Albert Sabin

Thursday, 08 November 2012

Dr. Albert Sabin--International Cooperation in Control of Diseases

Fabio Volo legge Albert Sabin - La giovinezza

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Bethesda, MD
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Białystok
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Cincinnati, Ohio
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Israel
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New York University
New York University (NYU) is a private, nonsectarian research university based in New York City. NYU's main campus is situated in the Greenwich Village section of Manhattan. Founded in 1831, NYU is the largest private, nonprofit institution of higher education in the United States.
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NIH
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Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh () is the second-largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Allegheny County. Regionally, it anchors the largest urban area of Appalachia and the Ohio River Valley, and nationally, it anchors the 22nd largest urban area in the United States. The estimated population of the city in 2009 was 311,647, while the seven-county metropolitan area was estimated at 2,354,957. Downtown Pittsburgh retains substantial economic influence, ranking at 25th in the nation for jobs within the urban core and 6th in job density. The characteristic shape of Pittsburgh's central business district is a triangular tract carved by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, where the Ohio River forms. The city features 151 high-rise buildings, 446 bridges, two inclined railways, and a pre-revolutionary fortification. Pittsburgh is known colloquially as "The City of Bridges" and "The Steel City" for its many bridges and former steel manufacturing base.
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Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
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Polio Hall of Fame
The Polio Hall of Fame (or the Polio Wall of Fame) consists of a linear grouping of sculptured busts of fifteen scientists and two laymen who made important contributions to the knowledge and treatment of poliomyelitis. It is found on the outside wall of what is called Founder's Hall of the Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehabilitation in Warm Springs, Georgia, USA.
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Rehovot
Rehovot ( ) is a city in the Center District of Israel, about 20 km south of Tel Aviv. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2007 the city had a total population of 106,200. Rehovot's official website estimates the population at 114,000.
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Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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USA
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Washington, D.C
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
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Abba Eban
Abba Eban (, born Aubrey Solomon Meir Eban 2 February 1915 - 17 November 2002) was an Israeli diplomat and politician.
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Abel Wolman
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Albert Overhauser
Albert W. Overhauser (born August 17, 1925 in San Diego, California) is an American physicist and member of the National Academy of Sciences. He is best known for his theory of dynamic nuclear polarization, also known as the Overhauser Effect.
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Albert Sabin
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Alberto Calderón
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Alexander Rich
Alexander Rich, MD (American; born 1924) is a biologist and biophysicist. He is the William Thompson Sedgwick Professor of Biophysics at MIT (since 1958) and Harvard Medical School. Dr. Rich earned both an A.B. (magna cum laude) and an M.D. (cum laude) from Harvard University. He was a post-doc of Linus Pauling along with James Watson. He has over 600 publications to his name.
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Alfred Sturtevant
Alfred Henry Sturtevant (November 21, 1891 – April 5, 1970) was an American geneticist. Sturtevant constructed the first genetic map of a chromosome in 1913. Throughout his career he worked on the organism Drosophila melanogaster with Thomas Hunt Morgan. By watching the development of flies in which the earliest cell division produced two different genomes, he measured the embryonic distance between organs in a unit which is called the sturt in his honor. In 1967, Sturtevant received the National Medal of Science.
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Alfred Y. Cho
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Allan McLeod Cormack
Allan MacLeod Cormack (February 23, 1924 – May 7, 1998) was a South African-born American physicist who won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (along with Godfrey Hounsfield) for his work on x-ray computed tomography (CT).
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Allan R. Sandage
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Allen Newell
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Amnon Yariv
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Andreas Acrivos
Andreas Acrivos (born 13 June 1928) is the Albert Einstein Professor of Science and Engineering, Emeritus at the City College of New York. He is also the Director of the Benjamin Levich Institute for Physicochemical Hydrodynamics.
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Andrew Viterbi
Andrew James Viterbi, Ph.D. (Bergamo (Italy) March 9, 1935) is an Italian-American electrical engineer and businessman.
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Anne Anastasi
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Anthony Fauci
Anthony S. Fauci (born: December 24, 1940) is an immunologist who has made substantial contributions to research in the areas of AIDS and other immunodeficiencies, both as a scientist and as the head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
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Antoni Zygmund
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Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
Arie Jan Haagen-Smit (December 22, 1900 Utrecht - March 17, 1977, Pasadena, California) was a Dutch chemist. He is best known for linking the smog in Southern California to automobiles and is therefore known by many as the "father" of air pollution control. After serving as an original board member of the Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board, formed in 1960 to combat the smog, Dr. Haagen-Smit became the California Air Resources Board's first chairman in 1968. Shortly before his death, of lung cancer, the Air Resources Board's El Monte Laboratory was named after him.
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Arnold O. Beckman
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Arthur Kornberg
Arthur Kornberg (March 3, 1918 – October 26, 2007) was an American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 for his discovery of "the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)" together with Dr. Severo Ochoa of New York University. He was also awarded the Paul-Lewis Laboratories Award in Enzyme Chemistry from the American Chemical Society in 1951, L.H.D. degree from Yeshiva University in 1962, as well as National Medal of Science in 1979.
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Arthur L. Schawlow
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Aryeh Dvoretzky
Aryeh (Arie) Dvoretzky (, ; May 3, 1916 – May 8, 2008) was a Russian born Israeli mathematician, the winner of the 1973 Israel Prize in Mathematics. He is best known for his work in functional analysis, statistics and probability.
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B. F. Skinner
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist, author, inventor, social philosopher, and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.
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Barbara McClintock
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Baruj Benacerraf
Baruj Benacerraf (born 29 October 1920) is a Venezuelan immunologist, who shared the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the "discovery of the major histocompatibility complex genes which encode cell surface molecules important for the immune system's distinction between self and non-self". His colleagues and shared recipients were Jean Dausset and George Davis Snell. His brother is well-known philosopher Paul Benacerraf.
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Bernard M. Oliver
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Berni Alder
Berni Julian Alder (born 1925 in Germany) is an American physicist specialized in statistical mechanics, and a pioneer of numerical simulation in physics.
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Bert W. O'Malley
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Berta Scharrer
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Bradley Efron
Bradley Efron (born May 24, 1938) is an American statistician best known for proposing the bootstrap resampling technique, which has had a major impact in the field of statistics and virtually every area of statistical application. The bootstrap was one of the first computer-intensive statistical techniques, replacing traditional algebraic derivations with data-based computer simulations.
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Britton Chance
MedalCountry|
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Bruce Ames
Bruce Ames (born December 16, 1928) is a professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of California, Berkeley, and a senior scientist at Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI). He is the inventor of the Ames test, a system for easily and cheaply testing the mutagenicity of compounds.
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Bruno B. Rossi
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C. Kumar N. Patel
C. Kumar N. Patel (b. 2 July, 1938) developed the carbon dioxide laser in 1963; it is now widely used in industry for cutting and welding, as a laser scalpel in surgery, and in laser skin resurfacing. Because the atmosphere is quite transparent to infrared light, CO2 lasers are also used for military rangefinding using LIDAR techniques.
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Calvin F. Quate
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Carl Woese
Carl Richard Woese (; born 15 July 1928, Syracuse, New York) is an American microbiologist and physicist. Woese is famous for defining the Archaea (a new domain or kingdom of life) in 1977 by phylogenetic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA, a technique pioneered by Woese and which is now standard practice. He was also the originator of the RNA world hypothesis in 1967, although not by that name. He currently holds the Stanley O. Ikenberry Chair and is professor of microbiology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
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Chaim Weizmann
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Charles H. Townes
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Charles S. Draper
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Charles Yanofsky
Charles Yanofsky (born April 17, 1925) is a leading American geneticist.
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Chen Ning Yang
Chen-Ning Franklin Yang () (born October 1, 1922) is a Chinese-American physicist who worked on statistical mechanics and particle physics. He, together with Tsung-dao Lee, received the 1957 Nobel prize in physics for their work on parity nonconservation of weak interaction. Yang naturalized as a United States citizen in 1964.
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Chien-Shiung Wu
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Chu Ching-wu
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Clarence L. Johnson
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Claude E. Shannon
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D. Allan Bromley
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Daniel C. Drucker
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Daniel Kleppner
Daniel Kleppner, born 1932, is the Lester Wolfe Professor Emeritus of Physics at MIT and co-director of the [http://cua.mit.edu MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms]. He is the winner of the 2005 Wolf Prize in Physics [http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2005/wolf.html], and the 2007 [http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/awards/osaawards/awardsdesc/ivesquinn/ Frederic Ives Medal]. Prof. Kleppner has also been awarded the National Medal of Science (2006). Together with Robert J. Kolenkow, he authored a popular introductory mechanics textbook for advanced students. Kleppner graduated from Williams College with a B.A. in 1953, Cambridge University with a B.A. in 1955, and Harvard University with a Ph.D. in 1959.
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Daniel Nathans
Daniel Nathans (October 30, 1928 – November 16, 1999) was an American microbiologist.
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Daniel Zajfman
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Darleane C. Hoffman
Darleane C. Hoffman (born November 8, 1926) is an American nuclear chemist who was among the researchers who confirmed the existence of Seaborgium, element 106. She is a faculty senior scientist in the Nuclear Science Division of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and a professor in the graduate school at UC Berkeley.
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David G. Nathan
David G. Nathan is a pediatrician and hematologist. He is known for his authorship of ''Nathan and Oski's Hematology of Infancy and Childhood'', a standard reference in pediatrics, currently in its seventh edition. Nathan remains an author on the current edition. Now retired, he was Robert A. Stranahan professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School and served as president of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.
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David J. Wineland
David J. Wineland (born 1944) is an American physicist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) physics laboratory in Boulder. His work has included advances in optics, specifically laser cooling of ions in Paul traps and use of trapped ions to implement quantum computing operations.
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Dennis Sullivan
Dennis Parnell Sullivan (born February 12, 1941) is an American mathematician. He is known for work in topology, both algebraic and geometric, and on dynamical systems. He holds the Albert Einstein Chair at the City University of New York Graduate Center, and is a professor at Stony Brook University.
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Detlev Bronk
Detlev Wulf Bronk (August 13, 1897 – November, 1975) was President of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland from 1949 to 1953 and President of the National Academy of Sciences from 1950 to 1962. (prior to that, he was Chairman of the National Research Council) Bronk is credited with reshaping the postwar university environment at Hopkins. While at Hopkins, he unsuccessfully attempted to revive the "Goodnow Plan" but succeeded in acquiring the School of Advanced International Studies in Washington.
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Don L. Anderson
Don L. Anderson (* 5 March 1933, in Frederick, Maryland, USA) is a US geophysicist who has made important contributions to the determination of the large-scale structure of the Earth's interior, especially using seismological methods. He is Eleanor and John R. McMillan Professor emeritus of geophysics at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).
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Donald C. Spencer
Donald Clayton Spencer (April 25, 1912 - December 23, 2001) was an American mathematician, known for major work on deformation theory of structures arising in differential geometry, and on several complex variables from the point of view of partial differential equations. He was born in Boulder, Colorado, and educated at the University of Colorado and MIT.
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Donald Henderson
Donald Ainslie Henderson, known as D.A. Henderson, (born September 7, 1928) is an American physician and epidemiologist, who headed the international effort during the 1960s to eradicate smallpox. , he is a Distinguished Scholar at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center's Center for Biosecurity and a professor of public health and medicine at the University of Pittsburgh. He is also a Johns Hopkins University Distinguished Service Professor and Dean Emeritus of the School of Public Health, with a joint appointment in the Department of Epidemiology.
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Donald J. Cram
Donald James Cram (April 22, 1919 – June 17, 2001) was an American chemist who shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Jean-Marie Lehn and Charles J. Pedersen "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity." They were the founders of the field of host-guest chemistry.
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Donald Knuth
Donald Ervin Knuth () (born January 10, 1938) is a computer scientist and Professor Emeritus of the Art of Computer Programming at Stanford University.
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Donald Van Slyke
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E. Bright Wilson
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E. Donnall Thomas
Dr. Edward Donnall (Don) Thomas (born March 15, 1920) is an American physician, professor emeritus at the University of Washington, and director emeritus of the clinical research division at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. In 1990 he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Joseph E. Murray for the development of cell and organ transplantation. Thomas developed bone marrow transplantation as a treatment for leukemia.
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E. Margaret Burbidge
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E. O. Wilson
Edward Osborne Wilson (born June 10, 1929) is an American biologist, researcher (sociobiology, biodiversity), theorist (consilience, biophilia), naturalist (conservationist) and author. His biological specialty is myrmecology, the study of ants.
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Edward B. Lewis
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Edward F. Knipling
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Edward H. Heinemann
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Edward M. Purcell
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Edward Teller
Edward Teller (January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-born American theoretical physicist, known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb," even though he did not care for the title.
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Edward Witten
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Edwin N. Lightfoot
Edwin N. Lightfoot is a Chemical Engineer and the Hilldale Professor Emeritus in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is known for his research in Transport phenomena, including biological mass-transfer processes, mass-transport reaction modeling, and separations processes. He, along with R. Byron Bird and Warren E. Stewart, is the author of the classic textbook
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Efraim Racker
Efraim Racker (1913 - 1991) was an Austrian biochemist who was responsible for identifying and purifying Factor 1 (F1), the first part of the ATP synthase enzyme to be characterised. F1 is only a part of a larger ATP synthase complex known as Complex V. It is a peripheral membrane protein attached to component Fo, which is integral to the membrane.
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Elaine Fuchs
Elaine Fuchs is a cell biologist, famous for her work on the biology and molecular mechanisms of mammalian skin and skin diseases, and has led the modernization of dermatology. Fuchs also pioneered reverse genetics approaches, which assess protein function first and then assesses its role in development and disease. In particular, Fuchs researches skin stem cells, and their production of hair and skin. She is currently the Rebecca C. Lancefield Professor of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development at Rockefeller University.
http://wn.com/Elaine_Fuchs
Eleanor J. Gibson
http://wn.com/Eleanor_J_Gibson
Eli Ruckenstein
Dr Eli Ruckenstein is a Distinguished Professor, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering at the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York. His main research areas are catalysis, surface phenomena, colloids and emulsions, and bio-compatible surfaces and materials.
http://wn.com/Eli_Ruckenstein
Elias M. Stein
Elias Menachem Stein (born January 13, 1931) is a mathematician and a leading figure in the field of harmonic analysis. He is the Albert Baldwin Dod Professor of Mathematics at Princeton University. His honors include the Steele Prize (1984 and 2002), the Schock Prize in Mathematics (1993), the Wolf Prize in Mathematics (1999), and the National Medal of Science (2002). In addition, he has fellowships to National Science Foundation, Sloan Foundation, Guggenheim, and National Academy of Sciences. In 2005, Stein was awarded the Stefan Bergman prize in recognition of his contributions in real, complex, and harmonic analysis.
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Elkan Blout
http://wn.com/Elkan_Blout
Elvin A. Kabat
http://wn.com/Elvin_A_Kabat
Emmett N. Leith
http://wn.com/Emmett_N_Leith
Eric Kandel
Eric Richard Kandel (born November 7, 1929) is an Austrian-born American neuroscientist who was a recipient of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on the physiological basis of memory storage in neurons. He shared the prize with fellow recipients Arvid Carlsson and Paul Greengard.
http://wn.com/Eric_Kandel
Ernest R. Davidson
Ernest R. Davidson, born October 12, 1936 in Terre Haute, Indiana, is Professor of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. He graduated from Wiley High School, Terre Haute and Rose Polytechnic Institute.
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Ernst Mayr
http://wn.com/Ernst_Mayr
Erwin Chargaff
Erwin Chargaff (Czernowitz, August 11, 1905 – New York City, USA, June 20, 2002) was an American biochemist who emigrated to the United States during the Nazi era. Through careful experimentation, Chargaff discovered two rules that helped lead to the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.
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Erwin Wilhelm Müller
http://wn.com/Erwin_Wilhelm_Müller
Esther M. Conwell
Esther Marly Conwell (New York, b. 1922) is a physicist who studied properties of semiconductors and organic conductors, especially transport.
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Eugene M. Shoemaker
http://wn.com/Eugene_M_Shoemaker
Eugene Parker
Eugene N. Parker (born June 10, 1927) is an American solar astrophysicist who received his B.S. degree in physics from Michigan State University in 1948 and Ph.D. from Caltech in 1951. In the mid 1950s Parker developer the theory on the supersonic solar wind and predicted the Parker spiral shape of the solar magnetic field in the outer solar system. In 1987, Parker proposed that the solar corona might be heated by myriad tiny "micro-flares", miniature solar flares that occur all over the surface of the Sun.
http://wn.com/Eugene_Parker
Eugene Wigner
http://wn.com/Eugene_Wigner
Evelyn M. Witkin
Evelyn M. Witkin, born Evelyn Maisel (born March 9, 1921) is an American geneticist whose research has been widely influential in the areas of DNA mutagenesis and DNA repair.
http://wn.com/Evelyn_M_Witkin
F. Albert Cotton
http://wn.com/F_Albert_Cotton
Folke K Skoog
http://wn.com/Folke_K_Skoog
Francis Peyton Rous
http://wn.com/Francis_Peyton_Rous
Francis S. Collins
http://wn.com/Francis_S_Collins
Francisco J. Ayala
http://wn.com/Francisco_J_Ayala
Frank H. Westheimer
http://wn.com/Frank_H_Westheimer
Frank Press
Frank Press (born December 4, 1924) is an American geophysicist.
http://wn.com/Frank_Press
Frederick Reines
http://wn.com/Frederick_Reines
Frederick Rossini
Frederick Dominic Rossini (1899- 1990) was an American thermodynamicist noted for his work in chemical thermodynamics.
http://wn.com/Frederick_Rossini
Frederick Seitz
http://wn.com/Frederick_Seitz
Frederick Terman
http://wn.com/Frederick_Terman
Fritz Albert Lipmann
Fritz Albert Lipmann (June 12, 1899 – July 24, 1986) was a German-American biochemist and a co-discoverer in 1945 of coenzyme A. For this, together with other research on coenzyme A, he was awarded half the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953 (shared with Hans Adolf Krebs).
http://wn.com/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann
G. Brent Dalrymple
http://wn.com/G_Brent_Dalrymple
G. Evelyn Hutchinson
http://wn.com/G_Evelyn_Hutchinson
G. Ledyard Stebbins
http://wn.com/G_Ledyard_Stebbins
Gabor A. Somorjai
http://wn.com/Gabor_A_Somorjai
Gary Becker
Gary Stanley Becker (born December 2, 1930) is an American economist and a Nobel laureate. Born in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, Becker earned a B.A. at Princeton University in 1951 and a Ph.D. at the University of Chicago in 1955. He taught at Columbia University from 1957 to 1968, and then returned to The University of Chicago, where he holds joint appointments with the departments of economics, sociology, and the Booth School of Business. Becker is a founding parter of [http://www.greatestgood.com The Greatest Good], a business and philanthropy consulting company. Becker won the John Bates Clark Medal in 1967, was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1992, and received the United States' Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2007.
http://wn.com/Gary_Becker
Gene Likens
Gene Elden Likens (born January 6, 1935) is an American ecologist and a leading pioneer in the study of acid rain.
http://wn.com/Gene_Likens
George C. Pimentel
http://wn.com/George_C_Pimentel
George Dantzig
George Bernard Dantzig (November 8, 1914 – May 13, 2005) was an American mathematician, and the Professor Emeritus of Transportation Sciences and Professor of Operations Research and of Computer Science at Stanford.
http://wn.com/George_Dantzig
George Emil Palade
George Emil Palade (November 19, 1912 – October 7, 2008) was a Romanian-American cell biologist. In 1974, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve, for discovering the vacuole.
http://wn.com/George_Emil_Palade
George F. Carrier
http://wn.com/George_F_Carrier
George Heilmeier
http://wn.com/George_Heilmeier
George Kistiakowsky
George Bogdan Kistiakowsky (November 18, 1900 – December 7, 1982) () was a Ukrainian-American chemistry professor at Harvard who participated in the Manhattan Project and later served as President Eisenhower's Science Advisor. Born in Kiev, in the Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire (in present day Ukraine), he attended private schools in Kiev and Moscow until the Russian Revolution broke out in 1917. He then joined the anti-Communist White Army serving in the infantry and tank corps. In 1920 he escaped to Yugoslavia and then on to Germany.
http://wn.com/George_Kistiakowsky
George M. Whitesides
George M. Whitesides (b. August 3, 1939, Louisville, Kentucky) is an American chemist and professor of chemistry at Harvard University. He is best known for his work in the areas of NMR spectroscopy, organometallic chemistry, molecular self-assembly, soft lithography, microfabrication, microfluidics, and nanotechnology. Whitesides is also known for his "outline system" for writing scientific papers. , he has the highest Hirsch index rating of all living chemists.
http://wn.com/George_M_Whitesides
George Pake
George Pake (April 1, 1924 – March 4, 2004) was a physicist and research executive primarily known for helping found Xerox PARC. Pake earned his bachelors and masters degrees from the Carnegie Institute of Technology and his doctorate in physics at Harvard University in 1948.
http://wn.com/George_Pake
George S. Hammond
George S. Hammond (1921 - October 5, 2005) was a chemist at Iowa State University and the California Institute of Technology. Among his awards were the Norris Award in 1968 and the Priestley Medal in 1976. Hammond's postulate, also known as the Hammond-Leffler postulate, was based on his 1955 publication.
http://wn.com/George_S_Hammond
George Stigler
George Joseph Stigler (January 17, 1911 – December 1, 1991) was a U.S. economist. He won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1982, and was a key leader of the Chicago School of Economics, along with his close friend Milton Friedman.
http://wn.com/George_Stigler
George Uhlenbeck
http://wn.com/George_Uhlenbeck
George Wetherill
George Wetherill (August 12, 1925 -- July 19, 2006) was the Director Emeritus, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, DC, USA.
http://wn.com/George_Wetherill
Gertrude B. Elion
Gertrude Belle Elion (January 23, 1918 – February 21, 1999) was an American biochemist and pharmacologist, and a 1988 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Working alone as well as with George H. Hitchings, Elion developed a multitude of new drugs, using innovative research methods that would later lead to the development of the AIDS drug AZT.
http://wn.com/Gertrude_B_Elion
Gilbert F. White
http://wn.com/Gilbert_F_White
Gilbert Stork
Gilbert Stork (born December 31, 1921) is a Belgian-born U.S. organic chemist. He is the Eugene Higgins Professor of Chemistry Emeritus at Columbia University. The Stork enamine synthesis is named in his honor.
http://wn.com/Gilbert_Stork
Glenn T. Seaborg
Glenn Theodore Seaborg (; April 19, 1912 – February 25, 1999) was an American scientist who won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements", contributed to the discovery and isolation of ten elements, and developed the actinide concept, which led to the current arrangement of the actinoid series in the periodic table of the elements. He spent most of his career as an educator and research scientist at the University of California, Berkeley where he became the second Chancellor in its history and served as a University Professor. Seaborg advised ten presidents from Truman to Clinton on nuclear policy and was the chairman of the United States Atomic Energy Commission from 1961 to 1971 where he pushed for commercial nuclear energy and peaceful applications of nuclear science. Throughout his career, Seaborg worked for arms control. He was signator to the Franck Report and contributed to the achievement of the Limited Test Ban Treaty, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Seaborg was a well-known advocate of science education and federal funding for pure research. He was a key contributor to the report "A Nation at Risk" as a member of President Reagan's National Commission on Excellence in Education and was the principal author of the Seaborg Report on academic science issued in the closing days of the Eisenhower administration.
http://wn.com/Glenn_T_Seaborg
Gordon H. Bower
Gordon H. Bower (born December 30, 1932) is a cognitive psychologist studying human memory, language comprehension, emotion, and behavior modification. He received his Ph.D. in learning theory from Yale University in 1959. He currently holds the A. R. Lang Emeritus Professorship at Stanford University. In addition to his research, Bower also was a notable adviser to numerous students, including John R. Anderson, Lawrence W. Barsalou, Lera Boroditsky, Keith Holyoak, Stephen Kosslyn, Alan Lesgold, and Robert Sternberg, among others.
http://wn.com/Gordon_H_Bower
H. Guyford Stever
http://wn.com/H_Guyford_Stever
Haim Harari
http://wn.com/Haim_Harari
Hans A. Bethe
http://wn.com/Hans_A_Bethe
Har Gobind Khorana
Har Gobind Khorana, or Hargobind Khorana (, born January 9, 1922) is an Indian American molecular biologist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (shared with Robert W. Holley and Marshall Warren Nirenberg) in 1968 for his work on the interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis. Khorana and Nirenberg were also awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in the same year. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1966, and subsequently received the National Medal of Science. He currently lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States serving as MIT's Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Biology and Chemistry, Emeritus.
http://wn.com/Har_Gobind_Khorana
Harden M. McConnell
Harden M. McConnell (born July 18, 1927 in Richmond, Virginia) is an American physical chemist at Stanford University.
http://wn.com/Harden_M_McConnell
Harold E. Edgerton
http://wn.com/Harold_E_Edgerton
Harold Varmus
http://wn.com/Harold_Varmus
Harry B. Gray
Harry Barkus Gray (b. 14 November 1935 in Woodburn, Kentucky, U.S.) is an Arnold O. Beckman Professor of Chemistry at California Institute of Technology. He won the Priestley Medal in 1991, The Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry in 2004, and the Wolf Prize in Chemistry in 2004.
http://wn.com/Harry_B_Gray
Harry Eagle
Harry Eagle (born in New York City on 1905; died June 21, 1992) was an American physician and pathologist. He studied, and later worked, at Johns Hopkins University before moving on to the National Institutes of Health. From 1961 to 1988 he worked at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. He is best known for Eagle's minimal essential medium, which is important in understanding how human and mammalian cells reproduce. In 1973, he was a co-winner of the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize. In 1987, he was awarded the National Medal of Science for his work in the Biological Sciences.
http://wn.com/Harry_Eagle
Harry Harlow
http://wn.com/Harry_Harlow
Hassler Whitney
http://wn.com/Hassler_Whitney
Helmut Landsberg
Helmut Erich Landsberg was a noted and influential climatologist. He was born in Frankfurt, Germany, February 9, 1906 and died December 6, 1985 in Geneva, Switzerland while attending a meeting of the World Meteorological Organization. Landsberg was an important figure in meteorology and atmospheric science in education, public service and administration. He authored several notable works, particularly in the field of particulate matter and its influence on air pollution and human health. He is the first to write in English about the use of statistical analysis in the field of climatology and implemented such statistical analysis in aiding military operations during World War II. He received a number of significant honors during his life. Several honors are now bestowed in his name in recognition of his contributions to his field.
http://wn.com/Helmut_Landsberg
Henry Stommel
Henry Melson Stommel (September 27, 1920 - January 17, 1992) was a major contributor to the field of physical oceanography. Beginning in the 1940s, he advanced theories about global ocean circulation patterns and the behavior of the Gulf Stream that form the basis of physical oceanography today. Widely recognized as one of the most influential and productive oceanographers of his time, Stommel was both a groundbreaking theoretician and an astute, seagoing observer.
http://wn.com/Henry_Stommel
Henry Taube
Professor Henry Taube, Ph.D , M.Sc , B.Sc , FRSC (November 30, 1915 – November 16, 2005) was a Canadian-born American chemist noted for having been awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "his work in the mechanisms of electron-transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes." He was the first Canadian-born chemist to win the Nobel Prize. Taube completed his undergraduate and Masters degrees at the University of Saskatchewan, and his Ph.D from the University of California, Berkeley.
http://wn.com/Henry_Taube
Herbert A. Simon
http://wn.com/Herbert_A_Simon
Herbert C. Brown
Herbert Charles Brown (May 22, 1912 – December 19, 2004) was a chemist and Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate for his work with organoboranes.
http://wn.com/Herbert_C_Brown
Herbert Friedman
http://wn.com/Herbert_Friedman
Herbert S. Gutowsky
Herbert S. Gutowsky (November 8, 1919 - January 13, 2000) was an American chemist who was a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His pioneering work made nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy one of the most effective tools in chemical and medical research.
http://wn.com/Herbert_S_Gutowsky
Herman Feshbach
Herman Feshbach (February 2, 1917, in New York City — 22 December, 2000, in Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an American physicist. He was an Institute Professor Emeritus of physics at MIT. Feshbach is best known for Feshbach resonance and for writing, with Philip M. Morse, Methods of Theoretical Physics.
http://wn.com/Herman_Feshbach
Herman Goldstine
Herman Heine Goldstine (September 13, 1913 – June 16, 2004), mathematician, computer scientist and scientific administrator, was one of the original developers of ENIAC, the first of the modern electronic digital computers.
http://wn.com/Herman_Goldstine
Hilary Koprowski
Hilary Koprowski (born December 5, 1916, in Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish virologist and immunologist, and inventor of the world's first effective live polio vaccine.
http://wn.com/Hilary_Koprowski
Horace Barker
Horace Albert "Nook" Barker (November 29, 1907 – December 24, 2000) was an American biochemist and microbiologist who studied the operation of biological and chemical processes in plants, humans and other animals, including using radioactive tracers to determine the role enzymes play in synthesizing sucrose. He was recognized with the National Medal of Science for his role in identifying an active form of Vitamin B12.
http://wn.com/Horace_Barker
Howard M. Temin
http://wn.com/Howard_M_Temin
Hyman Bass
Hyman Bass (born October 5, 1932, Houston, Texas) is an American mathematician, known for work in algebra. From 1959-1998 he was Professor in the Mathematics Department at Columbia University, where he is now professor emeritus. He is currently the Roger Lyndon Collegiate Professor of Mathematics and Professor of Mathematics Education at the University of Michigan.
http://wn.com/Hyman_Bass
Igor I. Sikorsky
http://wn.com/Igor_I_Sikorsky
Ilan Chet
http://wn.com/Ilan_Chet
Isabella L. Karle
http://wn.com/Isabella_L_Karle
Isadore Singer
http://wn.com/Isadore_Singer
J. Craig Venter
http://wn.com/J_Craig_Venter
J. Michael Bishop
John Michael Bishop (born February 22, 1936) is an American immunologist and microbiologist who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (with Harold E. Varmus) and was co-winner of 1984 Alfred P. Sloan Prize . He currently serves as an active faculty member at the University of California, San Francisco.
http://wn.com/J_Michael_Bishop
J. Presper Eckert
http://wn.com/J_Presper_Eckert
J. Robert Schrieffer
http://wn.com/J_Robert_Schrieffer
Jack St. Clair Kilby
http://wn.com/Jack_St_Clair_Kilby
Jack Steinberger
Jack Steinberger (born May 25, 1921) is a German-American physicist currently residing near Geneva, Switzerland. He co-discovered the muon neutrino, along with Leon Lederman and Melvin Schwartz, for which they were given the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics.
http://wn.com/Jack_Steinberger
Jacob Bjerknes
http://wn.com/Jacob_Bjerknes
James Cronin
James Watson Cronin (born September 29, 1931) is an American nuclear physicist.
http://wn.com/James_Cronin
James D. Watson
James Dewey Watson (born April 6, 1928) is an American molecular biologist and zoologist, best known as one of co-discoverers of the structure of DNA with Francis Crick, in 1953. Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material". He studied at the University of Chicago and Indiana University and subsequently worked at the University of Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory in England, where he first met his future collaborator and personal friend Francis Crick.
http://wn.com/James_D_Watson
James E. Darnell
James Edwin Darnell Jr. (born September 9, 1930 - Columbus, Mississippi) is an American biologist who made significant contributions to RNA processing and cytokine signaling and is author of the cell biology textbook Molecular Cell Biology.
http://wn.com/James_E_Darnell
James E. Gunn
James Edward Gunn (born 1938) is the Eugene Higgins Professor of Astronomy at Princeton University. He received the 2009 National Medal of Science.
http://wn.com/James_E_Gunn
James Glimm
James Gilbert Glimm (born 24 March 1934) is an American mathematical physicist, and Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook.
http://wn.com/James_Glimm
James L. Flanagan
James Loton Flanagan is an electrical engineer, and was Rutgers University's vice president for research until 2004. He is also director of Rutgers' Center for Advanced Information Processing and the Board of Governors Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering.
http://wn.com/James_L_Flanagan
James V. Neel
http://wn.com/James_V_Neel
Jan D. Achenbach
http://wn.com/Jan_D_Achenbach
Janet Rowley
Janet Davison Rowley (born April 5, 1925) is an American human geneticist and the first scientist to identify a chromosomal translocation as the cause of leukemia and other cancers.
http://wn.com/Janet_Rowley
Jared Diamond
Jared Mason Diamond (born September 10, 1937) is an American scientist and author whose work draws from a variety of fields. He is currently Professor of Geography and Physiology at UCLA. He is best known for the award-winning popular science books The Third Chimpanzee; Guns, Germs, and Steel; and .
http://wn.com/Jared_Diamond
Jay Laurence Lush
Jay Laurence Lush (, Shambaugh, Iowa - ) was a pioneering animal geneticist who made important contributions to livestock breeding. He is sometimes known as the father of modern scientific animal breeding. Lush received National Medal of Science in 1968 and the Wolf Prize in 1979.
http://wn.com/Jay_Laurence_Lush
Jeremiah P. Ostriker
Jeremiah (Jerry) Paul Ostriker (born 1937) is an astrophysicist at Princeton University. He received his B.A. from Harvard, his Ph.D at the University of Chicago, and then carried out post-doctoral work at Cambridge. From 1971 to 1995, Ostriker was a professor at Princeton, and served as Provost there from 1995 to 2001. From 2001 to 2003, he was appointed as Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy at the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge. He has since returned to Princeton.
http://wn.com/Jeremiah_P_Ostriker
Jerzy Neyman
http://wn.com/Jerzy_Neyman
Jesse Beams
Jesse Wakefield Beams (December 25, 1898 in Belle Plaine, Kansas; died July 23, 1977) was an American physicist at the University of Virginia.
http://wn.com/Jesse_Beams
Joan A. Steitz
Joan Argetsinger Steitz (born 26 January 1941) is a molecular biologist at Yale University, famed for her discoveries involving RNA, including ground-breaking insights such as that ribosomes interact with mRNA by complementary base pairing and that introns are spliced by snRNPs, small nuclear ribonucleoproteins which occur in eukaryotes (such as yeasts and humans).
http://wn.com/Joan_A_Steitz
Joanna S. Fowler
http://wn.com/Joanna_S_Fowler
John A. Wheeler
http://wn.com/John_A_Wheeler
John Bardeen
http://wn.com/John_Bardeen
John C. Slater
http://wn.com/John_C_Slater
John Cocke
John Cocke (May 30, 1925 – July 16, 2002) was an American computer scientist recognized for his large contribution to computer architecture and optimizing compiler design. He is considered by many to be "the father of RISC architecture."
http://wn.com/John_Cocke
John D. Roberts
John D. Roberts (born 8 June 1918) is an award-winning American chemist. He has made contributions to the integration of physical chemistry, spectroscopy and organic chemistry for the understanding of chemical reaction rates.
http://wn.com/John_D_Roberts
John Griggs Thompson
http://wn.com/John_Griggs_Thompson
John H. Van Vleck
http://wn.com/John_H_Van_Vleck
John Milnor
John Willard Milnor (born February 20, 1931, in Orange, New Jersey) is an American mathematician known for his work in differential topology, K-theory and dynamical systems, and for his influential books. He won the Fields Medal in 1962 and Wolf Prize in 1989. As of 2005, Milnor is a distinguished professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. His wife, Dusa McDuff, is a professor of mathematics at Barnard College.
http://wn.com/John_Milnor
John N. Bahcall
John Norris Bahcall (December 30, 1934 – August 17, 2005) was an American astrophysicist, best known for his contributions to the solar neutrino problem, the development of the Hubble Space Telescope and for his leadership and development of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.
http://wn.com/John_N_Bahcall
John Robinson Pierce
http://wn.com/John_Robinson_Pierce
John Ross (chemist)
John Ross (born 1926) is Camille and Henry Dreyfus Professor of Chemistry, Emeritus, at Stanford University.
http://wn.com/John_Ross_(chemist)
John Roy Whinnery
John Roy Whinnery (b. July 26, 1916 in Read, Colorado, d. February 1, 2009 in Walnut Creek, CA), was an American electrical engineer and educator who worked in the fields of microwave theory and laser experimentation.
http://wn.com/John_Roy_Whinnery
John Sinfelt
http://wn.com/John_Sinfelt
John Tukey
John Wilder Tukey (June 16, 1915 – July 26, 2000) was an American statistician.
http://wn.com/John_Tukey
John W. Backus
http://wn.com/John_W_Backus
John W. Cahn
John Werner Cahn (born January 9, 1928 - Cologne, Germany) is an American scientist and winner of the National Medal of Science in 1998. Since 1977, he has held a position at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly the National Bureau of Standards, NBS). Cahn has had a profound influence on the course of materials and mathematics research during his career. One of foremost authorities on thermodynamics, Cahn has applied the basic laws of thermodynamics to describe and predict a wide range of physical phenomena.
http://wn.com/John_W_Cahn
Jonas Salk
Jonas E. Salk (October 28, 1914 – June 23, 1995) was an American medical researcher and virologist, best known for his discovery and development of the first safe and effective polio vaccine. He was born in New York City to parents from Russian-Jewish immigrant families. Although they themselves did not have much formal education, they were determined to see their children succeed. While attending medical school at New York University, he stood out from his peers not just because of his academic prowess, but because he chose to do medical research instead of becoming a physician.
http://wn.com/Jonas_Salk
Joseph L. Goldstein
Joseph L. Goldstein (born April 18, 1940) from Kingstree, South Carolina is a Nobel Prize winning biochemist and geneticist, and a pioneer in the study of cholesterol metabolism.
http://wn.com/Joseph_L_Goldstein
Joseph Leo Doob
Joseph Leo Doob (February 27, 1910–June 7, 2004) was an American mathematician, specializing in analysis and probability theory.
http://wn.com/Joseph_Leo_Doob
Joshua Lederberg
Joshua Lederberg (May 23, 1925 – February 2, 2008) was an American molecular biologist known for his work in genetics, artificial intelligence, and space exploration. He was just 33 years old when he won the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering that bacteria can mate and exchange genes. He shared the prize with Edward L. Tatum and George Beadle who won for their work with genetics.
http://wn.com/Joshua_Lederberg
Julian Schwinger
Julian Seymour Schwinger (February 12, 1918 – July 16, 1994) was an American theoretical physicist. He is best known for his work on the theory of quantum electrodynamics, in particular for developing a relativistically invariant perturbation theory, and for renormalizing QED to one loop order.
http://wn.com/Julian_Schwinger
Karen K. Uhlenbeck
http://wn.com/Karen_K_Uhlenbeck
Karl Folkers
http://wn.com/Karl_Folkers
Katherine Esau
http://wn.com/Katherine_Esau
Keith Olbermann
Keith Theodore Olbermann (; born January 27, 1959) is an American news anchor, sportscaster, writer, and political commentator. He hosts Countdown with Keith Olbermann, an hour-long nightly news and commentary program on MSNBC.
http://wn.com/Keith_Olbermann
Keith Roberts Porter
http://wn.com/Keith_Roberts_Porter
Kenneth Arrow
Kenneth Joseph Arrow (born August 23, 1921) is an American economist and joint winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with John Hicks in 1972. To date, he is the youngest person to have received this award, at 51.
http://wn.com/Kenneth_Arrow
Kenneth N. Stevens
Kenneth N. Stevens is Clarence J. LeBel Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Professor of Health Sciences and Technology at MIT. Stevens heads the Speech Communication Group in MIT's Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE), and is one of the world's leading scientists in acoustic phonetics. He earned his ScD from MIT in 1952, under the direction of Leo Beranek, and was awarded the National Medal of Science from President Bill Clinton in 1999.
http://wn.com/Kenneth_N_Stevens
Kenneth Stewart Cole
Kenneth Stewart Cole (July 10, 1900 – April 18, 1984) was an American biophysicist described by his peers as "a pioneer in the application of physical science to biology". Cole was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1967.
http://wn.com/Kenneth_Stewart_Cole
Konrad E. Bloch
http://wn.com/Konrad_E_Bloch
Kurt Gödel
http://wn.com/Kurt_Gödel
Kurt O. Friedrichs
__NOTOC__
http://wn.com/Kurt_O_Friedrichs
Lars Onsager
Lars Onsager (November 27, 1903 – October 5, 1976) was a Norwegian-born American physical chemist and theoretical physicist, winner of the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
http://wn.com/Lars_Onsager
Leo Beranek
Leo Leroy Beranek (born September 15, 1914) is an acoustics expert, former MIT professor and a founder and former president of Bolt, Beranek and Newman (now BBN Technologies).
http://wn.com/Leo_Beranek
Leo Kadanoff
Leo Philip Kadanoff (born 14 January 1937) is a professor of physics (emeritus as of 2004) at the University of Chicago and the current President of the American Physical Society (APS). He has contributed to the fields of statistical physics, chaos theory, and theoretical condensed matter physics.
http://wn.com/Leo_Kadanoff
Leon M. Lederman
Leon Max Lederman (born July 15, 1922) is an American experimental physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his work with neutrinos. He is Director Emeritus of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) in Batavia, Illinois, USA. He founded the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, in Aurora, Illinois in 1986, and has served in the capacity of Resident Scholar since 1998.
http://wn.com/Leon_M_Lederman
Leonard Kleinrock
Leonard Kleinrock (born June 13, 1934, in New York) is an engineer and computer scientist, and a computer science professor at UCLA's Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, who made several important contributions to the field of computer networking, in particular to the theoretical side of computer networking. He also played an important role in the development of the ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet, at UCLA.
http://wn.com/Leonard_Kleinrock
Lewis Sarett
http://wn.com/Lewis_Sarett
Linus Carl Pauling
http://wn.com/Linus_Carl_Pauling
Lonnie Thompson
Lonnie Thompson (b. 1948), is a paleoclimatologist and Distinguished University Professor in the School of Earth Sciences at The Ohio State University. He has achieved global recognition for his drilling and analysis of ice cores from mountain glaciers and ice caps in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. He and his wife, Ellen Mosley-Thompson, run the ice core paleoclimatology research group at the Byrd Polar Research Center.
http://wn.com/Lonnie_Thompson
Lubert Stryer
Lubert Stryer is the Mrs. George A. Winzer Professor of Cell Biology, Emeritus at the Stanford University School of Medicine. He was a Helen Hay Whitney Research Fellow from 1961 to 1964 before initiating his own research program at Stanford. Following a move to Yale in 1969, he returned to Stanford in September 1976 as the Winzer Professor and is a Professor of Neurobiology (at Stanford) since September 1993. Dr. Stryer received his B.S. from the University of Chicago and his M.D. from Harvard Medical School.
http://wn.com/Lubert_Stryer
Luis Walter Alvarez
http://wn.com/Luis_Walter_Alvarez
Lyman Spitzer
Lyman Strong Spitzer, Jr. (June 26, 1914 – March 31, 1997) was an American theoretical physicist and astronomer best known for his research in star formation and for his promotions of telescopes in space and research into plasma physics. A graduate of Phillips Academy, Princeton University, and Yale University, Spitzer invented the Stellarator plasma device and is the namesake of NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope.
http://wn.com/Lyman_Spitzer
Lynn Margulis
http://wn.com/Lynn_Margulis
Manson Benedict
Manson Benedict (9 October 1907 in Lake Linden, Michigan — 18 September 2006 in Naples, Florida) was a nuclear engineer and a professor of nuclear engineering at MIT. From 1958 to 1968, he was the chairman of the advisory committee to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
http://wn.com/Manson_Benedict
Mario R. Capecchi
http://wn.com/Mario_R_Capecchi
Marshall Rosenbluth
http://wn.com/Marshall_Rosenbluth
Marston Morse
http://wn.com/Marston_Morse
Martin David Kruskal
Martin David Kruskal (September 28, 1925 – December 26, 2006) was an American mathematician and physicist. He made fundamental contributions in many areas of mathematics and science, ranging from plasma physics to general relativity and from nonlinear analysis to asymptotic analysis. His single most celebrated contribution was the discovery and theory of solitons.
http://wn.com/Martin_David_Kruskal
Martin Schwarzschild
Martin Schwarzschild (May 31, 1912 – April 10, 1997) was a German American astronomer. He was the son of famed astrophysicist Karl Schwarzschild and the nephew of the Swiss astrophysicist Robert Emden.
http://wn.com/Martin_Schwarzschild
Marvin L. Cohen
Marvin L. Cohen (born Montreal in March 3, 1935) is a Canadian-born American physicist. He is a professor of condensed matter physics and materials science at the University of California, Berkeley. Nobel laureate Robert B. Laughlin studied under John D. Joannopoulos, a student of Cohen's.
http://wn.com/Marvin_L_Cohen
Mary Ellen Avery
Mary Ellen Avery (born May 6, 1927)
http://wn.com/Mary_Ellen_Avery
Marye Anne Fox
Marye Anne Payne Fox (born 9 December 1947) is a physical organic chemist and university administrator. She was the first female chief executive of North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina. In April 2004, Fox was named Chancellor of the University of California, San Diego.
http://wn.com/Marye_Anne_Fox
Maurice Ewing
William Maurice "Doc" Ewing (May 12, 1906 – May 4, 1974) was an American geophysicist and oceanographer.
http://wn.com/Maurice_Ewing
Maurice Goldhaber
Maurice Goldhaber (born April 18, 1911) is an American physicist, who in 1957 (with Lee Grodzins and Andrew Sunyar) established that neutrinos have negative helicity.
http://wn.com/Maurice_Goldhaber
Maurice Hilleman
http://wn.com/Maurice_Hilleman
Max Tishler
Max Tishler (October 30, 1906 – March 18, 1989) was a scientist at Merck & Co. who led the research teams that synthesized ascorbic acid, riboflavin, cortisone, miamin, pyridoxin, pantothenic acid, nicotinamide, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan. He also led a microbiological group that developed the fermentation processes for actinomycin D, vitamin B12, streptomycin, and penicillin. Tishler invented sulfaquinoxaline for the treatment for coccidiosis.
http://wn.com/Max_Tishler
Melvin Calvin
Melvin Ellis Calvin (April 8, 1911 - January 8, 1997) was an American chemist most famed for discovering the Calvin cycle along with Andrew Benson and James Bassham, for which he was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He spent most of his five-decade career at the University of California, Berkeley.
http://wn.com/Melvin_Calvin
Michael E. Debakey
http://wn.com/Michael_E_Debakey
Michael Heidelberger
Michael Heidelberger (April 29, 1888 – June 25, 1991) was an American immunologist who is regarded as the father of modern immunology. He and Oswald Avery showed that the polysaccharides of pneumococcus are antigens, enabling him to show that antibodies are proteins. He spent almost his entire career at Columbia University, though in his later years he was also on the faculty of New York University. In 1934 and 1936 he received the Guggenheim Fellowship. In 1967 he received the National Medal of Science, and then he earned the Lasker Award for basic medical research in 1953 and again in 1978.
http://wn.com/Michael_Heidelberger
Michael S. Brown
http://wn.com/Michael_S_Brown
Michael Sela
Michael Sela () (born 2 March 1924) is an Israeli immunologist of Polish Jewish origin. He is W. Garfield Weston Professor of Immunology at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot.
http://wn.com/Michael_Sela
Mikhail Chumakov
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Chumakov
Mildred Cohn
Mildred Cohn (July 12, 1913 – October 12, 2009) was an American biochemist. She graduated from high school at 14 and went on to receive her Bachelor's from Hunter College in 1931, her master's in 1932 from Columbia University, and her PhD in physical chemistry in 1938 from Columbia. Cohn joined the staff of the University of Pennsylvania in 1960.
http://wn.com/Mildred_Cohn
Milton Friedman
Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 November 16, 2006) was an American economist, statistician, a professor at the University of Chicago, and the recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics. Among scholars, he is best known for his theoretical and empirical research, especially consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy.
http://wn.com/Milton_Friedman
Mostafa El-Sayed
http://wn.com/Mostafa_El-Sayed
Nancy C. Andreasen
http://wn.com/Nancy_C_Andreasen
Nathan M. Newmark
Nathan Mortimore Newmark (September 22, 1910 - January 25, 1981) was an American structural engineer and academic. He was awarded the National Medal of Science for engineering.
http://wn.com/Nathan_M_Newmark
Neal E. Miller
http://wn.com/Neal_E_Miller
Nick Holonyak Jr.
http://wn.com/Nick_Holonyak_Jr
Nicolaas Bloembergen
Nicolaas Bloembergen (born Dordrecht, March 11, 1920) is a Dutch-American physicist and Nobel laureate.
http://wn.com/Nicolaas_Bloembergen
Nina Fedoroff
Nina Vsevolod Fedoroff (born 1942) is an American professor at Penn State university known for her research in life sciences and biotechnology. She received in 2006 the National Medal of Science in the field of Biological Sciences, the highest award for lifetime achievement in scientific research in the United States.
http://wn.com/Nina_Fedoroff
Norbert Wiener
http://wn.com/Norbert_Wiener
Norman Borlaug
http://wn.com/Norman_Borlaug
Norman F. Ramsey
http://wn.com/Norman_F_Ramsey
Norman Hackerman
http://wn.com/Norman_Hackerman
Orville Vogel
http://wn.com/Orville_Vogel
Oscar Zariski
Oscar Zariski (born Oscher Zaritsky April 24, 1899, in Kobrin, Russia (today Belarus), died July 4, 1986, Brookline, Massachusetts) was a Jewish-American mathematician and one of the most influential algebraic geometers of the 20th century.
http://wn.com/Oscar_Zariski
Othmar Ammann
http://wn.com/Othmar_Ammann
Patrick Suppes
Patrick Colonel Suppes (b. 1922, Tulsa, OK) is an American philosopher who has made significant contributions to philosophy of science, theory of measurement, foundations of quantum mechanics, decision theory, psychology, and educational technology.
http://wn.com/Patrick_Suppes
Paul Alfred Weiss
http://wn.com/Paul_Alfred_Weiss
Paul Bartlett
http://wn.com/Paul_Bartlett
Paul Berg
Paul Berg (born on June 30, 1926 in Brooklyn, New York, U.S.) is an American biochemist and professor emeritus at Stanford University. He graduated from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1943, received his B.S. in biochemistry from Penn State University in 1948 and Ph.D. in biochemistry from Case Western Reserve University in 1952. He is a member of the Beta Sigma Rho fraternity (now Beta Sigma Beta). In 1980 he shared half of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry with the team of Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger. All three were recognized for their important contributions to basic research in nucleic acids. His studies as a postgraduate involved the use of radioisotope tracers in intermediary metabolism. This resulted in the understanding of how foodstuffs are converted to cellular materials, through the use of isotopic carbons or heavy nitrogen atoms. Paul Berg's doctorate paper is now known as the conversion of formic acid, formaldehyde and methanol to fully reduced states of methyl groups in methionine. He was also one of the first to demonstrate that folic acid and B12 cofactors had roles in the processes mentioned.
http://wn.com/Paul_Berg
Paul C. Lauterbur
http://wn.com/Paul_C_Lauterbur
Paul C. Zamecnik
http://wn.com/Paul_C_Zamecnik
Paul Flory
http://wn.com/Paul_Flory
Paul Samuelson
http://wn.com/Paul_Samuelson
Peter C. Goldmark
http://wn.com/Peter_C_Goldmark
Peter Debye
Peter Joseph William Debye (March 24, 1884 – November 2, 1966) was a Dutch physicist and physical chemist, and Nobel laureate in Chemistry.
http://wn.com/Peter_Debye
Peter Dervan
Peter B. Dervan (born June 28, 1945) is the Bren Professor of Chemistry at California Institute of Technology. The primary focus of his research is the development and study of small organic molecules that can sequence-specifically recognize DNA, a field in which he is an internationally recognized authority. He is married to fellow Caltech chemist Jacqueline Barton.
http://wn.com/Peter_Dervan
Peter Goldreich
Peter Goldreich (born July 14, 1939) is an American astrophysicist whose research focuses on planetary rings, helioseismology and neutron stars. He is currently the Lee DuBridge Professor of Astrophysics and Planetary Physics at California Institute of Technology. Since 2005 he has also been a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Asteroid 3805 Goldreich is named after him.
http://wn.com/Peter_Goldreich
Peter H. Raven
Peter Hamilton Raven (born June 13, 1936) is a botanist and environmentalist, notable as the longtime director, now President Emeritus, of the Missouri Botanical Garden.
http://wn.com/Peter_H_Raven
Peter Lax
Peter David Lax (born 1 May 1926 in Budapest, Hungary) is a mathematician working in the areas of pure and applied mathematics. He has made important contributions to integrable systems, fluid dynamics and shock waves, solitonic physics, hyperbolic conservation laws, and mathematical and scientific computing, among other fields. Lax is listed as an ISI highly cited researcher.
http://wn.com/Peter_Lax
Philip Abelson
http://wn.com/Philip_Abelson
Philip Handler
http://wn.com/Philip_Handler
Philip Leder
Philip Leder (b. November 19, 1934) is an American geneticist. He was born in Washington, D.C. and studied at Harvard University, graduating in 1956. In 1960, he graduated from Harvard Medical School.
http://wn.com/Philip_Leder
Phillip A. Sharp
http://wn.com/Phillip_A_Sharp
Ralph A. Alpher
http://wn.com/Ralph_A_Alpher
Ralph Brazelton Peck
Dr. Ralph Brazelton Peck (June 23, 1912 – February 18, 2008) was an eminent civil engineer specializing in soil mechanics. He died on February 18, 2008 from congestive heart failure. He was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1975 "for his development of the science and art of subsurface engineering, combining the contributions of the sciences of geology and soil mechanics with the practical art of foundation design."
http://wn.com/Ralph_Brazelton_Peck
Ralph E. Gomory
Ralph Edward Gomory is an American applied mathematician and executive. Gomory worked at IBM as a researcher and later as an executive. During that time, his research led to the creation of new areas of applied mathematics.
http://wn.com/Ralph_E_Gomory
Ralph F. Hirschmann
Ralph Franz Hirschmann (May 6, 1922 – June 20, 2009) was a German American biochemist who led a team that was responsible for the first organic synthesis of an enzyme, a ribonuclease.
http://wn.com/Ralph_F_Hirschmann
Raoul Bott
http://wn.com/Raoul_Bott
Ray W. Clough
http://wn.com/Ray_W_Clough
Raymond D. Mindlin
Raymond David Mindlin (New York City, 17 September 1906 to 22 November 1987) was a mechanician who made seminal contributions to many branches of applied mechanics, applied physics, and engineering sciences.
http://wn.com/Raymond_D_Mindlin
Riccardo Giacconi
Riccardo Giacconi (born October 6, 1931) is an Italian/American Nobel Prize-winning astrophysicist who laid the foundations of X-ray astronomy.
http://wn.com/Riccardo_Giacconi
Richard Garwin
Richard Lawrence Garwin (born April 19, 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio), is an American physicist. He received his bachelor's degree from the Case Institute of Technology in 1947 and obtained his PhD from the University of Chicago in 1949, where he worked in the lab of Enrico Fermi.
http://wn.com/Richard_Garwin
Richard Karp
Richard Manning Karp (born 1935) is a computer scientist and computational theorist at the University of California, Berkeley, notable for research in the theory of algorithms, for which he received a Turing Award in 1985, The Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science in 2004, and the Kyoto Prize in 2008.
http://wn.com/Richard_Karp
Richard N. Zare
http://wn.com/Richard_N_Zare
Richard P. Feynman
http://wn.com/Richard_P_Feynman
Richard T. Whitcomb
Richard T. Whitcomb (February 21, 1921–October 13, 2009), was an American aeronautical engineer noted for his significant contributions to the science of aerodynamics.
http://wn.com/Richard_T_Whitcomb
Rita Levi-Montalcini
Rita Levi-Montalcini (born April 22, 1909), Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI is an Italian neurologist who, together with colleague Stanley Cohen, received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of Nerve growth factor (NGF). Since 2001, she has also served in the Italian Senate as a Senator for Life.
http://wn.com/Rita_Levi-Montalcini
Rita R. Colwell
Rita R. Colwell (born November 23, 1934 in Beverly, Massachusetts) is an environmental microbiologist and scientific administrator. She became the 11th Director of the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) on August 4, 1998.
http://wn.com/Rita_R_Colwell
Roald Hoffmann
Roald Hoffmann (born July 18, 1937) is an American theoretical chemist who won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He currently teaches at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.
http://wn.com/Roald_Hoffmann
Robert A. Weinberg
http://wn.com/Robert_A_Weinberg
Robert Byron Bird
Robert Byron Bird (born February 5, 1924, Bryan, Texas) is a Chemical Engineer and Professor Emeritus in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is known for his research in Transport phenomena of Non-Newtonian fluids, including fluid dynamics of polymers, polymer kinetic theory, and rheology. He, along with Warren E. Stewart and Edwin N. Lightfoot, is an author of the classic textbook Transport Phenomena. Bird was a recipient of the National Medal of Science in 1987.
http://wn.com/Robert_Byron_Bird
Robert H. Burris
http://wn.com/Robert_H_Burris
Robert H. Dicke
http://wn.com/Robert_H_Dicke
Robert Hofstadter
http://wn.com/Robert_Hofstadter
Robert Huebner
Robert Joseph Huebner (pronounced HYOOB-ner; February 23, 1914 – August 26, 1998), was an American physician and virologist whose research into viruses, their causes and treatment that led to his breakthrough insights into the connections between viruses and cancer, leading to new treatments, as well as his hypothesized oncogene, which was discovered to be a trigger for normal cells turning cancerous.
http://wn.com/Robert_Huebner
Robert K. Merton
http://wn.com/Robert_K_Merton
Robert Kates
Robert W. Kates (born 1929) is an American geographer and independent scholar in Trenton, Maine, and University Professor (Emeritus) at Brown University. In 2008, he was appointed the inaugural Presidential Professor of Sustainability Science at the University of Maine, Orono.
http://wn.com/Robert_Kates
Robert Lefkowitz
Robert J. Lefkowitz, M.D. (born April 15, 1943) is an American physician best known for his work with G protein-coupled receptors. He is a James B. Duke Professor of Medicine and Biochemistry at Duke University as well as an investigator for the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He received his B.A. in Chemistry as well as his M.D. from Columbia University. He then went on to become a pioneer in cell receptor biology and biochemistry. He recently was awarded the US National Medal of Science and the 2007 Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine. He has also been the recipient of the Albany Medical Center Prize in Medicine and Biochemical Research, Institut de France Fondation Lefoulon-Delalande Grand Prix for Science Award, and the Gairdner Foundation International Award.
http://wn.com/Robert_Lefkowitz
Robert N. Noyce
http://wn.com/Robert_N_Noyce
Robert Pound
Robert Vivian Pound (May 16, 1919 – April 12, 2010) was an American physicist who helped discover nuclear magnetic resonance and who devised the famous Pound-Rebka experiment supporting general relativity .
http://wn.com/Robert_Pound
Robert S. Langer
Robert S. Langer (born August 29, 1948 in Albany, New York) is an American engineer and the David H. Koch Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was formerly the Germeshausen Professor of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and maintains activity in the department of chemical engineering and the department of biological engineering at MIT. He is also a faculty member of the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology and the David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research. He is a widely recognized and cited researcher in biotechnology, especially in the fields of drug delivery systems and tissue engineering. Dr. Langer's research laboratory at MIT is the largest biomedical engineering lab in the world, maintaining about $10 million in annual grants and over 100 researchers.
http://wn.com/Robert_S_Langer
Robert Solow
Robert Merton Solow (born August 23, 1924) is an American economist particularly known for his work on the theory of economic growth that culminated in the exogenous growth model named after him. He was awarded the John Bates Clark Medal (in 1961) and the 1987 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
http://wn.com/Robert_Solow
Roger Adams
http://wn.com/Roger_Adams
Roger Guillemin
Roger Charles Louis Guillemin (born January 11, 1924 in Dijon, Bourgogne, France) received the National Medal of Science in 1976, and the Nobel prize for medicine in 1977 for his work on neurohormones, sharing the prize that year with Andrew Schally and Rosalyn Sussman Yalow.
http://wn.com/Roger_Guillemin
Roger Revelle
http://wn.com/Roger_Revelle
Roger Shepard
Roger Newland Shepard (born January 30, 1929 in Palo Alto, California) is a cognitive scientist and author of Toward a Universal Law of Generalization for Psychological Science. He is seen as a father of research on spatial relations.
http://wn.com/Roger_Shepard
Roger W. Sperry
http://wn.com/Roger_W_Sperry
Ronald Breslow
Ronald C. D. Breslow (born 14 March 1931, Rahway, New Jersey) is an American chemist. He is currently University Professor at Columbia University, where he is based in the Department of Chemistry and affiliated with the Departments of Biological Sciences and Pharmacology; he has also been on the faculty of its Department of Chemical Engineering. He has taught at Columbia since 1956 and is a former chair of the university's chemistry department.
http://wn.com/Ronald_Breslow
Ronald Coifman
Ronald Raphael Coifman is the Phillips Professor of Mathematics at Yale University. Coifman graduated from the University of Geneva in 1965.
http://wn.com/Ronald_Coifman
Rudolf Kompfner
http://wn.com/Rudolf_Kompfner
Ruth Patrick
Dr. Ruth Myrtle Patrick (born November 26, 1907) is a botanist and limnologist specializing in diatoms and freshwater ecology, who developed ways to measure the health of freshwater ecosystems and established a number of research facilities. She attended the Sunset Hill School in Kansas City, Missouri, graduating in 1925. She earned her PhD at the University of Virginia in 1934. Her work has been widely published and she has received numerous awards for her scientific achievements, including the National Medal of Science in 1996, the Heinz Award Chairman's Medal in 2002, and the A.C. Redfield Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006. The Ruth Patrick Science Education Center is named after her. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation R.M.Patrick when citing a botanical name.
http://wn.com/Ruth_Patrick
Salome G. Waelsch
http://wn.com/Salome_G_Waelsch
Salvador Luria
http://wn.com/Salvador_Luria
Samuel Karlin
Samuel Karlin (June 8, 1924 - December 18, 2007) was an American mathematician at Stanford University in the late 20th century.
http://wn.com/Samuel_Karlin
Saul Winstein
Saul Winstein (October 8, 1912 – November 23, 1969) was the American chemist who discovered the Winstein reaction, in which he argued a non-classical cation was needed to explain the stability of the norbornyl cation. This fueled a debate with Herbert C. Brown over the existence of delocalized cations such as this. Richard F. Heck, who earlier in his career had undertaken postgraduate studies with Winstein, won the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Co-author of the Grunwald-Winstein equation concerning solvolysis rates.
http://wn.com/Saul_Winstein
Saunders MacLane
http://wn.com/Saunders_MacLane
Sewall Wright
http://wn.com/Sewall_Wright
Seymour Benzer
Seymour Benzer (October 15, 1921 – November 30, 2007) was an accomplished American physicist, molecular biologist and behavioral geneticist. With a career that started with the molecular biology revolution of the 1950s, Seymour Benzer was to the end very active as a researcher, where he led a productive lab as the James G. Boswell Professor of Neuroscience, Emeritus, at the California Institute of Technology.
http://wn.com/Seymour_Benzer
Shiing-Shen Chern
http://wn.com/Shiing-Shen_Chern
Shing-Tung Yau
Shing-Tung Yau (; born April 4, 1949) is a Chinese American mathematician working in differential geometry. He was born in Shantou, Guangdong Province, China into a family of scholars from Jiaoling, Guangdong Province.
http://wn.com/Shing-Tung_Yau
Simon Ramo
Simon "Si" Ramo (born May 7, 1913) is an American physicist, engineer, and business leader. He led development of microwave and missile technology and is sometimes known as the father of the intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). He has been partly responsible for the creation of two Fortune 500 companies of the 1970s; Ramo-Wooldridge (TRW after 1958) and Bunker-Ramo (now part of Honeywell).
http://wn.com/Simon_Ramo
Solomon H. Snyder
Solomon H. Snyder (born December 26, 1938) is an American neuroscientist.
http://wn.com/Solomon_H_Snyder
Solomon Lefschetz
http://wn.com/Solomon_Lefschetz
Stanley Norman Cohen
Stanley Norman Cohen (born June 30, 1935 in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, U.S.) is an American geneticist.
http://wn.com/Stanley_Norman_Cohen
Stephen Cole Kleene
http://wn.com/Stephen_Cole_Kleene
Stephen J. Benkovic
Stephen Benkovic is an Evan Pugh Professor and Eberly Chair in Chemistry at Penn State University. His research has focused on mechanistic enzymology and the discovery of enzyme inhibitors. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1985.
http://wn.com/Stephen_J_Benkovic
Stephen J. Lippard
Stephen J. Lippard is an American bioinorganic chemist and the Arthur Amos Noyes Professor of Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
http://wn.com/Stephen_J_Lippard
Stephen Smale
http://wn.com/Stephen_Smale
Steven Weinberg
Steven Weinberg (born May 3, 1933) is an American physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his contributions with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow to the unification of the weak force and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles.
http://wn.com/Steven_Weinberg
Susan L. Lindquist
http://wn.com/Susan_L_Lindquist
Theodor O. Diener
http://wn.com/Theodor_O_Diener
Theodore von Kármán
http://wn.com/Theodore_von_Kármán
Thomas Cech
http://wn.com/Thomas_Cech
Thomas Eisner
Thomas Eisner (born June 25, 1929) is the Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of Chemical Ecology at Cornell University, and Director of the Cornell Institute for Research in Chemical Ecology (CIRCE). He is a world authority on animal behavior, ecology, and evolution, and, together with his Cornell colleague, Jerrold Meinwald, is one of the pioneers of chemical ecology, the discipline dealing with the chemical interactions of organisms. He is author or co-author of some 400 scientific articles and 7 books.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Eisner
Thomas Starzl
Thomas E. Starzl (born March 11, 1926) is an American physician, researcher, and is an expert on organ transplants. He performed the first human liver transplants, and has often been referred to as "the father of modern transplantation."
http://wn.com/Thomas_Starzl
Tobin J. Marks
Tobin Jay Marks (born November 25, 1944) is the Vladimir N. Ipatieff Professor of Catalytic Chemistry and Professor of Material Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University. His research fields are organometallic chemistry, photonics, metal organic chemical vapor deposition and molecular electronics. Professor Marks is the recipient of the 2005 Presidential Medal of Science and is a member of the National Academy of Science.
http://wn.com/Tobin_J_Marks
Torsten N. Wiesel
http://wn.com/Torsten_N_Wiesel
Tung-Yen Lin
http://wn.com/Tung-Yen_Lin
Val Fitch
http://wn.com/Val_Fitch
Vannevar Bush
Vannevar Bush (March 11, 1890 – June 28, 1974; ) was an American engineer and science administrator known for his work on analog computing, his political role in the development of the atomic bomb as a primary organizer of the Manhattan Project, and the idea of the memex, an adjustable microfilm-viewer which is somewhat analogous to the structure of the World Wide Web. More specifically the memex worked as a memory bank to organize and retrieve data. As Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, Bush coordinated the activities of some six thousand leading American scientists in the application of science to warfare.
http://wn.com/Vannevar_Bush
Vera Rubin
Vera (Cooper) Rubin (born ) is an American astronomer who pioneered work on galaxy rotation rates. Her magnum opus was the uncovering of the discrepancy between the predicted angular motion of galaxies and the observed motion, by studying galactic rotation curves. This phenomenon became known as the galaxy rotation problem.
http://wn.com/Vera_Rubin
Verner Suomi
http://wn.com/Verner_Suomi
Victor A. McKusick
http://wn.com/Victor_A_McKusick
Victor F. Weisskopf
http://wn.com/Victor_F_Weisskopf
Viktor Hamburger
Viktor Hamburger (July 9, 1900 – June 12, 2001) was a German professor and embryologist. Hamburger lectured, among others, Nobel Prize-winning neurologist Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909 - ), who identified nerve growth factor along with Hamburger when they collaborated. Hamburger retired from his professor position in 1969 and continued researching until the 1980s.
http://wn.com/Viktor_Hamburger
Vladimir Haensel
http://wn.com/Vladimir_Haensel
Vladimir K. Zworykin
http://wn.com/Vladimir_K_Zworykin
W. Jason Morgan
William Jason Morgan (born October 10, 1935 in Savannah, Georgia) is an American geophysicist who has made seminal contributions to the theory of plate tectonics and geodynamics. He retired as the Knox Taylor Professor emeritus of geology and professor of geosciences at Princeton University.
http://wn.com/W_Jason_Morgan
Wallace S. Broecker
http://wn.com/Wallace_S_Broecker
Walter Elsasser
http://wn.com/Walter_Elsasser
Walter H. Stockmayer
Walter Hugo Stockmayer (7 April 1914, Rutherford, New Jersey - 9 May 2004, Norwich, Vermont) was an internationally known chemist and university teacher. A former member of the National Academy of Sciences, he was recognized as one of the twentieth century pioneers of polymer science. His specific interest was in theory and experiment for the structure and dynamics of polymer molecules, including various uses of the light scattering method.
http://wn.com/Walter_H_Stockmayer
Walter Kohn
Walter Kohn (born March 9, 1923, in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian-born American theoretical physicist.
http://wn.com/Walter_Kohn
Walter Munk
Walter Heinrich Munk (born October 19, 1917) is an American physical oceanographer. He is professor of geophysics emeritus and holds the Secretary of the Navy/Chief of Naval Operations Oceanography Chair at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California.
http://wn.com/Walter_Munk
Warren K. Lewis
Warren Kendall Lewis (21 August 1882-9 March 1975) was an MIT professor who has been called the father of modern chemical engineering. He co-authored an early major textbook on the subject which essentially introduced the concept of unit operations. He also co-developed the Houdry process under contract to The Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (now ExxonMobil) into modern fluid catalytic cracking with Edwin R. Gilliland, another MIT professor.
http://wn.com/Warren_K_Lewis
Warren M. Washington
Warren M. Washington (born 1936) is an American atmospheric scientist, a former chair of the National Science Board, and currently senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado.
http://wn.com/Warren_M_Washington
Wendell L. Roelofs
Wendell L. Roelofs (born 1938) was the first researcher to characterize insect sex pheromone structures, developing microchemical techniques for the isolation and identification of pheromone components. Roelofs obtained his B.S. in chemistry in 1960 from Central College in Pella, Iowa and his Ph.D. in organic chemistry from Indiana University in 1964. Currently he is the Liberty Hyde Bailey Professor of Insect Biochemistry at the Department of Entomology at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.
http://wn.com/Wendell_L_Roelofs
Wernher von Braun
Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (March 23, 1912 – June 16, 1977) was a German-American rocket scientist, engineer, space architect, and one of the leading figures in the development of rocket technology in Germany and the United States during and after World War II. A one-time member of the Nazi party and a commissioned SS officer, von Braun would later be regarded as the preeminent rocket engineer of the 20th century in his role with the United States civilian space agency NASA.
http://wn.com/Wernher_von_Braun
William Cumming Rose
William Cumming Rose (April 4, 1887 – September 25, 1985) was an American nutritionist whose research in the 1930s discovered the essential amino acid threonine.
http://wn.com/William_Cumming_Rose
William Feller
http://wn.com/William_Feller
William Kaye Estes
William Kaye Estes (born June 17, 1919 in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is an American psychologist. As an undergraduate, he was a student of Richard M. Elliott at the University of Minnesota. As a graduate student he stayed at the University of Minnesota, and worked under B. F. Skinner. When he later had his doctorate, he joined Skinner on the faculty at Indiana University. After Estes got out of the U. S. Army at the end of World War II, he established his reputation as one of the originators of mathematical learning theory. When high speed, high capacity computers later came along, Estes' models laid the foundation for modern artificial intelligence and artificial neural network developments. Estes went from Indiana University to Stanford University, to Rockefeller University in New York, and finally to Harvard University. After retiring from Harvard, he returned to Bloomington, Indiana, where he remained active in academics to become professor emeritus at his original academic home department.
http://wn.com/William_Kaye_Estes
William O. Baker
William Oliver Baker (born July 15, 1915 in Chestertown, Maryland; died October 31, 2005 in Chatham, New Jersey) was a former President of Bell Labs who had advised five Presidents on scientific matters. He received his degree from Washington College and went on to get a doctorate from Princeton University. He later did research for Bell Labs that helped lead to synthetic rubber. He held 11 patents in all. He headed Bell Labs from 1973 to 1979. Prior to being named president, he had served as Bell Labs Vice President for Research since 1955. Baker was a longtime resident of Morristown, New Jersey.
http://wn.com/William_O_Baker
William R. Hewlett
http://wn.com/William_R_Hewlett
William Rubey
http://wn.com/William_Rubey
Willis E. Lamb
http://wn.com/Willis_E_Lamb
Willis M. Hawkins
http://wn.com/Willis_M_Hawkins
Yakir Aharonov
Yakir Aharonov (; born 1932 in Haifa, Israel) is an Israeli physicist specializing in Quantum Physics. He is a Professor of Theoretical Physics and the James J. Farley Professor of Natural Philosophy at Chapman University in California. He is also a distinguished professor in Perimeter Institute.
http://wn.com/Yakir_Aharonov
Yoichiro Nambu
is a Japanese-born American physicist, currently a professor at the University of Chicago. Known for his contributions to the field of theoretical physics, he was awarded a one-half share of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2008 for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics. The other half share was split equally between Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature."
http://wn.com/Yoichiro_Nambu
Yuan Tseh Lee
http://wn.com/Yuan_Tseh_Lee

Dr. Albert Sabin--International Cooperation in Control of Diseases

January 21, 1988. This lecture was Dr. Sabin's Public Health option intersession lecture a...

published: 23 Feb 2011

author: JohnsHopkins

James ea Peruca! (Liceu Albert Sabin)

Professor James Onnig decide experimentar uma peruca no med A do Liceu Albert Sabin. GEPE:...

published: 25 Sep 2009

author: thacvr

Festa no Albert Sabin 2011

Nem vou comentar nada =D...

published: 09 Sep 2011

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Vermelho-Cheerleaders-Albert Sabin 1

Coreografoa da manhãã!! Fico iradaa!! Alguns erinhos! Mas...valew por tudo!!UNIÃO INESPERA...

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author: xpabonx

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é na dancinha da 3003 Albert Sabin'

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Photo: AP / Moises Castillo

Residents walk among rubble after a magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck in San Marcos, Guatemala, Wednesday Nov. 7, 2012.

Guatemala earthquake claims dozens of lives

Detroit news

08 Nov 2012

By Sonia Perez-Diaz and Romina Ruiz-Goiriena Associated Press Comments People chat with a police officer while standing in the rubble caused after a magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck Wednesday in San...

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Photo: AP / Andres Kudacki

People pose with a picture of President Barack Obama during the Election Night Party 2012 following the U.S. Presidential Election, at the Intercontinental Hotel in Madrid, Spain, Wednesday, Nov. 7, 2012.

Barack Obama wins re-election to serve four more years as president

The Daily Telegraph

07 Nov 2012

Barack Obama claimed a second presidential term last night as a progressive coalition of women, minorities and young people came together to return America’s first black president to the White...

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Albert Sabin

Born	Albert Saperstein (1906-08-26)August 26, 1906 Białystok, Poland
Died	March 3, 1993(1993-03-03) (aged 86) Washington, D.C, United States Heart Failure
Citizenship	Poland, United States
Fields	immunology, virology
Alma mater	New York University
Known for	oral polio vaccine
Notable awards	see article

Albert Bruce Sabin (August 26, 1906 – March 3, 1993) was an American medical researcher best known for having developed an oral polio vaccine.

1 Life
2 Polio Research
3 Sabin vs. Salk vaccine controversy
4 Later life
5 Honors
6 See also
7 References
8 External links

Life [link]

Sabin was born in Białystok, Poland, to Jewish parents, Jacob and Tillie Saperstein. In 1921 he immigrated with his family to America. In 1930 he became a naturalized citizen of the United States and changed his name to Sabin.

Sabin received a medical degree from New York University in 1931. He trained in internal medicine, pathology and surgery at Bellevue Hospital in New York City from 1931-1933. In 1934 he conducted research at The Lister Institute for Preventive Medicine in England, then joined the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now Rockefeller University). During this time he developed an intense interest in research, especially in the area of infectious diseases. In 1939 he moved to Cincinnati Children's Hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio. During World War II he was a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army Medical Corps and helped develop a vaccine against Japanese encephalitis. Maintaining his association with Children's Hospital, by 1946 he had also become the head of Pediatric Research at the University of Cincinnati. At Cincinnati's Children's Hospital, Sabin supervised the fellowship of Robert M. Chanock, whom he called his "star scientific son."^[1]

In 1969-1972 he lived and worked in Israel as the President of Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot. After his return to the United States he worked (1974–1982) as a Research Professor at the Medical University of South Carolina. He later moved to Washington, D.C. area where he was a Resident Scholar at the John E. Fogarty International Center on NIH campus in Bethesda, MD.

Sabin (right) with Robert C. Gallo, M.D circa 1985

Polio Research [link]

With the menace of polio growing, Sabin and other researchers, most notably Jonas Salk in Pittsburgh and Hilary Koprowski and Herald Cox in New York and Philadelphia, sought a vaccine to prevent or mitigate the illness. An oral vaccine, the Sabin vaccine consists of weakened forms of the viruses that cause polio. It protects the body against polio without causing the disease. In 1955, Salk's "killed" vaccine was released for use. It was effective in preventing most of the complications of polio, but did not prevent the initial, intestinal infection. The Sabin vaccine is easier to give than the earlier vaccine, developed by Jonas E. Salk in 1954, and its effects last longer. In addition, those who received the Salk vaccine could pass on the polio virus. Sabin first tested his live attenuated oral vaccine at the Chillicothe Ohio Reformatory in late 1954. From 1956-1960 he worked with Russian colleagues to perfect the oral vaccine and prove its extraordinary effectiveness and safety. The Sabin vaccine worked in the intestines to block the poliovirus from entering the bloodstream. It was in the intestines, Sabin had discovered, that the poliovirus multiplied and attacked. Thus, the oral vaccine broke the chain of transmission of the virus and allowed for the possibility that polio might one day be eradicated.

Between 1955-1961, the oral vaccine was tested on at least 100 million people in the USSR, parts of Eastern Europe, Singapore, Mexico and the Netherlands. The first industrial production and mass use of Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV) from Sabin strains was organized by Soviet scientist Mikhail Chumakov.^[2]^[3] This provided the critical impetus for allowing large scale clinical trial of OPV in the United States in April 1960 on 180,000 Cincinnati school children. The mass immunization techniques that Sabin pioneered with his associates effectively eradicated polio in Cincinnati. Against considerable opposition from The March of Dimes Foundation, which supported the relatively effective killed vaccine, Sabin prevailed on the Public Health Service to license his three strains of vaccine. While the PHS stalled, the USSR sent millions of doses of the oral vaccine to places with polio epidemics, such as Japan, and reaped the humanitarian benefit. Indeed it was not clear to many that the vaccine was an American one, financed by US dollars, but not available to ordinary Americans.

Sabin also developed vaccines against other viral diseases, including encephalitis and dengue. In addition, he investigated possible links between viruses and some forms of cancer.

Sabin vs. Salk vaccine controversy [link]

This section requires expansion.

Sabin vehemently opposed the use of the Salk inactivated vaccine and attempted to block its use.^{[citation needed]}

Later life [link]

In 1983, Sabin developed calcification of the cervical spine, which caused paralysis and intense pain.^[4]^[5] According to Keith Olbermann, Sabin revealed in a television interview that the experience had made him decide to spend the rest of his life working on alleviating pain.^[6] This condition was successfully treated by surgery conducted at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1992 when Sabin was 86. A year later Sabin died in Washington, D.C. from heart failure.

Honors [link]

Election to the Polio Hall of Fame, which was dedicated in Warm Springs, Georgia, on January 2, 1958
National Medal of Science (1970)
Presidential Medal of Freedom (1986)
In 1999, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center named its new education and conference center for Sabin.
On March 6, 2006, the US Postal Service issued an 87¢ postage stamp carrying his image, in its Distinguished Americans series.^[7]
In early 2010, Sabin was proposed by the Ohio Historical Society as a finalist in a statewide vote for inclusion in Statuary Hall at the United States Capitol.

References [link]

^ Brown, Emma. "Robert M. Chanock, virologist who studied children's diseases, dies at 86", The Washington Post, August 4, 2010. Accessed August 9, 2010.
^ Sabin, A.B. Role of my cooperation with Soviet scientists in the elimination of polio: possible lessons for relations between the U.S.A. and the USSR. Perspect Biol Med. 1987 Autumn; 31(1):57-64.
^ Benison, S. International Medical Cooperation: Dr. Albert Sabin, Live Poliovirus Vaccine and the Soviets. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 56 (1982), 460-83.
^ Philip Boffey, Sabin, Paralyzed, Tells of Death Wish. In the New York Times, November 27, 1983.
^ Ezra Bowen, The Doctor Whose Vaccine Saved Millions from Polio Battles Back from a Near-Fatal Paralysis. In People, July 2, 1984.
^ Health Care; The Fight Against Death. Special comment by Keith Olbermann on Countdown, 2009-10-07.
^ USPS press release.

Saldías G, Ernesto (December 2006). "[Centennary of Albert B. Sabin MD birthdate]". Revista chilena de infectología : órgano oficial de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectología 23 (4): 368–9. DOI:10.4067/S0716-10182006000400013. PMID 17186087.
Smith, Derek R; Leggat Peter A (2005). "Pioneering figures in medicine: Albert Bruce Sabin--inventor of the oral polio vaccine". The Kurume medical journal 52 (3): 111–6. DOI:10.2739/kurumemedj.52.111. PMID 16422178.
Emed, A (April 2000). "[Albert B Sabin (1906-1993)]". Harefuah 138 (8): 702–3. PMID 10883218.
Chanock, R M (March 1996). "Reminiscences of Albert Sabin and his successful strategy for the development of the live oral poliovirus vaccine". Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians 108 (2): 117–26. PMID 8705731.
Dalakas, M C (May 1995). "Opening remarks. On post-polio syndrome and in honor of Dr. Albert B. Sabin". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 753: xi–xiv. PMID 7611615.
Beumer, J (1994). "[Academic eulogy of Professor Albert Bruce Sabin, foreign honorary member]". Bull. Mem. Acad. R. Med. Belg. 149 (5–7): 220–4. PMID 7795544.
Horaud, F (December 1993). "Albert B. Sabin and the development of oral poliovaccine". Biologicals 21 (4): 311–6. DOI:10.1006/biol.1993.1089. PMID 8024745.
Melnick, J L; Horaud F (December 1993). "Albert B. Sabin". Biologicals 21 (4): 297–303. DOI:10.1006/biol.1993.1087. PMID 8024743.
"Homage to Albert Sabin". Biologicals 21 (4): 295–384. December 1993. PMID 8024742.
Newsom, B (June 1993). "In memoriam: Albert B. Sabin, M.D., 1906-1993". Journal of the South Carolina Medical Association (1975) 89 (6): 311. PMID 8320975.
Grouse, L D (April 1993). "Albert Bruce Sabin". JAMA 269 (16): 2140. DOI:10.1001/jama.269.16.2140. PMID 8468772.
Koprowski, H (April 1993). "Albert B. Sabin (1906-1993)". Nature 362 (6420): 499. DOI:10.1038/362499a0. PMID 8464487.
Sabin, A B; Ramos-Alvarez M, Alvarez-Amezquita J, Pelon W, Michaels R H, Spigland I, Koch M A, Barnes J M, Rhim J S (June 1984). "Landmark article Aug 6, 1960: Live, orally given poliovirus vaccine. Effects of rapid mass immunization on population under conditions of massive enteric infection with other viruses. By Albert B. Sabin, Manuel Ramos-Alvarez, José Alvarez-Amezquita, William Pelon, Richard H. Michaels, Ilya Spigland, Meinrad A. Koch, Joan M. Barnes, and Johng S. Rhim". JAMA 251 (22): 2988–93. DOI:10.1001/jama.251.22.2988. PMID 6371279.
Benison, S (1982). "International medical cooperation: Dr. Albert Sabin, live poliovirus vaccine and the Soviets". Bulletin of the history of medicine 56 (4): 460–83. PMID 6760938.
Dixon, B (December 1977). "Medicine and the media: polio still paralyses (Albert Sabin, Jonas Salk)". British journal of hospital medicine 18 (6): 595. PMID 342023.
Draffin, R W (January 1977). "Citation for Dr. Albert B. Sabin of Charleston, S.C. on presentation of Honorary Fellowship 1976". The Journal of the American College of Dentists 44 (1): 28–30. PMID 320241.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Albert Sabin

v t e Presidents of Weizmann Institute of Science

Chaim Weizmann · Abba Eban · Meyer Weisgal · Albert Sabin · Israel Dostrovsky · Michael Sela · Aryeh Dvoretzky · Haim Harari · Ilan Chet · Daniel Zajfman

United States National Medal of Science laureates

Behavioral and social science

1960s	1964: Roger Adams Othmar H. Ammann Theodosius Dobzhansky Neal Elgar Miller

1980s	1986: Herbert A. Simon 1987: Anne Anastasi George J. Stigler 1988: Milton Friedman

1990s	1990: Leonid Hurwicz Patrick Suppes 1991: Robert W. Kates George A. Miller 1992: Eleanor J. Gibson 1994: Robert K. Merton 1995: Roger N. Shepard 1996: Paul Samuelson 1997: William K. Estes 1998: William Julius Wilson 1999: Robert M. Solow

2000s	2000: Gary Becker 2001: George Bass 2003: R. Duncan Luce 2004: Kenneth Arrow 2005: Gordon H. Bower 2008: Michael I. Posner 2009: Mortimer Mishkin

Biological sciences

1960s	1963: C. B. van Niel 1964: Marshall W. Nirenberg 1965: Francis P. Rous George G. Simpson Donald D. Van Slyke 1966: Edward F. Knipling Fritz Albert Lipmann William C. Rose Sewall Wright 1967: Kenneth S. Cole Harry F. Harlow Michael Heidelberger Alfred H. Sturtevant 1968: Horace Barker Bernard B. Brodie Detlev W. Bronk Jay Lush Burrhus Frederic Skinner 1969: Robert Huebner Ernst Mayr

1970s	1970: Barbara McClintock Albert B. Sabin 1973: Daniel I. Arnon Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. 1974: Britton Chance Erwin Chargaff James V. Neel James Augustine Hannon 1975: Hallowell Davis Paul Gyorgy Sterling Brown Hendricks Orville lvin Vogel 1976: Roger Guillemin Keith Roberts Porter Efraim Racker E. O. Wilson 1979: Robert H. Burris Elizabeth C. Crosby Arthur Kornberg Severo Ochoa Earl Reece Stadtman George Ledyard Stebbins Paul Alfred Weiss

1980s	1981: Philip Handler 1982: Seymour Benzer Glenn W. Burton Mildred Cohn 1983: Howard L. Bachrach Paul Berg Wendell L. Roelofs Berta Scharrer 1986: Stanley Cohen Donald A. Henderson Vernon B. Mountcastle George Emil Palade Joan A. Steitz 1987: Michael E. Debakey Theodor O. Diener Harry Eagle Har Gobind Khorana Rita Levi-Montalcini 1988: Michael S. Brown Stanley Norman Cohen Joseph L. Goldstein Maurice R. Hilleman Eric R. Kandel Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 1989: Katherine Esau Viktor Hamburger Philip Leder Joshua Lederberg Roger W. Sperry Harland G. Wood

1990s	1990: Baruj Benacerraf Herbert W. Boyer Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. Edward B. Lewis David G. Nathan E. Donnall Thomas 1991: Mary Ellen Avery G. Evelyn Hutchinson Elvin A. Kabat Salvador Luria Paul A. Marks Folke K Skoog Paul C. Zamecnik 1992: Maxine Singer Howard M. Temin 1993: Daniel Nathans Salome G. Waelsch 1994: Thomas Eisner Elizabeth F. Neufeld 1995: Alexander Rich 1996: Ruth Patrick 1997: James D. Watson Robert A. Weinberg 1998: Bruce Ames Janet Rowley 1999: David Baltimore Jared Diamond Lynn Margulis

2000s	2000: Nancy C. Andreasen Peter H. Raven Carl Woese 2001: Francisco J. Ayala Mario R. Capecchi Ann M. Graybiel Gene E. Likens Victor A. McKusick Harold Varmus 2002: James E. Darnell Evelyn M. Witkin 2003: J. Michael Bishop Solomon H. Snyder Charles Yanofsky 2004: Norman E. Borlaug Phillip A. Sharp Thomas E. Starzl 2005: Anthony Fauci Torsten N. Wiesel 2006: Rita R. Colwell Nina Fedoroff Lubert Stryer 2007: Robert J. Lefkowitz Bert W. O'Malley 2008: Francis S. Collins Elaine Fuchs J. Craig Venter 2009: Susan L. Lindquist Stanley B. Prusiner

Chemistry

1980s	1982: F. Albert Cotton Gilbert Stork 1983: Roald Hoffmann George C. Pimentel Richard N. Zare 1986: Harry B. Gray Yuan Tseh Lee Carl S. Marvel Frank H. Westheimer 1987: William S. Johnson Walter H. Stockmayer Max Tishler 1988: William O. Baker Konrad E. Bloch Elias J. Corey 1989: Richard B. Bernstein Melvin Calvin Rudoph A. Marcus Harden M. McConnell

1990s	1990: Elkan Blout Karl Folkers John D. Roberts 1991: Ronald Breslow Gertrude B. Elion Dudley R. Herschbach Glenn T. Seaborg 1992: Howard E. Simmons, Jr. 1993: Donald J. Cram Norman Hackerman 1994: George S. Hammond 1995: Thomas Cech Isabella L. Karle 1996: Norman Davidson 1997: Darleane C. Hoffman Harold S. Johnston 1998: John W. Cahn George M. Whitesides 1999: Stuart A. Rice John Ross Susan Solomon

2000s	2000: John D. Baldeschwieler Ralph F. Hirschmann 2001: Ernest R. Davidson Gabor A. Somorjai 2002: John I. Brauman 2004: Stephen J. Lippard 2006: Marvin H. Caruthers Peter B. Dervan 2007: Mostafa A. El-Sayed 2008: Joanna S. Fowler JoAnne Stubbe 2009: Stephen J. Benkovic Marye Anne Fox

Engineering sciences

1960s	1962: Theodore von Kármán 1963: Vannevar Bush John Robinson Pierce 1964: Charles S. Draper 1965: Hugh L. Dryden Clarence L. Johnson Warren K. Lewis 1966: Claude E. Shannon 1967: Edwin H. Land Igor I. Sikorsky 1968: J. Presper Eckert Nathan M. Newmark 1969: Jack St. Clair Kilby

1970s	1970: George E. Mueller 1973: Harold E. Edgerton Richard T. Whitcomb 1974: Rudolf Kompfner Ralph Brazelton Peck Abel Wolman 1975: Manson Benedict William Hayward Pickering Frederick E. Terman Wernher von Braun 1976: Morris Cohen Peter C. Goldmark Erwin Wilhelm Müller 1979: Emmett N. Leith Raymond D. Mindlin Robert N. Noyce Earl R. Parker Simon Ramo

1980s	1982: Edward H. Heinemann Donald L. Katz 1983: William R. Hewlett George M. Low John G. Trump 1986: Hans Wolfgang Liepmann T. Y. Lin Bernard M. Oliver 1987: R. Byron Bird H. Bolton Seed Ernst Weber 1988: Daniel C. Drucker Willis M. Hawkins George W. Housner 1989: Harry George Drickamer Herbert E. Grier

1990s	1990: Mildred S. Dresselhaus Nick Holonyak Jr. 1991: George Heilmeier Luna B. Leopold H. Guyford Stever 1992: Calvin F. Quate John Roy Whinnery 1993: Alfred Y. Cho 1994: Ray W. Clough 1995: Hermann A. Haus 1996: James L. Flanagan C. Kumar N. Patel 1998: Eli Ruckenstein 1999: Kenneth N. Stevens

2000s	2000: Yuan-Cheng B. Fung 2001: Andreas Acrivos 2002: Leo Beranek 2003: John M. Prausnitz 2004: Edwin N. Lightfoot 2005: Jan D. Achenbach Tobin J. Marks 2006: Robert S. Langer 2007: David J. Wineland 2008: Rudolf E. Kálmán 2009: Amnon Yariv

Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences

1960s	1963: Norbert Wiener 1964: Solomon Lefschetz H. Marston Morse 1965: Oscar Zariski 1966: John Milnor 1967: Paul Cohen 1968: Jerzy Neyman 1969: William Feller

1970s	1970: Richard Brauer 1973: John Tukey 1974: Kurt Gödel 1975: John W. Backus Shiing-Shen Chern George Dantzig 1976: Kurt Otto Friedrichs Hassler Whitney 1979: Joseph Leo Doob Donald E. Knuth

1980s	1982: Marshall Harvey Stone 1983: Herman Goldstine Isadore Singer 1986: Peter Lax Antoni Zygmund 1987: Raoul Bott Michael Freedman 1988: Ralph E. Gomory Joseph B. Keller 1989: Samuel Karlin Saunders MacLane Donald C. Spencer

1990s	1990: George F. Carrier Stephen Cole Kleene John McCarthy 1991: Alberto Calderón 1992: Allen Newell 1993: Martin David Kruskal 1994: John Cocke 1995: Louis Nirenberg 1996: Richard Karp Stephen Smale 1997: Shing-Tung Yau 1998: Cathleen Synge Morawetz 1999: Felix Browder Ronald R. Coifman

2000s	2000: John Griggs Thompson Karen K. Uhlenbeck 2001: Calyampudi R. Rao Elias M. Stein 2002: James G. Glimm 2003: Carl R. de Boor 2004: Dennis P. Sullivan 2005: Bradley Efron 2006: Hyman Bass 2007: Leonard Kleinrock Andrew J. Viterbi 2009: David B. Mumford

Physical sciences

1960s	1963: Luis W. Alvarez 1964: Julian Schwinger Harold Clayton Urey Robert Burns Woodward 1965: John Bardeen Peter Debye Leon M. Lederman William Rubey 1966: Jacob Bjerknes Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Henry Eyring John H. Van Vleck Vladimir K. Zworykin 1967: Jesse Beams Francis Birch Gregory Breit Louis Hammett George Kistiakowsky 1968: Paul Bartlett Herbert Friedman Lars Onsager Eugene Wigner 1969: Herbert C. Brown Wolfgang Panofsky

1970s	1970: Robert H. Dicke Allan R. Sandage John C. Slater John A. Wheeler Saul Winstein 1973: Carl Djerassi Maurice Ewing Arie Jan Haagen-Smit Vladimir Haensel Frederick Seitz Robert Rathbun Wilson 1974: Nicolaas Bloembergen Paul Flory William Alfred Fowler Linus Carl Pauling Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer 1975: Hans A. Bethe Joseph Hirschfelder Lewis Sarett E. Bright Wilson Chien-Shiung Wu 1976: Samuel Goudsmit Herbert S. Gutowsky Frederick Rossini Verner Suomi Henry Taube George Uhlenbeck 1979: Richard P. Feynman Herman Mark Edward M. Purcell John Sinfelt Lyman Spitzer Victor F. Weisskopf

1980s	1982: Philip W. Anderson Yoichiro Nambu Edward Teller Charles H. Townes 1983: E. Margaret Burbidge Maurice Goldhaber Helmut Landsberg Walter Munk Frederick Reines Bruno B. Rossi J. Robert Schrieffer 1986: Solomon Buchsbaum Horace Crane Herman Feshbach Robert Hofstadter Chen Ning Yang 1987: Philip Abelson Walter Elsasser Paul C. Lauterbur George Pake James A. Van Allen 1988: D. Allan Bromley Paul Ching-Wu Chu Walter Kohn Norman F. Ramsey Jack Steinberger 1989: Arnold O. Beckman Eugene Parker Robert Sharp Henry Stommel

1990s	1990: Allan M. Cormack Edwin M. McMillan Robert Pound Roger Revelle 1991: Arthur L. Schawlow Ed Stone Steven Weinberg 1992: Eugene M. Shoemaker 1993: Val Fitch Vera Rubin 1994: Albert Overhauser Frank Press 1995: Hans Dehmelt Peter Goldreich 1996: Wallace S. Broecker 1997: Marshall Rosenbluth Martin Schwarzschild George Wetherill 1998: Don L. Anderson John N. Bahcall 1999: James Cronin Leo Kadanoff

2000s	2000: Willis E. Lamb Jeremiah P. Ostriker Gilbert F. White 2001: Marvin L. Cohen Raymond Davis Jr. Charles Keeling 2002: Richard Garwin W. Jason Morgan Edward Witten 2003: G. Brent Dalrymple Riccardo Giacconi 2004: Robert N. Clayton 2005: Ralph A. Alpher Lonnie Thompson 2006: Daniel Kleppner 2007: Fay Ajzenberg-Selove Charles P. Slichter 2008: Berni Alder James E. Gunn 2009: Yakir Aharonov Esther M. Conwell Warren M. Washington

Persondata
Name	Sabin, Albert
Alternative names
Short description	Physician and epidemiologist
Date of birth	August 26, 1906
Place of birth	Białystok, Russia
Date of death	March 3, 1993
Place of death	Washington, D.C., USA

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sabin

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Contents

Life [link]

Polio Research [link]

Sabin vs. Salk vaccine controversy [link]

Later life [link]

Honors [link]

See also [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

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