolism generates numerous by-products, many rich in nitrogen, that require elimination from the bloodstream. These by-products are eventually expelled from the body in a process known as micturition, the primary method for excreting water-soluble chemicals from the body. These chemicals can be detected and analyzed by urinalysis. Certain disease conditions can result in pathogen-contaminated urine.^[1]

Sample of human urine

Physiology[link]

Most animals have excretory systems for elimination of soluble toxic wastes. In humans, soluble wastes are excreted primarily by the urinary system and, to a lesser extent in terms of urea removed, by perspiration.^[2] The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The system produces urine by a process of filtration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion. The kidneys extract the soluble wastes from the bloodstream, as well as excess water, sugars, and a variety of other compounds. The resulting urine contains high concentrations of urea and other substances, including toxins. Urine flows from the kidney through the ureter, bladder, and finally the urethra before passing from the body.

Composition[link]

Urea structure

Exhaustive detailed description of the composition of human urine can be found in NASA Contractor Report No. NASA CR-1802, D. F. Putnam, July 1971.^[3] That report provided detailed chemical analyses for inorganic and organic constituents, methods of analysis, chemical and physical properties and its behavior during concentrative processes such as evaporation, distillation and other physiochemical operations. Urine is an aqueous solution of greater than 95% water, with the remaining constituents, in order of decreasing concentration urea 9.3 g/L, chloride 1.87 g/L, sodium 1.17 g/L, potassium 0.750 g/L, creatinine 0.670 g/L and other dissolved ions, inorganic and organic compounds.

Urine is sterile until it reaches the urethra, where epithelial cells lining the urethra are colonized by facultatively anaerobic Gram negative rods and cocci.^[4] Subsequent to elimination from the body, urine can acquire strong odors due to bacterial action,^{[citation needed]} and in particular the release of ammonia from the breakdown of urea.

Some diseases alter the quantity and consistency of urine, such as diabetes introducing sugar. Consuming beets can result in beeturia (pink/red urine containing betanin) for some 10–14% of the population.^[5]

Hazards[link]

Healthy urine is not toxic as such in concentrations as excreted.^[6] However, it contains compounds eliminated by the body as undesirable, and can be irritating to skin and eyes. After suitable processing it is possible to extract potable water from urine.

Characteristics[link]

Chemical analysis[link]

Urine is principally water. It also contains an assortment of inorganic salts and organic compounds, including proteins, hormones, and a wide range of metabolites, varying by what is introduced into the body.

Green urine during long term infusion of the sedative propofol

Color[link]

Urine varies in appearance, depending principally upon a body's level of hydration, as well as other factors. Normal urine is a transparent solution ranging from colorless to amber but is usually a pale yellow. In the urine of a healthy individual the color comes primarily from the presence of urobilin. Urobilin in turn is a final waste product resulting from the breakdown of heme from hemoglobin during the destruction of aging blood cells.

Colorless urine indicates over-hydration, generally preferable to dehydration (though it can remove essential salts from the body). Colorless urine in drug tests can suggest an attempt to avoid detection of illicit drugs in the bloodstream through over-hydration.^[7]

• Dark yellow urine is often indicative of dehydration.
• Yellowing/light orange may be caused by removal of excess B vitamins from the bloodstream.
• Certain medications such as rifampin and phenazopyridine can cause orange urine.
• Bloody urine is termed hematuria, a symptom of a wide variety of medical conditions
• Dark orange to brown urine can be a symptom of jaundice, rhabdomyolysis, or Gilbert's syndrome.
• Black or dark-colored urine is referred to as melanuria and may be caused by a melanoma.
• Pinkish urine can result from the consumption of beets.
• Greenish urine can result from the consumption of asparagus.
• Reddish or brown urine may be caused by porphyria (not to be confused with the harmless, temporary pink or reddish tint caused by (beeturia).

Odor[link]

The odor of normal human urine can reflect what has been consumed.

Eating asparagus can cause a strong odor reminiscent of the vegetable caused by the body's breakdown of asparagusic acid.^[8] Likewise consumption of saffron, alcohol, coffee, tuna fish, and onion can result in telltale scents.^{[citation needed]} Particularly spicy foods can have a similar effect, as their compounds pass through the kidneys without being fully broken down before exiting the body.^[9][10]

Turbidity[link]

Turbid (cloudy) urine may be a symptom of a bacterial infection, but can also be caused by crystallization of salts such as calcium phosphate.^{[citation needed]}

pH[link]

The pH of urine can vary between 4.6 and 8, with neutral (7) being norm. In persons with hyperuricosuria, acidic urine can contribute to the formation of stones of uric acid in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder.^[11] Urine pH can be monitored by a physician^[12] or at home.

A diet high in citrus, vegetables, or dairy can increase urine pH (more basic)^{[dubious – discuss]}. Some drugs also can increase urine pH, including acetazolamide, potassium citrate, and sodium bicarbonate.^{[citation needed]}

A diet high in meat can decrease urine pH (more acidic).^{[citation needed]} Cranberries, popularly thought to decrease the pH of urine, have actually been shown not to acidify urine.^[13] Drugs that can decrease urine pH include ammonium chloride, chlorothiazide diuretics, and methenamine mandelate.^[14][15]

Volume[link]

Average urine production in adult humans is about 1 – 2 L per day, depending on state of hydration, activity level, environmental factors, weight, and the individual's health. Producing too much or too little urine needs medical attention. Polyuria is a condition of excessive production of urine (> 2.5 L/day), oliguria when < 400 mL are produced, and anuria one of < 100 mL per day.

Density or specific gravity[link]

Normal urine density or specific gravity values vary between 1.003–1.035 (g·cm⁻³), and any deviations may be associated with urinary disorders.

Urine in medicine[link]

A Doctor Examining Urine. Trophime Bigot.

Examination[link]

Many physicians in history have resorted to the inspection and examination of the urine of their patients. Hermogenes wrote about the color and other attributes of urine as indicators of certain diseases. Abdul Malik Ibn Habib of Andalusia d.862 AD, mentions numerous reports of urine examination throughout the Umayyad empire.^[16] Diabetes mellitus got its name because the urine is plentiful and sweet. A urinalysis is a medical examination of the urine and part of routine examinations. A culture of the urine is performed when a urinary tract infection is suspected. A microscopic examination of the urine may be helpful to identify organic or inorganic substrates and help in the diagnosis.

The color and volume of urine can be reliable indicators of hydration level. Clear and copious urine is generally a sign of adequate hydration, dark urine is a sign of dehydration. The exception occurs when alcohol, caffeine, or other diuretics are consumed, in which case urine can be clear and copious and the person still be dehydrated.

Resource[link]

Urine contains proteins and other substances that are useful for medical therapy and are ingredients in many prescription drugs (e.g., Ureacin, Urecholine, Urowave)^{[citation needed]}. Urine from postmenopausal women is rich in gonadotropins that can yield follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone for fertility therapy^{[citation needed]}. The first such commercial product was Pergonal^{[citation needed]}. Urine from pregnant women contains enough human chorionic gonadotropins for commercial extraction and purification to produce hCG medication. Pregnant mare urine is the source of estrogens, namely Premarin^{[citation needed]}. Urine also contains antibodies, which can be used in diagnostic antibody tests for a range of pathogens, including HIV-1.^[17]

Other uses[link]

Agriculture[link]

Urine contains large quantities of nitrogen (mostly as urea), as well as significant quantities of dissolved phosphates and potassium, the main macronutrients required by plants, with urine having plant macronutrient percentages (i.e. NPK) of approximately 11-1-2 by one study^[18] or 15-1-2 by another report,^[19] illustrating that exact composition varies with diet. Undiluted, it can chemically burn the roots of some plants, but it can be used safely as a source of complementary nitrogen in carbon-rich compost.^[20]

When diluted with water (at a 1:5 ratio for container-grown annual crops with fresh growing medium each season,^[21] or a 1:8 ratio for more general use^[20]), it can be applied directly to soil as a fertilizer. The fertilization effect of urine has been found to be comparable to that of commercial fertilizers with an equivalent NPK rating.^[22] Urine contains most (94% according to Wolgast^[18]) of the NPK nutrients excreted by the human body. Conversely, concentrations of heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and cadmium, commonly found in solid human waste, are much lower in urine (though not low enough to qualify for use in organic agriculture under current EU rules).^[23] The more general limitations to using urine as fertilizer then depend mainly on the potential for buildup of excess nitrogen (due to the high ratio of that macronutrient),^[21] and inorganic salts such as sodium chloride, which are also part of the wastes excreted by the renal system. The degree to which these factors impact the effectiveness depends on the term of use, salinity tolerance of the plant, soil composition, addition of other fertilizing compounds, and quantity of rainfall or other irrigation.

Urine typically contains 70% of the nitrogen and more than half the phosphorus and potassium found in urban waste water flows, while making up less than 1% of the overall volume. Thus far, source separation, or urine diversion and on-site treatment has been implemented in South Africa, China, and Sweden among other countries with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation provided some of the funding implemenations.^[24] China reportedly had 685,000 operating source separation toilets spread out among 17 provinces in 2003.^[25]

"Urine management" is a relatively new way to view closing the cycle of agricultural nutrient flows and reducing sewage treatment costs and ecological consequences such as eutrophication resulting from the influx of nutrient rich effluent into aquatic or marine ecosystems.^[19] Proponents of urine as a natural source of agricultural fertilizer claim the risks to be negligible or acceptable. Their views seem to be backed by research showing there are more environmental problems when it is treated and disposed of compared with when it is used as a resource.^[26]

It is unclear whether source separation, urine diversion, and on-site urine treatment can be made cost effective; nor whether required behavioral changes would be regarded as socially acceptable, as the largely successful trials performed in Sweden may not readily generalize to other industrialized societies.^[22] In developing countries the use of whole raw sewage (night soil) has been common throughout history, yet the application of pure urine to crops is rare. Increasingly there are calls for urine's use as a fertilizer, such as a Scientific American article "Human urine is an effective fertilizer".^[27]

Cleaning[link]

In pre-industrial times urine, being rich in ammonia, was used – in the form of lant – as a cleaning fluid.

Gunpowder[link]

Urine was used before the development of a chemical industry in the manufacture of gunpowder. Urine, a nitrogen source, was used to moisten straw or other organic material, which was kept moist and allowed to rot for several months to over a year. The resulting salts were washed from the heap with water, which was evaporated to allow collection of crude saltpeter crystals, that were usually refined before being used in making gunpowder.^[28]

Survival uses[link]

Numerous survival instructors and guides,^{[29][30][31][32][33]} including the US Army Field Manual,^[34] advise against drinking urine for survival. These guides explain that drinking urine tends to worsen, rather than relieve dehydration due to the salts in it, and that urine should not be consumed in a survival situation, even when there is no other fluid available. In hot weather survival situations where other sources of water are not available, soaking cloth (a shirt for example) in urine and putting it on the head can help cool the body.

During World War I the Germans experimented with numerous poisonous gases for use during war. After the first German chlorine gas attacks, Allied troops were supplied with masks of cotton pads that had been soaked in urine. It was believed that the ammonia in the pad neutralized the chlorine. These pads were held over the face until the soldiers could escape from the poisonous fumes, although it is now known that chlorine gas reacts with urine to produce toxic fumes (see chlorine and use of poison gas in World War I).^{[citation needed]}

Urban myth states that urine works well against jellyfish stings, and this scenario was demonstrated on a Season 4 episode of the NBC-TV show Friends, "The One With the Jellyfish", an early episode of the CBS-TV show Survivor and the documentary film The Real Cancun. At best, it is ineffective and in some cases this treatment may make the injury worse.^[35][36][37]

Tanning[link]

Tanners soaked animal skins in urine to remove hair fibers—a necessary step in the preparation of leather.^{[citation needed]}

Textiles[link]

Urine has often been used as a mordant to help prepare textiles, especially wool, for dyeing. In Scotland, the process of "walking" (stretching) tweed cloth is preceded by soaking in urine.^[38]

Hydrogen[link]

Urine can be used as a base material for the production of hydrogen.^[39] Unlike water, urea has four hydrogen atoms per molecule and has these atoms less tightly bonded than the hydrogen atoms found in water molecules.

History and language[link]

Prior to the acquisition of soap from the Germanic peoples during the first century AD, Ancient Romans used fermented human urine (in the form of lant) to cleanse grease stains from clothing.^[40] The emperor Nero instituted a tax (Latin: vectigal urinae) on the urine industry, continued by his successor, Vespasian. It is Vespasian to whom the Latin saying Pecunia non olet (money doesn't smell) is attributed – said to have been the emperor's reply to a complaint from his son about the unpleasant nature of the tax. Vespasian's name is still attached to public urinals in France (vespasiennes), Italy (vespasiani), and Romania (vespasiene).

Alchemists spent much time trying to extract gold from urine, which led to discoveries such as white phosphorus by German alchemist Hennig Brand when distilling fermented urine in 1669. In 1773 the French chemist Hilaire Rouelle discovered the organic compound urea by boiling urine dry.

The onomatopoetic term "piss" was the usual word for urination prior to the 14th century. "Urinate" was at first used mostly in medical contexts. "Piss" continues to be used, but is considered vulgar; it is also used in such colloquialisms as "to piss off" and "piss poor". Euphemisms and expressions used between parents and children such as "wee", "pee", and many others, arose.

See also[link]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

External links[link]

• Urine formation, excretion and osmoregulation.
• Urinanalysis at the University of Utah Eccles Health Sciences Library
• Urine Chemistry at drugs.com
• Urinary Health Education at redurine.com

• "US army food... just add urine". BBC Online. 22 July 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3915659.stm. 

Danger Mouse
Background information
Birth name	Brian Joseph Burton
Born	(1977-07-29) July 29, 1977 (age 34)
Origin	White Plains, New York, United States
Genres	Hip hop, alternative rock, neo-psychedelia, electronica, neo-soul, alternative hip hop, indie rock, folk rock, ambient
Occupations	Music Producer, Artist, Musician
Instruments	Piano/keyboards, organ, guitar, bass guitar, drums, Percussion, synthesiser
Years active	1998–present
Labels	Capitol / EMI, Lex
Associated acts	Beck, The Black Keys, Broken Bells, Cee Lo Green, Danger Doom, Electric Guest, Gnarls Barkley, The Good, the Bad and the Queen, Gorillaz, Jack White, Jemini, Joker's Daughter, MF Doom, Norah Jones, POP ETC, Sparklehorse
Website	dangermousesite.com

Brian Joseph Burton (born July 29, 1977),^[1] better known by his stage name Danger Mouse, is an American musician, songwriter and producer. He came to prominence in 2004 when he released The Grey Album, which combined vocal performances from Jay-Z's The Black Album with instrumentals from the Beatles' White Album.

He formed Gnarls Barkley with Cee Lo Green and produced its albums St. Elsewhere and The Odd Couple. He produced the second Gorillaz album, 2005's Demon Days, as well as Beck's 2008 record Modern Guilt and an album with Joker's Daughter in 2007. He has been nominated for a Grammy Award in the Producer of the Year category five times (2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011), and won the award in 2011. In addition, Burton worked with rapper MF Doom as Danger Doom and released the album The Mouse and the Mask and the EP Occult Hymn.

In 2009 he collaborated with James Mercer of the indie rock band The Shins to form Broken Bells. The group's first album was released on March 9, 2010.

Danger Mouse was listed as one of Esquire magazine's seventy-five most influential people of the 21st century. In 2010 he began producing an album for U2.^[2]

Early life[link]

Brian Burton was born in White Plains, New York. He spent much of his childhood in Spring Valley, New York. Burton also lived in Athens, Georgia for a while, where his trip-hop work was released under the name "Pelican City".^[3] He also remixed work by several local artists, including Neutral Milk Hotel^[4] and DJ'd for University of Georgia radio station WUOG-FM. From 1998 to 2003, Burton also created a series of remix CDs and records under the stage name Danger Mouse. He performed in a mouse outfit because he was too shy to show his face, and took his name from the British cartoon series Danger Mouse.^[5]

Music career[link]

While in Athens, Burton took second place in a 1998 talent contest and was asked to open for a concert at the University of Georgia featuring OutKast and Goodie Mob. Afterwards, Burton approached Cee Lo Green, a member of Goodie Mob, and gave him an instrumental demo tape. It would be several years before the pair made contact again, but the two would eventually collaborate as Gnarls Barkley.^[6]

2001–2004[link]

Burton moved to Britain for a couple of years, living in New Cross in London and working at the Rose^[7] pub near London Bridge. While there, he sent a demo to Lex Records, which signed him. Burton's first original releases under the name Danger Mouse were his collaborations with rapper Jemini, including the album Ghetto Pop Life, released in 2003 on Lex Records. While the Danger Mouse debut was well-received by critics, he did not rise to fame until he created The Grey Album, mixing a cappella versions of Jay Z's The Black Album over beats crafted from samples of The Beatles' White Album. The remix album, originally created just for his friends, spread over the Internet and became very popular with both the general audience and critics, with Rolling Stone calling it the ultimate remix record^[8] and Entertainment Weekly ranking it the best record of that year.^[9] He discussed his feelings about any controversy the album may have created in the documentary Alternative Freedom. Danger Mouse was also named among the Men of the Year by GQ in 2004 and won a 2005 Wired Rave Award.^[10]

2004–2007[link]

The Grey Album also got the attention of Damon Albarn, who enlisted Danger Mouse to produce the Gorillaz' second studio album, Demon Days. Demon Days earned Burton a Grammy Award nomination for Producer of the Year.

Danger Mouse collaborated with MF Doom who together are known as DANGERDOOM.

Danger Mouse's next project was The Mouse and the Mask, a collaboration with MF DOOM (as DANGERDOOM) about and for Cartoon Network's Adult Swim. The two had previously collaborated on the Danger Mouse remix of Zero 7's "Somersault", on the Prince Po track "Social Distortion", and on Gorillaz' "November Has Come". A year later, DANGERDOOM released a follow-up EP called Occult Hymn. The 7-track EP featured new songs as well as remixes of tracks from The Mouse & The Mask and was released exclusively as a free download on Adult Swim's site.

In 2006, Danger Mouse and Cee-Lo (as Gnarls Barkley) released their first album, St. Elsewhere, which included the international hit single "Crazy". "Crazy" became the first UK number-one single based solely on downloads.^[11] He also produced two tracks on The Rapture's 2006 album Pieces of the People We Love. In the Autumn of 2006, Sparklehorse released their fourth album, 'Dreamt for Light Years in the Belly of a Mountain', a collaboration with Danger Mouse and Steven Drozd of The Flaming Lips. In August and September 2006, Danger Mouse collaborated with British graffiti artist Banksy to replace 500 copies of Paris Hilton's album Paris in English music stores with altered album artwork and a 40 minute instrumental song containing various statements she had made.^[12]

2007–present[link]

Danger Mouse (left) and Cee Lo performing as Gnarls Barkley in 2007

In January 2007, Danger Mouse produced another collaboration with Damon Albarn on The Good, the Bad and the Queen, along with Clash bassist Paul Simonon, former Verve guitarist Simon Tong and Afrobeat pioneer and Africa 70 drummer Tony Allen.

In March 2008, The Odd Couple, the second album of his and Cee-lo's Gnarls Barkley project, was released. In May 2008, an album with Martina Topley-Bird, titled The Blue God, was released. Martina collaborated on "All Alone", one song on the Danger Mouse produced Gorillaz second LP, Demon Days. Also released in May 2008 was Replica Sun Machine, an album with the band The Shortwave Set, including a collaboration with Van Dyke Parks and the Velvet Underground's John Cale, according to British music magazine New Musical Express.

Upcoming releases include a follow-up to Ghetto Pop Life entitled Kill Your Heroes. KYH was scheduled to be released in summer of 2006, but its release has been pushed back to an undetermined date. A collaborative album with Black Thought of The Roots is said to be in the works.^[13] He was also working on an album with The Black Keys and Ike Turner. Turner's death was expected to cancel the album, but The Black Keys and Danger Mouse released Attack & Release in April 2008. Some songs must have been recorded by Turner, however, as a posthumous Danger Mouse produced album has been mentioned, as well as another collaboration with MF Doom.^[14]

Danger Mouse also produced Beck's album Modern Guilt, which was released in July 2008.^[15] In April 2009, he and Helena Costas released an album as Joker's Daughter titled The Last Laugh. Danger Mouse was also listed as one of Esquire's 75 most influential people of the 21st century.

Since 2005, Danger Mouse (as a producer as well as an artist with Gnarls Barkley) has been nominated for 11 Grammy Awards: Producer of the Year (2005, 2006 and 2008), Record of Year (2006), Album of Year (2006), Best Alternative Album (2006 and 2008), Best Urban Alternative Performance (2006), Best Short Form Music Video (2007 and 2008) and Best Pop Performance (2008) He won two Grammy Awards in 2006 for Best Alternative Album and Best Urban Alternative Performance.

Danger Mouse and Sparklehorse were due to release an album in the summer of 2009 entitled Danger Mouse and Sparklehorse Present: Dark Night of the Soul (together with a 100+ photo book with photographs by David Lynch).^[16][16][17] Due to a dispute with EMI the album was not released officially until 12 July 2010 .^[18] However, the BBC reported that Danger Mouse planned to release a full illustrated jewel case with a blank CD-R included in it.^[16][17][19] The CD-R was to be labeled:

"For Legal Reasons, enclosed CD-R contains no music. Use it as you will."^[16][17][19]

On November 8, 2009, Paste Magazine named Danger Mouse the "Best Producer of the Decade (2000-2009)."^[20]

Together with James Mercer, Danger Mouse (billed by his real name, Brian Burton) formed Broken Bells. The project was first announced on Tuesday, September 29, 2009.^[21] 21 December 2009 the band informed fans in an e-mail message of the release of their debut single "The High Road", which was made available as a free download on their official site.^[22] The self-titled debut album was released in the U.S. on March 9, 2010.

In 2010 Danger Mouse began producing an album with the band U2, rumoured to be released in 2012. U2's frontman, Bono, said, "We have about 12 songs with him. At the moment that looks like the album we will put out next because it's just happening so easily."^[23]

Since 2005, Danger Mouse has been composing a spaghetti western album with composer Daniele Luppi. Jack White and Norah Jones do the main vocals on the album. Instrumentation was done mainly by musicians who played on the original Ennio Morricone scores. Danger Mouse does not play any instruments on the album. The style of the album reflects much of Danger Mouse's work since 2005, such as segments of Beck's "Modern Guilt", aspects of "Dark Night of the Soul", and songs like "Mongrel Heart" off of the self-titled Broken Bells album. The album is titled Rome and was released on May 16, 2011.^[24]

On February 13, 2011, Danger Mouse won a Grammy for Best Producer for his work on the Black Keys' Brothers, Broken Bells selftitled, and the Danger Mouse and Sparklehorse album Dark Night of the Soul.

On November 1, 2011, Los Angeles-based indie band Electric Guest released their first single, "Troubleman/American Daydream", produced by Danger Mouse. Danger Mouse produced the band's whole debut album Mondo which is set for release on April 24, 2012.

On May 1, 2012, Norah Jones released her Danger Mouse-produced fifth studio album Little Broken Hearts (Blue Note/EMI).^[25][26]

Danger Mouse co-wrote the song "Keep It for Your Own" by POP ETC, which is set to be released with the band's first album under their current name on June 12, 2012. ^[27]

Philosophy[link]

In an interview for the New York Times magazine, Danger Mouse was compared to a film auteur, basing his music production philosophy on the cinematic philosophy of directors like Woody Allen. "Woody Allen was an auteur: he did his thing, and that particular thing was completely his own," he said. "That's what I decided to do with music. I want to create a director's role within music, which is what I tried to do on this album (St. Elsewhere)... I can create different kinds of musical worlds, but the artist needs the desire to go into that world... Musically, there is no one who has the career I want. That's why I have to use film directors as a model."^[6]

Awards[link]

• 2004 Entertainment Weekly Album of the year (Danger Mouse - The Grey Album)
• 2004 GQ Magazine "Men of the Year"
• 2005 Wired Magazine Rave Award (Music)
• 2005 Grammy Nomination (Danger Mouse - Producer of the Year)
• 2005 Q Magazine (Best Producer)
• 2006 Grammy Award - Best Alternative Album (Gnarls Barkley -St. Elsewhere)
• 2006 Grammy Award - Best Urban/Alternative Performance (Gnarls Barkley - Crazy)
• 2006 Entertainment Weekly Album of the Year (Gnarls Barkley - St. Elsewhere)
• 2006 Grammy Nomination (Danger Mouse - Producer of the Year)
• 2006 Q Magazine (Song of the Year - Gnarls Barkley "Crazy" )
• 2008 Rolling Stone Magazine Best Producer in Rock
• 2009 Esquire Magazine 75 Most Influential People of the 21st Century
• 2009 Grammy Nomination (Danger Mouse - Producer of the Year)
• 2009 GQ Magazine Album of the Year (Danger Mouse & Sparklehorse - Dark Night of the Soul)
• 2009 Paste Magazine "Producer of the Decade"
• 2010 Grammy Nomination - Best Alternative Album (Gnarls Barkley - The Odd Couple)
• 2010 Rolling Stone Magazine - Song of the Decade (Gnarls Barkley - Crazy)
• 2011 Grammy Award (Danger Mouse - Producer of the Year)
• 2011 Grammy Nomination - Best Alternative Album (Broken Bells - Broken Bells)
• 2012 Grammy Nomination (Danger Mouse - Producer of the Year)

Discography[link]

Danger Mouse albums[link]

• Danger Mouse and Jemini – Ghetto Pop Life (2003)
• Danger Mouse – The Grey Album (2004)
• Gorillaz – Demon Days (2005)
• Danger Doom – The Mouse & The Mask (2005)
• Danger Doom - Occult Hymn (2006)
• The Rapture – Pieces of the People We Love (2006)
• Sparklehorse – Dreamt for Light Years in the Belly of a Mountain (2006)
• Gnarls Barkley – St. Elsewhere (2006)
• The Good, the Bad & the Queen (2007)
• The Black Keys – Attack & Release (2008)
• Gnarls Barkley – The Odd Couple (2008)
• The Shortwave Set – Replica Sun Machine (2008)
• Martina Topley-Bird – The Blue God (2008)
• Beck – Modern Guilt (2008)
• Joker's Daughter – The Last Laugh (2009)
• Danger Mouse and Sparklehorse – Dark Night of the Soul (2010)
• Broken Bells – Broken Bells (2010)
• The Black Keys – Brothers "Tighten Up" (2010)
• Broken Bells – Meyrin Fields (2011)
• Danger Mouse and Daniele Luppi – Rome (2011) (UK chart peak: #20)
• The Black Keys - El Camino (2011)
• Electric Guest - Mondo (2012)
• Norah Jones - Little Broken Hearts (2012)
• U2 - Unknown

Solo singles[link]

Pelican City[link]

• The Chilling Effect (1999)
• Rhode Island (2000)
• Pelican City vs. Scanner – EP (2002)

Promos[link]

• Danger Mouse Promo: Volume 1 (1998)
• Danger Mouse Promo: Volume 2 (1999)
• Danger Mouse Promo: Volume 3 (2000)
• Danger Mouse Promo: Volume 4 (2000)
• Danger Mouse Promo: Remix EP 12" White (2001)
• Danger Mouse Promo: Remix EP 12" Red (2002)
• Danger Mouse Promo: Remix EP 12" Yellow (2003)

Contributions[link]

• Verve Remixed 3 (2005) – Dinah Washington – "Baby, Did You Hear?" (Danger Mouse remix)
• The Now Sound Redesigned – "To a Black Boy" by Danger Mouse (with Murs)

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

References[link]

Danger Mouse and Daniele Luppi join the Virgin Red Room for a sunglasses-clad interview.

External links[link]

• Official website
• Danger Mouse Breaks Down The Grey Album
• EFF: Grey Tuesday: A Quick Overview of the Legal Terrain
• Illegal-art.org: The Grey Album Download
• Cease and desist letter from EMI #1
• Conversation with Danger Mouse and Jason Bentley – June 21, 2006

MF DOOM
MF Doom at the Hultsfred Festival 2011 in Sweden
Background information
Also known as	DOOM, King Geedorah, Metal Face, Metal Fingers, Viktor Vaughn, Zev Love X, Madvillain
Born	(1971-01-09) January 9, 1971 (age 41) London, United Kingdom
Origin	Long Island, New York
Genres	East Coast hip hop
Occupations	Rapper, hip hop producer
Instruments	Vocals, sampler, synthesizer, drum machine, Pro Tools
Years active	1988–1993 1997–present
Labels	Elektra (1988–1993) Sub Verse (1997–2003) Fondle 'Em (1997–2001) Metal Face (1997–present) Big Dada (2003) Naturesounds (2003–present) Rhymesayers (2004) Stones Throw (2004–present) Lex (2005–present)
Associated acts	KMD, Madvillain, Danger Doom, Madlib, MF Grimm, Ghostface Killah, J Dilla, Count Bass D, Aesop Rock, Jneiro Jarel, Gorillaz, Masta Ace, De La Soul
Website	Official website

Daniel Dumile (pronounced /ˈduːmɨleɪ/ DOO-mə-lay; born January 9, 1971) is a hip hop artist who has taken on several stage names in his career, most notably MF Doom, often stylized as MF DOOM, where the "MF" stands for metal face, but metal fingers when using his producing name. He has appeared in several collaborative projects such as Danger Doom (with Danger Mouse) and Madvillain (with Madlib).

History[link]

Early years with KMD[link]

Dumile was born on January 9, 1971, in London, England, the son of a Trinidadian mother and Zimbabwean father.^[1] He then moved with his family to New York and was raised in the city of Long Beach, New York on Long Island.

As Zev Love X, he formed the group KMD in 1988 with his younger brother DJ Subroc and another MC called Rodan. When Rodan left the group, Zev found another MC to replace Rodan named Onyx the Birthstone Kid.^[1] A&R rep Dante Ross learned of KMD through the hip hop group 3rd Bass, and signed the group to Elektra Records.^[2]